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https://github.com/VonAlphaBisZulu/mcs/blob/master/straindesign/fba.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
null
mcs
VonAlphaBisZulu
Python
Code
317
989
import cobra from scipy import sparse from straindesign import MILP_LP, parse_constraints, lineqlist2mat, linexpr2dict, linexprdict2mat from straindesign.names import * from typing import Dict # FBA for cobra model with CPLEX # the user may provide the optional arguments # constraints: Additional constraints in text form (list of lists) # A_ineq, b_ineq: Additional constraints in matrix form # obj: Alternative objective in text form def fba(model,**kwargs): # allowed_keys = {'obj','constraints','solver'} # # set all keys passed in kwargs # for key,value in kwargs.items(): # if key in allowed_keys: # locals()[key] = value # else: # raise Exception("Key "+key+" is not supported.") # # set all remaining keys to None # for key in allowed_keys: # if key not in kwargs.keys(): # locals()[key] = None # Check type and size of A_ineq and b_ineq if they exist reaction_ids = model.reactions.list_attr("id") if CONSTRAINTS in kwargs: kwargs[CONSTRAINTS] = parse_constraints(kwargs[CONSTRAINTS],reaction_ids) A_ineq, b_ineq, A_eq, b_eq = lineqlist2mat(kwargs[CONSTRAINTS], reaction_ids) if 'obj' in kwargs: if kwargs['obj'] is not None: if type(kwargs['obj']) is str: kwargs['obj'] = linexpr2dict(kwargs['obj'],reaction_ids) if type(kwargs['obj']) is dict: c = linexprdict2mat(kwargs['obj'],reaction_ids).toarray()[0].tolist() if 'solver' in kwargs: solver = kwargs['solver'] else: solver = None # prepare vectors and matrices A_eq_base = cobra.util.create_stoichiometric_matrix(model) A_eq_base = sparse.csr_matrix(A_eq_base) b_eq_base = [0]*len(model.metabolites) if 'A_eq' in locals(): A_eq = sparse.vstack((A_eq_base, A_eq)) b_eq = b_eq_base+b_eq else: A_eq = A_eq_base b_eq = b_eq_base if 'A_ineq' not in locals(): A_ineq = sparse.csr_matrix((0,len(model.reactions))) b_ineq = [] lb = [v.lower_bound for v in model.reactions] ub = [v.upper_bound for v in model.reactions] if 'c' not in locals(): c = [i.objective_coefficient for i in model.reactions] if model.objective_direction == 'max': c = [ -i for i in c] else: c = [ -i for i in c] # build LP my_prob = MILP_LP( c=c, A_ineq=A_ineq, b_ineq=b_ineq, A_eq=A_eq, b_eq=b_eq, lb=lb, ub=ub, solver=solver) x, opt_cx, status = my_prob.solve() if status not in [OPTIMAL, UNBOUNDED]: status = INFEASIBLE fluxes = {reaction_ids[i] : x[i] for i in range(len(x))} sol = cobra.core.Solution(objective_value=-opt_cx,status=status,fluxes=fluxes) return sol
34,240
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51905208
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
Johann Jakob Serr
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
2,934
7,207
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sjanger portrett Johann Jakob Serr fornavn Johann Johann Jakob Serr utdannet ved Akademie der Bildenden Künste München Johann Jakob Serr Artnet artist ID johann-jakob-serr Johann Jakob Serr British Museum-ID 195864 Johann Jakob Serr Benezit-ID B00167965 Johann Jakob Serr CERL-ID cnp00543212 Johann Jakob Serr Deutsche Biographie-ID 118951815 Johann Jakob Serr opphavsrettsstatus som skaper opphavsretten til verket har utløpt, jurisdiksjon globalt Johann Jakob Serr talte eller skrevne språk tysk Johann Jakob Serr askArt person-ID 11256425 Johann Jakob Serr WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJfmpH3r9XJc3yCGQdHpyd Johann Jokob Serr Johann Jokob Serr instância de ser humano Johann Jokob Serr sexo ou gênero masculino Johann Jokob Serr data de nascimento 1807 Johann Jokob Serr local de nascimento Rhodt unter Rietburg Johann Jokob Serr data de morte 1880 Johann Jokob Serr local de morte Heidelberg Johann Jokob Serr país de cidadania Alemanha Johann Jokob Serr página de criador no Commons Johann Jakob Serr Johann Jokob Serr categoria na Commons Johann Jakob Serr Johann Jokob Serr identificador VIAF 50025190 Johann Jokob Serr Union List of Artist Names 500106248 Johann Jokob Serr identificador RKDartists 72025 Johann Jokob Serr identificador GND 118951815 Johann Jokob Serr ocupação pintor Johann Jokob Serr ocupação músico Johann Jokob Serr ocupação poeta Johann Jokob Serr gênero retrato Johann Jokob Serr primeiro nome Johann Johann Jokob Serr identificador CERL cnp00543212 Johann Jokob Serr línguas faladas ou escritas alemão Johann Jokob Serr identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJfmpH3r9XJc3yCGQdHpyd Johann Jakob Serr Johann Jakob Serr sampla de duine Johann Jakob Serr gnéas nó inscne fireann Johann Jakob Serr dáta breithe 1807 Johann Jakob Serr áit bhreithe Rhodt unter Rietburg Johann Jakob Serr dáta báis 1880 Johann Jakob Serr áit bháis Heidelberg Johann Jakob Serr tír shaoránachta an Ghearmáin Johann Jakob Serr leathanach 'Commons Creator' Johann Jakob Serr Johann Jakob Serr catagóir Commons Johann Jakob Serr Johann Jakob Serr VIAF 50025190 Johann Jakob Serr ID GND 118951815 Johann Jakob Serr gairm péintéir Johann Jakob Serr gairm ceoltóir Johann Jakob Serr gairm file Johann Jakob Serr seánra portráid Johann Jakob Serr céadainm Johann Johann Jakob Serr stádas cóipchirt mar chruthaitheoir cóipcheart as feidhm, baint le limistéar údaráis domhanda Johann Jakob Serr teangacha an Ghearmáinis
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Aggregate rows of Spark DataFrame to String after groupby I'm quite new both Spark and Scale and could really need a hint to solve my problem. So I have two DataFrames A (columns id and name) and B (columns id and text) would like to join them, group by id and combine all rows of text into a single String: A +--------+--------+ | id| name| +--------+--------+ | 0| A| | 1| B| +--------+--------+ B +--------+ -------+ | id| text| +--------+--------+ | 0| one| | 0| two| | 1| three| | 1| four| +--------+--------+ desired result: +--------+--------+----------+ | id| name| texts| +--------+--------+----------+ | 0| A| one two| | 1| B|three four| +--------+--------+----------+ So far I'm trying the following: var C = A.join(B, "id") var D = C.groupBy("id", "name").agg(collect_list("text") as "texts") This works quite well besides that my texts column is an Array of Strings instead of a String. I would appreciate some help very much. I am just adding some minor functions in yours to give the right solution, which is A.join(B, Seq("id"), "left").orderBy("id").groupBy("id", "name").agg(concat_ws(" ", collect_list("text")) as "texts") It's quite simple: val bCollected = b.groupBy('id).agg(collect_list('text).as("texts") val ab = a.join(bCollected, a("id") == bCollected("id"), "left") First DataFrame is immediate result, b DataFrame that has texts collected for every id. Then you are joining it with a. bCollected should be smaller that b itself, so it will probably get better shuffle time This question has a dupe somewhere.
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Advancing functional and translational microbiome research using meta-omics approaches
Xu Zhang
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REVIEW Open Access © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Abstract The gut microbiome has emerged as an important factor affecting human health and disease. The recent development of –omics approaches, including phylogenetic marker-based microbiome profiling, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics, has enabled efficient characterization of microbial communities. These techniques can provide strain-level taxonomic resolution of the taxa present in microbiomes, assess the potential functions encoded by the microbial community and quantify the metabolic activities occurring within a complex microbiome. The application of these meta-omics approaches to clinical samples has identified microbial species, metabolic pathways, and metabolites that are associated with the development and treatment of human diseases. These findings have further facilitated microbiome-targeted drug discovery and efforts to improve human health management. Recent in vitro and in vivo investigations have uncovered the presence of extensive drug- microbiome interactions. These interactions have also been shown to be important contributors to the disparate patient responses to treatment that are often observed during disease therapy. Therefore, developing techniques or frameworks that enable rapid screening, detailed evaluation, and accurate prediction of drug/host-microbiome interactions is critically important in the modern era of microbiome research and precision medicine. Here we review the current status of meta- omics techniques, including integrative multi-omics approaches, for characterizing the microbiome’s functionality in the context of health and disease. We also summarize and discuss new frameworks for applying meta-omics approaches and microbiome assays to study drug-microbiome interactions. Lastly, we discuss and exemplify strategies for implementing microbiome-based precision medicines using these meta-omics approaches and high throughput microbiome assays. Keywords: Drug-microbiome interactions, Host-microbiome interactions, Meta-omics, Microbiome, Microbiome assay, Multi-omics, Personalized medicine Advancing functional and translational microbiome research using meta-omics approaches Xu Zhang, Leyuan Li, James Butcher, Alain Stintzi and Daniel Figeys* Xu Zhang, Leyuan Li, James Butcher, Alain Stintzi and Daniel Figeys* Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0767-6 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0767-6 Introduction h h different aspects of this intestinal ecosystem at different levels with their own advantages (detailed in this section) and disadvantages (or challenges discussed in Table 1) (Fig. 1). Technical details on these meta-omics techniques and their associated bioinformatic data processing tools have been reviewed elsewhere [43–47]. Here we focus on the key information that can be obtained from each –omic ap- proach, with a particular focus on those that characterize functional and metabolic activities; namely metatranscrip- tomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics. The composition and functional capacity of human microbiomes have been well characterized using next- generation sequencing techniques, such as amplicon sequencing (e.g., 16S rRNA gene) and shotgun metage- nomics. In particular, shotgun metagenomics is now widely applied in microbiome studies, providing valuable functional information down to the strain level and for all types of microorganisms (including archaea, fungi, and viruses) [48–52]. More recently, metagenomic se- quencing of hundreds to tens of thousands of samples Nevertheless, our understanding on the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome and drug-microbiome in- teractions is still very limited. Several databases linking specific microbial species/strains or microbial metabolic pathways to specific diseases have been published [20–22]; however, these databases remain incomplete and most clinically prescribed drugs have not been assessed for their impact on the composition and function of human micro- biomes. In addition, the composition of the human micro- biome differs between individuals and is affected by various factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics [23–26]. Thus, each patient’s microbiome will respond differently to therapeutic treatments, and we currently cannot accurately predict these responses in advance. Fortunately, recent microbiome studies have expanded beyond simply profiling microbiota compositions and are increasingly characterizing microbial functions by using functional meta-omics approaches such as metatranscrip- tomics and metaproteomics [27–29]. The development and optimization of various in vitro microbiome culturing models, such as HuMiX [30], SHIME [31], and RapidAIM [32], opens the door to rapidly screen drugs against indi- vidual microbiomes. Herein we summarize the current development of various functional meta-omics ap- proaches, highlighting efforts to integrate findings across meta-omic platforms and discuss their applications in host-microbiome, drug-microbiome, and microbe- microbe interaction studies at the interface of precision medicine. Table 1 Challenges for metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics in microbiome studies Metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics each have their own shortcomings. Introduction h h immunity [4–6]. Given the high complexity of the human gut microbiota and the challenges in culturing a high proportion of gut microbial species [7], most micro- biome studies employ “meta-omics” approaches, in- cluding 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolo- mics, which directly examine the phylogenetic markers, genes, transcripts, proteins, or metabolites from the samples [8]. The human gut harbors trillions of microbial cells and thousands of different species from diverse phylogenetic backgrounds, including bacteria, archaea, and various microbial eukaryotes [1]. Altogether, this community of microorganisms, termed the gut microbiota, has a similar cell number to that of human cells [2] and 450-fold more genes than the human genome [3]. These gut microbiota genomes, namely the metagenome, encode functions and metabolic pathways that participate in various host bio- logical processes, including metabolism, nutrition, and In the past two decades, meta-omics based research has revealed significant associations between the gut microbiome and human diseases, including obesity, dia- betes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cardiovascular disease, and various cancers [4, 5]. Several studies have also demonstrated causative roles for the gut microbiome * Correspondence: dfigeys@uottawa.ca Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada * Correspondence: dfigeys@uottawa.ca Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Page 2 of 12 Page 2 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 in inducing or alleviating the development of disease fol- lowing variants of Koch’s postulates [9–11]. Given that the composition of the human microbiota is highly dynamic and can be altered with drugs or dietary inter- ventions [12], the microbiome has been proposed as a druggable target in humans [13]. Accumulating evidence also supports the idea that many drugs, such as metformin [14, 15], may alleviate disease, at least in part, through modulating the gut microbiome. Recent large-scale screening of > 1000 drugs on the growth of selected gut bacterial species also highlighted the wide impacts of vari- ous drugs on individual microbes [16]. In addition, the ex- istence of bidirectional drug-microbiome interactions for many clinically prescribed drugs has been demonstrated to impact drug efficacy and/or toxicity [17, 18]. As medi- cine is currently pursuing more precise disease treatment and health management, it is vital that the microbiome is fully integrated into future therapeutic strategies [19]. Introduction h h Metatranscriptomic experiments rely on obtaining sufficient high-quality RNA from the sample source; something which can be quite challenging due to the ubiquitous presence of RNases in host-derived samples. In addition, metatranscriptomic sequencing can often become saturated with reads from less-informative, but highly expressed transcripts (i.e., ribosomal proteins, translation factors, major outer membrane proteins) from the most abundant microbes present, obscuring the detection of functionally important, but less abundant transcripts/proteins. Therefore, the quality of RNA as well as the depth of measurement is important aspects that need to be evaluated or considered in metatranscriptomics. Compared to metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics has a lower depth of measurement and can only capture 10–20% of expressed proteins in human gut microbiomes [27, 33, 34]. MS spectra can also be saturated with the highly abundant proteins from dominant species, and this issue is unlikely to be resolved by increasing the speed or time of MS scanning. However, applying off-line protein/peptide separation (such as using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) or targeted enrichment strategies (such as using activity-based probes [35]) may to some extent address this limitation. In addition, as metaproteomics is still in its infancy for the study of microbiomes, there is still a lack of universal guidelines and protocols for properly performing metaproteomic experiments and interpreting metaproteomic results. Therefore, careful considerations should be made for sample preparation, MS measurement, bioinformatic workflows, and data reporting (readers are directed to this perspective article for more details [36]). The major challenge for metabolomics in microbiome studies is the difficulty to distinguish host- and microbiome-origin metabolites and directly link metabolites to specific taxa [37]. One feasible approach to address this issue is to identify co-variations between metabolites and microbial species, which is indicative for species-specific metabolite production, through integrative analysis of microbiota compositions with metabolite profiles [38–41]. Other approaches, such as protein stable-isotope probing (protein-SIP) [42], can also link the metabolism of a specific substrate to phylogenetic information by monitoring the isotopes in microbial protein sequences with mass spectrometers and may eventually aid in microbiome metabolic reconstructions. Functional meta-omics approaches for studying the microbiome The human gut consists of host and microbial cells, as well as secreted proteins, metabolites, and microvesicles, all of which may interact with each other to impact human health. Different meta-omic approaches each examine Page 3 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome Fig. 1 Meta-omics approaches for the study of host-associated microbiomes. Each meta-omics approach reveals different layers of information in the intestinal eco-systems proaches for the study of host-associated microbiomes. Each meta-omics approach reveals different layers of information in Fig. 1 Meta-omics approaches for the study of host-associated microbiomes. Each meta-omics approach reveals different layers of information in the intestinal eco-systems been their deposition into easily accessible databases. This has allowed researchers to leverage these datasets to create reference databases for future studies. Exam- ples include a database with > 150,000 microbial refer- ence genomes [59] and a human gut microbial gene catalog database consisting of > 9,800,000 genes [3]. These are valuable resources for functional studies of the human microbiome using metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic approaches. was carried out in large scale projects studying the role of the microbiome in human disease, including studies on early-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) [53, 54], IBD [55], pre-diabetes [56], and colorectal cancer [57, 58]. In par- ticular, these studies employed longitudinal and/or multi-omic experimental designs, which enabled better characterization of the dynamic changes and functional activities of the microbiome during disease progression. Despite their costs and technical challenges, longitudinal and multi-omic experimental designs are becoming in- dispensable for unravelling host-microbiome interactions during disease and for assessing causality in clinical microbiome investigations. A beneficial spin-off from these massive metagenomic sequencing projects has The presence of a gene does not necessarily mean the gene is expressed. Thus the direct measurement of transcripts or proteins using metatranscriptomics or metaproteomics, respectively, is becoming an important complementary approach for metagenomics. Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Page 4 of 12 Page 4 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Metatranscriptomics employs similar analytical ap- proaches (e.g., nucleic acid sequencing) as metage- nomics. Accordingly, the software tools employed for metagenomics are often adapted for metatranscrip- tomic data processing [29]. Using the same tools for both metatranscriptomics and metagenomics provides a straightforward route for their integration in micro- biome studies [29, 33, 60]. Functional meta-omics approaches for studying the microbiome Their combination not only improves microbial genome assembly and gene predic- tion [33], but can also enable the identification of genes which are induced/repressed under specific conditions. In addition, identifying genomes with active transcrip- tion can distinguish metabolically active microbes from inert or dead microbes [33]. In contrast with metage- nomics and metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics mea- sures expressed proteins, the basic functional unit for most cellular biological processes, using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Metaproteomics should in principle provide superior insight into gut microbial functionality as compared with metatranscriptomics, since not all transcripts are subsequently translated into proteins. In the past, metaproteomics was rarely employed in gut microbiome studies, at least in part, due to the lack of efficient bioinformatic tools and low protein measurement depth [61]. Fortunately, the re- cent development of metaproteomic data processing tools, such as MetaLab [62], MetaProteomeAnalyzer [63], and Galaxy-P [64], has greatly advanced our ability to analyze metaproteomic data (readers are directed to extensive reviews for more information [61, 65]). This has enabled deep characterization of microbiome pro- tein compositions, with some reports quantifying > 50, 000 unique microbial protein groups in a single study [38, 66]. It is noteworthy that metaproteomics identifies and quantifies proteins from all organisms present within the microbiome, regardless of their phylogenetic origin, and can quantify host proteins as well [27, 33, 67]. This feature is of particular importance when studying host-associated microbiomes in vivo and can uncover important players (e.g., extracellular vesicles [27]) mediating host-microbiome interactions. intracellular microbial metabolites as well [38, 72]. The fecal metabolome is often regarded as an endpoint read- out of biological processes originating from the gut microbiome [73]. Identified metabolites in fecal metabo- lomics can include those derived from the microbiota (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and butyrate) or the host (e.g., anti-microbial peptides). These metabolites can often act as signalling markers that allow for communication be- tween the host and microbiome. In fact, many metabo- lites in the intestine are produced by co-metabolisms of the host and their microbiome, and intestinal metabolic imbalances have been commonly implicated in disease development [37, 74, 75]. Profiling metabolomes in fecal samples or targeted analysis of drug metabolites during drug treatment can provide valuable information on bi- directional drug-microbiome interactions that may contribute to drug pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinet- ics, or toxicity. Integrative multi-omics for studying the host- microbiome interactions Integrating the data from multi-omic approaches pro- vides additional insight into microbiome functions. For example, integrating metagenomics and metatranscrip- tomics enables the calculation of transcript/gene ratios, which is indicative of gene transcriptional activation or repression. Metaproteomics is also frequently integrated with metagenomics for either facilitating protein identifi- cation from MS spectra using a matched metagenome database search strategy or for calculating microbiome protein expression [34, 76, 77]. Metabolomics is in- creasingly integrated with metagenomics for identifying co-variation patterns between metabolites and micro- biota composition/function and for characterizing phylogenetic specific contributions to metabolite pro- duction [39, 40, 78–81]. An excellent example of an in- tegrative multi-omics study was carried out by Heintz- Buschart et al. [33], who characterized microbiome functions in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteo- mics. Their study identified various differentially abun- dant microbial transcripts encoded by microbes whose abundance was unresponsive to T1D. In addition, the metaproteomic profiling identified several fecal human proteins that correlated with microbial functional profiles. These findings highlight the usefulness of integrating functional meta-omics approaches for host-microbiome interaction studies. In addition to the microbiome’s functional activity, a further goal of microbiome research is to measure meta- bolic outcomes. Metabolomics directly measures the metabolites present in the intestine using analytical tech- niques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spec- troscopy or mass spectrometry (MS). Given the higher sensitivity of MS compared to NMR [68], the field of metabolomics has increasingly shifted to MS-based ap- proaches. Readers are directed to previous reviews for more details on methodologies for fecal metabolomics [69–71]. Fecal water is among the most commonly used sample types for fecal metabolomic studies, although there are increasing numbers of studies examining Unfortunately, integrating multi-omic datasets is not a trivial task due to the increased complexity and diversity of the collected data (e.g., data structure, measurement depth, potential errors, etc.). This integration is increas- ingly reliant on efficient bioinformatic tools, advanced statistical methods, such as multivariate statistics and Page 5 of 12 Page 5 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 omics approaches would be helpful in predicting the outcomes of drug treatment or guiding the usage of drugs. Many clinically prescribed drugs can be metabo- lized by the gut microbiome and/or modulate gut micro- biome composition; these drug-microbiome interactions can thus affect drug efficacy and/or toxicity [17, 95, 96]. Integrative multi-omics for studying the host- microbiome interactions Al- though this is still challenging, promising steps forward have been made, including the generation of > 700 genome-scale metabolic reconstructions [85], the develop- ment of tools for microbiome metabolic modeling/predic- tion [86, 87], and the establishment of inter-species metabolic network databases [88]. Recently, several micro- biome studies have also taken advantage of machine learn- ing methods, such as random forest algorithms, to either differentiate between health and disease states or identify features that predict clinical outcomes [89–92]. The appli- cation of advanced machine-learning approaches will likely revolutionize our ability to integrate and interpret multi-omics data [93, 94]. These future integrations may include the generation of microbiome-scale metabolic reconstructions, which would further push the frontiers of translational microbiome research. In summary, although multi-omics data integration is still challenging, the integration of multiple meta-omics datasets provides a promising approach to comprehen- sively characterize the composition, functional, and metabolic activity of microbiomes. This is of particular importance for microbiome research to be translated into clinical applications. The chronic human diseases, such as T1D, diabetes, or IBD, that are often associated with microbiome alterations, are unlikely to be caused by a single bacterium or a single protein/metabolite. Therefore, we anticipate that meta-omics approaches, along with their decreased costs and increased through- put, will become a first-choice analytical method for microbiome-based clinical or pharmaceutical practice. The technology for high-throughput microbiome as- says is often adapted from current cell culture-based, host-targeting drug screening platforms. However, there are several challenges inherent to microbiome assays and include (1) the representability of the cultured microbiome, (2) the throughput of microbiome cultur- ing, and (3) the throughput of data generation and pro- cessing. Over the past few years, new developments have improved our ability to culture entire human gut micro- biota. Lagier et al. reported the culture of > 1000 species from human gut microbiome samples and identified a set of 70 best culture conditions for growing gut micro- biota [7]. Fenn et al. utilized a co-culture technique to culture human gut microbiota and identified an essential nutrient (menaquinone), which may help better maintain microbiomes in vitro [100]. Li et al. recently proposed an orthogonal experimental design to rapidly determine Integrative multi-omics for studying the host- microbiome interactions Examples of these include antibiotics (which would be expected to modulate the gut microbiome) [97], as well as host-targeting drugs, such as metformin and nonste- roidal anti-inflammatory drugs [14, 96]. A recent study by Maier et al. screened > 1000 marketed drugs against 40 human gut microbial strains and found that 24% of the non-antibiotic drugs could inhibit specific gut bac- terial species [16]. Zimmermann et al. also reported that around two-thirds of their selected 271 oral drugs were metabolized by at least one of their 76 cultured human gut bacterial strains [98]. These findings provide further evidence for the widespread existence of drug-microbiome interactions in marketed drugs and the importance of evaluating their effects on entire microbiomes. Unfortu- nately, the detailed interactions between human gut micro- biomes and these drugs are still largely unknown, and fewer than 100 drugs have been recorded in drug- microbiome interaction databases [99]. In addition, the few interactions that are recorded often provide little insight as to whether the drug-microbiome interactions may lead to positive, negligible or even negative outcomes for the host. Therefore, the development of high-throughput platforms to rapidly characterize drug-microbiome interactions is ur- gently needed. Most previous drug-microbiome interaction studies have been performed using animal models, which are time consuming, expensive and not always representa- tive of what will occur in humans. Ex vivo culturing of en- tire human microbiomes when combined with meta-omics analysis provides a promising way to develop microbiome assays for rapidly screening drug-microbiome interactions against individual microbiomes. machine-learning approaches (readers are directed to the following representative reviews for more details [45–47, 82–84]). Correlation analysis, such as Pearson’s or Spearman’s rank correlation, and correlation-based network analysis are the most straightforward and com- monly used approaches for multi-omics data integration. Multivariate statistical methods, such as partial least squares regression, orthogonal partial least squares and nonmetric multidimensional scaling [39–41], have also been applied to identify key features that contribute to the association of two or more –omics data sets. The similarity/correlation between multi-omic datasets can be evaluated using statistical approaches such as Procrus- tes analysis and multiple co-inertia analysis [40, 78, 80]. A further goal of multi-omics data integration is to generate and validate microbiome metabolic networks/models. Patient stratification based on microbiome profiling Patient stratification based on microbiome profiling One important goal of precision medicine is to identify bio- markers for stratifying patients into subgroups that are likely to be responsive (or unresponsive) to a given treat- ment [115]. As mentioned above, heterogeneous responses of patients to treatment may be due in part to differences in their gut microbiomes. Therefore, a prior understanding of an individual’s microbiome may help predict treatment outcomes and/or suggest optimal therapeutic strategies (Fig. 3a). Gu et al. demonstrated that the gut microbiome of new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients could be classi- fied into two clusters, namely cluster P (dominated by Pre- votella) and B (dominated by Bacteroides), and found that cluster P patients had greater metabolic improvement after 3-month acarbose treatment as compared to cluster B pa- tients [116]. In a prospective wellness study, Price et al. [117] illustrated the use of dense and dynamic personal data clouds, including host genetic traits, clinical analytes, metabolites, proteomes, and microbiomes, to identify can- didate markers for predicting the transition from health to disease. In the disease-prone subgroup, life style interven- tions stemming from these personalized-data biomarkers successfully improved their health status [117]. In cancer therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the pro- grammed death 1 (PD-1) protein are important therapeu- tics but are only effective in a subset of patients. Recent studies have shown that patient’s failure to respond to anti- PD-1 therapy could be attributed to the absence or under- representation of certain immune-regulating bacterial We have recently reported a proof-of-concept high throughput ex vivo microbiome assay, termed rapid assay of individual’s microbiome (RapidAIM) that is based on culturing an individual’s entire microbiome followed by metaproteomic measurement [32]. We showed that RapidAIM maintained microbiome structure and functional profiles for up to 48 hours and recapitu- lated known in vivo drug effects on microbiomes. We evaluated the responses of individual microbiomes against 43 compounds and found that 27 compounds had signifi- cant effects on microbiome composition and function. Chankhamjon et al. adopted a similar microbiome batch culture platform for the rapid screening and detailed characterization of microbiome-derived drug metabolism [102]. Briefly, a healthy microbiome was co-cultured with a library of drugs and the drug metabolites were analysed using HPLC-MS. Among the > 500 oral drugs tested, they discovered that 13% could be metabolized by the micro- biome [102]. Meta-omics in the study of drug-microbiome interactions The responses of microbiome to external treatments, such as diet and drugs, are usually dependent on the ini- tial microbiome composition, which is highly variable between individuals. A holistic understanding of the in- teractions between drugs and microbiomes using meta- Page 6 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 key factors in culture media that impact microbiome composition/function and thereby optimize in vitro culture media for specific microbiomes [101]. In addition to static batch culturing systems, microfluidic devices for continuous culturing, such as HuMiX and SHIME [30, 31], have also been developed. Continuous flow devices enable better simulation of in vivo intestinal conditions for the growth of microbiome; however, they are more expensive and cannot be easily adapted for high throughput culturing of many different micro- biomes/conditions in a short timeframe. As such, most high throughput screening microbiome assays use batch culturing approaches. Rapid generation of microbiome data using a single –omics approach is now also feasible as technologies and bioinformatic tools for meta-omics analysis are available and being continuously optimized (see above). Multiple –omics approaches can be simul- taneously applied to drug-microbiome screening; how- ever, the throughput will be reduced, and costs will be greatly increased. As such, a two-stage approach consist- ing of an initial rapid screening with a single –omics ap- proach and a second stage consisting of multi-omics characterization for the selected hits is currently more practical to enable high throughput screening and characterization (Fig. 2). Good examples of first step screening tools are 16S rRNA gene sequencing, due to its lower cost, or single-shot metaproteomics given that it provides information on microbiome biomass, com- position, and function. potentially repurpose these drugs for microbiome- targeted disease therapy. Meta-omics at the interface of microbiome and precision medicine Precision medicine is an emerging concept for health management given that responses to therapeutic interven- tions usually vary between individuals. In the past, these variations were assumed to be simply caused by subtle dif- ferences between patient genetic backgrounds or due to epigenetic factors controlling host gene expression. For example, genomics-based precision medicine has often been applied in cancer therapy [103–106]. However, it should be noted that many cancer therapeutics could also alter the gut microbiome [16, 107, 108]. More recently, variations in patient responses to cancer immuno- and chemo-therapies were linked to inter-individual differ- ences in gut microbiomes [74, 109–114]. These findings suggest an opportunity to further optimize disease therap- ies through microbiome-informed patient stratification, through personalized treatment decisions and/or through direct manipulation of patient microbiomes (Fig. 3). They also highlight the importance of including microbiomes into the framework of precision medicine [19]. Patient stratification based on microbiome profiling These studies demonstrate the feasibility of applying high throughput microbiome assays for assessing bi-directional interactions between microbiome and clinically used drugs. The extensive screening of drug-microbiome interactions may also represent an economic way to discover currently approved drugs which have impacts on the microbiome and Page 7 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome Fig. 2 Framework of an ex vivo assay for screening drug-microbiome interactions. The individual’s microbiome is cultured and treated with drugs in anaerobic conditions simulating the in vivo environment. The cultured samples can then be analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing or single-shot metaproteomics to rapidly identify hit compounds taking advantage of well-established bioinformatic platforms. Detailed bidirectional drug-microbiome interactions for hit compounds can then be further evaluated with integrative multi-omics approaches Fig. 2 Framework of an ex vivo assay for screening drug-microbiome interactions. The individual’s microbiome is cultured and treated with drugs in anaerobic conditions simulating the in vivo environment. The cultured samples can then be analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing or single-shot metaproteomics to rapidly identify hit compounds taking advantage of well-established bioinformatic platforms. Detailed bidirectional drug-microbiome interactions for hit compounds can then be further evaluated with integrative multi-omics approaches individual’s response to drug treatment difficult to pre- dict. In addition, as mentioned above, there is no know- ledge on drug-microbiome interactions for the majority of clinically prescribed drugs. A prior understanding or prediction of drug-microbiome interactions in a patient through microbiome assays would be invaluable for opti- mizing the therapeutic outcomes in diseases that are known to be associated with gut microbial alterations. This would allow for patients to be prescribed the most effective drug for treating their disease (Fig. 3b). For example, digoxin is a commonly used cardiac drug and can be converted into its inactive form, dihydrodigoxin, by species in gut, namely Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecali- bacterium, and Bifidobacterium longum [109–111]. These findings suggest that quantifying these commensals in pa- tient fecal samples may help predict therapeutic outcomes and stratify patients into potential responders or non- responders to PD-1 blockade. Ex vivo microbiome assays for guiding treatment decisions The gut microbiota is a highly diverse microbial com- munity with high inter-individual variability, making in vivo drug-microbiome interactions complex and an Page 8 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome Fig. 3 Introducing microbiomes into clinical practice for precision medicine. The profiles of individual patient microbiomes are analyzed with meta-omics, which allow for patients to be classified into sub-groups, i.e., responders vs. non-responders to treatments (a). The in vivo response of an individual’s microbiome to drugs can also be predicted with ex vivo microbiome assays, allowing the selection of the best drugs or adjuvant treatments for different patients (b). Finally, health and disease management could be carried out by precisely manipulating of the microbiome through supplementing commensal bacteria, engineered bacteria, microbiome-targeted drugs or bacteriophages (c) Fig. 3 Introducing microbiomes into clinical practice for precision medicine. The profiles of individual patient microbiomes are analyzed with meta-omics, which allow for patients to be classified into sub-groups, i.e., responders vs. non-responders to treatments (a). The in vivo response of an individual’s microbiome to drugs can also be predicted with ex vivo microbiome assays, allowing the selection of the best drugs or adjuvant treatments for different patients (b). Finally, health and disease management could be carried out by precisely manipulating of the microbiome through supplementing commensal bacteria, engineered bacteria, microbiome-targeted drugs or bacteriophages (c) specific strains of the intestinal bacterium Eggerthella lenta, and this has been suggested to contribute to di- goxin’s varied bioavailability among individuals [118, 119]. However, the extent of digoxin inactivation is also dependent on the presence of other gut microbes [118], indicating that a single biomarker using the presence of E. lenta species may not be sufficient for patient stratification. Instead, culture of digoxin with an ex vivo microbiome followed by metabolite measure- ment can more accurately predict the extent of digoxin inactivation and thereby guide the decision on whether adjuvant intervention, such as arginine supplements or antibiotics, is needed [118, 120]. In addition, for diseases with multiple drug candidates, such as IBD [121], culturing a set of candidate drugs with an individual’s ex vivo microbiome may help se- lect the most likely effective drug candidate for treat- ing each patient’s disease. Received: 14 March 2019 Accepted: 11 November 2019 Received: 14 March 2019 Accepted: 11 November 2019 Received: 14 March 2019 Accepted: 11 November 2019 Abbreviation Abbreviation IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; MS: Mass spectrometry; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; PD- 1: Programmed death 1 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements DF acknowledges a Distinguished Research Chair at the University of Ottawa. g DF acknowledges a Distinguished Research Chair at the University of Ottawa. Availability of data and materials Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Author’s contributions Author s contributions XZ and DF drafted the initial manuscript, with further review and editing done by JB and AS. LL and XZ generated the figures. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript. Targeted manipulation of microbiome for precision disease treatment recently reported that tungstate can specifically inhibit molybdenum-cofactor-dependent gut microbial respira- tory pathways under inflammatory conditions, which ameliorates intestinal colitis and restores gut microbial homeostasis in a mouse model of colitis [124]. More re- cently, Ho et al. reported that a genetically modified E. coli strain, which has selective affinity to cancer cells and secrets myrosinase for converting vegetable derived glu- cosinolate into anti-cancer compounds, effectively pre- vented the development of cancer in mice receiving a cruciferous vegetable diet [125]. Dietary intervention is another safe and promising approach for manipulating the microbiome. Zhao et al. utilized a specialized diet to promote the growth of a group of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the gut of T2D patients, which was proposed to have contributed to improved glucose homeostasis in these patients [9]. Along with the development of sophisticated tools for manipulat- ing microbial genetics [122, 126], it is becoming feas- ible for targeted modulation of specific microbial metabolic pathways or species in microbiome, which further lays the foundation for future microbiome- targeted therapies. microbiomes. In addition, the development of microbiome-targeted drugs is also challenging. Therefore, efforts are underway to develop new ex vivo assays target- ing panels of individual bacteria, simple microbial com- munities, or entire microbiomes. These are likely to rapidly increase our understanding of how microbiomes interact with drugs, food components, and natural com- pounds. Ex vivo microbiome assays will likely be useful in precision medicine by allowing individual microbiomes to be screened against panels of drugs/compounds to select the most efficient treatment. Targeted manipulation of microbiome for precision disease treatment Although the gut microbiome has long been considered as a potential target for disease treatment [13] and an effective microbiome-targeted dietary intervention ap- proach has been demonstrated [9], commercially avail- able targeted therapeutics for precise modulation of Page 9 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Page 9 of 12 microbiomes are still lacking. However, our understand- ing of the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome in- teractions is growing rapidly, and new potential targets (e.g., specific microbial species or metabolic pathways) in the microbiome are being identified. It may soon be feasible to precisely manipulate the microbiome through either supplementation of beneficial species (such as A. muciniphila) [111], engineered probiotics/commensals [122], prebiotics [9], bacteriophages [123], or highly selective drugs [124] (Fig. 3c). For example, Zhu et al. recently reported that tungstate can specifically inhibit molybdenum-cofactor-dependent gut microbial respira- tory pathways under inflammatory conditions, which ameliorates intestinal colitis and restores gut microbial homeostasis in a mouse model of colitis [124]. More re- cently, Ho et al. reported that a genetically modified E. coli strain, which has selective affinity to cancer cells and secrets myrosinase for converting vegetable derived glu- cosinolate into anti-cancer compounds, effectively pre- vented the development of cancer in mice receiving a cruciferous vegetable diet [125]. Dietary intervention is another safe and promising approach for manipulating the microbiome. Zhao et al. utilized a specialized diet to promote the growth of a group of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the gut of T2D patients, which was proposed to have contributed to improved glucose homeostasis in these patients [9]. Along with the development of sophisticated tools for manipulat- ing microbial genetics [122, 126], it is becoming feas- ible for targeted modulation of specific microbial metabolic pathways or species in microbiome, which further lays the foundation for future microbiome- targeted therapies. microbiomes are still lacking. However, our understand- ing of the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome in- teractions is growing rapidly, and new potential targets (e.g., specific microbial species or metabolic pathways) in the microbiome are being identified. It may soon be feasible to precisely manipulate the microbiome through either supplementation of beneficial species (such as A. muciniphila) [111], engineered probiotics/commensals [122], prebiotics [9], bacteriophages [123], or highly selective drugs [124] (Fig. 3c). For example, Zhu et al. Funding g This work was supported by funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (OGI- 114, OGI-149 and OGI-156), CIHR grant number GPH-129340, MOP-114872 and ECD-144627, and the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation (REG1-4450 and ORF-LSARP-13440). Availability of data and materials Not applicable Competing interests d f The ultimate goal of human microbiome research is to facilitate health and disease management. Gut micro- biome alterations have been associated with an in- creasing list of diseases, and selectively modifying the gut microbiota has been shown to alleviate the devel- opment of disease, including diabetes and colitis. These achievements highlight the importance of intro- ducing the microbiome into the precision medicine framework, through either microbiome-guided patient stratification or interventions that specifically target mi- crobial species/pathways. However, it is still a challenge to rapidly identify specific, actionable targets within micro- biomes. Fortunately, the addition of metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics to metagenomics is enhancing our functional understanding of the micro- biome. Although more powerful and convenient bioinfor- matic tools are still needed, integrative functional meta- omics is becoming one of the most important approaches for dissecting microbial metabolic pathways in DF and AS are co-founders of Biotagenics and MedBiome, clinical microbio- mics companies. The remaining authors declare that they have no compet- ing interests. 4. Cho I, Blaser MJ. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:260–70. 5. Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Parfrey LW, Knight R. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell. 2012;148:1258–70. 6. Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature. 2011;474:327–36. 7. Lagier JC, Khelaifia S, Alou MT, Ndongo S, Dione N, Hugon P, et al. Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1:16203. References 2016;14:273–87. 43. 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Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:4173–81 71. References 2013;1:17. 103. Chin L, Andersen JN, Futreal PA. Cancer genomics: from discovery science to personalized medicine. Nat Med. 2011;17:297–303. 79. Blanco-Miguez A, Fdez-Riverola F, Sanchez B, Lourenco A. Resources and tools for the high-throughput, multi-omic study of intestinal microbiota. Brief Bioinform. 2017; 20:1032–56. 104. Aung KL, Fischer SE, Denroche RE, Jang GH, Dodd A, Creighton S, et al. Genomics-driven precision medicine for advanced pancreatic cancer: early results from the COMPASS trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24:1344–54. 80. Ishii C, Nakanishi Y, Murakami S, Nozu R, Ueno M, Hioki K, et al. A metabologenomic approach reveals changes in the intestinal environment of mice fed on American diet. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19. 105. Aguirre AJ, Nowak JA, Camarda ND, Moffitt RA, Ghazani AA, Hazar-Rethinam M, et al. Real-time genomic characterization of advanced pancreatic cancer to enable precision medicine. Cancer Discov. 2018;8:1096–111. 81. Zarrinpar A, Chaix A, Yooseph S, Panda S. Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2014;20:1006–17. 106. Sadanandam A, Lyssiotis CA, Homicsko K, Collisson EA, Gibb WJ, Wullschleger S, et al. A colorectal cancer classification system that associates cellular phenotype and responses to therapy. Nat Med. 2013;19:619–25. 82. Franzosa EA, Hsu T, Sirota-Madi A, Shafquat A, Abu-Ali G, Morgan XC, et al. Sequencing and beyond: integrating molecular ‘omics’ for microbial community profiling. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:360–72. 107. Montassier E, Gastinne T, Vangay P, Al-Ghalith GA. Bruley des Varannes S, Massart S, et al. Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:515–28. 83. Blanco-Miguez A, Fdez-Riverola F, Sanchez B, Lourenco A. Resources and tools for the high-throughput, multi-omic study of intestinal microbiota. Brief Bioinform. 2017. 108. Montassier E, Batard E, Massart S, Gastinne T, Carton T, Caillon J, et al. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reveals shift in patient faecal microbiota during Page 12 of 12 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 Zhang et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:154 high-dose chemotherapy as conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Microb Ecol. 2014;67:690–9. high-dose chemotherapy as conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Microb Ecol. 2014;67:690–9. high-dose chemotherapy as conditioning regimen for bone marro transplantation. Microb Ecol. 2014;67:690–9. 109. Gopalakrishnan V, Spencer CN, Nezi L, Reuben A, Andrews MC, Karpinets TV, et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science. 2018;359:97–103. 110. Matson V, Fessler J, Bao R, Chongsuwat T, Zha Y, Alegre ML, et al. References The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Science. 2018;359:104–8. 111. Routy B, Le Chatelier E, Derosa L, Duong CPM, Alou MT, Daillere R, et al. Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science. 2018;359:91–7. y epithelial tumors. Science. 2018;359:91–7. 112. Garcia-Gonzalez AP, Ritter AD, Shrestha S, Andersen EC, Yilmaz LS, Walhout AJM. Bacterial metabolism affects the C. elegans response to cancer chemotherapeutics. Cell. 2017;169:431–41 e438. chemotherapeutics. Cell. 2017;169:431–41 e438. 113. Iida N, Dzutsev A, Stewart CA, Smith L, Bouladoux N, Weingarten RA, et al. Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science. 2013;342:967–70. 114. Viaud S, Saccheri F, Mignot G, Yamazaki T, Daillere R, Hannani D, et al. The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science. 2013;342:971–6. 115. Trusheim MR, Berndt ER, Douglas FL. Stratified medicine: strategic and economic implications of combining drugs and clinical biomarkers. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6:287–93. 116. Gu Y, Wang X, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhong H, Liu R, et al. Analyses of gut microbiota and plasma bile acids enable stratification of patients for antidiabetic treatment. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1785. 117. Price ND, Magis AT, Earls JC, Glusman G, Levy R, Lausted C, et al. A wellness study of 108 individuals using personal, dense, dynamic data clouds. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:747–56. 118. Haiser HJ, Gootenberg DB, Chatman K, Sirasani G, Balskus EP, Turnbaugh PJ. Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta. Science. 2013;341:295–8. 119. Saha JR, Butler VP Jr, Neu HC, Lindenbaum J. Digoxin-inactivating bacteria: identification in human gut flora. Science. 1983;220:325–7. 120. Lindenbaum J, Rund DG, Butler VP Jr, Tse-Eng D, Saha JR. Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305:789–94. 121. Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies. Lancet. 2007;369:1641–57. 122. Hwang IY, Koh E, Wong A, March JC, Bentley WE, Lee YS, et al. Engineered probiotic Escherichia coli can eliminate and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa gut infection in animal models. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15028. 123. Reyes A, Wu M, McNulty NP, Rohwer FL, Gordon JI. Gnotobiotic mouse model of phage-bacterial host dynamics in the human gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:20236–41. 124. Zhu Wea. Precision editing of the gut microbiota ameliorates colitis. Nature 2018;doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25172. 125. References Ho CL, Tan HQ, Chua KJ, Kang A, Lim KH, Ling KL, et al. Engineered commensal microbes for diet-mediated colorectal-cancer chemoprevention. Nature Biomed Eng. 2018;2:27. 126. Lim B, Zimmermann M, Barry NA, Goodman AL. Engineered regulatory systems modulate gene expression of human commensals in the gut. Cell. 2017;169:547–58 e515. 126. Lim B, Zimmermann M, Barry NA, Goodman AL. Engineered regulatory systems modulate gene expression of human commensals in the gut. Cell. 2017;169:547–58 e515. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
27,950
https://github.com/totvs/tir-script-samples/blob/master/Protheus_WebApp/Modules/SIGAWMS/WMSA225TESTCASE.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,023
tir-script-samples
totvs
Python
Code
99
661
from tir import Webapp import unittest import time class WMSA225(unittest.TestCase): @classmethod def setUpClass(inst): inst.oHelper = Webapp() inst.oHelper.Setup("SIGAWMS", "10/12/2020", "T1", "M SP 01", "42") inst.oHelper.Program("WMSA225") def test_WMSA225_CT001(self): self.oHelper.SetButton('Incluir') self.oHelper.SetBranch('M SP 01') self.oHelper.SetValue('Armazém De ?','') self.oHelper.SetValue('Armazém Até ?','ZZ') self.oHelper.SetValue('Produto De ?','') self.oHelper.SetValue('Produto Até ?','ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ') self.oHelper.SetValue('Endereço De ?','') self.oHelper.SetValue('Endereço Até ?','ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ') self.oHelper.SetValue('Unitizador De ?','') self.oHelper.SetValue('Unitizador Até ?','ZZZZZZ') self.oHelper.SetValue('Tipo Transf. ?','Produto') self.oHelper.SetButton('Ok') self.oHelper.ClickBox('Produto','WMS00000G010') self.oHelper.SetValue('Quantidade', '1,00', grid=True, grid_number=2) self.oHelper.SetValue('Ender Des', 'A010001', grid=True, grid_number=2) self.oHelper.LoadGrid() self.oHelper.SetButton("Confirmar") self.oHelper.SetButton('Fechar') #self.oHelper.SearchBrowse('M SP 01 005WMS000000047 ') #self.oHelper.SetButton('Outras Ações','Visualizar') #self.oHelper.SetButton('Fechar') #self.oHelper.SearchBrowse(key=2, index=True) #self.oHelper.SearchBrowse('M SP 01 005WMS000025') #self.oHelper.SetButton('Excluir') #elf.oHelper.SetButton('Confirmar') #self.oHelper.SetButton('Fechar') self.oHelper.SetButton('X') self.oHelper.AssertTrue() @classmethod def tearDownClass(inst): inst.oHelper.TearDown() if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main()
4,003
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35116936
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,016
Stack Exchange
LTW, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5864375
English
Spoken
187
352
find and display all indexes in a list based on keyword I have the following code in Python 3 that finds and displays the first example of a searched for word in a list i.e. the word(s) 'now' is in position(s) 3, but if the word appears twice or more in the list, I can't find a way of displaying the second/third etc index. i.e. the word(s) 'now' appears in position(s) 3 and 5. I've seen some very complicated versions online but want to see if I can keep it really simple. I know .index() only finds the first index, so is there another method I could use? code: sentence=input("Enter your sentence here: ") sentence=sentence.lower() words=(sentence.split()) print(words) word_to_find=input("What word position do you want to find? ") word_to_find=word_to_find.lower() if word_to_find in words: position=words.index(word_to_find) print( "The word ", word_to_find, "is in position(s): ",position+1) else: print("No word exists") Many thanks try; positions = [ind for ind, x in enumerate(words) if x == word_to_find] Now positions will be a list of all index of word_to_find in words. This is great. Many thanks Praveen.I will research into what this line actually means.
15,304
US-66101291-A_1
USPTO
Open Government
Public Domain
1,991
None
None
English
Spoken
2,644
3,225
Device for adjusting a nominal value of the dimension of an actuator, the longitudinal dimension of which can be changed by applying an external electromagnetic or electrostatic field ABSTRACT A device for adjusting a nominal value of the dimension of an actuator, the longitudinal dimension of which can be changed by applying an external electromagnetic or electrostatic field, the magnitude of the external electromagnetic or electrostatic field being associated with the longitudinal dimension of the actuator, or soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer being connected to the actuator in such a manner that a change in length of the actuator produces a change in the mechanical stress in the layer. The change in mechanical stress in the layer produces a change in the value of an inductance, the mechanical stress in the layer being inferred from the magnitude of the inductance in sensor electronics and the longitudinal dimension of the actuator being inferred from the mechanical stress in the layer. The longitudinal dimension of the actuator is compared with a predetermined nominal value in a comparison device and a correcting variable is output by a control device when a difference between the longitudinal dimension of the actuator and the predetermined nominal value is detected by the comparison device. The correcting variable is predetermined in such a manner that the detected difference disappears. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a device for adjusting a nominal value of the dimension of an actuator, a longitudinal dimension of which is changeable by application of an external electromagnetic or electrostatic field, the magnitude of the external electromagnetic or electrostatic field being associated with the longitudinal dimension of the actuator. The device has means for generating a signal characterizing the longitudinal dimension of the actuator, a comparison device that compares the signal characterizing the longitudinal dimension with a predetermined nominal value to detect a deviation of the longitudinal dimension from the predetermined nominal value, and a control device that outputs a correcting variable when a difference between the longitudinal dimension of the actuator and the predetermined nominal value is detected by the comparison device, the correcting variable being predetermined in such a manner that the detected difference disappears. In a device known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,978, the change in length resulting from an external magnetic field of a magnetostrictive actuator is determined by the magnetic induction resulting in the actuator. The change in length thus determined in the magnetostrictive actuator is compared with the nominal value of the change in length. On the basis of this comparison, the external magnetic field is changed in such a manner that a resultant difference between the change in length and the nominal value disappears. A disadvantageous effect in this known device is that the comparison between the change in length and the nominal value can only be carried out with a magnetostrictive actuator. A device is also known from German Patent Document DE 24 02 85 A1, in which a rod-shaped body is constructed of a number of stacked laminations or discs of piezoelectric material, and a particular change in length of the rod-shaped body is set by applying an electric voltage. Furthermore, it is stated in this German Patent Document that the relationship between the displacement and the voltage is linear so that a control of the change in length is implemented by adjusting the associated electric voltage. A disadvantageous effect in this known device is that the laminations or discs of piezoelectric material can change their dimension in dependence on the operating conditions of the rod-shaped body. An "offset" occurs, that is to say the zero-point position of the longitudinal dimension of the laminations or discs changes in the sense that the longitudinal dimension of the rod-shaped body becomes smaller. Thus, problems occur in the control arrangement known from the prior art, to the extent that the accurate association of an electric voltage applied to the laminations with a particular dimension is lost. It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,414,857 to change the magnetic properties of a core located in the interior of a coil by means of the composition of the individual components and thus to bring the inductance of the coil to a defined value. By this means it is intended to compensate for production tolerances which occur, for example, due to inaccuracies in the winding of the coil. An object of the present invention is to provide a device for adjusting a nominal value of the dimension of an actuator that adjusts as accurately as possible the nominal value of the longitudinal dimension of the actuator, the longitudinal dimension of which can be changed by applying an external electromagnetic or electrostatic field This and other objects are achieved by the present invention which provides a device for adjusting a nominal value of the dimension of an actuator, a longitudinal dimension of which is changeable by application of an external electromagnetic or electrostatic field, the magnitude of the external electromagnetic or electrostatic field being associated with the longitudinal dimension of the actuator. The device has means for generating a signal characterizing the longitudinal dimension of the actuator, a comparison device that compares the signal characterizing the longitudinal dimension with a predetermined nominal value to detect a deviation of the longitudinal dimension from the predetermined nominal value, and a control device that outputs a correcting variable when a difference between the longitudinal dimension of the actuator and the predetermined nominal value is detected by the comparison device, the correcting variable being predetermined in such a manner that the detected difference disappears. The device includes an actuator, a position sensor element, and a soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer, which is part of the position sensor and is connected to the actuator in such a manner that a change in length of the actuator produces a change in the mechanical stress in the layer. An inductance is part of the position sensor element, with a change in the mechanical stress in the layer producing a change in the value of the inductance. The device has means for generating a signal characterizing the change in the longitudinal dimension on the basis of the change in inductance, including means for inferring the mechanical stress in the layer from the magnitude of the inductance and means for inferring the longitudinal dimension of the actuator from the mechanical stress in the layer. The present invention has advantages compared with the known prior art, both when a piezoelectric actuator and when a magnetostrictive actuator is used. For example, influencing variables, besides the "offset" already described, which lead to a displacement in the zero-point position of the longitudinal dimension of the piezoelectric actuator can also be eliminated by applying the device according to the present invention. As an example, temperature changes lead to a change in the longitudinal dimension of a piezoelectric actuator and of a magnetostrictive actuator. In addition, the device according to the present invention can be used both for magnetostrictive and for piezoelectric actuators. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a magnetoelastic layer is applied to the actuator. If then a change occurs in the length of the actuator, this change in length produces a mechanical stress in the magnetoelastic layer. The mechanical stress in the magnetoelastic layer can be detected, for example, in that this magnetoelastic layer is part of a coil, the inductance of which thus changes due to the mechanical stress in the magnetoelastic layer. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows an illustrative embodiment of a piezoelectric actuator comprising a magnetoelastic layer constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a representation of the effect of a nominal-value input on the change in length of a piezoelectric actuator. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the illustrative embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, a piezoelectric actuator 1.1 is used. Alternatively, however, it is also contemplated to use a magnetostrictive actuator instead of the piezoelectric actuator 1.1. In this case, the connecting cables 1.13 and 1.14 produce, for example, a current flow in a coil (not shown) which thus originate a magnetic field which leads to a change in length of the magnetostrictive actuator. As can be seen from FIG. 1, a piezoelectric actuator 1.1 is surrounded by a position sensor element 1.2. In this arrangement, the piezoelectric actuator 1.1, according to the prior art, can consist of several piezoelectric discs 1.1.1 which can change their longitudinal dimension in the axial direction when an electric voltage is applied. During this process, the piezoelectric discs 1.1.1 are mechanically prestressed in that they are pressed against a nonmagnetic resilient sleeve 1.5, acting as a thrust bearing, by a threaded bolt 1.4 screwed into a base area 1.3. The nonmagnetic resilient sleeve 1.5 is in force-locked contact with the base area 1.3. This force-locked contact is implemented by the nonmagnetic resilient sleeve 1.5 being provided on its underside with a thread into which the threaded bolt 1.4 is screwed. A soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer 1.6 is applied to the nonmagnetic resilient sleeve 1.5, this soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer 1.6 being applied in a particularly advantageous manner in such a way that a molecular intermeshing exists between this layer 1.6 and the resilient sleeve 1.5. The soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer 1.6 in this arrangement can, for example, consist of an amorphous or nanocrystalline material of nickel-phosphorus which can be optimized by means of chemical transition elements, for example, cobalt. As an example, this material can consist of a composition of which the phosphorus content is less than approximately 8% and the cobalt content is of the order of magnitude of approximately 10%. The thickness of this layer 1.6 in this arrangement can be of the order of magnitude of approximately 100-150 μm. Since expansion of the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer 1.6 within the per-thousand range already leads to a change of some percent in the magnetic permeability μ_(r), the actual longitudinal dimension of the piezoelectric actuator can thus be easily determined by means of the change in inductance of the coil 1.7. According to the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the magnetic flux is suitably concentrated by attaching soft-magnetic reflux pieces 1.8, 1.9 and 1.10 around the coil 1.7. In addition, the system comprising the piezoelectric actuator 1.1 and the position sensor element 1.2 can also be terminated by a non-magnetic housing sleeve 1.11. In this arrangement, this housing sleeve 1.11 is attached to the upper and the lower part of the position sensor element 1.2 and also encloses the coil 1.7. The housing sleeve 1.11 exhibits an opening 1.12 through which the connecting cables 1.13, 1.14 of the piezoelectric actuator are conducted. FIG. 2 shows a representation of the effect of a nominal-value input SOLL on the change in length of the piezoelectric actuator which is designated by the reference symbol 2.1 in the representation of FIG. 2. The position sensor element 2.2 detects the dimension of the actuator 2.1 in that, for example, the inductance of a sensor coil changes in accordance with the representation of FIG. 1. This change in inductance is then evaluated by the sensor electronics 2.3 and compared in a comparison device 2.4 with the predetermined nominal value SOLL of the dimension of the actuator 2.1. If a difference is found, a correcting variable voltage is output by the control device 2.5 which counteracts this difference. When a magnetostrictive actuator is used, a magnetic field is correspondingly predetermined as correcting variable. In principle, the behavior of a control system with time is determined by the behavior with time during the registering of the measurement value, the behavior with time of the controller and the behavior with time of the process after a change in a nominal value. In the device according to the present invention, the behavior with time during the registering of the measurement value can be neglected since the magnetoelastic layer responds virtually without time delay to changes in the mechanical stress. Similarly, the process (actuator) very rapidly responds to changes in the nominal value so that the behavior with time described overall of the control system can be implemented by this desired behavior with time being simulated in the control device 2.5. Although the invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example, and is not to be taken by way of limitation. The spirit and scope of the present invention are to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims. What is claimed: 1. A device for adjusting a nominal value of the dimension of an actuator, a longitudinal dimension of which is changeable by application of an external electromagnetic or electrostatic field, the magnitude of the external electromagnetic or electrostatic field being associated with the longitudinal dimension of the actuator, comprising:means for generating a signal characterizing the longitudinal dimension of the actuator; a comparison device that compares the signal characterizing the longitudinal dimension with a predetermined nominal value to detect a deviation of the longitudinal dimension from the predetermined nominal value; a control device that outputs a correcting variable when a difference between the longitudinal dimension of the actuator and the predetermined nominal value is detected by the comparison device, the correcting variable being predetermined in such a manner that the detected difference disappears; an actuator; a position sensor element; a soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer, which is part of the position sensor and is connected to the actuator in such a manner that a change in length of the actuator produces a change in the mechanical stress in the layer; an inductance which is part of the position sensor element, wherein the change in the mechanical stress in the layer produces a change in the value of the inductance; and means for generating a signal characterizing the change in the longitudinal dimension on the basis of the change in inductance, including means for inferring the mechanical stress in the layer from the magnitude of the inductance and means for inferring the longitudinal dimension of the actuator from the mechanical stress in the layer. 2. The device according to claim I, wherein the actuator is a piezoelectric actuator and the external field corresponds to an electric voltage. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the actuator is a magnetostrictive actuator and the external field is a magnetic field. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the layer consists of nickel, phosphorus and cobalt, the nickel content being up to 8%, and the cobalt content, being approximately 10%. 5. The device according to claim 4, further comprising a resilient sleeve coupled to the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer such that a molecular intermeshing exists between the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer and the resilient sleeve. 6. The device according to claim 2, wherein the layer consists of nickel, phosphorus and cobalt, the nickel content being up to 8%, and the cobalt content, being approximately 10%. 7. The device according to claim 6, further comprising a resilient sleeve coupled to the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer such that a molecular intermeshing exists between the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer and the resilient sleeve. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the layer consists of nickel, phosphorus and cobalt, the nickel content being up to 8%, and the cobalt content, being approximately 10%. 9. The device according to claim 8, further comprising a resilient sleeve coupled to the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer such that a molecular intermeshing exists between the soft-magnetic and highly magnetoelastic layer and the resilient sleeve..
25,294
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20militaire%20du%20corps%20technique%20et%20administratif
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
École militaire du corps technique et administratif
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=École militaire du corps technique et administratif&action=history
French
Spoken
554
963
L’École militaire du corps technique et administratif (EMCTA) était jusqu'à l'été 2010, une des quatre écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan situées dans la commune de Guer dans le Morbihan. Elle formait depuis 1977 les officiers du corps technique et administratif de l'Armée de terre et des services communs (Service de santé des armées et Service des essences des armées). Elle fusionne au sein de l'École d'administration militaire recréée au . Recrutement et scolarité L'originalité de cette école tenait au fait qu'elle proposait deux modes de recrutement. En effet, un concours interne (dit « semi-direct ») était ouvert aux meilleurs sous-officiers des armées et services communs, tandis qu'un concours externe (dit « direct ») était ouvert aux civils sportifs et motivés justifiant d'un diplôme du premier cycle de l'enseignement supérieur. Nombre d'officiers sous contrat (OSC) et de volontaires aspirants de l'armée de terre (VADAT) intègrent ainsi l'école grâce à ce concours externe, le concours interne leur étant fermé. La scolarité aux écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan était d’une année durant laquelle les élèves-officiers recevaient une formation tant militaire qu'académique. À l'issue, ils suivaient une formation complémentaire d'un an au sein des différentes écoles d'application chargées de former les officiers aux techniques de l'administration et du management. Ces écoles se situent à Coetquidan (Armée de terre), Chalon-sur-Saône (Service des essences des armées) et Paris (Service de santé des armées). Traditions La figure emblématique de l'EMCTA est Athéna, la déesse guerrière, industrieuse et inventive. Le patron traditionnel du corps est saint Ambroise, incarnation de la rigueur morale, de la culture et de l'autorité. Il est fêté par tous les CTA le . La devise de l'École est Arma Victoriae Facit (elle forge les armes de la victoire). Chaque année était élu le « bureau promo » qui était composé de trois membres élus: le chambellan (tient les fonctions de président, sa devise est "Deu.......bout!"), le trésorier, le secrétaire, ainsi que deux membres désignés par leur âge: le mathusalem, élève le plus âgé, responsable des traditions, le benjamin, le plus jeune, aussi appelé le popotier. L'élève de l'EMCTA était souvent qualifié de « glouglou » par ses camarades de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM) et de l'École militaire interarmes (EMIA). Ce qualificatif employé parfois de manière péjorative, souvent de manière humoristique, destiné à établir un parallèle avec la dinde, aurait été adopté selon la légende en réaction au fort taux de féminisation des élèves de cette école. Mais d'après le récit de beaucoup d'anciens, le terme de "glouglou" remonte aux premiers élèves de l'EMCTA, qui se moquaient gentiment de leurs camarades saint-cyriens en grande tenue portant le casoar avec le plumet (ce qui leur donnait -et leur donne toujours- l'allure d'un troupeau de volatiles). Ils imitaient à leur intention le cri du dindon ("glouglouglouglou!"), les saint-cyriens en réaction les surnommèrent "glouglou". Le terme de "glouglou" peut aussi avoir pour origine le son du rire d'une élève d'une des premières promotions, repris par les Saint-Cyriens en moquerie vis-à-vis de l'EMCTA. Promotions Voir aussi Articles connexes École d'administration militaire Écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan Camp de Coëtquidan École de la gendarmerie nationale de Rochefort#Centre national de formation du corps de soutien technique et administratif Liens externes L'Épaulette magazine Site officiel des Écoles de Coetquidan Anneau des Promotions École militaire en France École d'officiers de l'armée française Corps techniques et administratifs des armées
6,585
https://github.com/PulseTile/PulseTile-RA-Lerna/blob/master/packages/pulsetile-react-admin/src/pages/BusinessIntelligence/fragments/BusinessIntelligenceForm.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,019
PulseTile-RA-Lerna
PulseTile
JavaScript
Code
748
2,638
import React, { Component } from "react"; import get from "lodash/get"; import { connect } from 'react-redux'; import { withStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles'; import Grid from "@material-ui/core/Grid"; import FormGroup from "@material-ui/core/FormGroup"; import FormLabel from "@material-ui/core/FormLabel"; import Checkbox from "@material-ui/core/Checkbox"; import Typography from "@material-ui/core/Typography"; import { FontAwesomeIcon } from '@fortawesome/react-fontawesome' import { faFilter, faTimesCircle } from '@fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons'; import { businessIntelligenceAction } from "../../../actions/BusinessIntelligence/businessIntelligenceAction"; import { genderArray, diagnosisArray } from "../constants"; import RangeLine from "./RangeLine"; import HealthScoreAxis from "./HealthScoreAxis"; import Button from "@material-ui/core/Button"; const styles = theme => ({ currentTabContainer: { width: "100%", backgroundColor: theme.palette.paperColor, margin: 0, }, formGroup: { display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'row', justifyContent: 'flex-start', padding: 10, }, formLabel: { display: "block", [theme.breakpoints.only('xs')]: { width: '100%', }, [theme.breakpoints.up('sm')]: { width: '20%', }, fontWeight: 800, color: theme.palette.fontColor, fontSize: 14, marginTop: 10, marginBottom: 10, paddingTop: 5, }, dialogLabel: { display: "inline-block", minWidth: '20%', marginTop: 10, }, checkbox: { display: "inline-block", height: 24, }, checkboxLabel: { display: "inline-block", }, customCheckbox: { '&$checked': { color: theme.palette.mainColor, } }, checked: {}, toolbar: { display: "flex", flexDirection: "row", justifyContent: "flex-end", }, updateButton: { display: "block", width: 140, height: 40, margin: "8px !important", color: theme.palette.secondaryMainColor, backgroundColor: theme.palette.paperColor, border: `1px solid ${theme.palette.secondaryMainColor}`, borderRadius: theme.isRectangleButtons ? 0 : 25, fontSize: 16, fontWeight: 800, "&:hover": { backgroundColor: theme.palette.secondaryMainColor, color: theme.palette.paperColor, }, }, resetButton: { display: "block", width: 140, height: 40, margin: "8px !important", color: theme.palette.dangerColor, backgroundColor: theme.palette.paperColor, border: `1px solid ${theme.palette.dangerColor}`, borderRadius: theme.isRectangleButtons ? 0 : 25, fontSize: 16, fontWeight: 800, "&:hover": { backgroundColor: theme.palette.dangerColor, color: theme.palette.paperColor, }, }, filterIcon: { marginLeft: 5, } }); class BusinessIntelligenceForm extends Component { state = { age: [0, 100], healthScore: [0, 100], gender: [], diagnosis: [], }; componentDidMount() { this.setInitialValues(); } setInitialValues = () => { let genders = []; let diagnosis = []; for (let i = 0, n = genderArray.length; i < n; i++) { let genderItem = genderArray[i]; genders.push(genderItem.type); } for (let i = 0, n = diagnosisArray.length; i < n; i++) { let diagnosisItem = diagnosisArray[i]; diagnosis.push(diagnosisItem.type); } this.setState({ gender: genders, diagnosis: diagnosis, }) }; resetForm = () => { const { resetBusinessIntelligence } = this.props; this.setState(state => ({ age: [0, 100], healthScore: [0, 100], }), () => { this.setInitialValues(); resetBusinessIntelligence(); }); }; isGenderChecked = item => { const { gender } = this.state; return gender.indexOf(item) !== -1; }; isDiagnosisChecked = item => { const { diagnosis } = this.state; return diagnosis.indexOf(item) !== -1; }; checkItem = (currentArray, item) => { let result = false; for (let i = 0, n = currentArray.length; i < n; i++) { let currentItem = currentArray[i]; if (currentItem === item) { result = true; break; } } return result; }; toggleGender = item => { const currentGenders = this.state.gender; const isItemPresented = this.checkItem(currentGenders, item); if (isItemPresented) { let index = currentGenders.indexOf(item); currentGenders.splice(index, 1) } else { currentGenders.push(item); } this.setState({ gender: currentGenders, }); }; toggleDiagnosis = item => { const currentDiagnosis = this.state.diagnosis; const isItemPresented = this.checkItem(currentDiagnosis, item); if (isItemPresented) { let index = currentDiagnosis.indexOf(item); currentDiagnosis.splice(index, 1) } else { currentDiagnosis.push(item); } this.setState({ diagnosis: currentDiagnosis, }); }; onChangeAgeRange = values => { this.setState({ age: values }); }; onChangeHealthScoreRange = values => { this.setState({ healthScore: values }); }; updateBusinessIntelligence = () => { const { age, healthScore, gender, diagnosis } = this.state; this.props.updateBusinessIntelligence({ age: age, healthScore: healthScore, gender: gender, diagnosis: diagnosis, }); }; render() { const { classes } = this.props; const { age, healthScore } = this.state; return ( <React.Fragment> <Grid className={classes.currentTabContainer} container> <Grid item sm={12} md={6}> <FormGroup className={classes.formGroup}> <FormLabel className={classes.formLabel}>By Age</FormLabel> <RangeLine age={age} onChangeRange={this.onChangeAgeRange} /> </FormGroup> </Grid> <Grid item sm={12} md={6}> <FormGroup className={classes.formGroup}> <FormLabel className={classes.formLabel}>By Health Score</FormLabel> <RangeLine age={healthScore} onChangeRange={this.onChangeHealthScoreRange} RangeLineAxis={HealthScoreAxis} /> </FormGroup> </Grid> <Grid item sm={12} md={6}> <FormGroup className={classes.formGroup}> <FormLabel className={classes.formLabel}>By Diagnosis</FormLabel> { diagnosisArray.map((item, key) => { return ( <div key={key} className={classes.dialogLabel}> <Checkbox className={classes.checkbox} checked={this.isDiagnosisChecked(item.type)} onChange={() => this.toggleDiagnosis(item.type)} classes={{root: classes.customCheckbox, checked: classes.checked}} /> <Typography className={classes.checkboxLabel}>{item.label}</Typography> </div> ) }) } </FormGroup> </Grid> <Grid item sm={12} md={6}> <FormGroup className={classes.formGroup}> <FormLabel className={classes.formLabel}>By Gender</FormLabel> { genderArray.map((item, key) => { return ( <div key={key} className={classes.dialogLabel}> <Checkbox className={classes.checkbox} checked={this.isGenderChecked(item.type)} onChange={() => this.toggleGender(item.type)} classes={{root: classes.customCheckbox, checked: classes.checked}} /> <Typography className={classes.checkboxLabel}>{item.label}</Typography> </div> ) }) } </FormGroup> </Grid> </Grid> <div className={classes.toolbar}> <Button type="button" aria-label="Update" className={classes.resetButton} onClick={() => this.resetForm()}> Reset <FontAwesomeIcon icon={faTimesCircle} className={classes.filterIcon} size="1x" /> </Button> <Button type="submit" aria-label="Update" className={classes.updateButton} onClick={() => this.updateBusinessIntelligence()}> Update <FontAwesomeIcon icon={faFilter} className={classes.filterIcon} size="1x" /> </Button> </div> </React.Fragment> ); } }; const mapStateToProps = (state) => { return { businessIntelligence: get(state, 'custom.businessIntelligence.data', null), } }; const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => { return { updateBusinessIntelligence(data) { dispatch(businessIntelligenceAction.update(data)); }, resetBusinessIntelligence() { dispatch(businessIntelligenceAction.remove()); } } }; export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(withStyles(styles)(BusinessIntelligenceForm));
29,712
https://github.com/g-cassie/pants/blob/master/src/python/pants/backend/python/goals/tailor_test.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
null
pants
g-cassie
Python
Code
273
1,523
# Copyright 2021 Pants project contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.md). # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (see LICENSE). import pytest from pants.backend.python.goals import tailor from pants.backend.python.goals.tailor import PutativePythonTargetsRequest, classify_source_files from pants.backend.python.target_types import PythonLibrary, PythonTests from pants.core.goals.tailor import ( AllOwnedSources, PutativeTarget, PutativeTargets, PutativeTargetsSearchPaths, ) from pants.engine.rules import QueryRule from pants.testutil.rule_runner import RuleRunner def test_classify_source_files() -> None: test_files = { "foo/bar/baz_test.py", "foo/test_bar.py", "foo/tests.py", "conftest.py", "foo/bar/baz_test.pyi", "foo/test_bar.pyi", "tests.pyi", } lib_files = {"foo/bar/baz.py", "foo/bar_baz.py", "foo.pyi"} assert {PythonTests: test_files, PythonLibrary: lib_files} == classify_source_files( test_files | lib_files ) @pytest.fixture def rule_runner() -> RuleRunner: return RuleRunner( rules=[ *tailor.rules(), QueryRule(PutativeTargets, (PutativePythonTargetsRequest, AllOwnedSources)), ], target_types=[], ) def test_find_putative_targets(rule_runner: RuleRunner) -> None: rule_runner.set_options(["--no-python-setup-tailor-ignore-solitary-init-files"]) rule_runner.write_files( { f"src/python/foo/{fp}": "" for fp in ( "__init__.py", "bar/__init__.py", "bar/baz1.py", "bar/baz1_test.py", "bar/baz2.py", "bar/baz2_test.py", "bar/baz3.py", ) } ) pts = rule_runner.request( PutativeTargets, [ PutativePythonTargetsRequest(PutativeTargetsSearchPaths(("",))), AllOwnedSources(["src/python/foo/bar/__init__.py", "src/python/foo/bar/baz1.py"]), ], ) assert ( PutativeTargets( [ PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonLibrary, "src/python/foo", "foo", ["__init__.py"] ), PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonLibrary, "src/python/foo/bar", "bar", ["baz2.py", "baz3.py"] ), PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonTests, "src/python/foo/bar", "tests", ["baz1_test.py", "baz2_test.py"], kwargs={"name": "tests"}, ), ] ) == pts ) def test_find_putative_targets_subset(rule_runner: RuleRunner) -> None: rule_runner.write_files( { f"src/python/foo/{fp}": "" for fp in ( "__init__.py", "bar/__init__.py", "bar/bar.py", "bar/bar_test.py", "baz/baz.py", "baz/baz_test.py", "qux/qux.py", ) } ) pts = rule_runner.request( PutativeTargets, [ PutativePythonTargetsRequest( PutativeTargetsSearchPaths(("src/python/foo/bar", "src/python/foo/qux")) ), AllOwnedSources(["src/python/foo/bar/__init__.py", "src/python/foo/bar/bar.py"]), ], ) assert ( PutativeTargets( [ PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonTests, "src/python/foo/bar", "tests", ["bar_test.py"], kwargs={"name": "tests"}, ), PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonLibrary, "src/python/foo/qux", "qux", ["qux.py"] ), ] ) == pts ) def test_ignore_solitary_init(rule_runner: RuleRunner) -> None: rule_runner.write_files( { f"src/python/foo/{fp}": "" for fp in ( "__init__.py", "bar/__init__.py", "bar/bar.py", "baz/__init__.py", "qux/qux.py", ) } ) pts = rule_runner.request( PutativeTargets, [ PutativePythonTargetsRequest(PutativeTargetsSearchPaths(("",))), AllOwnedSources([]), ], ) assert ( PutativeTargets( [ PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonLibrary, "src/python/foo/bar", "bar", ["__init__.py", "bar.py"] ), PutativeTarget.for_target_type( PythonLibrary, "src/python/foo/qux", "qux", ["qux.py"] ), ] ) == pts )
30,276
https://github.com/kalel1500/ejercicios_clase_AdrianCanals/blob/master/n22_factorial_herencia/src/n22_factorial_herencia/N22_factorial_herencia.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
ejercicios_clase_AdrianCanals
kalel1500
Java
Code
104
292
/* * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties. * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates * and open the template in the editor. */ package n22_factorial_herencia; import java.util.Scanner; /** * * @author Usuario */ public class N22_factorial_herencia { /** * @param args the command line arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner teclado = new Scanner(System.in); FactorialPadre fp = new FactorialPadre(); System.out.println("Introduce un numero"); int numero = teclado.nextInt(); fp.setNumero(numero); long res = fp.calculoFactorial(); System.out.println(res); FactorialHijo fh = new FactorialHijo(); System.out.println("Introduce un numero"); int numero1 = teclado.nextInt(); fh.setNumero(numero1); long resHijo = fh.calculoFactorial(); System.out.println(resHijo); } }
49,143
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hissing%20of%20Summer%20Lawns
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
The Hissing of Summer Lawns
https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The Hissing of Summer Lawns&action=history
Spanish
Spoken
908
1,583
The Hissing of Summer Lawns (que en español significa «El silbido del pasto de verano») es el séptimo álbum de estudio de la cantante canadiense Joni Mitchell, publicado a finales de 1975 por Asylum Records. Antecedentes Mitchell entró en el estudio a principios de 1975 para grabar demos acústicas de algunas canciones que había escrito desde la gira del álbum Court and Spark. Unos meses más tarde grabó versiones de las melodías con su banda. Sus intereses musicales ahora divergían tanto del folk como de la escena pop de la época, hacia piezas menos estructuradas y más inspiradas en la música jazz, con una gama más amplia de instrumentos. En «The Jungle Line», a Mitchell se le atribuye la primera canción publicada comercialmente que incluye sampling, con una grabación en bucle de músicos africanos. Esta práctica de sampling se volvió más común entre los actos de rock occidentales en la década de 1980. «In France They Kiss on Main Street» continuó con los exuberantes sonidos pop de Court and Spark, y esfuerzos como la canción que da nombre al álbum y «Edith and the Kingpin» relataron la parte más vulnerable de la vida suburbana en el sur de California. Canciones Lado uno La canción de apertura, «In France They Kiss on Main Stree», es una canción de jazz rock sobre crecer en un pequeño pueblo en la era del rock and roll de la década de 1950. La canción fue lanzada como el único sencillo del álbum y alcanzó el puesto #66 en la lista de los Hot 100 de la revista Billboard. «The Jungle Line» usa una grabación de campo de África de los Drummers of Burundi (llamados “warrior drums” en las notas de álbum), en la que se doblan guitarras, sintetizadores Moog y la línea vocal. La letra rinde homenaje a las obras del pintor postimpresionista francés Henri Rousseau. Mitchell combina detalles de sus obras con imágenes de la vida urbana moderna, la industria de la música y la cultura clandestina de las drogas. «Edith and the Kingpin» marca un regreso al jazz en la historia de la nueva novia de un gángster que llega a su ciudad natal. «Don't Interrupt the Sorrow» es una canción basada en guitarra acústica con letras de flujo de conciencia, enfocada en mujeres que se enfrentan al dominio masculino y proclaman su propia existencia como individuos. «Shades of Scarlett Conquering» es una pieza orquestal sobre una Southern belle moderna que basa su vida y su propia imagen en los estereotipos del personaje Scarlett O'Hara de Gone with the Wind. Lado dos La canción que da nombre al álbum, «The Hissing of Summer Lawns», trata sobre una mujer que elige permanecer en un matrimonio donde es tratada como parte de la cartera de su esposo. «The Boho Dance» comenta sobre las personas que sienten que los artistas traicionan su integridad artística por el éxito comercial, con una mirada irónica a quienes dijeron esto de la propia Mitchell y es paralela a The Painted Word de Tom Wolfe. «Harry's House / Centerpiece» se refiere al fracaso del matrimonio como ejemplo de la soledad de la vida moderna y enmarca el estándar de jazz «Centerpiece» de Harry Edison y Jon Hendricks. «Sweet Bird» es una canción acústica más escasa que es un ligero retorno al llamado estilo “confesional” de la cantautora Mitchell y aborda la pérdida del poder de la belleza con el envejecimiento. Su letra indica que también puede ser una referencia a Sweet Bird of Youth de Tennessee Williams. La canción de cierre, «Shadows and Light», consta de muchas sobregrabaciones de su voz y una ARP String Ensemble (acreditada como ARP-Farfisa en las notas de álbum). Lista de canciones Todas las canciones escritas y compuestas por Joni Mitchell, excepto «Centerpiece», escrita por Jon Hendricks y Harry Edison, y «The Hissing of Summer Lawns», escrita por John Guerin y Mitchell. Lado uno «In France They Kiss on Main Street» – 3:19 «The Jungle Line» – 4:24 «Edith and the Kingpin» – 3:36 «Don't Interrupt the Sorrow» – 4:05 «Shades of Scarlett Conquering» – 4:58 Lado dos «The Hissing of Summer Lawns» – 3:01 «The Boho Dance» – 3:51 «Harry's House / Centerpiece» – 6:48 «Sweet Bird» – 4:12 «Shadows and Light» – 4:17 Créditos Créditos adaptados desde las notas de álbum. Músicos Joni Mitchell – voz principal y coros, guitarra acústica , sintetizador Moog , piano , teclado , ARP y Farfisa Victor Feldman – piano eléctrico , conga , vibráfono , teclado y percusión Joe Sample – piano eléctrico , teclado Larry Carlton – guitarra eléctrica Robben Ford – guitarra eléctrica , Dobro , guitarra Jeff Baxter – guitarra eléctrica James Taylor – coros , guitarra David Crosby y Graham Nash – coros Max Bennett – guitarra bajo Wilton Felder – guitarra bajo John Guerin – batería , sintetizador Moog y arreglos The Warrior Drums of Burundi Chuck Findley – corno francés , trompeta , fliscorno Bud Shank – saxofón y flauta , flauta bajo Dale Oehler – arreglos de cuerdas Personal técnico Joni Mitchell – productora, mezclas, diseño de portada, ilustración Henry Lewy – ingeniero de audio, mezclas Ellis Sorkin – ingeniero asistente Bernie Grundman – masterización Joe Gastwirt – remasterización para la edición de 1997 Norman Seeff – fotografía Posicionamiento Referencias Enlaces externos The Hissing of Summer Lawns en Discogs (lista de lanzamientos) . Álbumes de 1975 Álbumes de Joni Mitchell Álbumes de Asylum Records Álbumes de art rock
3,493
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
إيزابيلا أميرة أورليان-براغانزا
https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=إيزابيلا أميرة أورليان-براغانزا&action=history
Arabic
Spoken
51
170
إيزابيلا أميرة أورليان-براغانزا (13 أغسطس 1911 - 5 يوليو 2003) هي والده كلا من ديانا، دوقة فورتمبيرغ والأميرة آن، دوقة كالابريا. المراجع مدفونون في كنيسة درو الملكية أسرة أورليان أسرة أورليان (براغانزا) أشخاص من أو (سين-ماريتيم) فرنسيون من أصل برازيلي فرنسيون من أصل برتغالي مواليد 1911 وفيات 2003 وفيات في باريس
28,210
florencesackvil01burbgoog_2
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,851
Florence Sackville, or self-dependence, an autobiography
E. J. Burbury
English
Spoken
6,954
8,951
When we had been at Ingerdyne a few months, my father came there to visit us, and brought with him a young brother officer, who was the son of an old friend of my grandfather's. Why he did so, I cannot imagine; unless it was to provide, by the society of this friend, against the ennui of a country residence; and if this were his object, it was certainly fully attained, for the two friends were inseparable. One of the few amusements in which my grandfather indulged was billiards, and his house was therefore provided with a splendid room and table dedicated to the game. In this room my father and Captain Launceston spent many hours; and, as might be expected, large sums were lost by each to the other; although, Captain Launceston being the better player, his companion was most frequently the loser. Ingerdyne being only a few miles from Newmarket, it had been the custom of my grandfather and his family, for generations past, to attend the meetings regularly; and some years before, upon his appointment as high sheriff, the equipage and horses bearing his arms and livery, had made so brilliant an appearance, as to be even yet talked of in the county. Things were, however, altered now; for the large sums bestowed upon his children had sadly impaired my grandfather's means, and among other retrenchments the races had been given up. Still, for the gratification of my mother, who had a womanish pride in showing her husband the style in which English country gentlemen lived, he determined to visit Newmarket once more in the old style. I remember the day well; it was a glorious morning in autumn, the leaves had begun to change, and all the wealth of nature seemed scattered upon the lawns, and hung on every golden tree. The carriages came round to the hall-door; and with their bright panels, and the silver ornaments on the trappings of the horses, the rich green liveries, spotless buckskins and velvet caps of the postilions, they promised to form a brilliant addition to the scene at Newmarket. For the first time, I felt proud of the neatness and style of my mother's English home, and its belongings; and, as I stood at the nursery window and watched the carriages sweeping along below, I felt more respect for my grandfather's prejudices than I had ever done before. The effect of this impression was, that I turned round, picked up the books and toys I had scattered all over the room, tidied the table, and went to my maid to request that my hair might be brushed, and my frock changed. How slight a thing may leave a lasting memory! A glance, a sound, has often awakened thoughts and resolutions which have endured for life; and we can frequently trace back our wisest determination to some sudden conviction wrought by a seeming trifle. So it was that day with me. I had seen the order and elegance of the establishment, at Ingeryne, the propriety of the domestics, and the unsullied neatness of all the appliances, every hour since I arrived; and at first they had only struck me as formal and disagreeable, the results of a perpetual fidgetting which was the enemy of all gaiety and freedom. Now all was altered, and I looked with a strange respect upon the regulations which had resulted in the brilliant cortege I had been gazing upon. From that day there was a change in my habits; and, although I was far from being as sedate as other well-behaved children, I was no longer a tameless romp: indeed, considering what I had been, the change left me a rather discreet little person. BELF-DEPENDEKGE. In the absence of the party at Newmarket, I was fated to become acquainted with sundry other members of the family, of whom I had heard but vaguely. My mother had an only brother, an officer in a Hussar regiment serving in the Peninsula. He had for some time been stationed at Gibraltar, where he met at a ball a young Spanish beauty from Madrid, with the large black eyes and coquettish manners for which her countrywomen are famed. He was fascinated by her charms, and soon procured an introduction; but, as he could not speak a word of Spanish, and she was equally ignorant of English, one would not have thought the acquaintance was likely to be either very long or interesting; but there is no accounting for the freaks of Cupid, especially when he lurks amid the olive groves of Spain. A few days after the ball, to the despair of the Governor's niece, the horror of the colonel's two daughters, and the disgust of sundry other dames, who had entertained hopes of the eligible Major and his father's property, it was announced by the chaplain at Government-house, that, with the aid of an interpreter, he had the day before married Donna Josephina Leoline da Silva, to Major Vere. Great was the consternation caused by this intelligence. The Governor, who was godfather to the bridegroom, and upon whose staff the offender had long been placed, was in dismay: he sent immediately for the culprits and the clergyman, threatened arrest and all sorts of impossibilities, stormed most furiously, and prophesied manifold evils which were to arise from this ill-considered union; but, after all, ended in a promise that he would receive the delinquents at Government-house, and intercede for them with Mr. Vere. Very few weeks elapsed before the Major and his bride mutually regretted their marriage. Her temper was terrific; she was jealous and desperate to a degree of which English people have no idea, and, having never learned to regulate or control it, the life of those around her was rendered anything but agreeable. The circumstance, which was necessarily reported to my grandfather, did not assist in pacifying him towards his Spanish daughter-in-law; and nothing but the dangerous illness of his wife — who, believing herself dying, besought his pardon for her darling and only son — would ever have reconciled him to Major and Mrs. Vere. As it was, he despatched a letter of severe reproof to his son; in which, after predicting the miseries certain to accrue from this act of folly, he concluded with a cold message of forgiveness to his daughter-in-law, and a formal invitation to Ingledene. This occurred about five years before my mother's marriage; and there had not appeared any prospect of a visit from my uncle, aunt, or cousins — of whom there were four — until the day of the excursion to Newmarket, when they descended upon us in great force. I was sitting in the hall, reading "Robinson Crusoe," and as I read, I pulled out unconsciously the hairs from the tail of a great rocking-horse against which I leaned, when I heard the sound of wheels along the gravel sweep. In a moment, the hall was darkened suddenly, and looking up to ascertain the cause, I saw drawn up before the door, and intercepting the light, a traveling carriage, packed inside and out to a perilous excess. I did not move, for I felt no curiosity about the circumstance, and certainly did not consider it any part of my duty to open the door, but when the post-boy rolled off his horse, and applied his whole force to the bell, I rose and went forward to survey the arrivals. Just as I reached the entrance, the carriage door, over which were crowded heads of all sizes and ages, suddenly burst open, and down came what seemed in the confusion to be a whole nursery of children. Never in my life had I been so astonished. The screams of the children were soft and musical compared to those of their mother, whose vehement gesticulations and shrill voice, invoking the most unintelligible mixture of saints and punishments, were to me perfectly terrific. At first, I stood still, gazing panic-struck upon the scene; then, turning round, I rushed through the house screaming like a little fury, until every creature in it, from the old cook to the fat lap-dog, came to the rescue. In the course of my frantic career, I arrived at my grandfather's dressing room, the open windows of which looked out upon the scene of tumult; and there I stood to see the result. Everybody was now congregated in a group beside the carriage, staring at the party, which consisted of a tall, soldier-like man; a little, fat, Mexican-looking woman; a boy about four years older than myself and very much taller; a wild-looking girl, a little younger; another younger still, and a baby in the arms of a bonne. The two girls and the baby were crying with all their might; but the boy stood with his arms folded, looking amazed, but strange and contemptuous, and as if no one there belonged to him. The lady was exclaiming and gesticulating furiously; threatening with hands and feet, eyes and tongue, the unfortunate post-boy, whom she accused of the most diabolical intentions in not having fastened the door properly; while he, bewildered by her volubility, and stunned by the noise, stared stupidly at her. The gentleman was trying to pacify and quiet the lady; in which praiseworthy undertaking he was seconded by the French nurse, who chattered to her mistress whilst she energetically tossed the baby, greatly to the alarm and discomfort of the screaming child. Looking on, in a state of great amazement and impatience, stood Mrs. Reynolds, the housekeeper, who seemed perfectly at a loss to understand who these awful people could be; and with all her ideas of Indian propriety up in arms at this outrage upon the peace and quiet of the establishment. All this time, no one had the slightest idea of who the visitors were, for most of the old servants were either gone with the carriages, or had taken advantage of their master's unusual absence to indulge in a holiday, so that there was no one who recognized "Master William." At last, quite tired out with his useless endeavors to pacify his wife, the gentleman turned to Mrs. Reynolds, and said, — "My father is not at home, I fear." "Sir?" answered she, doubting the evidence of her own ears. My father, — Mr. Vere: I am Major Vere. "Oh, sir; I beg your pardon, I had no idea — No, sir; Mr. Vere and all the company are gone to Newmarket. I am sure I beg your pardon, sir, for not knowing you; but I was not aware that you were expected. That is Mrs. Vere, with the young ladies and gentleman, I presume." "Yes," said the Major, shortly; for he detected the displeased surprise of his father's servant in her voice. His foreign wife had evidently made no favorable impression upon the precise Englishwoman; and matters were not improved when Mrs. Vere exclaimed, vehemently, — "Where are the servants? — William! William!", addressing her husband imperiously, "has your father no people to receive us properly? Why does nobody come? Is this the way you English behave? Oh, misery! why did I ever leave my own Spain, where everybody is hospitable and good, for this country of savages?" and she darted a look of rage at the miserable post-boy. "My dear, here are plenty of servants. This is the housekeeper; let her show you into the house, and I will give orders about the luggage." "No, no; I will stay myself; I will trust nobody here: they are all shocking. You remember your English servant in Spain, how he cheated you. I have not forgotten him. No, no; I will stay." It would be difficult to describe the various looks of vexation, astonishment, and anger which came over the countenances of Major Vere, Mrs. Reynolds, and the boy, at this speech. There was something in its tone and manner which, more than even the words, conveyed the impression of vulgarity. A Spanish lady might very well be ignorant of English customs, and make a strange medley of the language, using inappropriate and even offensive words, but no lady of any country could have used such intonations and gestures as those which accompanied Mrs. William Vere's speech. My uncle made no reply; for there is such a thing (and he knew it) as making bad worse by interference, so, turning round, he addressed the housekeeper, asking if there was company in the house. "Yes, sir. Captain and Mrs. Sackville are here, with their two children; and Captain Launceston, and Mr. and Mrs. Paget, and — " "Captain and Mrs. Sackville? Do you mean my sister ? " "Yes, sir." He knitted his brow, and I heard him mutter an oath between his closed teeth. Presently he asked, — "How long have they been here ? " "Mrs. Sackville has been on a visit to her father several months, sir; but the Captain only arrived a fortnight since." At the sound of my father's name, which appeared familiar to her, Mrs. Vere started and exclaimed, — "Sackville? Sackville? That your sister, William ?" "Yes," he answered abruptly. "What she do here? She should be in Ireland. This not do at all." At this moment my boy cousin, whose eyes had been roaming over the house, exclaimed, pointing to me, as I stood at the window above, — "Who's that?" In an instant every one looked up, and Mrs. Reynolds said, with a smile to me, — "It's your cousin, sir— Miss Florence Sackville. Miss Sackville, more properly, for she is the eldest." A frown settled upon my uncle's brow as he turned away, and, speaking to his wife in Spanish, walked with her a few steps apart. They evidently entered into a grave consultation. My cousin, whose manners and appearance were those of a youth of fifteen, instead of a boy of twelve, kissed his hand to me and called out, — "If you are not shut up, cousin Florence, come down directly." This rather authoritative request had no greater effect upon me than to make me open my eyes as wide as possible, and stare with all the indignation I could muster; at which display of dignity my cousin only laughed as if amused, calling out, — "Little thing, how you stare! Do you think you are a woman already, and not to be taken such liberties with?" I never could bear ridicule, and don't know what passionate things I might have said; for I felt my face and neck glowing with a sudden heat, from the angry blood which rushed over them; and I knew by the boy's laugh that he saw and enjoyed it: but my uncle called to him in an angry tone to follow him into the house, and in a minute they had disappeared. For a short time, the whole house seemed to be in confusion; the screams of the children, the banging of doors and rushing up and down stairs, struck me with a sort of angry terror, — anger that anyone should dare to be so familiar in my grandfather's house (I forgot that he was the father and grandfather of the visitors too), and terror at the noise, which seemed to me horrible. In about half an hour, my maid, who had been seized upon and pressed into the service of the newly-imported nursery, came to me, and, in her usual quiet way, requested me to go with her into the library, where my uncle wished to see me. The library was a large, old room, at one end of which yawned a vast chimney, in which my grandfather was accustomed to burn huge logs of wood upon the hearth. The floor round the fireplace was inlaid with ornamental Encaustic tiles, and the fender was formed of stone blocks standing about half a foot high, rounded at the top and fitted into the tiles. This last is a fashion I never saw except at Ingerdyne until lately, that Mr. Pugin has introduced it into several houses built by him; in one of which, the Palace of the Roman Catholic Bishop at Birmingham, these stone fenders are in every room that I have seen. Opposite the fireplace was a noble window, occupying the whole end of the room, except a small space on each side, where stood high narrow bookcases, nearly concealed by the heavy folds of the curtains. The room was divided by two pillars close to the walls, supporting a pole of carved oak over which in cold winter nights was drawn a thick curtain, matching those at the window; thus contracting the spacious room into a comfortable snuggery. Lounging in one of the great deep armchairs, half screened from the light by these curtains, sat my uncle. He was alone; and as I entered the room he leaned forward upon a small reading table that stood by him, and looked at me. There was a cold, sarcastic smile upon his face; an expression which was quite new to me; for all with whom I had ever associated, as yet, had been open and fearless, and, whatever their bad passions might be, they rather gloried in, than disclaimed or concealed them: pride, anger, and self-confidence never being looked upon by any member of our family as sins or offenses against propriety. I was too young then to analyze the impression which my uncle's smile made upon me, but my instinct told me there was something wrong in it: something cold, false, and wily; and although his features were perfect as to form and regularity, and his tone of voice gracious and condescending, the first impulses of my heart were aversion and distrust. I suppose he read these feelings in my face, for the expression of his own changed, and he said, — " So you are the young lady who wished not to be treated as a child just now: the height deceived me; I expected to see a girl of sixteen at least, and not a baby. Come here and let me see if you are as high as the table "; and he laughed sardonically. I was a very tall child of my age, and not a little proud of it; to be treated in this contemptuous way, therefore, was more than I could bear patiently. I felt my color come and go, and my breath quicken as I stood still where I had first entered. " Don't you know what I say? Don't you understand English?" he asked, sharply. I was silent. Many men would have taken this for shyness, and have given up the task of trying to make me speak; but not so did Major Yere: he knew that I was not frightened — that no babyish coyness kept me silent, but that the instinct of the child had answered to the penetration and worldly knowledge of the man, and that in my eyes he was an object to be shunned. From this day to that of his death, we never changed our opinions of each other; and, without attributing to him any greater sin than an intense hatred, I do believe that he would have rejoiced exceedingly to hear of my death. This may seem an exaggerated feeling to attribute to any man against a child, towards whom aversion would generally be shown by utter indifference; but to a man who goes on his way deceiving, there is something in the calm gaze of a child, and in its fresh and clear perceptions, that harasses and bewilders him. While my uncle was thus questioning me, the door opened, and my cousin Philip entered, who, coming up to the table, fixed his eyes upon me with a look of puzzled interest. He did not speak for some time, but at last he said in an under tone, and as if unconsciously, — " Poor Flor. I " There was something in the tone so genuine that my heart melted, and the tears I had been repressing crowded into my eyes. Philip saw it, and soon created a diversion in my favour by upsetting a large vase of flowers, the water in which deluged his father's feet, and completely drew off his attention from me. In a very short time, Philip and I were close friends; for in one thing there was a great similarity between us, both being proud and self-confident; we were, therefore, able to sympathize with each other in all grievances, real or fancied. But, however amicably we arranged matters, others were not so fortunate. The whole establishment at Ingermane was quickly thrown into confusion by our new visitors; the Spanish lady and her French bonne keeping us all, from the kitchen to the drawing-room, in a perpetual state of ferment, so that my poor grandfather began, for the first time in his life, to think that the Irish were a most belied and peaceable race. And certainly he found his son-in-law, whom hitherto he had so much disliked, a model of propriety and gentleness when compared with this terrible daughter-in-law. I, too, came in for my share in the benefit accruing from this new state of affairs, being, in comparison with my three youngest cousins, a very pattern of quietness and obedience. This, however, was a state of things too dangerous to the interests of the Major and his wife, to be allowed to continue without an effort on their part to alter it. My uncle was wary and clever, and, knowing his father's prejudices, was always contriving that my father and I should offend them in some way or other. Upon looking back to this period, I must acknowledge that his management showed considerable talent; for, although there were times when we could not help seeing whose specious words had led us into error, still they had been so craftily spoken, that it was impossible to fix an evil intention upon the speaker. Between us all, my poor grandfather was in a most wretched state. Distracted by the volubility of Mrs. William Vere's broken English, in which she constantly attacked him for some imaginary wrong inflicted by somebody; appealed to by his son-in-law — quietly, certainly, but sometimes upon very irritating occasions; annoyed by the crying and refractory children, who invaded all parts of the hitherto peaceable house and grounds; and wearied by the perpetual discord, he looked harassed and care-worn enough to attract even my attention. One day, after another of the recriminatory and bitter "explanations" between my father and my uncle, which had been as usual referred to my grandfather, and in which, as usual, Major Vere had managed to appear the aggrieved conciliator, Philip said to me, — "Flor., there is something wrong going on, I'm sure. My father is deceiving Mr. Vere." I looked at him, not in doubt or astonishment, but in acquiescence; for my dislike to my uncle had increased until it had become nearly hatred, and I simply answered, — "Yes." "I know it Flor., and I'll tell you why it is; for I can trust you, though you are a girl, and I hate all these cunning underhand ways." I sat down upon the grass where we were walking, and prepared to listen. "You know, Flor., that I never lived at home till a few months ago. My father's godfather, old Sir Hugh Danvers, was mine too, and took me as soon as I was born. While I was with him, I was as happy as the day was long — I wish I was there now," and the boy heaved a sigh. Well, all that time, I scarcely ever saw my mother, for we were at Government-house and she was going about from place to place; but my father often came, and I heard the officers and Sir Hugh say, every time he arrived, how he was changed for the worse, and that he had become as cunning as his Spanish wife. I did not think much of this then, because I never thought I should leave Sir Hugh, and I did not much care for people I was not likely ever to live with. I remember when Philip said this, that a kind of odd sensation came over me, as if it was wrong; but as I could not have defined it, nor pointed out where the error lay, I remained silent. He continued, — Well, three months before we came here, I was finishing my drill lesson, when Sir Hugh sent for me. I found him in his study reading a letter, and looking very unhappy. "Phil," he said, "you are about to leave me: your father is going to England on leave, and has sent for you." I was frightened, and cried, "No, no; I can't go — don't let me go." "I cannot help it, Phil.," he said; "your father has a right to you, and I have none: you must go." Oh, how I cried, Flor. I don't think you or anybody else ever saw me cry before or since, but I cried then dreadfully, and Sir Hugh walked about the room almost as miserable as I was. At last he came and sat down again by me, and said, "Be a man, Phil. I am glad to see you love me so much; but you must not cry like a girl. Cheer up and listen to me: you are my godson, and I love you better than anybody on earth, except my niece; so someday, if I live, you shall come back to me. But mind, Phil., it must be as you are. I will have no cunning, artful, ungentlemanly tricks: no saying one thing and meaning another; no making a thing look like truth that is not truth. Keep an honest soldier's heart, brave and true. You will, I fear, see a great deal which I hope you will shun; but I must not tell you what. If you are the proud-hearted boy I think you, you will scorn deceit and hate a lie; and if you are not, I shall find it out when you come back, and with me then you shall not stay. Your grandfather is my oldest friend, and his family one of the most ancient in England; take care that you bring no disgrace upon it. You are the eldest son of his eldest son, and the honor of the whole race is in your keeping; you have no right to blemish it by a single unworthy deed or thought. That which is given to you entire, must be returned unblemished. And now I must speak to you about the great enemy of mankind — money. It is the root of all evil; and the undue love and striving for it, leads men into greater infamy than any other invention of the arch-fiend. But with you this need never be a temptation. Be economical, at the same time that you are liberal, and gentlemanly in your pursuits and habits; and send to me freely whenever you want money. I shall never think you require too much, if you obey these cautions. I speak to you as I would to a young man, Phil., because, though you are but a child in years, you have all those years lived among men, and ought to have more than a child's intelligence; therefore as I treat you, so I expect you to behave. Here is a pocket-book, you will find in it more money than you have ever had before. I shall be glad if you send me an account of how you spend it; but do as you please: I do not insist upon it, only I should like it. Now go and tell Harris to pack up your clothes, for you must go tomorrow; and when he has done so bid him come to me. Well, that horrible tomorrow came, and I went; but, Flor., if I thought I should never go back to Sir Hugh, but live in this way all my life, I should either do some dreadful thing to somebody else, or kill myself — I know I should," and the boy sprang up and leaned against the acacia-tree which spread its canopy above us, and breathed hard, as if wrestling with himself. I was too frightened to speak, for such calm, deep passion I had never seen before, and I could do nothing but wonder. At last, after several minutes' silence, he continued: In a few days I got home. All the way I had been wondering what it would be like, but when I saw it, I—Flor., it's bad enough here, with all this quarrelling and plotting, but it is heaven compared to our home abroad. It was a great house full of dirty little rooms half-furnished. Everything was soiled, torn or broken; nothing was clean, or in its place; our meals were as untidy and irregular as if we had been on a march, and nobody ever seemed to know whose place it was to do even the commonest things. No servant that was good for anything ever stayed, because the house was like a Babel. One day we were half-famished, for some whim of my mother's, and the next, there was waste enough to have kept the village. Sometimes my mother would storm at my father until he went out of the house in a rage; and a few hours after she would be petting and fondling him as if he were a baby. We were never at peace; always either in fire or frost. But all this would have been bearable, if it had not been for the false things my mother used to say of Sir Hugh, and the way in which she spoke of coming here. Something — I can't tell what — that my father was told at the reading-rooms, decided him to come to England; and, I am sure, from what I have heard lately, that something wrong is going on, and my grandfather is being deceived. I know that your family were not expected to be found here, and I think that has something to do with the plan that is forming now, and which I do believe is to get my grandfather to leave all his property to us. It is to further this scheme that your father is so often misled. I am sure of it; and it makes me miserable. This must be what Sir Hugh meant when he told me I should see things done that he hoped I would avoid: and I will avoid them; for somehow or other, I will find out the plot and defeat it, if I can. People think I am a child, but Sir Hugh was right; living with men, makes me a man, and I never feel like a child, except when I am with you, Flor. B 2 52 FLORENCE SACKVILLE ; OR, CHAPTER VI. © Major and Mrs. Vere had been at Ingerman about three months, when my grandmother's birthday occurred. It was always kept as a festival, and this time there was to be a ball, for the sake of the young people, and all the family friends were bidden to it. Every nook was turned into a dormitory, and beds were contrived in the most extraordinary places. Every thing that was very uncomfortable, and out of the way, was said to do very well for bachelors," all tolerable contrivances being appropriated to the ladies. For some days previous, the whole house was in commotion ; for it was so long since any preparations of the kind had been made at Ingerman, that the old servants had almost forgotten how to set about them, and required continual assistance and directions. The billiard-room was to be appropriated for dancing, and the table from it was to be fixed in the library for the gentlemen's amusement next day, in case any of them remained. The greenhouses, both at home and at Aston, the seat of our nearest neighbour, were emptied of their beauties to adorn the hall and staircase ; which, when decked for the fete and lighted with coloured lamps, looked like a fairy garden. SELF-DEPENDENCE. 53 houses, both at home and at Aston, the seat of our nearest neighbour, were emptied of their beauties to adorn the hall and staircase ; which, when decked for the fete and lighted with coloured lamps, looked like a fairy garden. Mrs. William Vere was in ecstasies, and ran about proclaiming her satisfaction to everybody; for no one could make her understand that these preparations were not intended as a welcome to the heir and herself, but were a compliment of love from Mr. Vere to his wife. My father laughed at her absurdity, but my mother was very indignant, and showed her contempt for the Spanish lady in every way she could; happily for our peace, however, the latter was so fully impressed with the idea of her own importance and dignity, that she never perceived these covert insults, but prepared with the greatest self-complacency to play her part as the observed of all observers. When the evening came, at my grandmother's express desire, Philip, Josephine and I, stood beside her when she received her guests. Her simple dignity impressed us all, and we were as quiet as statues; never speaking unless addressed. Philip's proud eyes flashed with pleasure while he listened to the names of the visitors as they were announced, and recognized among the most distinguished many of whom he had read and heard. Even his mother's exaggerated manner was subdued by the tone of those around her; and, to the evident relief of her husband, she became silent and observant. The group which most strongly attracted her attention, consisted of an elderly gentleman and lady, with two younger ones, the eldest of whom, though certainly thirty years of age, was by far the most attractive person in the room. She was tall, and slight, with fair complexion, and auburn hair, which, confined with a wide circlet of pearls, fell in ringlets over her shoulders. Her dress was of deep emerald velvet, without trimming or ornament, so that her beautiful figure owed nothing of its grace or elegance to the aid of her milliner. Major Vere approached to pay his compliments to her with the ease and eagerness of one meeting an old friend, and Mrs. William Vere observed with alarm that the lady, previously so pale, suddenly crimsoned, and after a short conversation took his arm and walked with him to join a country dance which was then forming. "Who is that? Who is that?" she eagerly asked of my grandmother, fixing her eyes upon the lady. "Do you mean the lady in green velvet, dancing with William? That is Miss Arthur." "Does she know him long?" "Oh, yes, they were children together; Marion is not much younger than he is, and at one time, before he went abroad, it seemed probable that it would have been a match." My grandmother spoke without thought of mischief, for she had not the most remote idea of her daughter-in-law's jealousy; and even had she been aware of it, she would have considered it, in this instance, too ridiculous to guard against. Not so thought Mrs. William; for her eyes flashed as she watched the offending pair mingling in the dance, and heard Miss Arthur's silvery laugh in reply to her partner's lively remarks. When the dance was over, the wife observed her husband's companion say something to him in a low tone, which caused him to look round and follow with his eyes the direction of hers. Then a few more words appeared to pass, and, with Miss Arthur leaning on his arm, Major Vere crossed the room to introduce her to his wife. Nothing could exceed the mortified astonishment of both, at the reception they met with from Mrs. William Vere; her black eyes literally blazed with fury, and although she controlled her tongue, fearful of her mother-in-law's observation, yet her choked voice and agitated frame too plainly showed that something was wrong — what it could be, or how she could possibly have offended her, was a mystery to Marion Arthur; not so to the Major; who was too familiar with similar, and even more outrageous exhibitions of jealousy, to doubt what it was that distorted his wife's features so horribly. Fortunately for all parties my grandfather came up, and desiring his son to seek a lady whom he named, for his partner in the next dance, took Miss Arthur away to play at chess with him in a corner. I shall never forget Mrs. William Vere's look of furious passion as they all turned away; the beautiful fan she held was crushed with the vehement pressure of her clenched hand. It was really a terrible sight; and I unconsciously caught my grandmother's hand for protection as I gazed upon it. No persuasions or entreaties could induce the Spanish wife to dance, although she was passionately fond of the amusement, and really excelled in it; her whole attention was absorbed in watching her husband, who, from sad experience of his wife's disposition, was most careful never even to speak to his old playfellow again during that evening. At last she appeared composed, and went into the supper-room much in her usual manner, for she saw my uncle at the lower end of the apartment assiduously attending upon two old ladies, and Miss Arthur earnestly conversing with a young officer of Hussars, who had taken an ice to her at a side table. It had been arranged that my father, uncle, and two or three of the married gentlemen should spend this night at the lodge, in order that additional beds might be made up for the ladies in their wives' rooms. About four o'clock in the morning, therefore, when the party separated, only some went off to their homes, while others thankfully accepted a resting place at Ingerdyne; the men who were destined for lodge-keepers, getting together in the supper-room to summon courage for their turn-out, by an extra glass of champagne. All was quiet in the house, except an occasional peal of laughter from the revellers, who lingered in the supper-room, when a succession of shrill and piercing screams rang through the mansion. In a few minutes, the sleepers had started from bed and sofa; and the passages and landing-places were thronged with hurried and half-dressed visitors, pale with amazement and alarm, each eagerly seeking from the other an explanation of the startling sounds that yet rang in their ears. "It is Josephine, — my wife's voice," exclaimed my uncle, who, with his companions, had rushed up from below; "where is she?" "In the yellow room at the other end of the house, with Miss Arthur and Mrs. Sackville," was the reply. "Miss Arthur and my sister? Gracious God! let me pass," cried Major Vere, as another thrill rang through the house; and he sprang forward along the passage, as if some frightful idea had struck him. Everybody followed and as they passed my door, I joined them; for the noise terrified me, and I dared not remain alone. When the door of the yellow room was thrown open, the first object we saw by the fire light, was Mrs. William Vere, standing in the middle of the room, covered only with a white wrapper, over which her thick black hair fell like a mantilla; her feet were bare, her hands clenched, and she was screaming frantically. Leaning upon the writing table, her face alternately pale and flushed, stood Marion Arthur, with tears pouring down her cheeks, and sobbing bitterly. Just between them, with a countenance expressive of scornful indignation, was my mother, quivering from head to foot with emotion, her eyes flashing with mingled anger and contempt. "Josephine, what is the matter? Are you ill? Speak!" cried her husband. "Ill? Mad, I think!" exclaimed my mother, bitterly; and she turned to Marion. "I am dying! Poison, — poison!" screamed Josephine, furiously. "Poison? Where? What?" exclaimed several. "This! Where did you get it? Who gave it to you?" asked my uncle, quickly. "She did: for you — Serpent! — English monster!" raved his wife, pointing to Miss Arthur, with the accent and look of a maddened fury; "oh! oh! I shall die!" and she evidently writhed in pain. "Traitor! Murderer!" she cried, and springing suddenly forward, clung to her husband, as if to strangle him; while those who were not paralysed with horror, strove to release him from her grasp. Alice, what is all this? For God's sake, speak!" said my grandfather, turning to his daughter. Upon hearing her sister-in-law's name, the Spaniard turned round, and, tossing her elf-like hair back from her face, screamed out, her mouth literally foaming with rage and excitement, "Seize her! Take her! She helped them do it." Silence, madam! For your own sake, if you are not mad, be silent," said my mother, advancing towards her. "Keep away! She will stab me! They have poisoned me!" and again she shrieked in a paroxysm of pain and fury, while the spectators gathered together in little groups, amazed, but now less frightened at the scene, which began to assume a ludicrous aspect. "If you can explain this, Alice, do, and quickly," exclaimed my uncle, speaking between his teeth, as he saw the perspiration starting upon his wife's brow. "I will," said Marion Arthur, who advanced with a face colourless as marble, and nearly as rigid.
22,061
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazipur
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2,023
Kazipur
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazipur&action=history
French
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27
61
Kazipur (en bengali : কাজীপুর) est une upazila du Bangladesh dans le district de Sirajganj. En 1991, on y dénombrait . Notes et références Upazila de Sirajganj
8,787
US-201916571358-A_2
USPTO
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Public Domain
2,019
None
None
English
Spoken
4,847
5,951
Referring to FIGS. 1, 15, and 16, at operation 124, a second metal layer 254 is deposited in the trench formed within the second isolation feature 252 and above S/D contacts 250. In some embodiments, the material of the second metal layer 254 may be the same as or different than the first metal layer 240. In some further embodiments, the material of the second metal layer 254 may be different than the material of S/D contacts 250. In some furtherer embodiments, the material of the second metal layer 254 is the same as the material of S/D via 280 (shown in FIG. 18) formed later. In some embodiments, the material of the second metal layer 254 comprises, W, Co, Al, Zr, Au, Pt, Cu, Ru, metal compound, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the second metal layer 254 may be bottom-up grown from S/D contacts 250, or by other suitable process similar as the fabrication of the first metal layer 240. In some embodiments, the bottom-up grown thickness of the second metal layer 254 along the z-direction is substantially the same as the thickness H6 of the second isolation feature 252, which is about 10% to about 60% of the height H3 of the gate stacks 211. For example, the thickness H6 of the second metal layer 254 is about 1 nm to about 20 nm. In the depicted embodiment of FIG. 15, the thickness H6 of the second metal layer 254 is about 10 nm. As depicted in FIG. 16, the second metal layer 254 is deposited between the second isolation feature 252 and extending along the entire length of S/D contact in the y-direction (the direction that is perpendicular to the direction of the gate length) over S/D contact 250. In other words, the contact surface between the second metal layer 254 and the second isolation feature 252 and S/D contact 250 is the entire top surface of S/D contact 250 which is much larger than the contact surface of the S/D via and the S/D contact in a conventional structure. Similar as the first metal layer 240, the second metal layer 254 has the same material as the S/D via and enlarge the contact surface between the S/D via and the S/D contact. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 17, at operation 126, a contact etch stop layer (CESL) 260 is formed over substrate 202. In some embodiments, CESL 260 includes a dielectric material comprising silicon and nitrogen (for example, SiN or SiON). Also, at operation 126, a third ILD layer 270 is formed over CESL 260 and over substrate 202. In some embodiments, the third ILD layer 285 includes a dielectric material including, for example, SiO, SiN, SiON, TEOS formed oxide, PSG, BPSG, low-k dielectric material (K<3.9), other suitable dielectric material, or combinations thereof. The third ILD layer 270 includes a dielectric material different than CESL 260. In some embodiments, where CESL 260 includes silicon and nitride, the third ILD layer 270 includes a low-k dielectric material different than the dielectric material of CESL 260. In some embodiments, the third ILD layer 270 may have a multilayer structure having multiple dielectric materials. The third ILD layer 270 and/or CESL 260 are formed over substrate 202, for example, by a deposition process (such as CVD, FCVD, PVD, ALD, HDPCVD, MOCVD, RPCVD, PECVD, LPCVD, ALCVD, APCVD, plating, other suitable methods, or combinations thereof). Subsequent to the deposition of CESL 260 and/or the third ILD layer 270, a CMP process and/or other planarization process is performed to planarize the top surface of device 200. In some embodiments, a thickness along the z-direction of CESL layer 260 is about 1 nm to about 10 nm, and a thickness along the z-direction of the third ILD layer 270 is about 5 nm to about 30 nm. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 18, at operation 128, S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290 are formed over substrate 202 through CESL 260 and the third ILD layer 270. The material of S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290 may comprise, W, Co, Al, Zr, Au, Pt, Cu, metal compound, or any combinations thereof. To reduce the contact resistance between the source/drain vias 280 and the source/drain contacts 250, S/D vias 280 comprise the same material as the second metal layer 254. To reduce the contact resistance between the gate vias 290 and gate stacks 211, gate vias 290 comprise the same material as the first metal layer 240. Forming of S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290 may comprises various processes. For example, in a first step, contact openings may be formed by photolithography, and/or etching processes. An exemplary photolithography process includes forming a photoresist layer (resist) overlying the third ILD layer 270, exposing the resist to a pattern, performing a post-exposure bake process, and developing the resist to form a masking element including the resist. The masking element is then used to etch the contact openings into the third ILD layer 270 and CESL 260, as well as the second ILD layer 248 and the first isolation feature 246 disposed over the first metal layer 240. The etching process may stop on the metal materials, for example, the first metal layer 240 and/or the second metal layer 254. The etching process may include a dry etching process, a wet etching process, other suitable etching process, or combinations thereof. The patterned resist layer may be removed before or after the etching process. Conductive materials are then deposited into the contact openings to form S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290. FIG. 19 is a three-dimensional perspective view showing the contact profiles between S/D via 280, the second metal layer 254, and S/D contact 250. As depicted in FIG. 19, S/D via 280 and the second metal layer 254 comprise the same material (thus the resistance between S/D via 280 and the second metal layer 254 may be ignored) and a contact surface between S/D via 280 and S/D contacts 250 is enlarged by the second metal layer 254 therebetween, therefore the contact resistance between S/D contacts 250 and S/D via 280 can be reduced. Similarly, FIG. 20 is a three-dimensional perspective view showing the contact profiles between gate via 290, the first metal layer 240, and gate stack 211. As depicted in FIG. 20, gate via 290 and the first metal layer 240 comprise the same material (thus the resistance between gate via 290 and the first metal layer 240 may be ignored), and a contact surface between the gate via 290 and the gate stack 211 is enlarged by the first metal layer 240 therebetween, therefore the contact resistance between the metal gate (gate stack 211) and gate via 290 can be reduced. Accordingly, the performance of device 200 is improved. In addition, as indicated in FIG. 18, various conductive contacts and vias, (for example, gate via 290 and source/drain contact 250, or metal gate stacks 211 and S/D via 280) are not only isolated by spacers 214, but also by the second ILD layer 248, the first isolation feature 246 and the second isolation feature 252. In the depicted embodiment, a top surface of gate stack 211 is lower than a top surface of spacers 214, and a top surface of spacers 214 is lower than a top surface of the second metal layer 254 (i.e. a bottom surface of S/D via 280). Therefore, in the present disclosure, the distance between gate stack 211 and S/D vias 280 is larger compared to a conventional structure. In addition, spacers 214 are recessed to be lower than a top surface of the second metal layer 254 (i.e. a bottom surface of the S/D vias 280), such that the top portion of the T-shape opening can be filled by the second ILD layer 248 and/or the first isolation feature 246 which can provide better isolation between various contacts and vias than spacers 214. Furthermore, the second isolation feature 252 disposed over S/D contact 250 and between the second metal layer 254 may further enhance the isolation between various contacts and vias. Accordingly, the currently leakage between the S/D contact and the gate via and between the metal gate and the S/D via may be mitigated compared to the conventional structure. Thus, the performance of device 200 is improved. Referring to FIG. 1, at operation 130, method 100 performs further processing to complete the fabrication of device 200. For example, it may form other contact openings, contact metal, as well as various other contacts, vias, wires, and multilayer interconnect features (e.g., metal layers and interlayer dielectrics) over device 200, configured to connect the various features to form a functional circuit that may include the semiconductor devices. FIGS. 21-23 provide various embodiments of device 200 according to the present disclosure. The isolation features 246 and 252 are optional and one or both of them may be eliminated in these various embodiments. For example, referring to FIG. 21, the second isolation feature 252 is not disposed over S/D contact 250 and is eliminated between the second metal layer 254 and the first isolation feature 246, such that the second metal layer 254 directly contacts the first isolation feature 246, and the edges of the second metal layer 254 aligns with the sidewalls of S/D contact 250. As depicted in FIG. 20, the first isolation feature 246 is disposed over a top surface of the first metal layer 240, extending along the sidewalls of the spacers 214 to the top surface of spacers 214, and further extending along the sidewalls of the second metal layer 254. The first isolation feature 246 is disposed to provide better isolation between gate via 290 and S/D contacts 250, and between S/D via 280 and gate stack 211. In the depicted embodiment of FIG. 21, the contact area between the second metal layer 254 and the S/D contact 250 is the entire top surface of the S/D contact 250 along the x-direction and the y-direction. The metal layers 240 and 254 (having the same material as S/D via 280 and gate 290, respectively) are disposed between the contacts (for example, S/D contacts 250 and gate stacks 211) and the vias (for example, S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290), respectively, to reduce the resistances between the contact and the vias. Referring to FIG. 22, the first isolation feature 246 is not disposed conformally in the T-shape trench 218 between gate via 290, spacers 214, and S/D contacts 250. The top portion of the T-shape trench 218 over spacers 214 are filled by only the second ILD layer 248. The second isolation feature 252 is disposed between the second ILD layer 248 and the second metal layer 254 to provide further isolation between S/D contact 250 and the gate via 290 and between the gate stack 211 and S/D via 280. The metal layers 240 and 254 are disposed between the contacts (for example, the S/D contacts 250 and gate stacks 211) and the vias (for example, S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290), respectively, to reduce the resistances between the contacts and the vias. Referring to FIG. 23, both the first isolation feature 246 and the second isolation feature 252 are eliminated. In the depicted embodiment, the top portion of the T-shape trench 218 over spacers 214 are filled by only the second ILD layer 248. The isolation between the gate stack 211 and the S/D via 280 and between the S/D contact 250 and the gate via 290 are enhanced by the second ILD layer 248. The contact area between the second metal layer 254 and the S/D contact 250 is the entire top surface of the S/D contact 250 along the x-direction and the y-direction. The metal layers 240 and 254 are disposed between the contacts (for example, the S/D contacts 250 and gate stacks 211) and the vias (for example, S/D vias 280 and gate vias 290), respectively, to reduce the resistances between the contact and the vias. Although not intended to be limiting, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide many benefits to a semiconductor device and a formation process thereof. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a semiconductor device includes metal layers between the contacts and the vias (for example, between the S/D contacts and the S/D vias, and/or between the metal gates and the gate vias). The metal layers comprise the same material as the vias and enlarge the contact surface between the contacts and the vias, thus the contact resistance between the contacts and the corresponding vias are reduced. The semiconductor device of the present disclosure may also include isolation features between the various contacts and vias, for example, between the S/D contacts and the gate vias. The isolation features provide further isolation other than the spacers between the contacts and the vias, which may mitigate the current leakage issue due to the short path between the various contacts and vias. Therefore, the performance of the semiconductor device may be improved. The present disclosure provides for many different embodiments. Semiconductor device having metal layers and hard mask layers between contact and vias and methods of fabrication thereof are disclosed herein. An exemplary semiconductor device comprises a gate structure disposed over a substrate and over a channel region of the semiconductor device. The gate structure includes a gate stack and spacers disposed along sidewalls of the gate stack. The gate stack includes a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode. The semiconductor device further comprises a first metal layer disposed over the gate stack, wherein the first metal layer laterally contacts the spacers over the gate dielectric layer and the gate electrode. The semiconductor device further comprises a gate via disposed over the first metal layer. In some embodiments, a top surface of the first metal layer is below a top surface of the spacers. In some embodiments, a material of the first metal layer is the same as a material of the gate via. In some embodiments, the semiconductor device further comprises a source/drain (S/D) contact disposed over a source/drain region of the semiconductor device; a S/D via disposed over the source/drain contact; and a second metal layer disposed between the S/D contacts and the S/D via, wherein a bottom surface of the second metal layer contacts a top surface of the S/D contact, and an area of the bottom surface of the second metal layer is greater than an area of a bottom surface of the S/D via. In some embodiments, a material of the second metal layer is same as a material of the S/D via. In some embodiments, a top surface of the spacer is below a top surface of the second metal layer. In some embodiments, the semiconductor device further comprises a first isolation feature formed over a top surface of the first metal layer, extending along sidewalls of the spacers to a top surface of the spacers, and further extending along a sidewall of the second metal layer. In some embodiments, the semiconductor device further comprises a second isolation feature disposed over the S/D contact and along sidewalls of the second metal layer, wherein a sidewall of the second dielectric layer facing away from the second metal layer aligns with a sidewall of the S/D contact and a sidewall of the second dielectric layer towards the second metal layer encloses the second metal layer. Another exemplary semiconductor device comprises a substrate including a channel region formed between source/drain (S/D) regions and a gate structure disposed over the channel region of the substrate, wherein the gate structure includes a gate stack and spacers disposed along sidewalls of the gate stack, and a top surface of the spacers is above a top surface of the gate stack. This another exemplary semiconductor device further comprises source/drain (S/D) contacts disposed over the S/D regions of the substrate; a first metal layer disposed over the S/D contacts; a S/D via having a same material as the first metal layer disposed over the first metal layer, wherein an area of a bottom surface of the S/D via is less than an area of a bottom surface of the first metal layer; and an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer formed over the gate structure, wherein a top portion of the ILD layer extends over the top surface of the spacers. In some embodiments, a height ratio between the gate stack and the spacer is about 20% to about 50%. In some embodiments, this another semiconductor device further comprises a second metal layer disposed over the gate structure, wherein a top surface of the second metal layer is lower than the top surface of the spacers; and a gate via dispose over the second metal layer, wherein a material of the gate via is same as a material of the second metal layer and an area of a bottom surface of the gate via is less than an area of a bottom surface of the second metal layer. In some embodiments, this another semiconductor device further comprises a first isolation feature disposed over the second metal layer, extending along sidewalls of the spacers to a top surface of the spacers, and further extending along a sidewall of the first metal layer. In some embodiments, this another semiconductor device further comprises a second isolation feature disposed over the S/D contact and along a sidewall of the first metal layer, wherein the second isolation feature includes a first sidewall facing away from the first metal layer and a second sidewall towards the first metal layer, the first sidewall of the second isolation feature is align with a sidewall of the S/D contact and the second sidewall of the second isolation feature encloses the first metal layer. In some embodiments, the bottom surface of the first metal layer and a bottom surface of the second isolation feature contact a top surface of the S/D contact. An exemplary method comprises forming a fin over a substrate; forming a gate structure over a channel region of the fin, wherein the gate structure includes a gate stack and spacers disposed along sidewalls of the gate stack, the gate stack including a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode; epitaxially growing a source/drain (S/D) feature over a source/drain region of the fin; forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the S/D feature and the substrate, recessing the gate structure including the spacers and the gate stack, such that a top surface of the spacers is lower than a top surface of the first ILD layer and a top surface of the gate stack is lower than the top surface of the spacers; and forming a first metal layer, by a bottom-up grow process, over the gate stack, wherein the first metal layer covers the top surface of the gate stack including the gate dielectric layer and the gate electrode. In some embodiments, recessing the gate structure comprises etching the spacers and the gate stack together, such that the top surface of the spacers and the gate stack is lower than the top surface of the first ILD layer; and further etching the gate stack, such that the top surface of the gate electrode is lower than the top surface of the spacers, and a T-shape trench is formed over the gate stack and the spacers. In some embodiments, the method further comprises etching the first ILD layer to form a S/D contact opening; forming a S/D contact in the S/D contact opening; depositing a second ILD layer over the first metal layer and the spacers; and forming a gate via through the second ILD layer and contacting the first metal layer, wherein the gate via includes a same material as the first metal layer and an area of a bottom surface of the gate via is smaller than an area of a bottom surface of the first metal layer. In some embodiments, the method further comprises forming a first isolation feature after forming the first metal layer and before depositing the second ILD layer, wherein the first isolation feature is deposited over a top surface of the first metal layer, extending along sidewalls of the spacers, over the top surface of the spacers, and further along a sidewall of the S/D contact. In some embodiments, the method further comprises recessing a top portion of the S/D contact; and forming a second isolation feature over the recessed S/D contact, wherein the second isolation feature includes a first sidewall contacting the first isolation feature and a second sidewall facing away from the first isolation feature, the first sidewall is align with a sidewall of the recessed S/D contact, the second sidewall forms a trench therein and a portion of a top surface of the recessed S/D contacts is exposed through the trench. In some embodiments, the method further comprises forming a second metal layer to cover the top surface of the recessed S/D contacts exposed in the trench; and forming a S/D via over the second metal layer, wherein the S/D via includes a same material as the second metal layer. The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. What is claimed is: 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a gate structure disposed over the substrate and over a channel region of the semiconductor device, wherein the gate structure includes a gate stack and spacers disposed along sidewalls of the gate stack, the gate stack including a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode; a first metal layer disposed over the gate stack, wherein the first metal layer physically contacts the spacers, the gate dielectric layer and the gate electrode, wherein a top surface of the first metal layer is below a top surface of the spacers; and a gate via disposed over the first metal layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a material of the first metal layer is the same as a material of the gate via. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a source/drain (S/D) contact disposed over a source/drain region of the semiconductor device; a S/D via disposed over the source/drain contact; and a second metal layer disposed between the S/D contact and the S/D via, wherein a bottom surface of the second metal layer contacts a top surface of the S/D contact, and an area of the bottom surface of the second metal layer is greater than an area of a bottom surface of the S/D via. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein a material of the second metal layer is same as a material of the S/D via. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the top surface of the spacers is below a top surface of the second metal layer. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 3, further comprising a first isolation feature formed over the top surface of the first metal layer, extending along sidewalls of the spacers to the top surface of the spacers, and further extending along a sidewall of the second metal layer. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, further comprising a second isolation feature disposed over the S/D contact and along sidewalls of the second metal layer, wherein a sidewall of the second dielectric layer facing away from the second metal layer aligns with a sidewall of the S/D contact. 8. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a source/drain feature; a source/drain contact disposed on the source/drain feature; and a dielectric layer extending continuously from the top surface of the first metal layer to the source/drain contact. 9. A device comprising: a first gate stack disposed over a substrate, the gate stack including a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer; a first sidewall spacer disposed along a first sidewall of the first gate stack and a second sidewall spacer disposed along an opposing second sidewall of the first gate stack, the second sidewall being opposite the first sidewall of the of the first gate stack; a first metal layer disposed directly on the gate electrode layer and extending from the first sidewall spacer to the second sidewall spacer such that the first metal layer physically contacts the first sidewall spacer and the second sidewall spacer, wherein a top surface of the first metal layer is recessed relative to a top surface of the first sidewall spacer, and wherein the top surfaces of the first metal layer and the first sidewall spacer each face away from the substrate; a gate via extending between the first and second sidewall spacers to interface with the first metal layer; a source/drain contact disposed over the substrate; a second metal layer disposed directly on the source/drain contact; and a source/drain via extending to the second metal layer. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the first metal layer and the gate via are formed of the same material, and wherein the second metal layer and the source/drain via are formed of the same material. 11. The device of claim 10, further comprising a first isolation material layer conformally disposed directly on the first metal layer, the first sidewall spacer and the source/drain contact. 12. The device of claim 11, further comprising a second isolation material layer disposed along an interfacing with a sidewall of the second metal layer, and wherein the first isolation material interfaces with the second isolation material layer. 13. The device of claim 9, further comprising an interlayer dielectric layer disposed over the first gate stack and extending between the first and second sidewall spacers such that the interlayer dielectric layer interfaces with an inner side surface of the first sidewall spacers that is facing the second sidewall spacer. 14. The device of claim 9, further comprising an isolation material layer conformally disposed directly on the first metal layer, the first sidewall spacer and the source/drain contact, and wherein the gate via extends through the isolation material layer to the first metal layer. 15. A device comprising: a first gate stack disposed over a substrate, the gate stack including a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer; a first sidewall spacer disposed along a first sidewall of the first gate stack and a second sidewall spacer disposed along an opposing second sidewall of the first gate stack, the second sidewall being opposite the first sidewall of the of the first gate stack; a first metal layer disposed directly on the gate electrode layer and extending from the first sidewall spacer to the second sidewall spacer such that the first metal layer physically contacts the first sidewall spacer and the second sidewall spacer, and wherein the first sidewall spacer extends to a first height above the substrate and the first metal layer extends to a second height above the substrate, the second height being less than the first height, and wherein the gate dielectric layer physically contacts the first and second sidewall spacers and is positioned between the gate electrode layer and the first and second sidewall spacers such that the gate dielectric layer prevents the gate electrode layer from interfacing with the first and second sidewall spacers. 16. The device of claim 15, further comprising a gate via extending between the first and second sidewall spacers to interface with the first metal layer. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the first metal layer has a bottom surface facing the substrate, and wherein the gate dielectric layer and the gate electrode layer physically contact that the bottom surface of the first metal layer. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the gate electrode layer includes: a work function layer disposed on the gate dielectric layer; and a metal fill layer disposed on the work function layer. 19. The device of claim 15, further comprising a dielectric material layer disposed directly on the first metal layer, a first sidewall of the first sidewall spacer and a second sidewall of the second sidewall spacer, the first sidewall of the first sidewall spacer facing the second sidewall of the second sidewall spacer, and wherein the first metal layer physically contacts the first sidewall of the first sidewall spacer and the second sidewall of the second sidewall spacer. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the dielectric material layer disposed defines a recess disposed over the first metal layer, the device further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer disposed within the recess; and a via extending through the interlayer dielectric layer to the first metal layer..
47,291
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13764848
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,012
Stack Exchange
https://stackoverflow.com/users/19405, nobody
English
Spoken
76
188
Search files and delete them via SSH I would like to know which SSH command should I run to search for any file named error.log inside the whole server and delete them. Any file named error.log must be deleted. @BrianTompsett Don't bump this garbage. Leave it alone for users with delete-vote privileges. From http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-how-to-find-and-remove-files/ find . -name "error.log" -exec rm -rf {} \; And also XARGS example from http://www.askdavetaylor.com/how_do_i_delete_all_occurances_of_a_file_in_linux.html find . -name "error.log" | xargs rm
15,310
https://github.com/emergent/ruby-nicovideo/blob/master/lib/nicovideo/.svn/text-base/ranking.rb.svn-base
Github Open Source
Open Source
BSD-2-Clause, MIT
2,010
ruby-nicovideo
emergent
Ruby
Code
75
293
module Nicovideo class Ranking < Page def initialize agent, type='mylist', span='daily', category='all', pagenum=nil super(agent) @type = type @category = category @pagenum = pagenum @url = url() self.register_getter ["videos"] end def url url = "#{BASE_URL}/ranking/#{@type}/#{@span}/#{@category}" if @pagenum url += '?page=' + @pagenum.to_s end url end def to_a videos() end protected def parse(page) ranking = page/'h3/a[@class=video]' @videos = ranking.inject([]) {|arr,v| # #puts v.attributes['href'] vp = VideoPage.new(@agent, v.attributes['href'].sub(/#{BASE_URL}\/watch\/(\w+)$/,'\1')) vp.title = v.inner_html arr << vp } end end end
13,724
https://github.com/seokhoonj/ecos/blob/master/R/data-calendar.R
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,023
ecos
seokhoonj
R
Code
68
166
#' Calendar for the cycle argument #' #' The ecos open API has been revised on 2022.06.01. #' A calendar was created to respond to any type of date format according to the cycle argument. #' #' @format A data frame with 73049 rows and 6 variables: #' \describe{ #' \item{D}{daily} #' \item{SM}{semi-monthly} #' \item{M}{monthly} #' \item{Q}{quarterly} #' \item{S}{semi-annually} #' \item{A}{annually} #' } #' @examples #' calendar "calendar"
26,839
https://github.com/huaweicloud/huaweicloud-sdk-net-v3/blob/master/Services/Mpc/V1/Model/OutputFileInfo.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,023
huaweicloud-sdk-net-v3
huaweicloud
C#
Code
257
810
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.Linq; using System.Runtime.Serialization; using Newtonsoft.Json; using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters; using HuaweiCloud.SDK.Core; namespace HuaweiCloud.SDK.Mpc.V1.Model { /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public class OutputFileInfo { /// <summary> /// 输出文件名。 /// </summary> [JsonProperty("output_file_name", NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore)] public string OutputFileName { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 处理信息。 /// </summary> [JsonProperty("exec_description", NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore)] public string ExecDescription { get; set; } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> [JsonProperty("meta_data", NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore)] public SourceInfo MetaData { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Get the string /// </summary> public override string ToString() { var sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.Append("class OutputFileInfo {\n"); sb.Append(" outputFileName: ").Append(OutputFileName).Append("\n"); sb.Append(" execDescription: ").Append(ExecDescription).Append("\n"); sb.Append(" metaData: ").Append(MetaData).Append("\n"); sb.Append("}\n"); return sb.ToString(); } /// <summary> /// Returns true if objects are equal /// </summary> public override bool Equals(object input) { return this.Equals(input as OutputFileInfo); } /// <summary> /// Returns true if objects are equal /// </summary> public bool Equals(OutputFileInfo input) { if (input == null) return false; return ( this.OutputFileName == input.OutputFileName || (this.OutputFileName != null && this.OutputFileName.Equals(input.OutputFileName)) ) && ( this.ExecDescription == input.ExecDescription || (this.ExecDescription != null && this.ExecDescription.Equals(input.ExecDescription)) ) && ( this.MetaData == input.MetaData || (this.MetaData != null && this.MetaData.Equals(input.MetaData)) ); } /// <summary> /// Get hash code /// </summary> public override int GetHashCode() { unchecked // Overflow is fine, just wrap { int hashCode = 41; if (this.OutputFileName != null) hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.OutputFileName.GetHashCode(); if (this.ExecDescription != null) hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.ExecDescription.GetHashCode(); if (this.MetaData != null) hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.MetaData.GetHashCode(); return hashCode; } } } }
33,674
https://github.com/TimeWarpEngineering/MyVault-web/blob/master/Test/Server.Integration.Tests/SliceFixture.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
Unlicense
2,019
MyVault-web
TimeWarpEngineering
C#
Code
424
1,739
namespace Server.Integration.Tests { //using FakeItEasy; using MediatR; //using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; using Respawn; using Server.Data; using Server.Entities; using System; using System.IO; using System.Threading.Tasks; public class SliceFixture { private static readonly Checkpoint s_checkpoint; private static readonly IConfigurationRoot s_configuration; private static readonly IServiceScopeFactory s_scopeFactory; static SliceFixture() { IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder() .SetBasePath(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()) .AddJsonFile(path: "appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true) .AddEnvironmentVariables(); s_configuration = builder.Build(); var startup = new Startup(s_configuration); var services = new ServiceCollection(); startup.ConfigureServices(services); ServiceProvider provider = services.BuildServiceProvider(); s_scopeFactory = provider.GetService<IServiceScopeFactory>(); s_checkpoint = new Checkpoint() { TablesToIgnore = new[] { nameof(Application) } }; } public static Task ExecuteDbContextAsync(Func<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext, Task> action) => ExecuteScopeAsync(sp => action(sp.GetService<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext>())); public static Task ExecuteDbContextAsync(Func<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext, IMediator, Task> action) => ExecuteScopeAsync(sp => action(sp.GetService<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext>(), sp.GetService<IMediator>())); public static Task<T> ExecuteDbContextAsync<T>(Func<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext, Task<T>> action) => ExecuteScopeAsync(sp => action(sp.GetService<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext>())); public static Task<T> ExecuteDbContextAsync<T>(Func<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext, IMediator, Task<T>> action) => ExecuteScopeAsync(sp => action(sp.GetService<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext>(), sp.GetService<IMediator>())); public static async Task ExecuteScopeAsync(Func<IServiceProvider, Task> action) { using (IServiceScope scope = s_scopeFactory.CreateScope()) { AnthemGoldPwaDbContext dbContext = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext>(); try { await dbContext.BeginTransactionAsync().ConfigureAwait(false); await action(scope.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false); await dbContext.CommitTransactionAsync().ConfigureAwait(false); } catch (Exception) { dbContext.RollbackTransaction(); throw; } } } public static async Task<T> ExecuteScopeAsync<T>(Func<IServiceProvider, Task<T>> action) { using (IServiceScope serviceScope = s_scopeFactory.CreateScope()) { AnthemGoldPwaDbContext dbContext = serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetService<AnthemGoldPwaDbContext>(); try { await dbContext.BeginTransactionAsync().ConfigureAwait(false); T result = await action(serviceScope.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false); await dbContext.CommitTransactionAsync().ConfigureAwait(false); return result; } catch (Exception) { dbContext.RollbackTransaction(); throw; } } } //public static Task<T> FindAsync<T>(int id) // where T : class, IEntity => ExecuteDbContextAsync(db => db.Set<T>().FindAsync(id)); public static Task InsertAsync<T>(params T[] entities) where T : class => ExecuteDbContextAsync (db => { foreach (T entity in entities) { db.Set<T>().Add(entity); } return db.SaveChangesAsync(); } ); public static Task InsertAsync<TEntity>(TEntity entity) where TEntity : class => ExecuteDbContextAsync (db => { db.Set<TEntity>().Add(entity); return db.SaveChangesAsync(); } ); public static Task InsertAsync<TEntity, TEntity2>(TEntity entity, TEntity2 entity2) where TEntity : class where TEntity2 : class { return ExecuteDbContextAsync(db => { db.Set<TEntity>().Add(entity); db.Set<TEntity2>().Add(entity2); return db.SaveChangesAsync(); }); } public static Task InsertAsync<TEntity, TEntity2, TEntity3>(TEntity entity, TEntity2 entity2, TEntity3 entity3) where TEntity : class where TEntity2 : class where TEntity3 : class { return ExecuteDbContextAsync(db => { db.Set<TEntity>().Add(entity); db.Set<TEntity2>().Add(entity2); db.Set<TEntity3>().Add(entity3); return db.SaveChangesAsync(); }); } public static Task InsertAsync<TEntity, TEntity2, TEntity3, TEntity4>(TEntity entity, TEntity2 entity2, TEntity3 entity3, TEntity4 entity4) where TEntity : class where TEntity2 : class where TEntity3 : class where TEntity4 : class { return ExecuteDbContextAsync(db => { db.Set<TEntity>().Add(entity); db.Set<TEntity2>().Add(entity2); db.Set<TEntity3>().Add(entity3); db.Set<TEntity4>().Add(entity4); return db.SaveChangesAsync(); }); } public static Task ResetCheckpoint() => s_checkpoint.Reset(s_configuration.GetConnectionString(nameof(AnthemGoldPwaDbContext))); public static Task<TResponse> SendAsync<TResponse>(IRequest<TResponse> request) { return ExecuteScopeAsync(serviceprovider => { IMediator mediator = serviceprovider.GetService<IMediator>(); return mediator.Send(request); } ); } public static Task SendAsync(IRequest request) { return ExecuteScopeAsync(sp => { IMediator mediator = sp.GetService<IMediator>(); return mediator.Send(request); }); } } }
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religionprayerb00delagoog_2
US-PD-Books
Open Culture
Public Domain
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English
Spoken
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8,272
" I have reason to believe that one at least of the prelates who have signed this most significant paper would not be among the theological opponents of the Definition, but that he regards this considera- tion of morality and public integrity as an insuper- able barrier for men enjoying the benefit of the Act of Emancipation."^ *"Lord Acton's Correspondence," vol. I, p. iii. PAPALISM 33 To continue our quotation from Simpson : " ' A principle,' echoed Dupanloup ; ' even grant- ' ing that were so, I answer, is it then essential to the life of the Church that this principle should become a dogma of faith ? How, then, explain the fact that the Church has lived for eighteen centuries with- out defining a principle essential to her existence? How explain the fact that she has formulated all her doctrine, produced her teachers, condemned all heresies, without this definition?' (P. 170.) "Another exposition of the Roman faith for English-speaking people is the famous book called Keenan's Catechism. It is entitled ' Controversial Catechism, or Protestantism Refuted and Catholi- cism Established.' The edition of i860 is described as the third edition, and in its seventeenth thousand. It bears the imprimatur of four Roman bishops, two of them being Vicars Apostolic. In these ap- probations we are assured that ' the sincere searcher after truth will here find a lucid path opened to conduct him to its sanctuary; while ibe believer will be hereby instructed and confirmed in his faith.' From 1846 to i860 it was being largely circulated throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. " The book contains the following question and answer : "' (Q) Must not Catholics believe the Pope in himself lo be infallible? " ' (A) This is a Protestant invention : it Is no 34 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK article of the Catholic faith: no decision of his can oblige under pain of heresy, unless it be re- ceived and enforced by the teaching body, that is by the bishops of the Church/ (P. iii.) "*We are still,' wrote DoUinger to the Arch- bishop, * waiting the explanation how it is that, until 1,830 years had passed, the Church did not formu- late into an article of faith a doctrine which the Pope, in a letter addressed to your Grace, calls the very foundation principle of Catholic faith and doctrine? How has it been possible that for cen- turies the Popes have overlooked the denial of this fundamental article of faith by whole countries and in whole theological schools? And was there a unity of the Church when there was a difference in the very fundamentals of belief? And — may I further add — how is it then that your Grace yourself resisted so long and so persistently the proclamation of this dogma ? You answer, because it was not opportune. But can it ever be " inoppor- tune " to give believers the key to the whole build- ing of faith, to proclaim the fundamental article on which all others depend? Are we not now all standing before a dizzy abyss which opened itself before our eyes on the i8th July?' DoUinger con- cluded with a deliberate and emphatic rejection of the new Decree : * As a Christian, as a theologian, as a historian, as a citizen, I cannot accept this doctrine.'" (P. 320.) There are a few other things which it seems PAPALISM 35 well to note. A good deal of reliance is placed by Roman Catholic controversialists on the asser- tion that a body must have a head; and if it is refilled that Christ is the Head of the Body the answer is that that no doubt is true as concerns the whole Church, but that a visible Church with which we are here concerned must have a visible head, and that that visible head is the successor of S. Peter. But since He willed that His Kingdom should be visible He was obliged when He ascended into Heaven, to designate a vicegerent on earth." On this Denny comments : "Now, this obligation to appoint a vicegerent on earth which is here alleged to be incumbent on Christ as the invisible King of the Church, implies that, according to the will of God, it is essential that there should be a single individual who should be the head of the Church Militant here on earth. To be so essential it would be necessary that the Church on earth should be a separate entity, entire and complete in itself, and which consequently re- quires to possess a head to itself. But the contrary is the fact. The Church Militant here on earth is but a portion, and that the smallest, of a great whole, made up of the Church Triumphant, the 36 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK Church Expectant, together with itself. Hence it is obvious that prima facie the appointment of a visible head for the portion of the one Church here on earth is inconsistent with the unity of the Church, for that is One Body, and can therefore have but one Head, just as the human body can possess but one head. Such a condition of things would involve the consequence that the Church Militant is another Church separate from the di- vinely constituted Society, and thus a mere human invention." * Perhaps no assertion of the Roman controver- sialist so impresses the unlearned outsider as the assertion that the practical needs of the Church require a Living Voice that can intervene to set- tle controversies and to direct the perplexed faith- ful. Doubt and controversy are continual phe- nomena of human life, and if the plain man is to have a plain way to walk in, if he is to know what to believe amid all the confusion of modem tongues, he needs a guide ; and the guide at hand is the successor of Peter. It would perhaps be well for the plain man to note that the questions which are raised to per- plex him in the matter of religion are either ques- tions which have been already answered or ques- 1 Denny, "Papalism," pp. lo-ii. I PAPALISM 37 tions which do not need an answer. The conten- tion of the Anglican Church is that the faith has been already sufficiently declared — there is no need of constant determinations of questions of faith. The expUcit statement of the faith which was sufficient for S. Augustine and S. Gregory is still sufficient ; there is no need of a living voice to define it further. There are, no doubt, in every generation many perplexing ques- tions which we should like to have answered : but there is no authoritative answer because they are not matters of faith to be received in order to attain salvation. There is rightly in the Church a place for free investigation and enquiry in regard to questions which have not been de- fined. We would not have it otherwise, for to have it otherwise would be to court intellectual stagnation. " The Church which promises cer- tainty without the pain of enquiry becomes more and more the Church of those who do not wish to enquire." The Living Voice of the Church from the be- ginning was uttered through free concillar action. For centuries the assembly of councils of bishops was the normal method by which the Church ex- pressed its mind. As a matter of historic fact ail the great dogmatic decisions of the Church 38 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK were made, not by the papacy, but by councils. Therein the episcopate to which our Lord com- mitted the faith gave its testimony as to what it was that was committed to it; and its decrees, sent forth to the whole Church and recognized by the universal episcopate became binding on the faithful. This normal mode of expression was rendered impossible by the divison of Christen- dom; but already, when the division took place, the faith had long been sufficiently stated. Con- ciliar action could still express the mind of the local church, enact discipline and take measures to safeguard the faith. It is this, the true Liv- ing Voice of the Church, that the papacy has deliberately set itself to suppress. It has, wher- ever its power has extended, made councils sub- ordinate to the papacy and the organs of its action. It has suppressed the episcopate as an organ of the Church's self-expression. The epis- copate to which the Lord committed the faith and which for centuries gave testimony to the faith committed to it, is, in the Roman commun- ion, no longer a representative of the Body of Christ, but a representative of the papacy. Ro- man bishops are simply papal lieutenants sent out to do the will of the Pope. The legitimate Liv- ing Voice wherever the papacy has power has been silenced. PAPALISM 39 Note. — The Roman official documents are collected in Denzinger's " Enchiridion." Denny, " Papalism " (London, Rivingtons, 1912) is an unanswerable criticism of the papal position. Puller, "The Primative Saints and the See of Rome" (New York, Longmans, 1914) is valuable. No one interested in the subject can afford to miss W. J. Sparrow Simpson, " Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility " (Milwaukee, The Young Churchman Co., 1910). Perhaps the best brief book is George Bayfield Roberts, " The Papal Question " (London, Pitman & Sons, 1914). CATHOLICITY j^e^HAT we have to attach any adjective to the ^^^ word Church in order to distinguish true from false and to avoid confusion is an indication of human failure to attain a divine ideal. It ought to be enough to describe ourselves as mem- bers of the Church or as Christians, or, as the first disciples described themselves, as "those of the Way." But such a designation to-day only calls out the question : " What Church? " " What sort of Christians? " Orthodox de- scribes those who so designate themselves as separate from the majority of Christians whom they regard as having departed from the Faith. Roman emphasizes the extension of an usurped authority over a large part of the Christian West. Protestant embodies an historical reference, and calls up to minds to-day an amorphous theological body of belief. Protestant Episcopal joins an historical reminiscence to a note of the Church, producing a name of small significance. The sad thing is that when we think of ourselves as Chris- 40 I CATHOLICITY 4I tians we should automatically think of ourselves as separate from other Christians. Yet perhaps it is as well to be reminded of our sins and the sins of our fathers. There are words which have degenerated to a sectarian significance which in themselves have from the beginning no such meaning. They are words which seek to express qualities of the Body of Christ. Catholic is a word of such primary meaning which has been degraded to the sectarian level. Back of the divisions of Christendom we seek to find a common ground, or body of belief and practice, which underlies those groups of Christians, at least, who have held fast the Creeds, the Sacraments and the Ministry of the Church from the beginning. One aspect or qual- ity of this underlying ground is that which we designate as Catholicity. It is the meaning of this word that we have now to examine. Though we give our ecclesiastical organization a cor- porate name (Protestant Episcopal) when we speak of the Church as a corporation existing in the United States of America ; when we think of it as a spiritual fact, as the Body of Christ ; when as members of it we come before God in worship, we speak of the Catholic Church. In this asser- tion we do not mean to deny the claim of others to the quality of Catholicity r— we do not assert 42 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK that we are all the Catholics that there are; but we do assert our right to be called Catholic and to be members of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. The original meaning of this word Catholic is universal or general; and the temptation has been to limit the ecclesiastical meaning of it by its ety- mology rather than define it by its use. It has been defined as indicating extension merely, so that the Catholic Church is described as that which extends throughout the world, and the test of Catholicity has been found in numbers and geographical distribution. *' Embracing all Christians," a dictionary rather foolishly says. But when we remember that the Church never has extended throughout the whole world, and that it had the least extension when first the term came into use, we feel that extension cannot be the important element in the meaning. The word makes its appearance in Christian literature about the year no, in the Epistle of S. Ignatius to the Church in Smyrna (cap. 8). " Wherever the bishop appears, let the congrega- tion be present ; just as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church." In the account of the martyrdom of S. Polycarp, c. 150 a. d., the holy Martyr is represented as praying for "the whole Catholic Church throughout the world" CATHOLICITY 43 (cap. 8) ; and is described as ** bishop of the Cath- olic Church in Smyrna." These early uses of the word do not stress the notion of extension but of wholeness. Where our Lord is there is the whole Church, the Church in its entirety. Our Lord is described as " Shepherd of the Cath- olic Church throughout the world." (Cap. i6.) This is mere tautology if Catholic means only throughout the world. The writer means plainly the Shepherd of the Church in its entirety. So when S. Polycarp is described as the Catholic bishop of Smyrna what is meant is that he was the bishop of the whole Christian community, and not head of any special group or groups. When the word appears, then, the Catholic Church is the whole Church as distinguished from the local church. It is the re-naming of a fact made familiar to us by our reading of the New Testament. Wherever the Apostles went preach- ing the Word they planted ** churches." These were congregations of baptized men and women with a common meeting place and some elemen- tary organization. It is not too much to assume that in all such congregations elders were ap- pointed and given control of the local teaching, worship, etc. The Epistles of S. Paul are full of allusions to these "churches." "All the churches of the Gentiles." (Rom. XVI, 4.) 44 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK " As I teach everywhere, in every church." (I Cor. IV, 17.) "The care of all the churches." (II Cor. XI, 28.) But when S. Paul stops think- ing about these groups of converts whom he has brought to Christ and the spiritual care of whom continually weighs upon him, and thinks of our Lord and His work in the world and the outcome of that work in the body of believers who have been baptized into Christ, as one spiritual fact, then we no longer hear of the church in Rome or Corinth or Jerusalem, but we are presented with a divine and heavenly thing — the Body of Christ. This is the Church. This is the whole Church. This is the Catholic Church which we, in the Creeds, profess to believe. This Catholicity can- not be expressed in terms of locality or extension for it is a spiritual quality, the immanence in man of the divine humanity. " We being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another." (Rom. XII, 5.) " Ye are the body of Christ, and severally members thereof." (I Cor. XII, 27.) " The Church, which is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all." (Eph. I, 23.) This has nothing to do with time or place, but is spiritual fact. This is the Church which according to S. Ignatius is where Jesus Christ is, and of which, according to the Mart3rr- dom of S. Polycarp, Jesus Christ is the Shepherd. CATHOLICITY 4$ Of this Church, too, SS. Ignatius and Polycarp were bishops and martyrs. But when we ask, " Where is this Catholic Church ? " we can only be shown the " churches " in this place or that — in Jerusalem, in Antioch, in Smyrna. None of these can we recognize as the whole Church ; and yet there is a sense in which the church in this or that place is the whole Church, not extensively but gualitaiively. The Church in Antioch or Smyrna is the localization of the Body of Christ. There the Kingdom of the Incarna- tion is manifested. There are all the powers of the Church of the Living God, For again, we must grasp Catholicity, not as quantity, as extension, but as quality. Catholicity is the quality which makes it possible that the Church should be world-wide. It fits it to be the Church throughout all the world. The Church is Catholic, not because it is the Church of all (which it obviously is not), but because it is fitted to be the Church of all. It is able to supply the spiritual needs of all men. Our Lord through his Church offers himself to our needs, calling us to come to him and find in him all that we can desire. Another way of expressing the same fact is to say that the Church is equipped with all the means necessary for ministry to men. Men find aselves sinful, in need of forgiveness, of puri- 46 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK fication, of renewed strength; they experience the grace of sacraments and long for greater advance in holiness of life; then, they find in the Body of Christ the resources which supply all their needs whatsoever they are. It is this quality of inex- haustible resource, as we might call it, which en- ables the Church to appeal with confidence to all races and nations. We have no hesitation in sending missionaries to nations far removed from us in race and stage of culture; the Christian mis- sionary goes to the lowest tribes of savages, he goes to the nations of the Far East with their elaborate and ancient civilization; he meets the dwellers in the jungle and the dwellers in palaces ; and with all he has the same certainty that the reli- gion that he has to offer is the religion they need. It is the quality of a sect that it appeals to that which is peculiar and local. A sect sees some truth, or what it takes to be such, with great clear- ness and stresses it to the exclusion of other truths. It gathers those to whom the peculiar sect-truth seems important and to whom it is con- genial, and often great energy is developed in the propagation of the truth. Sects in their origin are zealous because of the concentration of effort they have effected — their whole energy is di- rected to one point. The Catholic Church seems cold in comparison, and is reproached with being CATHOLICITY 47 formal and unspiritual ; but the Church has to hold the whole truth and may not for the sake of a momentary advantage at one point sacrifice the wholeness, tlie Catholicity of its faith. It is no easy thing to maintain this Catholic grasp on the Christian religion as a whole, to be ever on the watch lest our religion become in fact sectarian. That is one of the first dangers the Church had to meet at the outset of its career. There was a time during which it must have looked from the outside as though the Church were going to stagnate for a while as a Jewish sect and then vanish away. Its members seemed incapable of seeing past the Jewish Law. It was S, Paul who was inspired with the vision of the Catholic Church and who declined to be confined ^^ within the bonds of some new and only slightly ^Kdnore elastic Judaism. To S. Paul the Incarna- ^^Edon meant the breaking down of all that divided ^^BDien, the removal of all obstacles to the carrying ^Bof the salvation that is in Christ to all men. Be- ^^Pfore S. Paul's vision the walls of nationality fell ^^ down ; race was as nothing ; social distinctions did not exist. Christ is all and in all. Through this sense of its adaptation to univer- sal human nature Catholicity gains the notion of Orthodoxy, when divisions arise. The sect or , as we have seen, is such because it grasps 48 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK one truth or one aspect of truth, and draws its strength from the concentrated effort that this makes possible. But the Catholic Church cannot insist on any one truth because it has all truth as its trust. But Catholicity stands more firmly in the long run. It will lose locally and temporarily while some one aspect of religion catches the pub- lic eye or falls in with the popular taste; and it will be soundly abused as out of touch with the modern mind. When metaphysical theology was in fashion the Church was roundly abused for its insistence on good works; now that good works are all the rage and men are saved by social serv- ice, the Church is abused for its insistence on metaphysical theology. But wisdom is justified of all her children. The fret of the weather — rain and wind and wave constantly breaks off masses of ice from the glacier, which sail gaily out to sea and presently melt and vanish ; but the glacier remains. In a wider sense the Church is Catholic as com- prising all the elect. It is the Communion of Saints. Much of our difficulty would be avoided if we would remember that. We lose heart be- cause of the petty divisions of the Church here. We are disheartened and ashamed of our presen- tation of the Gospel whether among some heathen tribes or in an American village. Nothing is CATHOLICITY 49 more disheartening than the village with its hand- ful of inhabitants and its dozen of " churches " — all practically empty of a Sunday morning, while roads swarm with motors. But whatever these empty edifices signify they do not prove that the Church is divided. They are evidence that our understanding of the Gospel is faulty, and our attempt to present it in great measure failure ; but the Church of God still remains, notwithstanding I our efforts to wreck it. Our divisions are but the ' angry waves on the surface of the ocean, stirred by storms and capable of doing a certain amount of damage ; but the great underlying depths of the ocean are undisturbed. So the central life of the Church is untouched in its union with our Lord. I do not want to minimise the disaster of divi- sions ; but we must be clear what the disaster is and the extent of the damage. It is disaster to certain souls; but the life of the Church is un- touched in its Catholic Unity. It is the one Home of God's elect. Into the Haven behind the veil there are streaming constantly the souls who have been rescued from the trials of earth and are en- tered into their rest. We of the Church Militant are but a missionary station of the Catholic Church, and we stress too much our importance when we cry that the Kingdom is lost when there has been at most an affair of outposts. Let us '50 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK remember that the Catholicity of the Church is a quality of the Body of Christ; we may cut our- selves away from that body, but the body will remain and will remain Catholic. Again : because the Church is Catholic it is ex- clusive. We are tempted to-day to a notion of Catholicity which is merely inclusive and there- fore characterless. The " great church " of mod- em Protestantism i^ an attempt to escape the plain meaning of the results of division by setting up a false ideal of a Catholic Church as a body com- posed of all sorts of well meaning people who have agreed to disregard their differences and play at being one. This might be possible if the Chris- tian religion were a human discovery. If it be- longed to men they might dq as they liked with it. But it is in fact a revelation committed to the Church to keep; the Church is its custodian and cannot act as though it were lord of it. It must, as trustee, teach truth and deny error. It is tolerant, but there are necessary limits of tol- eration. It can tolerate the presence of intel- lectual sinners, as it can of any other sinners ; but it has no right to tolerate their sin. There is no charity in suffering a disease-breeding center to exist because it may hurt some one's feelings to attack it; and it is not charity to let falsehood go unrebuked and misstatement uncorrected be- CATHOLICITY '51 cause the propagators of error are well-meaning people. If any Christian body approve error it destroys, so far forth, its Christian character. I say, so far forth, because it appears that the Catholicity of the local church may be grievously injured, without being destroyed. For example, the assertion of the Roman Church as to the pa- pacy seems not to have wholly destroyed its Catholicity. But it is inconceivable that the whole Church should ever affirm untruth; our Lord's promise must be held to deny that. If the Church could affirm error, Christianity would be reduced to a philosophy, a system of speculation rather than a system of truth. We will note one other characteristic of Ca- tholicity: wherever the Church is, it is wholly. "Where two or three are gathered together in my Name, there am I in the midst of them.'' The Catholic Church is not achieved by a sum in addition ; it is not that all the " local " or " na- tional " churches " make up " the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is a divine and heavenly fact that is manifested in this or that place; i. e., all the powers and graces of the Cath- olic Church are wherever it at all is. Amid our present divisions it is felt that there is great difficulty in discovering the Catholic Church. It were an easy way out of the diffi- $2 THE REUGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK culty to identify some one existing body, e. g., the Orthodox or the Roman Catholic, with the Catholic Church ; but the problem is not quite so simple. But if it cannot be solved in this way, how are we to solve it? If there may be error in the local attempts to express the truth whether in Constantinople or Rome or Canterbury, are we not very much at sea ? Are there any practi- cal tests of Catholicity? There would seem to be no reason for casting aside the well known tests proposed by S. Vin- cent of Lerins. They have to be applied with a certain amount of common sense, as indeed S. Vincent himself applied them, and not in a wooden way ; but so applied they give us, I think, the tests we want. S. Vincent says : " In the Catholic Church itself we take great care that we hold that which has been believed every- where, always, by all. For that is truly and prop- erly * Catholic/ as the very force and meaning of the word shows, which comprehends everything almost universally. And we shall observe this rule if we follow universality, antiquity, consent. We shall follow universality if we confess that one Faith to be true which the whole Church through- out the world confesses ; antiquity if we in no wise depart from those interpretations which it is plain that our ancestors and fathers proclaimed ; consent if in antiquity itself we eagerly follow the defini- CATHOLICITY 53 tions and beliefs of all, or certainly nearly all, priests and doctors alike." That then is Catholic which is everywhere held and taught in the Church. When a doctrine is proposed as Catholic we have in the first place to look to its universality. The local is checked by the universal. This test at once excludes local peculiarities, not as necessarily untrue, but as not being binding on Christians with the necessity of Faith. The teaching of a Church like the Angli- can may contain many things which are the out- come of the historical circumstances of England during the last few centuries ; these may be true and they may be important, but they cannot be imposed as Catholic. Fortunately the Anglican Communion has not been given to Creed making and has nothing to take back in these matters. This note of everywhere is, of course, common sense. Christianity is a revealed religion, and whatever was revealed in it to be held with the necessity of faith must have been as necessary in the first century as in the twentieth ; and is as necessary for one set of Christians as for another. K it appears then that certain groups of Chris- tians are insisting on certain dogmas as "of faith," which are unknown to other Christians, then they fail of the test of universality and may 1* set aside so far as their claim to Catholicity is deemed. 54 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK That faith must not only have been universally held, but it must have been so held from the be- ginning. It is conceivable that we should dis- cover in Christendom a dogma or practice which makes the claim of Catholicity and which sup- ports its claim by an appeal to universal accept- ance; and yet it may turn out on examination that the belief or practice is a complete novelty — that its origin and development can be traced back to the period of the Reformation or to the Middle Ages. It can be demonstrated that it has not been always believed. It therefore fails to be recognized as Catholic. What was of faith at the beginning, is of faith now ; what is of faith now must have been so from the beginning. The function of the Christian Church in matters of faith is not to invent but to transmit. Wliat is called development of doctrine is either the at- tempt to add to the faith new dogmas (which is illegitimate), or is but the completer statement of what has always been held. This latter, which is always going on, is not a process of developing truth-germs, but is a further thinking into old truths which must always take place where the truths are being used. We believe in God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit; and all Christians have been bound to so believe from the begin- ning; but the mind of the Church finds fuller CATHOLICITY 55 content in these words as the centuries go on. The third Vincentian test is that the truth pro- posed to us must be a truth accepted by all, by which it is meant that the recognition of the truth must be by a moral universality, not by a numer- ical unity. S. Vincent does not mean " all Chris- tians "; he is careful to say, " by all, or certainly nearly all, priests and doctors alike." Dr. Kidd points out that S. Vincent really means by priests, bishops; that is the actual appeal is to those to whom has been committed by our Lord the keep- ing of the Faith. This process of identification of the faith, so to call it, is seen in the method of the statement of the faith through the CEcumenical Councils. Those Councils do not meet from time to time in the history of the Church to set forth new dogmas of the faith; but they meet, when the faith is being denied, to testify as to what is the faith. They do not say, This shall be the faith from henceforth; they say, This has been the faith from the beginning. And their testimony is not final ; it requires ratification by the mind of the Church. It is not till the decrees of CEcu- menical Councils have been accepted, in S. Vin- cent's words, by "all, or certainly nearly all, priests and doctors alike " that they are of Catho- lic force. $6 THE REUGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK This Vincentian test does not prevent a proper restatement of the articles of the faith. To-day the need of restatement is being urged with great force and insistence. Restatement is always needed. Each generation has to think over its faith in the terms of its own experience. But a proper restatement must be one that preserves, not destroys, the thing restated. One rather more than suspects that some of the loudest advo- cates of restatement would, if they were frank, be advocates of destruction. It is not a restate- ment of the Catholic doctrine of the resurrection of the body to deny that our Lord rose again the third day with his entire humanity; or that we shall in any sense have a bodily resurrection. But to define the word body in terms of our pres- ent knowledge of matter, and not in terms of an- cient or mediaeval science, would seem to be proper restatement. What we have most to see to is that we hold fast the faith once for all delivered to the saints, and which has been everywhere, always and by all believed. So doing we shall be Catholics. Note. — I am greatly indebted to the following: Lacey, "Catholicity." The Young Churchman Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Kidd, "How Can I be Sure that I am a Catholic?" In Modern Oxford Tracts. Longmans, Green & Co, 1914. IV THE ENGLISH REFORMATION W^HERE/' asked the Roman controversial- vJL/ ist, "was your Church before the Refor- mation?" "Where," was the Anglican retort courteous, "was your face before you washed it?" The same truth has been expressed with more suavity by Bishop Bramhall, who said, " I make no doubt that the Church of England before the Reformation and the Church of England after the Reformation are as much the same church as a garden before it is weeded and after it is weeded is the same garden." The weeding of gardens, however, is a delicate process not apt to be successfully prosecuted by amateurs; the ^pert is needed, else the flowers will go and the weeds remain. Looking at the Reformation in Western Eu- rope as a whole there is evidence of a good deal of amateurish work. " Plough up the garden and make a new start," was a ruling maxim when mstitutions, beliefs, practices, good, bad, and in- <Ufferent, were swept out of existence, and new 57 58 THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK churches with new theologies erected on the site of the old. As we look back at the process we are not convinced of its necessity or desirabihty. There were, no doubt, abuses and superstitions connected with current beliefs and practices at the close of the Middle Ages in the matter of " Pur- gatory, Pardons, Worshipping, and Adoration as well of images as of relics, and also invocation of Saints " ; but to utterly abolish the thing abused is not to reform it. There were doubtless abuses in the Episcopal administration in many places, but they were not corrected by the suppression of the Episcopate and the confiscation of the prop- erty of the Church by the State. So old and widespread an institution as Monasticism was bound to have its faults; but they were not made good by wiping the institution out of existence and purchasing support for the Reformation by transferring the property of the religious houses to court favorites. Looking at the results of the Reformation as a whole they do not give much encouragement. We can to-day see that the type of religion produced is not higher than that of the Middle Ages. We see the churches of the Lu- theran tradition mere instruments of the authori- ties of the state, and those of Calvinistic tradition a mere reflection of the popidar mind. Have we anything better to say about the , I I THE ENGLISH REFORMATION 59 Church of England and its children in the British Colonies and America? I think we have. This at least is true, that the Reformation in England took its own decided hne and was based on prin- ciples which were quite different from those which shaped the continental Reformation, We may express the difference broadly as follows: that whereas the continental Reformation was fundamentally doctrinal, the English Reformation was fundamentally constitutional. The continental Reformation issued in a new constitution and a new theology : the English Reformation issued in a reassertion of the con- stitutional principles which had governed the Church in the first centuries of its existence. The Continental Reformation claimed to revert to the religion of the Bible, but in reality, by its repudia- tion of all authority of interpretation and its assertion of the right of private Judgment, made not the Bible, but what any Reformer thought the Bible taught the standard of doctrine. The Eng- lish Reformation, by its appeal to the Scriptures as interpreted hy the Christian past, avoided indi- vidualism and gained an intelligible principle of theological statement. There is nothing more foolish at this late day than to attribute the English Reformation and the origin of the English Church to Henry the Eighth, 6o THE RELIGION OF THE PRAYER BOOK No doubt Henry's matrimonial infelicities gave room for the English discontent with things as they were in the Church to develop, and shaped the course taken by reforming legislation. But every religious movement in the whole history of the Church has been conditioned and shaped in its course by the accidents of its setting. Our Lord suffered under Pontius Pilate, but the Christian religion does not derive its virtue from that historical incident. The Nicene definition of our Lord's consubstantiality with the Father is largely conditioned by the conversion of Con- stantine and the subsequent effects of his reign; but it is not true that the Catholic doctrine as set forth by the Council is due to Constantine. The events of Henry's reign shaped the course of the Anglican Reformation, and gave color to many of its events; but it did not originate a new Church. On the contrary, the continual assertion of Reformation legislation was that the old Church was asserting its rights and emerging from the papal bondage. Henry's character was not an important factor, and it is absurd that the Churches of the Angh'can rite should be re- proached with the character of Henry the Eighth, especially by the children of the Church which placed Alexander VI on the papal throne and made de Retz Cardinal Archbishop of Paris. At Bit) THE ENGLISH REFORMATION 6l most the English Church inherited Henry VIII; it did not freely prefer him. There would have been a reformation in Eng- land though Henry VIII had never been born.
48,325
https://github.com/ScalablyTyped/SlinkyTyped/blob/master/a/aws-sdk/src/main/scala/typingsSlinky/awsSdk/ssmMod/GetCalendarStateResponse.scala
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,021
SlinkyTyped
ScalablyTyped
Scala
Code
208
610
package typingsSlinky.awsSdk.ssmMod import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject import scala.scalajs.js import scala.scalajs.js.`|` import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess} @js.native trait GetCalendarStateResponse extends StObject { /** * The time, as an ISO 8601 string, that you specified in your command. If you did not specify a time, GetCalendarState uses the current time. */ var AtTime: js.UndefOr[ISO8601String] = js.native /** * The time, as an ISO 8601 string, that the calendar state will change. If the current calendar state is OPEN, NextTransitionTime indicates when the calendar state changes to CLOSED, and vice-versa. */ var NextTransitionTime: js.UndefOr[ISO8601String] = js.native /** * The state of the calendar. An OPEN calendar indicates that actions are allowed to proceed, and a CLOSED calendar indicates that actions are not allowed to proceed. */ var State: js.UndefOr[CalendarState] = js.native } object GetCalendarStateResponse { @scala.inline def apply(): GetCalendarStateResponse = { val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal() __obj.asInstanceOf[GetCalendarStateResponse] } @scala.inline implicit class GetCalendarStateResponseMutableBuilder[Self <: GetCalendarStateResponse] (val x: Self) extends AnyVal { @scala.inline def setAtTime(value: ISO8601String): Self = StObject.set(x, "AtTime", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any]) @scala.inline def setAtTimeUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "AtTime", js.undefined) @scala.inline def setNextTransitionTime(value: ISO8601String): Self = StObject.set(x, "NextTransitionTime", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any]) @scala.inline def setNextTransitionTimeUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "NextTransitionTime", js.undefined) @scala.inline def setState(value: CalendarState): Self = StObject.set(x, "State", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any]) @scala.inline def setStateUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "State", js.undefined) } }
49,604
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44086787
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,017
Stack Exchange
English
Spoken
320
405
How to draw attention to old github issue? A year ago I have started an issue on github repository of a popular open source project. There wasn't enough data to fix it because bug was caused only by one closed source program. Recently I have stumbled upon other program that causes the bug and this one is open source. This should make it possible to fix the issue. I have added new comment in issue providing new information, but it got no response for 10 days. https://github.com/linuxmint/Cinnamon/issues/6253 I wonder if maintainers see comments on old issues in their notifications? If they do did they discard it by accident or perhaps because in their experience most comments on old issues are useless? Should I just edit last comment there slightly? Will they see that? Or what to do? The good news is the project is not dead. Issues have been closed recently and PRs have been merged. Someone is watching the queue. The bad news is the project has over 800 open issues at this time which means they're probably swamped. Open Source projects are typically run by volunteers, and that looks like a low priority issue. If you want it solved, do everything you can do reduce the work necessary to fix the problem. You've already given clear instructions on how to reproduce the problem, that's a very good start. The single best thing you can do is submit a PR with a complete patch including tests. Be sure to conform to their developer guidelines. That project does not leave PRs open long. If you can't do a complete patch, take a stab at it and submit the PR asking for help. If you don't know where to start patching, make a comment on the issue asking for help with where to start. Basically, do the work. If you can't do the work, show a willingness to do the work.
38,159
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14755289
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
Palangiabad
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
121
450
پلنگی‌آباد (زاهدان) روستایی در ایران پلنگی‌آباد (زاهدان) موقعیت در تقسیمات کشوری دهستان چشمه زیارت پلنگی‌آباد (زاهدان) کشور ایران پلنگی‌آباد (زاهدان) نمونه‌ای از روستا پلنگی‌آباد (زاهدان) شناسهٔ فری‌بیس /m/0wymnj8 Palangiabad village in Cheshmeh Ziarat Rural District, Iran Palangiabad located in the administrative territorial entity Cheshmeh Ziarat Rural District Palangiabad country Iran Palangiabad instance of village Palangiabad Freebase ID /m/0wymnj8 Palangiabad dorp in Iran Palangiabad gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Cheshmeh Ziarat Ruraal District Palangiabad land Iran Palangiabad is een dorp Palangiabad Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0wymnj8 Palangiabad (Zahedan) Palangiabad (Zahedan) Só͘-chāi ê hêng-chèng léng-thó͘ si̍t-thé Cheshmeh Ziarat Hiong Palangiabad (Zahedan) kok-ka Iran Palangiabad (Zahedan) sī chi̍t ê Chng-thâu پلنجیآباد پلنجیآباد بتقع فى التقسيم الادارى دهستان چشمه زیارت پلنجیآباد واحد من قريه پلنجیآباد معرف فرى بيس /m/0wymnj8
6,380
https://github.com/mursang/react-native-lightbox/blob/master/Example/src/LightboxImage.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,018
react-native-lightbox
mursang
JavaScript
Code
44
128
import { Image, TouchableHighlight, TouchableNativeFeedback, Platform } from 'react-native'; import createLightboxImage from './createLightboxImage'; /* const IS_ANROID = Platform.OS === 'android'; const TouchableComponent = IS_ANROID ? TouchableNativeFeedback : TouchableHighlight; const defaultTouchableProps = IS_ANROID ? { background: TouchableNativeFeedback.SelectableBackground() } : {}; */ export default createLightboxImage(Image, TouchableHighlight);
36,484
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricentrus%20nitidus
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Tricentrus nitidus
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricentrus nitidus&action=history
Waray
Spoken
37
68
An Tricentrus nitidus in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni John W. Funkhouser hadton 1927. An Tricentrus nitidus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tricentrus, ngan familia nga Membracidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Mga kasarigan Tricentrus
37,110
b20386175_21
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,860
The science and art of surgery [electronic resource] : being a treatise on surgical injuries, diseases, and operations
Erichsen, John
English
Spoken
7,073
9,007
Sprains.— When a joint is twisted violently, so that its ligaments are either much stretched or partially torn, though there is no displacement of the osseous surfaces, it is said to be sprained. These injuries are exceedingly troublesome, and most frequently occur to the wrist and ankle joints. The pain attending them is very severe, and often of a sickening character, and the sprain is rapidly followed by swelling and inflammation of the joint and investing tissues, often of a very chronic and tedious character. As the inflajnmation subsides, stiffness ' and pain in using the part continue for a considerable length of time, which, ui some cases, give way to a kind of rigidity and wasting of the limb. In otlicrs, again, a rheumatic tendency appears to be set up by injuries of this description, ■ and occasionally it happens that in strumous subjects destructive disease ot the joint is induced. WOUNDS OF JOINTS. 237 If the sprain is slight, rubbing the part with a stimulating embrocation, and giving the support of a bandage, is all that need be done. But if it be at all severe, more active measures must be had recourse to. The best mode of averting the inflammation, which is the thing to be dreaded in these cases, is to keep the part for several hours in cold water, or well moistened with an evapo- rating lotion, or wet by means of irrigation. Should this not check the inflam- mation, leeches should be freely appli'ed, and when the swelling has somewhat subsided, the joint should be supported with an elastic roller or stocking, a starch bondage, or a leather splint, and be well douched with cold water twice a day, and afterwards rubbed or kneaded with soap liniment, until its usual strength and mobility are restored. This, however, very commonly does not occur" in sprains of the knee and ankle for many weeks; a degree of stiffness, combined with inflammation, being left until the stretched and lacerated liga- ments have regained their normal condition. WOUNDS OF JOINTS. A joint is known to be wounded when synovia escapes from the aperture, or when the interior of the articulation is exposed. If there is any doubt as to the wound penetrating the synovial membrane, no means, by probing or other- wise, should be taken to ascertain this, as in this way the very occurrence that is to be dreaded may be induced by the surgeon. The fact of the wound pene- trating the joint will speedily be cleared up by the symptoms that supervene. The severity of the wound of a joint depends chiefly on the size of the articu- lation, but partly on the nature of the wound. When a small joint, as one of the fingers, is opened, the injury may often be recovered from, without destruction of the articulation. When a large joint is opened, even by a small incised or punctured wound, there is great danger lest such extensive local mischief and constitutional disturbance ensue as to lead to the destruction of the articulation, with loss of the patient's life. When the wound is large, lacerated, or contused, with fracture of the articular ends of the bones, one or other of these consequences certainly results. It is especially in grown-up persons that these unfavorable consequences ensue ; in children, ex- tensive injuries of large joints may heal favorably, though, if the child be of a strumous habit of body, destructive action is apt to be set up. The source of danger in a wounded joint is the inflammation set up in the articulation (^traumatic arthritis). A few hours after the infliction of the injury the joint swells, becomes hot, painful, and throbs. The pain increases, becoming tensive and excessively severe. If the aperture be large, synovia freely escapes, which soon becomes mixed with pus. If it be small, but little more than a puncture, the joint swells and fills with purulent fluid, which will either escape through the original wound or find an outlet for itself through a new situation. There are startings in the limb, with excessive pain in any attempt at moving It. The constitutional disturbance becomes very severe, the patient being occa- sionally carried off by the violence of the irritative fever. In other cases symptoms of purulent absorption come on, and death results from pyemia. 11 the patient survive this period of acute action, abscesses will form around and above the articulation, the discharge from which, as well as from the joint, induces irritative fever and hectic. Should this danger be passed through, and the patient survive, it will be with a partially anchylosed limb, the utility of which 13 greatly impaired. J severity of the symptoms in the wound of a large joint is evidently and^^ h'' °" extent and depth of the synovial membrane which suppurates, ti^is r ^^^^ formed being pent up in the midst of tense and unyielding ioinrf'l, ^^'^^ '^^ * ^'■^^ ^^^^ admission of air into the jomt tnat occasions the suppuration, for we find that in the most extensive suV 238 INJURIES OF JOINTS. cutaneous wounds and lacerations of joints, as occur in dislocations and fractures, suppuration scarcely ever takes place. The presence also of the air appears to exercise an injurious influence upon the pus that is collected in the depths of the joint, causing it to become putrescent and acrid, and thus increasing the local irritation greatly. It is also this retention of acrid and putrescent pus, in contact with a large inflamed surface, that gives rise to ataxic fever and pyemia, that so frequently prove fatal in these injuries. Traumatic arthritis differs from the destructive and disorganizing idiopathic inflammations of joints in this : that when the inflammation occurs as the result of a wound, the synovial membrane is the part primarily affected ; if the carti- lages become involved, they are so secondarily ; the articular ends of the bones not participating in the morbid action. When a joint is the seat of disorganizing inflammation of an idiopathic character, the mischief usually commences in the osseous articular ends, or in the cartilage, the synovial membrane being often the last affected. In the traumatic form, the disease may be said to radiate from the centre of the joint; in the idiopathic, from the circumference. In recent cases of traumatic arthritis we find the synovial membrane swollen, infiltrated, gelatinous-looking, and of a crimson color; the contiguous or sub- jacent portions of cartilage are softened and partially eroded. Under the microscope, a disruption of the cartilage cells may be observed, and the inter- vening substance is granular ; these changes gradually cease in deeper sections of the cartilage, which will be found to present a healthy appearance. In the more advanced stages of the disease, when the joint has been suppurating per- haps for months, it will be found that the synovial membrane is deeply vascular in places, in other parts pulpy and infiltrated with, or replaced by grayish or yellowish plastic matter. The cartilages are eroded in patches, exposing the rough and injected surface of the articular extremity of the bone; whei-e not eroded they are pulpy and disorganized. Occasionally partial but unsuccessful 'attempts at bony union will have been set up between the opposed exposed osseous surfaces. In the treatment of wounded joints, the first point to be determined must be whether amputation should be performed, or an attempt made to save the injured limb. If the joint be small, there can be no doubt that we may attempt, and shall usually succeed in saving it. But if it be one of the larger articulations, the line of practice must be determined by the extent of the injury to the soft parts, and the constitution of the patient. If the wound be but small, and is clean cut, no surgeon would be justified in having recourse to immediate ampu- tation, even though it be the knee that is injured. But if the joint is exten- sively laid open, with .much contusion and laceration, perhaps dislocation, or fracture and splintering of the bones, the case is different. Under these unfa- vorable circumstances, however, in the upper extremity, and even in^the ankle, the limb may not unfrequently be saved. If the bones be comminuted, the removal of splinters and partial resection of the articular ends, may advantage- ously be practised in many cases, more particularly if the patient's constitution be young and sound, and the soft parts not too extensively damaged. But if these be°largely lacerated and widely contused, and the patient aged or broken in health, amputation is imperatively called for. This is more especially the case, when the knee is the articulation injured ; extensive lacerations of this joint, more particularly complicated with dislocation or comminution of the bones, being cases for early amputation. , i • i • If it be determined to make an attempt at saving the limb, the principal point is, if possible, to close the wound by the first intention, and thus to prevent the occurrence of suppuration. If it be a puncture, or clean cut wound, this may occasionally be done by bringing its edges together and placing a piece of lint soaked in collodion upon it, or a strip of plaster washed over with resin varnish, ^he inflammatory action being subdued by continuous irrigation with cold water : DISLOCATIONS. 239 no poulticing or warm fomentations should ever be allowed during this stage. Union may take place under this dressing, but in the majority of cases the in- flammation that is set up in the joint, causes so abundant a secretion of synovia, that it becomes loosened by the tension and outward pressure of the accumulated fluid which escapes from under it. If suppuration have come on, free incisions, as recommended by Mr. Gay, should be made into the joint so as to procure an early outlet for the pus ; the part must be well poulticed, and an attempt made at procuring anchylosis by the granulation and cohesion, through fibrous tissue, of the articular surfaces. By making free and early incisions into the joint after suppuration has once been sat up, the dangers resulting from decomposition of the pus and its absorp- tion into the system are in a great measure lessened, and the constitutional irri- tation produced by the tension of the parts at once removed. The joint itself is not put into a worse condition by being more freely opened, for when one suppuration has been set up in it, even to a limited extent, destruction of its tissues must ensue ; and the most favorable termination that can be expected is the production of anchylosis. At the same time constitutional treatment must be employed, with the view of lessening febrile action and removing irritation ; the administration of antimonials, with calomel and opium, being especially ser- viceable ; but free pui'ging and all other sources of irritation should be avoided. If the case proceed favorably the discharge will gradually lessen, and the constitutional disturbance subside. The joint must then be placed in such a position, that when anchylosis results, the limb may be most serviceable to the patient. If, however, as very frequently happens when the larger joints are wounded, the suppuration within the articulation, and the abscesses that form outside it, reduce the patient to a hectic state, secondary amputation speedily becomes inevitable. When the wound in the joint is too extensive for union by the first intention to be effected, and yet it be thought proper to make an effort to save the limb, the continued application of ice or of cold irrigation, and active antiphlogistic treatment, must be had recourse to, and free and early incisions to relieve ten- sion and let out matter, so as to lessen the intensity of the suppurative inflam- mation that will be set up. In the great majority of these cases, however, where the larger joints, of the lower extremity especially, are implicated, ampu- tation will eventually be required; the instances of recovery under these circum- stances being altogether exceptional, the patient indeed not unfrequently sinking during the attempt at saving the limb. DISLOCATIONS. By a dislocation is meant the more or less complete displacement of the bony structures of a joint. In the orbicular joints, as the hip and shoulder, the osseous structures may be completely separated from one another, the disloca- tion then being complete. In the hinge joints, as the elbow and knee, the osseous I surfaces commonly remain partially in contact, though displaced from their nor- ■ mal relations to one another ; here the dislocation is incomplete. In most dislo- cations the integuments covering the displaced bones are put greatly on the stretch, but in some they are ruptured, and then the dislocation is compound. Besides these varieties, surgeons recognise spontaneous dislocations, in which the displacement does not occur from external violence. In other cases again, the dislocation arises from congenital malformation of the joint, in consequence of which the bones cannot remain in proper apposition. Dislocations are predisposed to by various conditions, amongst which the arrangement of the joint appears to exercise most influence; oi-bicular joints being more liable to dislocation than any of the other articulations, whilst in 240 INJURIES OF JOINTS. some of tlae synchondroses they never occur. Malgaigne finds, that of 491 cases of dislocation, 321 occurred in the shoulder, 34 in the hip, 33 in the clavicle, 26 in the elbow, 20 in the foot, besides others in the thumb, wrist, and jaw. Dislocations are seldom met with in children, in whom fractures of the epi- physes more readily occur. Travers, however, has seen the hip dislocated in a boy five years of age. In old people the bones are so brittle, and the ligaments so tough, that violence causes fracture rather than dislocation. Hence it is principally in young and middle-aged subjects that dislocations are met with. They are necessarily more common in men than in women, from the nature of their respective occupations. It is well known that it is rather owing to the continuous tension of the muscles, than to any arrangement of their osseous and ligamentous structures, that the articular ends of the bones of the extremities are kept in their proper positions, and that considerable external violence may be applied to a limb without dislocating it. If, however, the muscles be taken by surprise, or if they have been weakened by previous injury of any kind, the joint becomes predisposed to dislocation, and may be displaced under the influence of very slight causes. In this way the same joint may be repeatedly dislocated. Thus I have seen a man whose humerus had been dislocated between 40 and 50 times, owing to a weakened state of the deltoid. The direct causes of dislocation are external violence and muscular action. The external violence may act either directly upon a joint, forcing or twisting the articular ends asunder, as happens when the foot is displaced by a twist of the ankle, or when the thumb is dislocated backwards by a blow. But more commonly the force acts at a distance from the joint that is displaced, and the head of the bone is thrown out of its socket by " the lever-like movement of the shaft," as happens when the head of the humerus is dislocated by a fall on the hand. Muscular action alone may cause the dislocation of a bone, even though the part be previously in a sound state. Thus, the lower jaw has been dislocated by excessive gaping, and the humerus, by making a violent muscular efi'ort. If the joint have already been weakened by previous injury or disease, muscular action is especially apt to occasion its displacement. The congenital disloca- tions, in all probability, arise from irregular muscular contractions in the foetus by which the bones are displaced, and the normal development of the joint interfered with. In dislocations of the orbicular joints, after the head of the bone has been thrown out of its articular cavity, it is often still further displaced by the contraction of the muscles, which continues until they have shortened themselves to their full extent, or until the dislocated bone comes in contact with some osseous prominence that prevents its further retraction. The existence of a dislocation is rendered evident by the change in the shape of the joint, and in the altered relation of the osseous prominences to one another; by the articular end of the displaced bone being felt in a new posi- tion, and by an alteration in the length of the limb, and in the direction of its axis. Besides this, there is after a time, if not immediately on the occurrence of the accident, impaired motion of, and pain in and around, the injured articulation. The effects of dislocation on the structure of a joint are always of a serious character. The bones that enter into the formation of the articulation are not unfrequently fractured as well as displaced, more particularly in hinge joints; the cartilages may be injured, and the ligaments are always much stretched and more or less torn, the capsule of the joint sufiTering especially. In many cases the muscles and tendons in the immediate neighborhood are lacerated as well as displaced, and the vessels and nerves compressed. The skin is commonly fltretched, and sometimes ruptured, when the dislocation becomes compound. REDUCTION OF DISLOCATIONS. 241 If the dislocation be a simple one, and if reduction be speedily eflFected, these injuries are soon repaired; and although a good deal of stiflFnesa may continue about the joint, its functions are not usually permanently interfered with. If the dislocation be left unreduced, important changes take place within and around the joint. Its cavity becomes filled up by a kind of fibrinous material, almost cartilaginous in structure. The ligaments are shortened and wasted, and a false joint forms around the articular "end of the bone in its new situation. In some cases the bone upon which the dislocated head rests becomes depressed into a shallow cup-shaped cavity, so as to receive it. In others the depression is formed by the elevation of a rim of callus upon the subjacent bone, and in both instances the cellular tissue in the neighborhood becomes consolidated into a capsule of a fibroid character, surrounding and fixing the bone in its new situ- ation, and usually admitting of but a limited degree of motion. The soft structures that have been lacerated at the time of the dislocation become matted together by plastic material, the muscles shorten, atrophy, and at last undergo fatty degeneration from disuse ; the neighboring vessels and nerves may become attached to the new joint, or their sheaths become incorporated with the altered structures in contact with them. In the treatment of dislocations, the first and principal indication consists in replacing the bone in its normal situation as speedily as possible. In doing this, the surgeon has two great difficulties to overcome : 1st, the contraction of the muscles of the part; and, 2nd, the anatomical structure of the joint. The great obstacle to reduction is, the tonic contraction of the muscles in- serted into or below the displaced bones ; and in the reduction of the disloca- tion the surgeon's efi'orts are chiefly directed to overcome this contraction. The longer the dislocation is left unreduced the more powerful does this become, being less at the moment of the accident, and immediately afterwards, than at any subsequent period. Hence reduction should be attempted as soon as pos- sible after the occurrence of the accident, and if the patient be seen at once, the bone may sometimes be replaced without much difficulty by the unaided efforts of the surgeon. Thus Liston reduced a dislocated hip by his own efforts immediately after the accident occurred. If a few hours have elapsed, the muscular tonicity becomes so great that special means must be adopted in order to diminish it ; and if some weeks or months have been allowed to pass by, the dislocation may have become irreducible, partly owing to permanent contraction of the muscles which have been shortened by the approximation of their attachments, and which it is impossible to overcome, but chiefly, by the cohesion of the surrounding tissues, and the formation of adhesions about the head of the bone. In the reduction of a recent dislocation, advantage may sometimes be taken of the occurrence of faintness, or of the patient's attention being distracted to other matters, in order to effect the return, the muscles being then taken by surprise, and the bone readily slipping into its place. Such measures as these, however, cannot be depended upon, and muscular relaxation should be induced by the adihinistration of chloroform or ether. By the employment of these valuable agents, the muscles of the strongest man may be rendered perfectly flaccid and powerless in a few minutes, so as to oppose no action whatever to the ' reduction of the dislocation, which has thus been wonderfully simplified and : facilitated. In no department indeed of practical surgery has the administra- I tion of anassthetic agents been attended by more advantageous results than i in this. Mechanical contrivances are much less frequently had recourse to for the I reduction of dislocation now than formerly. It is, however, occasionally neces- • sary to employ apparatus calculated to fix the articular surface from which the : pone has escaped, and to draw down the displaced bone to such an extent that I It may be replaced on the surface on which it should be lod;;ed. If the patient 242 INJTJRIES OP JOINTS. have not been anaesthetized, it will be found that so soon as the bone is well brought down by the extending force so as to get opposite its articulation, being disentangled from osseous points upon which it may have hitched, it will be drawn at once into its proper position by the action of its own muscles, with a sudden and distinct snap; the muscles of the part being the most efficient agents in the reduction, so soon as the bone is placed in a position for them to act upon it. When, however, the patient has been placed under the influence of chloroform, the' muscular system being thoroughly relaxed, the bone will not slip into its place with a snap or sudden jerk, but is reduced more quietly, and rather by the efforts of the surgeon than by any sudden contraction of its own muscles. It is important to note these differences in the mode of reduction, lest the surgeon, expecting to hear the snap or feel the jerk when chloroform has been fully administered, and, not doing so, should imagine the bone not to be reduced, and continue an improper degree of extension. The purely mechanical means for the reduction of dislocation are sufficiently simple : the patient's body, and the articular cavity into which the luxated bone is to be replaced, are fixed by a split sheet, a jack-towel, a padded belt, or some such contrivance, by which counter-extevsion is practised. In some cases the hands of an assistant, or of the surgeon himself, or the pressure of his knee or heel constitute the best counter-extending means. Extension may now be made either by the surgeon grasping the limb to be reduced and drawing it downwards, or else by means of a bandage or jack- towel fixed upon the part, with the clove-hitch Fig. 103. knot applied in the way represented in the an- nexed cut (fig. 103). If more force be required, the multiplying pulleys (fig. 125), or the dislo- cation tourniquet invented by Mr. Bloxam (fig. 126), may be used, by which any amount of extending force that may be required can readily be set up and maintained. The "adjuster" in- vented by Dr. Jarvis is a useful and powerful instrument for the same purpose. These con- trivances, however, are much less frequently required now than formerly, owing to surgeons taking advantage of the paralyzing efl'ects of chloroform upon the_ muscular system, and con- sequently not requiring so much force to over- come their contractions. When any powerful extending force is applied, the skin of the part should always be protected from being chafed, by a few turns of a wet roller. The extension must be made slowly and gradually, without any jerking, equality of motion as well as force being attended to. In this way the contraction of the muscles is gradually overcome, whereas sudden and forcible extension might excite ihem to react against it. The traction is most advantageously made in the axis that the limb has acquired in its new position, without reference to its norniiil direction or to the situation of the joint. In this way the head of the bone is replaced by being made to pass along the same tract that it has torn for itself in being dislocated, and thus is replaced without >,he infliction of any additional violence to the tissues around the joint. The question as to whether the extendin;^ force snould be applied to the bone that is actually displaced, or to the furtner end of the limb, has been much discussed, and appears to have received more attention than it deserves. It is true that, by applying the extending force to the displaced bone itself, the REDUCTION OP DISLOCATIONS. 243 surgeon has greater command over its movements, with less chance of injury to the intervening bones; whilst, by applying the extending force to the lower part of the extremity, he has the advantage of a longer lever for the reduction of the head of the bone. This lever, however, it must be remembered, is in many cases a broken one, and cannot be made to act if the bone has to be replaced in the direction of the flexion of the joints that enter into its compo- sition. For this reason, we find that some dislocations are best reduced by applying traction to the bone itself that is displaced, as in luxations of the femur and of the bone of the fore-arm ; whilst, in other cases, as in the dislo- cations of the humerus, moat advantage is gained by applying the extending force to the end of the limb. But I look upon these points as of comparatively little consequence, believ- ing that when the patient is not anaesthetized, the muscles of the limb themselves effect the reduction without the necessity of the surgeon employing any very powerful lever-like action of the bone ; and that when the patient is paralyzed by chloroform, the bone is in most cases readily replaced by the simple move- ments impressed directly upon it, or even upon its articular end, by the hands of the surgeon. In reducing a dislocation, it is of especial importance to attend to th<. rela- tion of the osseous points in the neighborhood of the joint, and to disentangle the displaced bone from any of these upon which it may be lodged. This is especially the case in such hinge-joints as the jaw and elbow, in which the arrangement of the articulation is somewhat complicated. After the dislocation has been reduced, the bone must be retained in position by proper splints and bandages, if necessary; the joint being kept quiet for two or three weeks, according to its size, so as to allow of proper union taking place in the capsule and neighboring structures. Any consecutive inflammation may often be prevented by the continuous application of cold ; and, if set up, must be treated by local antiphlogistic means. In dislocations of old standing, reduction is opposed not only by the powerful contraction of shortened muscles, and by a kind of rigid atrophy of the neigh- boring structures, but also by the existence of adhesions between the displaced bone and surrounding parts. If the dislocation have existed for several months, these obstacles will in general be sufiiciently powerful to render it impossible to efi"ect the reduction at all, or without the employment of such force as to occasion dangerous laceration of the tissues about the displaced bone, and serious inflammation of them ; as happened in the cases related by Dr. Gibson, in which rupture of the axillary artery followed attempts at reducing old dislo- cations of the shoulder. If it be determined to attempt the reduction, the pulleys must be used, the patient being put under chloroform; but every pre- caution must be taken not to allow the traction to be carried to too great extent, lest sudden laceration of the parts occur. The latest period at which reduction should be attempted, varies much ac- cording to the nature of the dislocation. It may be successfully practised at a much later period in luxations of the orbicular than of the hinge joints ; and it is especially in the shoulder that these late attempts may be advantageously undertaken. According to Sir A. Cooper, however, the latest period at which reduction even in this articulation can generally be successfully effected, does not exceed three months and eight weeks for the hip ; but within this time it niay often be safely accomplished. Thus, Dupuytren reduced twenty-three cases of dislocated shoulder between the fifteenth and eighty-second day after the accident; and Breschet reduced the hip on the seventy-eighth day. At a considerably later period, however, than this, the luxated bone has been put into place. Thus Smith, of the United States, reduced one dislocation of the shoulder at the seventh month, and another at ten and a half months. In the reduction of some of these old-standing dislocations, it has been proposed to 244 INJURIES OF JOINTS. divide by the subcutaneous section those muscles which appear to offer this greatest obstacle to the return of the bone. In this way Dieffenbach has suc- ceeded in reducing a dislocation of the humerus two years after its occurrence. In some cases, however, as I have more than once witnessed, this plan does not succeed, owing evidently to the existence of contractions in, and adhesions between, other tissues than the muscular, and to the changes that have taken ^ place in the articular surfaces, preventing the head of the bone being replaced or retained in its new position. Compound dislocations are amongst the most serious injuries to which the limbs can be subjected. For not only is there such exten.sive laceration of the soft parts that cover and enter into the formation of the joint, as to give rise to the most severe forms of traumatic arthritis, but the bones are often fractured, and the main vessels of the limb perhaps greatly stretched or torn. The treatment of a compound dislocation must be conducted on the same principles that guide the surgeon in the management of a wounded joint; — obtaining union if possible by the first intention, subduing inflammatory action, and letting out matter as it forms. Owing to the rupture of the ligaments and of the muscular attachments, there is usually no difficulty in the reduction, the bones being readily replaced ; but the danger consists in the destructive inflam- matory action that will be set up in the joint and limb, from the extensive injury inflicted upon them. This varies greatly, according to the size and situation ^of the joint, and the state of the soft parts. If it be small, as one of the phalangeal articulations, the dislocation may be reduced, and the parts covered with cold lint. If it be one of .the larger joints, the line of practice will vary according to other circumstances than the mere dislocation. Thus, if it be in the upper extremity, the patient being healthy, and the soft parts not very extensively contused or torn, the bones may be replaced, cold irrigation assiduously applied, and antiphlogistic treatment pursued. If there be fracture . conjoined' with the dislocation, resection should be attempted, as was success- fully practised by Hey in several cases of injury of the elbow of this descrip- tion ; but if the soft parts be greatly injured as well, and especially if the blood- vessels and nerves of the limb have suffered, amputation must be performed. In the lower extremity, amputation is more frequently necessary; in the knee, almost invariably so. Sir A. Cooper states that he knows no accident that more imperatively demands amputation than compound dislocation of this joint. Yet there are exceptions to this rule ; thus, Mr. White had a case of compound dislocation of the knee-joint in a boy, nine years of age, at the Westminster Hospital, in which he saved the limb by sawing off the condyles of the femur and reducing the bone. -In the compound dislocations of the ankle and the astragalus, an attempt should generally be made to save the limb, in the way that will be more specially pointed out when we come to treat of these injuries. After recovery from compound dislocations, the joint will remain permanently anchylosed; hence attention to position during the treatment is essentially required. In many cases, however, very good motion is ultimately obtained, thouo-h the stiffness may continue for some length of time. The complication of fracture of the shaft of one of the long bones with dis- location of its head increases considerably the difficulty of reduction. Under these circumstances, it has been recommended to consolidate the fracture first, and then to attempt the reduction. But to do this is only to defer and increase the difficulties. At least seven or eight weeks would elapse before the fracture were sufficiently firmly united to bear the requisite traction to reduce so old a dislocation, and then there would be great chance of rupture of the callu.s, and certainly extreme difficulty in the reduqtion. It therefore appears to me much safer, under all circumstances, to reduce the dislocation at once, and ai'tcrwards to treat the fracture in the ordinary way. In reducing a dislocation complicated with fracture of the shaft of the displjaced bone, the fracture must first be put SPONTANEOUS DISLOCATIONS. 245 up very firmly indeed, with wooden splints completely encasing the limb. The patient must then be put fully under the influence of chloroform, which is of the most essential service in these cases, and when the muscles are completely relaxed, extension and counter-extension being made in the usual way, the reduction may be effected. The extending means should always be applied upon the splints, so that there may be no dragging upon the fracture. In this way I reduced last winter, without any difficulty, a dislocation of the head of the humerus into the axilla, complicated with comminuted fracture of the shaft of the bone, in a remarkably muscular man to whom I was called by Mr. Byam, and about the same time I had a case of dislocated elbow, with fracture of the shaft of the humerus, under my care at the Hospital, that was reduced with ease in the same way. After the bone has been reduced the fracture can be treated without difficulty. When a simple fracture extends into the articular end of the bone, as in some dislocations about the elbow and ankle, there is no material increase in the danger of the case or in the difficulty of its management. In compound dislocation with fracture of the articular ends, removal of splinters, partial resection or amputation will be required, according to the seat and extent of injury. Spontaneous dislocations may occur either suddenly or gradually, according to the nature of the cause that gives rise to them. In many cases they result from the destruction of the joint by old disease ; the ligaments and cartilages being destroyed by suppuration, the head of the bone becomes carious and absorbed, and the articular surfaces are displaced by ordinary muscular action. This we commonly see in old cases of hip disease. There, is, however, another and more rare form of spontaneous dislocation to which the hip and shoulder are liable, and which has been especially studied by Mr. Stanley. In these dislocations the head of the bone slips out of the articulation without any very marked sign l of disease about the joint, and certainly without any previous destruction of it. In these cases there is either^ a paralytic condition of the capsular muscles, as has been observed several times in the shoulder, the deltoid having become paralyzed and thus allowed the bone to slip out of place ; or, as has been noticed in the hip, obscure rheumatic or neuralgic pains have for some time been seated in the joint. The dislocation may not be confined to one joint, but may affect several. Thus some time ago there was a case in University College Hospital, in which both shoulders and hips were dislocated spontaneously. In many cases it occurs suddenly, and often without any pain to the patient, the deformity of the limb attracting attention to the accident, though in others it has been preceded by rheumatic affection'of the joint. The treatment of these cases is not very satisfactory. Reduction in many cannot be accomplished, but in others it may be effected readily enough ; though the bone cannot be fixed in the joint, out of which it slips again. In a case of spontaneous dislocation of the hip, without any apparent disease of the joint occurring, in a young woman who was placed under my care by Mr. xVshton, I readily effected reduction by the pulleys, three weeks after the occurrence of the displacement. The limb was then fixed with the long splint, and maintained at a proper length for two or three weeks; when, m consequence of a severe bronchitic attack, it became necessary to remove the apparatus, and the displacement speedily returned. Whilst convalescent from this attack she fell and fractured the displaced femur in its upper third, thus rendering it impossible to replace the bone again. In another case of spontaneou-s dislocation of the knee, occurring in the same painless manner, the pomt could not be replaced, and permanent deformity was left. After reduction in similar cases, a splint or starched bandage should be worn for a considerable length of time, so as to give a chance for the ligaments of the joint to recover tiiemselves. If there be a rheumatic tendency, that should be removed by 246 SPECIAL DISLOCATIONS. suitable treatment, and if there be a paralytic condition of the muscles, elec- tricity, the endermic application of strychnine and cold douches with friction, may be advantageously employed. Congenital dislocations are occasionally met with in the hip, shoulder, wrist, and jaw, and have of late years attracted the attention of surgeons through the labors of Gu6rin, Smith, Chelius, Robert, and others. These dislocations are closely allied in cause and nature with other congenital deformities of the limbs, such as club-foot, &c. In them there is usually found imperfect development of some portions of the osseous articular apparatus. Whether this is so origi- nally, thus causing the displacement of the bones, or consecutive upon disuse, occasioned by spasmodic action of the one set of muscles or paralysis of an- other, dependent on some irritation in the nervous centres, is scarcely worth in- quiring here. In some cases it would appear as if faulty position of the foetas in utero, or undue violence during birth, may have occasioned the displacement. These dislocations are probably incurable, as there is always congenital defect of structure in the articular ends of the bones. CHAPTEE XVII. SPECIAL DISLOCATIONS. Dislocations or the lower jaw are of rare occurrence, and when met with are frequently occasioned by spasmodic action of its depressor muscles, — opening the mouth too widely, as in fits of laughing, of gaping, or in attempting to take too large a bite. Occasionally this accident has resulted from blows or kicks upon the chin, or from the violent strain upon the part in tooth-drawing. The mechanism of the dislocation is simple ; when the mouth is opened the inter-articular fibro-cartilage with the condyle glides forwards on to the emi- nentia articularis. If this movement be continued too far, and the external pterygoid muscle contracts forcibly at the same time, the condyle slips forward into the zygomatic fossa, the coronoid process hitching against the malar bone, the axis of the ramus being directed obliquely backwards, and the dislocation being thus complete. In this way both condyles maybe displaced, or only one. The signs of this dislocation are evident from the nature of the accident. The mouth is widely opened and cannot be closed ; deglutition and speech are impaired, the labial consonants not being pronounced ; there is dribbling of saliva over the lower lip; the chin is lengthened, and the lower line of teeth advanced before those of the upper jaw ; the cheeks are flattened, and there is a depression in front of the meatus externus. There is also an oblong promi- nence in the temporal fossa between the eye and the ear. • If the dislocation is left unreduced, the patient slowly regains some power of movement over the jaw ; he gradually approximates the lips, and, after a length of time, may even be enabled to bring the lines of teeth into apposition. When one condyle only is dislocated, the axis of the lower jaw is directed towards the opposite side to that on which the displacement exists, and the general signs arc the same, but in a less marked degree, as those that are met with when both sides are dislocated. The hollow before tlie meatus on the injured side is, however, well marked, and serves to point out the seat and nature of the displacement, the diagnosis of which is not always readily made ; indeed, R. W. Smith states that he has seen attempts at reduction applied to the uninjured side. DISLOCATIONS OF THE CLAVICLE. 247 Sir A. Cooper has described a sithhixation of the jaw, which is most fre- quently met with in young and delicate women, in which the head of the bone appears to slip before the interarticular cartilage, so as to prevent the mouth being closed. Most commonly the natural efforts of the part are sufficient to return the head of the bone into the glenoid cavity with a loud snap, or a cracking noise.
42,305
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58896676
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223
459
How to pass multiline text to a command in a parameter? There is a command node /somejs.js arg1 arg2 arg3 How to pass multiline text in arg1? T. to.to have: node /somejs.js "Some kind of\nmulti-line\ntext" arg2 arg3 When I transmit this, the \n characters appear in the variable in the js script, rather than line breaks. Thank. (Sorry for my English, I'm using google translator) Bash has a -e option. You can do things like echo -e "GET /index.html HTTP 1.1\r\n Host: example.com\r\n...". I don't know what Node.js offers, though. echo has a -e. Bash does too, but it's a totally different meaning. @Daniel - My bad, I meant echo. Doh... In bash you can use $'...' expansion to interpret \n sequence as a newline. node /somejs.js $'Some kind of\nmulti-line\ntext' arg2 arg3 or node /somejs.js "Some kind of"$'\n'"multi-line"$'\n'"text" arg2 arg3 A parameter can be enquoted to support newlines: $ echo "hi, > world" hi, world Just in case you think that's some sort of echoism, his python example makes the mechanics really explicit: $ python -c "from sys import argv; print(argv); print(argv[-1])" "multiline string works fine as enquoted parameter" ['-c', 'multiline \nstring\nworks\nfine\nas\nenquoted\nparameter'] multiline string works fine as enquoted parameter Note the python represents newlines in strings with the \n too, which is why I went ahead and printed the last parameter as well.
14,265
https://github.com/lalmeida89/test-fb/blob/master/config/database.js
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Open Source
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null
test-fb
lalmeida89
JavaScript
Code
17
112
// config/database.js console.log('hello') module.exports = { //'url' : 'mongodb://localhost/passport' // looks like mongodb://<user>:<pass>@mongo.onmodulus.net:27017/Mikha4ot 'url' : 'mongodb://mongoblog:mongoblog@ds241677.mlab.com:41677/blogpostmongoose' };
46,770
bpt6k61248267_1
French-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
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Bulletin officiel du Ministère de l'intérieur
None
French
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7,587
15,945
-.'•M* 8.: Publication mensuelle. Prié;, avec Ù« Atolëxé; militaire: »j pour: lés Maires, 5; feânes par a», BULLETIN QEHGIEL' DU MINISTÈRE DE L'INTÉRIEUR SOMMAIRE. ..■■', LOIS -El-DECRETS. Ovi'ets d'ouvriers.-—Abrogation de la législation antérieure (2 juil• let 1890)-... ....„&gt;;.,.;U-...v » :■&gt; ! •:•-,.•. :• • ■ ■ ■ • ,-'• • ■ v ■ ■ • • ■ • -• '-■•&gt;■ ^-62 Siboiéth— Visite médicale des .voyageurs Tenant d'Espagne (2 juillet). 163 &lt; Chpiéca':'..-+Algérie. :%Interdictioji des fruits etMégurnes. venant, d'Espagne (lor juillet).......................: :....' .. 16é Personïiel administratif. -^ Nomination (9 juillet)... .* ...164tégion ...164tégion — Nomination (2 .juillet)..:. .'.. 16"7 Conseils d'arrondissement. .-^Convocation en 1890 (23 juillet).. "168 Conseils .de préfecture.— Vice-présidents : nominations (25 juillet) 168 CIRCULAIRES ET INSTRUCTIONS. Armée. — Soutiens.-de famille, Dispense -d'exercices-,militaires. Instrucr tion des demandes (19 juillet)....;..... .............................. : 168 GSisss.e. — Ouverture en 1890 (22 juillet). 1*72 Caisse des dépôts et consignations. —Prêts aux départements et communes, conditions (2£ juillet)....,....... .— 173. aliénés, -r-Asiles,.;contrôle de la perception.des.droits sur.les bois-r sons livrées dans "ces.établissements. (âl.juillet) ....,...&gt;,,..,.,....,, -17i -, ANNEXE ..... '' MINISTÈRE DE L'AGRICULTURE. . ' Médailles d'Itoïieeoer agi-icoïes.,.^Distributions semestrielles... Conditions, instructions.;^ juillet).'.,,.• • »• • .•................. •. • • «'••■■ •"•■•'■ 136 JURISPRUDENCE. , ' .""' CONSEIL D'ÉTAT. Kaîre,—Acceptation des fonctions.; révocation;, recours, pour;excès.;. de-pouvoir; (28 mars)............,... ',,.............,.......,.........." .138 Conseil municipale,:—Délibération .^validité; présence delà "majorité": des membres; (9, mai)......... ; ... 18,0 Eoliçe. Biiinicipale. r^..iir-.iâ-.prp.ximité'd^un;.viliage-;:-pQuyoirs..dU.: préfet et du mairej,(B.3 .mai)....,..,..,.,.,,,.... ,.,...,.,.., .^.,...........;.«, 1,81 BULL. INT. — 1890. U -;• ■■ :-".■■ .-" içïeg) î?ont ànéage. — Commissions de rachat ; procédure (£3 mai)...... -igg SBmsisiï Binnïeipal» ;^-ta dè-l'ad. ., ;.ininistT.atian.., Appréciation.des .actes du.ministre, de l'intérieur,et d'.uri. . sous-préfèt J27 juin)..............-................ i.... ..^.......... 183 .Éclairage municipal, --■Obligations du concessionnaire en cas de . ' ;. fête publique (il juillet),..^^.. .,„........................................ 184 ' ". ■-.: TfilBUSAL CIVIL DËriA "SEINE. Chemins de fer. — Camionnage ; accident; responsabilité (21 mai). .184 Sépulture. -^ Tombeau de fara'iue. .Droit des héritiers à une exhumation (3 juin) :........................-......:...... v......... '..'»" "18S. Police municipale. —Feu d'artifice; fête publique; accident ; responsabilitéi-àWla «ommune-(9 juin).....;.........,..,.-......-.,"......'..-. 185 CONSEIL DE PREFECTURE-DE L'ALLIER. , Ticinàlité. +Chemin-; classement ,• anticipation,; absence d'alignement . ; (7^3^)...^;.,.^..'...^.^....^"..u...v.-.-....v..."...„..^ i'/.-._.;-._.;_."-".j.8'6"' Eclairage-inunicîpaÇV^^ohce'ssion antérieure"; autorisation aune '::'. . société rivale.-Dommages^inlérêts (2 avril)... :...........:.',,,. '..,. .186 '•'." • BIBLIOGRAPHIE. -.. '.; GoJisëîis ■ de'p'reféetïtrê. '-—Jurisprudence'et législation'aflniihis-'tratives par.l/éon ^Garnieret-PâulDàuvërt;. iïi-.-.-. .-.;.-......-.,.■.:,...". "188 ^0IS:Eï:;©ÉiMTS.: , LOI "ayànlpour objet dfatroger^e^MsposUidnsTelatwes aux îivrèts ; ;.■ ;-;--■'; ■ -■ • • '■; ' ; • ■ B'oMWîm^imlïet^SQ),',.;, . '' v: ...:.: ■ ■: """;Ar-t;' -1^. — -Sont abrogés : ,îa lei du 22 Juin i8oi; ie.décret du .,,30 "'avril1855, là loi dû -M mai 1851, l'article-12 dudécret du "'13 février '1852;'suï'lës obligâiions des travailleurs aux colonies . et toutes les autres dispositions .de lois ou décrets relatifs aux. . livrets d'ouvriers. ..... ; .."....._..-:. Néanmoins, continueront à être exécutés : les dispositions de la, lof du 18" -mars 1806 sur les livrets d'acquit dé la fabrique, de •iyonV'ceflfis•'de/^âlbl^dU'T.MàtB■■i'85{)'è^irieS'liv^et■s-'4è compte pour lé; tissage etlebobinage,-e"tïarticle 10 de la loi du 19mai 1874 relatif aux livrets.des enfants et.des filles mineures, employés dans . l'industrie, lequel sera.applicable aux enfants etaux'fiUes mineures employés -comme apprentis ;oa':autrement. : "•: .'-.' Art.'.'2.. '—;L6:;coMr.atvde louage ;d'ouvfa^e,,entre lés.Chefs Ou directeurs,,des;,établissements.;.industriels ;et leurs ;Ouv.rier%est . soumis aux règles du droit-commun-et peut-être constaté dansles ïor.m'e's "qu'it convient -aux parties.-contractarites "d'adopter^ ; ■"..■{•■'ifiS'-y;. .-'' Géttenaturedémontrâtest^ exempte deiimbre,;et;d'enregistrée ih'e.BtP" "'■'■' . :.7."-""'"' ■ ";'''"Ârtî: ;3i —-;Toûtè ; personne .qui engagé' sesservices; peuijuà l'expiration; dù^-côntrat, exiger dé celuiji qui illësa loués,'sious ■péïhè de dommages et intérêts, un certificat contenant exclusivement la date de sori entrée, «elle de sa sortie et l'espèce de travail auquelelle a ét&amp;employée. Ge certificat est. exempt de .timbre et; d'enregistrement. DËGRETrelaUfàlavisitemédicalectes voyageurs venant-d'Espagne (2 juillet 189.0). .'■' ";' Le Présidèntude: la République française, r Vu la loi du. ÊI; mars 1822 sur la police sanitaire, et notamment . l'article 11, ainsi/conçu : « Sera p;ini;d;un.ën)prisjonnement,de..trois à quinze jours et.d'une amende dé 3 à 5Q francs quiconque, sans avoir commis aucun des délits qui viennent d'être spécifiés, aurait contrevenu^ en malière; sanitaire, aux règlements généraux ou locaux, aux'ordres des autorités cooipétentes »:; Vu les décrets des 18;et,28 juin; 1890. relatifs aux déclarations auxquelles; sont astreints les voyageurs venant a'Ë-pa.gne;èt lespersonnes qui les reçoivent ;, JDécrèie: -''.'" : Art. l£r.— Tout maire; auquel aura, été faite la déclaration d'arrivée dans sa commune d'un voyageur venant d'Espagne devra faire visiter ce voyageur par un médecin désigné à cet eï-fet, ■pendant un délai de cinq jours au minimum, à partir du jour de l'entrée de ce voyageur en France. En cas d'impossibilité,, il devra en référer au préfet ou au sous-préfet par les voies les plus rapides. Art. 2. — Toute personne, venant d'Espagne est tenue de subir pendant cinq jours au moins, à partir dé son entrée.en France, la visite du médecin désigné à cet effet., Celles qui viendraient à se rendre;dans une nouvelle commune avant; l'expiration, de ce délai sont tenues de.faire une.nouvelle déclaration conforme à celle prescrite par le, décret du IS/juin, ' Art. 3.— Toute personne venant d'Espagne, et empêchée.; paru» motif quelconque de se rendre dans la commune désignée par elle, aux autorités sanitaires à la frontière est tenue,, dans les; douze 'heures de son arrivée, de lé déclarer au maire.de. la commune, où elle s'arrête. Le maire fera procéder à la, visite médicale prescrite par l'article 1er du.présent décret. ; ~ ' '" Art. A. — Les infractions aux dispositions qui précèdent seront poursuivies -conformément à lâloidu"3 marsl 822. ';.;"."."' ; Art.. 5. — Les autorités sanitaires, constituées en; exécution de là loi du 3 maïs 1822, anLérieuremeht au présent décret, les préfets, les. maires, les commissaires^ lès' commissaires de police, lès commissaires de surveillance, administrative,, les, agents , des douanes etgénéralémenf tpus.lès ;agents;de la; force pyblique, sont délégués, chacun dans lés limites de sa^circonscription, pouras;surerInexécution du;présent décîét;. DÉCRET rendant exécutoire -en Algérie-le décretâuiS juin 189.0 sui l'importation eh France des fruits et légumes venant d'Espagne (1er juillet 1890). Le Président de la République française, Vu la loi du 3 mars 1822; " " Vu ledécret du 18 juin .18.90 portant interdiction-jusqu'à nouvel ordre de l'importation, d^Espagne en France, par les .frontières de terreef dé mer, des fruits 1 et. légumes .poussant dans le soi pu,à-, niveau du sol; ; ' Décrète ; ' Art. 1er. — Le décret du 18 juin 1890;susyisé est exécutoire en Algérie et y sera promulgué^, cet effet. ..-■ ' . ;. Art. 2.' '•—Lé ministre dé l'intérieur et ïe;gouVerneur.géné.ral Civirdèl'Mgérie sont chargés, etc. .. DÉCRET nommatit des sous-préfefs, des secrétaires généraux;, et des conseillers de préfecture (9 juillet1890).. M. Marbot,.sous-préfet de Saint-Flour, 'est nommé sous-préfet d'Aubusson (Creuse), en.remplacement de M.'Marserou, nommé; sous-préfet de Saint-Flpur. ".'..''.; M. Marserou; s'ous-préfet d'Aubusson; est .nommé soiïs-préfèt de Saint-Flour (Cantal), en remplacement de M. Marbot, nommé sous-préfet d'Aubusson. -• M. Bouniols, sous-préfet;de Saint-Pons, est nommé sous-préfet de Lavaur'(Tarn), en remplacement de M. Maréchal, admis à faire valoir ses droits à la retraite et nommé sous-préfet honoraire. M! Bois, sous-préfet de Prades, estriommé sous-préfet de SaintPons (Hérault), en remplacement de M. Bouniols, nommé sons-? préfet de' Lavaùr. '"''M; Perraud, secrétaire généraldes Basses^Alpes, est nommé sous-préfet de Prades (Pyréhées-Ôrientaïes), en remplacement de Iu7 Bois, nommésous-préfet'-.de Sàiiit-Pons.. . ' M. Thibonneau, sous-préfet de Gi.eh, 'est -nomnié secrétaire général de la préfecture: dêTAube,; en remplacement de M. Duboy, mis en' disponibilité" sur sa demande, .' "'. "" M. Rosapelly,' sous-préfet deiBaume-les^-Dames, est nommé sous ; ('163 )" " préfet de G-i'en (Loiret), en remplacement de M. Thibonneau, nommé secrétaire général-de l'Aube. M. Combes, sous-préfet de Castélnaudary, est nommé sous-préfet de Châtillon-sûr-Seine (Côte-d'Or), en remplacement de M.. Coutaud, nommé sous-préfet de Baume-les-Dames. M. Coutaud, sous-préfet de Ghâli!lon-sur-Seine, est nommé soûs" préfet de Baume-les-Dames (Doubs), en remplacement de M. Rosapelly, nommé sous-préfet de Gien. M". Chapron, sous-préfet de Sisteron, est nommé sous-préfet de Limoux (Aude), en remplacement de M. Flamens, nommé secrétaire général des Basses-Alpes. M. Flamens, sous-préfe't de Limoux, est nommé secrétaire général de la préfecture des Basses-Alpes, en remplacement de M. Perraud, nommé sous-préfet de Prades. t M. Reynard, sous-préfet de Sainl-Yrieix, est nommé sous-préfe dé Vassy (Haute-Marne), en remplacement de M. Wn'pîér, décédé. M.Brouillet, conseiller de préfecture du Rhône, es_t nommé souspréfet de Château-Chinon (Nièvre), en remplacement de M. Gérbaud. M. Lonjon, conseiller de préfecture de l'Hérault, est nommé secrétaire général de la préfecture de f arn-et-Garonne, en remplacement de M. Boudet, mis en disponibilité sur sa demande. M. Sabail, conseiller de préfecture de Tarii-et-Gâronne, est nommé sous-préfet de Castelsarrasin (même département), en remplacement de M. Codet, mis en disponibilité sur sa demande. M. Dupré (Jacques), licencié endroit, es! no'mmé so'us--préïet de Gastelnaudary (Aude), en remplacement de M. Gômbës, nommé sous-préfet de Chàtillon-sur-Seine. "M. Tréponl (Félix), licencié en droit, ancien attaché au cabinet du sous-secrétaire d'Etat au ministère de l'intérieur, est nommé sous-préfet de Calvi (Corse), en remplacement de M. Serres, mis en disponibilité sur sa demande. M. Tourné (François-Xavier), ancien officier, est nommé sousprefet de Siste'ron (Basses-Alpes), en remplacement de M. Chapron, nommé sous-préfet de Limoux. M. Delavaud-Dumonteil, ancien chef de cabinet de préfet, ancien attaché au ministère de l'intérieur, est nommé sous-préfet de SaintYrïeix (Haute-Vienne), en remplacement de M. Reynard, nommé sous-préfet de Vassy. M. Pain, conseiller de préfecture du Nord, est nommé conseiller de préfecture du Rhône, en remplacement de M. Brouillet, nommé sous-préfet de Château-Chinon. M. Meignan, conseiller de préfecture du Calvados, est nommé conseiller de préfecture du Nord, en remplacement de M. Pain, nommé conseiller de préfecture"du Rhône. M. Roudaud, conseiller de préfecture de la SOT me, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Loire, en remplacement de M. Bilet, mis en disponibilité. ( 166.)' M, Galdié, conseiller de .préfecture du territoire de Belfort, "est -mômmé conseiller-^ M. Lonjon, nommé secrétaire général de Tarn^et-Gâronhe. M. Caladou, conseiller de préfecture de la Manche,, est nommé, conseiller de préfecture de Vaucluse, en remplacement de M. Abord/ décédé. M.:Bartplij conseiller de préfecture des Côtesidu-Nord,:est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Savoie, enremplacement deM^Pochet, mis en disponibilité. ;M. Dorian, vice-président du conseiide préfecture de la Nièvre/ -est nommé conseiller de préfecture de là Somme, en remplacement de M. Roudaud, nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Loire. '■■'■" M. Albert,, conseiller de préfecture en disponibilité, est nommé, conseiller de préfecture de la Savoie, en remplacement de^M. Cai-; _ irol, appelé à b'autres fonctions.; -_ ^ :._ — ^ _ . , L". -1.'-" ,M.-, L'Hèrmittè, -conseiller de préfecture Kd'Eufe^et-Lôir, ^est, iriommé conseiller de préfecture du Calvados, en.remplacement de M, Meignan,; nommé conseiller de préfécturedu NordM. NordM. vais, conseiller. de préfecture delà Gorrèze,; est ; ;nommé . 'Conseiller de préfecture dé la Manche,:en remplacement de M.Ca-, ;ladou, iiommé conseilleride^préfecture de Vaucluse.. M. -Cbllier, conseiller de préfecture de Loir-et-Cher,.est-nommé ■conseiller de préfecture delà Vienne, en remplacement de M&gt; Chausisâde, précédemment'.'appelé:à d'autres fonctions. . ■"--•■■: -:M.;;;Lagpaf dette, ;conseilIerdeprëfectui'e de la;Drômê,;ést;nommé, conseiller deVpréfeeturede l'Isère, en remplacement de M, Arlin,V mis en disponibilité sur sa demande. . . ;-^:.% M. Belorgey, conseiller de préfecture de l'Orne,est /nommé conseiller-de préfecture des Côtes-du-Nord, en remplacement de, M.'Bartoli, nommé conseiller de préfecture delà Savoie. : M./Beshier' (Léon), licencié en drplt&gt; ancien-chef de çabnvet de? rprèïê.t^est.:''h0rnmërGanseiner de: préfecture du territoire de Belfort, ■ëh rèmplàcemèn'tideM. Galdié, nômmë-bonseillèrdè'pTëîécturède, l'Hérault. M..Gallais, conseiller de pré lecture, de l'Aube, est nommé con= seiller depréfecture de la Creuse,en remplacement de M. Vérelst, : enommé conseillerïde préfecture de Loir-et-Cher. M. Gâiiléton, conseiller de préfecture de la Haute-Saône, est î.aommé conseiller de préfecture d'Orars, eriremplaeement sde M.; Horoy, admis, sursa demande, .à faire valoir ses droits.à la;, vrétràite et nommé conseiller de préfecture honoraire. :M. ; Vérelst, jconséi'Her de préfecture de la Creuse,, est nommé ; ^conseiller de préfecture de Loir-et-Gher, en remplacement de ; ^.'Collier, nommé conseiïlerde préfecture déîla Vienne.. : . i ■ M^Maîtrejeanj conseillej de préfec cpnsèMerMeipréfecturede, rAubeirent^placemehtdeM.-G!àllais,h nommé conseillerde préfecture de la Creuse. .., .: ; ( 167 ) M. Oudoul (François-Henri),avocat, est nommé conseiller de préfeçture d'Eure-et-Loir, en remplacement de M.. L'Hermitte, nommé conseiller de préfecture du Calvados. "'. - ■M. Desbros"ses'{Paul-Charles),' licencié en droit, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de l'Orne, en remplacement de M. Belorgey, nommé conseiller de préfecture des Côtes-du-Nord. M. Icard (Jean-Baptiste), avocat, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Drôme, en remplacement de M. Lagoardette," nommé conseiller de préfecture de l'Isère. M. Théaux (André), licencié en droit, est nommé conseiller de. préfecture de la Corrèze, en remplacement de M. Rivais, nommé" conseiller de préfecture de la Manche-. M. Guillet (Georges), licencié en droit, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Creuse, en remplacement de M. Lefèvre, mis endisponibilité sur sa demande. M. Cailleaux (Paul), licencié en droit, est nommé conseiller de préfecture des Hautes-Alpes, en remplacement de M. Cassanhol, mis en disponibilité. _. M. Moussot (Elie), licencié endroit, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de Tam-et-Garonne, en remplacement de M. Sabail, nommé sous-préfet de Gastelsarrasin. M. Dinago (François), avocat, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Haute-Saône, en remplacement de M. Gailleton, nommé conseiller de préfecture d'Oran-. M. Mesrine (Fernand), licencié en droit, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Vendée, en remplacement de M. Maîtrejean, nommé conseiller de préfecture de l'Aube. M. Sander-Rang (Auguste-Alexandre), avocat, est nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Nièvre, en remplacement de M. Dorianj nommé conseiller de préfecture de la Somme. M. Ranvoy (Antoine-Louis-Joseph), licencié en droit, estnc-mmé conseillerde préfecture des Vosges, en remplacement de M. Otten• heimer, précédemment nommé secrétaire général de l'Allier. " , '-LÉSION D'HONNEUR, "-'..; Par décret du 2 juillet 1890:, .. ; ; M. Nathan-Picard (Charles), vice-président de. -la; commission. administrative dubureau, de bienfaisance de 'Nancy (Meurthe-eV, Mpseiîe), a esté.nommé chevalier de l'ordre riational.de la Légion/ d^honneur;;. administrateur,-puis vice-président' du..bureau.de. Menfaisance de Nancy depuis ; 1,865/Membre,,puis viçe-présidëht. de la cliambre de commerce de: cette ville depuis 1872; 25-ans; de/ services; A réalisé d'importantes réformes dans le sErvice des,, secours, à domicile. " „ ; .;-■-* '•;//•'■:' '/"■'--«168"^" •• ■/;_ ■•-'•. DÉGRÉT-côn^o^Mû les conseilsy &amp;aïtoWissÉlmenf 'éfr-keàsiùii,; --■ '-àexeêpU:;Cèux:deMSeiive eï&amp;lâ'Gor&amp;l%3 juillet; 1890); '•;;. ^Aflfc.lCT. '4: tescôïïsêiîs^d'^rbndisse pobr la première partie de leur session dont la durée est fixée a trois jours... ;;; ;;//: ' , ; lia se rëùnirbnllêSâ Sëptëto leur session qui rie pourra durer plusidë bïnq jours. V '.'.;. Art 2. -Il .sera statué.;par un'décret particulier 'ëïr.bë : qui ;cbnCerbelesdepâ;rten^ delà'Corse.; ■-"■:' : ; DÉCRET Msignarit les -corvsëïïlers de préfecture pour rwhpUr en ",1890'îës fonctions lievice-président :dahs leurs âëparteinents '^juillet 1890). ; ,;•.:::; '/;/-;/-. -~;- :; MM. More.au (Hautes-Alpes). ; :;3umbulinï(NÏèVrê). /'■'■./'. -Frânéiërës;(S'avbie). , ■ ■■;■ / Charmes ^Tam-étGaronne). ; :Lbms5hè|Vcisgês). !-(M miMMmm -mmmiBîSms^ '"'.'• ; / CllReÛLAiRi.; . ;-;..".-'/ . ' ' ~i)itïi'dtîotl^e;3'M&amp;1iii#tï'ïti(Al' 'âépartemë'ntâîe et Communale. '— , -■■-'•'■} '"•■/ '" . Ubr ;Buréaii, :,,'.;/,,.,',.,./„ ) Procédure à suivre pour l'instruction dés demandes de dispense des périodes d'exercices à,titre.dosoùtiejl de famille. ; '•'."-.'."/-'•• ""-"; "-; ""-• '' . ---•"-__■.' Paris,; le 19 juillet Ï89Ô, •"'. -/fflonsieirîb Pïeîet,iàlol du 15 juillet' f889 ;(art;.: 1$) permet d'accorder annuellement;$iïf leur demande.,; aux fiôtûrûbs-de là réserve Ou de l'armtë territoriale convoqués |)oar; des périodes ffexërelcës et :doniïcÏÏiësèànklà stibdivisiôn^lorsqullsTeîHi^ssëîit;. ,ê1fêçtlvembnUes,deYbirs^^ des 'dispenses-jnsio^'àrçoWîurrencë de l&gt;^0/0^pômbrédes%ommés ,à.ppeiés:moffieniMéme;nt sonsles'drapéatïx. ;. : " '•: " Ces dispenses ne créent point aux hommes une situation parti*» €ulière ; elles n'ont aucun caractère permanent et ne sont valables TÎ8Ô) que pour la convocation en vue de laquelle elles ont été délivrées. Elles sont concédées, sans que l'on ait à tenir compte de la position antérieure de l'homme au point de vue du recrutement. Elles ne constituent pas non plus des ajournements, et l'homme ainsi dispensé ne doit pas être rappelé l'année suivante : Les dispenses ne doivent porter que sur les membres des familles qui se trouveraient privés de moyens d'existence, par suite du départ de l'homme appelé. La direction d'un établissement, d'une usine, d'une maison de commerce, etc la maladie ou la mort d'un parent ne sauraient motiver d'autre mesure qu'un ajournement. Les demandes de dispense sont remisesau Maire de la commune du domicile, qui en donne récépissé. Elles sont accompagnées : 1° d'un relevé des Contributions payées par la famille, certifié par le percepteur. Ce relevé indique non seulement les contributions payées par les ascendants, mais 'encore celles qui sont à la charge du postulant et de sa femme, s'il est marié; 2° d'un avis motivé de trois pères de famille résidant dans la commune et ayant un fils sous les drapeaux ou, à défaut, dans la réserve de l'armée active et jouissant de leurs droits civils et politiques. Cet avis est consigné sur un certificat dit n°5 bis dontle modèle est annexé à la présente circulaire. Lorsqu'à défaut de pères ayant un fils sous les drapeaux, on à ; /recours au témoignage de pères de famille dont le fils est classé■■■_ dans la réserve de l'armée activé, celui-ci doit, autant que possiblej, appartenir aux classes convoquées dans le courant de l'année. Sil'hommea changé de résidence, il remet ou envoie sa demande au Maire de la Commune du domicile. Le Maire soumet les demandes au Conseil municipal qui émet un avis motivé.. Le Maire dresse ensuite une liste de -tous les hommes ayant demandé une dispense ; il y porte l'avis motivé du Conseil municipal et l'envoie, au plus tard, quinze jours avant la date fixée pour la convocation, avec les dossiers de demandas de dispensé, au général commandant la subdivision qui accorde les dispenses par armes, dans la proportion indiquée ci-dessus (60/0). Lorsque, dans certaines armes, le nombre des demandes est inférieur à 6 0/0/le général peut reporter sur d'autres armes ôù ont été signalées, en plus grand nombre, des situations de nature à justifier la concession, de dispense, le bénéfice de ces différences, de façon à atteindre, s'il y a lieu, sansle dépasser, le chiffre total de 6 0/0 sur l'ensemble de la subdivision. . Il fait connaître au commandant de recrutement le nom des hommes auxquels la dispense est accordée, et cet officier en informe les intéressés par une note de service. '■'"-■'.' &lt;4'70|" Les demandes.de dispense formées par les réservistes de l'armée, demer sont:transmises,vparles;:généraux;.commandant lessubdivii ;sioris,vBux/Préfets:marifimes;qui statuent. '-■■■■_.-■'-.. M.le Président du Conseil, Ministrede la Guerre, en me transe mettant ces indications, m'a exprimé le désir de les voir porter à la connaissance des Maires de votre département .,par la voie du Recueil des actes administratifs. /•"-.;.■;. Je vous prie, Monsieur le Préfet, de vouloir bien faire, faire cette insertion. Il importe, en; effet, que les:populations:soient avisées delà marche à suivre pour profiter desintentions bienveil-; lantes du législateur Vous veillerez notamment à ce que les conseils municipaux se réunissent en temps utile, afin de d'émettre sur chaque demande de dispense l'avis motivé qu'ils sont ; appelés/ à formuler aux termes de la loi. ,■.. .;Recevez,etç.;,_■_-.■ /._■■---..-^ J :--'■■.-;-,-,,-/-.,:;-.-■■_■-&gt;--.■ ;/' Le Conseiller d^Êtat, Dweetëur ^ ... ' ; de l'administration départementale et Communale:, "■'-.. .-.. ' ::: -■■"-. .'-; BOUFFET. .; . ' 'l'jU«I.EAt;c; ■.-£*3fe#;/ rtiûcat-dit n° 5 b:s DËPARTÈMÈNÏ; CANTON COMMUNE d'un réserviste on l'un homme de l'arnée territoriale. Nom.du maire. Noms et prénoms les troistémoins(A) l'armée active es .'armée active et de sa réserve. 'Nom et prénoms lu-réclamant. Indîs-pehsaMë soutien -de %afamille. ARTICLE. 187.... "■" de l'instruction .ministérielle du"28 décembre:lS79 (édition retondue) ." MODELE w 43. Nous soussigné. (?) .-;.-.. maire de la commune de assisté des sieurs (3) : pères de fils faisant partie de (4) certifions conjointement et sous notre responsabilité personnelle que le sieur soldat de la classe de 18 , du canton d "département d est l'unique et indispensable indispensable de sa famille, 'qui-est composée comme il est dit ci-dessous et dont les ressources sont indiquées au tableau suivant: NOMS ET PRÉVOUS INFIRMITÉS OBSERVATIONS DE LA TESIHE, DEGRÉ . ~n PliOFFS°U es enfants du réclamant je „j On indique les eirconslarces et des ascendants SEXE. SION. l'empèsent particulières qui Tendent le j ,J ... réclamant indispensable à sa dor.1 il est le soutien. PASECTE. do travailler. famîlle f .'.-'. ' "' -: r . a ' -'/ . ' ' .Certifie véritable;pàr.no'us, Maire, et;-ténïpins susnommés.: ; , •■ A .' ... ■'.. le ' , .188-. -■ (Signature des témoins.) (Signature au maire.) » NOTA. — Les trois signataires'flucertificat a» 5 bis doivent être përès de famille résidant dans , commune et ayant un Dis sous les à drapeaux on, défaut, dans la réserve de l'armée active, et jouissant leurs droits civils et politiques. Lorsque, à défaut défères de famille ayant un fils sous les drapeaux, doit avoir recours au -témoignage -de pères de famille ayant un lils dans la réserve de l'armée active, s derniers doivent, autant que possible, être pères de fils appartenant aux classes convoquées au. urant de l'année. r //CIRCULAIRE.;. . ; Direction; de la sûreté générale.-^-3^ Bureau. Policé de la chasse. — Ouverture de 1890. Paris,, le 22 juillet 1890. : Monsieur; le Préfet, je vous prie de vouloir bien me transmettre vos propositioïïs pour la prochaine ouverture de la châsse.. Ainsi que vous le savez, depuis plusieurs, années mon département a; reconnu l%tî!ite d'adopter: une date unique d'ouverture pour les départements dont l'état des récoltes et le climat se trôii.vent.dans'.deffçonditions identiques'.. .':.■_ -Cette .combinaison présente le doublé* avantage" de "mettreobs-tade auvbraeo;nn'age', de prévenir les; concentrations de cbasseurset d'empêcher ainsi, dans lamesure dupossible,la. destruction, dit gibier jlbntï se plaignent les principales sociétés de chasseurs; . Ellei'.s'ijïpdsb 1 donc daiis Fintérêt même des départements appartenant à;une■ régiorivayaïrtdes besoins généraux de merne,nature,, et ji'estfme' qji?em présenGe;desrésultats .satisfaisants obtenus.:,, iîly libu; de la màinfenite; ' -;:: "-.,""-..■ ": -'-.;"•■ -, Vous aurez donC;Sûin,,âvantid'êmettrevos propositions et après; vous être entouré de tous les renseignements nécessaires, de vousconcerter avec vos collègues des; départements circonvoisîns, en vue de déterminer la date la plus convenable pour l'ouverture dont il s'agit. Je crois devoir ajouter qu'aucune modification ne me paraît devoir, être apportée aux instructions qu-un de mes prédécesseurs vous a adressées le 12 décembre 1887, en ce qui con^cerne les mesures à prendre pour'la conservation de diverses espèces".de. gibieret pour la prohibition de certains engins desiruc"teurs.'■ ■ Votre arrêté devant être publié au moins dix jours avant la date fixée pour l'ouverture, vous voudrez bien me faire parvenir votre projet d'arrêtéj en double exemplaire, assez tôt pour me permettre de.vous présenter' lèsobservationsquepoiirraient' comporter vos propositions. Reçevezj etc. .;. "'.-.'' Le Conseiller d'Etat, Directeur delà Sûreté générale, /; ; -ÇA-ZEIiLES;, ':.. ' 'GlRCEtArRE;' -'"-' '-'""'■ ■ : Direction de l'Administration départeinentale et communale. 3? Bureau ■ Conditions des prêts do la Caisse des Dépôts, et Consignations. Paris, le 24 juillet 1890. Monsieur le préfet, M; le Directeur général de la Caissedes dépôts-et consignations m'informe qtie son administration vient de-transformer, en "le.;;simbj.if|arit,' le, mode de Réalisation': et de remboursement des prêtsconséntis par la Caisse aux départements, aux communes et aux btablissèmentscpublicsy^etde' modifier les conditions de ces prêts. . A 1-avenir, les contrats.d'emprunts résultërontd'âctes sous seing privé, dressés entre les parties contractantes. Lés engagements des emprunteurs né seront plue constatés parla souscriptionde valeurs payables à l'ordre du caissier général dé la Gaisse'des: dépôts. Il en résulte que les,,frais; accessoires-de timbre se. trouveront supprimés. et que les emprunteurs seront, sur leur ;demandé,;autorisés à se libérer dans les départements,. D emprunts pourront être réalisés par fractions, daps le délai d'une année, ;et non pMs'ea une seule fois, et; il sera:tenu compte; àiix emprunteurs, pour lessommes'rtori réalisées da.nsle délai imparti, d'un intérêt égal;à celui du prêt.;;." '/""':-', Enfin, la :Gaisse;des dépôts; et consignations admet-désormais .les remboursements par anticipation, moyennant le payement d'une indemmité de 0 fr. 56 0/0da: capital restant à rembourser. : En ce qui concerne les conditions .des; emprunts^..la Caisse porte. de 20 à 25 ans le délai maximum dé' remboursement de ses avances, et elle en fixe les intérêts aux taux, suivants :. 4 0/0, pour; les emprunts remboursables en 12 ans bu moins del2ans; '.'•'•.■"' : • 4 fr. 20, ,0/0 pour les emprunts remboursables dans,Un.; délai ded25à;25cans/r :/ '.■■"/■'■ ';'"'-V''V'/.■■/.• ..'■ '"'■'" Je vous prie de porter ces dispositions à -làconnaissance'des administrations municipales de votre département, et de m'àceuser réception de la présente circulaire. Recevez, ;etc.; .,;....; Le Conseiller d'État, Directeur, BOUFFET. fin) Direction de l'Assistance et:de l'hygiène publiques. — 1er Burean. AfTaif-cs .générales. — Asilespublics ■ d'aliénés, et dépôts: do/.'mendicité.: sContrôlé de la perception des droits sur les boissons livrées dans ces établissements.. • Paris,, le 31 juillet 1890. ' Monsieur le,Préfet, -:. Ulnspectiongénéraledesfinances etleservice dès Contributions .indirectes ayant été amenés a constater, ;à diverses reprises,, que de fortes /quantités de vinset d'alcools;ont été/livrées, en fraude ,-desdroits,;a certains, établissements publics par. les adjudicataires. desfourniture.SjM. le.Ministre des,finances:a"exprimele désir que -dès "mesurésf/fussentprisèspoursauvegarder;.lesintérê.ts,.du Trésor. ' Dans ce butet après entente avec mon collègue,ibaété convenu .-qu'en ce; qui concerne les asiles publics d'aliénés et/les .dépôts'de .mendicité il sera fourni dorénavant, à la.fin de chaque trimestre, &lt;au Directeur des. Contributions indireetesdu département,le relevé jdétaillé des livraisons de boissons faites à chaque établissement par les fournisseurs pendant ce trimestre. Afin que,ce relevé soit présente dans une forme identique par tous lès établissements il bonviendra-de le. faire.idressef suivant le /modèle, ci-après,qui-a été: préparé par. le département des finances; , -. Je vous prie d'adresser dans ce. but; les instructions nécessaires au Directeur;de., -. / et; de veiller à ..ce qu'elles Soient ponctuellement exécutées.' : . ;. , :":; : "■ D'autre part, M. .leMinistre des finances estime qu'ilcon viendrait de recourir à un Lsecond moyen d/e, contrôle consistant dans la production par les comptables, à l'appui de.leurs.comptesde gestion des quittances ou autres expéditions delà" Régieayant duaccomr pagnerles boissons. Cette innovation semblerait ne présenter que dés avantages ; je tiendrais cependant à savoir si vous n?y verriez aucune objection de;principe ou de fait. Je;vous.recommande" de me faire connaître d'urgence votre sentiment sur la question dans; un rapport; portant l'émargement ci-contre. . ; Recevez, etc. ".-■ .-;■"-.; -.■ ■ Le Directeur de l'Assistance et de l'Hygiène publiques, H. -MONOD. ;:/-.,; /',././ ~{(:i&gt;w)ï ■../.'•;/•./••: d"./ ' -".,';" --:' ARBDKplSSEÏESr :-d . • *; "/ (I) Nom de l'établissement. ,;//,/RELEVÉ // ',.=■'■•:• des fourniluresâ-c boissons faites à (1) -pendant le e trimestre 189. OBSERVATIONS. NOMS Kl DOMIcn.E DATES ESPECES QUANTI(On derro indiquer dans .des des de " cette colonne, autant qne possible, le numéro et la TÉS.nature du titre de régie .ï-oufiNissECBS. ; LTYTU.ÎSOSS. BOIESOXS. ■, -délivré &amp; 1! occasion Jdù trans. trans. _ port des boissons.), " " ' : ' ■ . _. Certifié exact, A le 189 , Le Receveur d W&amp;ï //'-'V/;;,;:/--/;;'//'^//./VMKEM./,,;:-'^ /v^/^'; ■:' CLRGjULAIRÉrelatvoe^ a«jK;?^rfmKes,;d'/ionîiewragncofes«,v: /: Paris, le 4 juillet; 1890. /^. ,;,Mbnsieurle;préfet,: : ; . Un décret en date du 17 juindernieri inséré au. Journal officiel -M'2ï~du même TnoiSj a instituée tes médaillés d'honneur'agricoles pour récompenser les ouvriers ruraux français comptant plus de trente années de bonS;servlGes;dans:la.mème/'exploitâtion&gt; y ; En créant cette distinction nouvelle,, le gouvernement a obéinon seulement à un sentiment de bienveillante équité, mais aussi aune idée, essentiellement démocratique. Il a voulu honorer le ■travail persévérant des travailleurs de noscampagnes auxquels leur position sociale et la nature de leurs efforts permettent rare/inent d'atteindre aux hautes distinctions instituées pour les sèrr;.'Viees éminents rendus-à la science, au commerce, à l'industrie et à l'agriculture. -; / ; ; C'est cependant un mérite appréeiablejque cette longue assiduitéj -ce dévouement continu de toute une vie consacrée aux pénibles /travaux des champs par dès serviteurs,zélés'et'-d'autant plus dignes. de sollicitude qu'ils n'ont même; pasla perspective d'une amélioration progressive de leur condition .11 appartenait au/gouvernement -de la République de~sortir de4eur~obsGurité-çes précieux artisans . de notre; prospérité nationale et de leur, assurer ; le brevet d'honneur auquel ils ont droit. Désormais, en effet, grâce à;l'ihstitution de la médaille agricole, le travail et l'intelligence sont assurés ;de recevoir une juste récompense dans toutes les classes de la société. ; ; Je vous prie, Monsieur le préfet, de/ vouloir: bien donner la 'plus grande publicité à la mesure prise par M. le Président de.la République sur ma proposition. ,, En ce qui concerne; son application, -vous aurez à recueillir et à m'adresser -des propositions: régulièrement deux fois par an,, à , l'occasion, du ier janvier et à^cëlie du 14 juillet, et exceptionnellement chaque fois-qu'une solennité agricole pourra justifier l'attribution de ces récompenses. A l'appui de vos propositions motivées, vous voudrez-bien joindre une notice sur chaque,.candidat, faisant connaître les nom, pré A1"-)/-/ .noms, âge et.li.ëu de baiss_ançe, /profession et domicile des intéfessés, ainsi que la durée de leurs services et le nom du fermier ou du propriétaire chez lequel il travaillent. Gë dernier devra toujours, produire un certiflcat légalisé attestant la bonne conduite et le mérite de son employé; ce certificat devra être joint à vos propositions ainsi qu'un rapport, spécial dans lequel vous résumerez, avec votre avis personnel, les renseignements que vous " vous serez procurés sur les Candidats. Je crois devoir insister sur la; nécessité de procéder sur ces divers points aune enquête minutieuse, les médailles d'honneur .ne devant, être attribuées,, qu'àdes, personnes absolument recomrhàndables. ■ /;.'. , Lorsque des médaillés d'honneur agricoles seront accordées dans votre département,: je vous recommanderai d'en entourer la ,''je'mise,'auUjQl;.q.q'e. possible, d'une certaine ; solennité destinée à rehausser .encore là:yalëu'r'dè là, récompense décernée. . ■'. • ■ Je vous serai obligé. Monsieur le préfet, de m'accuser récepiion de:-la.presVnie circulaire et de la faire insérer: dans le Recueil des/acfesadministfàlifsdë vôtre département: à là-suite du décreê du; 17 juin dernier; dont je vous^^ adrésse-sous ce pli une âmpliàtiGa. '■'''-Recevez, etc..~ '"-"•/ ;,■;.-.; ;,; Le Ministre de l'agriculture,. '■-"'"• '•/■' ;-/':' '/'JUL^DËVËL'LÏ;.; ;; BULL, IKT. — 1S96 &lt;/178) .JURISPRUDENCE.'"' Conseil d'État. MAIRE. — ACCEPTATION DES "FONCTIONS. — RÉVOCATION. :—■ RECOl'RS POUR. EXCÈS DE POUVOIRS.. Un maire, qui a ^tacitement -accepté son élection et a manifesté cette acceptation farsa_pr.ësençe,_ sansprotestation, axi^ délibérations du conseil municipal après l'affichage du résultat, du vote à la porte de la mairie, peut valablement être l'objet d'une mesure de révocation; il ne saurait prétendre qu'il n'était pas investi des fonctions de maire au moment où est intervenu-:1s décret qui Va révoqué, et soutenir ainsi que ce décret est entaché d'excès depouvoirs, (28 mars 1890.) Le sieur Ducret :a été révoqué des fonctions de maire de la commune d'Arudy (Basses-Pyrénées). Pour motiver le recours pour excès de pouvoirs qu'il a dirigé contre le décret de révocation, il a soutenu qu'ayant été élu maire en son absence, il n'avait pas été installé et n'avait pas été mis en demeure d'accepter ses fonctions. II avait, dit-il, assisté à; trois séances du conseil municipal comme simple conseiller ; dès lors, il n'était pas maire, et par suite le décret qui l'a révoqué.était entaché d'excès de pouvoirs. Le Conseil d'Etat n'a pas admis la thèse du requérant, et la requête a été rejetée dans les termes suivants : "■. ~':" ~ « Considérant qu'aux termes de l'article 78 de la loi du S avril 1884, les nominations de maires et d'adjoints sont rendues publiques dans les vingt-quatre heures de leur date, par vole d'affiches, à la porte de la mairie / « Considérant qu'à la suite du renouvellement intégral du conseil municipal de la commune d'Arudy, auquel il a été procédé le 14 juillet 1889, le sieur Ducret a été, le 4 août suivant, réélu maire de ladite commune; que si le procès-verbal de la séance porte la mention que le sieur Ducret, absent, n'a pas été installé comme maire, il résulte de l'instruction que la nomination du requérant a été affichée à la porte de la mairie, conformément à la disposition précitée de la loi du 5 avril 1884, et que, dèslors, il n'est pas "(Î)"V. Jour, Le Droit; ;■:. . -'t-W-K fondé à prétendre qu'il n'a pas eu: connaissance de.ladite: nomination/ &gt; Considérant, d'autre part, que postérieur ementaù 4 août 1889, le sieur Ducret a assisté à plusieurs séances du, conseil municipal sans déclarer qu'il refusait ces fonctions de maire ou qu'il entendait réserver son acceptation; que, dans ces circonstances, iln'esj pas. fondé à prétendre qu'il n'était pas ''investi desdites fonctions au moment où est intervenu le décret attaqué pour soutenir que ce décret est entaché d'excès de pouvoirs ; qu'ainsi sa requête doit être rejetée. '" r ""..'NOTE. •—Il faut distinguer, au casoù un maire refuse les fonctions dont il est investi, la démission de la non-acceptation. En-ce qui touche la démission, et quoique la loi du 5 avril .1884 n'ait pas expressément étendu aux maires les dispositions de son articlè6Q/ aux termes duquel les démissions des; conseillers municipaux ne sont définitives qu'à, partir de leur acceptation par le préfet, on peut soutenir que cette règle doit être appliquée aux maires, par ; analogie. Mais en ce qui concerne lanon-açceptation, elle n'est entourée d'aucune formalité dans l'état actuel de la législation, et la/ question est dé savoir jusqu'à quel moment elle peut être formulée. ... . On ne saurait, en effet,.considérer comme prouvantl'acceptation, le fait de l'affichage a la porte de la mairie qui a ïièu dans les yingt-quatreheures, aux termes de l'article 78; c'estlà-, en effet, une , circonstance Indépendante du candidat élu,; et qui ne peut être invoquée que pour témoigner de la connaissance qu'il doit nécessairement avoir eue, de son élection. Quant à l'installation, elle n'est; accompagnée d'aucune formalité sacramentelle, et la question peut se soulever: de savoir quel est le moment où elle'a eu lieu, et même si elle a eu lieu.. C'est donc dans des circonstances de fait qu'il faut rechercher l'acceptation ou le refus de l'élu. C'est ainsi que la Cour de cassation à décidé en 1874 que l'outrage à un maire, même non installé, pouvait constituer l'outrage à un magistrat, attendu que la cérémonie dite d'installation.n'a plus aujourd'hui d'objet, et qu'il suffit que le maire ait pris possession delà mairie pour qu'il soit considéré comme investi de ses fonctions (Gass. çh. crim. 19 nov. 74. Dalloz, 75. 1. 329). Par contre, au cas où un conseiller municipal élu maire, déclarerait, séance tenante, ne pas accepter les fonctions à lui; confiées, il pourrait être immédiatement procédé à une nouvelle élection (Conseil d'Etat 20 juin 1882, él. de Bannegon). / : On pouvait, dans l'espèce soumise au Conseil d'Etat, se référer a-'une affaire antérieure qui se présentait dans les circonstances suivantes: Le 26 juin 1874, le Conseil a statué, en effet, sur la requête d'un sieur Trépagne,: qui soutenait qu'un décret le révoquant de ses fonctions de maire, alors qu'il n'était pas investi de ses fonctions, était entaché d'excès de pouvoirs. Le sieur Trépagne a eu ... -M'80:&gt;= ■'...• gain de cause ; mais les circonstances de fait différaient essentiellement de l'espèce actuelle, car le requérant avait formellement déclaré qu'il réservait son acceptation. Au contraire, dans l'affaire. actuelle, le:requéràrit, le sieur Ducret, qui connaissait son-élection,' avait assisté aux trois séances, qui l'ont suivie sans manifester son refus, et devait, dès lors,' être considéré comme ayant accepté les fonctions dont il. avait été Investi. En conséquence, il a été jugé qu'un déeret/âyaitpu valablement le révoquer. , ; /CONSEIL -MUNICIPAL. —. DELIBERATION..,.-—'/PRESENCE DE LA MAJORITE, .'■•'/'.'' ' :'.;: -' : ,' / ,; DES MEMBRES.EN EXERCICE;-: ;!-'-'/ '-'':/' Le départ,:au moment du vote,, d'un certain Jwtabre. dë.cOnseil^ lers municipaux :qùi, présents(.depuis, lé début, de: la séance, ont .'assisté a la délibération doit être considéré comme une abstèn/ tionf et on nesaurait' s'enprévaloirpoursoutenir que la déli-* aération serait nulle, comme prise ew l'absence de la majorité ' des membres en exercice{art/hQ dé la loi du 5 avril i88i): ";: La.délibération désignant aux. lieu et place du maire, tenwde£abs-:. .-tenir, un adjoint" comme chargé: de réaliser xùië acquisition-au: • profit Me la commune^'né fait' pas "obstacle'à ce que la" validité delà ventesoit intérieurement contestéepar-'.litcommune devant les tribunaux judiciaires en invoquant l'irrégularité des dêli-: '" bérations qui'.Vontprécédée.. En■ conséquenceiïa çommune.n'est. : La décision du. Conseil d'-État/est conçue, sur ces deux/points,dans les termes-suivants :/ « En ce quiconcerhe.la délibération du;4.janvier 18.87 : .-. (Wîr "';;'/':;.;/ ;■'.-a/Considérant qu'il résulte du procès-verbal de la séance dû. conseil municipal que, sur 16 membres dont se composait.le conseil, 14 étaient présents au début delà séance/et ont assisté à. la délibération ; que sisix d'entre eux se sont retirés au moment du vote,; ce fait doit être considéré comme /équivalent à leur -abstention ; que, par snite, la délibération dont il s'agit a été. régulièrement prise ; « En ce qui. concerne la délibératibn du 14 février 1888: ■•.:• ;« Considérant que ladite délibération a eu.pour objet de désigner aux lieu et place du maire ténu de s'abstenir, le sieur X..,',adjoint, comme chargé de réaliser l'acquisition des terrains destinés ; aux constructions nouvelles ;: ';-//'-"'/';';'/.'// /. '..}. ''/.f ; e Considérai)tque cette âcqu}sitibn,:quia étéréalisée,,eonÊtitue ùfi contrat de droit civil /que pi l'arrêté lupréfet de;;:Séinè--et-OIse, iii les délibérations attaquées ne fontobstaeie/àce.que la Commune requérante /conteste, devant l'autorité judiciaire, si elle s'y croit fondée, la validité, de la vente, en invoquant l'irrégularité' des actes administratifs qui l'on précédée, sauf à l'autorité judiciaire, au Cas .où elle reconnaîtrait.'que sadécisionest subordonnée à. là .solution ; dé -questions de la compétence de l'autorité, administrative,; à surseoir: à, statuer sur/pes-questions;.-mais /que" là çômrnunê de :. Saint-Lèu-Taveriiy n'est pas recêvabîe/à demander au Conseil d'Etat .l'annulation de. la dite délibération.;. ARRETE DE POLICE. — POUVOIRS-DE POLICE DU PREFET ET DU MAIRE. — / .-''./-. ; . : TIR A PROXIMITÉ D'UN VILLAGE. •'.-'. ' Le préfet ne peut se substituer au maire pour l'exercice des pouvoirs de poli-ce qui appartiennent à l'autorité -municipale, sauf ; au cas où il y aurait lieu de prendre, à' défaut et sur le.refus" y dumâire:, une•■ mesure relative à la salubrité, à la sûreté et à la tranquillité publique. . .. Par application de ces principes, le préfet ne saurait valablement , (remplacer par des conditions moins rigoureuses celles que le : maire a prescrites pour l'établissement d'un tir à proximité d'un village. L'intervention préfectorale ne serait régulière en cette matière que si elle s'exerçait, dans l'intérêt de la sécurité publique, que l'autorité municipale aurait méconnue (23 mai 1890). '•'.." Ainsi; statué sur la requête de la commune du Champ contre un arrête par lequel le préfet de Maiiie-et-Loire a autorisé la Société de: tir « l'Union des ; Flobertistes » à installer un stând dans un . terrain compris dans l'agglomération habitée de la commune.. La commune exposait qu'à la suite d'un accident mortel survenu par l'imprévoyance des membres de la Société/le maire avait dû " '-;. (182 ) prendre un. arrêté; interdisant /d'établir aucun tir. à; moîns'.de ,150 mètres de l'agglomération .;mais-que jeprëfet avait, au con^ traire, malgré .le conseil, municipal .et le, maire, donne à la .Société l'autorisation: d'établir un-stand dans le. village même et en, bor= •dure d'une de sesrties. Le préfetavaitaiûsi, d'après la:commune, usurpé .despouvoirsqui n'appâTtiennentqu'à l'autorité munieipale.Le Conseil d'Etat a, conformément SUY conclusions de la sommune, annulé l'arrêtépréfectoral "/attaqué,: : '■;.:« /Considérant qu'il résultedel'instruction qu'à la date, du 8juin 18.88,; le maire de la.commune du Champs'-'agissant en "verlndes; pouvoirs de police: àlui a ttribués par l'article-97-de-ia. loi-'du Sàviiil ■ ,; 188.4, a pris un_: arrêté interdisant, d'ùneffaobn/généraley d'éiablit âûeù/hiir/ftaûélris-de 150 mè&amp;es de la deruibrè/màisbn/habitée,: . ; et de tirerJèjcânon ou'dë/fairb êcîatër:des boîtes ou-autrès pièces ; d-.artifice,danslyntérieùrduvillage;-"'■-: ..---:&gt;; ^-:-, --';' .-... -«.Que le préfet; après-avoir refusé .'d'approuver cet arrêté, muni-; pipai, a pris lui-même, à la date;du 15 septembre', 1888, un arrêté... portant reçonslitutionde la Societé-de tir et l'autorisant à -installer,, sous certaines conditions, un tir dans un terrnihcompris dans: l'agglpmération.habîtée„et. situé en.bordure-1 d'une; des rues de là "-commune/'"-;-:;..;'.-;;. ; &gt;..:, ;-;/.;..;:''. .-:;. '■'.:"'.:''/..-..:•/ '»;; ':'.'-"-■■.-" .:; « Considérant que,;'.s'il/appartenait au préfét,en"vertù de l/ar*. . ticle95 de ialoi du 5 .avril 1884, de refuserd'àpprouveri'ârrêté/du;,:. ;mâire du Champ ou d'en suspendrel'exécution, il a excédé les pouvoirs à lui conférés'par -Jàditelpi; ét.'^mpiëté sur les attributions . exclusives de l'autorité municipale en autorisant le tir, par l'arrêté attaqué,/dans l'intérieur du village;. )-, ; ; : ;' ,« Considérant d'ailleurs, que si, à défautpar le maire, préalables ment mis ew.demeure, de soumettre une autorisation à l'exécution , de conditions requises dans l'intérêt, de la salubrité, delà 'sûreté; ou ' delatranquillité-ptiblique, le préfet peut, aux termes. del'âr;tide99&gt; prescrire:.;ces conditions,: il «e lui appartient, en.-àùc-ùn cas, d'en "substituer de nouvelles à celles que l'autorité ; municipale /.aurait elle-même imposées dans un/arrêté 'non-annulé et: que, le préfet jugeait trop rigoureuses. 5&gt; -■;.-'■" "■'■ •■ ;-. RACHAT DE; PONT A PEAGE. -^CARACTERE (DES COMMISSIONS INSTITUEES.,'., PAR LA/LOI DU 30 JUILLET .1880. -.—^ PROCÉDURE. ,-'.. ; Les commissions établies par la loi du 80 juillet 1880, pourla -fixa. iftion dés .indemnités' de rachat des ponts à péage, ■sont -des . -&gt;'■ commissions, administratives.:dont .les décisions peuvent'être: '.'..; déf&amp;ées au Conseil d'État par la voie du recours pouf excès de ■pouvoirs'. :, ■ ;.;-:!;"'-'■;;;,; -/:v-,:;;"";:/ _.-&lt;.•-.-;..-.." -t..:-"■-.En l'absence dé .dispositions législatives,, ces commissions^ qui : 183: ; comprennent un membre désigné par l'administration et un membre désigné par le concessionnaire, ne sont pas tenues, avant de statuer, de convoquer devant elles les parties intéressées (23 mai 1890). Ainsi statué sur la requête du préfet de l'Isère, agissant tant au nom du département que comme représentant les communesintéressées au chemin vicinal de grande communication n° 14 bis,. contre une décision par laquelle la commission spéciale instituée en vertu de la loi du 80 juillet 1880 et des décrets du 21 juin et du. 7 décembre 1886, a fixé à la somme de 177,468 francs le prix de rachat de la concession de péage établi sur le pont de Condrieu. CONSEIL-MUNICIPAL, -*-. APPRECIATION DES ACTES DU MINISTRE DE L INTÉRIEUR ET D'UN, SOUS-PRÉFET. .*IMM-IXTiON-DÂNS L'ACTION DISCI-V . PLINAmE DE X-ADMINiSTRATTON/ A L'ÉGARD D'UN GARDE CHAMPÊTRE: J'-.'ET. D'UN CqMMISSAIRE.DEvPqL.ICE/---ANNULATION^ / /•/'.//" "'. Est nulle, comme portant siir un objet éirang: -:■'(la délibération ûVuri.cpiise^:pvunicipâl^ un blâme à . Vei0ontre(d'mimiMstr^ ;•"'.;. , Est également.nulle, pour, le même 'motifs une, délibération vnvi-, (■(tant le maire a suspendre de'ses fonctions le..garde champêtre(etVa•/demander'àl'autorité compétente la révocation, du conwvis--: // saire de police;(%i juin 1890), /;■ / /'-/-" ///Ainsi statué; parle rejetdes/requêtes.prêséntées pour la/ville:: d'Apt-Contre des arfêtés.par lesquels le préfet de Vaucluse, statuant; en Conseilde préfecture, a prononcé l'annulation de plusieurs de ses délibérationsdont l'Objet est relaté dans la décision du Conseil: d'Etat ci-après; V'•.'•;' ;/:-'". « En ce qui concerne là "délibération -du 31 décembre 1887,, appréciant les actes du ministre de l'intérieur: « Considérant qu'il résulte des termes de cette délibération quele conseil municipal de la ville d'Apt a formulé un blâme à rencontre du Ministre de l'intérieur ;; qu'il a aussi délibéré sur, ub objet étranger à ses attributions et que c'est avec raison que par: l'arrêté attaqué le préfet de. Vaucluse a prononcé, l'annulation; desa délibération; . V =&gt;. (Décision analogue.; en ce. qui concerne ,1e blâme émis à; l'en-: contre du sous-préfet.) , •",;", « En Ce^ qui concerne les délibérations des 15, 80 -juillet 25' septembre 1887;-;:: -:r/ / : " ,, « Considérant, que s'il appartient aux conseils : : municipaux d'exprimer-des vceux sur des objets,.d'intérêt local et. notamment: sur la police municipale, il leur est interdit de s'immiscer dans l'exercice de l'action disciplinaire en provoquant contre un fonctionnaire des mesures de répression ; qu'ainsi par les délibérations précitées le conseil municipal d'Apt en invitant le maire à suspendre de ses fonctions le garde champêtre, et à demander à l'autorité compétente la révocation du commissaire de police, a délibéré sur des objets étrangers à ses attributions; que si la; délibération du 30 juillet 1887 n'est pas inscrite sur les registres ; du conseil municipal, elle est expressément rappelée et-confirmée par les délibérations des 27 septembre et 31 décembre 1887, et que la circonstance invoquée ne peut avoir pour effet de priver le.; préfet du. droit de prononcer la nullité de ladite délibération. CONCESSION D ECLAIRAGE AU GAZ D UNE VILLE. —OBLIGATIONS DU ■ CONCESSIONNAIRE EN CAS DE FÊTE. PUBLIQUE. Un. concessionnaire; de l'éclairage au gaz: d'une ville n'est pas tenu, à moins de stipulation spéciale du cahier des charges, d'exécuter les travaux supplémentaires de canalisation nécessités par les illuminations pour fêtes publiques. ,' L'éclairage d'un kiosque à musique qui se trouve sur une prome-. nadedoit être assimilé à l'éclairage des bâtiments communaux et non à celui dey là voie publique (H juillet 1890);. Ainsi statué sur la requête du sieur de Briqueville, concessionnaire de l'usine à gaz dé là Roche-sur-Yon, contre un arrêté par lequel le Conseil depréfecture de la Vendée l'a condamné à refaire,;, à.ses frais, une partie de la canalisation,; et sur le recours incident, de là ville cdnfre'une disposition de cet arrêté la condamnant à payer les travaux d'un compteur pour un kiosque à musique situé sur la place d'armes. Ïpibtta.BÏ -civil: die lit iSeine. CHEMINS,DE FER. —TARIFS. — CARACTERE DE LOfS. — CAMIONNAGE. ACCIDENT. Ont le caractère delois, et ne sont susceptibles d'aucune dérogation, les règlements qui régissent le service des chemins de-fer et notamment les'tarifs de camionnage régulièrement appruo■_ vés, aux termes desquels le chargement et le déchargement a, V(185j, / domicile, des expéditeurs [et destinataires des. massés d'un poids supérieur à 500 Idlos doivent être faits par leurs soim.et à leurs risquéset périls. / V" -■.,.-. ■En conséquence,(lorsque le destinataire d'un fût pesant 1,300 kilos a été aidé dans son déchargement parle camionneur de la Compagnie du chemin de .fer, et que, par suite d'une maladresse de celui-ci, le fût a été. brisé, la Compagnie, de chemin de fer, protégée par son règlement, ne peut pas être déclarée responsable de l'accident. Le camionneur, eu effet, en procédant au déchargement, est sorti '. de ses fonctions,: etest devenu l'employé ou lé mandataire du destinataire (21 mai 1890). ; '-""...■ SEPULTURE. — TOMBEAU DE FAMILLE.—FEMME MARIEE EN SECONDES -NOCES. *— RÉCLAMATION DU CORPS PAR UN, ENFANT DU PREMIER LIT..:; Le droit de régler le lieu et le mode de sépulture d'un défunt, à défaut de dispositions prises par Ze.de ûujus lui-même, appartient incontestablement à-ses parents les plus proches,et à ceux / •',".qiiilui tenaiêM~'d$'-plus--près'-par'lÛHiens'--de l'affection et du ^: sang.'[.'(: ■ -V/'/V^V.-.", :— ■; ■;•.'. VV;-.-/: -,/: -: "■•■=■"■.
31,211
https://github.com/mouse-lin/BetterMiniMap/blob/master/Source/BetterMiniMap/Overlays/BuildingsOverlay.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,022
BetterMiniMap
mouse-lin
C#
Code
70
229
using Verse; namespace BetterMiniMap.Overlays { // NOTE: there may be room for impovement on this overlay public class BuildingsOverlay : Overlay, IExposable { public BuildingsOverlay(Map map, bool visible = true) : base(map, visible) { } public void ExposeData() => this.ExposeData("overlayBuilding"); public override int GetUpdateInterval() => BetterMiniMapMod.modSettings.updatePeriods.buildings; public override void Render() { foreach (Building current in this.map.listerBuildings.allBuildingsColonist) if (current.def.AffectsRegions) base.Texture.SetPixel(current.Position.x, current.Position.z, BetterMiniMapMod.modSettings.overlayColors.buildings); } public override int OverlayPriority => 800; } }
41,393
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/309586
StackExchange
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2,013
Stack Exchange
Bijuhangma Limbu, Chetana M, CxZhong, Dimitri, Erick Nascimento, Irene Cabañero, dsrtsdehs, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/62474, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/901915, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/901916, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/901917, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/901999, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/902000, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/902224
English
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260
610
Principal divisors How can i calculate the principal divisor $(f)$ where $$f = \frac{(x^{3}-1)}{(x^{4}-1)}$$ with $f\in\mathbb{F}_2(x)$. I am recently reading about the subject, so i am looking for a simple solution (the more clear the better) Anyone can give at least an idea? I´m not even sure what i need to do, at least anyine can say if i am going i the wrong direction? i factorize f (denominator and numerator) then i count the zeros and poles The decomposition into irreducible factors is $$f = \frac{x^2+x+1}{(x-1)^3}.$$ This shows that $f$ has a pole of order $3$ in the rational point corresponding to the maximal ideal $(x-1) \subseteq \mathbb{F}_2[x]$, and that $f$ has a zero of order $1$ in the closed point of degree $2$ corresponding to the maximal ideal $(x^2+x+1) \subseteq \mathbb{F}_2[x]$. It follows $$\mathrm{div}(f)|_{\mathbb{A}^1_{\mathbb{F}_2}} = 2 [x^2+x+1] - 3 [x-1].$$ Since the whole principal divisor $\mathrm{div}(f)$ on $\mathbb{P}^1_{\mathbb{F}_2}$ has, as always, degree $0$, it follows $$\mathrm{div}(f) = 2 [x^2+x+1] - 3 [x-1] + 1 [\infty].$$ This can also be checked directly: For $t=\frac{1}{x}$ we have $f = t \cdot \frac{1 - t^3}{1 - t^4}$, so the order at $\infty$ is $1$. If $\mathbb{F}_4=\{0,1,\alpha,\beta\}$, one may also write $\mathrm{div}(f) = 2 [\alpha] - 3 [1] + 1 [\infty]$. Thanks that was the idea i was getting close, but i have seen this example in a book: $f=(x-i)^{4}$ in $\mathbb{C}(x)$, then $div(f)=4[i]-4[\infty]$ Thanks very much, i understand now :) I think that you don´t have to multiply by the degree of the maximal ideal (correct me if i am wrong)
47,323
7501BP2016A0075_1130_75
French Open Data
Open Government
Licence ouverte
2,019
GREFFE DU TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE DE PARIS
BODACC
French
Semantic data
3,959
13,182
Bouazzaoui Samir 438 993 701 RCS Paris 17 rue Abel Gance 75013 Paris 2019-03-26 SOCIETE CIVILE IMMOBILIERE DU BOUCHAUD Société civile 351 354 527 RCS Périgueux 2 rue Alfred Nobel 24750 Boulazac Isle Manoire 2 rue Alfred Nobel 24750 Boulazac Isle Manoire Transfert du siège social, transfert de l'établissement principal 853 326 098 RCS Béziers KPB INVEST Société civile immobilière Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : BOIS Florian, Adrien 300 EUR 6 rue de la Citrine 34300 Agde Création Etablissement principal Acquisition, administration, gestion par location, exploitation par bail ou autrement de tous immeubles et biens immobiliers, prise de participation dans toutes sociétés immobilières, obtention de financement des acquisitions , aménagements, réfections ou autres des immeubles des la société. 6 rue de la Citrine 34300 Agde 2019-08-26 Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-06-01 852 082 536 RCS Bobigny BOUHOUFRA Ali Création d'un fonds de commerce Etablissement principal coursier a vélo.recharge après récupération de trottinettes électriques. 15 rue Camelinat 93380 Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-07-02 829 740 083 RCS Toulouse PERREU Société par Actions Simplifiée 8 impasse du Comte de Foix 31830 Plaisance-du-Touch 2017-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports 832 569 354 RCS Evry SUSHI FACTORY Société par actions simplifiée 2 Rue de la Paix 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports 849 976 568 RCS Strasbourg KLEIN Mike SAPPEZ-VOUS MK Création Etablissement principal Commerce de vêtements et accessoires sur les marchés et à domicile 25 rue de Gribeauval 67100 Strasbourg 2019-04-25 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-05-01 GAEPIERRE Société par actions simplifiée 497513.94 EUR 337 707 822 RCS Marseille Modification du capital. 849 718 374 RCS Nancy THIRION Victorin, James Thirionvictorin Création Etablissement principal Livraison de repas à domicile en vélo 19 rue du Haut de la Taye 54600 Villers-les-Nancy 2019-04-03 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-04-15 842 030 603 RCS Aix-en-Provence SCHMID Kévin, Pierre, Joseph, Jean-Pierre Création Etablissement principal Vente et récupération de fer et métaux Ancienne route de Saint-Pierre le Bargemont Villa 22 13500 Martigues 2019-06-11 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-06-03 FORESTIER Société à Responsabilité Limitée FORESTIER Jean-François Edouard nom d'usage : FORESTIER n'est plus gérant. FORESTIER Jean-François Edouard nom d'usage : FORESTIER devient liquidateur 511 043 275 RCS Nîmes Dissolution de la société. Modification de l'administration. BALDASSARA Corinne, Françoise LECOLIER 753 919 919 RCS Epinal 434 rue de Gérardmer 88650 Anould 2019-06-30 SCM VENDOME GASTRO Société civile de moyens 393 677 612 RCS Blois 10 rue Honoré de Balzac 41100 Vendôme O L V A Société Civile Immobilière 435 162 201 RCS Grasse 900 Route De Cannes 06560 Valbonne Nouveau siège. 562 060 269 RCS Le Havre DRESSER-RAND SAS Société par Actions Simplifiée 31 Boulevard Winston Churchill 76600 Le Havre 2018-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports 525 052 130 RCS Saverne BOBOIS ENERGY Société à responsabilité limitée 41 rue du Brotsch 67700 Otterswiller 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 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CENTRE ROUTIER DU FRENEY-MONT-CENIS-FREJUS Société anonyme d'économie mixte Administrateur : RAFFIN Jean-Claude modification le 12 Septembre 2014 ; Président du conseil d'administration Directeur général : SIMONNET Didier modification le 12 Septembre 2014 ; Administrateur : GRIVIAU Jean-Luc ; Administrateur : BLAIX Jean-Claude ; Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : S.R.AUDIT ; Commissaire aux comptes suppléant : SIRODOT Pierre- Administrateur : SACCHI Christian en fonction le 07 Août 2012 ; Administrateur : BILLARD, VINCENDET Laurence Sylvie en fonction le 12 Septembre 2014 ; Administrateur : GENON-CATALOT Hervé Jean Laurent en fonction le 12 Septembre 2014 ; Administrateur : BOROT Georges Henri en fonction le 12 Septembre 2014 ; Administrateur : COUVERT Jean-Marc en fonction le 11 Juillet 2016 ; Administrateur : MICHE Nicolas Alain Michel en fonction le 11 Juillet 2016 ; Administrateur : FANICHER Valérie Paulette Marcelle Georgina en fonction le 27 Septembre 2019 SEMICROF 313 180 903 RCS Chambery Modification de représentant. 517 911 723 RCS Cannes FONCIERE CANEOPOLE Société par actions simplifiée Président : ANDERSEN DEVELOPMENT ; Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : PREMIUM AUDIT ; Commissaire aux comptes suppléant : DE RUYFFELAERE Roger 2500000.00 EUR 11-13 chemin de l'Industrie Immeuble le Canéopole 06110 Le Cannet Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort.Modification de la dénomination. 519 069 462 RCS Bastia AGC Société à responsabilité limitée RN 198 Folelli 20213 Penta di Casinca 2017-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports 519 871 909 RCS Antibes BOUDAOUD Zohra Création établissement principal vente de textile, chaussures, accessoires 809 chemin Saint-Bernard 06220 Vallauris 2019-02-05 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-02-01 852 173 699 RCS Bordeaux PIANICO Société par actions simplifiée Président : ZUREK Muriel ; Directeur général : ZUREK Nicolas 15000.00 EUR 47 Rue Lagrua Park Agora 33260 La Teste-de-Buch 2019-07-04 Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité SOCIETE CIVILE IMMOBILIERE SAFA Société civile immobilière 1524.49 EUR Gérant partant : Sarano, Adrien ; nomination du Gérant associé indéfiniment responsable : Sarano, Hervé 348 112 780 RCS Lille Métropole avenue du Général Leclerc 59155 Faches-Thumesnil modification survenue sur l'administration YUCCA SYSTEMS Société à responsabilité limitée 340 641 059 RCS Nanterre 12 rue du Parc Résidence du Parc 92190 Meudon O AIDIAL Société par Actions Simplifiée AIDIAL 500 074 810 RCS Toulouse Modification de la forme juridique. 489 984 989 RCS Strasbourg JARDINS DE LA FERME BLEUE Société à responsabilité limitée 21 rue Principale 67110 Uttenhoffen 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 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S.A.S FOREST ENERGIE Société par actions simplifiée 819 999 442 RCS Pau Sciage et rabotage du bois, hors imprégnation 300 Camin de Marquite 64370 Castillon-d'arthez Jugement d'ouverture Jugement d'ouverture de liquidation judiciaire 2019-04-16 Jugement prononçant la liquidation judiciaire , date de cessation des paiements le 01 Août 2018, désignant liquidateur SELARL FRANCOIS LEGRAND représentée par Maître François LEGRAND 3, place Albert 1er - 64000 Pau . Les créances sont à déclarer, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du liquidateur ou sur le portail électronique à l'adresse https://www.creditors-services.com. 879 168 144 RCS Angoulême LAFAURIE Isabelle BASTERE ILB CREATION Création établissement principal vente de vêtement pour les associations et les professionnels 90 Rue Georges Lautrette 16000 Angoulême 2019-11-28 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-11-10 395 248 487 RCS Antibes AZUR VINI Société à responsabilité limitée 1 Rue du Commerce Vaugrenier les Hauts de Vaugrenier 06270 Villeneuve-Loubet 2019-06-30 Comptes annuels et rapports 821 465 689 RCS Saint-Nazaire Ô Monde Des Saveurs Société par actions simplifiée (à associé unique) 33 avenue Louis Lajarrige 44500 La Baule-Escoublac 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 432 242 832 RCS Agen SOCIETE A RESPONSABILITE LIMITEE AGRI-TRAVAUX SARL AGRI-TRAVAUX Société à responsabilité limitée lieudit Grange Neuve 47800 La sauvetat-du-Dropt 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. LILA B Société par Actions Simplifiée HOTEL DES SABLES LARZILLIERE Amandine Annette Jacqueline nom d'usage : BEKHTI n'est plus président. Sté par actions simplifiée GEST'OR devient président 811 988 880 RCS Villefranche-Tarare Modification de l'administration. 853 492 536 RCS Lyon SEUTMI Kamil Livraison de repas à domicile à vélo. 17 Avenue Général eisenhower 69005 Lyon Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-08-28 ELSERMANS Marc 302 061 718 RCS Alençon Le Billot 61190 La Ventrouze 2019-03-31 534 970 686 RCS Lyon CONTINENTS INSOLITES COMPANY Société par Actions Simplifiée 38 Quai Arloing 69009 Lyon 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 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Les créances sont à déclarer, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du Mandataire Judiciaire ou sur le portail électronique à l'adresse https://www.creditors-services.com. 752 978 114 RCS Angers BOUCHERIE DES HALLES Société à responsabilité limitée 26B route de Bouchemaine 49000 Angers 2018-06-30 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 851 508 879 RCS Aix-en-Provence SANNIER Zack Création Etablissement principal Vente de vêtements, bijoux fantaisie, tous produits non réglementés sur marchés, foires,expositions, porte à porte. Vente de véhicules, vente de peintures et enduits. Vente de produits sucré, salés. Petits travaux de jardinage et débroussaillage rue du Dr Poujol AREAT 13110 Port-de-Bouc 2019-06-24 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-06-04 813 516 291 RCS Lyon ORPIK Société par Actions Simplifiée 32 ter Quai Arloing 69009 Lyon 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. SOCIETE CIVILE EXPLOITATION AGRICOLE LABA Société civile d'exploitation agricole Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : LAGRIFFOUL Françoise 415 103 167 RCS Béziers Modification survenue sur l'administration 832 491 302 RCS Aix-en-Provence MA SIGNATURE Société par actions simplifiée 8 rue de Provence 13650 Meyrargues 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports GOLF DU CLAUX AMIC SA Société Anonyme COHEN Emile nom d'usage : COHEN n'est plus commissaire aux comptes titulaire. LAHMI Alain nom d'usage : LAHMI n'est plus commissaire aux comptes suppléant 352 982 946 RCS Grasse Modification de l'administration. TCMI Société à responsabilité limitée 794 483 164 RCS Saint-Nazaire Non précisée 10 rue du Practice 44260 Savenay Jugement de clôture Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif 2018-12-19 Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif. 494 618 044 RCS Saint-Brieuc LE CAM INVEST Société par actions simplifiée Z.A de Kerholo rue du Stade 22200 Saint-Agathon 2019-03-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 809 818 388 RCS Bobigny QUING Société à responsabilité limitée 73/79 avenue Victor Hugo 93300 Aubervilliers 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 352 985 618 RCS Vienne VOYAGES SCANU Société par Actions Simplifiée 3 Place Saint Michel - Le Semaphore 38300 Bourgoin-Jallieu 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports LE POINT DU JOUR Société à responsabilité limitée 520 557 307 RCS Cherbourg 21 rue du Port Cherbourg-Octeville 50100 Cherbourg en cotentin O 825 358 575 RCS La Roche-sur-Yon TALENT SUPPORT Société par actions simplifiée zone artisanale du Petit Brandeau Pepiniere d'Entreprises la Ruche 85300 Le Perrier 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. L'HEDONISTE Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique 1000.00 EUR 753 282 524 RCS Aix-en-Provence 11 Avenue Robert Schumann 13090 Aix-en-Provence O 808 424 873 RCS Evreux BeArchi Société à responsabilité limitée 22 Rue du Bourg 27630 Vexin-sur-Epte 2014-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports LA MAISON DE L'INITIATIVE Société coopérative de production à forme anonyme et capital variable LA MAISON DE L'INITIATIVE BARDOT Florence Valerie nom d'usage : BARDOT devient administrateur. DELBES Frederic Pierre Augustin nom d'usage : DELBES devient administrateur. DRALA Elodie Corinne Yvonne nom d'usage : DRALA devient administrateur. HAMONIER Claudine Martine Marinette nom d'usage : SOURNAC devient administrateur 398 386 102 RCS Toulouse Modification de l'administration. 801 973 231 RCS Toulouse ROBERT Société à Responsabilité Limitée 14 Place De la République 31620 Bouloc 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 351 778 535 RCS Quimper POMPES FUNEBRES MARIEL Société à responsabilité limitée 66 rue de Trégunc 29900 Concarneau 2019-03-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 332 493 949 RCS Toulouse ETABLISSEMENTS RENE LURDE-IMPORT-EXPORT Société Anonyme à Conseil d'Administration 31230 Ambax 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 388 654 758 RCS Coutances LE DINER'S Société à responsabilité limitée 3 rue Georges Clémenceau 50400 Granville 2018-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 877 606 939 RCS La Roche-sur-Yon CHIRON Angélique Emmanuelle Valérie THERY Kid Z'OCCAZ Création Etablissement principal Dépôt vente vêtement matériel de puériculture, Commerce de détail de biens d'occasions en magasin Kid Z'OCCAZ 49 ter rue Echallard de la Boulaye 85320 Mareuil-sur-Lay-Dissais 2019-09-27 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-10-14 799 226 105 RCS Fréjus INSTITUT ILC Société d'exercice libéral par actions simplifiée 298 rue DES ECOLES 83480 Puget-sur-Argens 2018-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports 828 104 695 RCS Nantes LA MIE DANIEL Société à responsabilité limitée (à associé unique) 14 rue des Chaupières 44300 Nantes 2018-08-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. BUDGET INSIGHT Société par actions simplifiée 27100.00 EUR Budget Insight Directeur général : BIGNON Romain ; Président du conseil d'administration, Administrateur : COEURDEUIL Clément Charles Baudouin ; Administrateur : BIGNON Romain Louis ; Commissaire aux comptes : CHD AUDIT - ILE DE FRANCE 749 867 206 RCS Evry Budget Insight 7 Rue de la Croix Martre 91120 Palaiseau Modification survenue sur l'administration, le capital. 849 130 992 RCS Meaux Teixeira Ferreira Dylan FM RENOV Création Etablissement principal Maçonnerie rénovation construction apporteur d'affaire 47 rue de la Butte 77120 Mouroux 2019-03-15 Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-03-04 QUIPOC Société civile immobilière 10000 EUR 800 386 294 RCS Paris 26 avenue Foch 75116 Paris 26 avenue Foch 75116 Paris modification survenue sur l'adresse du siège et l'adresse de l'établissement 420 037 541 RCS Tours SARL GRANDIERE Société à responsabilité limitée 16 rue de la Grandiere 37000 Tours 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports 441 354 776 RCS Angers ILTR ILTR Société par actions simplifiée 35 Rue Château d'Orgemont 49000 Angers 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 517 894 804 RCS Metz SEL DU DOCTEUR HOSNI Société d'exercice libéral à responsabilité limitée 8 rue Marie-Anne de Bovet 57000 Metz 2017-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 441 665 031 RCS Troyes SARL CHAPELLIER PERE ET FILS Société à responsabilité limitée 16 rue du Temple 10140 La Loge-aux-Chèvres 2018-08-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 539 263 509 RCS Arras IMMEUBLES ET COMMERCES Société par actions simplifiée 137B rue Georges Auphelle 62000 Arras 2018-06-30 Comptes annuels et rapports 829 582 949 RCS Rennes DOREVIA Société à responsabilité limitée 37 la Ménardaie 35480 Guipry-Messac 2018-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports BENEUT Pascal Montresbijoux 834 770 398 RCS Evreux 3 rue Fellini 27000 Évreux 2019-02-22 824 974 588 RCS Bordeaux BANANA CAFE Société par actions simplifiée 5 Cours Pasteur 33000 Bordeaux 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. @LLO COUSCOUS TAJINE Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique 831 712 492 RCS Boulogne-sur-Mer 136 boulevard de l'Egalité 62100 Calais O GABARRE UTRERA José, Pierre 487 964 850 RCS Montpellier 471 route de villeveyrac 34560 Poussan 2019-04-30 811 588 821 RCS Béziers DAVEL DISTRIBUTION Société par actions simplifiée 3 place Carnot 34340 Marseillan 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 829 859 206 RCS Nevers 4 P MENUISERIE Société par actions simplifiée (à associé unique) Rn 81 le Harlot 58000 Saint-Eloi 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 835 222 183 RCS Bordeaux SANIBLOC Société par actions simplifiée 1 Rue Théodore Botrel 33600 Pessac 2019-03-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 431 590 884 RCS Nanterre SELARL PHARMACIE BERTHELOT Société d'exercice libéral à responsabilité limitée 20 Avenue Marcellin Berthelot 92320 Châtillon 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. SARL MACONNERIE MARION Société à Responsabilité Limitée 514 246 982 RCS Saint Etienne maçonnerie charpente 113 quartier des Oeufs 42520 Maclas Avis de dépôt Dépôt de l'état des créances 2019-11-12 L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication. 752 357 749 RCS Bordeaux SARL KADERA Société à responsabilité limitée 1 rue Ariane 33700 Mérignac 2018-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 348 207 218 RCS Tarascon ENTREPRISE MAGNONI Société à responsabilité limitée 435 chemin Draille du Mas Mollin 13200 Arles 2018-09-30 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25. 834 060 162 RCS Tours LOCARMAN Société par actions simplifiée 2 allée du Commandant Mouchotte 37100 Tours 2018-06-30 Comptes annuels et rapports GERFRUIT Société anonyme Président, Directeur général : TESSIER Patrick ; Directeur général délégué : TESSIER Réjane né(e) BRETON ; Directeur général délégué : TESSIER Romain ; Administrateur : LERAT Jean-Louis ; Administrateur : VERGERS DE LA PORTIERE (SARL) représenté par TESSIER Patrick, André ; Administrateur : SCA LA MOUROUSSELIERE (SC) représenté par BAQUÉ Patrick, Georges, Guy ; Administrateur : La Pommeraye des Vignes (SC) représenté par TESSIER Romain, François ; Administrateur : SOCIETE CIVILE D'EXPLOITATION AGRICOLE DOLBEAU (SCEA) représenté par DOLBEAU Jérôme, Philippe, Charles ; Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : ALTEXA (SA) 308 758 515 RCS Le Mans Modification survenue sur l'administration 532 872 736 RCS Avignon LES VIGNOBLES SAINT MARC- TERROIRS DE FRANCE Société par actions simplifiée 667 avenue de l'Europe 84330 Caromb 2018-12-31 Comptes annuels et rapports NAOMI Société civile immobilière Associé : HAMSI Hanane en fonction le 19 Septembre 2019 ; Gérant Associé : MILANOVIC Zlatan en fonction le 19 Septembre 2019 532 431 962 RCS Bobigny 50 avenue du Raincy 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Modification de l'adresse du siège.Modification de représentant. 850 458 209 RCS Aix-en-Provence COSMOS ENTREPRISE Société par actions simplifiée Président : RAVILLION Léo ; Directeur général : GUARINO Alixio 15000 EUR 1170 petite route des Milles 13090 Aix-en-Provence Création Etablissement principal Développement, formulation, emballage, distribution, commercialisation de boissons et produits alimentaires 1170 petite route des Milles 13090 Aix-en-Provence 2019-05-02 Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal 2019-04-11 798 485 876 RCS Angers LES GRUCHES société à responsabilité limitée de participations financières de professions libérales de laboratoires d'analyses de biologie médicale Société de participations financières de professions libérales à responsabilité limitée Chemin des Gruches Dampierre sur Loire 49400 Saumur 2018-06-30 Comptes annuels et rapports Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
22,115
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung%20Gululalo
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Ujung Gululalo
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ujung Gululalo&action=history
Cebuano
Spoken
153
274
Punta ang Ujung Gululalo sa Indonesya. Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, sa kasadpang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Jakarta ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Ujung Gululalo nahimutang sa pulo sa Pulau Simeulue. Ang yuta sa Ujung Gululalo patag. Sa habagatang-kasadpan, dagat ang pinakaduol sa Ujung Gululalo. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Sanulok, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa amihanan sa Ujung Gululalo. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Ujung Gululalo medyo gamay nga populasyon.. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Ujung Gululalo, mga lawis talagsaon komon. Ang klima tropikal nga kasalupan. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Septiyembre, sa  °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Agosto, sa  °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Nobiyembre, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa milimetro. Saysay Ang mga gi basihan niini Mga lawis sa Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province
26,782
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11959505
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,012
Stack Exchange
Josh, Moesio, Ross Patterson, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1113510, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1599003, https://stackoverflow.com/users/241753
English
Spoken
790
1,731
How to enter text into tinymce text area using Selenium RC for Eclipse Java I'm currently trying to automate test cases where I need to enter values for a required Text Area field. The text area uses TinyMCE 3.4.9 I found a blog online that suggested selectFrame (iFrame containing tinymce) focus (tinymce) type (tinymce, text) that didn't help since Selenium RC can't locate the iframe. However, I tried this with the Firefox plugin and at the very least I can select the iframe and focus the editor, but I can't enter any text. With RC, nothing I do seems to work I also tried entering text using the html editor. So selenium can emulate clicking the button to open the html editor, then RC would either fail to find the text area or I'll get an error such that the element is no longer attached to the DOM (something along that line) Sorry if this sounds confusing. This worked for me: command: runScript target: tinyMCE.activeEditor.setContent('Replace with your text') Got it from http://www.tinymce.com/forum/viewtopic.php?id=27960 Link is broken. If you have multiple tinyMCE forms on one page, I recommend Command: runScript Target: tinyMCE.get('textarea_id').setContent('Your Text') Firstly you switch to frame // driver is type of IWebDriver driver.switchTo().frame(frameName or frameIndex); Then you get element by id and fill it with your text var el = driver.findElement(By.id("tinymce")); el.sendKeys("YOUR TEXT"); WebElement bodyIframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe")); driver.switchTo().frame(bodyIframe); WebElement mce = driver.findElement(By.id("tinymce")); mce.sendKeys("This is for testing!!!!"); This worked perfectly for me The only way I am able to get Selenium testing to work with TinyMCE is to not use TinyMCE for the test. Use some server-side wizardry to selectively disable the TinyMCE plugin under test conditions. This will not help you with testing the use of TinyMCE itself, but you will at least be able to fill in the form to completion and move your tests forward... :) Ok so at least I know TinyMCE and SleniumRC are destined to not get along. TinyMCE can indeed be used in Selenium RC tests. We do it all the time. And @pents90 already showed one way to do it here. We use the process described at techiebyday.blogspot.com, and it works great in current versions of Selenium RC (at least up to 2.20) and TinyMCE (post-3.4). In C#, it looks like this: string editorFrameId = editorId + "_ifr"; selenium.Focus(String.Format("dom=document.getElementById('{0}').contentWindow.document.body", editorFrameId)); selenium.GetEval(String.Format("selenium.browserbot.getCurrentWindow().document.getElementById('{0}').contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML = '{1}';", editorFrameId, fillString)); For TinyMCE 3.4.x and Selenium IDE in Firefox, this is working for me. Substitute the id of your TinyMCE instance for NAME below: <tr> <td>type</td> <td>dom=document.getElementById('NAME_ifr').contentDocument.body</td> <td>Editor content</td> </tr> This is based on https://gist.github.com/809728 I've been trying to use this solution: <tr> <td>type</td> <td>dom=document.getElementById('NAME_ifr').contentDocument.body</td> <td>Editor content</td> </tr> Replaced 'name_ifr'. First to frame name and inserted before entering into the tinymce frame and then replaced name with 'tinymce' and inserted after entering the frame where accoring to all the rules typing must happen. But all I get is errors. Somehow, I never make DOM or js commands work in my script. Is there something I am missing? If you have one TinyMCE element in page: var obj = ((IJavaScriptExecutor)webDriver).ExecuteScript("tinyMCE.activeEditor.setContent('" + text + "');"); I was having problems entering text in a tinyMCE editor too: FireFox 20.01 tinyMCE 3.4.9 Selenium IDE 1.10.0 I have multiple tinyMCE editors in my form. Solution (using Selenium IDE, which can be ported to Selenium RC easily): Using firebug, find out the id of the tinymce iframe that replaces the textarea, e.g. form_editor1_ifr Strip the "_ifr" from this id to get the id of the original textarea Use this id in the target for the runScript command in Selenium IDE: tinyMCE.get('form_editor1_ifr').setContent('the content'); In Selenium webdriver PHPUnit_Extensions_Selenium2TestCase, this works when you use: $this-> execute(array('script' => "tinymce.get('cms_cpg_content').setContent('Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,...')", 'args' => array())); When you want to add text. I was able to solve this problem using Selenium RC, have done following steps(attached screenshot for your referral) on tinyMCE editor, click on Advanced option icon Click on "<>" source code icon Source code popup appears, enter text and click Ok text appears in TinyMCE editor Just for your reference I have given steps with CSS locator click on advaced option button: css= tr[id*='tinymce'] td * div[aria-label='Advanced Options'] button click on source code: css= tr[id*='tinymce'] td * div[aria-label='Source code'] button click on popup textarea css= div[class*='mce-floatpanel'][aria-label='Source code'] * textarea click on ok button on popup css= div[class*='mce-floatpanel'][aria-label='Source code'] * div>button:contains('Ok') verify text present in tinymce css=body p:contains(this is testing) Hope this will solve your problem :) http://odino.org/typing-into-tinymce-with-selenium/ ...looks like TinyMCE and selenium IDE hook ups don't work on 3.4.5, so my presumption is that this issue has been carried over into 3.4.9. Yes, I saw that page/comment. I guess there isn't a fix for this currently. Thank you Check out http://techiebyday.blogspot.com/2011/07/tinymce-and-selenium.html - that works even after 3.4.5.
16,057
https://github.com/Mindjolt2406/Competitive-Programming/blob/master/Codeforces/240/D.cpp
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,022
Competitive-Programming
Mindjolt2406
C++
Code
195
820
// Upsolved #include<bits/stdc++.h> #define mt make_tuple #define mp make_pair #define pu push_back #define INF 1000000001 #define MOD 1000000007 #define ll long long int #define ld long double #define vi vector<int> #define vll vector<long long int> #define fi first #define se second #define sc(n) scanf("%d",&n); #define scll(n) scanf("%lld",&n); #define scld(n) scanf("%Lf",&n); #define scr(s) {char temp[1000000];scanf("%s",temp);s = temp;} #define t1(x) cerr<<#x<<" : "<<x<<endl #define t2(x, y) cerr<<#x<<" : "<<x<<" "<<#y<<" : "<<y<<endl #define t3(x, y, z) cerr<<#x<<" :" <<x<<" "<<#y<<" : "<<y<<" "<<#z<<" : "<<z<<endl #define t4(a,b,c,d) cerr<<#a<<" : "<<a<<" "<<#b<<" : "<<b<<" "<<#c<<" : "<<c<<" "<<#d<<" : "<<d<<endl #define t5(a,b,c,d,e) cerr<<#a<<" : "<<a<<" "<<#b<<" : "<<b<<" "<<#c<<" : "<<c<<" "<<#d<<" : "<<d<<" "<<#e<<" : "<<e<<endl #define GET_MACRO(_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,NAME,...) NAME #define t(...) GET_MACRO(__VA_ARGS__,t5, t4, t3, t2, t1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define _ cout<<"here"<<endl; using namespace std; int dp[4001][4001] = {0}; int main() { int n,k; sc(n);sc(k); // for(int i=1;i<=k;i++) {dp[1][i] = 1;} for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) dp[i][1] = 1; for(int i=1;i<=k;i++) { for(int j=1;j<=n;j++) { for(int k = j;k<=n;k+=j) { dp[k][i]+= dp[j][i-1]; dp[k][i]%=MOD; // t(k,i,j,i-1,dp[k][i]); } } } // for(int i=0;i<=n;i++) // { // for(int j=0;j<=k;j++) cout<<dp[i][j]<<" "; // cout<<endl; // } ll sum1 = 0; for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) {sum1+=dp[i][k];sum1%=MOD;} cout<<sum1<<endl; return 0; }
46,898
bub_gb_tgcPAAAAYAAJ_21
German-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,882
Westdeutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst
None
German
Spoken
8,013
15,763
Da es unmöglich ist, die Händler- angabe naebzuprüfen, so muss darauf verzichtet werden, näherauf denGegen- stand einzugehen. II. Vorgeschichtliches. Aus Eschborn wurden in Ergänzung früherer Funde durch Vermittlung des Herrn Chr. L. Thomas Steinzeit- funde erworben, welche dem Inventar ton Wobnplätzen zu entsprechen schei- nen. Neben Steinwerkzeugeu (Iland- mühlen u. s. w ) handelt es sich vor- nehmlich um Scherben gröberer Thon- gi fasse, deren Zusammensetzung ver- sucht werden soll, aber wegen Zeit- mangels noch verschoben werden musste. Wie bekannt, bat der Ort früher eine Anzahl von Fundstücken feinerer und verzierter Keramik ergeben, die heuer gelegentlich der Neuaufstellung der vorgeschichtlichen Sammlungen zum ersten Mal zur Ausstellung gelangt sind. Ein beilförmiges Gerät aus schwar- zem Stein, angeblich im Rhein bei Baggerarbeiten gefunden, wurde aus dem Handel erworben. Es ist von bemerkenswert sauberer, feiner Aus- führung mit einer glatten walzen- förmigen Durchbohrung. Eine Verwen- dung als Beil erscheint wegen der Lage des Schwerpunktes kaum wahrschein- lich. Das Stück erinnert vielmehr an gewisse Schleppanker leichter Fahr- zeuge, wie solche im Schlamm des IllHusses mehrfach gefunden worden. Die Ilallstattzeit ist vertreten durch eine Anzahl vou Fundstücken aus einer Gräbergruppe in der Nähe von Frank- fu rt angeblich aus Seckbach, deren Herkunft indes nicht genau ermittelt werden konnte. 6 grossere und kleinere Urnen, 24 Bernstoinperlen und Bruch- stücke von Bronze- Armringen. Typo- logisch ist die Gruppe verwandt mit Fundstucken aus jüngeren Hügelgrä- bern des Frankfurter Stadtwaldes, ohne denselben ganz gleich zu kommen. Die Erwerbung war daher geraten, zumal die Herkunft aus der Nachbar- schaft aus bestimmtem Grunde nicht bezweifelt werden kann Ferner sind 3 Armringe aus Bronze der Sammlung zugegangen, 2 Stücke aus dem Handel, angeblich im Main bei Flörsheim gefunden, das dritte ebenda in einer Kalkgrube ausgegraben und von Herrn Ingenieur Fischer ge- Digitized by Google 354 Museographie. — Frankfurt. schenkt. Ein Tongefäss aus der Dres- dener Haide kam als Ergänzung einer früheren Scheckung durch Herrn Prof. Dr. Wolff in das Museum. Weitere Funde sehr unscheinbarer Art aber von erheblicher Bedeutung für die Fest- stellungen zur frühesten Geschichte des Ortes, auf dem die heutige Alt- stadt vou Frankfurt sich erhebt, wur- den gelegentlich des Braubach- Durchbruches gemacht. Die Museumsdirektion liess die Ab- brüche und Erdarbeiten durch den Assistenten W e 1 c k e r überwachen, und es wurde im Verlauf der Arbeiten Herr Architekt Thomas beauftragt, gewisse Untersuchungen zur Aufklärung der Frage nach einer ältesten (Karo- lingischen) Stadtmauer vorzunehmen Diese Untersuchung veranlasste aus- gedehnte Grabungen, welche noch nicht ganz abgeschlossen sind. Bei diesen Arbeiten fanden sich in der Gegend des Nürnberger Hofes graphitüber- zogene Tongefässteile, welche der La Tönezeit angeboren werden, allenfalls aber auch schon der Hall- st a 1 1 z e i t zugrschriehen werden könnten. Der Fund hat durch eine weitere Grabung im Rebstock wirk- same Unterstützung gefunden, indem hier das Vorkommen von 2 weiteren vorrömischen Scherben im Ufersand südlich der Branbach in einer Lage festgelegt worden ist, welche eine Ver- schleppung späterer Zeit so ziemlich ausschloss. Auch diese Scherben dürfen füglich der La Tönezeit zugesproeben werden, und zum Ueberfluss ist es dieser Tage gelungen, unter mittelalter- lichen Scherben alter Bestände des historischen Museums ein Stück zu tinden, welches fraglos der LaTenezeit entstammen muss. Dies letztere ist seiner Zeit auf dem Kraut markt ge- funden und vereint sich heute mit den genannten Stücken zu einem wohl schlüssigen Beweis für die Anwesen- heit einer Siedelung auf dem Domhiigcl zwischen Main und Braubarh in der 2. Hälfto des vorchristlichen Jahr- tausends. Eine weitere Anzahl von Funden aus der La Töne periode erhielten wir durch die Arbeiten der Ausgra- bungskommission in Heddernheim hezw. durch Herrn Prof. Wolff, der bei der Leitung der Ausgrabungen nebenher die Erdbewegung in den dortigen Ziege- leien stets im Auge behielt und so in der Lage war, die Anwesenheit von La Tönegräbern, der Uömerstadt östlich benachbart, feBtstellen und die kera- mischen Fundstücke daraus bergen zu können. Ein Schwert, welches sich hier fand, von dem aber die Zugehörig- keit zu einem La Tene-Grab nicht fest- stebt, würde der Form des römischen Gladius durchaus entsprechen, wenn es nicht in der Länge iiber das übliche Mass etwas hinausginge III. Römisches Die genannten Arbeiten der Ausgrabungskommissiou haben im abgelaufenen Jahre neben erfreulichen wissenschaftlichen Fest- stellungen auch eine reiche Ausbeute an Fundstücken für das Museum er- geben. Es wurden untersucht das West- tor des Domitianischen Steiuksstells nebst dem davorliogenden zum Forum des Vicus Nidensis gehörigen Bauteil. Teile des Prätoriums im Stein- kastell wurden aufgederkt und im wesentlichen die Anordnung dieser Zentralanlage auf ihrer westlichen Seite bestimmt. Die Untersuchung des grossen Erd- lagers nördlich vom Steinkastell wurde unter grossen Schwierigkeiten fortgesetzt und wesentlich gefördert Die bei dieser Untersuchung bereits im Vorjahre angeschnittene Töpfer ei - an läge vor dem Saalburg-Tore der römischen Stadt wurde eingehend unter- sucht und ergab ganz bedeutende Mengen von Fundstücken. Dieser Zu- gang zu den Sammlungen bedeutet auch, abgesehen von dem wissenschaftliihen Wert der keramischen Erzeugnisse, welche fUr eine bestimmte und schart- ahzugrenzende Periode des 2. Jabrb. bezeichnend sind, für das historische Museum einen materiell recht wert- vollen Zuwachs. An Fundstucken von diesen Aus- grabungen in dem römischen Hed- dernheim nennen wir kurz die folgenden : Gräberfunde vor dem Nordtore : 3 Gefüsse z. T. mit Inhalt von dem Leicheubrand herrUhrend. Ferner eine Anzahl von Scherben weiterer Grab- gefässe. Töpfereifunde: a) Hilfsgerät und Einrichtungsgegen- stände: 3 schwere mühlsteinäbnliche j by Google Museographie. — Frankfurt. 355 Scheiben aus Basaltlava (wohl Schwung- räder der Drehscheiben), 20 vollstän- dige und viele in Scherben gefundene „Wölbtöpfe* von den Ofenkonstruk- tionen. 7 Standringe zur Aufstellung von Gefässen im Brennofen u. a. m. b) Erzeugnisse der Töpfereien in fehlgebrannten, unfertigen oder be- schädigten Stücken, welche die ganze Form der Gerate erkennen lassen : 1 grosse Amphora, 3 grosse Krüge mit 2 bezw. 3 Henkeln, 1 grosse Flasche mit weissem Farbornameot in Blum- cbenform. 6b kleine Amphoren, Krüge und Kannen, 32 Urnen und Töpfe, nebst einer sehr grossen Zahl von Deckeln. 2 Reibschalen, 2 Schüsseln, 15 Teller, 10 Becher, 7 Räurherschalen und Leuchter, 1 Gesichtsurne und sehr viele charakteristische Einzelscherben. Eine besondere Berücksichtigung ver- dienen die zahlreichen Sigillatagefässe, die in obiger Aufz&hlung nicht mit enthalten sind. Aus der grossen Fülle von Einzel- gegenstamlen erwähnen wir hier Eine Anzahl Bronzemünzen. Einige Ziegelstücke mit Stempeln der Truppenteile, welche sie fabriziert habeu Eine Reihe von Sigillatage- fässen und Scherben mit Töpferstem- peln, sowie sonstige keramische Ftiud- stücke. Von Waffen und Eisengerälen sind ausser dem schon genannten Schwert bervorzuheben : Der Querbügel von einer Helmkapp», einige Lanzen- uud Pfeilspitzen und ein Sporn von eigenartiger bisher ganz unbekannter Form. Zahlreich sind wie immer die Funde an kleinen Bronzen verschiedenster Bestimmung, meist Beschlagstücke, unter welchen einige figürliche Appliken zu erwäbuen sind. Einen kleinen Hahn aus Bionze neu neu wir besonders. Er war auf einem eisernen Gegenstand unbekannter Art befestigt. Im Prätorium des Steinkasiells wur- den einige bemerkenswerte Reste von Steinskulpturen gefunden. Die kera- mischen Funde dieser Lokalität stim- men (reiflich zu den früher im Stein- kastell vom Entdecker desselb n ge- machten Beobachtungen bezüglich der Datiernng der Anlagen. Im Anschluss au die Grabungen der Ausgrabungs- Kommission und unter Kontrolle durch den Leiter derselben gruben dann nach Einstellung der Ar- beiten des vorigen Herbstes Heddern- h eimer A rbeiter auf eigene Hand weiter. Die Ausbeute, aus 46 ganzen oder wenig beschädigten Gefässen bestehend wurde vom Museum erworben. Sie bietet eine wertvolle Ergänzung der vorher genannten Funde und ist des- wegen, weil es möglich war, über die Herkunft der Stücke bestimmte nähere Angaben zu erhalten, für die wissen- schaftliche Untersuchung der gesamten Töpfereianlagen von doppeltem Werte. Unter den Einzelstürkeu sind mehrere gestempelte Sigillata-Teller (Dragen- dorff 32) und eine ganze Reihe von dekorierten Schalen (Dragendorff 37) von besonderem Interesse insofern, als sie Anhalt gewähren, der ein- heimischen Sigillatafabrikation auf die Spur zu kommen. Im übrigen ist besonders zu erwähnen ein melonen- förmiges Stück der har gebrannten, dünnwandigen eingedellteu Gefässe (Koenen Taf. XVI. 9—14'. Auch ein Seiher oder Durchschlagssieb, wie solche in unserer Töpferei hergestellt wurden, befindet sich unter den ange- kauften Tongeräten, An Einzelerwerbungen aus dem römischen Heddernheim ist ein aureus des Vespasian zu erwähnen, von treff- licher Erhaltuug und gefunden in der Nähe des Westtores vom Steinkastell. Aus der Umgebung vom „Ebbel“ bei Prauubeim au der Nidda, wo schon eine ganze Reihe von Einzelfuuden gemacht wurde, stammt eine Lanzen- spitze uud eine Riemenzunge, beides von Herrn Ingenieur Fischer bei städ- tischen Wasserleitungsgrabuugeu er- hoben und abgeliefert. Von besonderem Interesse für die lokale Altertumsforschung sind die Funde im alten Frankfurt selbst, die sich gelegentlich der Anlage der Brau- bachstrasse ergeben haben. Es siud unscheinbare Scherben, zum grössten Teil aus dem Schlick der Braubach selbst erhoben. Sie bestätigen die Beobachtungen der 80er und 9üer Jahre, welche eine militärische Anlage der 2. Hälfte des ersten nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts zwischen Main und Brau- bach annebmen Hessen. Eine Sigillata- scherbe, in der Nahe des Steinernen Hauses beim Kanalbau ausgegraben. igitized by Google 356 Muscographie. — Frankfurt. lässt aus Material und Form die Da- tierung ihror Herstellung um die Mitte des Jahrhunderts zu. Sie stimmt Uber- ein mit den von Kitterling in die Claudische Zeit verwiesenen Scherben südgallischer Herkunft, wie sie im Erd- lager von Hofheim und in älteren Wies- badener Schichten gefunden werden. Diese eine Scherbe lasst also die Mög- lichkeit eines vordomitianischen Im- portes als gegeben erscheinen. An sich bieten die spärlichen Funde im übrigen nichts bemerkenswertes. Des weiteren wurde die Sammlung römischer Alter- tümer ergänzt durch eine Zuwendung des Römisch - Germanischen Zeniral- museums zu Mainz. Kin Geschenk der Italienischen Regierung hatte der ge- nannten Anstalt eine grössere Anzahl keramischer Dubletten aus Pompei überlassen. Von diesen wieder wur- den an die lokalen und provinzialen Museen am Rhein typische Gefässe ab- gegeben. Wir erhielten deren acht genau datierte Stücke. Sie gehen in ihrer Entstehungszeit nur wenige Jahre hinter die bei uns verkommenden im- portierten Gefässe dertlavischen Periode zurück. Damit sind erwünschte Ver- gleichsobjekte gewonnen für die lokale Forschung, die ja gerade mit der doraitianischeu Zeit vorzugsweise zu rechnen hat. Aus gleichem Gesichtspunkt wurde durch Ankauf aus dem Handel ein angeblich in Mainz ausgegraheuer Sigillatakumpf erworben (Form Dragen- dorff 30). IV'. Fränkisches. Hei Ginn- heim an der grossen Linde auf der Strasse nach Eschersheim wurde von Städtischen Leitungsanlagen ein frän- kisches Frauengrah angeschnitten und der noch übrige Rest ausgegrahen. Die Orientierung des Grabes wurde festgestellt und die Reste des Skelettes und der spärlichen Beigaben erhoben: Eine braune Perle, ein Messer, Bein- kamm und ein Spinnwirtel. Ausserdem wurde die nächste Um- gebung abgesucht und ein Erdaufschluss mit Resten zweier weiterer Gräber photographiert. Die Feststellung eines Reiheugräberfeldes. dessen Ausgrabung jederzeit in Angriff genommen werden könnte, ersebeiut damit gesichert. Aus dem Handel erwarb das Museum eine zusammengehörige Gruppe von Schmuckstücken meist aus Edelmetall, die einem grosseu Gräberfunde aus Schwarzrheindorf bei Bonn entstammt. Im einzelnen sind folgende Stücke zu erwähnen: Schwerer glatter, silberner Armreif mit keuleoförmig verdickten Enden. Silberner Fingerring mit weinrotem Stein. Runde Scheibenfibel : Auf Gold- blech in zwei konzentrischen Flächen ist Filigranarbeit angeordnet, im Vier- pass stehen Almandine mit je einem Elfeubeinplättchen auf der äusseren Scheibe, ein Almandin nimmt die Mitte ein. 7 grössere und kleinere mit Al- mandinen besetzte Scheibenfibeln von Gold bezw. Silber, z. T. mit Filigran und sonstigen Nebenzieraten, 8 grosse silberne Fibeln zum Teil vergoldet und alle mit Nielloeiulagen verziert. Sämtliche Agraffen sind auf der Ober- seite reich dekoriert durch Kerbschnitt- muster in Zickzackornament, Flecbt- weik u. a. Ein Paar ist mit einem Halbkranz von Almandinen umgeben. Die gleiche Form zeigen 2 Paar kleinere Silberfiheln ähnlicher Ausstattung. Von den bekannten kleinen Fibeln, welche Falken oder Adler darstellen, wurden 6 Stück erworben in drei ver- schiedenen Typen der Verzierungs- weise bei annähernd gleicher Schablone. Allen gemeinsam ist das durch einen roten Almandin wirkungsvoll hervor- gehobene Auge. Diese Form ist ab- gewandelt in einer breiten Ziernadel, welche an beiden Enden je einen Raubvogelkopf zeigt. Der Körper in Form eines breiten S ist mit 3 grossen Almandinen belegt. Von ähnlicher Ge- stalt ist eine weitere Fibel ohne Tier- köpfe mit Bandverschlinguugen in Kerb- schnitt mit Nielloeinlagen. Ein Paar grosser silberner Ohrringe zeigt au schlichtem Drahtreif eine runde Kapsel, besetzt mit 4 Almandiueu. Die Zwischenräume sind mit Filigrandrei- eckeu ausgefüllt. Ein Doppelkammaus Bein mit Scheide von gleichem Material, welche zum Aufklappen eingerichtet ist (vergl. Lin- denschmitt, Handbuch S. 312 Fig. 247 —248). Die eine Zahnreihe des Strahls ist eng, die andere weit gestellt. Die Scheidenoberfiäehen sind verziert durch bogenförmige Zusammenstellungen von Punktkreisen. Der eiserne Bügel einer Gürteltasche Museographie. — Homburg v. d. II. 357 mit Schnalle zum Befestigen oder zum Verschluss, aus Frankreich stammend. (Vergl Schumacher, Karlsruher Ver- öffentlichungen 1899 H. 2. S, 91 und Lindenschmit, Handbuch S. 456 ff.) Es ist mit einem getriebenen Goldblech- streifen der Länge nach belegt. Dieser Streifen ist mit einer durch Punkt- reihen gebildeten Buchstabenschrift versehen. Zwischen den Schriftzeichen befioden sich geometrische Ornamente. Mittelalter und Neuzeit: lieber die Erwerbungen für diese Ab- teilung ist der ausführliche Bericht d es Museums nach kulturgeschicht- lich-archäologischen Gesichts- punkten in der Weise angeordnet, dass überall der Gebrauchszweck der Gegenstände ausschlaggebend gewesen ist. Es entstehen so die Abteilungen: I. Hausaltertümer, II. Staats- und Ge- meinde-A., III. Kriegs- A„ IV. Hechts- A., V. Kirchliche A., VI. Kunst-A., VII. Wissenschaftliche Altertümer. Ueber die einzelnen Stücke ist dieser Bericht zu vergleichen. (Nach dem 28. Jahres- bericht des Vereins für das historische Museum zu Frankfurt a./M.) Homburg v. d. H.. Saalburgmuseum IS. 623, 11 -IV, VI— X, XVII -XXIII. Ausgrabungen 1!>05 ■). 1. Kastell Saalburg. Die im Vor- jahre begonnene Untersuchung der unter den Wehrgängen erhaltenen Beste des älteren Kastells, das mit ziem- licher Sicherheit jetzt in die Zeit Hadrians gesetzt werden kann, sind im Jahre 1905 nach Möglichkeit weiter- gefülirt worden. Hiervon wurden die nordwestliche abgerundete Ecke mit ihrem Turin und die ältere l’orta I’raetoria, beide mit seitlichen Rampen- mauern, gänzlich freigelegt, ln der Mitte der östlichen Hälfte der Nord- front stiess man beim Abräumen des Erdwallcs ebenfalls auf einen 10 m langen Einbau, der nur von einer Kampe oder Treppe, mit podestartiger Verbreiterung des Wehrgangs her- rühren kann. Dabei ist jetzt sicher erwiesen, dass unter der Kastellanlage mit dem Schlitzmauerwerk noch eine ältere Bauperiode liegt, deren Umfassung nur aus Holzpfosten zu bestehen scheint. Wir haben also von jetzt ab vier Kastellaulagen 1) Die Kunde werden Im Laufe des Jahres 1906 «Amtlich auf die Saalburg verbracht. über einander anzunehmen. Hinter der westlichen Hälfte der Praetorial- front konnte, parallel zu ihr und fast gleich lang ein 30 Kuss breites Ge- bäude in grossen Pfostenlöchern nach- gewiesen werden, das wahrscheinlich als Unterkunftsraum der Mannschaften diente. Der vor der Dextra bereits früher angeschnittene aber jetzt erst ausgegrabene Titulusgraben hat nicht die Form des linken, sondern gleicht einem Halbmonde, dessen Spitzen nach der Oberfläche verlaufen. Er ist nicht entwässert und noch rätselhafter wie sein Gegenüber. In der Ketentura wurde das Magazin (Horreum) vor dem Wiederaufbau gründlich untersucht. Auch hier hat, sich die ältere gleich grosse Anlage aus Holz wie bei Prae- torium und Quaestorium sehr schön nachweisen lassen. Ausserhalb des Kastells erstreckten sich die Ausgrabungen auf das Gebiet zwischen Mithraeum und Friedhof, auf dem nochmals 12 Gräber geöffnet wurden, und einige Holzbauten mit Kellern östlich der Römerstrasse am Gräberhaus. Nabe dem Dolichenum kam im Herbst noch ein gemauerter Keller in der typischen Form mit J’fostenlöchern und einem holzverschal- ten Wasserbehälter zum Vorschein. Oestlich davon, anscheinend in dem dazu gehörigen Hof, fand man einen Mühlstein und daneben einen Haufen verkohlter Weizenkörner. Gegenüber am sog. Forum sind weitere Anbauten aus älterer Zeit freigelegt, die zum Teil unter die Heddernheimer Itömer- strasse reichen, welche hier auf eine längere Strecke vollständig durchgegra- ben wurde. Die bei diesen Grabungen erhobenen Kleinfunde verteilen sich folgendermassen : a. Eisen: Schlüssel, Schreibgriffel, Lanzen- und Pfeilspitzen, ein Schild- buckel, eine Schere, 2 Löffelbohrer und ein grosser Meissei (Lochbeutel. Besonders interessant ist eine 18 cm lauge Türangel mit seitlich . ange- scluniedetem herzförmigen Lappen zur Befestigung am Türrahmen und eine aus der älteren Periode stammende Pilnmspitze mit Widerhaken. Der Schaft ist vierkantig, entsprechend bat die sauber gearbeitete Spitze vier Widerhaken in der Richtung der Dia- gonalen. Eine ähnliche Form ist aus 358 Museographie. — Homburg v. d. H. Römerzeit bisher nicht bekannt’), sie ist ein Mittelding zwischen dem nor- malen römischen Pilum und der frän- kischen Ango mit zwei seitlichen Widerhaken. h. Bronze: gut erhaltener 18 cm langer Wagebalken mit zweiseitiger Teilung durrh Punkte und Striche, nach Unzen? (V, X, XV); Strigilis mit Heft für einen Holzgriff, grosser Schlossriegel, Schnallen, Schlossnägel, Knöpfe, Hinge, eine Pinzette und ein Löffelchen aus Wcissmetall wie Jacobi Saalburg, Taf. LXII, 3 c. Schmucksachen: einige Fibeln, darunter mehrere Drahttihcln aus dem Wehrgange; unter den Kmailfunden ist eine Taubentibel besonders gut er- halten: 3 (iemmen: 2 Niroloimitatio- nen, die eine Bacchus mit Panther und Thvrsus, die andere Menclaus mit der Leiche des Patroclus darstellend; die dritte, ein sehr sauber geschnit- tener Uhalcedon, zeigt den thronen- den Juppitcr mit Szepter und Blitz- bündel, neben dessen Kopf ein grosser Stern sich befindet. d. fllas: oberes Randstiick eines Gofässes mit grossen eingesehliffeuen Buchstaben F N ; kleine Glaskugel mit angeschmolzener Oese zum Auf- hängen (Gewirkt?); Knöpfe und Per- len aus Glasfluss. e. Ton: einige ganze Krüge und Tel- ler, zumeist aus den Gräbern, \ielc Hen- kel, Ränder und Halse aus den unteren Schichten des Wehrganges und Horre- ums: darunter bandförmig. Krughenkel mit Stempel 'sVxi I ( * 'XIII. 293 von Wiesbaden); ferner Amphoren- henkel : MCLSI II (Schluss F oder P), nicht im ( II! XIII oder XV: QKU (('XIII. 193(?) Trier),!! • M' I narhBohn vermutlich zu XV. 3005 l! M M F gehörend; und GXACR im (TU. XIII und XV nicht bekannt: nach Hohn vielleicht nach ('. XV aufzulösen in G. X. ( ) Ac ( ) B ( ). Kotgemalte. Scherben von eigenartig geformten | Gefässen und Tellern fanden sich wie- der zahlreich im Wehrgang. f. S i g i 1 1 a t a : besonders häutig un- ter der Römerstrasse nach Hoddorn- 2) Vgl. übrigens hierüber die gtiehiachen Ffeile rotn Schlachtfeltle von Marathon in „Die Beitreibung der Karlsruher Samm- lung antiker Bronzen“ von K. Schumacher Taf. XIV, 30-31. heim, die mit Brandschutt aus dem Kastell aufgefüllt war, und dem älteren Horreum ; meist flache Teller, aber auch einige, recht schöne reliefierte Stücke, und 2 Tässchen mit Kerbschnitt. Die Zahl der Si gillatastcmpel hat sich um 330 auf 2140 vermehrt, darun- ter neue Töpfcrstempel : afer • fecit, bir^o (/e)CiT (grosse Buchstaben, nicht im Corp. XIII I. i : fclOMOXS ( ./. :), BQRIVSt, BO VDVS (circ. scr.) CINT • V • ss ■ a, t elici anvsi (grosse Buchsta- ben, nicht im C. XIII), Kustivs C. XIII, 892 X* (?), fvsci, ivlva (viel- leicht <3 ivliaS, OIVlvas, bei Ludo- wici, Rheinzabern I, 1905 Nr. 257). LASCI, KOSSAE, LVPVStE, MAGNOVS, MRCEKR VS, MARCELLINVS, AOODIM (nicht im €, XIII), nicephorf, peppo- FEC, SEDATVSF, ) SllVIlbVS ( (nicht im C. XIII). TOCCAK, TOCCAFX, oia-c (nicht im C. XIII). ofcres. Formcrstempel: firmvs, l-x-x i5mal auf einer kleinen Schussel) mamhi- LIANVS und IJIMMAM, SXTTO FECIT und lanv^miv (cursiv st. scr. ('. XIII 131 von Lezoux). Kritzelschriften, meist auf flachen Tellern ans dem Sol- datenrevier, ausser zahlreichen Frag- menten: ri/fi, Aurelio, Casti, Germavi (K Uber A geschrieben), Juli, Juli lullini, Juni, 1‘eregrini, Similis, Vtri : abgekürzt: Apr, Ger, Jan, Main (zwei- mal). Nas, Hip, Terl ; ferner mit Zu- satz der Abteilung: } Adjeeti, } Ho- inani, 7 Senili l'anli und ('an Pelili, das vielleicht mit Bezug auf C. XIII 10017 Xr. 13 uud N'r. IG (von der Saalburg) (’onftuberiiiumj Pelili zu ergänzen ist. g. Ziegel: Dach- und Platten- ziegel auffallend zahlreich unter dem Welirgang: darunter viele datierbare Stempel. Neu u. a.: Der des ff, Secundm Schlossau, OKI, 61, Taf. III 11 (Nied, Wolff Xr. 142), des Aritius Fortis Nied, Wolff 153, des Ctucilius Hecundus Höckingen, ORL. 50. Taf. IV, 5 und Verafnins ? t'apito Wiesbaden (Nied, Wolff Xr. 157h). und der Rund- stempel Butzbach ORL. 1, Taf. III. Xr. 33 S. 25 mit der Legende lexxii o Figur (Dreizack?) oivfcd ;Mittel- Digitized by Google Museograpbie. — Homburg v. d. H. 359 figur ebenfalls undeutlich. Dagegen D am Schlüsse sicher. h. Münzen: die Gesamtzahl er- höht sich um 134* Stück (darunter 35 Silber- und 101 Hronzemünzen). Neu ist ein Mittelerz der Republik, des Agrippa und der Julia Domna, sowie ein Silberdenar des Galba. Fast ein Drittel der Münzen stammt ent- sprechend den Fundstellen aus der Zeit der Kaiser Trajan — Hadrian. i. Verschiedenes: zahlreiche ab- geschliffenc Gefassböden zum Spielen, Hache Kieselsteine, Schleifsteine, ein Schmelztiegel und einige Köpfchen von Tonfiguren. k. Vorrömisch: 2 Steinbeile aus Kieselschiefer. II. Kastell F c I d b c r g. Die bis- herigen Fundergebnisse sind in dem dieses Frühjahr erschienenen 2ö. Hefte derHeichslimeskommission unter Nr. 10 veröffentlicht, auf welches auch im Folgenden liezug genommen ist. Bei dem Ausroden einiger Baum- stümpfe wurden westlich vom Kastell ein grosser gemauerter Keller und nicht weit davon zwei Quellbrunnen gefunden. Fundstücke : Eisen: 2 Lanzenspitzen, 1 Schiebe- schlüssel, Haken wie Taf. VIII, 20 mit Brouzehiilse für die Holzrolle, Hobeleisen, 2 Aexte, Schelle, starkes Messer. Bronze: Schiebeschlüssel , Fibel wie VI. 34, Hakenkreuz und grosse Fibel wie Saalburgwerk Taf. L, Nr. 5, Doppelknopf wie SW. Taf. LIII, 7. Ton: Töpferstempel: l’atern usf, Vin- tlemialis, Vidorinus. Neu: mrcvs ffjt SATVriofe (nicht im C. XIII) und der F'ormcrstempel »javijvi. Sandstein: Köpfchen einer Genius- figur aus dem Horrcum: weitere Bruch- stücke der Inschriftplatte mit Bronzc- buehstaben (S. 42, Nr. 14). Der wichtigste Fund des Jahres ist ein kleines Relief aus Vilbeler Sandstein, 25 cm breit, ca. 40 hoch und 12 cm dick, das aus dem neuen Brunnen erhoben ist (vergl. Abb. 5). Ob es in dessen Nahe gestanden bat, ist ungewiss, da nur die untere Hälfte dort gefunden ist, die obere fehlt. Die Figur stellt den gepanzerten M ars dar mit Lanze und Schild. Letzterer ist von Innen dargcstellt, die Höhlung des Schild- buckels und der Griff sind sorgfältig ausgearbeitet. Neu ist die kleine Figur, die nebeu dem linken Fuss des Gottes sitzt und zw eifellos einen ruhen- Abb. 5. den bärtigen Flnssgott darstellt, die Urne scheint mit der abgebrochenen Ecke zu fehlen. Eine sichere Deutung kann bisher noch nicht gegeben wer- den ; man hat in ihm u. a. den (ienins loci vermutet. Eigenartig ist die An- ordnung der Inschrift auf dem Stein. Auf dem schmalen Rand sind links die Buchstaben ... VS erhalten, daneben in der Nische / /// A (vor A anscheinend die unteren Reste der Hasten eines 11) und rechts auf dem Rande . . . KIC. Die Buchstaben 1) M auf der Innen- seite des Schildes sind sicher als IJeo Marti aufzulösen, während die anderen Buchstaben sich möglicherweise zu fnumer JVS ftxpl.J fhaJIAV zusammen- setzen. Wir hätten also als Dedikant wieder die aus dem Mauiaeastein (S. 40) bekannte Besatzung des Fcld- bergkastells. Münzen: 12 Stück (6 Bronze-, 6 Silber-), darunter allein aus der Zeit des Severus Alexander wieder 5 Stück; besonders schön ist ein Grosserz des Didius Julianus. (J a c o b i.) Wiesbaden, Museum nassauischer Altertümer I S. 2fi7, II-XXII1 Aus den ausführlichen Berichten 56 Digitized by Google Museographie. — Wiesbaden. 3fi0 über die Museumstätigkeit und die Vermehrung der Sammlungen während der Zeit von Knde Oktober 1904 bis Mitte Oktober 15)05 (Mitteil, des nass. Altert. -Vereins 1 5104 Nr. 4, 1!K)5 Nr. 1, 2 und 3) sei hier nur Einiges hervor- gehoben. Die Zahl der Nummern des llauptzugangs Verzeichnis» es stieg um etwa 700 und bat jetzt die Nummer von 18300 überschritten. A. Vorrömische Zeit. Von einer kurzen Nachuntersuchung vorder Höhle bei Steeden stammen ausser zahlreichen Knochen eine grosse Menge von Feuer- steinmessern und Schabern der paläo- lithischen Zeit (18239 — 56). Ein sehr schönes schon vor mehreren .lahren gefundenes Jadeitbeil (17 714) stammt aus der Gegend von Limburg. Sonstige Reste der jüngeren Steinzeit in Gc- fässteilen und Steinwerkzeugen liefer- ten die Fundstellen bei Hofheim (17 764, 17769, 17 771, 17 772), Steeden (1781518) und zu Wiesbaden auf dem Heidenberg (18 106'7). Eine schöne ö1/* cm lauge Hronzcpfeilspitze mit doppeltem Widerhaken (18217) wurde bei Erbach im Rhein gefunden. Ein aus Privathesitz angekauftes 531/« cm langes Bronzeschwert von vorzüglicher Erhaltung (18046i ist nach seinem Fundort leider nicht genau zu lokali- sieren. Aus Gräbern auf der Lurlei bei St. Goarshausen, die wahrschein- lich der Hallstattzeit angehören, eine Anzahl Bronzearmringe und Spiralen aus dünnem Draht (17 811 12). Zwei schön patinierte gestrichelte Armringe stammen aus zerstörten Hügelgräbern zwischen Schierstein und Dotzheim (17945 96). Ein schon vor Jahrzehn- ten erhobenes Grab der La Tenezeit hei Schierstein wurde jetzt durch Nacherwerbung eines noch fehlenden Tongefasses ergänzt (17 525. 18117). Bei den Untersuchungen der Be- festigungsanlage von Stein - Wingert kamen ausser einer Anzahl von Ge- fässscherben eine eiserne Fibel, ein gebogenes Eisentnesser und Stücke eines kunstvoll geflochtenen Kisenban- des mit Oese zum Vorschein (17269 76). Ein sehr schöner Bronzedepotfund wurde hei Langenhain i. T. erhoben. Er besteht aus im Ganzen 28 Stück (17887 912, 18181 82): zwei getrie- benen und reich verzierten tcllerarti- gen Blechen, einer grossen und vier kleineren gegossenen und mit ausge- schnittenen Mustern verzierten Schei- ben, sechs glatten Scheiben von glei- cher Grösse und Form, 14 kleineren fein abgedrehten gegossenen Scheiben mit je einem mitgegossenen Henkel auf der Rückseite, eine ähnlich ver- zierte aus Weisshronzc weist zwei solche Henkel auf. Leider hat sich über die Zeit dieses schönen und eigen- artigen Fundes bisher noch kein siche- res Urteil gebildet. B. Römische Zeit. Die zahl- reichen Fundstücke aus dem früh- römischen Lager bei Hofheim sind inzwischen in dem ausführlichen Fund- hcrichte veröffentlicht und grossenteils abgebildet worden (Nass. Annal. 34, S. 1- 11», S. 397—423 Taf. I— X), daher seien nur einige von den erst 1905 erhobenen Funden hier anfge- führt : Münzen aus der Zeit der Re- publik, des Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula und Claudius, einige zwanzig Fibeln aus Bronze (18218 — 37 ), sämtlich von den bereits früher gefundenen Formen ; bemerkenswert ist nur eine Bogenschar- nierfibel von dem bekannten Aucissa- Typus: der sehr breite Bügel ist mit 9 an den Seiten und auf dem Rücken angebrachten in drei Reihen geord- neten Knöpfrhen verziert (18233). Unter den Bronzen (18288 — 330) ver- dienen die Teile zweier Strigiles, davon der eine mit dem Stemjiel ntiod • F (18294), ein Kasserollengriff mit dem Stempel [l’CJII’IPOLjTBl] (18293), ein dicker Bronzering mit drei darin hängenden verzierten Riem- laschen (18292), ein Gurtelhakcn mit Widderkopf (18 301), mehrere Schnal- len und Sclinürhakon von Riemen- panzer (18290, 18304 6), Teil einer Pferdetrense (18313), ein grösseres Amulett (18817) und zahlreiche Zier- stucke und Anhänger Erwähnung. Die neugefundenen Sigillatastcmpcl ge- hören meist den schon vertretenen Fabriken an : so des Bassus, Crestus. Labio, Lieinus, Maccams, Modestus, Niger, Primus, Vitalis; neu sind da- gegen die Fabriken SXBILIOT - Sta- biliofe(cit).SVCC(es8U8]u. REOENVS; sowie auf belgischer roter Ware IVL10S und C1CARY. An Tonge- lässen kamen aus Scherben zusammen drei Reibschalen verschiedener Grösse (18205. 18206, 18238), ein einhenk- Digitized by C^ooglc Museograpbie. — Wiesbaden. 361 liger Krag von 30 cm Hübe (18204), ein kleines Schälchen aus gelbbraunem mit Gries bestreutem Ton (18 207), sowie zwei belgische rote Tassen 18209 210). Zahlreich waren auch die Gegenstände aus Eisen. Wenig jünger wie diese Ilofheimer Funde sind Stücke, welche sich auf dem Ge- lände des Kastells zu Wiesbaden fan- den : Münzen von Augustus bis Trajan (M.-Inv. 1227 — 1233), eine Anzahl Ziegelbrocken mit Stempeln der I., XIII II., XXI. und einen der XXII. Legion (18047 — 18061), Sigillatabruch- stücke mit Stempeln (18073*— ’■), ein Amphorenhcnkel mit dem Stempel q_Caa. ■ mrsi — Q(uinti) (Cal(pumi) Marsi (18074'), mehrere Tonkrüge 18070 71t, eine Terranigra - l'rne (18111); Bronzen, darunter Fibeln der ilofheimer Typen und Eisengegen- stände (18083 -18105). An anderen Stellen in Wiesbaden fanden sich : eine schön erhaltene Bronzetiliel mit dem bekannten Stempel AVCISSA (17 799), ein zweites Stück desselben Typus ohne Stempel (18034), eine feine Charnicrtibcl des 1. Jahrhunderts mit Hügelartigen Ansätzen des Bügels (18065). Aus älteren Funden bei Schierstein stammen eine 10 cm hohe wenig gute Bronzestatuette des Jupiter, ein nur 5 cm hohes Merkurtigürchen mit (’aduceus und Beutel, ein gegosse- ner mit Reliefs geschmückter Kasse- rollengrift' (18025 1, verschiedene Be- schläge (18 026 27) und aus Bein zwei grosse hohle Spielwürfcl (18030/31). Einige geschlossene Brandgrüber aus dem Anfang und der Mitte des 2. Jahrhunderts wurden in der Wil- helmstrasse zu Wiesbaden gefunden (17 786*— *, 17 7871— »), auch eine An- zahl Sigillatabrucbstücke mit Stem- peln (17932) AhBINVS F, F1DIILIS F, ftlore]NTIN VS F, HEG IN VS FEG, SILVINVS F und ÜF • VITALIS stam- men aus Wiesbaden. Sonst sind noch zu nennen ein Merkurkopf aus Sandstein von nahezu Lebensgrösse (17 798), ein Schiebearmring aus dün- nem Silberdraht (17 797), ein sehr kleiner Fingerring mit Filigranver- zierungen aus Goldblech, sowie eine beinerne Haarnadel, oben mit einem Menschenkopf geschmückt (17795 96). Aus Scherben Hess sich ein grosser rottonigor schwarz überzogener Becher I teilweise zusammensetzen (18198), welcher auf dem Bauche zwischen weissen Rankenornamenten die eben- falls in weisser Farbe aufgetragene zweizeilige Inschrift MISCEFELIX und [bibjAMVS VIXVM trägt. Da der- artige Becher erst dem Ende des 3. und dem 4. Jahrhundert angehören, ist das Vorkommen dieses Stückes rechts vom Rhein von einiger Bedeu- tung. Von den Fundstücken, die 1904 bei den Aufräumungs- und Konservie- ruugsarbeiten am Kastell Holzhausen erhoben waren, wurden jetzt inven- tarisiert 1 17957 — 17968): Bruchstück einer Reibschalc aus gelbem Ton mit dem scharf ausgedriiekteu Stempel IVLLVSF, Räucherbecher aus röt- lichem Ton mit Henkel, hoher bimför- miger Becher mit glänzendem schwar- zem Firnis, ein bronzener Schiebearm- ring, ein runder Bronzeknopf mit Email, eine rautenförmige Fibel mit Email, ein silberner Fingerring aus Spiraldraht, der in zwei breite Schlan- genköpfe endigt, Bruchstück einer sitzenden Figur aus Sandstein (18211). Einige leider schlecht erhaltene Münz- formen aus schwarzem Ton dienten wohl zum Gebrauch von Falschmünzern (17 648), eine schöne Goldmünze Othos, . SECVRITAS P • K. Cohen 1» p. 358 nr. 16 ist an einem leider nicht näher zu ermittelnden Punkte der Umgegend gefunden (M.-Inv. 1226). C. Fränkische Zeit. Der Zeit des l’eberganges zur Periode der Völ- kerwanderung gehört ein bei Biebrich an der Waldstrasse angetrofl'enes Grab an (17 877* — <), es besteht aus einem grossen rohen Napf mit dickem ein- wärts gebogenen Rande, einem plum- pen einhenkligen Tonkrug, einem Becher aus schwarzem Ton und einem Tonwirtel. Eine fast 50 cm lange eiserne Lanzenspitz.c von sehr unge- wöhnlicher Form stammt aus leider zerstörten Gräbern der Völkerwande- rungszeit (18045), welche durch eine durchlochte, also als Anhänger ge- tragene Mittelerzmünze des Maximinus Daza R. GENIO CAESARIS Cohen VII* p. 146 nr. 44 eine ungefähre Zeitbestimmung erhalten. Eine schöne Scheibenlibel von 5* i cm Durch- messer aus Oestrich zeigt zwischen der unteren starken und der oberen dünnen mit getriebenen Verzierungen Digitized by CjOOglc Museographic. — Wiesbaden. H62 verschonen Scheibe noch Reste der mehrere kolorierte Trachtenbilder aus Leder (Vieinlage (18216). L). Neuere Zeit. Kin schöner verzierter Rronzemörsor, ähnlich dem im vergangenen Jahre erworbenen, stammt aus Sonnenberg, er trügt in der Inschrift die Jahreszahl 1606 (18118). Kin 30 cm langer, 19 cm hoher und 19 cm breiter Kasten (17 971) ist an den Wänden und Decken reich mit Alabastereinlagen, welche Spuren verschiedenartiger Bemalung zeigen, verziert; er hat leider durch spätere Ausbesserungen etwas ge- litten. Sehr gross war die Vermeh- rung, welche unsere Sammlung von Erzeugnissen der Höchster Faycncc- und Porzellanfabrik, sowie der l'Iürs- heimer und Kelsterbarher Fayence- fabrik erhielt. Unter den ersteren ist eine Hache Schale in Form einer gerippten Muschel (176-14), eine rot und gold bemalte Teedose (17974), mehrere seltene Fayeuceschüsseln (17 973, 18044, 18112) liervorzuheben; auch das Modell einer Gruppe in braunem Ton, einen von Hunden ange- griffenen Keiler darstellend (18015), wurde erworben. Die übrigen Stücke sind meist Kannen, Teller und Tassen von z. T. sehr feiner und seltener Bema- lung (17645 46, 17649 50, 17711 13, 17 774 77, 17805 11, 17859, 17 972 73, 17 978 88). Auch unter den Flörs- heimer Fayencen finden sich manche seltene und schöne Stücke (17 789 —793, 17861/62, 17882-83. 17922/25, 17947 48, 17950 59, 18012 14, 18086 — 42), vor allem eine grosse fein be- malte Suppenterrine mit Deckel (17922). Die Kelsterbacher Erzeugnisse wer- deu nur wegen ihrer ausserordentlichen Aehnlichkeit mit den Flörsheimer bei uns gesammelt ( 17 778 82, 17 794. 1786t), 17 881, 17926 29, 17955, 17986). We- niger zahlreich waren Westerwälder Steinzeugkrüge und Kannen (17 709 10, 17788, 17814, 17876, 18064). Auch die Sammlungen nassauischer Trach- tenstücke und des nassauisehen Bauern- hausrates erfuhren manche Bereiche- rung; mehrere schön geschnitzte Lehn- stühle mit den Jahreszahlen 1831 und 1834 (18022, 18 036), eine hölzerne Lichthehl (17956), ein sog. Schlotter- fass aus Holz mit der Jahreszahl 1775 (18 003), Teile der Männertracht in dem Westerwald (18 187/88). Eine An- zahl Stücke Zinngeschirr (18016 19). Bemerkenswert ist eine hölzerne Pfeife, deren Kopf ausser der Jahreszahl 1805 eine grosse Menge von Personennamen eingeschnitten trägt ( 18 186), sic stammt aus llofheim und hat ehemals wohl einer bürgerlichen oder handwerk- lichen Korporation angehört. Eine Anzahl Ausrüstungsgegenstände eines nassauisehen OfHziers w urden aus Diez geschenkt (18255/62). Von der grossen Sammlung nassaui- scher und oraniseh - niederländischer Medaillen, welche aus dem Nachlasse des Polizeirats Höhn angekauft wor- den war, wurde ein ausführlicher Katalog in drei Banden im Laufe des Jahres fertiggestellt. Unternehmungen: 1. In dem früh- römischen Lager bei Hofheim wurde wieder von Ende Oktober bis De- zember 1904 gegraben ; auch Ende August 1905 die Untersuchung wieder aufgenommen. Die bereits Annalen XXXIV S. 403 ausgesprochene Ver- mutung, dass der Lagergraben von grösserem Umfange erst der früli- Havischen Zeit angehftre, während das mit zahlreichen Innenbauten ausge- stattete kleinere Erdlager bereits 1 — 2 Jahrzehnte früher zerstört wor- den war, wurde bestätigt. Auch wurde die Stelle eines Tores an dem älteren Umfassungsgraben festgestellt. 2. ln Wiesbaden wurden bei Neu- bauten in der Nähe des Kranzplatzes starke Mauerrcste untersucht, welche nach genauer Aufmessung und Ein- tragung sich als zu einem vor 60 Jah- ren auf dem Kranzplatze festgestellten grossen römischen Gebäude zugehörig hcrausstellteu, dessen genaue Ein- tragung in den Stadtplan erst da- durch ermöglicht wird. 3. Beim Bau des Hotel Bellevue in tler Wilhelmstrasse wurden mehrere Brandgräber untersucht, welche zu dem die Strasse nach Mainz beglei- tenden römischen Gräberfeld« gehören, von dem ein grosser Teil vor 50 Jah- ren im Hofe des Museums aufge- deckt war. 4. Die Untersuchungen an der der La T&nezeit angehörenden Wallburg bei Stein-Wingert im Oberwesterwald- der Gegend von Idstein (17 969 70), kreis wurden wieder aufgenommen und Digitized by Google Mttseograpliie. — Worms. 363 die verschiedenen Wille in ihrem Vcr- ! laufe wohl vollständig festgestellt. 5. Kürzere Untersuchungen galten mehreren künstlichen von breiten Grä- ben umzogenen Hügeln bei Streithausen und bei Kirburg im Uberwesterwalde, welche sich als mittelalterliche be- festigte Wohnplätze herausstellten; der erstere scheint nach den aufgefundenen Spuren noch in das frühere Mittelalter hineinzureichen, während bei Kirburg nur Reste frühestens aus dem 14 oder 15. Jahrhundert zu Tage kamen. 6. Auf dem Heidenberg zu Wies- baden wurden bei Gelegenheit von Grundarbeiten die Reste von drei rö- mischen Krdbefestigungen festgestellt : bei dem einen gelang es auch in einer 8 m breiten Unterbrechung des Gra- bens ein Tor zu erkennen, welches besonders interessant ist durch das Vorhandensein eines .tutulus1, der in in etwa 10 m Entfernung vor dem Grabendurchgang liegt. 7. Vor der Höhle Wildscheuer bei Steeden a. L. wurde im Juli 1905 eine kleine Nachuntersuchung zwecks Be- obachtung der verschiedenen hier über- einander gelegenen Schichten vorge- nommen (vgl. Nass. Mitt. 1905, Sp. 67). (Ritterlin g.) Worms, Paulus - Museum I S. 261, II— XXIII. Von Oktober 1904 bis Oktober 1905. 1. Vnlemtlmwngtn : a) Entdeckung eines Wohnplatzes mit llinkelstein- keramik bei Monsh eim (Kapelläcker), des ersten bis jetzt entdeckten. Es wurden verschiedene Wohngruben auf- gedeckt, die alle ausschliesslich Scher- ben des Ilinkelstein-Typus enthielten. Ferner wurden als charakteristische Beigaben gefunden : 1 Schuhleistcn- meissel und I’erlmutterscheibchen, wie solche in den Gräbern in grosser An- zahl gefunden zu werdeu pflegen. Ferner viele llandmüblsteine, Feuer- steinmesser, Tierknochen, sowie ein Stück Räucherharz. b) Entdeckung eines Wohnplatzes mit Hinkelsteinkeramik bei Mons- heim (Langer Kautzhaum), unweit des Hinkelsteingrabfeldes und jeden- falls zu ihm gehörend. c) Aufdeckung von Wohngruben mit Rössener- und Spiral - Mäander-Kera- mik bei Monsheim (Kapelläcker), vgl. vorigjähr. Museographie, Unter- nehmungen unter a. Es wurden an 7 Stellen Ueberschneidungen und Ueber- lagcrungcn beider Arten von Gruben beobachtet, durch welche unzweifelhaft bewiesen wird, dass die Spiral-Mäander- keramik junger sein muss als die Rös- sener Keramik, weil die Gruben der ersteren immer über die Gruben mit Rössener Keramik gelagert waren. d| Untersuchung einer Stelle bei Esselhorn (Am Kreuzweg), wo in 0,40 m Tiefe ein von Norden nach Süden gelagertes Hockerskelett mit ei- nem in Scherben zerfallenen Zonen- becher gefunden wurde. Weitere Grä- ber wurden nicht mehr angetroflen. e) Je 1 vereinzeltes Hockergrab, wahrscheinlich derselben Periode, je- doch ohne Beigaben, wurde gefunden bei Worms (An der Weinsheimer Strasse), bei Wachenheim und bei Eppelsheim (Auf der Steige). f) Entdeckung eines Wohnplatzes der Spiral - Mäanderkeramik nördlich des Fleckens Westhofen bei Anlage der Wasserleitung. g) Entdeckung eines Wohnplatzes der Hallstattzeit bei Flomborn mit zahlreichen Scherben. h) Aufdeckung einer spätrömiseben Villa rustica bei Wachenheim mit wohlerhaltencn Baderäumen. Es wur- den darin aber nur wenige Funde ge- macht. Ein genauer Plan wurde auf- genommen. i) Aufdeckung einer spätrömischen Villa rustica bei D a u t en h e i m. Ausser einem silbernen mit Vergoldung und Niello verzierten Beschläge, einigen Münzen und Tonstempeln wurden keine besonderen Funde gemacht. Ein ge- nauer Plan wurde aufgenommen. k) Auffindung von röm. Mauerw erk, das jedenfalls auch einer solchen Villa rustica angehört, bei Bechtheim „an der WüstcnkircliC". l) Entdeckung und Untersuchung eines fränkischen Friedhofes bei Pfed- dersheim. Auf dem noch unzer- störten Teil desselben — der grösste Teil des Friedhofes wurde bei der Anlage der mittelalterlichen Stadtbe- festigung zerstört — gleich jenseits des nordwestlichen TeileB des Stadt- grabens wurden noch 17 Gräber auf- gedeckt, zum Teil mit schönen Bei- gaben, wie Sclunucksachen, Gläser, Wallen u. s. w. Auf dem südlichen Westd. Zeilschr. f. Gesch. u. Kunst. XXIV, IV. 24 Digitized by Google 364 Museographie. — Worms. und südöstlichen Teile des Friedhofes wurden nur spätere Bestattungen ohne Beigaben angetroffen. m) Entdeckung und Ausgrabung eines fränkischen Friedhofes zwischen Monsheim und Wachenhein) (Am hohen Malstein) dicht bei den „Kapell- äckern“. Also auf ganz kurze Ent- fernung 3 fränkische Friedhöfe, da hei Monsheim und Wachenheim schon je ein solcher sich tindet ! Wahrschein- lich gehörte er zu einem grösseren fränkischen Hofe. Es wurden au eng- umgrenzter Stelle 32 Gräber ange- troffen, darunter kein einziges ausge- raubtes, eine Erscheinung, welche in unserer Gegend ausserordentlich selten vorkommt. Offenbar ist dieser kleine, wahrscheinlich abseits gelegene Fried- hof den Grabräubern entgangen, weil man in so naher Entfernung von den beiden anderen Friedhöfen, von wel- chen der von Monsheim ausserordent- lich zahlreiche Beraubungen aufwies, keinen weiteren Friedhof vermutete. Es wurden reich ansgestattete Gräber, darunter Frattengräber mit Almandin- Übeln, eines mit einer Goldfiligran- fibel gefunden, sodann andere Schmuck- sachen, Gläser, Gefässe, Waffen u. s. w. n) Entdeckung eines fränkischen Friedhofs bei Wachen heim auf der Anhöhe südlich des Ortes. o) Entdeckung eines solchen bei Oberflörsheim, links des Weges nach Stetten. p) Entdeckung eines solchen „auf der Blatte“ bei Bermersheim (Kreis Worms). q) Entdeckung eines zweiten solchen hei Hessloch (An der Odernheimer Strasse). r) Entdeckung eines solchen hei Esselborn, zwischen diesem Orte und Wahlheim. s) Entdeckung eines solchen hei Framersheim. t) Entdeckung eines solchen bei Fürfeld am Wege nach Ticfenthal. Es wurden 3 Gräber gefunden, da- runter ein l’lattengrah. II. Zuwachs : a) An prachistori- schen Al tertümern: 1) Steinzeit: Ein l’feilstreckcr aus Kapuzinerstein von dem spiralkcramischen Wohnplatz Mölsheim I. 2 Steinmeissei aus der röm. Villa hei Dautenheim (vgl. Unternehmungen unter i). Ein zier- licher, kleiner Meissei aus einem frän- kischen Grabe bei Pfeddersheim (vgl. Unternehmungen unter 1). Ver- schiedene spiralkeramische Scherben, darunter 2 mit plastischen Verzie- rungen (Spirale und gerade Leisten) aus Wohngruben von dem Weiher- h o f bei Kirchheimbolanden. 2) Bronzezeit: Eine schöne Pfeil- spitze mit Widerhaken von Bronze aus Wahl heim. 3) Hallstatt-Periode: Scherben und Wohngruben bei Flomborn (vgl. Unternehmungen unter g), Monzern- heim und Dexheim. Von letzterem Orte 1 schöner Napoleonshut. 4) La Tene- Periode: Aus Appenheim 1 kleiner Ring von ge- branntem Ton aus einem Grabe (2 an- dere Tonringe und 1 Gelass sind ver- loren gegangen). b) An römischen Altertümern: Aus Worms: eine interessante Mas- kenfibel mit Email; eine frührömische Emailtibel , gef. beim Umbau des „Karpfen“ ; 1 Spielstein aus grünem, weiss marmoriertem Stein vom Lieb- frauenstift; Inhalt eines Brandgrabes am Mainzertor, bestehend aus einem enghalsigen Kruge mit absichtlich auf- geschlagenem Halsteil, um als ossuarinm dienen zu können, dabei 2 kleinere Krüge. Inhalt eines Brandgrabes beim Pfarrhaus in Hoekhciin, bestehend aus 3 kleinen Krügen. Aus Aben- heim Inhalt eines leider beschädigten aus Ziegeln zusammengestellten Brand- grabes, bestehend aus Eisenteilen und Resten einer grossen doppelt gehen- kelten Glastlasche, dem Bodenteil einer Tonlampe, 2 Tonkrügen und Resten von anderen Gelassen. Aus Heppen- heim a. d. Wiese Auffindung einer würfelförmigen Aschenkiste mit in- wendig ausgehöhltem Deckel aus Stein ohne Beigaben. Gef. neben dem Ein- gang zum Friedhof. Aus Bl öde s- heim (Im Seegarten) eine aus Ziegeln zusummcngestellte Aschenkiste ohne Beigaben, inwendig unterhalb und ober- halb der verbrannten Knochen je eine Schichte 10 cm dicken weissen Tones enthaltend. Aus Dexheim eine Aschenurne in Stücken. c) An fränkischen Altertü- mern: Vom Zollhaus bei Weins- heim Inhalt eines vereinzelten Män- nergrabes, das 1,50 m tief und von Digitized by Google Museographie. — Mainz. 365 Südwesten nach Nordosten gerichtet war, dabei eine Spatha, ein konisch geformter Schildbuckel , eine Lanze und Reste von anderen Eisengegen- ständen. Kerner eine in Facetten gegossene Spindel aus blauem Glase, ein in Männergräbern selten vorkom- mendes Stück, das wohl als Zierat gedient hat. Aus Hessloch Inhalt dreier Gräber an der Odcrnheimer Strasse, bestehend aus Schwertern, Gefässen, Schildbuckel und 1 Glase (vgl. Unternehmungen unter q). (Dr. Koehl.) 09 Mainz1), das Römisch - Germanische Centralmuseum I S. 268, II— IV, VI —XXIII. Vom April 1904 bis April 1905. Die Sammlungen des Römisch-Ger- manischen Centralmuseums vereinigen jetzt 20 580 Nachbildungen von Alter- tümern aus den verschiedenen Kultur- perioden, die Deutschland von der frühesten Besiedlung an bis zum Ende der Völkerwanderungszeit durchlebte Zu dieser Zahl treten noch 3486 Ori- ginale, die teils im Austausch gegen Abgüsse oder durch Ankäufe erworben, teils im Laufe der Jahre als Geschenke ubergeben wurden. Im verflossenen Jahre konnten den Sammlungen 523 Nachbildungen alter- tümlicher Kunde zugeführt werden, von denen 486 in den Werksätten des Museums hergestcllt wurden, während 37 auswärtigen Ursprungs sind. An Originalen wurden 384 Nummern eingereiht, die übrigens meistens nicht einzelne Gegenstände, sondern kleine Fundgruppen bedeuten. Das Berichts- jahr hat demnach im ganzen eine Ver- mehrung von907Nummern aufzuweiseu. Die stattliche Zahl der in den eiguen Werkstätten hergestellten Kopien bil- det eine Auswahl aus der Zahl von etwa 1200 Altertümern, die im Laufe des Jahres nach Mainz gesandt wurden; sie gewinnt an Bedeutung bei Beach- tung des Umstandes, dass vielfach langwierige und mühevolle Arbeiten: die Reinigung, Konservierung und Ergän- zung der dem Museum anvertrauten 1) Der ausführliche, mit Abbildungen ver- sehene Jahresbericht des rflm.-germ. Central* museums, sowie der Sammlung des Vereins zur Erforschung der rhetn. Geschichte und Altertümer erscheint fortau in der Zeitschrift, die das Centralmuseum und der Verein von Mains gemeinsam herausgeben wollen. Kunde, der Nachbildung vorangehen mussten. Die oft genug im Zustande, wie sie der Erde enthoben waren, oder infolge unzureichender Konservierung zerfal- lend, in unsere Hände gelangten Alter- tümer wurden auch dann meistens kostenlos einer konservierenden Be- handlung unterzogen, wenn sie zur Nachbildung für die Sammlungen des Römisch-Germanisch. Centralmuseums nicht geeignet erschienen. Diese Arbeiten kamen einigen grös- seren Museen, wie den prähistorischen Sammlungen des Staates in München, der Sammlung der Museumsgesellschaft in Teplitz, der des historischen Vereins für den Netzedistrikt in Bromberg, den Königlichen Staatssammlungen vaterländischer Altertümer in Stuttgart und dem Museum in Worms, haupt- sächlich aber kleineren Vereinen zugute, und es darf immer wieder betont wer- den, dass das Römisch -Germanische Centralmuseum, indem es seine eignen Sammlungen durchNachbildung fremder Originalfunde fördert, zugleich zur Erhaltung weithin zerstreuter wissen- schaftlicher Dokumente in ausgedehn- tem Masse beizutragen gewohnt ist. Zu den wichtigem, für grössere Mu- seeu geleisteten Arbeiten dieser Art zählt die für das Museum in Stuttgart bei Gelegenheit der prähistorischen Ausstellung daselbst ausgefiihrte Wie- derberstellungzweier in zahlloseStücke zerfallenen Bronzegefässc, eines grossen Kessels und gerippten Eimers, die aus dem berühmten „Königsgrab“ im Klein- Aspergle stammen. Durch diese Re- konstruktion hat der wichtige Kund auch an wissenschaftlichem Wert be- deutend gewonnen. Durch Zusendung von geschlossenen Kunden und zahlreichem Serien- material ist das Museum in dem ver- flossenen Jahr von 28 Museen und Vereinssammluugeu in seinen Bestre- bungen unterstützt worden. Es sind dies: die Sammlungen des historischen Vereins für Schwaben und N'euburg in Augsburg, die Sammlung des histo- rischen Vereins in Birkenfeld, des historischen Vereins für den Netze- distrikt in Bromberg, das Museum in Bruchsal, das Provinzialmuseum in Kassel, dag städtische Museum in Kob- lenz, das Grossherzogliche Kabinett? ■ >gle 24* 366 Museographie. — Mainz. museum in Darmstadt, das Museum von Doraburg auf Seeland, die Sammlung des Geschichtsvereins in Friedberg in Oberbessen, des Altertumsvercins in Freienwalde, des historischen Vereins in Günzburg, das Provinzialmuseum in Hannover, das Museum für Völker- kunde in Hamburg, das Stadt. Museum in Heidelberg, dus Saalburgmuseum in Homburg v. d. Höhe, die Grossberzogl. Badischen Sammlungen für Altertums- und Völkerkunde in Karlsruhe, das Schleswig-HolsteinscbeMuseum in Kiel, die Sammlung des historischen Vereins für Niederbayern in Landshut, das Museum in Mannheim, das Museum in Mühlhausen i. E., die prähistorischen Staatssammlungen in München, die Sammlungen des historischen Vereius für Oberbayern.in München, dasMuseum in Neustadt a. d. Haardt, das Museum in Oberlahnstein, die Sammlung des Altertumsvereins in Uiedlingen , das Fürstliche Museum in Sigmaringen, die Sammlung vaterländischer Kunst- und Altertumsdenkmale in Stuttgart, die Sammlung der Museumsgesellschaft in Teplitz, das Nassauische Landes- museum in Wiesbaden und das Paulus- Museum in Worms. Neben den obengenannten Arbeiten für die eigenen Sammlungen haben die Werkstätten des Museums noch eiue grössere Anzahl von Nachbildungen und Modellen aus Gips und Metall, sowie mehrere Exemplare der bekannten Standbilder für auswärtige Sammlungen und Lehranstalten angefertigt. Die lebensgrossen Statuen des römischen Legionärs und des fränkischen Kricgors wurden auf Bestellung des Belgischen Ministeriums des Innern für die Aus- stellung in Lüttich geliefert, während das Standbild des Frauken in das historische Museum der Stadt Frank- furt a. M. gelangte. Modelle germa- nischer Waffen aus den Stoffen der Originale erhielt das Gymnasium in Doheran. Kleine Standbilder des rö- mischen Legionärs wurden für das Gymnasium in Oberlahnstein uml die Augustiuerschule in Friedberg in Ober- hessen hergestellt. Sieben grosse Grab- monumente, Inschrifttafeln etc. wurden für das Saalburg-Museum auf Bestel- lung der Stadt Wiesbaden geliefert. Kleinere und grössere Gruppen von Nachbildungen erhielten: die Gross- | herzoglich Badischen Sammlungen für Altertums- und Völkerkunde in Karls- ruhe, das Schleswig-Holstein'scbe Mu- seum in Kiel, die prähistorischen StaatBsammlungen in München, das Museum in St. Germain en Laye, die Museumsgesellschaft in Teplitz, das Fürstliche Museum in Sigmaringen, ferner die Herren Ilaverfield in Oxford, Sauilätsrat Dr. Florschütz in Wies- baden. 1. Vermehrung der Sammlun- gen durch Nachbildungen: Paläolithische Zeit: Die Gips- abgüsse einiger Fundstucke mit eiu- graviertenTierdarstellungen ausHöh leu Frankreichs im Austausch mit dem Museum in St. Germain. Neolithische Zeit: Vom Rös- sener Typus wurdeu nachgebildet einige charakteristische Gefasse und verzierte Scherbeu vom Jägerhaus bei Urmitz (Museum Koblenz) und von Monsheim (Museum Worms). Vom Typus der Kuge 1 a m p h o ren ein interessanter geschlossener Grabfund von Prosmik in Böhmen, Bezirk Leit- rncritz (Museum Teplitz), welcher meh- rere verzierte Tongefässe und Stein- beile enthielt. Vom P fall 1 bau te n- oder Michelsberger-Typus meh- rere Gefasse von Sipplingen am Boden- see (Museum Karlsruhe), deren Formen bisher im Museum nicht vertretet] waren, ebenso eine Anzahl Gefasse des Schusseurieder-Typus aus Schus- senried (Museum Stuttgart), eine Gat- tung, die bis jetzt im Museum ganz fehlte. Von der Schnurkeramik ein geschlossener Grabfund von Hostomitz (Museum Teplitz), ferner mehrere Zonenbecher und sogenannte Bogen- Armschutzplatten aus Rheinhessen (Museum Worms). Bronzezeit- Aus der älteren Bronzezeit wurde der sehr reiche Grabfund von Unterbimbach (Museum Cassel) nachgeformt, welcher Schwert, Dolch, Randaxt, Pfeilspitze aus Feuer- stein, Armringe, Gürtelhaken usw. aus Bronze, sowie einen Spiralring aus Gold enthält. Aus der älteren und mittleren Bronzezeit ferner ge- schlossene Grabfunde aus Singenbach (Museum Schrobenhauseu), vom Högel- berg bei Landshut (Museum Landshut) und von Erbhausen (Museum München). Aus der jüngsten Bronzezeit drei Museographie. — Mainz. 367 sogenannte Depotfunde von Billenkamp in Schleswig-Holstein (Museum Ham- burg), von Homburg v. d. H. (Saaibnrg- i Museum) und Freinberg in Oesterreich (Museum Linz). Die beiden letztge- nannten Funde, die eine sehr grosse Anzahl von Gegenständen aufweisen, führen uns namentlich die verschie- denen gleichzeitigen Typen der Lappen- und Tüllenäxte, der Messer, Sicheln, Ringe usw. vor, enthalten aber auch einige ganz singuläre Formen.
14,259
https://github.com/davidbetz/pywebapi/blob/master/test_formatter.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,018
pywebapi
davidbetz
Python
Code
77
357
import unittest from .general import debug from json_formatter import JsonFormatter from formatters import active_formatters class TestFormatter(unittest.TestCase): def test_select_json(self): formatter = active_formatters['application/json'] self.assertIsInstance(formatter, JsonFormatter) def test_json_formatter_read(self): formatter = JsonFormatter() obj = formatter.read('{ "id": 1, "name": "item1", "content": "qwerwqer1" }') self.assertEqual(obj['id'], 1) self.assertEqual(obj['name'], 'item1') self.assertEqual(obj['content'], 'qwerwqer1') def test_json_formatter_write(self): formatter = JsonFormatter() body = formatter.write({ "id": 1, "name": "item1", "content": "qwerwqer1" }) obj = formatter.read(body) self.assertEqual(obj['id'], 1) self.assertEqual(obj['name'], 'item1') self.assertEqual(obj['content'], 'qwerwqer1') if __name__ == '__main__': #suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(TestAzureItemRepo) #unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite) unittest.main()
30,680
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babensham
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Babensham
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babensham&action=history
Portuguese
Spoken
21
47
Babensham é um município da Alemanha, no distrito de Rosenheim, na região administrativa de Oberbayern, estado de Baviera. Municípios da Baviera
19,639
https://github.com/sachindewan/mangorestaurant/blob/master/Mango.Services.Email/Messaging/RabbitMQPaymentConsumer.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,022
mangorestaurant
sachindewan
C#
Code
152
596
using Mango.Services.Email.Messages; using Mango.Services.Email.Repository; using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting; using Newtonsoft.Json; using RabbitMQ.Client; using RabbitMQ.Client.Events; using System; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace Mango.Services.PaymentAPI.Messaging { public class RabbitMQPaymentConsumer : BackgroundService { private IConnection _connection; private IModel _channel; private const string ExchangeName= "DirectPaymentUpdate_Exchange"; private const string PaymentEmailUpdateQueueName = "PaymentEmailUpdateQueueName"; private readonly EmailRepository _emailRepo; string queueName = ""; public RabbitMQPaymentConsumer(EmailRepository emailRepo) { _emailRepo = emailRepo; var factory = new ConnectionFactory { HostName = "localhost", UserName = "guest", Password = "guest" }; _connection = factory.CreateConnection(); _channel = _connection.CreateModel(); _channel.ExchangeDeclare(ExchangeName, ExchangeType.Direct); _channel.QueueDeclare(PaymentEmailUpdateQueueName, false, false, false, null); _channel.QueueBind(PaymentEmailUpdateQueueName, ExchangeName, "PaymentEmail"); } protected override Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken) { stoppingToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested(); var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(_channel); consumer.Received += (ch, ea) => { var content = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(ea.Body.ToArray()); UpdatePaymentResultMessage updatePaymentResultMessage = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<UpdatePaymentResultMessage>(content); HandleMessage(updatePaymentResultMessage).GetAwaiter().GetResult(); _channel.BasicAck(ea.DeliveryTag, false); }; _channel.BasicConsume(PaymentEmailUpdateQueueName, false, consumer); return Task.CompletedTask; } private async Task HandleMessage(UpdatePaymentResultMessage updatePaymentResultMessage) { try { await _emailRepo.SendAndLogEmail(updatePaymentResultMessage); } catch (Exception e) { throw; } } } }
4,853
sn87060004_1912-05-31_1_3_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
null
None
None
English
Spoken
2,017
3,179
CONDENSED STATEMENT OF EARLINGTON BANK "THE OLD BANK" Made to Secretary of State as of May 18th, 1912 RESOURCES Loans & Discounts $09,010.71 U. S. and other Bonds.... 12,006.80 Overdrafts secured and Unsecured 482.03 Current expenses and Taxes Paid 1,003.81 Furniture & Fixtures 1840.00 Cash on hand and due from other Banks 88,104.77 $202,558.12 The man who whispers down a well About the things he has to sell Will never reap a crop of dollars Like he who climbs a tree and "hollers." News of the Town Mr. and Mrs. B. E. Nixon were in Madisonville Wednesday. Chas. Barnett is in St. Louis on business. Mrs. Hanna, Jr., was in Nortonville yesterday on business. Here's a bargain. We will pay the round trip fare, of any one living in Earlington, who will purchase as much as $2.50 worth of wall paper from us. Sisic Buos. Book Store, Madisonville, Ky. Mr. M. M. B. Durham, of Marion, Ky., has accepted a position with the well-known dry goods firm of Barnes Cow and Co. and will begin his duties in a few days. Mr. Durham expects to buy a home here, move his family and leave in Earlington permanently. He comes recommended as a first-class salesman and a Christian gentleman. The people of Earlington extend to himself and family a hearty welcome. The firm of Barnes Cowand & Co. are to be congratulated on securing his service. OLD BAGS wanted at Boe Office, clean cotton only accepted. Rev. J. D. Frazler, who was pastor of the Methodist church at this place, is here on a visit to his daughter, Mrs. Bex MoEuen. Dr. and Mrs. W. K. Nisbet were in Evansville Thursday visiting. Miss Mable Browning and their visitor, Miss Mattie Ban Browning, who have been visiting in Madisonville and Hanson several days, have returned home. Miss Mattie Ban Browning, who has been visiting Lisa Mable Browning, has returned to her home in Goldville, S. O. For Sale: Four houses and lots in Earlington. Good property and will sell on easy terms. Apply to T. H. Stone, Manistee, Ky. Mrs. S. M. Kemp and her daughter Elizabeth and Paul Moore, Jr., left for Culver, Ind., Thursday morning to attend the closing exercises of the Culver Military Institute. Miss Dot Bean, who has been connected with the Semi-Weekly Bee in various capacities for the past few months, has served her connection with this paper and accepted a position with the Nixou Beataurant. "She is some food singer." Miss Elizabeth DeMoss, of Madisonville, has Miss Bean's place with the Bee. Miss Margaret Mitohel of this city left for Sobreo Wednesday to attend the opening ball at the Springs. Mrs. Tom Coleman visited in Sebree Wednesday. Ivan Springfield was in Sebree Wednesday. Master Bob Nourse is spending a few weeks with his uncle Ben. Davis in the Anton country. Mrs. J. W. Lester and two grand children left for Evansville Wednesday to visit Mrs. M. J. Burgess for several days. Miss Viola Wright, who has been at the hospital for some time will be able to go home this week. Bobt. Fenwick is adding to his property on railroad street. The Bee's Mammoth Cave Contest Not transferable Good for It placed in Ballot Box in Bee LIABILITIES Capital Stock $15,000.00 Surplus Fund $5,500.00 Undivided Profits $2,451.05 Deposits $178,000.47 (202,558.12 Report of the condition of the HANSON BANKING CO. OF HANSON, KY. doing business at Hanson, county of Hopkins, state of Kentucky at close of business on the 18th day of May 1912. RESOURCES Loans and Discounts with one or more endorsers or Bureties..$10,833.13 Real Estate Mortgages... $28,052.45 Other Stocks, Bonds, etc Error short in Bill Discounted $89.03 $39,825.51 Due from National Banks $868,011.91 Due from Trust Co's..,.0 United States and National Bank Notes .-. $ 2,941.00 Special 878.58 3,819.58 Chocks and other Cash items $112.52 Exchange for Clearing House $112.52 Current Expense Paid... $ 2,015.48 Real Estate Banking House $4,000.00 Other Real Estate 1,500.00 Furniture and Fixtures 1,417.80 Other Assets not included under any of above heads Bank of Hanson in Liquidation $8,771.54 $10,089.86 Total $91,808.80 LIABILITIES Capital Stock paid in, in Cash $15,000,00 $15,000,00 Undivided Profits 4,440.53 4,440.53 Fand to Pay Taxes......0 Deposits subject to check (on which interest is not paid) 28,077.54 Deposits subject to check (on which interest is paid) 84,700.79 71,868.03 Certified Check 0 Total $91,830,887 State of Kentucky, County of Hopkins, (Ret.) I, B. P. Brown, cashier of the above named bank, do solemnly swear that the above statement is true to the best of my knowledge and belief. E. P. BROWN, Cashier. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 23rd day of May, 1912. Correct attest. H. F. G. ROTHROCK, BEN DRAKE, D. W. WILLIAMS, Directors. My Commission expires at the end of the next Kentucky Senate. LITITIA GIVEN EDGE, Notary Public. Mrs. John Swift is visiting relatives in Springfield Tenn. Miss Mary Brown has gone to Evansville to spend her vacation. For $1.00 we will furnish you with one year's supply, for the average family of A. P. W. Brand, of the finest paper and include one of our Nickel Fixtures free. Sisk Bros. Book Store, Madisonville, Ky. Mrs. C. E. Bruster and children have returned to Evansville after a two weeks visit to her parents at this place. Now is the time to get rid of your rheumatism. You can do it by applying Chamberlain's Liniment and massage the parts freely at each application. For sale by All Dealers. Out of Pneumonia. Why all those contortion? "Oh, I wish I had a meal for a poem." "What do you want to put as a meal into a poem for?" "Yes, it's a good meal." Office before Friday, June 14 Bran as a Cleaner. Few people seem to know the Value of dry bran for cleaning purposes, writes a correspondent of Good Housekeeping. I have kept a very light gray suit in the best condition for two years by simply rubbing it down with dry bran. Rub the spots harder than the rest, then brush it all off. A Texas Wonder The Texas Wonder cures Kidney and Bladder troubles, weak and lame backs, rheumatism, and all irregularities of bladder trouble, removing gravel, the kidneys and bladder in both men and women. Regulates bladder troubles in children, if not sold by your druggist will be sent by mail on receipt of $1.00. One small bottle is two months' treatment and seldom fails to perfect a cure. Send for testimonials from Ky. and other states Dr. E. W. Hull, 2953 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. Sold by all druggists. Specials Friday at $1.50. All Ladies' Rubber Cots perfect rubber (not seconds), cut full 52 inches long, in Grey. Only Friday and Saturday Specials. Our great Suit Reduction Sale has created quite a sensation. We have a limited quantity, left, come early. $35.00 Ladies' Suits $21.75, $30.00 Ladies' Suits $18.75, $25.00 Ladies' Suits $16.75, $20.00 Ladies' Suits $13.98, $15.00 Ladies' Suits $9.00, $12.50 Ladies' Suits $7.50 25 Wool Skirts in panama, serge and mixture $5.00 and $7.50 values. A 3Q Friday and Saturday Special I aWv 20 Dozen Long Kimonas, large floral patterns. Friday and Saturday special O v V 20 doz. Short Kimonas, assorted styles 4 E? and patterns. Fri. and Sat. special 1 QQ . j4UT0 COTS 50 Auto Coats in all the latest models. Price $1.00 TO $8.50 DRY GOODS SPECIAL " FRIDAY AND SATURDAY ONLY. Nice line of bordered Silks 40 inches wide and $5.00 values Friday and Saturday only 49c per yard. Bordered Silk Dress patterns $8.00 and $8.50 values Friday and Saturday only $5.75. Ladies' American Silk Hose in black, white and tan, Fri. and Sat. only 14c per pair. Good quality Linen Crash Toweling Friday and Saturday only 5c yd. Full Bized bleached Pillow cases Friday and Saturday only 5c each. Good quality Mercerized Damask Fri. and Sat. 23c. Napkins Nhemmed and ready for use 50c a doz. Good quality Mercerized Napkins 50c a doz. Buster Brown Shoes for Boys in Gum Metal and Tans Shoes and Oxfords. No Wonder. Says one of the Georgia philosophers: "So long as I'm alive and have groceries, and firewood, and warm clothes, and tax money, and good health, any weather the Lord sends is the right weather for me." Exchange. There never was a time when people appreciated the real merits of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy more than now. This is shown by the increase in sales and voluntary testimonials from persons who have been cured by it. If you or your children are troubled with a cough or a cold, give it a trial and become acquainted with its good qualities. For Sale by all dealers. If you want to buy a house, come to the Bee office and hear about it. Ten rooms in splendid location. In good condition. "VIRT IS SO KARL AS A KAY IN JUICE?" FOR THESE PERFECT MY SHOULD YOU JOT CLOTHES YOU NEED? IF YOU WILL NOT CLOSE YOUR FURNITURE AT OUR STORE. COOL RUDY-TO-VER CLOTHING FOR YOU? YOU WILL ALSO FIND THE LATEST SHADES AND COLORINGS. Every garment has that high quality of style and finish needed into it to preserve its cut and shapeliness. Here too, you will find all the colors of the rainbow in summer lawns, dimities and silks, all the hues of the June roses in hosiery, ribbons and accessories; a June wealth of white goods and filmy underclothing, though we are as prodigal as June in our display, we give PERFECT value and RARE prices. BUSTER BROWN BOY SCOUT SHOES. WATCH OUR SHOE VIOLIN, THE RELIABLE THE SHOE IS, BUTTON SHOES, OXFORDS, AND PUMPS A new initiative? IAMS0MUI, KY. On? of Life's Best Pleasures Magazine. Of all the things that make the worth living friendship comes near the top. But friends are rare, because we are too busy. Mrs. R. Brant, 1115 Paden St., Parkersburg, W. Va., had an attack of lumbago which left her bad kidney trouble, and she suffered much severe pain and backache. Then she heard of Foley Kidney Pills and says; "After taking them a short time the pain left my back and I am again able to do my own housework. Foley Kidney Pills helped me wonderfully." Sold by St. Bernard Mining Co. Incorporated, Drug Department. May Have Home In the On the analogy of the houseboat, a Manchester inventor has devised a flying machine that can be converted into a two-story cottage and made to serve the uses of a home for the aviator. GREATEST RUG EVENT OF THESE SALE - OLD We are going to offer our entire stock of Room Size and Small Rugs, this week only at greatly reduced prices. We have a splendid assortment, in all kinds of floor coverings. Don't fail to visit this department. Note the prices. $35.00 Wilton Velvet Rugs, 9x12. $30.00 Onedia Brussels Rugs, 9x12. $25.00 Axminster Rugs, 9x12. $22.50 Axminster Rugs, 9x12. $15.00 Tap. Brussels (seamless) Rugs, 9x12. $12.50 Tap. Brussels (seamless) Rugs, 9x12. $12.50 Tap. Brussels Rugs, 9x12. $12.50 Axminster Rugs, 6x9. $6.00 CRETON RUGS. All sizes up to 9x12. SMALL RUGS. $15.75 Axminster Rugs, 36x72. $3.00 Velvet Rugs, 36x72. $2.50 Axminster Rugs, 27x54. $2.00 Axminster Rugs, 27x54. $1.25 Wool Fiber Rugs, 30x60. 18x36 Door Mats. $2.25 Coronation Felt Rugs, large size. Good assortment of Fiber and Matting Rugs. Soda Water From Tablets. Bohemia has what is called "soda bonbons." The "bonbons" are tablets of two kinds, acid and alkali, and on A pair of soda water. For cholera morbus, cholera infantum, diarrhoea from colds, and wind colic, McGEE'S BABY ELIXIR is a remedy of extraordinary power, it relieves colic pains instantly, checks diarrhea and settles the flabby stomach. Price 25c and 50c per bottle. Sold by St. Bernard Mining Co., Incorporated, Drug Department. FOR SALE One $100 course in anything except civil engineering, from International Correspondence School of Scranton Pa. Will sell at a bargain. Apply at the Bee Office. STOVE FOR SALE Second-hand heater for parlor or bedroom cheap, a bargain. Apply at the Bee. 11 :3.'1 . IV.2 r m v F f.
22,913
https://github.com/rjdipen/CRMS-crime-report-management-system/blob/master/resources/views/userPanel/history/history.blade.php
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,019
CRMS-crime-report-management-system
rjdipen
Blade
Code
82
420
@extends('layouts.userMaster') @section('title') History @endsection @section('content') <div class="row m-20"> <div class="breadcrumb-line mb-10"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href=""><i class="icon-home2 position-left"></i> Home</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="">History</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="panel-heading bg-slate mb-20" style="border-radius: 0px; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h3 class="panel-title text-uppercase text-bold text-center">History</h3> </div> @foreach($table as $row) <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading bg-slate " style="border-radius: 0px; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h6 class="panel-title text-uppercase text-semibold">{{$row->title}}</h6> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="content-group text-center"> <a href="#" class="display-inline-block"> <img src="{{asset('public/image/historyImg/'.$row->historyID.'.jpg')}}" style="height: 400px;" class="img-responsive" alt=""> </a> </div> <p class="text-justify">{{$row->description}}</p> </div> </div> @endforeach </div> @endsection @section('script') @endsection
4,606
https://github.com/happeninghq/happening/blob/master/src/events/tests/test_rsvps.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,017
happening
happeninghq
Python
Code
99
465
"""Test ticket purchasing.""" from happening.tests import TestCase from model_mommy import mommy from events.models import Event from datetime import datetime, timedelta import pytz from django.conf import settings class TestRSVP(TestCase): """Test RSVPing.""" def setUp(self): """Set up a common user and event.""" super(TestRSVP, self).setUp() self.user = mommy.make(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, email="test@example.com") self.user.set_password("password") self.user.save() self.event = mommy.make( "Event", start=datetime.now(pytz.utc) + timedelta(days=20), ticketing_type=Event.TicketingChoices.rsvp) self.client.login(username=self.user.username, password="password") def test_rsvp(self): """Test that we can rsvp to an event.""" self.assertEqual(0, len(self.event.attending_users())) response = self.client.post( "/events/%s/rsvp/going" % self.event.pk, follow=True) self.assertTrue( "events/%s/rsvp/going/confirm" % self.event.pk in response.redirect_chain[0][0]) self.assertEqual(1, len(self.event.attending_users())) response = self.client.post( "/events/%s/rsvp/not_going" % self.event.pk, follow=True) self.assertTrue( "events/%s" % self.event.pk in response.redirect_chain[0][0]) self.assertEqual(0, len(self.event.attending_users()))
28,259
https://github.com/robottime/BaolongCar/blob/master/differential_robot_driver/scripts/motor_interface.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,019
BaolongCar
robottime
Python
Code
497
1,851
#!/usr/bin/env python import serial import math import time from threading import Timer, Lock class HubMotorInterface: _status_code = { 0: 'stop', 1: 'start', 2: 'over current', 3: 'over voltage', 4: 'encoder error', 5: 'over heat', 6: 'under voltage', 7: 'over load' } _config = dict( baudrate = 57600, cmd_pkg_size = 4, rpl_pkg_size = 32, heart_beat_dur = 0.05, default_acc = 0x64, serial_timeout = 0.02, ) _checksum = lambda self, msg: sum(msg) & 0xff def __init__(self, name, port, debug = False): self.name = name self.serial_port = port self.serial = None self.debug_mode = debug self.feedback = dict( status = 0, vol = 0, out_c = 0, out_s = 0, posi_set = 0, posi_fee = 0 ) self.serial_lock = Lock() self.timer = Timer(self._config.get('heart_beat_dur'), self.__heart_beater) self.available = False def _debug_log(self, msg): if self.debug_mode: print('[DEBUG]' + self.name + ': ' + msg) def _err_log(self, msg): print('[ERROR]' + self.name + ': ' + msg) def begin(self): try: self.serial = serial.Serial(self.serial_port,57600) except Exception, e: self._err_log(repr(e)) return self.available = True self.set_pcmode() self.set_acc(self._config.get('default_acc')) self.set_speed(0) self.enable() self.timer.start() def end(self): self.timer.cancel() if self.serial: self.set_speed(0) self.disable() self.serial.close() def _serialSend(log): def decorator(fn): def wrapper(self, *args, **kwds): if not self.available: self._err_log('motor is not begin') return self._debug_log(log) msg = fn(self, *args, **kwds) msg.append(self._checksum(msg)) self.serial_lock.acquire() try: self.serial.write(msg) except: self._err_log('serial(' + self.serial_port + ') is not open') pass self.serial_lock.release() self._debug_log(str(msg)) return wrapper return decorator @_serialSend(log = 'enable motor') def enable(self): return [0x00, 0x00, 0x01] @_serialSend(log = 'disable motor') def disable(self): return [0x00, 0x00, 0x00] @_serialSend(log = 'select speed pc mode') def set_pcmode(self): return [0x02, 0x00, 0xc4] @_serialSend(log = 'set accel time') def set_acc(self,acc): return [0x0a, acc, acc] @_serialSend(log = 'set speed') def set_speed(self,rpm): rpm = int(rpm*10.0/60000.0*16384.0) & 0xffff rpm_h = (rpm >> 8) & 0xff rpm_l = rpm & 0xff return [0x06, rpm_h, rpm_l] @_serialSend(log = 'send heart beater package') def __heart_beat(self): return [0x80,0x00] def __heart_beater(self): self.timer = Timer(self._config.get('heart_beat_dur'), self.__heart_beater) self.timer.start() self.__heart_beat() self._read_feedback() def _read_feedback(self): b = 0 rpl_size = self._config.get('rpl_pkg_size') - 1 while self.serial.inWaiting() > 0 and b != 0x80: b = ord(self.serial.read()) if b == 0x80: if self.serial.inWaiting() > rpl_size: self.serial.read(self.serial.inWaiting()) self._debug_log('serial flush') return False t = time.time() while self.serial.inWaiting() < rpl_size: if time.time() - t > self._config.get('serial_timeout'): self._debug_log('read serial out of time') return False else: time.sleep(0.001) try: received_bytes = self.serial.read(rpl_size) except: self._err_log('failed to read serial') pass received_bytes = [ord(c) for c in received_bytes] received_bytes.insert(0, b) self._debug_log(str(received_bytes)) self._parse_package(received_bytes) def _parse_package(self, pkg): params = [0 for i in range(8)] for i in range(8): data = [pkg[i*4+j] for j in range(4)] if self._checksum(data[:3]) == data[3]: params[i] = data[1] << 8 | data[2] lowbit = lambda x: x & (-x) int16 = lambda n: -(~(n-1)&0xffff) if(n>>15) else n int32 = lambda n: -(~(n-1)&0xffffffff) if(n>>31) else n self.feedback = dict( status = self._status_code[lowbit(params[0])], vol = params[1], out_c = params[2] / 100.0, out_s = int16(params[3])/16384.0*6000, posi_set = int32(params[4] << 16 | params[5]), posi_fee = int32(params[6] << 16 | params[7]), ) self._debug_log(str(self.feedback)) def get_status(self): return self.feedback.get('status') def get_posi_fee(self): return self.feedback.get('posi_fee') if __name__=='__main__': motor = HubMotorInterface("motor0","/dev/ttyUSB0", debug = True) motor2 = HubMotorInterface("motor1","/dev/ttyUSB1", debug = False) motor.begin() motor2.begin() # motor2.set_speed(-60) motor.end() motor2.end()
14,998
8147800_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
2,022
None
None
English
Spoken
16
22
Petition for writ of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied.
46,649
pandectaejustini01poth_69
Latin-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,818
Pandectae Justinianeae in novum ordinem digestae; cum legibus Codicis et Novellis, quae jus Pandectarum confirmant explicant out abrogant. Praefixus est index titulorum et divisionum omnium, quo totius operis specimen quoddam et quasi materiarum appendix exhibetur. Subjecta quoque tabula, qua nominatim leges omnes cum suis paragraphis et versiculis ordini digestorum restituuntur. Auctore R.J. Pothier
Pothier, Robert Joseph, 1699-1772
Latin
Spoken
7,322
14,100
Tres parles habet hujus Tituli Ruhrica, quas seorsim exponemus. PRIMA PARIS. De Religiosus. Hanc partem in duets Secliones dividam. In I. videbimus quid sit locus Religiosus, quid Monumentum; et quo inodo locus pat Religiosus aut esse desinat. In 2. agebimus de varis Edictis ad hanc rem pertinentibus. SECTIO I. Quid sit in locis Religiosus, et quomodo fati aut esse desinat. ARTICULUS I. Quid sit in locus Religiosus seu Sepulcrum, et in quo ab Monumneto differat. § 1. De Sepulcro. I. Locus Religiosus seu Sepulcrum (nam hic idem sonant) finem habet ab Ipiano: Sepulcrum est ubi corpus ossa vel hominis couluit (1) suo. Et quemadmodum etiam Locum in quo servus sepultus est Religiosum esse, Astius ait. d. l. (2). Licinius autem differt locus ex sepultura hominis Religiosus fieri potest. Hinc divisvim corpus Quum in diversis locis sepultum est, et quique illorum locus Religiosus nomen fit; quia via sepulturae plura sepulcra efficie non potest: mihi autem videtur illum esse Religiosum ubi quod est principium conditus est, id est, caput cujus imago fit unde cognoscimur. A 44- Pal. l. lib. 3. iussit. Sed et si in unico loco corpus sepultum sit, Celsus ait: Hunc totus qui sepulturae destinatus est locus Religiosus fit, sed qualisque corpus humum est. sup., d. l. 2. § 5. Sunt autem. Consonat quod rescribit Philippus: Locum quemadmodum Religiosum distinguit non posse manifestum est: verus in agro purum (3) monumento coharetem protania juris esse, ideoque clarius venundari, quis est opiniones incertae. /. 9. Cod. h. t. Hoc discrimen inter ipsum sepulcrum et loca sepulcro coherenlia, notabile et criticum Alexandri evitatur sic rescribit. Si sepulcrum monumentum appellutone significas; scire debes jure domini id nullum videlicet possesse: sed si familiare sum, jus eius ad onnes heredes pertinere, nec divisione ad unum heredem redigi potuisset. Profana tamquam loca quae sic id sunt, si semper vicinis aedificiis usui hominum destinata cessuerunt, ejus sunt cui illa quaestionis paleis esse visae sunt, ex divisione obtinuerunt. Monumentum generaliter res est meratoria causa in posterum prodata: in qua si corpus vel reliquia interredur, litigat sepulcrum; si vero in ullum corpus intuitur, est monumentum memoriae causa factum quod Graeci TEPONIA (id est, inane sepulcrum) appellaverunt. Florentinus lib. 7. INSTITUTIONUM. Nam plenique imagines corpora et membra distinlant repraesentales, ut in unimelioribus. Male legulegium SII. Si adhlic monumentum imminebat, potest qui id vel lucere et donare. Si TEPONIUM sic possessor locus vel monumentum dicendum est: nec enim esse horum religionis Divi Falsi scientes consenserunt. Annotus 11. Quomodo locus Religiosus esse desinat. Qui modo? Quia locus Religionis ut in essendo mortuorum, quicquid petiuum morum et litium sit, et in esse facti sit. Ut perfecta mortua causa inesse intermentur. Si quis civilis consilium corpus inspicit, quod cooperator in ultrapostate viae, maiores quidque tumultus gratus epistularis quidam quoque sepeliens mortuum et quemque leticie serit die destinavit; in loco prolapsus. S. Paulli, lib. 3. de usu. Requiritur, in loco juris, quis in loco eius hereditate cujus corpus inspicitur, quamvis is qui inspicitur non sit ejus licitor, quemadmodum in visuimus: Scriptus liceres priusquam hereditalem adit, palam familiari mortuum interendum, locum facit Religio sua. Quis in loco ipso pro hereditate cucurri, fiecaute deliberali decidendum hereditatem, et chaos non liceres cum intueli, sed quivis alias hereditatem vel cessante, vel absentem, vel vernecne nec pro hereditate gerere videtur, tam in loco Religiosum facere putant, quanto in loco eorum deliberantur quam quis in hereditate eorum existat. Sed hic loci Religiosi facti defuncti, enim naturaliter videtur ad movendum pertinere locus in quem inferendum, praesertim si in eum locum infernatur in quem ipse destinavit. Usque ad hoc ut, eheu, in legatum locum si illatus ab hereditate, illatione tamquam testatoris factus Religiosus: si in alium locum tam oportunitate inferri non potuit. Ulpianus, lib. 25. ad Edictum. Iustum oportet, si usus fructus loci cujus legatis erat. Hinc, si plura praedia quis habuit, et omnium usum fructum separatim legaverit, poterit in unium inferri: et lectio crit hereditis, et gratificatione loco. Obiter nota: Sed fructuario utilem actionem in hereditate dandum, ad id recipiendum quod propter eamlectionem privatus est usus fructus, de. 1, 40. VII. Quod si locus non sit ex hereditate ejus cuius corporis iusertur; non aliter ejus translatione in locum Religiosum fieri postest, quani si qui corpus in jns dominis finem australis provinciae domus intulisset. Sic limito vel ignorantem de ab alio italiam corpus in piramide possesionem tuam vel lapidem, locum Religiosum facere non postest. Sin autem volutale tua dominum aliquis in Eccum tuum intulisset, Religiosi uselicitur. Quo facto non momentum luque une, quidquid a quoquam prohibente pitis religionis posse, in dubium non venit. Cod. h. t. Antom. Quando civis universalis voluit dominis tolit his Piccificis fiat; tunc si usum iussum ipis habeat, locum Religiosum novum facit, Sec. 2.? Ad hanc enigmaticam quaestionem, eligimus ejus dominus votis requiritur qui sit irrevocabilitas dominis. Tunc si locus sit conditione legali sit, in totum licet inter iusserunt mortuum non facit in locum Religiosum. L. 34. Tal. lib. Cf. Ed. Quid si plures sit in domo, an omnes consentire debent in totis Religiosis fiat? De hac re ita respondendum est Si quis in commune locum mortuum insulavit, an Religiosum fecit videndum est? Sive jus quidem inlenderi in sepulcrum unicuique in solidum competiat; locum autem perum alter novum potest facere Religiosum. Trebatius et Labeo, quamquam piissimi non esse locum Religiosum factim, limen putant in factum agendas. L. G. § 3. // Comm. Divid. Ulp. lib. 19. ad Sabin. Partier Catholicus: Si plures sit in dominis ejus in loco ubi mortuus infectus, omnes consentire debent. Hoc limitem; sic etiam Quum ex-franci inferantur. Namen ex ipsis dominis quemlibet recte ibi sepeliri constitutum est, etiam sicut caeterorum consensus; in axioma quum alius lotus non sit in quo sepelirietur. L. 4. IX. Nequitur suchini dominivoltas requiritur, sed est caeterorum quorum in vested ob aliquod jus quod in eo loco labebit. V. Sed et si aliiis proprietali, alius usufructum habuit; non faciet locum Religiosum nec proprietaliis, nisi sorti ipsum qui usufructum leaverit, in solium; quum in alium locum in solium tam oppum quid non possit: et ilae Julianus sciabit. Missautem vivit fructualio locus Religiosus sicut fiat. Sed et si consensu fructuarius, magis est ut locus Religiosus fiat. V. 2. § 7. L. li. L. 25. ad Ed. Item Loci in quem servit, nemo Religiosum facile habeat nisi consensu isti cui servit debetur. Sed et si uno minus commodum per alium locus servitute uli potest, ipso vidit turres scepdire causa id fieri; et idem Religiosus fiat. Et sane habet hoc rationem. D. l. 2. § 8. De hoc ante aubitabatur: ut vid. supra lib. 1. Tit. De Divis. rerum. N. 4. Tollet gloria mortuo rimam Jesse: ut mox supra N. t. Idem est, protquam vivum. Idem fiebat corpus quod sociorum alter alterne involutum. Tollatur. Idecum autem infactum appuler, quin ile locum publicum non sit propris facies Hellenicus lacus, tamquam rustico solium religiosum quod in modo coulisse videtur illationem mori, sorte duculi potisset esse in eo positum. Commutim Privilegio Aemilio. Actiones actionum Ius est, quo licet dubitutur av Irege tibus activibus locus sit. LIB. XI. PANDETERUM Si autem quid pigurie de dicto agname, si in eum sum morium intulerit, religiosum eum facile. Sed et si ipse intum, idem ceterum alii concedere non potest. D. I. u. § 8. Ex consensu tamen omniuni, malitius est fieri Religiosum: idque Pomponianus sciens. L. 3. De Leg. 97. Ah Ed. X. Circa loca in rubibus corpora jure sepeliri possunt, illic et nimio observandum quod Lex XII Tabularum: In Urbe sepeletus, sive in ejus territorio, non est prohibitionis rationem alijert Paulus simul et poenam: Corpus in civitatem inferri non licet, ne funus sit in civitatis ordimen: Et qui contra ea fecit, extra ordinem punitur. Paulus sententia lib. 1. tit. 21. § 2. Hoc jus administrant civitates Hendriam in porressisse docet. Illic: Divus Hadrianus Rescriptum poenam statuit quadraginta aureorum in eos qui in civitate sepeliverunt (quam fisco inferri jussit), et in Magistratus eadem qui passi sunt; et locum publicum jussit, et corpus transferri. Quid tamen si Lex municipalis permitit in civitate sepeliri? Post Rescripta Principia an ab hoc discessum sit, videbimus? quia publica sunt Rescripta. Et oportet Imucricia seu salutare vim oblineri, et in omni loco valere. L. 3. § 5. // de Sepulcro violato. L. 1p. LIB. 25. AD. Ed. PRÆTORIUS. Ea de re rescribunt etiam Diocletianus et Maximianus: Inventorum reliquias, vel sanctum municipiorum jus polluitur, intra civitalem condit, sepulcrum velitum est. L. 12. Cod. h. t. Ex Constitutione Gratiani, 1. albertiniani et Theodosii: Quemadmodum Apostolorum vel Martyrum corpus esset in una sola coexistimatum esse conventum. L. 2. Cod. de Sacrosanctis Ecclesiis. § 2. Quale locus desinit esse Religiosus. XI. Quum autem impetratur ut reliquiae transferantur, desinit locus Religiosus esse. L. 4- § 1. Paulus lib. 3. quest. XII. Item: Quum loca capta sunt ab hostibus, omnia desinit Religiosa vel Sacra esse: sicut solivines liberi in servitulem perveniunt. Quod si ab hac calamitate fuerint liberata, quasi quodam postliminio reversa ad pristina statua restituuntur. L. 30. POMP. LIB. 26. AD Q. MUCIUM. SECTIO II. De Trinitatis Edictis ad loca Religiosa pertinentibus. ARTICULUS I. De primo Praetoris Edicto: Quo corpus inferalure quo inleendi jus non est. XIII. Praetor ait: "Sive homo mortuus ossa hominis mortui in locum purum alterius, aut in id sepulcrum in quo jus non fuit, illata dicanthur, qui hoc fecerit, in factum actio tenetur, et poena pecuniaria subjicietur". /. 1. § 2. LIB. 25. AD Ed. Circa actionem auctor hoc Edicto proponitur, videndum quando huic actioni locus sit; adversus quem, et cui competat; et quid in ea actione agenda. § 1. Quando huic actioni locus sit. XIV. Haec actio locum habet quum in locum purum alterius, aut in id sepulcrum quo jus non fuit, corpis illationem est. De causa autem illationis Praetor sensuit, qua sepultura causa fit. d. l. 2. § 3. Purus autem locus dicitur qui neque sacrum neque sanctus est neque Religiosus, sed ab omibus hujusmodi hominibus vacare videtur. d. l. 2. § 4. In hac autem actione, locus Purus appellatio et ad asdicium producenda est. /. 8. § 3. Ulp. lib. 28. AD Ed. Igitur in locum alterius, accipere debemus sive in agro sive in edificio. sup. d. l. 2. § 1. In locum. Isti vero in hac actioni locus sit non solius quid in locum purum alterius, corpis illationem est, sed et quid in sepulcrum in quo jus non fuit; hic dispensiendum venit in quo sepulcrum quisque sure possit sepulturi. XV. Sciendum est sepulcra alia esse familiaria, alia hereditaria. Familiaria sepulcra dicuntur, quae quis sibi familiaque suae constituit. Hereditaria autem qua quis sibi heredibusque suis constituit (1). Neque requiritur consensu creditoris, neque nisi impie posset tenegare. Minus enim impium est in lege familiae; si creditoris ne in pertequali modi agri partis jus sui pecuniis diminuitur, prohibetur agri publicum seputure suos, aut sic ei ipsa seputiri. Omnes quorum in lege interest, scilicet creditoris, pignus, fructuarius, etc. Si consensu omnium quorum interest; ipso tempore quo cadaver humandum, intercessit, nulla dubitatio est, locus Funicularis. Quod si intervenit postquam jam humum super corpus; dictus aliquis, contra esse: loco ipso tempore quo cadaver humandum, locus herbarius debet Esser Funicularis aut nungiiani. Tamquam haec similiter negligente, utilitatis causa, et labore religioso receptum in hunc locum esse Funicularium. Virorum Triumphalium et in religione soluto fuisse, et in urbe seputum, scribit Plutarchus, de corum poste mortem jus usipasse. Refert etiam Cicero Fabricii corpus in urbe seputum. Ne funestent sacra civitatis. Quamvis enim perpeccuae moles causa condita sint; tamen ex magno casei si ibi in toto non sint, potest intercedi ut tollantur: ut videlicet infra Sert. 2. ait. in fine. TIT. VII. DE RELIGIOSIS ET SUMPTIBUS FUNERUM, et. 407 Sic in iusque, creditoribus cuique successoribus, quiscusque linguit, licet seputi, et nullus intere; clamis ex minimi partem heredes ex lege tamquam ab intereo sine, licet in consensu alii. Ulp. lib. 25. AD Ed. El, quidem Si quis fuil heres, deinde hereditas ablatum sit ei quasi iudicio; magis est ut penes eum iura sepulcrorum remaneant. Ulp. lib. 68. Edict. Partem dicendum est, quod restitutae hereditate jura sepulcrorum apud heredem remanent. Libelli actiem cumque scopus vel gradus, etiam familiarias et emeritopalicas, idem jus concessum est; sive ex his tristim, heredes, sive seorsim abstinent. Exercendis autem nisi specialiter testator justo odio commotus eos vetuerit, humanitatis risu tantum specifior, et alios praeter suum posteritatem interferre licet. Sup. d. l. 6. At vero in utroque sive familiari sive hereditario secuto, Libelli nec sepulcri nec aliorum inferri potest, nisi heredes eviscerint patrono: quamquam is quidquid ius scribent, Monumentum sibi et Libertis suis fecit. Et ita Papianus respondit, sic sappissime id est constitutum est. Sup. d. l. 6. Hic Alexander: Monumentorum inscriptiones necque sepulcrorum jura necque dominium loci putant ad libertos legittime tenere. Prescriptionem autem longi temporis si justam causam in illio habuit, vobis proficiet. Sup. l. 6. Notandum, hoc quod de prescriptione longi temporis addit Alexander, ad loca pura referri. Hase autem dicitur in Jura possessionis jus sepulcri non tribuitur ei cui jus non competitt. Sup. l. 12. Hicque par et hereditario et familiarii in sepulcris. Hoc autem plus habent familiares quod ad omnes ex familia, etiam ex latere venientes pertinet; quamvis heredes non sint. Sic enim rescribunt Diocletianus et Maximianus: His sepulcris familiaris et hereditario ad extraneos et avit heredes; familiaris avennis ad familias nullis ex cat heres sit, et non etianis ad illim quemque lege qui non est heres, pertinet. Sup. l. 18. Centrum Ius, familiarium sepulcrorum ad affines et proximos coenatos novos lectores institutos minime pertinuit. Cod. h. t. Philippus. XVIII. Vidimus actioni ex hoc Edicto locum essi quid corpus valum cels in locum in purpurin at rebus, aut in sepulcrum in quo jus non est. Sed et si in locum publicis usibus destinatum intulit quem mortuum, Praetor cum judicius dedit, si dolo fecit, erit extra ordinem lectendus, modica tantem concilione; sed si sine dolo, absolvendus est. /. 8. § 3. Ulp. lib. 25. ad Ed. Adversus enum antiquum qui in alterius arcam lapideam, in qua adhuc mortuum lon erat conditus, mortuum intulit; utilem actionem in faciendum Praelium dedit; quia non in propria vel in sepulcrum vel in locum alterius intulisse dici potest. /. 8. § 1. Gaius lib. 13. ad Ed. provinc. § 2. Quis hace actione tenear, et cui illa competat. XIX. Qui mortuum in locum alienum intulit vel inferri curavit, luebuit in faciem actionis. /. 2. § 1. Ulp. lib. 25. ad Ed. Sed et fructuarius inferiendo tenetur dominis proprietatis. Aut et sociis tenetur, si ignara socii intulit, tractari potest? Est tamen verius, Kallias; crebiscuit in Communi dividundo convenire eum possedis. /. 2. § 1. sed et fruct. XX. Ait Praetor: In locum alterius. Sed hic sermo dominus in actionem, non contra possessori. Nam cum dicit in locum alterius, apparet de dominus cum sentire, id est, cujus locus est. d. § 1. Sed hic serinium. Nec solum dominus in hoc actio competit; verus et qui custodit quemque in loci habet usum infructus vel aliquam servitutem; quia ins prohibenda omnia habent. /. 8. § 4, Ulp. lib. 25. ad Ed. § 3. Quid veniat in hac actione. XXI. Qui iussuit mortuum in aliquem locum, aut tollere id quod intitulit, aut loci praesentia pistae cogitur per in factum actionem; quia tam haredi quam in hereditem competit, et per eum actum. Gaius lib. 19. AD Ed. provinc. XXII. Ossa aut alia quae ab alio illata sunt, vel corpus, an licet dominio loci sepulcrum effodere vel eructare sive lege Pontificum seu jussu Principis, quaestionis est. Et alia laborare exspectandium vel permissione Pontificale seu jussu Principis; alioque limine in actio in fore actionem adversus cum qui ejecit. sup. d. l. 8. ARTICULUS II. De duobus aliis Edictis Praetoris. XXIII. Secundum Praetoris Edictum est, Si in loco mortuum inferendum, qui jus in inferendum habet. Ex causa successionis. Has leges ita interpretantur Glossa. Arcam enim lapideum, cum sit guid mobilia, non est locis: sed est in seculum, et cum ibi sit tempus vendendi debet esse. Unde si in arcam intrat, verbis. Actio non contradictur, sed cum his senlesia interpretatur, ulla actionis conventur. Cum de loco possessio potuit esse, et in actionem possessori placeat; ut in supradicta N. 8. Qui est Pontifex Maximus. LIB. XI. PANDECTARUM Alii autem hoc Edictum interpretantur quid sit in lege; utrumque simul in ad hanc Parlemen rem illam adire oportet, remus. XXIV. Est et Tertium Praetoris Edictum, Si locus Religiosus pro pro visses dictur, Publicus in factum actionem in eum dat, cui ad quem talis pertinet. Quae actio et in heredem competitors, cum quasi Ex emptione actionem conventavi. Gaius lib. 1. Vlp. 35. AD Ed. ARTICULUS III. Edictum D. D. Fratrum De non transferendis corporibus quae jus aut sepulturae acceperunt. XXV. Divi Fratres Edicto admonuerunt ne justa sepulturae tranqualium, id est a terra corpora translum, et in terra conditur. Si in arcula cotidie loco autumo sit ut in alium locum transferatur. Et arculam ipsam (si res exigat) in locum commodiorem locere velferre, non est debendum. Sg. Marcianus, lib. 3, instit. Quod si necdum per peluium sepulturae corporis vaditum est, translationem ejus facere von prolicter. /. 10. Cod. h. t. Diocl. et Maxim. XXVI. Sed et quae perpetuae sepulturae tradita sunt corpora transferri poterunt, si justa causa id suadet. Ob usum fluminis K. G. vel melum, corpus jam perpetuum sepulturae vaditum solennibus reditibus, per noctem in alium locum transferri potest. Paul. sentent. lib. 1. rt. 21. § 1. Hinc Annonius: Si via fluminis vel publice viae tuus lingualur, vel alia justa et necessaria causa intervenit, existimatione Rebellis provinciae transferre eas in alium locum potest. /. 1. Cod. h. t. Ex Constitutione Valentiniani, Theod. et Arcadius, et sic per justam causam hoc suadet, Nemo humanum corpus ad litoribus transferat. /. 1. Cod. h. t. in alium locum sine Augusti. Non est Ex empto, cum rei religiosa nullius emptio possit; sed et ad istar Actionis Ex empto; quia, si contra instituunt, sic Jure definit, tam etiam prostat bonae indemnitatis exhibendi; ut videlicet. jus, lib. 19. tit. de Actionibus, excerptum. "Kommentar non transferatur etsi consulto Pontificum collegio. Haec necessitatem item provincialibus imponebat Trajanus. Qua quidem causa ipse sibi translationes permittit aut denegaret. Plinius lib. 10. Epist. 13 et seq." "Id est, principis venia." SECUNDA PARS. De Funeribus, et Funus actione. SECTIO I. De Funeribus. Circa Funera vidi hispanus 1. Qui funerandi sint: Agemus et eo ad quem respicimus curae funeris; Dispicimus qui sumptus ineptus, et videndum sincedi. I. Qui funerandi sint. Neither is there who should not be mourned, nor sit under the criminal's dig or punishment, but under the sepulcher; and that one who has lived and died. Cod. 1. 3. DOCLET. ET IMPERIA. De hac re plura videb. Tit. de Cadaveribus punit. iujur lib, 48. Pariter circa Haereticos ita constituit Justinianus: nullum et pium hoc abit, attit Fatelicos perpetie funus sepulcris. 9. Cud. de Haeresi et Manichaearum. Ex causa tamen, quorumdam sepulturae hisper differenda est. Mirum legem Regiam mulierem quam praeeunians mortua sit humari, antequam partus ei excipitatur. Qui contra scribit, spem animulorum cum tristitia percipit. 1. de Portius inbahendo. Macell. lib. 28. digest. De eo quem spei speciali cura Funus. Funus autem eum facere oportet, quem sepultura elegit. Sed si non ille fecit, nulliavi esse liiius rei penitentiam; nisi aliquod pro hoc emolumentum sibi robolcum est: tum cum si non parerit voluntali defunctus, ab hoc repellitur. 1. 3. 4. Ulp. Lib. 2. AD Ed. Unus tamen casus est. Si aam sic funeri sui curam testator mandaverit, et illi recepta pecunia funus novum ducitur. De dolo actio in eum da[ium. (a) Subsiste, et per legem tabularum renovata. TIT. VIII. DE HIERICISIS, ET SUMPTIBUS FUNERUM, etc. Galien medicus scripsit. Hierici lanus ex extra ordinem cum a sacerdote compellenda fusus ducem. S. i. i. §. Ulp. lib. 25. AU Ed. Notandum est, quod in lege civili cum quid fuerit de ructus cunis, quod Divus Marcus resceipsit, Hierici liceret qui prohibet funerari ab hoc legelege, non facere sacrarum in cum statutam non esse. d. l. i. §. 14. XXX. Hic de causis quibus funeris cum in alium deduculorum in mandatum navigavit. Si autem de hac re deductus non cavit, nec ullius deliberationis id inunus est, sequentes heredes ca res contingit; si nemo scriptus est, legittimis vel cognatis quemque suo ordine quo succedunt. Sup. d. l. la. d. sin autem. §. 3. Qui sumplus in Finium, et unde sumit Jaciendi. XXXI. Plurima inde moderebantur funus summarus venterunt Lepides XII Tabularum, quae reservata Cicero iti. de Legibus. Hace sit nutrim: Hoc pers ne facito: I. ROGUM ASCIA NE POLITO. II. TIGRIA RICINIA; rica purpurea; decem TIBICINES; reca amplius onto. III. Mellires Geras, et radunto, leve les- SUM I. FENERIS ERGO HABENTO. II. CADAVERA NE IUSGITO, VINO ROGUM NE HESPERGITO. III. Ne funeri circumpicato. IV. Ne a cerebri (10) funeri ego ponantur; ne tongue coronam sepulcri imponatur; qui coronam part, ipse parens eiic onus virtutis ago, et duitur. VII. Aurum ne addito; quoique vero de testis vincit, ast im cume illo sepele liber se fraude esto. VIII. Ne uni plura funera facito, neve illos lectos sternito. id. et alid Jacobi Gohqfr. Tab. X. XXXII. Piaector vel magistratus municipalis, ad sumptus decreta debt. /. 12. % G. Ulp. Illl. 25. Alii. Et quidem sumptus lucentur arbitralur et facultates vel dignitas definit. d. l. 15. § 5. XXXIII. Unde autem hi sumplus faciendi sunt, Si quidem est pecunia, in liquidatc, si non est, distrahere dictur; ca (qua)alem potentiam per lura sunt, quorum actu soluto ovem hereditatem; si minus, si quid aliuad arguendo supportum, dissolvenda auxilpignorari jubebitur ita in pecunia exceptionalur: vel adhibitoribus si facere exigi possit. /. 13. Gaius lib. 19. ad Ed. provinc. Et si quis imperial cuique qui est quominus ei resfundantur, Praemonituri intervallum operem; tuervius hujusmodi faculam, si quid imperial quidque eius res vendita iradialur. /. 14. Ulp. Lib. 19. Au Ed, Sed etsi res legalis sint a testatoris decisione de cuius fuit, nec sit unde fueretur; ad casu quoque maius nihilere oportet: Satis est in hoc actum de si onus tenebre obscurare, quam aliquos lege coacta cogere. Sed si adhuc fuit posthaem hereditas, res emolitor abferenda non est; quia bonis fidei possessor est et dominium habeat qui auctore iudicet comparavit. Legatarium tamen legato careere non oportet, si potest indicem ab hereditate praestari; quod si non potest, Melius est legatario non lucrari, quam emporter damnum sollicite. (/. 15. § 2. Quinimodum si colonus vel inquilinus sit is qui rationibus est; nec sic indigere necessitudine; ex iuvectis illatis (15) vivit sinerandum, Pomponius scripsit; et si quid superfluum remanserit, hoc pro deleta passionis lucrum. d. l. 16. § 1. SECTIO II. De actione Finereia. XXXIV. Cum cantigercrc pensset ut hi ad quos citrim funeris permissus dixiuntus, hoc officiennis necessigerent, quid tin Frivtori visum est, cui qui his iussu. (1) Id est, majorem sumptum ne facilio quam Lex permittil. (2) Vernacule; in rabot. Scilicet vestat Lex ne per politis hujus rogus exstruatur. (3) Kicinae vestimenta genus: scilicet vestat Lex ne pluribus in unum tribus vestibus cadaver crematur. (4) Id est, limbum quidam purpureum: nec simplex bande. Illi autem iussi credidimus, insignes Magistratus: et cum eo suo diginitalis insignes corum corpora cremari Lex permitit. (5) In funeribus nobilium, adhibebantur aqua; in funeribus pauperum, papierum. (6) Reprobat Lex mortem qui invaluerit, in funeribus Veteranum, ut cothurculum multurum et in funus ennihilarentur et in signum novum ora sibi circumrotarent, et ejus aliantes facerecent. (7) Cicero in libro de Legibus referet Lessium a Lelio Grammatico accipietur per legubus in iustiatione. (8) Impensum quod in ignijponjius cadaveribus fibula, repetibat Lex tamquam in illam via. (9) In familia Pullium ad hoc ministerium ungudorum corporum adhibebantur. (10) In mensulis, in tabulis reete ad tamulum pondebantur. Hanc consuetudinem improbat Lex. (11) Festus et Valerius dicunt esse aram quo mortuum solitum esse ob odorem incendebat, et alios existimasse esse aram in hortum. (12) Id est, longissimas coronarum series, nec minus quid ipsi coronam meruerint ob virtutem. V. G. in ludicris, hisius cadaveri coronam imponi jus est. (13) Aurum ad funus onerandum reicerentur; praeter illud quod cuique solium deceles vivelic essult. Inter legamina aurea quibus dentes eburnei vice corum cui ducatur, vincibant. (14) Id est, sine. Permittit scilicet cum hoc auro sepulcrum. (15) Quamvis tacite sint obligata pro pensiobus quas debet defunctus. Unde Pictor ait : Quod quereris consilium au cups, Factus ebir, eius recuperandi nomine, in eum ad quem ea bes pertinet, judicium dabo. S. Vl. § 1. Ut ibi. a5. ad Ed. Ius Edicti justa causa propositum est, ut qui sepelevat, pesequatur id quod impendit. Sic enim legibus ne insepulta corpus jacerent, neve quis de alieno funeretur. D. l. § 3. Circa hanc actionem, videndum est; Quando compelatus; Cujus persona sepultus nomine datur, cuius adversus quem, Quando duret haec actio et quid in ea veniat. ARTICULUS I. Quando huic actioe locus sit. Ad huic actioni locus sit, haec concurrere oportet: 1. Ut sumptus in funus alicujus percipitur eo animo ut illos recipere voluit; 2. Ut non malo animo jecerit; 3. Ut ad eos recipiendos nulla alia ei suppetat actio. § 1. De voluntate recipiendi sumptus, XXXV. Sed interim is qui sumptum in funus fecit, sumptum non recipit; si pietatis gratia fecit, tum hoc animo quasi recepus sumptum quem fecit: et tamen Imperator nosti rescripsit. Igitur aestimandum erit arbitrio et perpendendum quo animus sumptus factus sit, negotium quis vel defuncti vel heredis gerit, vel ipsius humanitatis, an vero misericordiae vel pietatis tribuens, vel affectioni. Potest tamen distinguere et misericordia modus; ut in hoc luerit misericors vel pietatis qui funus fecit, ut tunus sepeliret ne insepultus jaceret; non etiam ut suo sumptu fecerit. Quod si judicis iiqueat; non debet eum qui convenitur, absolvere: Quis enim sine pietatis intentione alienum cadaver funus fecit? Oportebit igitur testari quem quo animo funus fecit, ne postea palialur questionem. S. 1. § 7. Ulp. lib. 25. ad Ed. Quotique "Plerique" filii quum parentes suos funerant, vel alii qui haeredes scri possunt; igitur ex hoc ipso neque pro herede neque aditio praesumitur; tamen, si vel minus se noissearii, vir caute in licuere gessisse videatur, solebat testatum piteatis gratia facere sepulturam. Quid si supervacuo funus factum? Ad illud sicut videtur, ne miscusse se creavit lanturn; ad illud ut sumitam consensuunt. Quippe protestantur pro pietatis gratia id se facere ribi. Plenius igitur estari oportet ut sumptioni possit servari. Fortassis quis possit dicere, ulteriorum parliciorum sumptus facti posses recuperari; ut quis pro partibus pietatis gratia faciat: quod est verius. Parte igitur sumptus consequetur, quem novos dundum aviarn fecit. Cum huic actioni non sit locus, nisi qui sumptum fecerit, animo recipiendi fecerit; hinc si quis dum se heredem putat, patrem familias funeraverit, Funeraria actione uti non poterit; quia non hoc animo fecit quasi alienum negotium gerens: et ita Trebatius et Proculus putant. Puto tamen et ei ex causa daudam actionem Funerariam. Si possessor hereditatis funus fecerit, deinde victus in restitutione non deduxerit quod impediverit; utilem esse ei Funerariam. Requiritur igitur non malo animo factum sit. Hinc dicitur Judicem qui de ea aequitate cognoscit interdum sumplum omnino non debere admittor e modicum factum, si forte in contumeliam defuncti hominis locupletis modicus factus sit. Nam non debet huus rationem habere, cum contumeliam defuncto fecisse videatur ita eum funerando. Requiritur ut alia actio non suppetat. XXXVIII. Labeo ait, Quoties quis aliam actio- nem Iiabet de funeris impensa consequenda , Funeraria euni agere non posse: et ideo si FamiliM Erciscundae agere possit, F ncraria non acturum. Plane si jam Familiac Erciscunda: judicio actum sil , posse agi (3}. d. l. i^- § 12. XXXIX. Siinili ratione Qui mandatn alterius fu- neravit, uon habot Funerariam actionem ; sed is scilicot qui mandavit liincrandum , sive solvil ci cai mandavit, sive debet. Quod si pupillus (4) man- davil sine tutore auctore, utilem ^5l Funorariam dandam ad\ eisus heredem ci qui impedit : lucrari eiiim heredein iniquum est. Si auteiu pupillus funus ad se perlineiis siiie lutoris auctoritate mandavit ; dindam in eum actionom (6) arbitror, si et hcrcs extitit ei qui fuiieralus esi , solvendoque iieredilai ost. Contia, si quis mandatu lieredis funeravit, non posse eum Funeraria agere Lahoo scribit ; .juia li .bet Mandali actioneni. cl. l. i4- § '5- Si lameii quasi negoiium her' dis gerers fune- ravit, licel ratnm non haboal, lameu Fun-faria (•j) eum agere posse Labeo scnbit. d. l. i4. .^ '^- (i) Consilium dat. (5) Uli'cai scilicit. (3) Itrraii eiiim non potfst judiciiiro Familiee Erciscitn- doe : ut tid. supra lib. 10. Tit. Fmn. Emsc. N. 17. (4) A(i quera liTCclitas non periinebat. (5) Non dirtclam; qui.T non babuit animum oblig.in<]i enm aJ qiuni ea res spettal. (6) Ex Rrscripto scilicet D. Pii qno p'l'ilI"S ftiam sine tutoris auctoritate, quatemis faclus est 'ocuplctior, nbli- gatur. (-) Cur noii actione Negiaiorutn .cstorum .' Quia anfe aditam Ui^rc.tllt.itttD fiiiirravit ; a:'u<i"^ fjessit ucgutiura quiid noniium ir.it negutium hcr-*'^, nec negolium licic- dilali.i. Ita Accursius. TIT. VII. DE RELIGIOSIS, ET SUMPTIBUS FUNERUM, clc. [r,\ ARTlCULrS II. Quinam Funerarict aclione tc.ncantur necne , quo ordine , el pro qiia qiii.^qiie parlc. Ciria hunc Arlicuhvi dispicimus i." Quis tuic actioni lenientur pro virtute personarum quae hanc ratc suiit consilio el slutii; Qui titiculli quod nulle nullier Justitia est; Denique liceantur elania illi qui prohibentur. Qui tenenantur pro unia personarum, quae Juneliali sunt, conditione et statu fel pater familias funeratus est, vel Suius familia, aut etiam servies. Quum paejunionias funeratus est, pallet legatarios et fitiessubcommissionarios in actione noti teneri. Nec enim ad eos ullatenus sumpluisset Juneris spectat. Unde Alexander: Legale factum de defuncto relictis et quod in summus vel in morbustato eius erogasse te boni viri arthralu probaveris, Praeses provincialis solvi libelij jubebit. Cod. h. t. Ducur aulem hereditatem actio adversus eos ad quos funus perrexit; ut pule, adversus heredem, bonorumve possessionem, cessoresque successorcs. El quid ad successors cura funeris spectat; hic Juneris impensarum et patrimonii quid bonorum possessionem pelit contra tabulas, privati isti. Pomp. Lib. 5. AD Salin. Si filius familias defunctus est, pater eius in possesslate fuerit, is est filius funus faculatum erit, competitt Funeraria actio per pietate et facultate. Paul. Lib. 27. AD Ed. Si lamen filius familias miles sit et labebat castrense peculium, putat successor eius abolevi, sic inde ad patriam venire. Ulp. Lib. 25. ad Edict. Quum servus funeratus est, et quis servum vel ancillam sepelivit, habet adversus dominum Funeriam actionem. Ulp. Lib. 25. § 1. Quibus malier funeratus est; quis actione Funeriata tenetur et per quam partem. Mulier quae funerata est, vel filia familias aut sui juris; vel dotalis vel indicialis. Principis casus: XI. Quaudo mulier sui juris et dotem habens funerea est; In enum ad quem dotis nominem quid perveniet. dat Pr. Tort. Finca. maciem fin. equitissimum est enim visionem est Veteribus, mulieres quasi Sunt palimoniis suis ita de dolibus sufferari; et cura qui mortem mulieris dolorem Incruentum, in fissuus contra, sive pater nulieris est, sive maritus. LIB. 25. Ul. Ed. De extrinseco quidquid: Quid enim si quis dolorem legis deciderit pro mulieris, ut ad ipsi videatur odiet si in matrimonio mortem esset, aut quis modus solitum matrimonio; Nemo quid hic in Inquisitioni conscribatur. Sed enim dos mortem mulieris ad sum pervenit, potest dici conscribere cui. quit tam tam. Ul. Lib. 25. AD Ed. Ius est enim demum tenetur Funeria qui dotem lucrat, sive vir sive nul quid, si mortuus; mulieres lucrat sunt. Quod sed mulier post divortium alii multa decessit: non putat Fulcinius priorem marium, licet lucratus dotem faciat, funus expensas praestare. Gervase lib. 19. ad Ed. PROVINC. Videtur autem vir morte mulieris dotem lucrat, etiam quin eodem nomen decesserunt. Hinc si eodem momento temporis vir et uxor decesserint, habeat ait, in hereditate viri pro portione dotis dandum hanc actionem; quoniam id ipsum dolis nomine ad eum pervenit. Paul. lib. 27. Ul. Ed. Ceterum pater aut extraneus ad quem dos mortis improprius revertitur, ilus hac actione conveniatur si jam citis dos reddita est. Sed si nuldum pater dolem recuperaverit; vir solus convenietur, repetitaturus patri quod co nomine praestitit. Papin. lib. 3. respons. Impensa enim funus esset alienum dotis est. Ul. Lib. 10. DIC. EST. Ideo quidque dos sentire Ius est alienum debet. Ulp. lib. 15. ad Sabin. Sive autem dolores resisterent dehorts marilis, sive cam lacereler; Picrella marium pulvis Funeraria in id definitur legem, quod facere potest; id enim lucrari videtur, quod praestaret mulieri si convenirent. Quod sciutatis vera est: in his tam casibus in quibus hoc ei facere Legibus permissum est. Duplex superest quaecumque Minimorum: Neratius quaerit: Si is qui dotes dederat pro muliere, stipulatus est dantes partem dotis reddendae, testamentum apud majus remanere, pactus sit ne quid maritus in futuris consenseret; an Funeraria maritis lenientur? Et ait, Si quidem ipse stipulator mulieri funus fecit, locum esse pacto, et nihil e Funicariae fore: si vero alius funus fecit, posse eum maritum convenire; quia pactum locus. Publicum Jus infra usum non potest. Quaestiones pro qua quisque parte hac actione lenietur. Celsus sivebit: Quoties mulier decedit, ex dotibus quisque partibus lenietur, et coeteris mulieris bonis, pro portione funus standum est. Veltut si in dotibus centum sint, in hereditate ducentia; duas partes lieres, unam vir conferet. Paulus libelo 27: Ad Juliae aulem scribit: Non deductis legalibus. Ulp. L. 25. AD Edict.), nec pretiis manumissis (L. 25. Paul. L. 27. AD Ed.), necquam alierno deduco. L. 26. Paul. Lib. 15. ad Saecul. Sic pro rala cl maritum et heredem concurrere in funus eporet. L. 27. Ulp. Lib. 15. ad Ed. Hilis quidem dinimini consonal quid agit Pomponius - Sed si emancipata in matrimonium decedat, collegulas heredes bonorumve possessor, et palum pro portione dolis quam recipit, et virum pro portione dotis epiam lucratus est. L. 30. § 1. Lib. 15. ad Sabin. Uno casu ex sola dote mulier funeranda est. Sunt Quum malere familiarius decedit, nec est eius solvida hereditas; funerari eam ex dote tantum oporet: et ita Celsus scribit, sup. d. l. 20. § 2. Secundus casus: XLVII. Quum funerata est filia familias spice dote habebat: qui inadmodum supra Vhhinus (N. 41.) in filias familias qui habet bona castrensia, successit primo timeri, sic denique parent: illa suit ratione Si nubius lucratur dolem, conveniebatur Funeraria, pater autem non. Sed et in hanc casum solus, si dos, quia pennodica fuit, in funus non sollicitus; in superfineum in patrem darent actionem dari. d. l. 20. § 1. Ulp. Lib. 25. ad Ed. Sed et si maritus dotem lucrari non deuill, sed eam pati reddere tenebatur: Is qui filiam familias funeravit, ait quod dos patri reddatur, cum marito relicta sit; reddita dote patrimonium obligavit habet: ulique autem si cum marito scilicet fuerit, is eo minus pati mulieris istiturus est. L. 29. § 1. Gaius L. 19. AD Ed. novisc. Contra (i) quod pater in funus filiae impendit, aut alio assistens scilicet Funeratia praestitit, ipse actione De dote a marito recipit. L. 30. Pomp. Lib. 15. ad Sabin. Terius casus : XLVIII. Quum mulier, quae dolentur non aliet, sive Sullanias in principalis funera est successionibus ant patris, vir hac actione legealur? De hac questione ita Pomponius : Quod si nullus dos esset, tunc omnes pensas patrem praestare delere Alfenus ait; aut heredes eius mulieris, putanda emancipata. Quod si neque heredes habetat neque pater solvendo sit, maritum in curiam facere potest pro hoc conveniri; ne injuria ejus videatur quondam isti filium eius requisitum rebusque quaesitis. § 28. Pomponius L. 15. Aut Sabinus. § 3. In qua actione Funeraria tenetur emanatus prohibuit. XLIX. Labeo ait, Si prohibente credere funeraveris testatoris funerare, ex causa competere tibi Funerariam. Quod enim si filium testatoris, hic eius prohibuit? Hic contradictio potest, ergo pietatis gratia funerastis. Sed posse me testatumi, habituruni in Funerariam actionem. De suo enim expedire mortuo Funeralem. Et quid, si testator quis mihi mandavit, heres prohibet, ego tamen nihilominus funeravi ? Nonne requiem est, mihi Funeralem competere? Et generaliter puto, judicium justuni non rationem Negotiorum gestorum actionem imitari, sed solius aequitatem secipi cura hoc et actionis natura indulget. § 13 Ulp. lib. 25. Ad Ed. Cur autem qui prohibuit hac actioni tenere potest, ratio hac est; nam numerum quod quis propter funus aliquod impendit, cum defuncto contrahere creditur, non cum herede. § 1. Ulp. lib. 24. ad Ed. ARTICULUS III. Quandiu diuert hic est actio et quid in ea veniat. § 1. Quandiu actio, et an heredi detur et in heredes. Haec actio non est annua, sed perpetua; et heredes caeterisque successoribus, et in successoribus datur. § 2. Ulp. lib. 24. ad Ed. § 2. Quid in ea veniat, LI. Hoec actio, quae Fineria dicitur, ex bono et secundum oritur. Continet autem funeris causam tantum impensam, non etiam catterorum sumptuum. Equum autem accipitur, ex dignitate ejus quod funus actus est, causa, tempore et ex bona idei; ul nullus plus imputetur sumptus nomine, quam satis factum est; necque tantum quantum factum ost, si imquivir potest ad subsidium hereditatum vel cedorum modice factum est; deberet enim habeunda ratio facti. (i) Pater in specie huius legis patrem promississe cholem: est convincibitis ul, quamvis dos insufficienter esset, tamen moriua in matrimonio mulier dos incruentum viri celebreret; dividendam mulierem in matrimonio mortuam, antequam pater dotem promissam exsolvisset. Pater actiones lex si stipulatum ex promissione solis conventionus a sacerdoti, recepit ab ipso seu deductet quod in futuus impendit; aut quod praestare necesse laboravit alter qui cum ipso (apud quem dos suum solverebat) esset. Funeraria agit. (2) Quae cessat, si prohibitionis negotiorum gestus sit; vid. supra lib. 3. Tit. de Aeg. gest. N. 12. TIT. VIII. DE RELIGIOSIS, ET SUMPTIBUS FUNEBRIUM, etc. clausum commemorandum sit; quis sil; quid in haustum vel vestem colloquendum sit, sup. d. et 1. cuius in quem factum est, et ipsius rei qualis illic modus sine causa consumitur. Quil ego si ex voluntate solatii impensum est. Secundum est nec voluntaria sequenda, si res egredialur orationem; istam siimitudinem rationem; pio modo alterum faciliter suppluiuierit. I. § 6. Ulp. lib. 25. LIII. Fuucris une cause, sumptus factus videlicet, isti denuntiatus (qui et co), fictus ut funus ducalium, suum quoque funus duci immittitur, ut puta si quid impensum est in erectione moitudinis. Sed et si quid illi locis in corporale regalum, in quem funus feretur, fuucris causa videlicet superius iniuvisum. Laeho scribit: "Alnia necessario locus paratur, in quo corpus coquendur." LIV. Heres mulieris inferat mortuum in hereditario fundo; a minorato qui debet funus conferre, pro estimatione loci consequitur. LIBER II. QUaESTIO. Ipsi Lupercus peregre mortuus quidem facta est ut corpus per pellendur, funus est; licet nondum homo funerique incinerandus. Ipsiusque et si quid ad corpus custodiendum vel. Non autem oppellerent ornamenta anim corporibus, nec quid aliud habeant custodiendum: quod homines simplices faciunt. Et in generaliter Funus suoceptus accipitur, quidquid corpori causa, vel in funus, funus regalum. et in pretium loci in quo defunctus humatus est; et si qua vectigalia sunt, vel sarcophagi et vecturae; et quidquid corporis causa antequam sepelitur consumulim est, funus incipisum esse existimo. LIBER I. AD LEGEM VICESIMAM HIEEDITATUM. LIV. Ceterum in simpliciis funeribus non compontur istiusmodi monumentum. Monumentum autem sepulcri id est, causa nominandi eius loci factum sit in quo corpus imponendum sit. Itaque si amplum quid aedificari testator jussit, veluti in circuitu positiones; eos sumptus funus causa nōuum esse. "Id cit", "ad penigura"; "it observat Cajistas. Alii legint, Commodum dominum." (Id. Cujac. Observ. II 17.) Castraverat bonestissima veste offerri mōs erat. Haec, illi vulgo civium, Toga vulgata; in Magistratis, toga Praetexta; in Censores, purpurea. (4) Haec Textualia, quae solvebantur in itinere pro corpore, ex uno loco in aliam exportationis abrogata post huius lietrationis; ut licitice ex I. legis Cod. b. tit. Publicanorum Decessaria. Hoc est commendatio Cujacii [Historiae. V. 4] censet legem vestiariae; ut legiuit in Basilica. Post nuntii lectio, cum constat ea vectigalia olim pro cadavere transvectio fuisse exacta, qua per d. I. necessitatum in Sbletiuies gige. TERTIA PARS. Ut Fumis ducere liceat. LIV. Ne corpora aut ossa mortuorum delinquentur, aut vexarentur; neve prolixiores quisque via publica transferentur, aut quocumque placebantur; Praesidis provincia; officium est. /. 38. LIB. 9. DE OMINIUS TULITION. Nun perpensa sepulturae tradita corpora possent transferri, Edicto D. Severi continentur: quo in unico loco corpora deliverentur aut vexarentur aut prohibibentur per territoria oppidorum transferri. D. autem Marcus resi ipso nullam pecuniam meruisse eos qui corpus in itinere defuncti per vicus aut oppidum transvectaverunt, quamvis talia fieri sine permissu corum qui permittendis habere ius est, novum debuent. /. 3. § de Septulibus viol. Ulp. lib. 25. AD Ed. Prut. LV. Est etiam Edictum Praetoris hac de re: quo intervenienti actio in factum datur cui prohibelur nemo inferre corpus in locum quod infundendi sanguinis habet. De Interdicto quod hac de re compelit, sequens videlicet actionem in factum quod ea de re competir, patris videndum est. § 1. Qualiter hic actioni locus sit. LVII. Et qui prohibitus est inferre in quemquam locum quo ei jus inferiendi esset, in factum actio competit et Interdictum; quamvis non ipse prohibitus sit, sed procurator eius, quia intelligitur aliquis prohibitus videlicet. /. 8. § 5. Ulp. lib. 25. ad Ed. Prohibitus sitem intelligitur quum alter quid delectum, delectu negatur. Hic si venditor fundi exceptuit locum sepulcri ad hoc ut ipsi posteri eius illi inferrentur, si via ulla prohiberet, ut mori sumum justum eesse potest. Videtur etiam hoc exceptum intervallum et vendentem, ut ei per fundum sepulcrum; causa ire licetur. Hinc Paelius: Quis cum Jure ut dominis fundorum in quibus sepulcra fecerint, etiam post venditationem fundos adendum sepulciorum suorum jus. Les nobiles iamque Praediorum venditores cavendum est: Ut ad sepulcra quae in fundis sunt iter, eisque aditus, ambitus funeris faciendi sit. Quod si quis sepulcrum habeat, viam ad sepulcrum non habeat, et a vicino ire prohibeatur; Imperator Antoninus cuius pater reipsi, Itebat ad sepulcrum petivit precario, et cojuscederet solere; ut quod tolleri non debet, impetraretur ab eo qui fundum adjacetum habeat. Hoc scriptione quid impelrandi dat, facit atem et actionem civilis inducit; sed extra ordinem interpellentur. Praeses etiam compellere debet iustitiae praesidia, illa taedus in iudicium de opportunitate illoci prospektor, ne vicinus magis patiatur delrimentum. Quid in ea actione veniale sit, et an heredes et in heredes dicti. Liberum est ei qui prohibitur mortuum. ossaver niortui inferre, aut statin Interdicto uti qui prohibetur sic vis facit; aut alio inferre et postea in factum agere, per quam consequetur actor quanti ejus interfuerit prohibitum non esse; in quam computationem cadit locus empti pretium, aut conditionis mercis; item sui locus pretium quem quis nisi coactus est Religiosum facturus novas esset. Unde miror quare constare videatur neque heredes neque in hereditam dandam hac actionem. Narra, ut apparet, pecuniariae qualitalis ratio in eam deducitur. Certes perpetuo ea inter ipsos competir. Gaius lib. 19, ad Eict. provinc. Cujacius Observ. XIII. 36. legi Etius aditus. TITULUS VIII. DE MORTUO INFERENDO ET SEPULCRO. Et in superiore Titulo actio sit de actione In factum qua competit quum quis propositum mortuum inferre quo injuriandi jus habeat; meritorius Titulus subjungitur, in quo interdictum quod de eadem re competit, exponitur. Similiter exponitur Interdictum Di: SEPULCRO AEDIFICANDO, propter utriusque Interdicti significatem. § i. De Mortuo Inferendo. I. Qui voluit alt: Quo quid illi Mortuum Inferre et ibi Sepulire liceat, vim fieri veto. Ulp. Lib. 68, ad Ed. Hoc Interdictum prohibitionem esse palam est. II. Qui Inferendi Mortuum jus habeat, non prohibebit inferri. I. i § i. Si prohibitur, hoc Interdicto illi potest. Interdum et semel potest, qui jus inferendi non habet. Quis in re religiosa, cum sacra ut possit, uterque tamen de mortuo inferendo nititur, agunt ut pietate, domui propriomiali, si in fundo cujus fructus alieni est mortuum intentio ratio aut inercia velit. Nam si in itinere, non facit justum sepulcrum; sed si prohibeatur, utilissima Interdictio. Omnis, non debet prohibere. Sciect enim stricto Jure, ratione, quem in re communi polito causa prohibendis; et secundum quem in re fructuaria nihil est debellare quo fructus de jure dominii queritur, agit. Eademque sunt in socio, qui in fundum communem invito socio mortuum inferre vult. Nam propter publicam utilitatem ne insepulta cadavera jacerent, strictam rationem insuper habemus: quae non numquam in ambituis religionum questionibus osolet. Nam Summa esse rationem quae pro BELIIOE FACIT. /. 43. Aff. de Eclig. et sup. Jura. Papiae. Lib. 8. QUEST. Ut aliquis compellet hoc Interdictum, nil referre in locum purum inferre prohibetur, an in subterraneum. Unde Ulpienem: Hoc interdicto de mortuo Inferendo dominus proprietatis uti potest: quod fimitate de loco puri competit. Prohiberi autem inferre videtur, sive in locum inferre prohibeatur, sive itinere arceatur. Igittur: Si mihi in fundum via debetur, in quem fundum inferre volo, et via prohibeatur; hoc Interdicto posse me experiri placuit, quia inferre prohibeatur quem via uti prohibeatur. Idemque crit probandum et si alia servienda debetur.
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МКБ, аббревиатура: МКБ — Международная классификация болезней. МКБ — Московский кредитный банк. МКБ — Мочекаменная болезнь. МКБ — Машиностроительное конструкторское бюро (МКБ «Факел», МКБ «Радуга»). См. также Торпедо-МКБ
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97 A.2d 439 (1953) PLOUFFE v. TAFT-PEIRCE MFG. CO. Eq. 2162. Supreme Court of Rhode Island. June 12, 1953. *440 Walter H. Sharkey, Woonsockett, for petitioner. Worrell & Hodge and Lee A. Worrell, Providence, for respondent. CONDON, Justice. This is an employee's petition under the workmen's compensation act, general laws 1938, chapter 300, article III, § 6, to have his employer adjudged in contempt for willful failure or neglect to obey the provisions of a decree of the superior court awarding him maximum compensation of $18 per week for partial incapacity in accordance with art. II, § 11, of said act as amended. From a decree of the superior court denying the petition, the employee has appealed to this court. The facts are these. On February 17, 1942 the employee received an injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment. The respondent paid him compensation of $20 a week for total incapacity until March 13, 1943 when he returned to work. On December 10, 1943 he ceased work and later was found by the superior court to be partially incapacitated as of that date. In accordance with such finding a final decree was entered on June 14, 1946 containing the following provisions: "a. The petitioner is entitled to compensation on the basis of partial incapacity from December 10, 1943 and for medical expenses under the Act. b. As the Court does not know what this petitioner can earn in dollars and cents, compensation should be at the maximum rate of $18.00 per week until there is a basis for modification." At that time art. II, § 11, provided for such a maximum. The respondent, hereinafter referred to as the employer, appealed from that decree *441 and its appeal was dismissed by this court for failure to comply fully with the provisions of art. III, § 7, governing appeals in proceedings under the workmen's compensation act. Plouffe v. Taft-Peirce Mfg. Co., 72 R.I. 487, 53 A.2d 529. The employer thereafter filed a motion for leave to reargue which was denied. Id., 73 R.I. 215, 54 A.2d 417. On August 16, 1948 the employer filed with the director of labor a petition to review the decree of June 14, 1946 on the ground that the employee's incapacity had ended or diminished. That petition was denied by the director and the employer appealed to the superior court. During the pendency of the appeal the employee continued to receive $18 a week. Such appeal, however, was never heard by the superior court, as counsel for the employer conceded "that the employee respondent remains partially incapacitated for work" and agreed to the entry of a decree which provided: "That the petitioner shall pay compensation to the respondent for his partial incapacity for work in accordance with the provisions of Article II, Section 11, of the Workmen's Compensation Act." By agreement of the parties a decree to that effect was entered on January 14, 1949. At that time the act provided compensation for maximum partial incapacity at the rate of $18 per week. That decree, however, did not specify any amount. The employee in agreeing thereto nevertheless considered that it did no more than preserve the status quo established by the decree of June 14, 1946 which expressly provided for $18. And apparently the employer so understood it at first, because until the week ending January 26, 1949 it continued to pay that amount. On February 2, however, and for each of the next four weeks it tendered the employee a check for $13. The employee refused those checks on the ground that they were not in compliance with the decree of January 14, 1949. He contended it should be construed in the light of the proceedings which gave rise to it as a result of the filing of the petition by the employer to review the decree of June 14, 1946 and its failure to prosecute its appeal from the decision of the director of labor. When the employer refused to accept such construction the employee, on August 29, 1949, filed a motion to amend the decree of January 14, 1949, but such motion was denied and dismissed on October 11, 1949 by the superior court for lack of jurisdiction due to the fact that more than six months had elapsed since such decree was entered. On June 26, 1950 he filed another motion to clarify the decree of January 14, 1949 but that motion was also denied on the same ground. The employer thereafter continued to refuse to make payments of $18 a week contending that by virtue of the decree of January 14, 1949 it was obligated to pay only the maximum partial incapacity compensation provided by the act at the time of the accident on February 17, 1942 which was then $13 per week. The employee on the other hand considered that point res judicata by the opinion in Plouffe v. Taft-Peirce Mfg. Co., supra, and on March 26, 1952 he accordingly filed the instant petition to adjudge the employer in contempt for failure to abide by the decree of January 14, 1949 as he construed it. At the hearing in the superior court on such petition no evidence was presented. The trial justice acted solely on the petition and answer and on oral statements of counsel as to the facts and the law applicable thereto. On that basis he denied the petition and entered a decree May 8, 1952 in which he found that the decree of January 14, 1949 was controlling; that $13 a week was the maximum compensation for partial incapacity at the time of the employee's injury; that this was the amount properly payable under that decree as he construed it; and that since the employer had tendered such sum weekly and was at all times willing to pay that amount it was not in contempt. The employee appealed from such decree and contended here that it was erroneous because in substance it undertook to determine a matter which was not before the court on his petition to adjudge in contempt, and further that the question of what was the maximum amount of partial compensation to which he was entitled was *442 res judicata by virtue of the opinion in Plouffe v. Taft-Peirce Mfg. Co., supra. We cannot agree entirely with those contentions as they have been argued, but upon consideration of the record we are nevertheless of the opinion that the trial justice erred in denying and dismissing the petition. In what respect he erred will appear from the following discussion of the facts and travel of the whole cause as disclosed in the record. It will be helpful if we first point out the chronological sequence of the happening of the accident, the ascertainment of the employee's partial incapacity, and the enactment and effective date of a certain amendment of art. II, § 11, providing for maximum compensation for partial incapacity. On the date of the accident, February 17, 1942, the amount provided by that section was $13 a week. On May 9, 1942 it was amended to provide $18 a week but the amendment was not to become effective until October 1, 1942. Public laws 1942, chap. 1246, section 1. From the date of the accident to March 13, 1943, except for a brief interval when he returned to work, the employee by agreement was paid compensation for total incapacity. Thereafter he tried to work, but on June 1, 1945 he filed with the department of labor a petition for review of his injury on the ground that it had become aggravated. The director of labor granted the petition and awarded him compensation of $20 a week for total incapacity. The employer appealed to the superior court which held that the employee was not totally but partially incapacitated as of December 10, 1943, and, as above stated, awarded him $18 a week by the decree entered June 14, 1946. In other words, in the decree as well as in his rescript filed May 27, 1946 the trial justice expressly found that such amount was provided by the statute. Apparently the employer took exception to that finding, as on July 10, 1946 it filed nine reasons of appeal from the decree among which were several alleging the illegality of the amount of the compensation. There was no suggestion then that the trial justice had made a mistake and had inadvertently incorporated the wrong amount in his rescript. The employer had ample time from the day the rescript was filed and before the papers were certified to this court to call such mistake or inadvertence, if it deemed it such, to the attention of the trial justice to have him correct it. From the fact that it did not do this but rather treated that matter as a justiciable question proper for this court to review under its reasons of appeal, we must assume that it was a ruling by the trial justice on a phase of the controversy before him. This being so, if the decree had not been appealed from that precise question would have been res judicata. However, the employer did claim an appeal, but did not perfect it in accordance with the requirements of the statute necessary to give this court jurisdiction, and we therefore dismissed it. Plouffe v. Taft-Peirce Mfg. Co., supra. After our refusal to grant reargument and after the remanding of the cause to the superior court, the effect was to close the door on further inquiry as to whether the proper amount was that provided at the time of the accident or at the time the partial incapacity was first determined to exist, namely, December 10, 1943. Thereafter a petition for review would of course lie for reasons specified in art. III, § 13, as amended, but not to revise the decree for alleged illegality of the amount fixed therein. As between the parties the adoption of $18 as the allowable maximum at the time partial incapacity was first ascertained became the law of the case. But the employer argues that in Vick v. Aubin, 73 R.I. 508, 58 A.2d 109, decided March 22, 1948, this court held that on a petition for review the provisions of the statute at the time of the accident govern, and not those at the time of the decision. Assuming that case is authority for the employer's contention based on the facts here, nevertheless it could not affect the decision which had been made in any prior case wherein that same question had been finally adjudicated. Moreover, aside from that fundamental *443 principle, it certainly would be incongruous if the legislature intended by art. III, § 13, which authorizes petitions for review to be filed in the office of the director of labor, to vest the director with authority to review a decree of the superior court for alleged illegality. What then under that view is the scope of the authority of the superior court on the employer's petition for review which resulted in the decree of January 14, 1949? In our opinion, if that petition had proceeded to a hearing on the merits the only question before the trial justice would have been whether the partial incapacity had diminished or ended. If he found that it had not ended and no evidence was presented as to what the employee could earn to enable him to fix the actual amount of compensation, then he would be bound by the prior decree holding that the maximum was payable and that such maximum was $18 a week. To allow him to substitute the maximum of $13 a week as provided by the statute at the time of the accident would be in effect to empower him to reverse the prior decree for an alleged error of law which was the subject matter of the employer's abortive appeal to this court. Where, as in the case at bar, an accident results in total incapacity and there has been a return to work followed by a recurrence of such incapacity, and where a finding thereafter is made of partial incapacity subsequent to an amendment of the statute providing an increase from $13 to $18 per week as the maximum amount allowable as compensation for such incapacity, and where the trial justice adopts as the governing statute that which existed at the time he found partial incapacity, a justiciable question may be raised as to the correctness of such decision. The employer presented such a question in its reasons of appeal for determination by this court, the only tribunal vested with authority to revise and correct errors of the superior court. Clearly, a question of that kind is not a matter within the purview of art. III, § 13, for either the director of labor or the superior court to determine on a petition for review. The employer's contention that an alleged error of law of this kind can be corrected on a petition for review under that section would lead to another incongruous result. If on the employer's petition the director of labor had changed the compensation for partial incapacity from $18 to $13 per week and no appeal was taken from his decision, the effect would be that the director's order would reverse a decree of the superior court for an alleged error of law involved in the court's application of the pertinent statute to the facts of the case. In the circumstances here such a result would be even more incongruous, because recourse to a petition for review to the director would thus enable the employer to circumvent this court's dismissal of its appeal which raised the selfsame question. In our opinion the legislature never intended that any such action could be possible under art. III, § 13. Nor was it intended to afford litigants an indirect avenue of appeal within the superior court whereby that court could revise and correct alleged errors of law in its own decrees. How then shall the decree of January 14, 1949 be construed? If the employer's construction were to be adopted it would leave the superior court exercising in effect appellate and revisory jurisdiction over its own decrees. In the light of the circumstances in which such decree was agreed to by the parties we do not think that is a reasonable construction. On the contrary we are of the opinion that it should be construed as in effect continuing the findings of the decree of June 14, 1946 rather than changing them in any particular. In denying the instant petition to adjudge in contempt the trial justice erred in adopting the employer's construction. In our view the decree of January 14, 1949 as thus construed would be void as in excess of the superior court's jurisdiction on a petition for review under art. III, § 13. But it may stand and be given effect under the employee's construction that it did not more than preserve the status quo. We think that is a reasonable construction and the only proper one in view of the course of the proceedings which led to the entry of the decree. The decree as thus construed continued the obligation of the employer to pay the *444 employee $18 a week as long as it is not made known to the satisfaction of the superior court what he could earn while partially incapacitated. The employer, therefore, had no right to tender only $13 a week as full payment even though that was the maximum amount prescribed by the act at the time of the accident and even though it felt an error had been made in fixing the amount at $18 in the decree of June 14, 1946. The employer argues that this is an inequitable result and since workmen's compensation cases follow the course of equity, such inequity should not be enforced by the court through contempt proceedings. In our opinion there is in reality no sound basis for such an argument. It is grounded upon the gratuitous premise that the trial justice by mistake or inadvertence incorporated in the decree of June 14, 1946 the amount provided by the statute at the time he determined the employee became partially incapacitated rather than the amount which was thereby provided at the time of the accident, and that equity may and will at any time correct such a mistake. The fact is that this was a part of the trial justice's decision which was expressly stated in his rescript and was later specifically incorporated in the decree. From that decree the employer claimed an appeal in which it made this very point a justiciable question for this court's determination. Whether the trial justice erred is a question which is no longer open. Such conclusion cannot be deemed inequitable unless the ancient and firmly-established doctrine of res judicata is to be condemned as a cloak for the concealment of inequity. Nor is the instant petition to compel the employer to pay lawfully decreed compensation equivalent to invoking equitable jurisdiction to enforce unjust enrichment of the employee. A petition for this specific purpose is an express statutory remedy which petitioner is entitled to invoke as of right and not by grace of a court of equity. Neither the superior court nor this court can deny an employee such remedy if he can show that the employer has willfully failed or neglected to comply with a lawful decree which is in effect. In the consideration of such a petition it is no part of the court's duty, and it is without authority, to revise and correct an alleged error in the decree which the petition seeks to enforce. While in such a proceeding, as in other proceedings under the workmen's compensation act, the court follows the course of equity, it does not and cannot set aside the positive law and indulge in inquiries, at the request of either party, as to the validity of the finally adjudicated decree which the petition seeks to have enforced. In the case at bar that was erroneously done. The trial justice quite properly inquired into the question of what decree governed the rights of the parties. He also properly found that it was the decree of January 14, 1949. However, he erred when he construed that decree as providing for maximum compensation for partial incapacity of $13 per week in accordance with art. II, § 11, as it stood at the time of the accident rather than at the time the employee was first determined to be partially incapacitated, and in refusing the relief specifically prayed for in the last paragraph of the petition. The petitioner's appeal is sustained, the decree appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the superior court for entry of a decree in accordance with this opinion.
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3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor further comprises at least one of a wearable sensor or a haptic sensor, and further comprising capturing data regarding a body status of the user via the wearable sensor or haptic sensor. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: recording new sensor data regarding the user; receiving a user selection of an activity after the suggested action has been outputted, wherein the selected activity is different than the suggested action; updating the preferred content type based on the selected activity, wherein the new sensor data is identified as corresponding to the selected activity. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the suggested action for continued engagement is further based on an activity status of the user. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising identifying the activity status of the user as active or inactive. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein identifying the activity status of the user is based on the recorded sensor data. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying a schedule of the user based on the recorded sensor data, wherein the predetermined time is based on the identified schedule of the user. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the suggested action is further based on the identified schedule of the user. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second user is at a different location than the user of the user device. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second user is within an identified vicinity of the user of the user device. 12. An apparatus for providing community driven content, the apparatus comprising: at least one sensor that captures sensor data regarding a user of a user device, wherein the at least one sensor includes a camera that captures one or more facial expressions and audio of the user; memory that stores recorded usage history regarding engagement with one or more content types by the user over the period of time; and a processor that executes instructions stored in a computer-readable storage medium, wherein execution of the instructions by the processor: determines a preferred content type based on the usage history and the one or more facial expressions and audio of the user, the facial expressions and audio of the user indicating that the user prefers at least one of the one or more content types; identifies that a second user is available for interaction with the first user at a predetermined time; determines a suggested action for continued engagement with the preferred content type and the second user identified as available; and outputs the suggested action at the predetermined time, to at least one connected display device or audio device. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the at least one sensor further comprises at least one of a wearable sensor or a haptic sensor, the wearable sensor or haptic sensor capturing data regarding a body status of the user. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the at least one sensor records new sensor data regarding the user, and further comprising a user interface that receives a user selection of an activity after the suggested action has been outputted, wherein the selected activity is different than the suggested action; wherein the preferred content type is updated based on the selected activity, wherein the new sensor data is identified as corresponding to the selected activity. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor determines the suggested action for continued engagement based on an activity status of the user. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor executes further instructions to identify the activity status of the user as active or inactive. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor identifies the activity status of the user is based on the recorded sensor data. 18. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor executes further instructions to identify a schedule of the user based on the recorded sensor data, wherein the predetermined time is based on the identified schedule of the user. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the processor determines the suggested action based on the identified schedule of the user. 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the second user is at a different location than the user of the user device. 21. The system of claim 12, wherein the second user is within an identified vicinity of the user of the user device. 22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, having embodied thereon a program, the program being executable by a processor to provide community driven content, the method comprising: recording sensor data over a period of time regarding a user of a user device, the sensor data including one or more facial expressions and audio of the user captured by at least one sensor; recording usage history regarding engagement with one or more content types by the user over the period of time; determining a preferred content type based on the usage history and the one or more facial expressions and audio of the user, the facial expressions and audio of the user indicating that the user prefers at least one of the one or more content types; identifying that a second user is available for interaction with the first user; determining a suggested action for continued engagement with the preferred content type and the second user identified as available; and outputting the suggested action at a predetermined time to at least one connected display device or audio device associated with the user..
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7 mai 2019 - Seul le prononcé fait foi Présentation de la candidature française pour la WorldSkills 2023 à Lyon et de l’équipe de France 2019 Mesdames et Messieurs qui participez à l'organisation de ces compétitions et vous qui concourrez ou qui les soutenez en tant qu'entreprise, bienvenue. Bienvenue à toutes et tous dans cette maison. Je vais peut-être, pour nos délégués officiels, dire quelques mots en anglais pour présenter, porter la candidature française. Puis, je m'adresserai aussi à vous. Tout d'abord, j'aimerais vous souhaiter la bienvenue à ce palais de l'Elysée. J'ai souhaité vous y inviter aujourd'hui, cher Simon BARTLEY, ainsi que les délégués nationaux pour exprimer mon soutien à la candidature de Lyon pour accueillir la compétition WorldSkills en 2023 et pour vous assurer du soutien de l’ensemble du pays. Soutenir cette candidature est un engagement fort. C'est l'engagement de WorldSkills France. C'est l’engagement de la ville et de la métropole de Lyon, de la région lyonnaise mais aussi de tout le gouvernement et de toute la nation. Je soutiens cette candidature car j'aime l'esprit de WorldSkills, j'aime l’émulation qui en résulte, j’aime les moments qui sont ainsi offerts aux jeunes du monde entier de se rassembler autour de valeurs simples : les compétences, la rigueur, la transmission d'un savoir-faire. Monsieur le président, vous avez parfaitement résumé cet esprit en faisant référence à ce Palais récemment restauré grâce aux compétences de nombreuses personnes, des jeunes, différentes entreprises et différentes organisations. L'excellence française est toujours valorisée et j'aimerais qu'elle puisse ainsi participer et accueillir cette compétition WorldSkills. Telles sont les raisons pour lesquelles avant même mon élection, j'ai participé à la finale des WorldSkills France organisée à Bordeaux. Et peu de temps après mon élection, j'ai accueilli ici même l'équipe française qui avait représenté la France à Abu Dhabi en 2017 et qui avait gagné pas moins de 5 médailles d'or. Et je supporte et soutiens cette candidature parce que je pense que les professions artisanales et en particulier l'apprentissage ne sont pas suffisamment valorisées dans notre société. Et pourtant, apprendre un métier, maîtriser avec ses propres mains une intelligence manuelle, c'est sans aucun doute l'une des meilleures réponses aux difficultés auxquelles sont trop souvent confrontées nos jeunes qui ont du mal à entrer sur le marché du travail. Et ainsi, j'espère qu'en 2023, la compétition pourra s'ouvrir à de nouvelles nations. Et nous ferons tout ce qui sera en notre pouvoir à cette fin. J'espère que la compétition sera également une opportunité, un message pour des milliers de jeunes du monde entier qui, grâce à WorldSkills, grâce aux horizons offerts, seront ainsi inspirés pour choisir l'apprentissage et choisir des métiers, des métiers d'artisanat qui sont utiles pour leur pays et qui offrent tant de possibilités d'épanouissement individuel et je soutiens cette candidature mais je remercie aussi la présence de nos ministres qui ont bien voulu également défendre et mettre en œuvre les réformes approuvées par notre Parlement. Nous nous sommes employés à réduire également de nombreuses réglementations et je remercie les représentants de la communauté des affaires et ils sont nombreux ici présents, et ils se sont impliqués eux- mêmes dans ces réformes mais également dans cette candidature. Nous simplifions les choses. Nous avons adopté un certain nombre de réformes pour soutenir la création de centres d'apprentissage et simplifier et renforcer les programmes d'apprentissage et nous commençons à en voir les résultats. Jamais en France avions-nous eu un si grand nombre de contrats d'apprentissage, le plus grand nombre de contrats a été signé en 2018 mais ce dont nous avons besoin, c'est un changement radical de culture. Ce qu'il nous faut désormais faire, c'est convaincre les jeunes et leurs familles que choisir ces domaines, choisir un parcours d'apprentissage, c’est un parcours d'excellence. Il faut non seulement promouvoir ces valeurs mais dire également que ceci permet de trouver un emploi, un bon emploi, et qu’il y a également ces familles d'excellence et je pense en ce sens que WorldSkills, cet événement, ce concours que vous organisez contribue à l'excellence. En football, il faut être bon dans les championnats. Eh bien là, c'est un petit peu comme un championnat sportif. Il faut qu'il y ait de l'émotion. Il faut faire en sorte d'attirer et de montrer à ces jeunes, à leurs familles que tel est le chemin de l'excellence pour eux-mêmes, pour ces valeurs, pour ce que vous parvenez à promouvoir partout et d'ici à 2023, il est très important pour nous de dire ce que nous souhaitons faire pour le pays lui-même. Nous savons très bien comment mobiliser tout un pays en un lieu. C'est exactement ce que nous avons fait d'ailleurs pour les Jeux Olympiques et c'est exactement ce que nous faisons actuellement. Cela signifie que bien sûr Lyon est parfaitement engagée, la ville, la métropole, toute la région mais que le gouvernement et la France entière sera derrière vous pour organiser l’événement. Il s'agit de voir comment cette concurrence s'inscrira dans notre stratégie et les valeurs que nous voulons promouvoir pour les jeunes et aussi de l'héritage que nous souhaitons promouvoir. Et pour moi, c'est tout à fait cohérent avec toute la mobilisation que nous avons en faveur des Jeux Olympiques en 2024, toute la mobilisation en faveur des différents métiers, des différentes compétences dans le cadre du projet Chantiers de France pour reconstruire, pour restaurer Notre-Dame-de-Paris. Nombreuses sont les compétences représentées ici qui seront mobilisées. C'est une façon pour nous de montrer et de prouver en particulier à ces jeunes que devenir un tailleur de pierres, un joaillier, un web designer, que tous ces métiers consistent à choisir un métier prestigieux et d'importance et je pense que ces valeurs, cette perspective et précisément ces programmes ont beaucoup de sens et sont porteurs d'une grande énergie. C'est la raison pour laquelle je soutiens très sincèrement cette candidature de Lyon et de la France et je veux que ce soit précisément un lieu de travail pour les jeunes Français qui se sont engagés dans l'apprentissage, qu'il s'agisse des céramistes, des couvreurs, des maîtres verriers, des tailleurs de pierre, des charpentiers, tous ces professionnels d'excellence. Mais par l'intermédiaire de WorldSkills, nous voulons également créer des opportunités pour de jeunes artisans du monde entier afin qu'ils participent à ce grand projet car je pense qu'il n'y a rien de plus grand ou de plus noble que la restauration de cette cathédrale, ce monument de 800 ans, un joyau de l'humanité auquel je faisais référence. C'est précisément la façon dont nous pouvons promouvoir ces valeurs, ces valeurs qui sont celles de ce pays et qui sont celles de vos pays, sur la base des talents, des compétences qui représentent nos histoires et ce n'est, de fait, pas simplement une compétition que je souhaite soutenir mais simplement un moyen également de contribuer à la transformation de notre pays, un message de fraternité pour le monde entier et c'est une ville qui a cette tradition d'excellence car pour moi, Lyon est un véritable symbole, l'un de nos symboles d'excellence et c'est une façon de montrer comment nous pouvons mobiliser toute notre nation pour promouvoir nos valeurs, vos valeurs. Cher Simon, je suis sûr que dans cette ville de Lyon qui a accueilli la compétition WorldSkills en 1995, vous trouverez un accueil extrêmement chaleureux qui représente la tradition qui date de plusieurs siècles, une tradition d'hospitalité de l'ancienne capitale des Gaules, qui fait sa réputation mais ce sera également un engagement, une mobilisation de la France entière. Je voudrais m’adresser maintenant à notre équipe de France et aux représentants des entreprises comme des différents métiers et représentants consulaires qui sont aussi ici présents. En disant d'abord aux jeunes de l'équipe de France qui bientôt vont s'envoler pour Kazan, qu'ils peuvent d'ores et déjà être fiers du chemin parcouru. Ce sont des années de formation, des sélections régionales puis des sélections nationales et je mesure bien ce qu'il vous a fallu d'efforts, de sacrifices, de jours, de nuits, de gestes répétés pour vous trouver là. Et je mesure aussi les efforts de vos familles, de vos maîtres et de tous ceux qui vous ont formés. C'est un moment important que vous vivez aujourd'hui. C'est un moment important que vous vivrez à Kazan dans quelques semaines. Tous évidemment, vous voulez transformer l'essai et revenir au pays avec une médaille. Et je ne peux que vous encourager à avoir ce type d'ambition. Tous, vous voulez suivre l'exemple de Julien dans le domaine du carrelage, d'Alix dans celui de la coiffure, de Nicolas dans le domaine de la mécanique industrielle, qui ont tous emporté une médaille d'or l'année dernière et que nous avons accueillis en décembre 2017 dans cette maison même. Le président l'a rappelé. Et vous avez raison, il faut de l'ambition. Et je dois vous dire, il y a une forme d'optimisme que vous pouvez nourrir parce que pour une équipe de France, mener une compétition en Russie est généralement de bon augure. La dernière fois que nous l'avons fait, nous sommes revenus avec la première place. Donc soyez à l'image de notre équipe de France de football et revenez avec le maximum de médailles d'or. Et je veux que Kazan nous réussisse autant que Moscou nous a réussi et toutes les autres villes où nous avons avant mené la compétition, il y a presqu'un an maintenant. Mais quoi qu'il arrive, n'oubliez jamais qu'au-delà des médailles, vous avez déjà gagné car ce qui compte avant tout, c'est la passion du métier que vous avez décidé d'embrasser, c'est cette volonté de vous dépasser. D'ores et déjà vous êtes des exemples pour beaucoup de jeunes qui vont s'engager dans les métiers que vous avez choisis. Et vous portez cette responsabilité. D'ores et déjà vous incarnez cette capacité à se dépasser, à vouloir l'excellence d'un geste en le répétant des centaines et des centaines de fois. D'ores et déjà vous vous êtes inscrit dans ce compagnonnage, cette lignée qui ont fait à travers les siècles vos métiers et qui continueront de le faire. Et vous prendrez votre part de responsabilité dans ce travail. Vous allez vous battre pour vous, ceux qui vous ont formé et pour les couleurs du pays dans quelques semaines, mais vous continuerez de vous battre parce que cette passion, vous verrez, elle ne vous quittera jamais. Et ceux qui sont là et qui ont été portés par cette même passion le savent et c'est ce qu'il y a de plus important parce que vous allez continuer de faire, d'inventer et de montrer que les métiers que vous avez embrassés sont des métiers d'excellence. Qu’ils offrent un emploi à l'issue des formations et parfois beaucoup plus que dans nombre de formations académiques mais qui forment à un emploi où, bien souvent, les horaires ne sont pas ceux de beaucoup d'autres parce qu'on a toujours à apprendre, parce qu'on cherche chaque jour l'excellence et parce qu'ensuite, à votre tour vous aurez vous- mêmes à former parce que c'est ainsi qu'on transmet, parce que vous avez choisi des métiers qui ne s'apprennent pas seulement dans les livres, parce que vous avez choisi des métiers de passion qui ne sont pas simplement des gestes techniques et qui font que ces métiers ne seront jamais remplacés par quelques machines. Ils seront parfois changés par les innovations technologiques, le numérique, les transformations mais il y a une chose qui ne les changera jamais la part de passion qu'on y met, la part de savoir qu'il y a dans des gestes infiniment répétés et qu'on apprend qu'après des nuits et des nuits passées, qui ne se disent que quand la confiance est obtenue et que le maître veut bien céder la part de magie qu'il y a dans le métier et quand on a réussi à faire émerger cette part de mystère qu'il y a dans chacun des métiers que vous allez représenter et que vous avez décidé d'embrasser, dans chacun de vos métiers. Et ça, ne l'oubliez jamais. C'est pour ça que je crois très profondément à nos métiers, à l'excellence de nos métiers, de notre artisanat, du travail que font nos indépendants en France et à l'excellence de tous ces métiers de la main qu'on a trop souvent négligés et qui sont pourtant une formidable force française. Cette force française, c'est celle justement d'un artisanat d'art, d'un artisanat du quotidien, de ce qui fait nos territoires mais ce qui fait une part de ce que j'ai appelé il y a quelques semaines, « cet art d'être Français », et qui est une part de l'indicible de ce qui nous fait. Dans notre gastronomie, dans notre manière de tailler les pierres, de tisser, de coiffer, il y a quelque chose qui est passé de main en main, qui est fait d'innovations successives mais aussi d'une filiation secrète à laquelle maintenant vous appartenez. Et donc, je veux que vous ayez cette fierté d'ores et déjà mais aussi le sens de cette responsabilité énorme, qui est maintenant sur vos épaules. Elle ne s'arrêtera pas à Kazan. Elle va continuer. Et c'est aussi pour cela que nous avons conduit avec le gouvernement ces réformes importantes, avec d'ailleurs tous ceux qui les ont insufflées et qui sont vos maîtres et qui sont beaucoup d'élus et de consulaires ici présents, de simplifier nos règles pour que ce soient les métiers qui puissent beaucoup plus les définir, parce qu'ils savent ce qui est bon pour eux, de simplifier les modes de financement, de travailler de manière beaucoup plus directe, d'accélérer mais aussi de montrer très profondément que tous ces métiers sont des métiers d'excellence. Et quand une famille veut que son enfant réussisse, elle doit regarder ces métiers. Ce sont des métiers d'avenir. Ce sont des métiers qui portent le savoir-faire français et notre histoire. Et ce sont des métiers où l'emploi est là et continuera de l'être. Et c'est pour ça que je veux aussi avoir un mot pour les représentants des entreprises et leur dire que notre nation toute entière compte sur eux. Je veux vous remercier pour votre engagement derrière ces jeunes, pour leur permettre de mener cette compétition, pour nous permettre aussi de mener avec la ville et la métropole de Lyon cette compétition pour le WorldSkills 2023 et pour vous remercier aussi de votre engagement de chaque jour. Ce sont les entrepreneurs, des indépendants aux grandes entreprises, qui feront la réussite du pays et qui nous feront gagner la bataille contre le chômage. Nous le savons bien. À nous de bien former nos jeunes par l'éducation nationale, l'enseignement supérieur et le travail que nous faisons en investissant dans notre formation tout au long de la vie. Mais nous avons formidablement besoin de vous. Depuis 2 ans, le taux de chômage des jeunes est en recul d'environ 5 points, ce qui est déjà une première victoire. Mais nous avons encore beaucoup à faire. L'apprentissage est un levier extrêmement important et donc j'ai besoin d'entrepreneurs qui croient dans la jeunesse, qui croient dans ce pari fait et qui utilisent à plein ces nouveaux instruments que nous avons mis en place, des financements plus clairs, plus simples, un seul au lieu de 4, un système d'apprentissage où les jeunes vivent mieux avec des salaires qui ont été augmentés parce que l'Etat aide davantage mais où le coût pour un jeune de moins de 18 ans, la première année, est de moins de 75 euros par mois, et donc pour le maître d'apprentissage, a été fortement réduit et simplifié, et donc qui doit être accompagné d'une confiance, d'un élément d'accompagnement et donc de ce déclenchement qui est le choix aussi d'investir dans la jeunesse parce que c'est investir dans le futur de votre entreprise et de vos métiers. Rien n'est possible sans vous et votre présence aujourd'hui ici pour accompagner notre équipe comme notre candidature en sont à mes yeux le témoignage et je vous en remercie. Voilà, Mesdames et messieurs, ce que je voulais dire cet après-midi, dire bon courage et bonne chance à notre équipe de France des métiers qui portera nos couleurs et nos savoir-faire à Kazan, et remercier l'ensemble des représentants de WorldSkills de par le monde d'être venus à Paris aujourd'hui, d'être là, de nous honorer de votre présence avec vous monsieur le Président et de vous dire ô combien nous sommes tous et toutes engagés derrière la candidature Lyon 2023 et combien nous voulons là aussi porter l'envie de gagner de la France. Et en tout cas, soyez convaincus de notre engagement plein et entier pour que cette candidature retienne votre attention et puisse pleinement vous convaincre. Merci en tout cas à toutes et tous. Vive les métiers que vous représentez. Vive WorldSkills international WorldSkills France. Vive la République et vive la France.
31,935
https://github.com/jooby-project/jooby/blob/master/jooby/src/main/java/io/jooby/handler/CacheControl.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,023
jooby
jooby-project
Java
Code
493
1,188
/* * Jooby https://jooby.io * Apache License Version 2.0 https://jooby.io/LICENSE.txt * Copyright 2014 Edgar Espina */ package io.jooby.handler; import java.time.Duration; import java.util.function.Function; /** * Class allowing the fine tune the browser cache behavior for assets. * * @see AssetHandler * @see AssetHandler#cacheControl(Function) */ public class CacheControl { /** * Constant for the max-age parameter, when set, no {@code Cache-Control} header is generated. * * @see #setMaxAge(long) */ public static final int UNDEFINED = -1; /** * Constant for the max-age parameter, when set, the {@code Cache-Control} header is set to {@code * no-store, must-revalidate}. * * @see #setMaxAge(long) */ public static final int NO_CACHE = -2; private boolean etag = true; private boolean lastModified = true; private long maxAge = -1; /** * Returns whether e-tag support is enabled. * * @return {@code true} if enabled. */ public boolean isEtag() { return etag; } /** * Returns whether the handling of {@code If-Modified-Since} header is enabled. * * @return {@code true} if enabled. */ public boolean isLastModified() { return lastModified; } /** * Returns the max-age header parameter value. * * @return the max-age header parameter value. */ public long getMaxAge() { return maxAge; } /** * Turn on/off e-tag support. * * @param etag True for turning on. * @return This instance. */ public CacheControl setETag(boolean etag) { this.etag = etag; return this; } /** * Turn on/off handling of {@code If-Modified-Since} header. * * @param lastModified True for turning on. Default is: true. * @return This instance. */ public CacheControl setLastModified(boolean lastModified) { this.lastModified = lastModified; return this; } /** * Set cache-control header with the given max-age value. If max-age is greater than 0. * * @param maxAge Max-age value in seconds. * @return This instance. * @see #UNDEFINED * @see #NO_CACHE */ public CacheControl setMaxAge(long maxAge) { this.maxAge = maxAge; return this; } /** * Set cache-control header with the given max-age value. If max-age is greater than 0. * * @param maxAge Max-age value in seconds. * @return This instance. */ public CacheControl setMaxAge(Duration maxAge) { this.maxAge = maxAge.getSeconds(); return this; } /** * Set cache-control header to {@code no-store, must-revalidate}, disables e-tag and {@code * If-Modified-Since} header support. * * @return This instance. */ public CacheControl setNoCache() { this.etag = false; this.lastModified = false; this.maxAge = NO_CACHE; return this; } /** * Returns the default caching configuration for assets. * * <ul> * <li>e-tag support: enabled * <li>{@code If-Modified-Since} support: enabled * <li>max-age: {@link #UNDEFINED} (no {@code Cache-Control} header is generated) * </ul> * * @return the default cache configuration. */ public static CacheControl defaults() { return new CacheControl(); } /** * Returns a caching configuration for disabling cache completely. * * <ul> * <li>e-tag support: disabled * <li>{@code If-Modified-Since} support: disabled * <li>max-age: {@link #NO_CACHE} (the {@code Cache-Control} header is set to {@code no-store, * must-revalidate}) * </ul> * * @return cache configuration that disables caching. */ public static CacheControl noCache() { return defaults().setNoCache(); } }
26,576
https://github.com/cantona/NT6/blob/master/nitan/d/baituo/npc/obj/bowl.c
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,019
NT6
cantona
C
Code
55
204
//海口大碗 inherit ITEM; inherit F_LIQUID; void create() { set_name("海口大碗", "bowl"); set_weight(50); if (clonep()) set_default_object(__FILE__); else { set("unit", "只"); set("long", "這是一隻可盛水的粗瓷大碗。\n"); set("value", 0); set("max_liquid", 6); } // because a container can contain different liquid // we set it to contain tea at the beginning set("liquid", ([ "type": "water", "name": "清水", "remaining": 0, "drunk_apply": 0, ])); }
8,853
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89200912
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
Template:Switzerland-women-footy-bio-stub
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
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Template:Switzerland-women-footy-bio-stub Wikimedia template Template:Switzerland-women-footy-bio-stub instance of Wikimedia template
22,932
https://openalex.org/W2912672374
OpenAlex
Open Science
CC-By
2,019
Development and Characterization of a Rabbit Model of Compromised Maxillofacial Wound Healing
Stacey L. Piotrowski
English
Spoken
6,212
10,868
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. 2Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. 3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. 4Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. 5Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 6Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. 7Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. *Current address: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.  Stacey L. Piotrowski et al. 2019; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Keywords: irradiation model, bone tissue engineering Keywords: irradiation model, bone tissue engineering Impact Statement Maxillofacial defects often present the clinical challenge of a compromised wound bed. Preclinical evaluation of tissue engineering techniques developed to facilitate healing and reconstruction typically involves animal models with ideal wound beds. The healthy wound bed scenario does not fully mimic the complex clinical environment in patients, which can lead to technology failure when translating from preclinical in vivo research to clinical use. The reported preclinical animal model of compromised wound healing enables investigation of tissue engineering technologies in a more clinically relevant scenario, potentially fostering translation of promising results in preclinical research to patients. METHODS ARTICLE Development and Characterization of a Rabbit Model of Compromised Maxillofacial Wound Healing Stacey L. Piotrowski, DVM,1–3,* Lindsay Wilson, LVT,1 Neeraja Dharmaraj, PhD,1 Amani Hamze, DDS,1 Ashley Clark, DDS,4 Ramesh Tailor, PhD,5 Lori R. Hill, DVM,3 Stephen Lai, MD, PhD,6 F. Kurtis Kasper, PhD,7 and Simon Young, DDS, MD, PhD1 Development and Characterization of a Rabbit Model of Compromised Maxillofacial Wound Healing Stacey L. Piotrowski, DVM,1–3,* Lindsay Wilson, LVT,1 Neeraja Dharmaraj, PhD,1 Amani Hamze, DDS,1 Ashley Clark, DDS,4 Ramesh Tailor, PhD,5 Lori R. Hill, DVM,3 Stephen Lai, MD, PhD,6 F. Kurtis Kasper, PhD,7 and Simon Young, DDS, MD, PhD1 Stacey L. Piotrowski, DVM,1–3,* Lindsay Wilson, LVT,1 Neeraja Dharmaraj, PhD,1 Amani Hamze, DDS,1 Ashley Clark, DDS,4 Ramesh Tailor, PhD,5 Lori R. Hill, DVM,3 Stephen Lai, MD, PhD,6 F. Kurtis Kasper, PhD,7 and Simon Young, DDS, MD, PhD1 Background: Tissue engineering technologies aiming to enhance maxillofacial wound healing are often tested in vivo in preclinical models that do not necessarily reflect the complexity of the clinical need. The aim of this study was to develop a rabbit model of compromised craniofacial wound healing that more accurately mimics clinical scenarios. Materials and Methods: An experimental group of rabbits received fractionated radiation of the mandible totaling 36Gy. Four weeks after irradiation, both the experimental group and control group (n=10/group) underwent a surgical procedure creating a critical size defect in the mandibular bone. Four weeks after surgery, tissue healing was assessed using microcomputed tomography (lCT), maximum intensity projection (MIP) scoring, and histopathology. Results: lCT analysis and MIP scoring showed decreased mineralized tissue in the defect area of irradiated animals compared to the control group. Histopathology showed necrosis in the experimental group. Conclusions: Irradiated animals showed significantly compromised wound healing compared to controls. This preclinical model presents a clinically relevant environment for the investigation of novel wound healing technologies in a compromised critical size bone defect. TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part C Volume 25, Number 3, 2019 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0361 TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part C Volume 25, Number 3, 2019 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0361  Stacey L. Piotrowski et al. 2019; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Irradiation Tissue engineering techniques seek to improve regenera- tion of damaged tissues through the combination of scaffolds, cells, and growth factors.6,7 A wide variety of scaffolds and tissue engineering technologies have been utilized for den- tistry and maxillofacial surgery, including applications for periodontal tissue and bone regeneration.4,8 However, before clinical use of tissue engineering technologies in patients, in vivo testing in animal models is required to demonstrate potential translational success.1 Rabbits in the experimental group underwent radiation sessions while anesthetized with isoflurane (IsoThesia; Henry Schein Animal Health, Dublin, OH). Rabbits re- ceived 36 Gy of radiation, with a fractionation scheme of 6 · 6 Gy, targeted to the left mandible (Fig. 1). Radiation was administered thrice a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for 2 weeks. Anesthetized rabbits were monitored through a video camera and computer feed viewed outside the irradiator room. Preclinical animal models for testing bone tissue engi- neering constructs include the creation of a critical size defect (CSD), a defect that will not heal during the natural lifetime of the animal.9 A wide variety of CSD models exist, in species ranging from rodents to dogs and goats and a multitude of bone types, including long bones and the cal- varium.10–12 More specifically, tissue engineering technol- ogies have been investigated in a CSD model in the rabbit mandible to mimic the oral and maxillofacial healing en- vironment.13,14 However, these models typically involve the testing of tissue engineering technologies in a healthy wound bed that does not accurately mimic the previously described compromised oral wound environments seen clinically. While some animal models of compromised oral wound healing exist,15,16 lack of a CSD or possible chal- lenges to reproducibility and consistency limit their utility in preclinical investigation of oral and maxillofacial tissue engineering technologies. Irradiations were performed using 2.2 MV gamma rays from a Cobalt-60 radiation-therapy machine (Co-D). Each rabbit was in the right lateral position with the head placed at an *45-degree angle in an attempt to spare other tissues. Radiation geometry was calculated using a radiation field size of 8 · 5 cm focused on the left mandible and nominal source-to-skin distance of 80 cm (Fig. 2A). To achieve a reproducible and uniform dose, air spaces surrounding the jaw were filled with ‘‘tissue-equivalent’’ materials to create a flat surface (Fig. 2B). RABBIT MODEL OF COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING RABBIT MODEL OF COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING 161 etables. In an effort to avoid mandibular fracture postsurgery, rabbits were transitioned to a softened diet consisting of ground pellets mixed with pureed fruits or vegetables, along with finely shredded vegetables.18,19 No clinical concerns were noted during the course of the study, and no animals were euthanized before the experimental endpoints. can often be associated with compromised wound beds, resulting in additional treatment difficulties due to factors such as decreased vascularization, wound contamination, or treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy.2,3 Failure of traditional treatment modalities such as tissue grafts and flaps in these compromised wound environments4,5 has prompted the continued investigation of tissue engineering technologies in hopes for improved wound healing therapies.1 Surgery Both the experimental group and the control group un- derwent a surgical procedure creating a critical size man- dibular defect that has been previously described,17,20 with the experimental group undergoing the surgical procedure 4 weeks after the completion of irradiation. Briefly, a midline incision from the mentum to the angles on the mandible was made. Muscle, fascia, and periosteum were reflected to al- low for visualization of the mandible. A 10 mm circular trephine bur was used to remove the buccal cortical plate, roots of associated premolar/molar teeth, and the lingual cortical plate, resulting in a 10 mm diameter full thickness cylindrical defect in the left mandible (Fig. 2C). A 1 mm cross cut bur was then used to drill straight through an Irradiation The ‘‘tissue-equivalent’’ materials were composed of thin sealable bags filled with loosely packed dry rice and pieces of Superflab (Radiation Products Design, Inc., Albertville, MN), a synthetic gel material that is dosimetrically equivalent to tissue and has been used clinically as bolus on skin of patients undergoing radiation therapy. Depth of the jaw was measured to be *2.5 cm below the top surface. Duration of irradiation was *8 min, dependent on calculated decay of the radiation source. Dose uniformity, especially in the beam direction, was estimated to be roughly 3%. The aim of this study was to develop a preclinical model of compromised maxillofacial wound healing, which could be used for future evaluation of tissue engineering techniques. A previously described rabbit alveolar bone CSD model17 was combined with radiation, driven by the hypothesis that radi- ation would compromise the tissue healing in the model. Introduction maxillofacial reconstruction of tissue defects associated with these injuries is particularly challenging, due to a va- riety of factors, including repetitive motion to the affected area and possible exposure to the external environment in the mouth or sinuses.1 In addition, maxillofacial defects maxillofacial reconstruction of tissue defects associated with these injuries is particularly challenging, due to a va- riety of factors, including repetitive motion to the affected area and possible exposure to the external environment in the mouth or sinuses.1 In addition, maxillofacial defects I njuries to the maxillofacial skeleton encompass a wide variety of ailments, from facial fractures to locally ag- gressive neoplasms such as ameloblastomas. Oral and I 160 Animals Twenty skeletally mature male New Zealand White rab- bits, at least 6 months old and weighing 3.0–4.0 kg, were acquired from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA). Experimental manipulations were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Uni- versity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the An- imal Welfare Committee of The University of Texas Health Science Center. Animals were housed at an AAALAC- accredited facility in accordance with USDA regulations and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the United States National Research Council. Rabbits were allowed to acclimate for 1 week before experimental manipulations. Rabbits were randomly assigned to a nonir- radiated control group or an irradiated experimental group (n = 10 in each group). FIG. 1. Study timeline. Upon arrival, the rabbits were fed standard pelleted feed (Purina LabDiet 5321, St. Louis, MO) and a variety of veg- FIG. 1. Study timeline. 162 PIOTROWSKI ET AL. FIG. 2. Protocol for mandibular radiation and surgical defect. (A) Schematic diagram of radiation positioning and distances to determine relevant measurements (in cm). Purple star is the cobalt radiation source (Co-D), with a radiation field size of 8 · 5 cm. SSD was 80 cm, with the mandible *2.5 cm below the top surface. (B) Photograph of radiation field with rabbit positioned in right lateral recumbency, covered with Superflab material and loosely packed dry rice as buildup materials. Red outline approximates the radiation field. (C) Intraoperative photographs of mandibular CSD. Rabbit is in dorsal recumbency. Top panel: Full thickness mandibular bone defect created with 10 mm trephine bur. Bottom panel: Intraoral communication (yellow arrow) created through overlying tooth crown with 1 mm cross cut bur. CSD, critical size defect; SSD, source-to-skin distance. Color images are available online. FIG. 2. Protocol for mandibular radiation and surgical defect. (A) Schematic diagram of radiation positioning and distances to determine relevant measurements (in cm). Purple star is the cobalt radiation source (Co-D), with a radiation field size of 8 · 5 cm. SSD was 80 cm, with the mandible *2.5 cm below the top surface. (B) Photograph of radiation field with rabbit positioned in right lateral recumbency, covered with Superflab material and loosely packed dry rice as buildup materials. Red outline approximates the radiation field. (C) Intraoperative photographs of mandibular CSD. Rabbit is in dorsal recumbency. Animals Top panel: Full thickness mandibular bone defect created with 10 mm trephine bur. Bottom panel: Intraoral communication (yellow arrow) created through overlying tooth crown with 1 mm cross cut bur. CSD, critical size defect; SSD, source-to-skin distance. Color images are available online. overlying tooth crown to create an intraoral communication. All drilling was performed under constant irrigation with sterile saline. Muscle and fascia were closed with suture, and rabbits received transdermal Fentanyl patches (25 mcg per hour) and subcutaneous injections of meloxicam (0.3mg/kg every 24h) for postoperative pain management (Table 1). across the site of intraoral communication, and any abnor- malities such as abscesses. An *2 cm segment of the left mandible, including the 10 mm defect site and *5 mm rostral and 5 mm distal to the defect site, was placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48–72 h, rinsed thoroughly with Milli-Q Ultrapure Water (MilliporeSigma, Burling- ton, MA), and placed in 70% ethanol solution. Microcomputed tomography imaging and analysis Four weeks after the surgical procedure was performed, rabbits were euthanized by the intravenous administration of 1 mL Beuthanasia-D (390 mg/mL pentobarbital solution and 50 mg/mL phenytoin sodium). The left hemimandible and surrounding tissues were harvested and examined for bone stability, degree of soft tissue healing particularly The mandibular bone defects were imaged using a Scanco Medical microcomputed tomography (mCT) 40 micro-CT imaging system (SCANCO Medical, Bru¨ttisellen, Switzer- land). Multiple specimens were fixed horizontally in a 36mm cylindrical sample holder and placed in the lCT specimen chamber. The scanner was set to a resolution of 18mm/pixel. p The serial tomograms for each specimen were analyzed using TriBON software (RATOC, Tokyo, Japan). Serial tomograms were reformatted in a sagittal orientation to allow for the creation of a standard cylindrical (10 mm diameter · 6 mm depth) volume of interest (VOI) corre- sponding with the original cylindrical defect created by the trephine bur. Thresholds were set to determine mineralized material in the defect, while excluding background and more mineralized material such as teeth. The volume of mineralized material in the VOI was calculated. Presence or absence of mandibular fracture in the defect area was also determined using lCT analysis. Table 1. Preoperative and Postoperative Analgesic Regimens Preoperative Postoperative Transdermal fentanyl patches (25 mcg per hour)- applied the night before surgery Subcutaneous meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg every 24 h)- as needed for pain Transdermal fentanyl patches (25 mcg per hour)- additional patches as needed for pain Subcutaneous buprenorphine (0.02–0.05 mg/kg every 8–12 h)- as needed for pain Table 1. Preoperative and Postoperative Analgesic Regimens Transdermal fentanyl patches (25 mcg per hour)- additional patches as needed for pain Subcutaneous buprenorphine (0.02–0.05 mg/kg every 8–12 h)- as needed for pain Quantitative assessment of bone healing in surgically created mandibular defect The volume of bone in the VOI, representing the surgi- cally created defect, was determined 4 weeks after creation of the defect. The mean bone volume in the control animals was 115.0 – 15.3 mm3 compared to 23.2 – 3.9 mm3 in irra- diated animals (Fig. 5). The difference was statistically significant when comparing irradiated animals to unirradi- ated controls ( p £ 0.001). FIG. 4. Sectioning for histopathologic analysis. Sections were taken from the anterior of the defect (red line, front), middle of the defect (green line, middle), and posterior of the defect (blue line, back). Color images are available online. lCT was also used to confirm presence of fractures in or around the surgical defect site. While 70% of irradiated animals had mandibular fractures compared to 20% of the control animals, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant ( p = 0.06). Macroscopic characteristics of surgical defect The irradiation and surgical procedure were well tolerated by all animals, with no significant clinical abnormalities noted during the duration of the study. At the time of tissue collection, samples of the defect were observed for macro- scopic abnormalities. Mobility of the bone in the collected sample site was noted in three irradiated animals compared to one control animal. Small abscesses were noted near the subcutaneous suture site in three irradiated animals com- pared to one control animal. Two of the irradiated animals with noted mobility at the defect site had uneven wear on incisors and molars. A trained oral and maxillofacial pathologist was blinded and analyzed anterior, middle, and posterior sections for each sample, noting whether signs of compromised wound healing were observed in any sections of the sample. His- topathologic characteristics of compromised wound healing included necrotic bone with empty osteocyte lacunae, mar- row fibrosis with hypocellular and hypovascular marrow spaces, nonviable periosteum, and the presence of micro- organisms on the surface.24 Sections without the previously listed criteria were designated as having no histopathologic signs of compromised wound healing. Statistical analysis OsiriX DICOM Viewer software (Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Switzerland). Three blinded observers separately graded the MIPs according to a previously published grading scale for the extent of bony bridging21,22 and reached a consensus score for each sample. The scale ranges from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating no bone formation in the defect and 4 reflecting boney bridging across the widest point of the defect (Fig. 3). All analyses were performed using R statistical software25 for evaluation of the differences between the control rabbits and the irradiated experimental rabbits. Fisher’s exact test was performed on the histopathology and fracture occur- rence data. MIP scoring results were analyzed with an or- dered logistic regression and Chi-square test. A generalized linear model and Chi-square test were used to analyze the lCT bone volume data. Histopathology After lCT scanning, samples were decalcified in a 14% EDTA solution23 for 4–6 weeks. Samples were then sec- tioned coronally at the anterior (front) and posterior (back) of the defect margins, as well as the center of the 10 mm surgical defect (middle) (Fig. 4). Samples were paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as per standard protocols. Maximum intensity projection scoring Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) for each sample were created from the lCT generated DICOM files using RABBIT MODEL OF COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING RABBIT MODEL OF COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING 163 FIG. 3. Scoring criteria for bone growth within the CSD. A MIP was scored for each animal as follows: 0, no bone formation in defect; 1, few bony spicules present in the defect; 2, bony bridging present at defect bor- ders; 3, bony bridging at a partial length of the defect; and 4, bony bridging present across the longest point of the defect. MIP, maximum intensity projection. Histopathologic characterization of animal model H&E stained sections of the defects were analyzed for histopathologic features of compromised healing. All 10 animals of the control group had no signs of comprised wound healing, while eight of the irradiated group did have features indicative of compromised healing (Fig. 6). There was a statistically significant difference in the histopatho- logic impression between the control and irradiated group ( p £ 0.001). While some animals experienced fractures at the surgical sites, no clinical abnormalities were noted for the duration of the study and procedures were well-tolerated by all ani- mals. Whether the fractures occurred antemortem or were a result of tissue collection and manipulation of weakened bone is difficult to determine. While no sign of callous formation or fracture healing was noted on lCT or other analyses, which would suggest a more chronic fracture, ra- diation can affect proper callous formation and bone heal- ing.32,33 Subsequent studies may benefit from postoperative radiographs to assess margin integrity radiographically or fixation hardware, which has been previously utilized.20 Assessment of bone healing with a standardized scoring system FIG. 4. Sectioning for histopathologic analysis. Sections were taken from the anterior of the defect (red line, front), middle of the defect (green line, middle), and posterior of the defect (blue line, back). Color images are available online. MIPs were created for each sample and scored based on a previously published scoring system, with 0 being no bone 164 PIOTROWSKI ET AL. FIG. 5. (A) Quantitative evaluation of bone volume (mm3) in cylindrical bone defect. Chi-square test, ***p £ 0.001. lCT generated sagittal tomograms showing representative defect healing. Bone volume highlighted in green. (B) Control animal defect and bone healing. (C) Irradiated animal defect and bone healing. Color images are available online. FIG. 5. (A) Quantitative evaluation of bone volume (mm3) in cylindrical bone defect. Chi-square test, ***p £ 0.001. lCT generated sagittal tomograms showing representative defect healing. Bone volume highlighted in green. (B) Control animal defect and bone healing. (C) Irradiated animal defect and bone healing. Color images are available online. formation and 4 being bony bridging over the longest point of the defect.21,22 The control group had significantly higher scores than the irradiated group ( p £ 0.001) (Table 2). Previously described preclinical rabbit models using radia- tion to create a compromised wound environment also have similar shortcomings,16,30,31 such as a lack of a CSD in the maxillofacial environment or a well-characterized surgical technique. This model utilizes a surgically reproducible technique as previously described, in which a CSD is cre- ated with a trephine bur, mitigating variability and enabling consistent defect creation between animals.17,20 It was hy- pothesized that when combined with radiation, the surgical technique would allow for creation of a consistent CSD in a compromised maxillofacial wound environment. Discussion Maxillofacial injuries often present a unique challenge to clinicians. Large soft tissue and bone loss, combined with an often compromised wound environment, can lead to failures of traditional reconstruction techniques.1,26 Tissue engi- neering technologies offer potential alternatives for im- proved patient outcomes in these maxillofacial defect scenarios. However, to more accurately predict clinical pa- tient outcomes, the preclinical in vivo models must closely mimic the complex comprised wound healing environment often seen in these patients.10,12 lCT results showed significantly decreased bone volume in the defect site in irradiated animals, confirming com- prised healing in the bone defect site. Altered wound healing in human postradiation treatment is well-documented, with healing of skin and other tissues influenced by radiation effects on vasculature, fibroblasts, and growth factors.34,35 Studies in animals show similar results, with radiation be- ing shown to impact multiple components of the healing process, such as osteogenesis and angiogenesis.16,29,30,36 However, the exact pathogenesis of radiation injury leading to impaired wound healing is not fully understood and is likely influenced by a variety of substances such as cyto- kines and growth factors.37 Future research looks to further lCT results showed significantly decreased bone volume in the defect site in irradiated animals, confirming com- prised healing in the bone defect site. Altered wound healing in human postradiation treatment is well-documented, with healing of skin and other tissues influenced by radiation effects on vasculature, fibroblasts, and growth factors.34,35 A variety of preclinical animal models exist that attempt to create a comprised maxillofacial wound healing envi- ronment through radiation which have been reported. Ro- dent radiation and bone healing models often lack a CSD, a maxillofacial environment that accurately mimics move- ment and stresses experienced by human patients, and in- volve a less standardized surgical procedure, such as minimally described tooth extraction surgical techniques, that may be influenced by intersurgeon variability and may result in differences in tissue damage between animals.27–29 Studies in animals show similar results, with radiation be- ing shown to impact multiple components of the healing process, such as osteogenesis and angiogenesis.16,29,30,36 However, the exact pathogenesis of radiation injury leading to impaired wound healing is not fully understood and is likely influenced by a variety of substances such as cyto- kines and growth factors.37 Future research looks to further Table 2. MIP, maximum intensity projection. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge support by a Peter Geistlich Research Award from the Osteo Science Foundation to SY and FKK and UTHealth Rising STARs award to SY. The authors thank Connie Dieringer and the UT Health Oral Pathology Histology Laboratory for tissue processing and histology assistance. The authors thank Dr. J. Nathaniel Holland, Office of Research, UT Health School of Dentistry at Houston, for statistical support. The authors acknowledge Brian Dawson and the Brendan Lee Lab, Baylor College of Medicine, for micro-CT support. The authors thank Stephanie Lampe and the Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, for radiation assistance. The authors thank Dr. Vlad Sandulache, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Bay- lor College of Medicine, for scientific discussions. Osteonecrosis of the mandible can occur not only secondary to radiation but also to a variety of inciting stimuli. Bispho- sphonates, osteoclast inhibitors used to treat osteoporosis, have previously been associated with cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw.42,43 Other ailments, such as diabetes mellitus, have been shown to be associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.44 A variety of animals have been developed to mimic these forms of osteonecrosis in an in vivo translational setting.45,46 Due to the well-documented histopathologic dif- ferences and varying methods of development,24 it is unclear how accurately this presently described model mimics non- radiation forms of mandibular osteonecrosis. Discussion Maximum Intensity Projection Scores MIP scores Description Number of control animals Number of irradiated animals 0 No bone formation in defect 0 1 1 Few bony spicules in defect 0 0 2 Bony bridging at defect borders 2 8 3 Bony bridging at partial defect length 7 1 4 Bony bridging across longest defect point 1 0 MIP, maximum intensity projection. Table 2. Maximum Intensity Projection Scores i i N b f l i l N b f i di d Table 2. Maximum Intensity Projection Scores RABBIT MODEL OF COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING 165 FIG. 6. H&E stained pho- tomicrographs showing rep- resentative histopathology findings, 40 · . (A) Control animal defect showing bone with osteocytes in lacunae and healthy osteoblast lining. (B) Irradiated animal show- ing necrotic bone with empty lacunae (arrows). H&E, he- matoxylin and eosin. Color images are available online. characterize this animal model through investigation of differences in growth factors between control and irradiated animals. In conclusion, this animal model combining a radiation- induced comprised maxillofacial healing environment with a previously determined CSD has a potential for improved translational research of tissue engineering technologies in vivo. Histopathologic analysis showed hallmarks of bone ne- crosis in irradiated animals, such as lacunae void of osteo- cytes and a lack of osteoblastic lining, which may have led to overall weakened bone structure.38 Histopathologic findings indicate a possible underlying necrotic process leading to compromised wound healing. Evidence of necrosis in this animal model is suggestive of the human clinical condition of osteoradionecrosis, a debilitating complication of nonhealing wounds that can affect patients that undergo oral manipula- tions after previous radiation treatments.39–41 Forthcoming studies look to characterize this animal model as a potential preclinical model of osteoradionecrosis. Disclosure Statement The authors confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication. Translation of results seen in in vivo research to human clinical trials remains a major challenge, with the majority of human studies failing to replicate results.47 The inability of animal models to adequately mimic clinical scenarios and the difficulty of reproducing experimental protocols are frequently highlighted, particularly in radiation-related re- search.48,49 This study combined radiation with a critical size mandibular defect to create a consistent model of comprised oral wound healing in rabbits. Utilization of this animal model that more accurately mimics human clinical patients who experience compromised wound healing sec- ondary to radiation may lead to better clinical success of tissue engineering techniques with promising in vivo results. Future research avenues include utilizing the model to de- termine efficacy of novel tissue engineering techniques in the comprised oral environment. 2. Guo, S., and DiPietro, L.A. Factors affecting wound heal- ing. J Dent Res 89, 219, 2010. PIOTROWSKI ET AL. PIOTROWSKI ET AL. 166 5. Francis, A., and Baynosa, R.C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the compromised graft or flap. Adv Wound Care 6, 23, 2017. osteogenic growth factor for bone regeneration in a critical size defect model. Bone 43, 931, 2008. osteogenic growth factor for bone regeneration in a critical size defect model. Bone 43, 931, 2008. 23. Kimmel, D., and Jee, W. A rapid plastic embedding tech- nique for preparation of three-micron thick sections of decalcified hard tissue. Stain Technol 50, 83, 2009. 6. Melek, L.N. Tissue engineering in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction. Tanta Dent J 12, 211, 2015. 24. Marx, R.E., and Tursun, R. Suppurative osteomyelitis, bi- sphosphonate induced osteonecrosis, osteoradionecrosis: a blinded histopathologic comparison and its implications for the mechanism of each disease. Int J Oral Max Surg 41, 283, 2012. 7. O’Brien, F.J. Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engi- neering. Mater Today 14, 88, 2011. 8. Ceccarelli, G., Presta, R., Benedetti, L., Angelis, M., Lupi, S., and Baena, R. Emerging perspectives in scaffold for tissue engineering in oral surgery. Stem Cells Int 2017, 1, 2017. 25. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Sta- tistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017. www.R-project.org/ 9. Schmitz, J.P., and Hollinger, J.O. The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial non- unions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 205, 299, 1986. 26. Fishero, B., Kohli, N., Das, A., Christophel, J., and Cui, Q. Current concepts of bone tissue engineering for craniofacial bone defect repair. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Reconstr 8, 23, 2014. 10. Li, Y., Chen, S-K., Li, L., Qin, L., Wang, X-L., and Lai, Y- X. Bone defect animal models for testing efficacy of bone substitute biomaterials. J Orthop Transl 3, 95, 2015. 27. Yalcin-Ulker, G., Cumbul, A., Duygu-Capar, G., Uslu, U¨ ., and Sencift, K. Preventive effect of phosphodiesterase in- hibitor pentoxifylline against medication-related osteone- crosis of the jaw: an animal study. J Oral Maxil Surg 75, 2354, 2017. 11. Bigham-Sadegh, A., and Oryan, A. Selection of animal models for pre-clinical strategies in evaluating the fracture healing, bone graft substitutes and bone tissue regeneration and engineering. Connect Tissue Res 56, 175, 2015. 12. Buma, P., Schreurs, W., and Verdonschot, N. Skeletal tis- sue engineering—from in vitro studies to large animal models. Biomaterials 25, 1487, 2004. 28. Damek-Poprawa, M., Both, S., Wright, A.C., Maity, A., and Akintoye, S.O. PIOTROWSKI ET AL. Onset of mandible and tibia osteor- adionecrosis: a comparative pilot study in the rat. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 115, 201, 2013. 13. Nguyen, C., Young, S., Kretlow, J.D., Mikos, A.G., and Wong, M. Surface characteristics of biomaterials used for space maintenance in a mandibular defect: a pilot animal study. J Oral Maxil Surg 69, 11, 2011. 29. Ble´ry, P., Espitalier, F., Hays, A., Crauste, E., Demarquay, C., Pilet, P., et al. Development of mandibular osteor- adionecrosis in rats: importance of dental extraction. J Cranio Maxill Surg 43, 1829, 2015. 14. Spicer, P.P., Kretlow, J.D., Henslee, A.M., Shi, M., Young, S., Demian, N., et al. In situ formation of porous space maintainers in a composite tissue defect. J Biomed Mater Res A 100A, 827, 2012. 30. Yachouh, J., Breton, P., Roux, J-P., and Goudot, P. Os- teogenic capacity of vascularised periosteum: an experi- mental study on mandibular irradiated bone in rabbits. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 63, 2160, 2010. 15. Tatara, A.M., Shah, S.R., Livingston, C.E., and Mikos, A.G. Infected animal models for tissue engineering. Methods 84, 17, 2015. g 31. Eppley, B.L., Connolly, D.T., Winkelmann, T., Sadove, M.A., Heuvelman, D., and Feder, J. Free bone graft re- construction of irradiated facial tissue: experimental effects of basic fibroblast growth factor stimulation. Plast Reconstr Surg 88, 1, 1991. 16. Zong, C., Cai, B., Wen, X., Alam, S., Chen, Y., Guo, Y., et al. The role of myofibroblasts in the development of osteoradionecrosis in a newly established rabbit model. J Cranio Maxill Surg 44, 725, 2016. g 32. LaRue, S.M., Wrigley, R.H., and Powers, B.E. A review of the effects of radiation therapy on bone. Vet Radiol 28, 17, 1987. 17. Young, S., Bashoura, A.G., Borden, T., Baggett, S.L., Jansen, J.A., Wong, M., et al. Development and charac- terization of a rabbit alveolar bone nonhealing defect model. J Biomed Mater Res A 86A, 182, 2008. 33. Arnold, M., Kummermehr, J., and Trott, K-R. Radiation- induced impairment of osseous healing: quantitative studies using a standard drilling defect in rat femur. Radiat Res 143, 77, 1995. 18. Wilson, L.A., Miller, J.J., Work, R.K., Piotrowski, S.L., Kasper, F.K., Young, S., et al. Novel diet regimen for lagomorphs in a compromised oral wound healing study. Abstract presented at the American Association for La- boratory Animal Science National Meeting, Austin, TX, 2017. Abstract no. P182. 34. Tibbs, M.K. References 1. Spicer, P., Young, S., Kasper, K.F., Athanasiou, K.A., Mikos, A.G., and Wong, M. Tissue Engineering in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. In: Lanza, R., Langer, R., and Va- cantia, J., eds. Principles of Tissue Engineering. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc., 2014, pp. 1487–1506. 1. Spicer, P., Young, S., Kasper, K.F., Athanasiou, K.A., Mikos, A.G., and Wong, M. Tissue Engineering in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. In: Lanza, R., Langer, R., and Va- cantia, J., eds. Principles of Tissue Engineering. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc., 2014, pp. 1487–1506. pp 2. Guo, S., and DiPietro, L.A. Factors affecting wound heal- ing. J Dent Res 89, 219, 2010. 2. Guo, S., and DiPietro, L.A. Factors affecting wound heal- ing. J Dent Res 89, 219, 2010. 3. Politis, C., Schoenaers, J., Jacobs, R., and Agbaje, J.O. Wound healing problems in the mouth. Front Physiol 7, 507, 2016. 3. Politis, C., Schoenaers, J., Jacobs, R., and Agbaje, J.O. Wound healing problems in the mouth. Front Physiol 7, 507, 2016. 4. Balasundaram, I., Al-Hadad, I., and Parmar, S. Recent advances in reconstructive oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50, 695, 2012. 4. Balasundaram, I., Al-Hadad, I., and Parmar, S. Recent advances in reconstructive oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50, 695, 2012. PIOTROWSKI ET AL. Wound healing following radiation therapy: a review. Radiother Oncol 42, 99, 1997. 35. Jacobson, L.K., Johnson, M.B., Dedhia, R.D., Niknam- Bienia, S., and Wong A.K. Impaired wound healing after radiation therapy: a systematic review of pathogenesis and treatment. Jpras Open 13, 92, 2017. 19. Wilson, L.A., Miller, J.J., Work, R.K., Piotrowski, S.L., Kasper, F.K., Young, S., et al. Novel diet regimen for lagomorphs in a compromised oral wound healing study. Lab Animal Sci Prof 6, 49, 2017. 36. Rottensteiner-Brandl, U., Distel, L., Stumpf, M., Fey, T., Ko¨hn, K., Bertram,U., et al. Influence of different irradia- tion protocols on vascularization and bone formation pa- rameters in rat femora. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 23, 583, 2017. 20. Shah, S.R., Young, S., Goldman, J.L., Jansen, J.A., Wong, M.E., and Mikos, A.G. A composite critical-size rabbit mandibular defect for evaluation of craniofacial tissue re- generation. Nat Protoc 11, 1989, 2016. 37. Haubner, F., Ohmann, E., Pohl, F., Strutz, J., and Gassner, H.G. Wound healing after radiation therapy: review of the literature. Radiat Oncol 7, 162, 2012. 21. Young, S., Patel, Z.S., Kretlow, J.D., Murphy, M.B., Mountziaris, P.M., Baggett, S.L., et al. Dose effect of dual delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein-2 on bone regeneration in a rat critical-size defect model. Tissue Eng Part 15, 2347, 2009. 38. Fondi, C., and Franchi, A. Definition of bone necrosis by the pathologist. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 4, 21, 2007. g 22. Patel, Z.S., Young, S., Tabata, Y., Jansen, J.A., Wong, M., and Mikos, A.G. Dual delivery of an angiogenic and an 39. Marx, R.E. Osteoradionecrosis: a new concept of its path- ophysiology. J Oral Maxil Surg 41, 283, 1983. RABBIT MODEL OF COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING 167 48. Perel, P., Roberts, I., Sena, E., Wheble, P., Briscoe, C., Sandercock, P., et al. Comparison of treatment effects be- tween animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ 334, 197, 2007. 40. Madrid, C., Abarca, M., and Bouferrache, K. Osteor- adionecrosis: an update. Oral Oncol 46, 471, 2010. 41. Silvestre-Rangil, J., and Silvestre, F. Clinico-therapeutic management of osteoradionecrosis: a literature review and update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 16, e900, 2011. 49. Jegoux, F., Malard, O., Goyenvalle, E., Aguado, E., and Daculsi, G. Radiation effects on bone healing and recon- struction: interpretation of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol 109, 173, 2010. 42. Woo, S., Hellstein, J.W., and Kalmar, JR. Systemic review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med 144, 753, 2006. 43. Silverman, S.L., and Landesberg, R. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and the role of bisphosphonates: a critical review. Am J Med 122, S33, 2009. Address correspondence to: Simon Young, DDS, MD, PhD Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry 7500 Cambridge St., Suite 6510 Houston, TX 77054 E-mail: simon.young@uth.tmc.edu Received: December 14, 2018 Accepted: February 4, 2019 Online Publication Date: March 7, 2019 Address correspondence to: Simon Young, DDS, MD, PhD Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry 7500 Cambridge St., Suite 6510 Houston, TX 77054 E-mail: simon.young@uth.tmc.edu Received: December 14, 2018 Accepted: February 4, 2019 Online Publication Date: March 7, 2019 44. Peer, A., and Khamaisi, M. Diabetes as a risk factor for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Den Res 94, 252, 2015. 45. Zhang, Q., Yu, W., Lee, S., Xu, Q., Naji, A., and Le, A.D. Bisphosphonate induces osteonecrosis of the jaw in diabetic mice via NLRP3/Caspase-1-Dependent IL-1b mechanism. J Bone Miner Res 30, 2300, 2015. 46. Pautke, C., Kreutzer, K., Weitz, J., Knodler, M., Munzel, D., Wexel, G., et al. Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a minipig large animal model. Bone 51, 592, 2012. 47. Hackam, D.G., and Redelmeier, D.A. Translation of research evidence from animals to humans. JAMA 296, 1727, 2006.
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https://github.com/EulerCompany/EasyRailApp/blob/master/webapp/src/main/java/com/service/StationService.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
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EasyRailApp
EulerCompany
Java
Code
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package com.service; import com.entity.City; import com.entity.Station; import com.repository.CityRepository; import com.repository.StationRepository; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.List; @Service public class StationService { @Autowired private StationRepository stationRepository; @Autowired private CityRepository cityRepository; public boolean saveStation(Station station) { if(stationRepository.findByStationName(station.getStationName()) != null) { return false; } stationRepository.save(station); return true; } public Station findStationByCityName(String cityName) { return stationRepository.findByCityName(cityName); } public boolean addStationIfCityExists(City city, Station station) { if(city != null) { List<Station> stations = city.getStations(); if(stations != null) { if(stations.contains(station)) { return false; } else { station.setCity(city); saveStation(station); stations.add(station); city.setStations(stations); return true; } } else { station.setCity(city); saveStation(station); return true; } } return false; } public Station findStationByCityId(City city) { return stationRepository.findByCityId(city.getId()); } }
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papersrelatingt44statgoog_52
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
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Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States
United States. Dept. of State
English
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" 3. We are opposed to the priyciple of the separation of church and state. " 4. We disapprove the attempts of the clergy to use their honorable office for politi- cal purposes, and the preaching by them of resistance to the laws of the stat« by the people. This we shall everywhere resolutely oppose. ** 5. W^e desire the restoration of harmony with our non-Catholio fellow-citizens and with our own co-religionists on the basis of liberty of conscience and Christian charity. " The undersigned are firmly convinced that the mischievous development of the fierce contest into which our country has been drawn will be prevented by the earnest and resolute action of a number of Catholics who are united on the above basis. The state will reject and listen to its true and loyal subjects on the difficult ground of ecclesiastico-political legislation. " Our non-Catholic fellow-citizens will gladly return to a state of peace with those Catholics who earnestly desire it. Oar views and wishes will again command respect in public life. " The power of the ultramontaues will be destroyed, forthey are strong only throngh our weakness. " A great reward is thus held out to us for our exertions to benefit the state and onr religion at the same time. Who can falter when such a prize is offered V^ The Germania did me the favor, for which I am duly grateful, of publishing the document — committing a breach of confidence in so doing— and I soon learned, witit- out any trouble, what I had to depend upon. The time had not yet arrived for an open union of the moderate elements ; people answered with ifs and huts ; some were obliged to have regard to peculiar circmn- stancps, others had done enough in signing the address, others feared excommunica- tion. (This fear was perhaps not without foundation, for the ultramontane journals and chaplains, who had nothing better to do, vied with each other in hurling shafts of excommunication, both ^reat and small, in genuine Christian charity, at those of theii brethren in the faith who had declared their intention to obey the* laws of the state Not one of our bishops uttered a word against these proceedings.) * I now renew my warning to all Catholics who remain true to their government, and especially to my Prussian countrymen, since I can now point to the fact that events have corroborated all that I said, and that my predictions have been fulfilled in the most striking manner. I renew it at a moment when the hour for every man to decide has audibly struck. The ultramontane party, under the leadership of the bishop who is most irreconcilably hostile to Prussia, has succeeded in pushing back the hand that was even quite re- cently held out for reconciliation by the Pope, (this is true, though the ultramontanes may deny it a thousand times over,) and in cooling the old man, who is so basely deceived and kept from communication with the outside world, into issuing a mani- festo which has caused the most unbounded joy in their camp, but grief and despond- ency in the hearts of the German Catholics. I read with shame that the proclamation of Pius IX. wherebf he absolves us Prussian Catholics from obedience to a number of laws, all oi which he declares null and void, without enumerating or naming them, is declared by the Catholic press to be an inspiration of the Holy Ghost, and as binding upon the conscience for the sake of everlasting salvation. Onr bishops are silent concerning this encyclical, and tliey are silent also concerning this unheard-of blasphemy of the press. Ought not those Catholics, then, who do not belong to the ultramontane army to raise their voices t A highly estimable Catholic said, in the Post of March 5: "Inquisitorial proceedings on the part of the government against Catholics, based on the suspicion of their dis- loyalty, would be unbecoming the dignity of a strong government." With this view I fully agree, but I think at the same time that it is all the more evidently the duty of loyal Catholics to declare their unflinching loyalty voluntarily and unmistakably. Or shall wo allow full swing to the ultramontaues just at the present time, when, penetrating into both palace and hovel, they are carrving around an address to the Pope, for which they are obtaining signatures from deluded believers by a shrewd use of their well-known artifices— an address in which the blindest obedience to the Pope and the most mali^ant bitterness toward the fatherland find expression | an address which, having received the approval of the prince bishop as. regards its circulation in the diocese oi Breslau, is now lauded to the skies in the very paper which, a few weeks since, combated, with cynical impudence, the divine right of the Pope to dethrone princes. The government has already dealt a powerful blow in reply to the proclamation from the Vatican. Still heavier blows are in reserve, aud no power will restrain the hand Digitized by Google GERMANY 533 that is to deal them. When the whirlwind which the nl tramontanes have sown really hursts forth, the heavenly hosts will no more rush to their aid than did the expected angels descend to defend Rome in the breach of the Porta Pia. There is but one means of escape from this terrible situation, and that is the union of all Catholics who have kept aloof from nlti^montane fanaticism. This union must take place for the purpose of forming the nucleus of that Catholic movement which will bring about a reconciliation between church and state, because it must bring it about. The German bishops recently made the following solemn declaration : " The immoral and despotic principle that the command of a superior absolves, unconditionally, from personal responsibility, has never been received by the Catholic Church." This is a powerful appeal to the consciences of all German Catholics for the present crisis. If they obey Rome in political matters, and refuse obedience to their Emperor and their country, they do it on their own responsibility. But can the Catholics longer defer the making of an open declaration T Will a declaration be worth anything oy and by, which is not made freely and voluntarily T Shall we wait until we can make it only under the appearance of pressure and compulsion f That would be totally un- worthy of us, and would give a very unfavorable impression concerning us. Let us, freely and of our own accord, range ourselves on the side of our Emperor and our fatherland!. I trust that my warning may not again be without lasting effect. The Germania, some time since, derisivelv called me *^one crying in the wilderness." I am proud of this honorable title, for that crier prepared the way for the victory of salvation and for the triumph of truth. COUNT FRED FRANKENBERG auf TILLOWITZ, Member of the Beicheiag, No. 241. Mr, Davis to Mr. Fish. No. 83.] Legation of the United States, Berlin, March 15, 1875. (Received April 2.) Sir : Eeferring to your No. 35, 1 am at last able to send the promised summary of the military laws of the empire. From this it appears that every German is liable to serve in the army : first, for three years, from the commencement of his twentieth year, in active service; second, for four years more, as a reserve, being still on the army rolls and regarded as in active service, and liable at any mo- ment to be recalled into the same ; and, third, for a further term of five years, as a member of the landw%hr. To this may be also added his duties as member of the landsturm, referred to in Mr. Coleman's ab- stract. A German emigrating before his liability to do military duty com- mences is nevertheless required by the law to report himself for military service on the prescribed day after he attains the requisite age, and without previous notice. If he does not so report himself, he renders himself liable to be proceeded against for failure so to do. Provisions are made for the service of process against him in his absence, and, where the preliminary steps are properly t^aken, the proceedings may be carried to final judgment, and he may be condemned in his absence to a fine or imprisonment. If he has left property here, the fine may be collected out of it. You will perhaps remember that such a fine was actually collected in Eobert Weidel's case, while he was absent in America, but before he was naturalized. I have, &c.. J. C. B. DAVIS. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 534 FOREIGN RELATIONS. [ luclosure 1 in No. 83. — Translation. ] SUMMARY OF THE MILITARY LAWS OF GERMANY. The coustitution of the empire of April 16, 1875, contaioB the following provisions with regard to military duty : Articlk 57. Eveiy German owes military dnty, without the riffht of substitution. Art. 59. " Everj' German owing military duty in general from his completed 20th to the beginning of his 28th year, belongs to the standing army ; the first three years to the flag, the last four years to the reserve, and the following five years to the land- wehr." With regard to eraigratioUj the reserves are governed by the same provisions which obtain witn regard to the emigration of the landwehr. With regard to the duty of presenting oneself for duty, the military law of the eitipire prescribes as follows : $ 10. "All those subject to military duty, who do not of their own free will enter the army, are, on and after the first of January of the calendar year in which they have completed their 20th year, subject to perform military service. They are obliged to present themselves for this purpose to the 'ersatz-authorities' until the question of their military service is decided in accordance with the provisions of this law ; not oftener, however, than twice yearly. $ 12. ** Every person owing military service is obliged to present himself in the levy district in which he has his permanent residence ; or failing that, a place of sojourn. ' Whoever within the limits of the confederation has neither a place of permanent resi- dence nor a place of domicile, must present himself in the levy district of his birth- place; and if the birthplace be in a foreign country, in the levy district of this conn- try in which his parents or the heads of his family had their last residence. In the levy district in which those owing military duty are to present themselves they wiU be also enrolled for military service, account being taken of the contingent of recruits to be raised therein." In the imperial penal code of May 15, 1871, the following provisions for the punish- ment'of evasions of military duty are contained : Art. 140. "W^hoever seeks to evade entering the service of the standing army, or of the navy, either by leaving without permission the territory of the confederation, or, having attained the age for military service, by remaining without its territory, shall be punished by a fine of from fifty to one thousand thaler, or by imprisonment of from one month to a year." The property bf the accused may be attached so far as in the opinion of the judge is necessary to secure the payment of the highest tine which may be imposed upon the accused, together with the costs. Art. 142. Whoever intentionally, by self-mutilation or otherwise, makes himself unfit for military service, or allows himself to be made unfit by another, shall be pun- ished by imprisonment of not less than a year, and may be adjudged to have forfeited his riglits as a citizen. The same punishment «hall be awarded to those who render another, at his request, unfit for the performance of military duty. Art. 143. Whoever, with the view of evading military service, either in whole or in part, uses means calculated to deceive, shall be punished with imprisonment, and may be adjudged to have forfeited his rights as a ciftizeu. The same penal provision applies to participants. Art. 360, subdivision 3. " With fine not exceeding fifty thaler, or with imprison- ment, shall be punished— 3. Whoever, being on leave, and belonging either to the land or sea wehr, emigrates without permission." With regard to emigration, the confederation law of June 1, 1871, constituted an im- perial law uy article 81 of the imperial constitution 1, 24, contains the following pro- visions : $ 13. Citizenship is henceforth only to be lost — 1. On motion. $ 14. Release from citizenship is given by a release-document, to be made out by the higher tribunal of the native state. $ 15. Such release will be granted to every citizen who proves that he has been admit- ted to citizenship in another state of the confederation. In the absence of this proof it cannot be granted— 1. To persons liable to military duty, between the age of the completed seventeenth and the completed twenty-fifth year, who have not firet produced a certificate from the circuit levy commission that they are not seeking a release merely for the purpose of withdrawing themselves from service in the standing army or in the navy. 2. To military persons who belong to the standing army or navy; to officers and ofiScials before they have been discharged from the service. 3. Persons belonging to the reserve of the standing army and to the landwehr, as Digitized by Google GERMANY. 535 well as those belonging to the reserve of the navy and to the seawehr, and not hold- ing the position of officers after they have been called into active service. $ 17. From other reasons than those given in sections 15 and 16, discharges may not be refused in time of peace. For time of war or danger of war, the president of the confederation is privileged to issue particular instructions. $ 18. The discharge-paper effects from the time of its delivery the loss of citizenship. The discharge becomes ineffectual if he who is discharged does not within six months from the time of the delivery of the discharge-paper change his domicile to a place outside the territory of the union, or acquire citizenship in some other state of the union. $ 19. The discharge comprehends, if no exception is made, also the wife and the minor children still remaining under paternal authority. $20. Germans residing abroad may be declared to have lost their citizenship, by a resolution of the controlling authority of their native states, when in case of war, or danger of war, they fail to obey, within the period named, an express summons of the president of the union applying to the whole union. $21. Germans who leave the union and reside unintemiptedly for ten years abroad, thereby lose their citizenship. The period above mentioned is computed from the time of leaving the territory, or if the person so leaving is provided with a traveling or home paper, from the time of its expiration. It is interrupted by entry in the records oi a union consulate. Its course begins anew with the day following the can- cellation in the records. The loss of citizenship worked hereby extends to the wife and minor children re- maining under paternal authority. As regards Germans who reside uninterruptedly at least live years in a foreign state, and there acquire citizenship, the ten years perioil may, by a stated treaty, be reduced to five years, irrespective of the parties being pro- vided with traveling or home papers, or not. Germans who have lost their citizenship by a ten years' residence abroad, and have acquired no other citizenship, can be restored to their native citizenship even without being domiciled there. Germans who have lost their citizenship by a ten years' residence abroad, and there- upon return to the territory of the German union, acquire citizenship in that state of the union in which they have taken up their abode, through a certificate of the higher tribunal, which must be furnished on demand. J 22. When a German enters a foreign state's service without permission of his gov- ernment, the controlling authority of his native place may by resolution declare nim to have lost his citizensnip, provided he does not obey an express summons to leave such service within the period therein limited. $ 23. If a German serves with a foreign power with |>ermission of his government ho retains his citizensuip, The provision of subdivision 3 of J 21 has been embodied in the law of Jime 1, 1870, mainly with reference to the treaty of February 22, 1868, between the United States of America and the North-German Union, which is now operative throughout the whole German empire. In the said treaty the following provisions are to be particu- larly considered : Article 1. Citizens of the North-German confederation who (have become or shall) become naturalized citizens of the United States of America, and shall have resided uninterruptedly within the United States five years, shall be held by the North-Ger- man confederation to be American citizens, and shall be treated as such. And, also — '* The declaration of an intention to become a citizen of one or the other coimtry has not for either party the effect of naturalization.'' Article 4. If a German naturalized in America renews his residence in North Ger- many without the intent to return to America, he shall be held to have renounced his naturalization in the United States. And, also — The intent not to return may be held to exist when the person naturalized in the one country resides more than two years in the other country. The course of proceeding against those who have emigrated to avoid military duty, whether they have already been pronounced able-bodied for military service or not, or whether they be " landwehrmen" or " reserveats," is regulated by the law of January 3, 1849, and the supplementary law of May 3, 1852. Of prom i nonce are the following provisions : l.—From the law of May 3, 1852. Art. 35. * * * * Should, however, the state's attorney, for particular reasons deemed sufficient in his discretion, move that proceedings in contumaciam be taken, the proper tribunal must institute the same and issue the summons. Art. 46. If the proceeding is to be had before the ** court division " or the jwlice justice, the published summons must contain the following : a. Full name, age, residence, position, or trade of the accused as far as known ; Digiti zed by Google . 536 FOREIGN RELATIONS. b. The character of the punishable act which constitutes the subject of the accusa- tion; c. A notice of the period fixed for the trial, and the summons and warning contained in $ 32 of the law of January 3, 1849. Art. 47. This summons is to be hung out at the place of holding court at the seatoC the court having Jurisdiction, to be inserted three times in the official paper, and in the discretion of the court also in another domestic paper. The time for trial is to be so appointed that a period of at least one month must elapse between the final inser- tion in the newspapers and the trial. Art. 48. If the trial is adjourned, the resolution declaring the same is only to be made known in a public sitting. Art. 49. The judgment, without the reasons therefor, however, is to be made known by public posting at the place of holding court. The judgment having been thus posted for fourteen days, the service of the same upon the accused is to be regarded aa properly effected. Art. 50. In all cases in which any further service of summons cannot be effected in the manner prescribed by law with his own country upon an accused person already legally summoned to the trial in the first instances, the service is to be considered duly effected when the document to be served shall have been posted for 14 days at the place of holding court. Judgments are posted without reasons ; there is, in soeh cases, no necessity ror written justifications. II. — From the law of January 3, 1849. } 32. * * * * The accused is to be warned that in case of his non-anpearance the trial and decision are to be had in contumaciam. The minor details of the legal provisions are contained in the law concerning proceedings against emigrants owing military duty, and against furloughed landweurmen who have emigrated with- out i>ermlssion of March 10, 1856. I. — Of the proceedings against emigrated persons oteing military duty, J 2. The authorities vested with the control of persons owing military duty aro bound to make careful inquiries, particularly of the respective local authorities, of the relatives and of the guardians oonceming the place of domicile of such persons owing military duty as £> not appear at the revisions ordered by them, or who are announced as absent. $ 3. Are these inquiries fruitless, or do they result in showing that such person has left the royal dominions without permission, the land-police authorities must, on the basis of the proceedings handed them, make out a declaration as follows : 1. That such person nas not appeared at such revisions so ordered ; 2. That the place of his domicile within the country cannot be discovered ; and, 3. That notwithstanding the inquiries made, no circumstances have appeaired which exclude the assumption that such person has quitted the royal dominions without per- mission, and has thereby sought to withdraw himself from service in the standing army. $ 4. The declaration of the laud-poUce tribunal is to be transmitted to the states attorney of the court of the last place of residence, or of the last place of customaiy domicile. On the basis of this declaration the states attorney shall immediately move the seizure of the property according to section 110 of the penal code, and to cause criminal proceedings to be instituted by a public summons. $ 5. These proceedings can be simultaneously directed against several persons, and the trial of them proceed jointly. $ 6. As regards the summoning of the accused and the serving of summons upon them the following applies : The provisions of articles 46 to 50, inclusive, of the law of May 3, 1852, concerning additions tb the law of January 3, 1849, and in the circuit of the court of appeals at Cologne the provisions of articles 10 to 13, inclusive, of the law of May 11, 185)5, concerning the altering of several provisions relating to judicial pro- cedure. A copy of the summons, however, is to be sent the accused by mail if his place of domicile is known. A certificate that such course has been pursued is not needed. J 7. During the period of verbal conduct, and in the further pi-oceedings, the accused who has not appeared may be represented. As representatives are admissible : 1. Persons authorized to conduct a defense. 2. Guardians, relatives in the ascending and descending line. Wives and brothers and sisters of the accused without being providetl wHh special authority for such pur- pose. $ 8. Sentence follows upon the ground of the declaration issued by the land-police Digiti zed by Google GERMANY. 537 tribaual, unless it be shown that the accosed has not left the royal dominions wHhont leave, or that ctroomst^nces exist which forbid the assumption that he has thereby sought to evade entering the service of the standing army. $ 9. If an adjournment of the oral proceedings be necessary, in order to take proof held admissible on this point, the case is to be separated from others with which it is being jointly conducted, and to be decided separately. This course is also pursued when such separation is deemed advisable for other reasons. II. — Of the proceedings against landttehrmen an leave who emigrate without permiman. $ 10. The institution of proceedings against landwehrmen on leave who emigrate without permission is founded upon the declaration of the landwehr tribunal : 1. That a domestic place of sojourn of such landwehrman has not been discovered. 2. That permission to emigrate has not been granted him. 3. That notwithstanding the investigation made, no circumstances have appeared which exclude the assumption that he has emigrated. $ 11. Sentence follows upon the basis of this declaration, if circumstances adverse to such declaration are not shown. $ 4, 5, 6 and 7, and 9 also find application here. There are wanting legal provisions as to what is to be held in the case of a person sentenced for unallowed emigration who afterward returns to Germany as an American citizen. Punishment can only be remitted by way of grace, and the court having jurisdiction must, upon the request of the condemned, report officially to the minister of justice concerning the remission of the punishment and costs by wav of ^raoe. This can, how- ever, onlyl)e done when the person so returning has acquired citizenship in the United States in accordance with article 1 of the treaty of February, 1H68. If a German not yet naturalized in the United States of America returns to Germany, or if a German so naturalized re-acquires naturalization in Germany, and he is still within the age of military duty, (has not yet completed his thirty-first year,) he is not leirally protected against being still drawn into military service. The $ 11 of the imperial military law of May 2, 1874, prescribes as follows on this point: $ 11. Persons who have left the imperial dominions, and have lost their imperial citi- zenship, but have not acquired citizenship in another state, or have lost the same again, are, if they take up a permanent residence in Germany, under obligation to pre- sent themselves, and are liable to be still enrolled, but yet cannot, in time of peace, be held to service beyond their completed thirty-first year. The same holds good as to sons of persons who have emijp*ated and returned to the German Empire, provided such sons nave not acquired foreign citizenship. The aforegoing provisions also apply to emigrants who, while they have acquired foreign citizenship, yet return to tlieir German allegiance before their completed thirty-first year. No. 242. Mr. Fiith to Mr, Davis. Ko. 75.J Department of State, WashingtoUy April 7, 1875. Sir : BeferriDg to tbeqaestion of the taking of testimony in Germany by commissioners appointed under the authority of the courts of this country, I have to inform you that on the 1st of April Mr. Schlozer, the German minister, called, and after informing the Department that his government had found some fault with him because he had not answered the inquiries contained in my note to him of the 9th December, 1874,* a copy of which was transmitted to you with my No. 34, stated that he had been directed by his government to answer the questions. He said that in pursuance of this instruction he informed the Department that the rale which had been laid down by the German government, in reference to the case of Wolff, namely, that the testimony could be procured by letters rogatory, was a general rule, and applied to any case in which , * See correspondence with German minister, post. Digitized by Vj.OOQ IC 538 FOREIGN RELATIONS. testimony was desired. He further stated that he was directed to iDform the Department, in reference to the hope expressed in my note that the German government might see fit to change the rule which it had laid down, excluding commissioners from taking testimony, that his government, while desirous of assisting in the procuring of testimony, were not now able to comply with our request, but that at the coming session of parlia- ment the matter would receive consideration, with a view to affording equal facilities on this question to this country and to Great Britain. In answer to an inquiry addressed to Mr. Schiozer, as to the cause of the rule laid down by the German government, he replied that such action in taking testimony was prohibited by law in Germany, and that the cause of the refusal was not occasioned by a rule of public policy. He was informed that this Government had not previously known of the existence of any distinct statute or law on that question. During the conversation Mr. ISchlozer was informed that unless the Department was mistaken, the German officials in this country avail themselves of the liberality of our provisions of law on this question, in which state- ment he acquiesced. I should be glad to ascertain whether Mr, Schiozer be correct in sup- posing that there is a prohibition by statute, or otherwise, in this matter in Germany. If it be so, it may be that some legislation might be required. The Department had supposed, however, that the rule laid down was an expression of the public policy of Germany. Mr. Schiozer seemed greatly surprised, in the course of the conver- sation, to learn that while the right to take testimony was guaranteed by few treaties, at the same time formal objections are not interposed by foreign governments to such action, and that this was the first instance that had come to the knowledge of this Department where a foreign government had intervened to prevent a plaintiff and defendant from obtaining testimony for their mutual benefit, to be used in a pending lawsuit; and after expressing his own opinion in favor of our system, he stated his intention to forward these facts to his own government. It is apprehended that the German government has chosen to convey an answer to these questions through their minister here, and that we may consider this question for the present as settled, but these facts are forwarded for your information should any convenient opportunity off*er to again refer to the question, and especially if it should appear that there is no positive enactment of German law, as we have been informed exists, or in case the German government should in any respect change its views in consequence of any representations made by Mr. Schiozer. I am, &c., HAMILTOl^ FISH. No. 243. Mr. Davis to Mr, Fish. No. 102.] Legation of the United States, Berlin^ April 19, 1875. (Received May 7.) Sir : RefeiTing to my No. 82, 1 have now the honor to forwanl a translation of the text of a bill pending in the Prussian house of depu- ties for the repeal of the clauses in the constitution giving to ecclesias- tical corporations the right to manage their own affairs. This bill will probably be passed into a law to-day or to-morrow. Digiti zed by Google GERMANY. 539 I also inclose the text (translated) of a new law to be submitted to the chamber for the sequestration of monastic property. I also inclose a translation of the petition addressed by the bishops to the Emperor on the 2d instant, and of the reply by the ministry by order of the Emperor. In order to complete the files of the Department, T also inclose a translation of the declaration by the bishops respecting the election of a new Pope, made in February lust, having accidentally omitted to send it at the time. I have, &c., J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS. [lucloHure 1 in No. 102. — Translation.] Praject of law for changing the relations between church and state. The follo'W'ing is an analyRis of the projected bill for abrogating the three articles of the constitution regulating the relations between church and state in Prussia : " Since it has lately been judged necessary to regulate by legislation the indispensa- ble limits between church and state, in order to establish the definite and fixed position of the two powers, the government has often heard the objection raised to the efl:ect that the measures adopted by it tended to injure the arrangements of the fundamental compact, which assures the independent a^lministration of their affairs to religious bodies. When the question was first brought forwatd as a legislative measure in 1873, this objection appeared plausible, for article 15 of the constitution still existed in its prim- itive sense, which allowed of a more or less wide interpretation. The arbitrary inter- ference of the Catholic bishops and that of the organs of the state had even given this article a meaning which much exceeded its real sense. To define this real sense was the object of the law of April 5, 1873. It was intended to re-establish in a definite manner, and for every one, the fact that even the autonomial administration of eccle- siastical affairs was subject to the sovereign ri^ht of the state, to its legislation, and its supervision. Nevertheless, the same objection continues to be urged, and was very recently raised on the occasion of every proposed law concerning ecclesiastical affairs. Continually to repeat this accusation oi unconstitutionality in the two chambers as well as in the press is the more grave, because it disquiets the people, lays the author- ities and legislators open to suspicion, and causes the laws to be considered invalid and of no effect before they have been promulgated. Such a solution of the matter is not tolerable in any state, especially at a time so fruitful in serious agitations. Such a state of things must absolutely be opposed with energy and promptitude. This can- not be attained until the relations between church and state shall have been regu- lated, no longer by general and equivocal provisions, but by special laws alone ; that is to say, by a modification of the fundamental compact. The legislature must find a way open to assure the state at all costs against a clergy directed by Rome. Provok- ing and battling against the sovereign rights of the civil power, restored to liberty by fresh legislation, this power will know how to defend itself against its aggressors. This is why it is proposed to suppress article 15. This act of defense is not necessitated by the attitude of other forms of religions. The legislative provisions which already regulate their position with regard to the state suffice. Fresh laws are useless. Where there are defect*, the legislature will give corporations which submit to public order the security which is due to them. The suppression of article 16 is justified by the fact that, since the religious communities have enjoyed perfect freedom in their relations with their superiors, and that the publication of ecclesiastical injunctions is now sub- ject only to the conaitions imposed by the law on publications of every kind, the con- fidence of the ffovernment has been seriously abused. It will be sufficient to recall the encyclical of the 5th of February, addressed to the episcopate, to understand the press- ing necessity for restraining excessive liberty assured by the said article within limits compatible with the public welfare. Article 18 is but the corollary of article 15, ap- plicable in a solitary and determined case. The suppression of article 15, there- fore, necessarily involves that of article 18. The abolition of these articles will not, however, be any obstacle to high clerical positions being held by men who obey the laws, a condition which cannot be given up by a state, which, in consequence of the various religious beliefs of its population, has the greatest interest in seeins the differ- ent religious communities live in peace with one another. The projected law is com- posed of this single clause: *The articles 15, 16, and 18 of the constitution of January 30, 1850, are abrogated. The legal state of the Evangelical and Catholic churches, as well as the other religious communities, is regulated by the laws of the state.' " Digiti zed by Google 540 FOREIGN RELATIONS. Tbe text of tbe articles which it is proposed to^bolish is as follows : " Article 15. The Catholic Church, as well as the Protestant Church, and every other religious society, regulates and administers its affairs in an independent way ; but it remains subject to the laws of the state, and to the supervision defined by tbe laws of the state. Under the same conditions, every religious society keeps the possession and the enjoyment of its funds, and of the establishments and foundations destined for its worship, it« teaching, and its charities. Article 16. The relations of religious societies with their superiors are free. The publication of ecclesiastical ordinances is subject only to the restrictions to which all other publications are subjected. Article 18. The right of nominating, of proposing, of electing, and of confirming ecclesiastical posts is suppressed as far as it belongs to the state, and is not based upon patronage or on special legal titles. This provision does not apply to the nomination ox ecclesiastics in the army or in the public institutions. The law regulates the rights of the state re- lating to instruction, to the employment and removal of ecclesiastics, and fixes the limits of the disciplinary powers of the state." flnclosore 3 in No. 102.] Article 1. The state places under sequestration all monastic property. Art. 2. The orders which have for their object the education or the care of sick per- sons will be tolerated for two years ; after that time they will be totally suppressed. Art. 3. All other orders and monastic corporations will be abolished in six months. Art. 4. All property which has been given to these orders by their members will be restored to the latter. Art. 5. The oldest members of monastic bodies, and those who may be incapable of working, will receive an annual pension from the state. [Inclosnre 3 in No. 102.— Traoslation.] Correspondence between CathoHc hishops and the Emperor. Berlin, Jpril 10. The following is the text of the petition addressed to His Majesty on the 2d of this month by the JPrussian bishops : " FuLDA, April 2, 1875. " Most Serexe and Most Mighty Emperor, Most Gracious Emperor, King, AND Sire : A bill has been presented to both houses of the Diet by Your Imperial and Royal M^esty's ministry by which the further eiyoymentof the state grants accorded to the Catholic bishoprics and clergy will be made dependent upon a previous decla- ration of the administrators of dioceses or the clergy that they will unconditionally obey the state laws. So unconditional a declaration is incompatible with the con- science of a Christian. Indeed, the Apostles, and innumerable Christian martyrs, suf- fered death rather than submit to state laws and public ordinances which prohibited them from proclaiming the divine truth or demanded on their part a denial of the Christian faith. We being, therefore, unable to give that declaration without acting against our conscience or infringing upon the principles of Christianity, thus the attempt to force us to obey by withholding material means can never be regarded as admissible from a Christian stand-point. "Moreover, the respective grants from the state to the bishoprics in question are in compliance with a legal obligation which the state undertook when it assumed posses- sion of the secularized churcn property in accordance with explicit stipulations, and, to quote the well-known words of a Prussian minister, they were undertaken under a pledge of the honor of Prussia; and as regards other state grants to clergymen, they also by no means sprang from a mere liberality of the state toward the church, but have likewise a legal ba^iis either in the secularization of cloisters and ecclesiastical institutions, or in right of patronage, or in royal promises, and the suspension of these f rants just at the present moment must especially serve to stir bitter feelings in the eartsof the Catholics, since just now considerable improvements of salary from the general revenue are ^ant«d by the state with gracious liberality to the clergy of other Christian denominations. " We feel, however, the threatened suspension of the state grant most painfally, because it is expressly described as a punishment for the attitude of the Catholic bish- ops and clergy with regard to the May laws, although they are unable to co-operate in the execution of these laws without violating their most sacred duties and the divine constitution of the Catholic church. " We should fear to trespass upon the veneration due to Your Majesty if we were Digiti ized by Google GERMANY. 541 even to consider the sapposition possible that it could respond to the intentions of Your Majesty to demana snch an infidelity and violation of duty on the part of the appointed guardians of ecclesiastical order. " We, therefore, do not address ourselves to the houses of the Diet, where the pro- ?ortion of Christian feeling begins to vanish more and more, but address direct to our Mi^edty, as the prot^tor of the Christian church recosuized by Prussia — to the Crown by which the Catholics have likewise ever stood with true loyalty during polit- ical storms — the respectful prayer that Your Majesty will deny your sanction to the intended law as being a violation of duty and acquired rights and a source of unspeak- able s^iction and peace-disturbing confusion. '^ In deepest reverence, with most entire submission, we remain Your Majesty's most humble, true, and obedient." (Here follow the signatures.) The following is the text of the reply made by the ministry by order of the Em- peror: "Berlin, April 9, 1875. " His Majesty the Emperor and King has deigned to charge the ministry with the reply to the petition addressed to His Majesty on the 2d instant by the Prussian bishops assembled in Fulda : *^ In fulfilling the imperial instructions, we cannot avoid expressing our astonish- ment and regret at the fact that ecclesiastics of such high position as the right reverr end bishops could make themselves the vehicle of an assertion that it would be in Prussia a denial of the Christian faith to promise obedience to such laws which in other German and foreign states have been obeyed for centuries, and are still most readily obeyed by the Catholic clergy and their ecclesiastical superiors, and uncondi- tional obedience to which continues to be sworn there by the Catholic clergy by a sacred oath. None the less remarkable and untrue is the assertion that the laws against which recently the disobedience of th'e bishops has been directed in Prussia only forbid the proclamation of the divine truth. With regard to the right reverend bishops mentiomng that improvements of salary are at the present being granted to the clergy of other denominations which did not at the same time benefit the Catholic clergy, a superficial glance at the bills before and the debates of the Diet would have. sufficed to convince the right reverend bishops themselves of the untruth of their afisertion. It can just as little be unknown to the right reverend bishops that the measure which they ask His Majesty not to sanction, at the same time using offensive expressions about its contents, could only have reached the Diet with the imperial con- sent. The demand that His Majesty should, notwithstanding, refuse his sanction after it had been adopted by the Diet is the more strange, since the right reverend bishops themselves will not believe that the grants, the suspension of which is in question, would have been ever made, if at their bestowal the right had been reserved to the bishops and clergy to be obedient or not to the laws of the state according to the papal will. " With regard to the petition calling the law which withdraws the state-grants a source of unspeakable amiction and peace-disturbing confusion, those among the right reverend bishops, who, in the year 1870, before the proclamation of the Vatican reso- lutions, saw that such conditions would arise from those resolutions, and announced this publicly in eloquent terms, should ask themselves if they, by a true and firm maintenance of their convictions, would not, perhaps, have been able to preserve our fatherland from the confusion and disturbance of peace which they themselves warn- inglv prophesied, and which we now, with them, deplore. " We request your grace to kindly communicate this letter to the co-signatories of the petition. "THE STATE MINISTRY." rincloeure 4 in No. 102.~Tran8latioD.l THE CATHOLIC BISHOPS IN REPLY TO PRINCE BISMARCK. Berlin, February 11.
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Category:Islamic Solidarity Games medalists in fencing Wikimedia category Category:Islamic Solidarity Games medalists in fencing instance of Wikimedia category تصنيف:فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب التضامن الإسلامي في مبارزة سيف الشيش تصنيف ويكيميديا تصنيف:فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب التضامن الإسلامي في مبارزة سيف الشيش نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
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255
401
Ruby on Rails and Sidekiq redis connection pool with parallel tests? I want to run my Rails tests in parallel. I'm currently using Sidekiq own connection pool to communicate with redis. The problem here is that if I run parallel tests they collide with each other. Rails has a very nice built in test database system that creates database clones of postgresql for each thread that executes the tests. How would I do that with Sidekiq redis connection pool? Your tests shouldn't be connecting to redis at all. Much like how emails are handled in the test environment, by default Sidekiq will use fake queues for any scheduled jobs in the test environment. Basically - running your tests in parallel will not cause you any issues with Sidekiq jobs. You should start by reading the documentation on testing - https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq/wiki/Testing Essentially, you can test to see if a job has been scheduled with something like this: HardWorker.perform_async(1, 2) HardWorker.perform_async(2, 3) assert_equal 2, HardWorker.jobs.size And if you need the jobs to run, just drain the queue: HardWorker.drain assert_equal 0, HardWorker.jobs.size More details on the link above. The sidekiq fake used for testing isn't thread local. So each test cannot have it's own array. 2. How do I do with the cases where I'm using Redis to store something directly? Why are your parallel tests running on the same machine? 2. That's something else, not something to do with sidekiq surely? Because it is easier and faster to start a thread than booting up a docker container.
14,837
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43321094
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,017
Stack Exchange
Akshay Chawla, ErikEJ, https://stackoverflow.com/users/183934, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5230915
English
Spoken
129
227
"Microsoft.Data.Entity" dll not found in nuget For one of my projects i am using asp.net mvc core and in this web application, for using EntityFramework i am not able to download 'Microsoft.Data.Entity' from nuget. It was due to ASP.Net Core framework was not installed correctly, i tried it in Visual Studio 2017 and guess what it worked perfectly. you have to install 2 package using the package manager Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer Then in your code, require it: using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore; The package you need for EF Core is: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer while i try to download this package from nuget, i am getting error like : 'Install-Package : An error occurred while retrieving package metadata for 'Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel.1.1.1' from source ' Flaky internet connection? facing same issue while downloading couple of more packages from nuget.
17,678
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gablingen
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Gablingen
https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gablingen&action=history
Malay
Spoken
13
36
Gablingen merupakan sebuah kota terletak di munisipaliti Augsburg, Bavaria, Jerman. Bandar di Jerman
21,407
https://github.com/mrnettek/VBScript0/blob/master/VBScript2/Reset a Computer Account Password.vbs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,021
VBScript0
mrnettek
Visual Basic
Code
18
69
' Description: Resets a computer account password in Active Directory. Set objComputer = GetObject _ ("LDAP://CN=atl-dc-01,CN=Computers,DC=Reskit,DC=COM") objComputer.SetPassword "atl-dc-01$"
36,496
XWD7KXSIIZOEGT6GEAQAW665PUI5K64H_1
German-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,817
None
None
German
Spoken
2,608
4,282
Sonntag den azten * Ger # London vom 15. März , des Generals Grafen von Montholot an Sir Hudson Lowe , Gouverneur der Insel St. Helena , aus Auf 2De schaesers Repoleon : 2s. Juli , den Veneralt neist ihrem Schreibten , von Kaisern von Rußland und Oesterreich , und dem Kö Trattat erhalten , am 2. Angus 1815 abgeschlostnen dieles Trattasies protesirt zegen den Inhalt Nachdem er seine Krone in die Hande der Reprä sentanten der Nation , züm Vortheile der durch französischr Volk angenommenen Kon stitution und zu Gunsten seines Sohnes niedergelegt , hat er sich freiwillig der Macht der Lngländer in ver absicht übergeben , in Großbritta nien zu wohnen , und dort , wie ein Privatmann ter dem Schutze der englischen Gesetze zu leben. Die Perlssersan Ir. Orundsätze kann kein Recht begründen. Recht , noch dürch die That in. urc6h schen Gesetzen und Gewohnheiten , wo nie die Russen , der Ghesaugi selbigen führte , in der Auswechselung # Erjangenen begriffen waren. Konveution vom 2. August , welche vierzehn hächen England war kang Mire , wurde , kann , was das Recht betrifft wichen dern haben ; sie bieret das Schauspiel einer Unterdrichwrgie gr dsten Michten von Enropa , zur nttr zung eines einzigen Individuums von der Meinung iecder unz , iner Koalition , welche die Grundfige " ; dmtion eben so , wie durch nichts beschließen. önmen de auch seinetwegen eses gen. uua emen dae in der Gewalt des der Bande , welche Relizion und e zur wif Vater und Sohn geknüpft haben. Bande , welche nie ungestraft verie würbe sich erinnert haben daß g. dee werdenz er mal wieder auf srinen Thron gesetgzt har. im S. 41973ih Linsbille. a. Mcnisch n nine Truxpen Lis uuter die Mauern gerückt waren ; zu Presburg im J. 1806 Haupestadt und dreict Vienheile der an Veste der ren. „ Dieser Fürst würde sich u die wo welche er Napoleon auf dem Ffronal ie Ashaster gensien würte ich diehter Sae veran , der zu Tillss , zu Erfurt seit zwölf Jahren täglich bestandenen. n n geschtossenen Freundschaftsbande wurde sich des Venehmens des Kaisers. in Gegenwart eines entwaffneren Feindes , Dresden imn 9. 1912 beosengtr Zen Friz. 2 und 5. 58s des Kaisers genommenen Maaßre = bos iu biete , Hluszeinfach beigereten Kud. „ Diese Fürsten haben dem Kaiser Napoleon den Gescge ghrigen vorgenegen Piheige Bane in der Liberalität der englischen Gesetze und es aiten Se eun Gepalt des Kaisers Napoleon , der Gironde befehligte , hätte setzen wollen ; da er hielt der jede weitere Stipulation für unnütz. Er „ Die Kommisäre Oesterreitshat ihre Genhuntg ben die ihre respektiven Sonveräne durch , den Traftat Mlchchten erfeiher der Sasbschaft Guste as anderer Hinsicht angehörigen Fürsten schul erkennen. — Sie eine Meinung # # # zugrächen auf diesen engischen Minister haben den Kaiser Vepolson Stunden weit von enrr St. Hoisyug , Ziase , schier unter der Einie 50 ingen , boyen , Lontinent gelegene Felsen ist der Stunden vom Son , z. Himmelsbreite ausgesetzt. erennenden Hite bo. zst ax mit Rebel bedecktz bvend dre , Dreder fenchteste und zugleich trockencte 46 ist wohrhof , gt ich ein Klima kann der Gesund Pbatt der Erde. on. ( Hädlich seyn , und misr beit des Saiser “ , u eines solchen Aufenthales und die kann die Auguy. — g8 von Seiten des englischen dein beseptführenden A iv Zusruktionen angegeben haben. beimnisherun Gefozsen worden den Kaiser Napoleon y zines Generals zu bezeichnen ! als wollte wit dem Türzl betrachten als bütte er die en dr Apu pge regier Gortst , folge. ) sind die englischen Journalisten divergirender Meinung. Ein Pariser Blatt gibt da von folgende Karakteristik : „ Der Kourier findet die vom Ministerium vorgeschlagene und schön ; doch entwischen iym ein Paar Stoßseufzer über die leidige Nothwendigkeit , zu solchen greifen zu mussen. Die Morgen = Ehronik ist roth vor Zorn , wie ein welscher Hahn , und speit Gift und Galle. Die Times meinen , die Minister hätten san berlicher verfahren können , es hätte noch andere Mittel gegeben ; doch merkt man an ihren Klagen , „ uiriue teres. Der Star seufzt auch darüber , daß die. — sch mit einer Gewait wohwen , gipersegt , ipzre Gräutp lo aud zeichnet sich Vbrisend vortschteit wie rasend , die Steie i bes ZHge uegen den Antrag der Minister , und sucht zu beweisen , daß es nichts Lächerlicheres Gegenstand , und wenn es wahr ist , daß die öffent. aumittelbar aufnehmen zu dürfen , ehe verselbe auf anderen Wegen an die Bundesversammlung gebracht werde , wozu sowohl die Anträgeseines jeden Bundes mitgliedes , wie auch die sonsten eingehenden Rekla mationen die passendesten Verankassungen geben und die Sache selbst noch zu gehöriger Reise , bringen könnken. Holstein = Oldenburg , Anhalt und Schwarzburg war mit dem Präsidial = Antrage einverstanden übrigens wie Mecklenburg. Hohenzollern , Lichtenstein Reuß , Schaumburg Lippe , Lippe und Waldeck desgleichen. Die freien Städte ebenfalls. Der Herr Präsidial = Gesandte erklärte hierauf : Er müsse der von dem großherzogl. mecklenburgischen Hrn. Gesandten , Namens der Kommissien gemachten Er klärung wegen der kirchlichen Angelegenheiten , um so mehr vollkommen beipflichten , als nach der Bundesakte die kirchlichen Angelegenheiten vorerst nicht zur Be rathung ausgesetzt , sondern nur in dem Artikel 16 den christlichen Konfessionen gleiche bürgerliche und politische Rechte eingeräumt worden seyen , auch der Artikel 7 hierin nichts zu ändern scheine , somif nur dann , wenn wegen Beeinträchtigung des Artikels 16 der Bundesakte oder aus anderer Veranlassung , Be schwerde erhoben werde , oder auch Anträge von einem Bundesgliede hierüber gemacht wurden , die Bundes versammlung sich in dem Falle befinden dürfte , über die kirchlichen und Religions = Angelegenheiten in Erör terungen einzugehen. Es werde übrigens die Abstim mung des königl. niederländischen , großherzogl. kurem burgischen Herrn Gesandten für die Höfe den Anlaß geben , sich etwa in ihren Instruktionen hierüber näher auszusprechen. Die übrigen Stimmen traten auch dieser Aeusse rung des Präsidiums auf erwähnte Abstimmunz voll kommen bei. Nachdem auf solche Art die begutachtete Reihefolge ohne alle Abänderung genehmiget worden war , er folgte der Beschluß , daß die begutachtete Reihefolge der Geschäfte dieser Bundesversammlung wirklich an genommen werde. Brodpreis der Stadt Köln vom 23. bis zum 26. März. Vier Kilogr. , oder 3 Pfund 1s Loch kölnisch , Schwarzbrod sollen kosten 1 Fr. 30 Cent. oder 36 Stüder. Köln den zaten Män 1817. Königlich preussischer Polizei = prandent und Landrach des Stadtkreises Köln , Seruenser. Polizeiliche Bekanatmachung. Deu wegen der Straßenreinigung , besteyenden Vorschriften zuwider , haben mehrere Einwohner , Hausunrath und Bau schutr auf öffentliche Plätze , mirunter zur Nachtszeit , bringen gen. Namentlich ist dieses untängst auf dem mir bedeutenden Kosten geebneten Georgs = Platze der Fall gewesen. Es werden demnach sämmtliche Einwohner vor fernerem Ahnlichen Unfuge hierdurch nachdrücklich und mit dem Be deuten gewarnet , daß die Polizei = Sergeanten und Nachtwächter sreuge befehliget sind , auf diejenigen welche es sich ferner bei sehen lassen sollten , Koth oder Bauschutt auf irgend einem der öffeutlichen Plätze der hiesigen Stadt , es mag ein solcher schon geebnet seyn ; oder nicht , zu bringen , oder stehen zu nen , ganz besonders zu wachen und die Ertappten anzuzei sen ; damit gegen sie , das gesetzliche Verfahren eingelenet werden könne. Köln den an. Müri 1877. # # ichhent Königl. preun. Ponzs = Prasbent und Landrath des Stadtkreises Köln , Struensee. Anzeigen. Die zum Bedarf der Anstalt erforderlichen Con sumbeibilien von Roggen = und Waitzen = Mehl , Erbsen , Linsen , Gerste , Graupen , Kartoffeln , Karoliner Reis , Rindsfett , Brauntwein , Bier , Rothwein , Talglichter , Brennöhl , schwarze Seife , Besen , sodann Hafer , Heu und Siroh , sollen , in Gemäßheic höherer Befehle , an den Mindest fordernden , vom Monat April d. J. an , auf drei Monate verdungen werden , und ist hiezu Termn auf Montag den vier und zwanzigsten d. , Vor mittags zehn Uhr , vor dem landräthlichen Kommise sar Herrn Gymnich , zu Köln , angesetzt worden. Diejenigen welche diese Lieferung entweder gan oder theilweise zu übernehmen gedenken , werden eingeladen in besagtem Termin zu erscheinen , und ihre Forderungen zu Protokoll zu geben. Die Bedingungen werden im Termin öffentlich verlesen , und sind auch vorher in dem königl. Re gierungsgebäude zu Köln , bei dem Botenmeister Schenck , bei dem obengenannten Herrn landräche lichen Kommissar , so wie bei der unterzeichneten Direktion einzusehen. Arbeits = Anstalt zu Brauweiler den # 7. März 1817. Die Direktion daselbst. Der bereits angefangene Verkauf auf der Burgmauer in dem Hause des Herrn Antiquar Hansen Nro. x , wird mor gen Montag , Nachmittags zwei Uhr ; und die folgende Tage fortgefahren , und besteht in Spiegeln , Leinewand Kleidungs = stücken , Baumwollenzeug , Leinentuch seinem Perkal von aller Gattung , eine Parthie Katune und seidene Tücher , Katun , Tricot , Casimir , Lacken und Manchester , und einigen silbernen Uhren ; welche dem Letztbiethenben gegen daare Zahlung zuge Glagen werhen, # #. Smae I Wehn , Gerichlsboazleger. Montag den 24. Meishiethenden des dahier auf u Eigelstein Nro. zon : gelegen uen bis dahin vom Branntweinbrenner Winand Muller bewohnten Hauses geschritten werden. Die Bedingnisse über beide Gegenßände liegen beim Unterzeichneten zur Einsicht ossen. Gerard Flamm. Anzsiß Versauf eines Landguts. Zur vorläufigen Nachricht dient hiemit , daß Montag am teten April l. Jahrs , Vormittags um zehn Uhr , vor dem unterzeichneten , von Gerichtswegen hiezn besonders kom mittirren Noter in Köln in der Glockengasse Nro. 2 , auf Ersuchen der Dame Salome Diez , Wittne von H. Cark Nie. Lequan ; ehemals Forst = Inspektor , in Köln Das zu Sürth am Rheine in der Nähe der Stadt Köln — romantisch gelegene Landgut mit äusserst bequem ein gerichteren Wohnhause , Garten , Gebäuden und dem zwischen Goderf und Rodenkirchen liegenden sogenannten Hahn : beste hend in ungefähr 64 Morgen rheils Garten theils Land und Gesträuch — öfentlich zum provisorischen Verkauf an den Reistbiethenden ausgesetzt werden soll. Der Plan dieses Guts und die Kaufbedingnisse liegen beim bei. Notur den Kausustigen zur Einsicht offen. Higer Klamn. Jwanst # Vartau verschiedener in der Gemeinde Kenten , Kanton Bergheim , gelegener Grundstücke , nämlich : 1 ) Ungefähr ein Viertel Land an der Landstraße , hinter dem Garten von Theoder Esser. 2 ) r Viertel Land auf dem Hüntelhof. 3 ) 2½ Piertel Land am öntersten Woge. 4 1 Mogen 5 ) 1½ Viertel 4 ) 3 Viertel 79·1 Morgen 8 ) ½ Viertel 9 ) 1 / Viertel 1 Morgen 1 11 12 ) 2 Viertel 73 ) 2 Viertel 14 ) 2 Viertel Viertel 16 ) 2 Viertel 171 2 Viertel 13 ) 1 Morgen 29 ) 1½ Viertel 20 ) 2 Viertel 2r ) Viertel 22 ) r Viertel u im Wässert. „ auf dem Klüsgen. „ an der kandstraße. auf dem Klüsgen. „ am Ferst. „ am großen Steinbusch. „ hinter dem großen Steinbusch. n auf dem verbannten Driesch. u auf der Höhle. „ auf dem kleinen Steinbusch. „ an dem Kentner Driesch. u zwischen Bergheim. * 440 ditto , „ citlo , an der Berenkaule. n unter der Höhle. u an der Drieich. n zwischn den Neubischen. 23 ) 2 Viertel Benden genannt Rothbenden , am alten Wege. 24 ) 2 Viertel # # am schwarzen Wasser. ag ) z Viertel n auf der Perdsresch. 26 ) 1 Morgen an der Melkstadt. Diese ; dem Ackersmann Johann Steinheuer , in Kenten zugehörige Grundstücke , sind auf Anstehen des zu Norbicsrath , Kanton Eisen ; wehnenden Ackersmannes Heinrich Vasen , weichen der unterzeichnere in Köln wohnende Anwald vertreten wird , am toten Februar letzthin in gerichtlichen Beschlag ge nommen und Adschriften des Beschlagnehmungsaktes dem Herrn Cremer , Bürgermeister zu Bergheim , so wie dem Herrn macher , Untergerichtsschreider bei dem Friedensgerichte des Kautons Bergheim ; wohnhaft in Bedburg , zugestellt worden. Verselbe Akt wurde demnach am isten Februar auf dem Hy potheken = Bürean und am zteu Mär ; l. M. auf der Kanzlei des Kreisgerichtes zu Tiln , in die dazu bestimmten Register eingetragen. Die Bedingnisse , unter welchen der Zuschlag bei Fsagtem Kreisgerichte geschein soll ; werden in der öffentlichen Sitzung sum arten Aprik zam ersten Male verkündiget werden. Tblg , am zien Miri 1217. Gei. Rückel 8 w4ngs : Verkauf wohnbest , und auf Betreiben des unterzeichneten in Köln woh nenden Rechtsanwaldes , gegen den in Kenten wohnenden Ackers = mann Johann Steinheuer , durch den Akt des Gerichtsvollzie ders Schaaf vom zehnten einregisre # t am izten Fedruar letzte hin in gerichtlichen Beschlag genommen worden. Dieser Beschlagnehmungsaft wurde am nämlichen roten Fe bruar dem Heren Cremer , Bürgermeister zu Verzheim , und dem Herrn Hamacher , Untergerichtsschreiber des geiugten Frie densgerichtes , zu Bedburg wohnend , abschriftlich zugestellt Latttt am rsten gesagten Monats Februar auf der Hopotbeken kammer , und am zteu März enrr. auf der Kanzlei des Kreis gerichtes zu Köln eingetragen. Die Bedingnisse , unter welchen der Zuschlag bei gedachtem Kreisgerichte gescheyen soll ; werden in der öffentlichen Sitzung vom asten Apcil zum ersten Male verkündigt werden. Köln , am sten März 1817. Gez. Nückel. Das auf Severinsstraße Nro. 7384 nahe am Severinsthor gele gene , zur vollkommenen Wirthschaft eingerichtete ; dem verlebten Herrn Johann Badorf gehörige Haus ist zu verkaufen. Dasselbe hat im untern Hause einen großen Saal , drei Zim mer , Küche , — im ersten Stockwerk neun Zimmer , im zweiten einen Saal und vier Zimmer , demnach drei große Speicher ; zwei große Keller , Einfahrt und große Remise , — auf dem Steinweze die Gebäude des Brauhauses mit zween Speichern , nebst allen zum Brauen gehörigen Geschirren , eine Waschküche und drei Stallungen , — ein neues Hinterhaus von zween Zimmern und einem Speicher ; — einen großen Garten mit Ausgang auf den Wall : — Pütz = und Regensargen , nebst übrigen Verschönerungs = und Gemächlichkeitsanstalten — alles dieses in einem guten Zustand. Zugleich sind die am Garten und dessen Ausgang des vor beschriebenen Hauses anschießende , auf dem Wall gelegene zwei kleinere Häuser zusammen , oder einzelweise zu verkaufen. Man erfährt die Bedinsuisse bei Herrn Rechtsgelehrten Gerard J. Ritter ; an St. Alban Nro. 1201. Ein auf der Cäciliensraße , faßt am Neumarkk unter Nro. 3683 gelegenes geräumiges Haus mit schönem Garten ; einer Wasch küche , und Stallung für 6 Pferde ; steht aus freier Hand , nnter sehr annehmlichen Bedingungen zu verkaufen. Bescheid davon geben die Eigenthümer Max Jos. Meurerch , auf der Ho henstraße Nro. von , und Joseph Cardauns , am Rathsplatz. In einer der schönsten Gegend des jenseitigen Rheinufers am Fuße des Siebengebürges , ist ein angenehmer Sommer aufenthalt , bestehend in zwei bis vier meublirten Zimmern nebst sonstigen Bequemlichkeiten , während den Sommermona # # ten zu vermiethen. Die Zeitungs = Expedition sagt wo. * Der vom asten d. bis den iten April zu Utrecht auf hier in Ladung liegende Schiffer Wilh. Hack , Junior , empfiehlt sich höflichst der Gunst eines resp. Handelsstandes. Ihm folgt Schisser T. van Ginkel. Feinster gestebter Gips zu 25 Stbr. pr. Centner ist auf meinem Gute Altenburg vor dem Severins und bester reiner roih oder zahmer Klee saamen in meinem Packhause Rro , z1 auf der Mühlbache zu haben. I. Böcking. Bei Jakob Hennekens , auf der Breitenstraße Nro. 119 ; ist neuerdings eine sehr schöne Auswahl in Farben , icht Sächsischen Merines und Bombasins angekommen. Bei Hrn. Haß , in der Bürgerstraße Nro. zoon , sind den isten März Anberger seine Bettfedcen und Flaumen angekom men , und für einen billigen Preis zu verkaufen.
30,357
https://github.com/i-gaven/Just_a_dumper/blob/master/all_headers/万年历-值得信赖的日历黄历查询工具-4.6.7(越狱应用)_headers/AskBuddhaHistoryCell.h
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,018
Just_a_dumper
i-gaven
Objective-C
Code
146
621
// // Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Sep 17 2017 16:24:48). // // class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard. // #import <UIKit/UITableViewCell.h> @class NSDictionary, NSLayoutConstraint, UIButton, UIImageView, UILabel, UIView; @interface AskBuddhaHistoryCell : UITableViewCell { NSDictionary *_rowData; UILabel *_timeLabel; UILabel *_titleLabel; UILabel *_levelLabel; UIImageView *_backImageView; UIImageView *_chooseImageView; UIView *_myContentView; UIButton *_choooseButton; NSLayoutConstraint *_contentLeadingConstraint; NSLayoutConstraint *_contetWidthConstraint; } @property(nonatomic) __weak NSLayoutConstraint *contetWidthConstraint; // @synthesize contetWidthConstraint=_contetWidthConstraint; @property(nonatomic) __weak NSLayoutConstraint *contentLeadingConstraint; // @synthesize contentLeadingConstraint=_contentLeadingConstraint; @property(nonatomic) __weak UIButton *choooseButton; // @synthesize choooseButton=_choooseButton; @property(nonatomic) __weak UIView *myContentView; // @synthesize myContentView=_myContentView; @property(nonatomic) __weak UIImageView *chooseImageView; // @synthesize chooseImageView=_chooseImageView; @property(nonatomic) __weak UIImageView *backImageView; // @synthesize backImageView=_backImageView; @property(nonatomic) __weak UILabel *levelLabel; // @synthesize levelLabel=_levelLabel; @property(nonatomic) __weak UILabel *titleLabel; // @synthesize titleLabel=_titleLabel; @property(nonatomic) __weak UILabel *timeLabel; // @synthesize timeLabel=_timeLabel; @property(retain, nonatomic) NSDictionary *rowData; // @synthesize rowData=_rowData; - (void).cxx_destruct; - (void)setEditing:(_Bool)arg1 animated:(_Bool)arg2; - (void)setSelected:(_Bool)arg1 animated:(_Bool)arg2; - (void)awakeFromNib; - (id)compareDate:(id)arg1; @end
35,000
US-24015351-A_1
USPTO
Open Government
Public Domain
1,951
None
None
English
Spoken
1,360
1,979
Arc welding apparatus Dec. 2, 1952 Q VOLFF 2,620,422 ARC WELDING APPARATUS Filed Aug. 5, 1951 Patented Dec. 2, 1952 2,620,422 ARC WELDING APPARATUS Charles Volf, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, assignor to LAir Liquide, Societe Anonyme pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude, Paris, France Application August s, 1951, serial No. 240,153 In France August 31, 1950 6 Claims. My invention has, as a main object, van apparatus for welding and a process for its use, more particularly for facilitating the starting and the stabilizaiton of a welding arc between an electrode Surrounded by a hollow insulating piece and a workpiece for use with alternating or di` rect current, the insulating piece being a gas nozzle in case a shielding gas is fed around the electrode. More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide in such cases an intermediate high frequency arc or spark discharge produced between the electrode and the work piece. Another object is to provide a luminous or corona discharge produced around the electrode and elongated towards the work, thus enabling a high frequency arc or spark discharge to appear for the initiation of the welding arc at a distance, that is without the end of the electrode touching the work piece. Another object is to initiate and sustain the luminous or corona discharge when the electrode lis maintained far apart from the work piece, the rounded with a stream of shielding gas, forinstance l a monoatomic gas vsuch as argon or helium. Heretofore the initiation of the welding arc is usually obtained by a high frequency produced by a spark gap generator. Regulations prohibiting the generation of stray waves which are liable to disturb radio transmissions and generally all applications of radio-frequency waves make it necessary to use high frequency generators having a well defined and stable frequency, and such conditions can be met easily only by generators utilizing electronic tubes. In case such generators are used, the obtention of a high frequency voltage on the electrode, high enough to allow the initiation of the welding arc at a distance, requires a very high frequency voltage which is difcult to obtain and requires high power generators or complicated devices. The present invention obviates these drawbacks and is particularly suitable for the use of electronic high frequency generators. The invention may be briefly summarized as follows. It comprises an arc welding apparatus which has an electrode connected to a Welding current source of which the other pole is connected to the workpiece. The electrode is surrounded by an insulating piece. An electrically conducting ring surrounds the exterior of the in sulating piece. There are respective direct connections between the electrode and the workpiece and respective poles of a high frequency generator producing continuous waves. There is anindirect connection between the conducting ring and the pole of the high frequency generator which is connected to the workpiece. which connection includes a capacitor having a high reactance to the welding current. The distance between the electrode and the conducting ring in respect of the high frequency potential is sufficiently high'to produce a luminous discharge around the electrode. The ring is placed on the front part of the insulating piece whereby it is adapted to produce the luminous discharge around the front part of the electrode. The accompanying drawing shows by way of example an apparatus for carrying out this invention, the single figure being a diagrammatic view of said apparatus. The reference numeral l denotes an electrode made for instance of nonconsumable metal which is supported by an electrode-holder vor welding torch 2 terminated by an electrically insulating nozzle 3 surrounding the extremity of electrode I to provide in the annular space 4 the passage of an inert shielding gas for shielding the are. Electrode l is connected to a transformer 6 furnishing the welding current and to a winding 'l in which is induced the high frequency current (for instance l0 megacycles) produced by a generator not Shown. The insulating nozzle 3 is surrounded in its front part by a conducting ring 9 connected either to the welding current conductor I0 which assures the return of current from the piece to be welded to the transformer or to the work I3 to be welded. This conductor I3 is preferably placed on the exterior of the insulating material body I5 of the apparatus. In order to avoid welding current passing through this conductor, a condenser ll is branched between ring 9 and return cable IU; this condenser must show a low impedance at the high frequency which is utilized and a high impedance at the frequency of the welding current. The high frequency voltage of the high frequency generator thus appears between electrode l and ring 9 and there is produced for a sulicient high frequency voltage a 3 luminous discharge or corona surrounding the electrode. When the electrode is far from the work, the luminous discharge shows the form 8 shown by full lines; when the electrode is neared to the v\zork,.thev luminous zone becomes longer towa-rdsthework due to the l'iig'hipotential` gradient existing between the electrode and the work than between the electrode and the ring and assumes the form 8' shown in dotted lines. This lengthening gives rise to an intermediatelhghj frequency arc or spark discharge, thentoya welding arc as soon as the distancezbetween-*electrode and piece has become small enough. In order to avoid the formation of an arc' between electrode I and ring 9 the front part II of the insulating nozzle 3 mustproject relatively-.to the ring so that the path I2 around thefnozzleS along which the high frequency spark1between electrode and said ring could strike is longer than .the sparking distancebetween electrode andv ring 'fonthelhighjfrequency voltage whichis utilized. .Thesame method can be utilized with a highifrequency .voltage which'. is .insuiiicient vfor obtaining the self,.striking of .the corona discharge'when the electrode is cold. "In 'that case* the "corona discharge .iscause'dpto be struckV by .touchingwith .the electrode.evenplaced'farfromthe work a metallic `Vpiece whichis preferablyiinsulate'd as .tol'thewelding circuiti having a' low capacity rela- .,tivly to `the ground, Lthis lpiecephaving ,possibly Lhowevenafew square. surface centimeterspfor instance. alfountainpen clip kor the metallic part .-.ofascrewidriver with aninsulatinghandle. The electrodethus surrounded by'ithe luminous clis-V ,charge' is .then neare'djto the .work and lthev welding.a1'c iis then .struckin'` the same manner as vabove described. .The'jinsulating, body orhandle M' is surrounded lby. ametallicperforated screen l 6 connected to the ground .by conductor H. Fromtheaboveit will be seen that withoutthe presence ofthe ,metallic ring S the luminous or Vcorona .discharge .whichpcan be easily started'by :contacting the .electrode with ya'-metall:icf iliece such as ltheweldingtable, maintains 'bydtse'lf onlyiif the electrode remains'linthei neighbour-1. 4 rounding the exterior of the said insulating piece, said electrode and said workpiece having respective direct connections to the respective poles of a high frequency generator producing continuous waves, an indirect connection only between said ring and the pole of said high*t frequency generator which is connected to the'workpiece, said in- ,direct connection including a capacitor having "a high reactance to the welding current, the distanceibetween the electrode and the ring in respect ofthe high frequency potential being sufyficientlyhigh to produce a luminous discharge laround#the-"electrode, said ring being placed on Athe frontjpart'of the insulating piece whereby it is adapted to produce the said luminous discharge .around theiront part of the electrode. thus providing for the possible ydischargebetween the electrode and the metallic piece, ta'pathin the'air longer than'the sparkingdischarge distance at the highirequency voltage lexisting between said electro'de and said ring. 5. An arc welding apparatus, according to v--claim l, in which'saidconnection isto theV ground a through 4an electric Aconductor anda capacitor in series `with said -conductonf--the lcapaci-torhaving a lhigh reactance Ato the welding-current and-a small reactance tofthe high Afrequency current. 6. An arc YWelding `apparatus according 4to claim 1, having an insulating handle, in-which v said connection is toi the ground throug-hjanselecltric conductorandsa capacitor inY seriesew-it-h'said conductor, vthe conductor-beingplaced'alongz the exterior surface of `the Yinsulating handle. CHARLES VOLFF. REFERENCES Y CITED The. following references .are -.,of. record in the :.ile of this ,patenti UNITED STATES- PATENTS Number kName `Date 2,423,515 Morris vrJu1y18; 1950 2,516,016 Pakala iJulyf8,-1950 2,516,037 Williams July-18,1950 2,532,807 Girard Dec. 5,11'0.
32,753
https://github.com/sk2sat/balance-exporter/blob/master/plugins/jnb.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
balance-exporter
sk2sat
JavaScript
Code
254
954
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer'); const balance = async function(login) { const browser = await puppeteer.launch({headless: true}); const page_first = await browser.newPage(); const navigationPromise = page_first.waitForNavigation(); await page_first.goto('https://www.japannetbank.co.jp/'); await page_first.setViewport({ width: 1957, height: 678 }); const [page] = await Promise.all([ browser.waitForTarget(t => t.opener() === page_first.target()).then(t => t.page()), await page_first.waitForSelector('#main-box > .bg-entrance > .account-group > .account-group__btn > .login_btn'), await page_first.click('#main-box > .bg-entrance > .account-group > .account-group__btn > .login_btn') ]); await page.waitForSelector('#mainArea #idTenNo') await page.click('#mainArea #idTenNo') await page.type('#mainArea #idTenNo', login.id_ten); await page.waitForSelector('#mainArea #idKozaNo'); await page.click('#mainArea #idKozaNo'); await page.type('#mainArea #idKozaNo', login.id_koza); await page.waitForSelector('#mainArea #idPw'); await page.click('#mainArea #idPw'); await page.type('#mainArea #idPw', login.password); await page.waitForSelector('#inContainer > #mainArea > .loginForm > .blk > .loginBtn'); await page.click('#inContainer > #mainArea > .loginForm > .blk > .loginBtn'); await page.waitForSelector('#mainArea > .loginForm > .blk > .loginBtn > .btn'); await page.click('#mainArea > .loginForm > .blk > .loginBtn > .btn'); //await page.screenshot({path: "login.png"}); await page.waitForNavigation({timeout: 60000, waitUntil: "domcontentloaded"}); //await page.screenshot({path: "welcome.png"}); await page.waitForSelector('body #container'); await page.click('body #container'); //const balance = await page.waitForSelector('.infoL > table > tbody > tr > .yenBalance').innerText; const b = await page.evaluate(() => document.querySelector('.yenBalance').innerText.replace(",", "").replace(" 円", "")); //console.log(b); page.on('dialog', async dialog => { //console.log("dialog"); //console.log(" type: " + await dialog.type()); const msg = await dialog.message(); //console.log(" msg: " + msg); if (msg == "ログアウトしますか？"){ //console.log("logout..."); await dialog.accept(); } }); //await page.waitForSelector('body #container') //await page.click('body #container') await page.waitForSelector('#bodyWrapper > #hdrContainer > .hdrLR > .hdrR > .logout') await page.click('#bodyWrapper > #hdrContainer > .hdrLR > .hdrR > .logout') await page.waitForNavigation({timeout: 60000, waitUntil: "domcontentloaded"}); //await page.screenshot({path: "logout.png"}); await navigationPromise; await browser.close(); return parseInt(b, 10); } module.exports.balance = balance;
21,516
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20Luz%20Galicia
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
María Luz Galicia
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=María Luz Galicia&action=history
French
Spoken
153
286
María Luz Galicia Gonzalo, née le à Madrid, est une actrice espagnole. Biographie Sœur du chef décorateur José Luis Galicia, María Luz Galicia a connu, au cinéma, une carrière relativement courte, de 1953 à 1963. Filmographie 1953 : Cabaret 1954 : Buenas noticias 1955 : Señora ama 1956 : Río Guadalquivir 1956 : El Malvado Carabel : Silvia 1958 : I Zitelloni : Gina 1958 : Patio andaluz 1959 : Las de Caín : Rosalía Caín 1961 : Ella y los veteranos 1962 : Zorro le vengeur (La Venganza del Zorro) (comme Mary Anderson) : Maria 1962 : L'Ombre de Zorro (L'Ombra di Zorro) de Joaquín Luis Romero Marchent : María 1963 : Plaza de oriente 1963 : Cléopâtre (Cleopatra) de Joseph L. Mankiewicz 1964 : La Griffe du coyote (Il Segno del coyote) de Mario Caiano : Mary Notes et références Liens externes Actrice espagnole Naissance à Madrid Naissance en février 1940
49,214
2554637_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
null
None
None
Unknown
Unknown
19
50
22 A.3d 1076 (2010) COM. v. WILLIAMS. No. 3469 EDA 2009. Superior Court of Pennsylvania. November 22, 2010. Affirmed.
4,442
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melocosa%20gertschi
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Melocosa gertschi
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melocosa gertschi&action=history
Cebuano
Spoken
51
90
Kaliwatan sa kaka ang Melocosa gertschi. Una ning gihulagway ni Mello-leitão ni adtong 1947. Ang Melocosa gertschi sakop sa kahenera nga Melocosa, ug kabanay nga Lycosidae. Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa: Brasil Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini. Ang mga gi basihan niini Kaka Kaka sa Brasil Melocosa
46,344
6905084_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
2,022
None
None
English
Spoken
1,869
2,433
Mr. Justice Harris delivered the opinion of the court. The pivotal points of difference between the contesting parties to this litigation are: (1) Whether L. S. Kelsey agreed to sell to Lane Goff; and (2) whether Goff’s occupancy of a part of the land and the work done by him on the premises and on the ditch were sufficient to authorize the enforcement of an oral agreement. If L. S. Kelsey did not agree to sell to Goff, then it will not be necessary to discuss any other question; but, even if an agreement was made, it will not avail plaintiffs, unless the bar raised by the statute of frauds has been removed by the acts of Goff in using and working on the premises. 1. Well-established rules fix the measure of evidence which must be furnished before the plaintiffs can successfully claim that they have proved an oral contract for the sale of land. The terms of the agreement must be shown by full, complete and satisfactory proof, and “the certainty of such a contract must be established by evidence sufficient to satisfy a court of equity of the truth of the allegations of the complaint,” but proof beyond a reasonable doubt is not required: Wagonblast v. Whitney, 12 Or. 83 (6 Pac. 399); Sprague v. Jessup, 48 Or. 211 (83 Pac. 145, 84 Pac. 802, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 410); West v. Washington Ry. Co., 49 Or. 436 (90 Pac. 666). *3422, 3. Laura Goff is a daughter and Lane Goff is a son-in-law of the deceased, and for that reason proof of possession under the alleged oral contract, although it may be sufficient when the contracting parties are strangers, is not enough of itself to avoid the statute of frauds as between relatives; but, if the plaintiffs show, as they claim here, that Lane Goff took possession of the premises with the intention of carrying out the oral agreement and, because of having entered into the agreement, made valuable permanent improvements, then a court of equity would be warranted in enforcing the contract: Barrett v. Schleich, 37 Or. 613 (62 Pac. 792); Pugh v. Spicknall, 43 Or. 489 (73 Pac. 1020, 74 Pac. 485); Zeuske v. Zeuske, 62 Or. 46 (124 Pac. 203); Thayer v. Thayer, 69 Or. 140 (138 Pac. 478); Stalker v. Stalker, ante, p. 291 (153 Pac. 52). 4. The court received evidence of declarations made by L. S. Kelsey against his interest in respect to the real property, and evidence of that character was clearly competent: Sections 710 and 727, subd. 4, L. O. L.; Stalker v. Stalker, ante, p. 291. 5, 6. There is a class of self-serving declarations which becomes competent as evidence when brought within the scope of Section 732, subdivision 2, L. O. L., where we read: “That when a party to an action, suit, or proceeding by or against an executor or administrator appears as a witness in his own behalf, or offers evidence of statements made by deceased against the interest of the deceased, statements of the deceased concerning the same subject matter in his own favor may also be proven. ’ ’ The defendants introduced evidence showing that the deceased also made statements in his own favor concerning his disposition of the land; and the plain*343tiffs contend that this character of evidence is incompetent because Grace Kelsey, as executrix, was not a proper party. Numerous witnesses testify that they had heard Kelsey declare that he had sold an undivided one-fourth interest to Lane Goff; and so, too, witnesses told of having heard Kelsey say that he had rented the land to Goff, and that the deceased had complained because Goff had not paid any rent. Nellie Hutchinson testified that her father told her that Goff had not purchased any land “and that he (Kelsey) was not going to rent it to him (Goff) any more because he had not farmed it right, and he was ruining the ground. ’ ’ At the trial the plaintiffs did not even suggest the objection they now make. The evidence was admissible, however. Grace Kelsey, in her representative capacity as executrix of the estate, is a party defendant and was made such by the plaintiffs themselves when they filed their initial pleading; and, moreover, there is nothing to indicate that she is not a proper party. The executrix is entitled to the possession of the property and to receive' the rents and profits until the administration is completed or the property is surrendered to the heirs or devisees: Section 1185, L. O. L. The complaint alleges that Grace Kelsey as executrix “is now administering said estate under the terms of said last will and testament,” and consequently the right of the executrix to take possession has not been terminated by the completion of the administration of the estate: Section 1304, L. O. L. 7. Having stated the rules pertinent to the issues involved, we shall briefly consider the recitals appearing in the record. The entire tract of land was arid, and *345for that reason was of hnt little value unless made irrigable. Kelsey commenced the construction of an irrigation ditch some time in 1910, and it was not completely finished until after his death, which occurred on May 15, 1913, although water was obtainable from and after 1911. In December, 1911, Charles E. Hutchinson orally agreed to purchase an undivided one-half interest in the land, and at that time paid his father-in-law $3,000; and on October 5, 1912, the agreement was reduced to writing. In June, 1912, L. S. Kelsey' verbally contracted to sell an undivided one fourth to his daughter, Nellie Hutchinson, who made a part payment of $250;' but at some time in the fall of 1912 they rescinded the agreement. Goff farmed about 93 acres of the premises in 1911 and 1912, and during those two seasons the remainder of the land which was cultivated was cropped by renters. In 1911 Goff harvested 845 bushels of grain, and in 1912 he raised 600 sacks of oats and wheat. A man who was working for Goff lived on the 93 acres mentioned, while the plaintiffs at all times resided on a farm about three miles from the property in dispute. After the crops were removed in 1912 Goff quit the premises and then all the land was rented by Kelsey and Charles E. Hutchinson to Jensen and Newman, who cropped about 500 acres in the season of 1913. The plaintiffs claim that Kelsey orally agreed to sell to Lane Goff an undivided one fourth of the 1,160 acres, to be divided when the “ditch was dug,” for $16 per acre, payable at any time within 10 years, with the further understanding that any work done by Goff on the ditch would be credited on the purchase price of the land. Lane Goff contends that he took possession of the 93 acres and farmed that much land in 1911 and 1912, with the intention of carrying out the oral *346agreement relied upon; and while he admits that he relinquished possession after the crop season of 1912, he nevertheless claims that the premises were leased to others for the year 1913, pursuant to an understanding’ with Kelsey that the latter might rent the property for the use and benefit of Goff, and that therefore the tenancy of Jensen and Newman redounded to the benefit of the plaintiffs. The Goffs also insist that the construction of the laterals on the land, work on the main ditch, and repairs to the house and barn furnished the necessary element of permanent improvements. The answering defendants deny that Kelsey ever agreed to sell to Goff, and assert that, even though there was an oral agreement to sell, the plaintiffs are remediless, because Goff occupied the land as a tenant, and not as a contracting purchaser. The evidence establishes the fact that Kelsey did make an agreement to sell to Goff, and that the terms were in the main as contended by the plaintiffs, although it is doubtful whether all the details, such as the payment of taxes, had been settled. Goff never paid any of the taxes because as he says, “I did not have the title,” although the written contract with Charles E. Hutchinson specifically provides that the purchaser shall “pay and keep paid all of the taxes on the lands hereby sold during the continuance of this contract of sale. ’ ’ The repairs to the house and barn were comparatively trifling, and only such as were necessary to make the buildings habitable. It is true that Goff performed work on the main ditch, and that he claims that this work was done because of his contract to buy, while the adverse parties contend that Goff was working for Kelsey the same as other employees. The recitals are so widely divergent and the evidence so largely consists of positive affirmations in *347behalf of one set of litigants, followed by equally emphatic denials fox the opposing parties, that any attempt to reconcile the conflicting testimony would be like trying to transform a rainbow into an arc of a single hue. No useful purpose would be served by an extended recitation and discussion of the testimony, but we do note, in passing, that Kelsey leased all the land to other parties after the crops were harvested in 1912, and Goff was not consulted concerning any of the features of the agreement with the tenants Jensen and Newman; that after Goff quit the premises in 1912, he did not assert any claim to an interest in either the land or the crops until after the death of L. S. Kelsey; that when Charles E. Hutchinson had a settlement with Kelsey after the harvest of 1912, the latter accounted to the former on the basis of having received as rental one third of the crop raised by Goff; that Mrs. Violet Parker, who is prosecuting a suit against these same answering defendants and presumably is not in harmony with them, as a witness for plaintiffs, on cross-examination and without objection being made by the plaintiffs, testified that in “the spring that he was killed” she heard her father speak “of renting Mr. Goff’s part in order to give the renter a better advantage and get a better renter”; that, when explaining his failure to return seed wheat furnished by Kelsey in 1911 and sown by the plaintiff on the 93 acres, Lane-Goff stated: “The next fall after harvest I went to Mr. Kelsey and asked him if he wanted me to return that wheat or pay him for it. He says, ‘Never mind about the wheat. We have failed on the crop; we haven’t made anything, and I don’t want you to pay anything until we make something.’ ” *348The plaintiffs have failed to establish that their possession, or any work done by them, was referable to any contract for the sale of land, even if it be assumed that they have proved all the terms of such contract: Wagonblast v. Whitney, 12 Or. 83 (6 Pac. 399). The decree of the Circuit Court is affirmed. Affirmed. Mr. Justice Eakin did not sit.
6,535
https://github.com/rougin/slytherin/blob/master/tests/Fixture/Classes/ParameterClass.php
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,020
slytherin
rougin
PHP
Code
65
216
<?php namespace Rougin\Slytherin\Fixture\Classes; /** * Parameter Class * * @package Slytherin * @author Rougin Gutib <rougingutib@gmail.com> */ class ParameterClass { /** * @var \Rougin\Slytherin\Fixture\Classes\WithMultipleParameters */ protected $class; /** * @param \Rougin\Slytherin\Fixture\Classes\WithMultipleParameters $class */ public function __construct(WithMultipleParameters $class) { $this->class = $class; } /** * Returns with a string of "With multiple parameters". * * @return string */ public function index() { return $this->class->index(); } }
34,650
https://github.com/BesMarcell/currency-calculator/blob/master/src/containers/Calculator.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
currency-calculator
BesMarcell
JavaScript
Code
62
202
import { connect } from 'react-redux'; import { GET_CURRENCIES_PENDING, } from '../actions'; import Caclulator from '../components/Caclulator'; const mapStateToProps = ({ currencies }) => ({ currencyAbbrs: currencies.entities && currencies.entities.map(currency => ({ label: currency.currency_code, value: currency.currency_code, })), currencies: currencies.entities, isCurrenciesLoading: currencies.isCurrenciesLoading, }); const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => ({ getCurrencies: (date) => { dispatch({ type: GET_CURRENCIES_PENDING, payload: date }); }, }); export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Caclulator);
13,903
6906216_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
2,022
None
None
English
Spoken
771
994
HABEIS, J. The defendants are not entitled to a reduction of the amount due upon the face of the note unless the plaintiff made the alleged representation. Hamlin purchased the premises in 1901 for $3,000. He made substantial improvements, including a house, a bam and about five miles of fence. *171Four different witnesses testified concerning the worth of the farm and placed its market value at from $9,000 to $11,000. The defendant Jeff D. Tharp had owned and operated several different farms, and had been a dairyman and rancher “twenty, or thirty years, somewhere in there.” He had, however, been engaged in the real estate business for a period of four or five months immediately preceding the purchase of the Hamlin farm. Jeff D. Tharp was on the premises during one day and over one night before consummating the purchase; and, although it is conceded by all the litigants that the value of such a farm depends upon the number of acres of the bottom land, Tharp nevertheless claims that he bought the place wholly on Hamlin’s representation and that he “never went to look at it at all with the idea of seeing whether there was any bottom land, or hill land.” Each of the defendants says that the plaintiff represented that there were 80 acres of bottom land, while the plaintiff denies making such a statement. The plaintiff asserts that he told Jeff I). Tharp “there in the house that I bought it from Emmett for sixty aeres, and I didn’t know whether there was that much or not.” The plaintiff is corroborated by his daughter-in-law Mable Hamlin and by his wife Elba Hamlin. Further corroboration of the plaintiff’s version is furnished by L. C. Pauli who testified that in the spring of 1914 Tharp told him that “he bought it for sixty acres of bottom land.” Jacob Wanley worked for Tharp in the spring of 1915 and this witness stated that he and Tharp were going up the bottom one day, “and I says how much bottom land have you, and he says, sixty acres.” In November, 1915, Jeff D. Tharp offered to sell the place to F. A. Meinhardt for $10,000 and “said he had sixty acres” *172of bottom, land. Jeff D. 1-3. The burden of proof rested upon the defendants to show that the plaintiff made the representation alleged in the answer. The evidence is conflicting. The defendants testify that the plaintiff made the representation; the plaintiff says he did not. Three or four months before the sale to the defendants the plaintiff listed the place with a real estate agency conducted by one Carley and the defendant Jeff D. Tharp. Carley made an entry in a book reading thus: “80 acres of Bottom Finest of land.” Hamlin testified that he never saw the book until the trial in July, 1916. This book entry affords one circumstance tending to corroborate the defendants, although it ceases to be a corroborating circumstance if all the testimony given by Hamlin concerning Carley is to be believed. A detailed account of the evidence would not serve any useful purpose. It is sufficient to say that the entire record has been carefully examined and we find a situation where the testimony of the defendants is in irreconcilable conflict with the version of the plaintiff; and while there is some evidence corroborating the defendants there are also circumstances corroborating the plaintiff. After weighing *173the mere paper record of the trial the scales appear to us to incline a little towards the version given by the plaintiff; and while not bound by the findings of the trial judge, yet in view of the record presented to us we do accord some weight to his finding that the plaintiff did not make the alleged representation, because the trial judge had the advantage of seeing the witnesses testify: Goff v. Kelsey, 78 Or. 337, 348 (153 Pac. 103); Shane v. Gordon, 81 Or. 627, 630 (165 Pac. 1167); Tucker v. Kirkpatrick, 86 Or. 677 (169 Pac. 117, 118). The defendants contend that they are entitled to a credit of $6,500 on the note because they were damaged by representations made by plaintiff. In its final analysis this is equivalent to saying that for approximately $3,000 paid by them, the defendants claim the right to keep and retain, without making further payments, personal property worth $500 together with a farm valued at from $9,000 to $11,000. The defendants have not made out a case entitling them to acquire nine or eleven thousand dollars’ worth of property for $3,000. McBride, C. J., Benson and Burnett, JJ., concur.
5,195
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22496832
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
Lac Talvau
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
166
383
Lac Talvau sjö i Kanada Lac Talvau land Kanada Lac Talvau instans av insjö Lac Talvau Geonames-ID 6044004 Lac Talvau höjd över havet Lac Talvau geografiska koordinater Lac Talvau inom det administrativa området Lanaudière Lac Talvau CGNDB-ID EIFXJ lac Talvau lac au Canada lac Talvau pays Canada lac Talvau nature de l’élément lac lac Talvau identifiant GeoNames 6044004 lac Talvau altitude lac Talvau coordonnées géographiques lac Talvau localisation administrative Lanaudière lac Talvau identifiant Banque de noms de lieux du Québec 61604 lac Talvau identifiant Base de données toponymiques du Canada EIFXJ Lac Talvau lake in Lanaudière, Canada Lac Talvau country Canada Lac Talvau instance of lake Lac Talvau GeoNames ID 6044004 Lac Talvau elevation above sea level Lac Talvau coordinate location Lac Talvau located in the administrative territorial entity Lanaudière Lac Talvau Banque de noms de lieux du Québec ID 61604 Lac Talvau CGNDB unique ID EIFXJ Lac Talvau بحيره لاك تالڤاو بحيره لاك تالڤاو واحد من بحيره بحيره لاك تالڤاو بتقع فى التقسيم الادارى لانوديير
28,842
https://github.com/anurag9569/appiumwithJavascript_Android/blob/master/node_modules/devtools/build/commands/getElementProperty.d.ts
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,021
appiumwithJavascript_Android
anurag9569
TypeScript
Code
94
196
import type DevToolsDriver from '../devtoolsdriver'; /** * The Get Element Property command will return the result of getting a property of an element. * * @alias browser.getElementProperty * @see https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#dfn-get-element-property * @param {string} elementId the id of an element returned in a previous call to Find Element(s) * @param {string} name name of the attribute property to retrieve * @return {string} The named property of the element, accessed by calling GetOwnProperty on the element object. */ export default function getElementProperty(this: DevToolsDriver, { elementId, name }: { elementId: string; name: string; }): Promise<unknown>; //# sourceMappingURL=getElementProperty.d.ts.map
40,538
kategreenaway01layagoog_2
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,905
Kate Greenaway
Spielmann, M. H. (Marion Harry), 1858-1948
English
Spoken
7,509
10,359
le forbidden land Kate Greenaway which lay beyond Wellington Street on the one hand and Barnsbury Street on the other. All else was out of bounds. Of course, like all imaginative children, they played at the fascinating game of ' Pretence/ merging their individualities in those of erand and mysterious children whom, nurse-guarded, as the little Green- aways were not, they met on their daily walks. Two there were in particular who, they made believe, had their home in the sky^ descending to earth daily for their morning's exercise. And surely there was nothing incongruous or surprising in the fact that these celestial visitors should choose Islington as the most eligible part of this best of all possible worlds for the purpose. Where else could they see such fascinating shops and such rustling, perfumed ladies i 'Where else such a Fancy Emporium into which you could gaze and gaze for ever (until driven away by the owner) at the picture- books and puzzle-maps in the glass case at the side of the door- way ? ' And when chased away from there, where such another print-shop with its coloured engravings after John Martin — « Belshazzar's Feast,' *The Great Day of Wrath,' and 'The Plains of Heaven ' ? — pictures which Kate never wearied of, and which from their wealth of detail could never be wholly mastered. If variety of entertainment were wanted, was there ever such a diversity of side-shows as the corner of Wellington Street, by great good fortune just within bounds ? — by good fortune, because ^te and her sister, being out on parole, never dreamed of straying beyond the permissible limit. Here one day would be found a sailor with one leg real and the other of wood, appealing to the sympathetic passer-by by means of a large and lurid picture of a ship overturned by a whale. Another day the pitch would be taken by an impostor of the same feather who set forth an equally lurid representation of a battle on ship-board, with a cannon-ball exploding in the midst of a crowded deck and dealing around all manner of grisly and impossible hurts. Impostor he must have been, for no brave man ever hit out so viciously as he did with his crutch at well-behaved children, directly he found that no grown-up people were looking, just because he knew that there were no coppers coming to him from that quarter. Again^ there was the Punch and Judy show. Hither at the first sound of the drum and Punch's weird screech the little Greenaways^ feet would be set incontinently running. Arrived, with breath* less interest they would follow the familiar tragedy, thrill at the ghost, pity the poor trembling protagonist, and foUow the drama ^4- Childhood in Rolleston responsively to its close. But there were times when their eagerness was cruelly balked. As the drama drew to its most thriUing moment, there would fall a great despair upon the little onlookers. Of a sudden the play would stop, and the stage manager, stepping forward, woiUd declare that the audience was not a paying one, and that unless a certain amount of hard cash were forthcoming, he couldn't afFord to go on. Now the little Greenaways never had any money, so they were helpless in the matter, and, if the rest of the audience happened to be in the same plight, as was not rarely the case, there was an abrupt termination to the play for that day, and Punch struck his camp for some less impecunious sphere. But the corner was full of possibilities. As likely as not the Pithless Punch would be replaced in almost no time by the hardly less fascinating Fantoccini — of which Mother Goose with her milk-pails from which jumped little children, the skeleton that came to bits and joined itself together again, and the four little figures dancing a quadrille dwelt longest in the memory. Indeed, rarely was this wonderful corner unoccupied, for, lacking the more regular entertainers, there was always the chance of tumblers, or tight-rope dancers, or a Happy Family. The last-named, by the way, not infrequently belied its description, and had to be hastily curtained for the saving of its impresario's reputation. Such contretemps^ it need hardly be said, met with hearty appreciation from the audience, for children, like their elders, b^r with more than equanimity the misfortunes of others. Again, there were dancing dolls which knocked each other about in very lively fashion, a variety of peep-shows, and a delightful organ with a scene of great ingenuity on the top, in which an executioner cut oiF the head of a queen about once every minute, to the tune of the ^Marseillaise.' There was one dreadful day when there came something more than little Kate had bargained for. In place of the looked-for entertainment, there marched along a man dressed in skins, a modern edition of Solomon Eagle, who blew blasts out of a great brass trumpet and announced in a loud voice that the End of the World was at hand. The shock was a terrible one. For months Kate went about haunted by the gloomiest forebodings. Those gruesome pictures of Martin s in the print-seller's window assumed a new significance. She began to guess at what we call inexor- able fate, to catch a glimpse of destiny. Nor was this all. From 25 4 Bliai^^&'bullc Gauraca claimed pre- of brother John, the make them big enough. ■^Id*i^^>:S^c was a wonder, not indeed f^^S^^^'^L.'^^ value as a srimubtor of i^'H^^i^^uraca came dolls of all sorts jprffec^tiTg; but all of importance, seeing ^Mv^n''W^ those tentative experiments ^^^^tElffenty years later. ^lK^n!#£nc length, and the gist of her »i''S^S' j^lSi first '" '^n^ came the Royal ''^i^M^S^fUb'^'h^*' <^°^' ^ halfpenny) as its ijlso a halfpenny) appropriately / I I THE OPEN DOOR. From a loater-colour dratving in the possesam of Mrs. Arthur Severn, .'.^jijesL^js^ ■■ _ ' ■'•3j»'w3'*--3p«--3j*--3p*--3f- -w. .w. .w. -w* .w. .w. .w_ Childhood in Rolieston habited in a white gauze skirt trimmed with three rows of cerise satin, and, for further distinction and identification, a red ribbon tied across his shoulder and under his left arm. These garments could only be removed by an actual disintegration. The Royal circle was completed by the princes and princesses at a farthing apiece. Their dresses were made from the gauze bonnet linings just then going out of fashion, and such scraps of net and ribbon as had proved unsaleable. The little Greenaways were profoundly interested in the doings of the august personages who were their prototypes. They knew their names, ages, and birthdays as well as they knew each other*s, and eagerly studied their likenesses in the Illustrated London News. On great occasions the children would be taken by Mr. Greenaway to peep in at the gates of Buckingham Palace itself, and Kate wished and wished with all her might that she might be driven through them, as an invited guest, in a Royal coach. Little did she dream that thirty years later would indeed find her an honoured visitor within the sacred precincts, entertained by the Princess Royal (then Crown Princess of Germany), and chatting on easy terms with the future ruler of the German Empire. It was only when she was actually driving between those gates, not exactly in a ' Royal coach,' that the memory of her ardent wish sud- denly recurred to her, for she had never thought of it since ; and it filled her mind as she entered the Royal presence. Then it was she learned that, whikt she as a child had envied the lot of those within, the Princess as a child had envied the freedom of those without, and that a prison is none the less a prison because the bars are of eold. Here also she had the privilege of meeting the Princess Helena (by that time Princess Christian), who doubtless would have been highly amused had she known how often the artless-looking little lady before her had boldly represented her in bygone days when ^pretending' in the wilds of Islington. How heartily, too, would she have laughed (nay, perhaps she may laugh still) at the picture of the ferthing wooden effigy which an enthusiastic little loyalist had invested with her exalted personality in those fast-receding days. After the wooden dolls, with their crude and irremovable garments, came the far more human-looking effigies in china, which populated the cupboard in the little girls' bedroom. Their clothes were all exquisitely made by Kate, and were all removable. They took their walks abroad on the mantelpiece. Their hats 27 Kate Greenaway were made of tiny straw-plaits trimmed with china ribbons and the fluffy down culled from feathers which had escaped from the pillows. They revelled in luxurious gardens made of fig boxes filled with sand collected on Sunday walks to Hampstead Heathy and planted with the tiniest of flowering plants, which often had to be replaced, as they would not thrive in the uncongenial soil. Furniture was hard to come by at a farthing a week, which was Kate's income at this time, but twenty-four weeks' saving got a sixpenny piano, for the sake of which the sacrifice of other expensive pleasures during that period was considered not unreason- able. Once indeed Aunt Aldridge came to town and presented the dolls with a work-table, but so great a piece of good fortune never again befell. Later there were Lowther Arcadian dolls at fourpence half- penny apiece, but these like the royal group were short-lived and ephemeral. They passed away so rapidly that memory lost their identity, whereas ' Doll Lizzie,' made of brown oak, legless, arm- less, and devoid of paint, and ' One-eye,' equally devoid of paint, half- blind, and retaining but one rag arm, were seemingly im- mortal, and were more tenderly loved than all, notwithstanding the fact that their only clothing consisted of old rags tied round them with string. These remnants went to bed with the little girls, and enjoyed other privileges not accorded to the parvenues. London, as we see, was now the home of Kate Greenaway, but fortunately there was Rolleston and the country always in the background as a beautiful and fascinating possibility ; and it was rarely that a year passed without a visit, though now and again not enough money had been saved to make the thing feasible. In Kate's own simple words : In these early days all the farm things were of endless interest to me. I used to go about in the cart with Dadad, and Nancy to draw us. He thought wonderful things of Nancy — no pony was like her. I shared his feeling, and when my Uncle Aldridge used to inquire how the high-mettled racer was, I felt deep indignation. There was no weight Nancy couldn't draw — no speed she could not go at (if she liked), but there was no need on ordinary occasions — there was plenty of time. The cart had no springs — it bumped you about ; that didn't matter to me. Sometimes we used to go to Southwell to get malt. This was a small quiet town two and a half miles off, and the way to drive was through green lane-like roads. It took a good while. Nancy went at a slow jog-trot ; I didn't mind how long it took, it was all a pleasure. 28 Childhood in RoUeston There was an old cathedral called Southwell Minster, with quaint old carvings in stone and old stained-glass windows which they said were broken and buried in Cromwell's time so as to save them. Southwell now possesses a Bishop, but it did not then. Then we used to go to the * Plot,' where all the cottage people had land, to get potatoes or turnips. At hay-time and harvest the cart had one of those framework things fitted on, and Nancy fetched corn or hay. I had a tiny hayfork, a little kit to carry milk in, and a little wash- ing-tub, all exactly like big real ones, only small. I washed dolls' things in the tub, and made hay with the fork, and carried milk in the kit. Then, besides Nancy, there were the three cows, numerous calves, two pigs, two tortoiseshell cats, and a variable number of hens. Variable, for barring ' Sarah Aldridge,* the tyrant of the yard, their lives were sadly precarious, and the cooking-pot in- satiable. ^ Sarah Aldridge, so named after the giver, was a light- coloured, speckled, plump hen with a white neck — a thoroughly bad character, a chartered Jezebel of a fowl, bearing a charmed and wholly undeserved existence. She took, says Kate Greenaway, the biggest share of everything, chased all the other hens, and — crowed. Stowed somewhere in Mary Chappell's memory was the old ^ A whistling woman and a crowing hen Are neither good for God nor men. ^ Sarah Aldridge ' crowed. And when she crowed Mary became strangely moved with mingled rage and fear. She would fling down whatever she was doing. She would fly after * Sarah* breathing dreadful threats. She would run her well-nigh out of her life, nor desist until she was compelled for want of breath. Then she would fall into an awe-stricken state, which she called a ^ dither,' convinced that because of this monstrous breach of nature some terrible thing would be sure to happen. But, notwithstanding her superstitions, Mrs. Chappell was a truly worthy woman, — one of the noblest. Indeed, Kate Green- away always insisted that she was the kindest, most generous, most charitable, the cheerfuUest, and most careful woman she had ever known. To quote her words, Mn all things she was highest and best.' She meant nothing derogatory to her husband when she told every one before his face that he was a ^poor creature.' He entirely agreed. There was no hint at his being 'wanting' in any particular, but rather that Providence was at fault in not vouchsafing him a full measure of health and 29 Si^QgASr^oirstinguishcd than otherwise "^% e0jd( infirmities. He was one of |P$!lSi health. *^i8Jhappell never to speak ill of jcj^ons and I will tell you no ft|||ft3|}s, and the spirit of charity ""TASffned the utmost generosity '* " 1 not know how to be ; always maintained c in love with cheer- I generation has since f Chappell. Her real name _ > her marriage. Before IWI BB^HhMr'BB service with a Colonel, a 'S*Qfiflli4SuS[<^ Byron's and a neighbour .f?(^RfWVw>^^^'^'' Abbey. Of her .^i;^li^^9fcs Kate retained just two •^^!|^Iw Byron, that his body was ^Siufh^g'-^ttae in spirits of wine. Of •^4Q^!^^g4^F that he was so short-sighted «^oS'!B^^2X>m only rubbed down his a^Q^^KSwfe near side, secure that the 7^^rE!&^^ness of his service would •^»p^^j^ iSicovered. WW""" to RoUeston, Phyllis Barns- thc service of the Fryers, butchers. Mrs. Fryer, to j^as devoted, was very severe, 'tempered woman but very ; juft* iSk*ft> '^ '^' 'A* - r^fci^S'SKcS- Here Phyllis stayed until '^^sR*n''vH* doing unheard-of quantities -^^gu20^rS^t half-past two in the morn- ^c^sc at the btest, doing all the ^rk of the farm-house, and p clothes of her master, her — ' -^ P'^^h ^^^ ^^^i" s° many boys. i^wf^ :!&'«; ^^e didn't care how much she ,rt^winj;^^^n4^>£^rM^^yas nothing she was too proud '*^^i^''^^it)^?^^^^^ ^^^ unyielding. She must |fi^^^g% ^f^^^^^in: ^hcsc she wauld have, not I'^^c^^^^xlla.''')^*^^''^^ ^^^ P^<^^ ^y that way. .^. -ft. -ft. . ■ . .*. .*. .*. .«. Childhood in RoUeston When Kate first went to RoUeston the Fryers' farm had passed into the hands of a married daughter, Mrs. Neale, whose husband, an idle, good-natured, foolish man, smoked and drank whilst the butcher-business slipped through his fingers. In Kate's earliest days they were seemingly prosperous enough, and one of the first things the little Greenaways had to do on arrival at RoUeston was to make an odd little morning call at ' The House,' where they were regaled with cowslip wine and sponge-cakes. This was the etiquette of the place : it was the respect due from Cottage to Farm. The Fryers' garden was, in Kate's own words years afterwards, ^ my loved one of all gardens I have ever known,' and that was saying a good deal, for it would be hard to find anywhere a greater lover of gardens than she was. It was her real Paradise. Round the windows of ^ The House ' grew the biggest and brightest convolvuluses in the world Tat least in the world she knew) — deep blue blossoms with ^ pinky stripes and deep pink blossoms with white stripes. Her intimacy with them told her every day where the newest blooms were to be found. Across the gravel path on the left as you emerged from ^ The House ' was a Targe oval bed, with roses, pinks, stocks, sweet Sultans, the brown scabious, white lilies, red lilies, red fuchsias, and in earlv summer, monster tulips, double white narcissus, peonies, crown imperials, and wallflowers. Indeed, all lovely flowers seemed to grow there. And the scent of them was a haunting memory through life. Then there were the biggest, thickest, and bushiest of box borders, nearly a yard high, so thick and solid that you could sit on them and they never gave way. These bounded the long gravel walk which led straight down to the bottom of the garden, and along which grew flowers of every lovely shape and hue. Beyond them on the left was the orchard — apples, pears, plums, and bushy filberts ; on the right the kitchen garden — currant bushes witn their shining transparent bunches, red and white, gooseberries, strawberries, feathery asparagus, and scented herbs such as good cooks and housewives love. It was an enchanted fairyland to the little Londoner and had a far-reaching influence on her life and work. Later on her letters teemed with just such catalogues of flowers. So great was her love for them that, next to seeing them, the mere writing down of their names yielded the most pleasurable emotions. Another thing which greatly appealed to her was the spacious- 31 Kate Greenaway ness of everything — the great house seemingly illimitable in itself^ yet stretching out farther into vast store-houses and monster barns. For those were days when threshing machines were unknown and corn had to wait long and patiently to fulfil its destiny. Indeed, people took pride in keeping their corn, un- threshed, just to show that they were in no need of money. Then large bands of Irishmen wandered over the country at harvest- time, leisurely cutting the corn with sickles, for the machine mower was at that time undreamed of. At the Neales*, too, there were birds innumerable — peacocks strutting and spreading their tails, guinea-fowls, turkeys with alarming voices and not less alarming ways, geese, pigeons, ducks^ and fowls. All these things were in the early RoUeston days, but they did not last. By degrees, through neelect and carelessness, the business drifted away from the Neales into more practical and frugal hands, and in the end they were ruined — wronged and defrauded by the lawyers, the Chappells believed, but in reality abolished by the natural process of cause and effect. Anyhow, the Chappells acted up to their belief, and with unreasoning loyalty gave them money, cows, indeed everything they had, until they were themselves literally reduced to existing on dry bread and were involved in the general down&U. In this Mary Chappell was, of course, the moving spirit, but her husband agreed with all she did, and took his poor fare without complaint. But before the crash came there were many happy days and lively experiences. There was Newark market on Wednesdays^ to which Mary Chappell always went with Mrs. Neale, sometimes, but rarely, accompanied by the latter's husband. On special occasions Kate went too. Fanny, the brown pony, drew them in a lovely green cart. When Mr. Neale went, Mrs. Chappell and Kate sat behind. When he didn't, Kate sat behind alone and listened to the two ladies talking about Fanny as if she were a human being, discussing her health, her likes and dislikes of things she passed on the road, in full enjoyment of the never-failing topic of * the old girl.' There was a good deal of preliminary interest about these expeditions. There was the walk up to ' The House * with Mary Chappell heavily laden with baskets of butter on each arm. Mary was no ordinary butter-seller. She would no more have dreamed of standing in the butter-market to sell her butter than she would 3^ Childhood in RoUeston have dreamed of selling it to the shops to be vended over the counter like ordinary goods. Only people who did not keep their pans properly clean would stoop to that. No, she ^ 'livered ' her own butter. She had her own regular customers who had had her butter for years, and they always wanted more than she could supply. The making of good butter and cheese was part of her religion. She would drop her voice and speak only in whispers of people — half criminals she thought them — whose puncheons were not properly cleansed, whose butter might ' turn ' and whose cheese might* run.' Arrived at ' The House,' they would find the green cart waiting before the door. Then a farm hand would stroll leisurely round with Fanny and put her into the shafts. Everything was done slowly at Rolleston, and bustle was unknown. Next would come Sarah Smith, the maid, with a basket after her kind. Then a help or out of-door servant, with another after his kind. A minute later some one bearing ducks or fowls with their legs tied. These went ignominiously under the seat, and took the cream, as it were, off Kate's day. Their very obvious fate made her miser- able, but she cajoled herself into something like happiness by imagining that some one might buy them * who didn't want to eat them and would put them to live in a nice place where they could be happy.' As the prospect of starting became more imminent, Mrs. Neale would arrive with the whip and a small basket. Then Mr. Neale, and the two young Fryer nephews who lived with them, Vt^ould stroll round to see them off. At the last moment would arrive baskets of plums, apples, pears, and, perhaps, sage cheeses, and a start would then be made. The five miles into Newark, through Staythorpe, Haverham, and Kelham, where the Suttons, to whom nearly all Rolleston belonged, lived at 'The Hall,' was a progress of great enjoyment and variety, for they knew not only all the people they met on the road, but all the animals and all the crops, and these had all to be discussed. 33 5 'a"**-^ Mks. Neali. Kate Greenaway Arrived at Newark, Mrs. Neale was left at the inn, whilst Mary and Kate went their rounds with the butter. All the customers got to know Kate, and the little girl received a warm welcome year after year in the pretty red-brick, green-vine-clad courtyards with which Newark abounded. When the butter was sold the shopping came, and when all the necessary groceries and supplies had been laid in, a stroll through the market-place, where peppermints striped and coloured like sheUs were to be got. Why people bought groceries when they could afford peppermints Kate didn't know. In the market of course everything was on sale that could be imagined, from butter to boots, from pears to pigs, from crockery to calves. But it was the crockery that had a peculiar fascination for Mary, and many an unheard-of bargain made a hole in her thinly -lined pocket. These pots were from Staffordshire and became Kate's cherished possession in after years. At last there was the weary return to the inn-yard to find Mrs. Neale, who might or might not be ready to go home. Anyhow Fanny and the cart were always welcome enough when the time came to exchange the confusion and hubbub of the town for the quiet country roads again. * It didn't matter what time they arrived home, Chappell would always be found watching for them at the gate. Tea was ready and they were hungry for it ; Chappell, too, for he spent the whole afternoon on market days leaning over the gate. It was his one chance in the week of seeing his acquaintances as they passed to Newark, and it was his one chance of buying pigs. He had a weakness for pigs, and he would stop every cart that had a likely one on board. Sometimes he would have out a whole load, would bargain for half-an-hour, and then refuse to have one. Time was of no consequence to him, but the owner's wrath would be great, for all the pigs that were wanted in Newark might be bought before he could arrive there. Then the cart would be driven away to a blasphemous accompaniment, leaving Chappell blandly smiling, placid and undisturbed. This would be repeated many times until the pigs arrived which took his fzncy. On great and rare occasions, Kate would go to market with Aunt Aldridge in a high dog-cart behind a spanking horse named Jack. Then she would have a taste of really polite society, and would be taken to dine in a big room at the chief inn with the leading farmers and their wives. For in the Nottinghamshire of 34 Childhood in RoUeston those days the farmers were in a large way, prosperous and with plenty of money to spend. It was quite a shock and surprise to her in after life to see farmers in other parts of the country little better than labourers. For this reason she never cared for Thomas Hardy's books ; she never could get on terms with his characters. But with George Eliot's it was quite another matter. Mrs. Glegg, Mrs. Tulliver, Mrs. Poyscr, and the rest, she had 'Dadad* and Ann going to Church. known all her life. They were old friends and she felt at home with them at once. Kate was present at two great events at RoUeston — a fire and a flood. Here is her own account of them : — The fire happened in a cottage joining Mrs. Neale's farm. It joined the kitchen. It was a blazing hot day in August, in the morning, about 1 1 o'clock, when suddenly there were loud shrieks of * Fire ! ' and I saw Ann rushing to the gate shouting out ' Fire ! ' at the top of her voice, quite unconscious of what she was doing. It was far o^ us. But the danger was to Mrs. Neale's. They all started off except Ann and me. Then groups of people went rushing by to help ; 35 Kate Greenaway by and by came my Aant Aldridge and my sister Lizzie and all the work- women and servants that could possibly be spared. The small fire-engine was miles away at Southwell, so the men and women were formed into a long line from the house to the nearest point of the stream, and passed buckets of water from hand to hand (they could hardly use their hands for dap afterwards). But the cottage was burnt down and a bit of the roof of Mrs. Neale's kitchen. Fortunately it stopped there, but they moved all the things out of the house for fear it should not be saved. The best bedroom floor of polished oak was so slippery the men could hardly walk about to move the things. Some of the men behaved disgracefully, tapping the casks of wine and beer that had to be brought out into the yard. I shall never forget my terror and fright of this day, and to ^ Mamam ' it was as the end of all things. One summer when we went down — the day was pouring wet, it had been very rainy — ^I went to the Chappells', Lizzie to Aunt Aldridge's. When I got up the next morning I found a great event had taken place in the night — the floods were out — ^rose in the night. They (the Chappells) were called up about 1 1 o'clock and had to get up and go off to save their animals, which all had to be brought home. Fortu- nately they were in time to save them all— others were not so lucky. The house and the next house and the croft were high and dry. The croft was filled with animals — sheep and calves. When you looked out at the front gate, each way you looked you saw a stream of muddy water rushing across the road. There was a tendency to floods at Rolleston, only not bad like this. Both Trent and Greet overflowed and met and then flooded all over the country. No houses at Rolleston were washed away, but the lower parts of the houses were flooded, cellars and drains were filled up with water, the contents floating on the top. The people used to wait at the end of the street where the water rushed over, and people who were passing in carts would drive them through the water, and boys crossed over in washing- tubs. A great many animals were drowned. The Neales lost a great many sheep. After some days the floods began to subside and you could begin to get about, and then my sister could get down to see me, for we were quite separated for days. After the water had all gone the country was horrible, covered with mud and dead worms, and it smelt dreadfully. I stayed some weeks, and before 1 left it had returned pretty much to its old look again. This was the only time I was ever there in what they called ' the waters being out.' Next we have a glimpse of Kate making triumphant pro- gresses in the corn-waggons and hay-carts as they rattled back empty to the fields. The corn- waggons, it must be admitted, had 36 '^^;l^j^^^*;^7W^2*^i-^^»OFT AT KOLLESTOK. ttBr»tUta<BMja«Si'*^asit<QB juwif girl. -.J.-. JJ.gr. J. : J: .5. :j: Jf :g: -»■ -*• Childhood in Rolleston a drawback in the little dark beetles — ^ clocks ' as the waggoners called them — which ran about and threatened her legs. But these were soon forgotten in the near prospect of a ride back perched high on the Harvest Home load, decked with green branches, while the men chanted — * Mr. is a good man, He gets his harvest as well as he can, Neither turned over nor yet stuck fast. He's got his harvest home at last Hip, hip, hip, hurrah ! * And she loved to sit on the stile watching for the postman. In earliest days ' he was an imposing person who rode on a donkey and blew a brass trumpet. If you wished to despatch a letter and lived alongside his beat you displayed it in your window to attract his attention. When he saw a letter thus paraded, he drew rein, blew a blast, and out you ran with your letter. If you lived off his route you had to put your letter in somebody else's window. So with the delivery. Aunt Aldridge's letters, for example, were left at the Chappells' and an old woman got a halfpenny a letter for taking them up to the Odd House.' In those days the post- man was clearly not made for man, but man for the postman. Once and once only Kate went iishing at the flour mill, which had its water-wheel on the Greet. She sketches the scene vividly in a few words. How lovely it all was, she tells us — the lapping of the water against the banks of the reedy river, the great heaps of corn, the husks, the floury sacks and carts, the white-coated millers, the clean white scent, and, above all, the excitement of looking out for the fish ! What could be better than that ? It was about as good as good could be, when of a sudden all was changed. There was a jerk of the rod, a brief struggle and a plunge, and there lay a gasping fish with the hook in its silly mouth, bleeding on the bank. What could be worse than that ? It was about as bad as bad could be. The sun had gone in. The sky was no longer blue, and misery had come into the world. She loathed the task of carrying the poor dead things home to be cooked, and she refused to partake of the dreadful dish. It was all too sad. The pleasant river and the bright glorious days were all over for them and she was not to be comforted. And that was the end of Kate's single fishing experience. Surely fete was in a singularly ironical mood when, in later years, it brought her 37 Kate Greenaway a letter of hypercritical remonstrance because of her supposed advocacy of what the writer considered a cruel and demoralising sport ! Indeed, we have only to read her rhyme of ' Miss Molly and the little fishes' in Marigold Garden to realise that her senti- ments as a child remained those of the woman : Oh, sweet Miss Molly, You're so fond Of fishes in a little pond. And perhaps they're glad To see you stare With such bright eyes Upon them there. And when your fingers and your thumbs Drop slowly in the small white crumbs, I hope they're happy. Only this — When you've looked long enough, sweet miss. Then, most beneficent young giver. Restore them to their native river. In this fashion the little ^ Lunnoner,' as she was always called, got her fill of the country, and her intimacy with more or less unsophisticated nature — a love which was her prevailing passion throughout her life. Her early education was alike unsatis&ctory and varied, for at that time it was extremely difficult to find girls' schools at once convenient of access and reasonable in price, where the teaching was of any value. After leaving Mrs. Allaman's, of whom mention has been made, Kate was handed over to a Miss Jackson, where she remained only a few days. Thence she went to a Miss Varley, but here also her career was a short one. She soon fell ill, ^ under the strain,' said Mrs. Greenaway, ^ of impossible lessons,' and was promptly removed. Then a trial was made of some ladies named Fiveash. Here again Kate's health flagged. She herself was inclined to put it down to the fact that Miss Anne Fiveash, of whom she was otherwise fond enough, had a cross eye, which filled her with terror. At any rate, the new scheme succeeded no better than the old ones, and this for the time being was an end of school. Henceforward the child's education was continued, if it could properly be said yet to have begun, by a lady who came two or three afternoons a-week to give lessons (very bad ones they were) in French and music. This arrangement lasted 38 Sg-sTf4T^B-n*-ns*~ THOMAS CHAPPELL (' DADAD ')* Dravm m kit §id age hy Kmu GrtemavfOf, 4 I ^ii^ii.^wjgi.'^:z'^^i»' z^z ij; ;g; 15; ;g; ig: ij: ^^f^KS!K3TKSKSS^!SK!!S Childhood in RoUeston for several years ; at the end of which time Kate went back to Miss Fiveash's, where she remained until she left school altogether. During all this time she was drawing as much as she could in private. When Kate was six years old her brother John was born ; and of course she remembered to her dying day all the clothes he ever had, and all those which she and her sisters had at the same time ; and she notes the details of three of his earliest costumes which she remembered to good purpose. First, a scarlet pelisse, and a white felt hat with feathers ^ next, a drab pelisse and a drab felt hat with a green velvet rosette , and thirdly, he was resplendent in a pale blue frock, a little white jacket, and a white Leghorn hat and feather — ^all of which afterwards found resurrection in the Greenaway picture-books. There was always a deep bond of sympathy between Mr. Greenaway and his little daughter, whom, by the way, he nick- named ^ Knocker,' to which it amused him to compare her face when she cried. Her devotion to her father doubtless had for- reaching results, for not only was Mr. Greenaway an accomplished engraver, but an artist of no mean ability. And there was a fascination and mystery about his calling which made a strong appeal to her imagination. On special occasions he would be commissioned to make drawings for the Illustrated London News^ and then Kate's delight would be unbounded. The subject might be of Queen Victoria at some such ceremony as the opening of Parliament ; or sometimes of some more stirring occurrence — such, for example, as that which necessitated the long journey into Staffordshire to make sketches of the house and surroundings of the villainous doctor, William Palmer, the Rugeley murderer, an event which stood out in her memory as of supreme interest and importance. Mr. Greenaway's office, as long as Kate could remember, was 4, Wine Office Court, Fleet Street. There most of his work was done ; but when, as frequently happened, there was a scramble to get the wood blocks engraved in time for the press, he would have to work the greater part of two consecutive nights. Then he would bring portions of his blocks home, distributing the less important sections among his assistants, so that the whole might be ready in the morning. These were times of superlative pleasure to Kate. She would wake up about midnight and see the gas still burning outside in 39 Kate Greenaway the passage. This meant that her father was hard at work down- stairs. About one o'clock he would go to bed, snatch an hour or two's sleep, and be at it again until it was time to be off to the City. This was his routine, and Kate quickly planned how to take advantage of it. Waiting till sister Fanny was asleep, she would slip out of bed, hurry into her clothes, all except her frock and shoes, and, covering them with her little niehtgown, creep back into bed again. Thus prepared for eventualities, she would fall asleep. But not for long. Somehow she would manage to wake again in the small hours of the morning and see if the light of the gas jet in the passage stiil shone through the chink of the door. If it did, she would climb with all quietness out of bed, dofF her nightdress, slip into her frock, take her shoes in her hand and creep softly down to the drawing-room, where her father was at work. Then he would &sten her dress and she would set to work to make his toast. And so the two would breakfast together alone in the early hours with supreme satisfaction. Here Miss Greenaway's autobiographical notes come to an abrupt termination, save for a sheet of memoranda which stimulate but do not satisfy curiosity. How, we may ask, did the ' Fear of Water-taps ' take her ? — a fear which lasted all her life. What confessions did she contemplate under the heading ^ My Religious Fit,' and *My Fight,' and what episodes would have grouped themselves under ' Pincushions ' ? k\>^^ Explanatory Skktch or Rolleston Cottage Farm. ^ ^ i- ^ ci- 1 Gate to Our Bedroom. Mamaxn's Bedroom. Gate to Croft. Carl Shed. Q^rden. Kitchen. House. Parlour. Road. 40 :^-;rili':t"t-r;S-T- :^; ■»■*«• ^#^-"""""-'"- CHAPTER IV STUDENT DAYS AND EARLY SUCCESS : EARLY PROMISE AND ART CLASSES — SOUTH KENSINGTON PRIZES — LADY BUTLER — DUDLEY GALLERY REV. W. J. LOFTIE AND MESSRS. MARCUS WARD ' AMATEUR THEATRICALS ' — TOY- BOOKS AND FAIRY-TALES — PROGRESS. In 1857 ^^^ whole of Great Britain, as has been said, was stirred to its depths by the terrible events which were talcing place in India. People talked and thought of little else besides the Mutiny, and the papers, prominent among them the Illustrated London NewSy properly played up to the public's dreadful hunger for literary and pictorial details. Many of the latter passed through the hands of Mr. Greenaway, and nothing was more natural than that Kate, with her inborn artistic capacity, should try her hand at ex- pressing the sensations so aroused, pictorially. Here is her own memorandum on the subject, written on an isolated leaf of the autobiographic notes : — At the time of the Indian Mutiny I was always drawing people escaping. I wish I had some of the old drawings, but they were nearly always done on a slate and rubbed oW again. We knew all about it from the Illustrated London NeioSy and the incident of the Highland woman who heard the bagpipes made a great impression on me. I could sit and think of the sepoys till I could be wild with terror, and I used sometimes to dream of them. But I was always drawing the ladies, nurses, and children escaping. Mine always escaped and were never taken. Fortunately, Kate's father and mother were not blind to the promise of these tentative efforts. The root of the matter they felt was in her, and the first opportunity must be taken of giving it a chance of growth and development. This opportunity was not long in coming, and by the time she was twelve years old her artistic education had already begun. The first art class to which she went was that held at William Street, Clerkenwell, close to Claremont Square. A girl-cousin 41 6 Kate Greenaway (one of the Thornes) was at that time being educated as a wood- engraver by Mr. John Greenaway, who sent his pupil to this evening class — a school in connection with the Science and Art Department (now the Board of Education). So that she should not go alone, his daughter was sent to bear her company ^ and £ate soon showed such undoubted signs of ability that it was decided her attendance should continue. She was soon promoted to the day class carried on by Miss Doidge, which was held at Miss Springet's school at Canonbury House, also under the Science and Art Department, and Kate remained a member of it during its successive removals to St. George's Hall, Barns- bury Street, and Myddleton Hall, close to the Greenaways* dwelling. To Kate, Canonbury House was an ancient palace. It was an interesting old place, with beautiful moulded ceilings and a wonderful Jacobean fireplace, which is figured and described in Nelson's History of Islington. It stood immediately behind Canonbury Tower, which was said to have been one of Queen Elizabeth's innumerable hunting-boxes, and was popularly believed to have subterranean passages leading to Smithfield. So satisfactory and encouraging was Kate's progress — her first prize was gained when she was twelve years old — that in due time it was determined that she should make Art her profession, and she forth with joined the chief school of the Art Department, then imder Mr. R. Burchett, who soon formed a very high opinion of her talents and prospects. In 1861 she was awarded the bronze medal (local). Stage 10 A ; in 1864 the ^National,' Staee 22; and in 1869 the silver (South Kensington), Stage 17 B.^ The set of six tiles, here reproduced, display charming harmonies of colour. One is composed of olive-green and two different yellows on a slate -blue ground, while the flowers are outlined with white edges. In another, crimson-purple, russet- yellow, and blue are on a slate-grey ground ; and in a third the grey-blue flowers are outlined with white, and grey-green, violet, purple, and yellow tell richly on a brown ground. The other schemes of colour are equally well combined, and the pattern designs are all good, and display a sense of grace and ability in line and arrangement.^ In addition to the awards mentioned, ^ The head in water-colours, which won her the silver medal, was bought by the late Sir Julian Goldsmid. ' Official inscription on the drawing : * National Medallion Award. Finsbury, 1864. Stage 22. Aged 17 years. Time in School, 9 sessions, 4 hours a week. Medals already obtained in Stages 4^, 10*, 10^, 22^. Teachers : S. A. Doidge, S. Hipwood.' 42 KATE GRBBNAWAY's PRIZE STUDENT-WORK. A facsimile reproduction in colour of'one of the dratoings far tiles siown in the plate illustrating the set of six. •£c.fA aS> ifr aSt aA ^Sb *9* aS,.
29,083
https://github.com/TPei/thesis_code/blob/master/functions/postgres/postgres_query/main.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
null
thesis_code
TPei
JavaScript
Code
54
166
const { Client } = require('pg') function main(params) { var client = new Client({ user: params.user, password: params.password, database: params.dbname, port: params.port, host: params.host, ssl: true }); client.connect() return client.query(params.query).then(res => { client.end() return { docs: res.rows, passthrough: params.passthrough } }).catch(err => { client.end() return { error: err } }) } exports.main = main;
33,094
<urn:uuid:d474a6bd-1a59-4e50-82f0-ca9dccc83cc2>
French Open Data
Open Government
Various open data
null
https://www.tousbenevoles.org/trouver-une-association-benevole/79/bressuire/afm-coordination-telethon-deux-sevres-nord-6331?cp=56&scrollto=resultats
associations.gouv.fr
Standard Latvian
Spoken
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JE DEVIENS BÉNÉVOLE ! JE CONTACTE L'ASSOCIATION JE FAIS UN DON ÀAFM -... Infos pratiquesSite web coordination.telethon.fr/coo/079N/ Coordonnées Place de l'église, Quartier Saint-Porchaire BRESSUIRE (79300)Filtrer les missions bénévoles par département :Effacer0102030405060708111213141516171820212223242526272829303132333435373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646667686970717274757778798081838485868889909192939495973974Il y a 9 missions bénévoles dans le département 56 - MorbihanSantéResponsable administratif et financier pour une association d'aide aux maladesLieu : MORBIHAN (56)Type : Gestion financière et comptableAssociation : AFM - Coordination Téléthon - Morbihan (Ouest)Date : Tout le tempsDisponibilité demandée : Deux demi-journées par semaine
21,077
lifeofhoracegree0000part_21
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,869
The life of Horace Greeley
Parton, James, 1822-1891
English
Spoken
6,835
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ministry which shall systematically, promptly, fearlessly war upon every shape and disguise of evil— which shall fearlessly grapple with war and slave¬ ry, and every loathsome device by which man seeks to glut his appetites at the expense of his brother’s well-being, it will he secured to us through the instrumentality of the very reform I advocate— a reform which shall render the clergyman independent of his parishioners, and enable him to say man¬ fully to all, ‘ You may cease to pay, but I shall not cease to preach, so long as you have sins to reprove, and I have strength to reprove them ! I live in good part by the labor of my hands, and can do so wholly whenever that shall become necessary to the fearless discharge of my duty. “ A single illustration more, and I draw this long dissertation to a close. I shall speak now more directly to facts within my own knowledge, and which have made on me a deep and mournful impression. I speak to your experi¬ ence, too, friends of the Pheuix and Union Societies — to your future if not to your past experience — and I entreat you to heed me ! Every year sends forth from our Colleges an army of brave youth, who have nearly or quite exhausted their little means in procuring what is termed an education, and must now find some remunerating employment to sustain them while the}7, are more specially fitting themselves for and inducting themselves into a Profession. Some of them find and are perforce contented with some meager clerkship ; but the great body of them turn their attention to Literature — to the instruction of their juniors in some school or family, or to the instruction of the world through the Press. Hundreds of them hurry at once to the cities and the journals, seeking employment as essayists or collectors of intelligence — bright visions of Fame in the foreground, and the gaunt wolf Famine hard at their heels. Alas for them ! they do not see that the very circumstances under which they seek admission to the calling they have chosen almost forbid the idea of their succeeding in it. They do not approach the public with thoughts struggling for utterance, but with stomachs craving bread. They seek the Press, not that they may proclaim through it what it would cost their lives to repress, but that they may preserve their souls to their bodies, at some rate. Do you not see under what immense disadvantages one of this band enters upon his selected vocation, if be has the rare fortune to find or make a place in it? He is sur¬ rounded, elbowed on every side by anxious hundreds, eager to obtain employ¬ ment on any terms; he must write not what he feels, but what another needs; must ‘ regret’ or 1 rejoice’ to order, working for the day, and not venturing to utter a thought which the day does not readily approve. And can you fancy that is the foundation on which to build a lofty and durable renown — a brave and laudable success of any kind 1 I tell you no, young friends ! — the farthest from it possible. There is scarcely any position more perilous to generous impulses and lofty aims — scarcely any which more eminently threatens to sink the Man in the mere schemer and stiiver for subsistence and selfish gratifica¬ tion. I say, then, in deep earnestness, to every youth who hopes or desires to THE ORGANIZATION OF LABOR. 341 become usel i to his Race or in any degree eminent through Literature, Seek first of all things a position of pecuniary independence ; learn to live by the labor of your hands, the sweat of your face, as a necessary step toward the career you contemplate. If you can earn but three shillings a day by rugged yet moderate toil, learn to live contentedly on two shillings, and so preserve your mental faculties fresh and unworn to read, to observe, to think, thus pre¬ paring yourself for the ultimate path you have chosen. At length, when a mind crowded with discovered or elaborated truths will have utterance, begin to write sparingly and tersely for the nearest suitable periodical — no matter how humble and obscure — if the thought is in you, it will find its way to those who need it. Seek not compensation for this utterance until compensation shall seek you ; then accept it if an object, and not involving too great sacri¬ fices of independence and disregard of more immediate duties. In this way alone can something like the proper dignity of the Literary Character be re¬ stored and maintained. But while every man who either is or believes him¬ self capable of enlightening others, appears only anxious to sell his faculty at the earliest moment and for the largest price, I cannot hope that the Public will be induced to regard very profoundly either the lesson or the teacher.” Such is the substance of Horace Greeley’s message to the literary and refined. I turn now to the lecture on the Organization of Labor, and select from it a short narrative, the perusal of which will enable the reader to understand the nature of Mr. Greeley’s advice to working-men. The story may become historically valuable ; be¬ cause the principle which it illustrates may be destined to play a great part in the Future of Industry. It may be true, that the despotic principle is not essential to permanence and prosperity, though nothing has yet attained a condition of permanent pros¬ perity except by virtue of it. But here is the narrative, and it is worthy of profound consideration : “ The first if not most important movement to be made in advance of our present Social position is the Organization of Labor. This is to be effect¬ ed by degrees, by steps, by installments. I propose here, in place of setting forth any formal theory or system of Labor Reform, simply to narrate what I saw and heard of the history and state of an experiment now in progress near Cincinnati, and which differs in no material respects from some dozen or score of others already commenced in various parts of the United States, not to speak of twenty times as many established by the Working Men of Paris and other portions of Prance. “ The business of Iron-Molding, casting, or whatever it may be called. 342 ON THE PLATFORM. is one of the most extensive and thrifty of the manufactures of Cincinnati, and I believe the labor employed therein is quite as well rewarded as Labor gen¬ erally. It is entirely paid by the piece, according to an established scale of prices, so that each workman, in whatever department of the business, is paid according to his individual skill and industry, not a rough average of what is supposed to be earned by himself and others, as is the case where work is paid for at so much per day, week or month. I know no reason why the Iron- Molders of Cincinnati should not have been as well satisfied with the old ways as anybody else. “Yet the system did not ‘work well,’ even for them. Beyond the general unsteadiness of demand for Labor and the ever-increasing pressure of compe¬ tition, there was a pretty steadily recurring ‘ dull season,’ commencing about the first of January, when the Winter’s call for stoves, Ac., had been sup¬ plied, and holding on for two or three months, or until the Spring business opened. In this hiatus, the prior savings of the Molders were generally con¬ sumed — sometimes less, but perhaps oftener more — so that, taking one with another, they did not lay up ten dollars per annum. By-and-by came a col¬ lision respecting wages and a ‘strike,’ wherein the Journeymen tried for months the experiment of running their heads against a stone wall. How they came out of it, no matter whether victors or vanquished, the intelligent reader will readily guess. I never heard of any evils so serious and com¬ plicated as those which eat out the heart of Labor being cured by doing nothing. “ At length — but I believe after the strike had somehow terminated — some of the Journeymen Molders said to each other : ‘ Standing idle is not the true cure for our grievances : why not employ ourselves I’ They finally con¬ cluded to try it, and, in the dead of the Winter of 1847-8, when a great many of their trade were out of employment, the business being unusually depressed, they formed an association under the General Manufacturing Law of Ohio iwhich is very similar to that of New York), and undertook to establish the Journeymen Molders’ Union Foundry. There were about twenty of them who put their hands to the work, and the whole amount of capital they could scrape together was two thousand one hundred dollars, held in shares of twenty-five dollars each. With this they purchased an eligible piece of ground, directly on the bank of the Ohio, eight miles below Cincinnati, with which ‘ the Whitewater Canal’ also affords the means of ready and cheap communication With their capital they bought some patterns, flasks, an en¬ gine and tools, paid for their ground, and five hundred dollars on their first ouilding, which was erected for them partly on long credit by a firm in Cin¬ cinnati, who knew that the property was a perfect security for so much of its lost, and decline taking credit for any benevolence in the matter. Their iron, coal, Ac., to commence upon were entirely and necessarily bought on credit. “Having elected Directors, a Foreman, and a Business Agent (the last to A NARRATIVE FOR WORKINGMEN. 343 open a store in Cincinnati, buy stock, sell wares, Ac.) the Journeymen’s Union set to work, in August, 1848. Its accommodations were then meager ; they have since been gradually enlarged by additions, until their Foundry is now the most commodious on the river. Their stock of patterns, flasks, Ac., has grown to be one of the best ; while their arrangements for unloading coal and iron, sending off stoves, coking coal, Ac., Ac., are almost perfect. They com¬ menced with ten associates actually at work ; the number has gradually grown to forty ; and there is not a better set of workmen in any foundry in America. I profess to know a little as to the quality of castings, and there are no better than may be seen in the Foundry of 1 Industry ’ and its store at Cincinnati. And there is obvious reason for this in the fact that every workman is a pro¬ prietor in the concern, and it is his interest to turn out not only his own work in the best order, but to take care that all the rest is of like quality. All is carefully examined before it is sent away, and any found imperfect is con¬ demned, the loss falling on the causer of it. But there is seldom any deserv¬ ing condemnation. “ A strict account is kept with every member, who is credited for all he does according to the Cincinnati Scale of Prices, paid so much as he needs of his earnings in money, the balance being devoted to the extension of the concern and the payment of its debts, and new stock issued to him therefor. When¬ ever the debts shall have been paid off, and an adequate supply of implements, teams, stock, Ac., bought or provided for, they expect to pay every man his earnings weekly in cash, as of course they may. I hope, however, they will prefer to buy more land, erect thereon a most substantial and commodious dwelling, surround it with a garden, shade-trees, &c., and resolve to live as well as work like brethren. There are few uses to which a member can put a hundred dollars which might not as well be subserved by seventy-five if the money of the whole were invested together. “ The members were earning when I visited them an average of fifteen dol¬ lars per week, and meant to keep doing so. Of course they work hard. Many of them live inside of four dollars per week, none go beyond eight. Their Business Agent is one of themselves, who worked with them in the Foundry for some months after it was started. He has often been obliged to report, ‘I can pay you no money this week,’ and never heard a murmur in reply. On one occasion he went down to say, ‘ There are my books ; you see what I have received and where most of it has gone : here is one hundred dollars, which is all there is left.’ The members consulted, calculated, and made answer : ‘We can pay our board so as to get through another week with fifty dollars, and you had better take back the other fifty, for the business may need it before the week is through.’ When I was there, there had been an Iron note to pay, ditto a Coal, and a boat-load of coal to lay in for the winter, sweeping off all the money, so that for more than three weeks no man had had a dollar. Yet no one had thought of complaining, for all knew that the delay was dictated! 344 ON THE PLATFORM. not by another’s interest, but their own. They knew, too, that the assurance of their payment did not depend on the frugality or extravagance of some employer, who might swamp the proceeds of his business and their labor in an unlucky speculation, or a sumptuous dwelling, leaving them to whistle for their money. There were their year’s earnings visibly around them in stoves and hollow ware, for which they had abundant and eager demand in Cincin¬ nati, but which a break in the canal had temporarily kept back ; in iron and coal for the winter’s work ; in the building over their heads and the imple¬ ments in their hands. And while other molders have had work ‘ off and on,’ according to the state of the business, no member of the Journeymen’s Union has stood idle a day for want of work since their Foundry was first started. Of course, as their capital increases, the danger of being compelled to suspend work at any future day grows less and less continually. “ The ultimate capital of the Journeymen’s Union Foundry (on the pre¬ sumption that the Foundry is to stand by itself, leaving every member to pro¬ vide his own home, &c.) is to be eighteen thousand dollars, of which seven thousand dollars has already been paid in, most of it in labor. The remain¬ der is all subscribed by the several associates, and is to be paid in labor as fast as possible. That done, every man may be paid in cash weekly for his work, and a dividend on his stock at the close of each business year. The workers hav3 saved and invested from three hundred dollars to six hundred dollars each since their commencement in August of last year, though those who have joined since the start have of course earned less. Few or none had laid by so much in five to ten years’ working for others as they have in one year working for themselves. The total value of their products up to the time of my visit is thirty thousand dollars, and they were then making at the rate of five thousand dollars’ worth per month, which they do not mean to diminish. All the profits of the business, above the cost of doing the work at journey¬ men’s wages, will be distributed among the stockholders in dividends. The officers of the Union are a Managing Agent, Foreman of the Foundry, and five Directors, chosen annually, but who can be changed meantime in case of necessity. A Reading-Room and Library were to be started directly ; a spa¬ cious boarding-house (though probably not owned by the Union) will go up this season. No liquor is sold within a long distance of the Union, and there is little or no demand for any. Those original members of the Union who were least favorable to Temperance have seen fit to sell out and go away. “ Now is it reasonable that the million or so of hireling laborers throughout our country who have work when it suits others’ convenience to employ them, and must stand idle perforce when it does not, can read the above simple nar¬ ration — which I have tried to render as lucid as possible — and not be moved to action thereby'? Suppose they receive all they earn when employed — which of course they generally do not, or how could employers grow rich by merely buying their labor and selling it again 1 — should not the simple fact THE CATASTROPHE. 345 that these Associated 'Workers never lack employment when they desire it, and never ask any master’s leave to refrain from working when they see fit, arrest public attention'? Who is such a slave in soul that he wruld not rather be an equal member of a commonwealth than the subject of a despotism 1 Who would not like to taste the sweets of Liberty on work-days as well as holidays ? Is there a creature so abject that he considers all this mere poetry and moonshine, which a little hard experience will dissipate ? Suppose the Cincinnati Iron-Molders’ Association should break down, either through some defect in its organization or some dishonesty or other misconduct on the part of one or more of its members — what would that prove 1 Would it any more prove the impracticability of Industrial Associations than the shipwreck and death of Columbus, had such a disaster occurred on his second or third voyage to America, would have disproved the existence of the New World 7 The story is incomplete ; the catastrophe is wanting. It can be told in one word, and that word is failure! The Union existed about two years. It then broke up, not, as I am very positively as¬ sured, from any defect in the system upon which it was conducted ; but from a total stagnation in the market, which not only ruined the co-operators, but others engaged in the same business. They made castings on the co-operative principle, made them well, made them as long as anybody would buy them; then — stopped. The reader of the volume from which I have quoted will find in it much that does less honor to the author’s head than his heart. But I defy any one to read it, and not respect the man that wrote it. The kernel of the book is sound. The root of the matter is there. It shows Horace Greeley to be a man whose interest in hu¬ man welfare is sincere, habitual, innate, and indestructible. We all know what is the usual course of a person who — as the stupid phrase is — ‘ rises' from the condition of a manual laborer to a posi¬ tion of influence and wealth. If our own observation were not sufficient, Thackeray and Curtis have told the whole world the sorry history of the modern snob ; how he ignores his origin, and bends all his little soul to the task of cutting a figure in the circles to which he has gained admittance. Twenty men are suffocating in a dungeon — one man, by climb¬ ing upon the shoulders of some of his companions, and assisted up still higher by the strength of others, escapes, breathes the pure air , heaven, exults in freedom ! Does he not, instantly and with all 15* 346 THREE MONTHS IN EUROPE. his might, strive for the rescue of his late companions, still suffer¬ ing ? Is he not prompt with rope, and pole, and ladder, and food, and cheering words ? Ho — the caitiff wanders off to seek his pleas¬ ure, and makes haste to remove from his person, and his memory too, every trace of his recent misery. This it is to be a snob. Ho treason like this clings to the skirts of Horace Greeley. He has stood by his Order. The landless, the hireling, the uninstructed — ■ he was their Companion once — he is their Champion now. CHAPTER XXVI. THREE MONTHS IN EUROPE. fhe Voyage out — First impressions of England— Opening of the Exhibition — Charac¬ teristic observalions — He attends a grand Banquet — He sees the Sights — He speaks at Exeter Hall — The Play at Devonshire House — Robert Owen’s birth-day — Horace Greeley before a Committee of the House of Commons— He throws light upon the subject — Vindicates the American Press— Journey to Paris — The Sights of Paris — The Opera and Ballet — A false Prophet — His opinion of the French — Journey to Italy — Anecdote— A nap in the Diligence— Arrival at Rome— in the Galleries — Scene in the Coliseum — To England again — Triumph of the American Reaper — A week in Ireland and Scotland— His opinion of the English — Homeward Bound — His arrival — The Extra Tribune. “ The thing called Crystal Palace !” This was the language ■vhicli the intense and spiritual Carlyle thought proper to employ on the only occasion when he alluded to the World’s Fair of 1851. And Horace Greeley appears, at first, to have thought little of Prince Albert’s scheme, or at least to have taken little interest in it. “We mean,” he said, “ to attend the World’s Fair at London, with very little interest in the show generally, or the people whom it will collect, but with special reference to a subject which seems to us of great and general importance — namely, the improvements re¬ cently made, or now being made, in the modes of dressing flax and hemp and preparing them to be spun and woven by steam or water¬ power.” “ Only adequate knowledge,” he thought, was necessary to give a new and profitable direction to Free Labor, both agricul¬ tural and manufacturing.” THE VOYAGE OUT. 341 Accordingly, Horace Greeley was one of the two thousand Americans who crossed the Atlantic for the purpose of attending the World’s Fair, and, like many others, he seized the opportuni¬ ty to make a hurried tour of the most accessible parts of the Eu¬ ropean Continent. It was the longest holiday of his life. Holi¬ day is not the word, however. His sky was changed, hut not the man ; and his labors in Europe were as incessant and arduous as they had been in America, nor unlike them in kind. A strange ap¬ parition he among the elegant and leisurely Europeans. Since Franklin’s day, no American had appeared in Europe whose ‘ style’ had in it so little of the European as his, nor one who so well and so consistently represented some of the best sides of the American character. He proved to be one of the Americans who can calmly contemplate a duke, and value him neither the less nor the more on account of his dukeship. Swiftly he traveled. Swiftly we pursue him. At noon on Saturday, the sixteenth of April, 1851, the steamship Baltic moved from the wharf at the foot of Canal-street, with Hor¬ ace Greeley on board as one of her two hundred passengers. It was a chilly, dismal day, with a storm brewing and lowering in the north-east. The wharf was covered with people, as usual on sailing days ; and when the huge vessel svas seen to be in motion, and the inevitable White Coat was observed among the crowd on her deck, a hearty cheer broke from a group of Mr. Greeley’s personal friends, and was caught up by the rest of the spectators. He took off his hat and waved response and farewell, while the steamer rolled away like a black cloud, and settled down upon the river. The passage was exceedingly disagreeable, though not tempest¬ uous. The north-easter that hung over the city when the steamer sailed ‘clung to her like a brother’ all the way over, varying a point or two now and then, but not changing to a fair wind for more than six hours. Before four o’clock on the first day — before the steamer had gone five miles from the Hook, the pangs of sea¬ sickness came over the soul of Horace Greeley, and laid him pros¬ trate. At six o’clock in the evening, a friend, who found him in the smoker’s room, helpless, hopeless, and recumbent, persuaded and assisted him to go below, where he had strength only to un- boot 348 THREE MONTHS IN EUROI E. and sway into his berth. There he remained for twenty-four hours. He then managed to crawl upon deck; but a perpetual head-wind and cross-sea were too much for so delicate a system as his, and he enjoyed not one hour of health and happiness during the passage. His opinion of the sea, therefore, is unfavorable. He thought, that a sea-voyage of twelve days was about equal, in the amount of misery it inflicts, to two months1 hard labor in the State Prison, or to the average agony of five years of life on shore. It was a consolation to him, however, even when most sick and impatient, to think that the gales which were so adverse to the pleasure- seekers of the Baltic, were wafting the emigrant ships, which it hourly passed, all the more swiftly to the land of opportunity and hope. His were ‘ light afflictions1 compared with those of the mul¬ titudes crowded into their stifling steerages. At seven o’clock on the evening of Thursday, the twenty-eighth of April, under sullen skies and a dripping rain, the passengers of the Baltic were taken ashore at Liverpool in a steam-tug, which in New York, thought Mr. Greeley, would be deemed unworthy to convey market-garbage. With regard to the weather, he tells us, in his first letter from England, that he had become reconciled to sullen skies and dripping rains : he wanted to see the thing out , and would have taken amiss any deceitful smiles of fortune, now that he had learned to dispense with her favors. He advised Ameri¬ cans, on the day of their departure for Europe, to take a long, ear¬ nest gaze at the sun, that they might know him again on their re¬ turn ; for the thing called Sun in England was only shown occasion¬ ally, and bore a nearer resemblance to a boiled turnip than to its American namesake. Liverpool the traveler scarcely saw, and it impressed him un¬ favorably. The working-class seemed “ exceedingly ill-dressed, stolid, abject, and hopeless.” Extortion and beggary appeared very prevalent. In a day or two he was off to London by the Trent Valley Railroad, which passes through one of the finest agricultural districts in England. To most men their first ride in a foreign country is a thrilling and memorable delight. Whatever Horace Greeley may have felt on his journey from Liverpool to London, his remarks upon what he sew are the opposite of rapturous ; yet, as they are character- OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION. 349 istic, they are interesting. The mind of that man is a 1 studj who, when he has passed through two hundred miles of the enchanting rural scenery of England, and sits down to write a letter about it, begins by describing the construction of the railroad, continues by telling us that much of the land he saw is held at fivo hundred dollars per acre, that two-thirds of it was ‘ in grass,’ that there are fewer fruit-trees on the two hundred miles of railroad between Liverpool and London, than on the forty miles of the Ilarlem rail¬ road north of White Plains, that the wooded grounds looked meager and scanty, and that the western towns of America ought to take warning from this fact and preserve some portions of the primeval forest, which, once destroyed, can never be renewed by cultivation in their original grandeur. ‘ The eye sees what it brought with it the means of seeing,’ and these practical observa¬ tions are infinitely more welcome than affected sentiment, or even than genuine sentiment inadequately expressed. Besides, the sug¬ gestion with regard to the primeval forests is good and valuable. On his arrival in London, Mr. Greeley drove to the house of Mr. John Chapman, the well-known publisher, with whom he resided during his stay in the metropolis. On the first of May the Great Exhibition was opened, and our traveler saw the show both within and without the Crystal Palace. The day was a fine one — for England. He thought the London sun¬ shine a little superior in brilliancy to American moonlight; and wondered how the government could have the conscience to tax such light. The royal procession, lie says, was not much ; a parade of the New York Firemen or Odd Fellows could beat it; but then it was a new thing to see a Queen, a court, and an aristocracy doing honor to industry. He was glad to see the queen in the pageant, though he could not but feel that her vocation was behind the intel¬ ligence of the age, and likely to go out of fashion at no distant day; but not through her fault. He could not see, however, what the Master of the Buck-hounds, the Groom of the Stole, the Mistress of the Robes, and ‘such uncouth fossils,’ had to do with a grand ex- nibition of the fruits of industry. The Mistress of the Robes made no robes ; the Ladies of the Bed-chamber did nothing with beds but sleep on them. The posts of honor nearest the Queen’s person ought to have been confided to the descendants of Watt and Arkwright, S50 THREE MONTHS IN EUROPE. 1 Napcleon’s real conquerors;’ while the foreign ambassadors should have been the sons of Fitch, Fulton, Whitney, Daguerre and Morse; and the places less conspicuous should have been assigned, not to Gold-stick, Silver-stick, and ‘ kindred absurdities,’ but to the Queen’s gardeners, horticulturists, carpenters, upholsterers and milliners ! (Fancy Gold-stick reading this passage!) The traveler, however, even at such a moment is not unmindful of similar nuisances across the ocean, and pauses to express the hope that we may be able, be¬ fore the century is out, to elect ‘ something else’ than Generals to the Presidency. Before the arrival of Mr. Greeley in London, he had been named by the American Commissioner as a member of the Jury on Hard¬ ware, etc. There were so few Americans in London at the time, who were not exhibitors, that he did not feel at liberty to decline the duties of the proffered post, and accordingly devoted nearly every day, from ten o’clock to three, for a month, to an examination of the articles upon whose comparative merits the jury were to de¬ cide. Few men would have spent their first month in Europe in the discharge of a duty so onerous, so tedious, and so likely to be thankless. His reward, however, was, that his official position opened to him sources of information, gave him facilities for obser¬ vation, and enabled him to form acquaintances, that wTould not have been within the compass of a mere spectator of the Exhibition. Among other advantages, it procured him a seat at the banquet given at Richmond by the London Commissioners to the Commis¬ sioners from foreign countries, a feast presided over by Lord Ash¬ burton, and attended by an ample representation of the science, talent, worth and rank of both hemispheres. It was the particular desire of Lord Ashburton that the health of Mr. Paxton, the Archi¬ tect of the Palace, should be proposed by an American, and Mr. Riddle, the American Commissioner, designated Horace Greeley for that service. The speech delivered by him on that occasion, since it is short, appropriate, and characteristic, may properly have a place here. Mr; Greeley, being called upon by the Chairman, spoke as follows : “ In my own land, my lords and gentlemen, where Nature is still so rugged and unconquered, where Population is yet so scanty and the demands for hu¬ man exertion are so various and urgent, it is but natural that we should ren- HE ATTENDS A GREAT BANQUET. 351 der marked honor to Labor, and especially to those who by invention or dis¬ covery contribute to shorten the processes and increase the efficiency of Indus¬ try. It is but natural, therefore, that this grand conception of a comparison of the state of Industry in all Nations, by means of a World’s Exhibition, should there have been received and canvassed with a lively and general in¬ terest,- an interest which is not measured by the extent of our contributions. Ours is still one of the youngest of Nations, with few large accumulations of tho fruits of manufacturing activity or artistic skill, and these so generally needed for use that we were not likely to send them three thousand miles away, merely for show. It is none the less certain that the progress of this great Exhibition, from its original conception to that perfect realization which we here commemorate, has been watched and discussed not more earnestly throughout the saloons of Europe, than by the smith’s forge and the mechanic’s bench in America. Especially the hopes and fears alternately predominant on this side with respect to the edifice required for the Exhibition — the doubts as to the practicability of erecting one sufficiently capacious and commodious to contain and display the contributions of the whole world — the apprehension that it could not be rendered impervious to water — the confident assertions that it could not be completed in season for opening the Exhibition on the first of May as promised — all found an echo on our shores ; and now the tidings that all these doubts have been dispelled, these difficulties removed, will have been hailed there with unmingled satisfaction. “I trust, gentlemen, that among the ultimate fruits of this Exhibition we are to reckon a wider and deeper appreciation of the worth of Labor, and especially of those 1 Captains of Industry’ by whose conceptions and achieve¬ ments our Race is so rapidly borne onward in its progress to a loftier and more benignant destiny. We shall not be likely to appreciate less fully the merits of the wise Statesmen, by whose measures a People’s thrift and hap¬ piness are promoted — of the brave Soldier, who joyfully pours out his blood in defense of the rights or in vindication of the honor of his Country — of the Sacred Teacher, by whose precepts and example our steps are guided in the pathway to heaven — if we render fit honor also to those ‘Captains of Industry’ whose tearless victories redden no river and whose conquering march is un¬ marked by the tears of the widow and the cries of the orphan. I give you, therefore, “ The Health of Joseph Paxton , Esq., Designer of the Crystal Palace — Honor to him whose genius does honor to Industry and to Man !” This speech was not published in the newspaper report of the banquet, nor was the name of the speaker even mentioned. The omission gave him an opportunity to retort upon the London Times •its assertion, that with the English press, ‘fidelity in reporting is a religion.’ The speech was w itten out by Mr. Greeley himself, and 352 THREE MONTHS IN EUROPE. published in the Tribune. It must be confessed, that the grad of a Vermont printing-office made a creditable appearance bofore the ‘lords and gentlemen.’ The sights in and about London seem to have made no great im¬ pression on the mind of Horace Greeley. He spent a day at Hamp¬ ton Court, which he oddly describes as larger than the Astc. House, but less lofty and containing fewer rooms. Westminst ,r Abbey appeared to him a mere barbaric profusion of lotty ceilings, stained windows, carving, groining, and all manner of contrivances for absorbing labor and money — ‘ waste, not taste ; the contortions of the sybil without her inspiration.’ The part of the building devoted to public worship he thought less adapted to that purpose than a fifty- thousand dollar church in New York. The new fashion of ‘ inton¬ ing’ the service sounded to his ear, as though a Friar Tuck had wormed himself into the desk and was trying, under pretense of reading the service, to caricature, as broadly as possible, the alleged peculiarity of the methodistic pulpit super-imposed upon the regular Yankee drawl. The Epsom races lie declined to attend for three reasons; he had much to do at home, he did not care a button which of thirty colts could run fastest, and he preferred that his delight and that of swindlers, robbers, and gamblers, should not ‘exactly coincide.’ He found time, however, to visit the Model Lodging houses, the People’s Bathing establishments, and a Ragged School. The spectacle of want and woe presented at the Ragged School touched him nearly. It made him feel, to quote his own language, that “lie had hitherto said too little, done too little, dared too little, sacrified too little, to awaken attention to the infernal wrongs and abuses, which are inherent in the very structure and constitution, the nature and essence of civilized society, as it now exists throughout Christendom.” He was in haste to be gone from a scene, to look upon which, as a mere visitor, seemed an insult heaped on injury, an unjustifiable prying into the saddest secrets of the prison-house of human woe ; but he apologized for the fancied impertinence by a gift of money. While in London, Mr. Greeley attended the anniversary of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, and made a speech cf a somewhat novel and unexpected nature. The question that was under discussion was, ‘What can we Britons do to hasten the over- HE SPEAKS AT EXETER HALL. 353 throw of Slavery ?’ Three colored gentlemen and an M. P. had extolled Britain as the land of true freedom and equality, had urged Britons to refuse recognition to ‘ pro-slavery clergymen,’ to avoid using the products of slave-labor, and to assist the free-colored people to educate their children. One of the colored orators had observed the entrance of Horace Greelej-, and named him commend- ingly to the audience; whereupon he was invited to take a seat upon tiie platform, and afterwards to address the meeting; both of which invitations were promptly accepted. He spoke fifteen min¬ utes. He began by stating the fact, that American Slavery justifies itself mainly on the ground, that the class who live by manual toil are everywhere, but particularly in England , degraded and ill-re¬ quited. Therefore, he urged upon English Abolitionists, first, to use systematic exertions to increase the reward of Labor and the com¬ fort and consideration of the depressed Laboring Class at home ; and to diffuse and cherish respect for Han as Han, without regard to class, color or vocation. Secondly, to put forth determined ef¬ forts for the eradication of those Social evils and miseries in Eng¬ land which are appealed to and relied on by slaveholders and their champions everywhere as justifying the continuance of Slavery; and thirdly, to colonize our Slave States by thousands of intelligent, moral, industrious Free Laborers, who will silently and practically dispel the wide-spread delusion which affirms that the Southern States must be cultivated and their great staples produced by Slave Labor, or not at all. These suggestions were listened to with respectful attention ; but they did not elicit the ‘thunder of applause’ which had greeted the ‘ Stand-aside-for-I-am-holier-than-thou ’ oratory of the preceding speakers. Our traveler witnessed the second performance at the Devonshire House, of Bulwer’s play, ‘Not so Bad as we Seem,’ for the benefit of the Literary Guild, the characters by Charles Dickens, Douglas Jerrold, and other literary notabilities. Not that he hoped mueh for the success of the project; but it was, at least, an attempt to mend the fortunes of unlucky British authors, whose works ‘we Americans habitually steal,’ and to whom he, as an individual, felt himself indebted. The price of the tickets for the first performance was twenty-five d ollars. He applied for one too late, and was there- 354 THREE MONTHS IN EUROPE.
11,421
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayasan
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Tayasan
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tayasan&action=history
Central Bikol
Spoken
76
179
An Tayasan sarong ikatulong klaseng banwaan na namumugtak sa probinsya nin Negros Oriental, Filipinas. Igwa ining sukol na 154.20 kilometro kwadrado na kadagaan asin namumugtak sa ikatulong distrito. An designadong zip code kaini iyo . Sosog sa sensus kan , igwa ining katawong nag-eerok digdi sa kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na kilometro kwadrado. Mga Barangay Demograpiko Toltolan Mga panluwas na takod PhilAtlas.com Philippine Standard Geographic Code Local Governance Performance Management System Mga banwaan kan Negros Oriental
15,324
bub_gb_xzFAAAAAcAAJ_24
German-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,846
Der Pilger ein Sonntagsblatt zur Belehrung religiösen Sinnes
None
German
Spoken
7,412
17,722
3dnucij. Bern, (©ei ßli ch f e it u nt Bolf.) ©ic ßch bei tem ©irrwarr ter ber* nifchen 3»»ßänte todj noch taS Betürfniß nach etwas Sidjewm unt Jcßcin funt gibt, tafür legt eine Stimme in tem ultraratifalcn „Ber* faifungsfreunt" ein 3fUßn*£ ab. Sei ©eie* genheit ter Bemäntlungen über bloS jeitweife SHnßeßtmg ter ©eißlidjen, welche tiefe Stimme gänjlid; verwirft, wirt nämlich bemerft : „©an fage, was man will, es bleibt tod) wal;r: ter BolfSwchlfahrt beße ©arantic iß taS f irch- liehe geben im Bolfe; auS tiefem ßießt Ort* nung unt ©emeinßnn, aus i(;m ßießen alle ©hr‘Üeit* unt Bürgcrtugcnten. SaS haben tie alten Ülrißcfraten wohl gewußt unt tat* nad) gehantelt. Surch tie Äirche hatten ße ihren fyufj im Bolfe. Soßte nicht tie Semo* fratie noch e(;er ta ihre beße Äraft ßnten? Jyreilid). Sie, tie auf tem RechtSßnn ter Bürger ruht; ße, tie feine antere juverläßige ©ewalt hat, feine ©äße unt feine Äanonen, feine antere ©ewalt als Ortnung unt ©e* meingeiß, ße ßoße tas fräftigße ©rjiehungS* unt 5^riicrunßöm‘ttc^ ^aju nicht von ßd), fontern an fich, trachte nach hinein ©ctße unt ©incr Seele, unt fdjeihe nicht, was ©ott felbß jufammengefügt l;at." — gujern. Sonntags, ten 26. $lprif, BormittagS, wurteauften4>cn.@eneraluntRe* 71 gierungdrath gutwig ©en Sonnenberg, ald terfelbe aud tem ©ottedtienfle een @ttid* topC nach feinem Schloff Äafleln jurücffehrte, »in Schuf lodgefeuert, ter ab»r glücflidjer* »cif» nicht getroffen. 0iir tie <5nttecfung ted Ibäterd teerten 400 ftranfen audgefefct. — Schwoj. ©infiebeln, 27. Slpril. (0t. ©eorgd*'ipro$effion.) Unter tie grof* artigen ^rojeffionen , ivetc^c feit 3af>rf>unbert»n alljährlich in (Sinfitteln flattfinten, gehört jeotjt aud} jene, welche auf ten Sonntag nach 0t. ©eorg fallt, jur örinnerung einer grofen §euerdbrunjl, welche ten 23. SXpriC 1577 tad ganje SUofler unt ten jylecfen ©infieteln ©er* heerte. Um genannten ©etadjtniftage werten ade l;i. Reliquien tafclbfl in feierlichem Um- gänge h*rumgettagen , unt jwar nicht blöd auf tem gewöhnlichen ^Ma(je , fontern turch ten ganzen jylecfen h«nab. Die ^rojefjion erfchien in folgenter Drtnung : Boran tie gefammte Schuljugent, begleitet eon ihren gef;rern unt gehrerinen, tie Södjtern unt grauen ter ©erfchietenen Bruterfdjaften , in ter SHitte sor unt nad; tie ©cn Snaben unt Männern getragenen , gröf ern unt fleinern Keliquitn* Behälter (über 30), tad bei ten SDionatd* ifJrojeffienen übliche, glanjeollc TOuttergotted* bilt, tie 3öglinge ted ©pmnafiumd, tad foflbare ^>auptted hl* 2Äeinratd, in einem fe^r fronen Behälter oon ©icr gaienbrütern getragen, ter •$ecfw. Äonoent, nach tem P. ßercmcttiar ter funftionirente ^rieflet mit jwei Slfjiflenten, 0r. £od}w. ter neugewählte -$>err ^rälat#ein= rieh Sch mit, ihm jur Rechten ter £ochw. $rrt Slbt oon Jifthingen, fremte ©eifllithe, tie leblidje Ortdoorfleherfcbaft, Bürgerfchaft »c. Sin trei ©erfchirtenrn Stellen finten priefler* lid?e ©ebete, ©efänge unt Segnungen flatt. Diefe ^Jrojeffion wurte fd,»on im erflen 3ahrc nadj jener jyeuerdbrunft turch ten tamald re* gierenten ftürjlabt Sitarn $eer angeortnet; ihr wol;nten auch tiefmal jahlreiche Pilger aud ter SRähe unt 5erne bei. — 9?ad> flattgefuntener SlbtwahllMt ter $err Sluntlud am 25. o. SJl. oon @in= fieteln fief} ©erabfefietet. — Der $echw. ^)err £ieronpmud Bachtnann oon Änutwpl, bidher P. Subpricr, funftionirt bereitd ald P. Statthalter. — Se. $odjw. ter $crr Defalt ÄarlBlüller befintet fich leiter fort* währent in franfem 3uftante. Der wahrhaft »hrwürtige ©reid mufte fich in tie 0i(jung ted ©eneralfapiteld oon jwei gaienbrütern tragen lajfen. Der ©eife wirft, fo lange ed Sag ifl. — 28. Slpril. würbe tie ©etädjtnif« feiet (ter f. g. Dreifigfle) für ten hothf*l«8«t $errn Slbt d ölefli n gehalten. Ueber fiebern jig fremte priefler brachten tad heilige 5Ref* Opfer tar. Dad Serienamt, welchem auch Se. ©naten ter £ert Slbt oon ©ettingen bei* woI;nte, ©errichtete ter $edjw. -fierr Prälat oon jyifchingen. Die tariflich» Sbeilnabme für ten Dahingefchictenen gab fich nie früher unoerfennbar an ten Sag. — 3u9* (93erm6gendbeflanb ted Bür* ger* unt Äirchenguted.) Sonntag, ten 19. Slpril, waren tie Bürger ter Stattge* meinte jur alljährlichen ort entließen Jtedjnungd* gemeinte oerfainmelt. Der Sotal*93erm©grndbrflanb I. ter bür» gerlidjen Berwaltungdjwei ge jeigt fich auf ten 31. ©hriflmonat 1845 (Kapital unt tobte 3'nfen) in folgenten Sofien t 1) Schulengut ff. 86,037 2) Slrtnengut 145,119 3) ^fruntfpitalgut. „ 98,256 4) Bürgergut „ 265,069 5) ©ol;lthätige Stiftungen. „ 24,680 „ 619,161 II. Sctal»Brrmögrndbcflanb ted Jfirchenguted: 1) S5erm?gen terÄirchen, 2) ter Stiftungen für firdjliche 3rcfcfe, 3) ter frünt en : 33eite jufammen : fl. 691,8 77 — (©etächtnif f »fl auf tem ©übel.) 3um Slntenfen an ten 31. SRärj unt l. 9lpri( 184 5 wurte in ter Sfapeöe auf tem ©übel (gegrüntet i. 3- 1531) oon $wei Bürgern ter Stattgemeinte 3ug &cr einem 3ahre eine ewige 3ahrjeit gefiiftet. Der 20. Slpril (. 3. war ter Sag, an welchem tiefe religiöfe ^eier )um erflen SJiale flatt fant. Ungeachtet ter trüben, regentrohenten ©itternng fanten fich tod? feben treis unt oiertaufent Pilger auf ter einfamen Bergedh$he r'n> Der ©ottedtienfl wurte im ftrm" gehalten. Der 5fftdltat war einfach unt finnig gefchmücft. Um halb 9 Ufr beflieg ter hc<&re* ^)r. ^Jater 93 er»* funb, ^)ofpretiger in gujent , tie 5fan)el unt fprach über ten Sept 3ofua 4,5.: „Diefe Steine werten gefegt jum Denfmal für tie Söhne 3fraeld in ©wigfeit." Seine Jlete, mit gebentigfeit unt (>c(>rm @rnfle oorgetragen, 272,716 Digltized by Google 72 berührte btt Urfadjen ber (grünbunt) biffrr 3a^rifitf«ier. Slan fep hiebet gefommen, um bem £5chPen ju banfrn für bie Rettung t e« ©aterlanbeß au« brobenbet ©efaljr unb ju beten für bie im lefctjäfjrigen Kampfe gefallenen Opfer für 9tedjt unb ©unb. 2>ann gieng er über auf bie eorbabenbe ©rünbung eine« Älo* Per« ber ewigen Anbetung auf biefem burch gefchichtliche Erinnerung ewig benfwürbigen 4>ügel. — fromme, bem ©äterglauben treu anl>ängenbe ©eelen haben e« Pd) jur Slufgabe gemalt, b*tr f‘n lebenbige« $>enfmat ju Piften, welche« weithin 3^9»*^ g*be , baß im neun* jebnten Sabr^unbert, wo berlinglaube fo ge* waltig rüttelt an bem Reifen ©etri, noch nicht aller Sinn für fatbclifche« geben unb SBirfen abbanben gefommen fep. — 2)a« £od>amt, in ber tyeier gehoben burd) bie braben geiPun* gen bet ©lupffreunbe ©lenjingen« unb einiger anberer mitwirfenben Herren, jelebrirteber £odj* würbige £r. 2>efan unb bifchöpiche ffominiffar Sllbreebt b. -Salier au« ©ern, gegenwärtig Pfarrer in ©algenen, Äanton ©chwyj. 2>en Slltar umgaben bei breißig ©riePer au« ben Äantonen3ug, ©chwpj, Unterwaltcn, gu^ern, Slargau unb ©t. ©taub unb ©farrbelfct £ürlimann be* ßebenben Sfommifpon übertragen. — Jbur9au‘ U<&« baß Ebor^errfns fl i f t © i f d? o f« j e ll bot ber Äleine Katl; (alß Erblaffer?) ba« ©eneficium 3'mntarü au«* fdjreiben laffen , um namentlich bie fompetenj* berechtigten Äirchgemeinben ju »eranlaffen, jum beabpcfjtigten ©turje be« ©tifte« ihre Slnfpta* d)en in übergroßem © e Iba nfd) tage einju* geben. $Bir erwarten (fdjreibtbieXbutg. ©Jochen* jeitung), bie fatholifcbcn ©emeinben werben bieju feine £anb bieten, fonbern lebiglid) ihre bi«berigen Kechte unb 9lnfprachen, welche ber Äleine Katb au« feinem ©tiftßineentar, in ben alljährlichen Kennungen, fowie au« bem ben Äirchgemeinben nicht einmal jugänglichen ©tiftßarchio am ©efien felbP fennen muß, in möglicher 3111 gemein bei t wahren unb gegen beren jwangöweifen goflfauf, worüber wir gar fein ©efefc unb feine bcPimmte ©afi« haben, ernptich protePiren. — 2largau. (©chulan gelegenbeit.) ®ie ©ürgerfdjaft oon ©re mg arten f>at am 18. ®?ärj ihre bi«berige ©ejirfßfchule , an welche eö einen ©taatßbeitrag »on 1400 fit. erhalten bat, aufgehoben, biefem ©taatßbei* trage entfagt unb bie Errichtung einer sprioat* anjlalt nach »brem ®inne befchloffen: Keal* unb ©pmnapalabtbeilung, fllajfenfpPem unb acht fatbolifd?e gehrer. 3n jyotge biefe« ©e* fchlujfeö würbe ber ©emeinbe ©remgarten eine 3uf<hriftber Kegierung eröffnet, ba^n gebenb, bie unterm 18. ©iärj abbin am ^Ma^e ber aufgehobenen ©ejirföfdjule befchlcifene h8bfre ^rioatlebranPalt bi« nach erfolgter ©taat«* genebmigung nicht in’« geben ju rufen. Ent* gegen biefer ©chlußnahme bat bie ©emeinbe* »erfammlung auf ben ?lntrag be« ^>rn. 3. föeber mit ©timmenmebrbeit befd^loffen : Unoorgreif* lieh bem Entfcheibe ber ©taatßbebörben , bie ^Jrioatlebranflalt mit bem 1. ©iai in ihrem ganjen Umfange in ©ottjiebung ju fe(jen. — @t. ©allen. 2lm 21. o. ©?. fanb im ^rauenftoPer ©t. ©laria bei ©Jattwil eine ©rofeß Patt, wobei ber £ochw. -¥>r. ©eneraloifar ©lirer funftionirte unb i>err ÄomniilTat ff cl* ler in ©Jattwil bie ftePprebigt — 2)ie burch bie Herren Pfarrer ©linj unb 2 fd) ub i ju ©unpen ber temifponirenben ©Jaabtläitber ©eiPlichen »eranPaltete Äoöefte ertrug bi« jc^t 583 p. 30 fr. — ©laruß. 3>urch bie ^errett Pfarrer ©djieß unbSeßler iP auch in biefem Sfan* ton für bie waabtlänbif^en ©eipiidjen gefam* melt worben. — ©aabt. ©Jie e« fcheint, fangen im SBaabtlanb nach unb nach immer ©lebrere an einjufeben , baß e« auf bie $auer fo nicht gelten fönne, unb bie Herren 3)ruep unb ©eitlon fotlen laut ^Jrioatbrirfen im ©taat«* ratbe bereit« wieberl;olt auf ?lnerfennung bet rcligiöfen Jr^ib*1*1» b. h* ©chu^ für bie Ora* toire« u. tgl. gegen ben ^pöbel angetragen >aben, aber nicht burchgebrungen fepn. Digltized by Google ^Hlget* (Skonti* J\g 19. 10. <JKat 1846. Italien. Jlom, im 2lpril. (2lufgra* bungen in b en Jbata fomb rn.) Dem fiel* genben Sntereffe ber geiRlichen Oberbehörbe, fowie beß ipublifumß an ben Ülufgrabungen ber altc^rifliirfjen S o ma fotterranea boten bie Arbeiten in ben Äatafomben in (e^ter 3«t Sefultate, welche mit2lußnahme ber rein wiflen* fdjaftlichen, mehrfeitß hinter ben gehegten ©r* Wartungen jutücfbliebcn. ©ß war bieß mefjr ober weniger ooraußjufehen , ba man ohne irgenb einen orientirenben Sfrpptographen (®e* heimfehreiber) alter Autorität eperirenb bem 3ufa0 nachgieng, unb für TOonumentenfunb faR nur auf eine Sachlefe früherer Durch* fud)ungen befcfjränft war. Snbeffen hat t|tan Reh je£t nach einem folgen 5üf;rer burtfj bie ©räberRraßen umgefehen, unb gewiß wirb burdj ihn baß für bie ©rfenntniß bet Sitte beß urt^riPlit^en gebenß unb ©ultuß fo wichtige SSerf ber Äatafombenaufgrabung mehr alß zu irgenb einer 3*it geförbert werben. Die neue Slußfunft unb ber Rührer Rnb jene bißher unbeachtet gebliebenen Stinerarien (Seifebe* fdjreibungen) , welche fehon im neunten unb jeijnten 3al;rhunbert für unb burd) Pilgrime in Som an Ort unb Stelle niebergefdjrieben würben, unb bie fürbie unterirbifdjeDopographie unb fpejieüe ÜJlonumentenfuntc beß chriRlichen Somß oon unfehä^barem ?Sert^e Rnb. Den Sadjrichtrn eineß biefer 3t*n^rar»en oerbanft man bie cor furjem gemachte ©ntbeefung zweier bem ^eilicjen Damafuß (pießeieht auch ben hh» TOarcclluß unb Satcellimiß) unb ber |jci* ligen Söalbina geweiften SaRlifen beß oierten ^fa^rhunbertß in einer jwei SRiglien rot ber Stabt jwifcRen ber appifchen unb arbeatinifchen Straße gelegenen Signa. Die eine unter* irbifcjje, bie anbere über bet ©rbe, beite in Drummern. Sinfe unb 2lnbeutungen berfelben Cueücn haben bie ©efellfchaft 3efu veranlaßt, @e. ^ciligfeit ju bitten, tyr ju erlauben, baß Re bie unter einem bem beutfehm Kollegium an ber Sia Salaria zugehörigen ©runbRücf bepnblichen tfatafomben bi San ©rrnete aufß neue unterfuchen bürfe. Der $apR hat eß außnahmßweife geRattet , ba fonR bem Sifariat allein baß S^rctjt in ber altchrißlichcn 9cefrc= pole (SobtenRabt), auch flfflfn ben Villen beß ©runbbeRhtrß, außjugraben juPe^t. Unb in ber 5hat fommen bort merfwürbige Denf* malt ju lagt, fep eß feitenß ihrer 3nf<hriften mit h«P»rifchrn Samen, fep eß ftitenß ber Paläographie (SchreibfunR ber 2llten) unb ginguiRif (neuere Sprachenfunbe). So fanben pch in lebtet Beziehung lateinifche ©rabtitel, benen , nach 2lrt beß $ebräifchen , bie Sofale fehlten, anberßwo SuRrophebonfchrift , (beren 3eilen abwedjfelnb oon ber ginfen jur Sed)ten unb oon ber Seiten jur ginfen laufen). 2ludj waren Slonumente chripiichen Dobtenhaußhaltß häufiger alß gewöhnlich. .Ojeantett. Seu=0ehottlanb. (©rRe TOeffe unter ben Silben.) Der ^odjw. £err D o u a r r e , ©ifchof oon 5lmata unb noch jwei anbere franjöpfche OTifRonäre, bie pon bem großen fatholifchen SlifRonßpereine nach Seu*0djottlanb außgefanbt worben waren, um in biefem Xhf'*f Ctyfanienß für ©hrWent(>um unb ©ipilifation zu wirfen , Rnb am 19. De* Zember 1844 glücflich bort angefommen unb erhielten nach ^fr Sanbung pon bem Äönig Dia-'^omma bie ©rlaubniß , Reh ein ^>auß in bem Dorfe Salabe zu bautn. ©iner ber Seifenben, welcher bie TOifRonäre begleitet, befdjreibt bie erRe, in ©egenwart beß Äönigß unb feiner llnterthanen gelefene, h*Wfl* in folgenber SBeife: Sach einem Irommel* Wirbel begann ber ©otteßbienR unb tieft Stille herrfdjte unter ben ?3ilben, obgleich Re fonR gewohnt Rnb, ih«m Staunen burch lauteß Schreien guft zu machen. Sach bem ©pan* gelium h‘f^ bet Sifchof eine Sebe an unß über baß $3erf, an welchem wir 2lllr, wie er fagte, gemeinRhaftlich arbeiten, unb bie ©in* gebornen hörten ihm fo fromm unb anbächtig Zu, alß hätten Re ade bie Sorte ocrRanben, womit ber gute Oifdjof bie ©nabe beß 2111* mächtigen über Re hfrat>rief. ©ingeborne, Slatrcfen, OfRjiere unb OTifRonäre, 2Iöe fühl* ten bie h°he Sfbeutung biefer crRen Sieffe in einem ganbe, wo ber Same ©otteß noch un* befannt war. 3n ben erRen Dagen beß 3a* nuarß trafen bie TOifRcnärt ihre faßlichen ©inrichtungen unb bie 6inweil;ung berfelben fanb eben fo feierlich Ratt. — Daß Serf ber 74 Verbreitung bc« staubend wirb aßem 2ln* ftheine nach fyitt günßige ^ortfc^rittc matten, l)a biefe Völfcr webet einen ©ultu« noch irgenb fine 2lrt pcßti»en ©lauben« ju haben fcheinen. ©ine große ©hcfttc$t vor *>fn lobten iß ba« einjige religiöfe ©efüht, welche« man bei ihnen wahrgenommen hat. SfanFretd). ^Jari«. ('P^Hipp* $u* pin f.) ©« iß eine merfwürbige ©rfcheinung in unfetet 3eit, baß eine 3Rcnge in aßen weltlichen Gingen hochgebilbetcr TOänner, bie i^c ganje« geben lang bic äirdje ignorirt haben , ßet« auf ihrem Sobe«bette ba« rechte Vewußtfepn wiebet ßnben unb in ihren testen 0tunben mit ®ctt unb ber Äirdje fleh wiebet »erföhnen. 2)a« jüngße Vrifpiel ber 2lrt iß ber im SKärj l. 3» in ^3ifa »erßorbene be* rühmte 2lb»ofat unb 2>cputirte ^P^itippc 2)u* pin, übet beffen le$te 2lugenblicfe »icl @r* bauliche« berietet wirb. 211$ fein 3ußanb ein hoffnungölofer geworben war, fyxtit ein if;m fd)on petfönlich befanntet Domherr »on 8901t e« für angemejfen, ihm einen 23efudj ju mad)en, unb würbe »on bem Äranfen mit ber größten £erjlichfeit aufgenommen. „Kleine Klutter," äußerte er ßd? unter anberm, „hat mir ßet« gefagt, baß »or meinem Sobe ein ©ngel mid) nod) ^ciurfuc^cit werbe; 0ie, 2lbbe , ßnb biefer ©ngel, ben ©ott mir jugefanbt hat." — 2lm folgenben borgen empßcng er bie fyl. ©afra- mente bet Stirdje unb tröflete ßch in ben ferneren 8eiben feiner testen Sage mit jenen 0teßen ber h*il. 0d;rift, bie noch ton ber Sugenbjeit f;cr tief in fein 3nncre« eingeprägt waren. 0ein 8iebling«fpruch war: Omne datum Optimum desceridit a palre luminum (wa« wir ©ute« hier haben unb finb, femmt »on ©ott). 3n biefer frommen ©eßnnung »erfdjieb er. Die Unicerßtät »on ^Jifa ließ für ben Vetßcrbenen ein feierliche« ©celenamt palten, bem bie Sprefejfcren , bie Kfitglieber be« ©ericht« unb aße in ^pifa anroefenben {Jranjofen beiwohnten. (?ng(attb. (Äonoerfienen.) 2ltn 19. SWarj l. 3. iß £err Robert Klonteith, (Sög., »on ©aßnair«, 1ini»erßtät«mitglieb ton Sam« bribge mit feiner ®entahlin ju ©bitnburg, $t rr O’Sear ». Vlacfborg in ber Äapeße »ott Sib* gap jur fatholifchcn Äirdje übergetreten ; am 5. 2Jpril ber hochw. £r. 23ifar SBißiam Scfl«, helfen Belehrung ju 8i»erpool große ©enfation machte; am 7. ber hochw. £r. Sifliam 8lopb, 93ifar »on Sfegibog, Klitglieb ber tlni»erßtät Drforb; am 11. ber hoch w. £r. ©buarbSljomp* fon, Klagißer artium, juerß Vifar in 8onbon, bann in Kam«gate, unb ber hoch». #ert Vifar 3ePhfoti iu BSißtp in Korfolf. 58clfttctt. (©rößte« Konnenfloßer.) ©inr8 ber merfwürbigßen flößerlichen 3nßi* tute iß wohl ber große 23eguincnhof „Tonnen* bejfche" in ® e n t , welcher einen eigenen 0tabt* theil bilbet, ber ring« mit Saffer umgeben iß. @r wirb »on 600 Können, theil$ in fleinen ^äuöchen, auf benrn jebetfmal eine eigene 2)ebifation gefchrieben ßeht, in Sfonoenten bewohnt, welche jeboch nur fo lange ße bert wohnen, an bic ®elübbe ber £eufchl;eit unb beö ®el;orfam$ (nicht ber 2lr* muth, ba jebe ihren eigenen 4>au$l;alt hat, auch in ben Äonoenten) gebunben ßnb. gewährt einen l;Schß eigent()ümlichen 2fnbltcf, biefe 600 Können mit il;ren langen weißen ©cfjleifrn in berÄirche, bie in ber SKittc be$ £ofc$ liegt, oerfammeltju fehen. 0ed;$ 0c Jjwe* ßern »on Kotres2)ame au$ bem „Können* bofithe" ßnb gegen @nbe be$ »origen 3al;re« nach ^tüwonth in ®nglanb abgegangen, um auch bort ein Orben$l;au$ ju begrünben. ^eutfd)Ian^ «öeßphalen. Kiünßer, 23. 2fpril. (23ergiftung8gefchi^te.) ®in bisher unerhörte« , ruchiofe« Verbrechen, wel* che« bie äußerße 35emoralifation beö $häter$ befunbet, hat leiber in unferer Käl)c ßattge* funben. ®eßern Klorgen« tritt ber ^pfarrgeiß* liehe ju Selgte »or ben 2lltar ber bortigen Äirche, ba$ Kießopfer barjubringen. 211« er ben Sfeldj nimmt, um ju fommunijiren, foßet er fogleich einen eigenthümlichen, bem ©eine burepau« fremben ©eföhmaef hfrau«. 3um nicht geringen ©rßaunen brr 2lnwefenben bricht ber ^Jrießer bie ©eremonic ab, macht fofort felbß eine ofßjieße 2lnjeige unb bringt auf nähere tlnterfuchung be8 Äelcheö fowohl wie ber SKeßfanne; e$ ergab ßdj, baß in benfelben ®ift enthalten. — SDie „SJüßelborferSeitung" fd)reibt hierüber ftotgenbrö: „%>t r Äüßer ber ^Pfarrfirche ju Selgte hatte beim hießgen ho<h= würbigen ®eneral»ifariate auf Erhöhung feiner Vocation unb Vermehrung brr Sadjslicht* gelber, bic ßch auf 80 Sl;lr. belaufen, jum Betrage »on 190 $l;lr. angetragen. 2)a« ®eneral»ifariat forberte ba« ©utachten be« ^Jfarrgeißlichen , unb nachbem fcldje« nidjt ju ©unßen be« Vittßeßcr« auögefaßen, hf3tc biefer einen erbitterten ©roß gegen ©rßern. S)aö SKittel, beffen ber Äüßer ßch jur Vcr* giftung bebient hat, war eine bebeutenbe Cuan* tität ©reofot, unb ber fcharfe ©eruch beßelben hat ben ^Jrießer jeitig genug gewarnt, ben ifelch ju leeren. 2luch mußte biefer eine gewiffe Digltized by Google 75 aßnung von lern, waö feiner harrte , taturch haben, laß ler 5? üflcr ganj außergewöhnlich ließmal lie 2WeflV felbfl bediente. 93orgeßern iß ler Slngeflagte b‘ft gefänglich eingebracht unt vor laS 3nquiptoriat geßellt werten." — („Unt e S feg net« 3afo b bi f ©5 b ne 3ofepbS.") 2)aS £auS bat bei feinet ließ jährigen 3a^te«bilanj einen reinen ©ewinn von 135 Millionen g-ranfen für 1845 erjielt; las SSermSgen ler vereinigten Käufer Siothfchilt foQ ßd) auf 735 Millionen ftranfen belaufen — einftuter, welkes las europäifdje ©taatsfdjijf lenft. — (# o nve rfi o n.) Den 9. 2lpril 1. 3*» am ©rüntonnerStage, bat lie ftrau @rb* prin jeffin von #obrnjoHern* ©igmaringen (lochter leS am 8. Dej. 1818 verdorbenen ©roßberjogö STarl Hulwig ftrirtrich von S3alen uni ler ©roßherjogin Stephanie) lie ^eilige Kommunion in ler fatfjolifdien ©tattfirche ju ©igmaringcn empfangen, uni iß fomit jur fatbolifdjcn Scnfefßon übergetreten. — SJapern. München. (Sarmhrt* berjige ©d}weßern.) ©a^renl ler 95er= ^anllung ler Stammet ler Sllbgeorlneten für uni gegen lie Stlößer, begieng laS Mutter* ^auS ler barmberjigcn ©chweßern in Mün* chen, nachtem faum fünf Monate feit ler lebten ©infleitung uni '•profeßablegung von 20 ©chweßern verßofien, am 23. 5lpril eine abermalige fteier, wobei 13 ©chweßern lie ©elütte ablegten uni 10 Sfanlitatinen laS ^1. OrtenSfleit empßengen. — Söalen. e i l eiberg , 22. Wpril. (Sin beteutenler Sirchenti ebßa hl wurle in ler verlebten 9iad}t in ler fati)olifdjen ipfarr« (3ffuiten*) Sirene verübt. Unter len ge* ßoblenen ©egenßänten iß befonlerS eine Mon* ßranj im ?3ertf)e von 1000 ß. , lann ein jilberner Seid), ein Srujißnc. De r ©efammt* wertl; ler geßoblmrn ©egenßänte trirl auf etwa 2000 ß. angegeben. (Scfttvci). gujern. 3lm 29. ?lpril feierte ler 9iußwiler*93erein fein fünftes Sa^r* jeitfeß. 9llS firrf^tttfter ^eßpreliger trat ler -$>ochw. ©hor£,rr ?S in f ler von Uujern auf. 6r jeigte, wie ler herein len verdorbenen Mitglietern turd) ©ebet uni gute SBerfe i)tU fen fönne uni falle, uni mahnte jum Schlüße ju treuem fteßbalten an len Statuten tes Vereins. 9?ach lern ©otteSlienße l;ielt -$)rrr Schultheiß ©iegwart*Müller, als ^5rä* ßlent leS BereinS, eine Weit, worin er lie vierjährige Zbätigfeit leS ©roßen SRat^eö in ©ejug auf ©efefcgebung in erfreulichem 2id?te jeigte, lann vor len ftaUßricfen leS 9ta* lifaliSmuS warnte, ler gegen wohltätige ©efe$e las 93olf auff>eben uni lagegen es verführen wolle , ungerechte uni verterblidje ©rfe$e ju forlern. — Die fchöne geräumige Sirene war von ler Menge leS ©olfeS ganj angefüHt. Der fteßfeier wohnten auch Kepräfentanten aus len Stantonen Unterwallen, ftreiburg, 9largau »c. tc. bei. — Haut ler „©taatSjeitung" ßnl es lie §reifchärler ^Jeter uni 3°&ann 93ül)lmann vou Söcblbufen , wohnhaft in ©ettnau , welche am 26. v. M. jwei ©djüffe auf $rn. ©eneral v. ©onnenberg loSgefeuert haben, ©ie ßnl am 29. entlecft, auf las ©tatthalteramt SBitlifau geführt uni lafelbß in 93crhaft ge* fefct worlen. — 3ug. 2>»e ließjährige Slrmenrech* nung wies eine jährliche ©innabme von 3000 $rf. uni eine 5luSgabe von 2650 jjrf., fo laß fleh ein 93orfchlag von 350 ftrf. hrrauö* ßettte. 3n liefern Sabre — es beginnt jeleS* mal mit Odern — mußten 29 ßjerfonen mel;r als im verhergehenlen, jufammen 107, theils einjeln , rf)eil6 in ^)auSl;altungen jufammen* wehnenl, unterßübt werten. Die tießjäh* rigen SluSgaben überßeigen lie vom erßen 3aßre um 500 $yrf. , unt loch mußten noch viele 3lrmc unbefrieligt entlaßen werten. — ©djwpj. ©infieteln. (St (oder* bau.) Der je^ige 93au leS ÄloßerS iß feit ler erßen Stiftung (um t. 3. 906) ler fie* bente, unt wurte mit theilweifer Abtragung leS feisten im 3ahrf 1704 angefangen. Das |>auptgebäule biltet ein großes Bierccf von 480 ^arifet*5uP ?änge auf 416 ' $3rcite. Mitten in ler öreite ßel)t lie Slirche, welche von ler SJorter* unt Äücffeite unt turdj jwei 9?ebenßügel mit lern übrigen 33au jufammen* hangt, woturch 4 $8fe oler ©ärten abge* fchloßen werten. Das ©ebäute hat überhaupt 3 hohe ©toefwerfe, lie ©peifefäle aber uni lie @cfgebäute4. ©toefwerf f;at 42§en* der in ler Hänge unt 37 in ler 93reitc. Die äußere 93reite ler fylügel beträgt 41', unt 5t‘ lie ler ©cfgebäute, wovon lie gerate fertlaufenten ©änge 1 1' einnehmen. 3« tiefem $auptgebäute beßnten ßch abgetheilt: l) lie SBobnungentrS $)rn. 9lbtS, ter@äßeuntter9?e* ligiofen, uni einiger 93elirnten ; 2) laS 9ie* ligiofen* Seminar, laS ©pmnaßum, lie '^far* rei; 3) lie Suche, lie Sußorei, lie öiblicthef, laS ^M;vPf* untl SRinoralienfabinet, lie 33ol* Digltized by Google 76 lentudjfabrif; 4) bi« ©ebete», ©peife* unb ©r* bolungs*0äle, (in fleineS Sweater unb bas iffranfenhauS. 5) Unter beut ganjen ©ebäube »on gleicher ©reite unb Sänge finb bie Äeller. 2>ie ebenfalls jufammen^angenben unb roeit= fehießtigen Rebengebäube , mit größern unb Keinem 3wif<h«nräumen , entölten bie ganje Haushaltung: l) bie ©oßnungen beS Herrn Statthalters, ber $ienßleute; 2) bie ©äeferei, baS ©afchhnuS, bie ©ennerei, ben großen &on»entgarten u. a. ; 3) bie ©crfßätten für »iele £anbroerfer; 4) große ©tallungen für «Pferbe unb Rinboieß; 3) eine große üRüßte ßeßt in einiget (Entfernung Dom Äloßer. ©o* woßl bie^aupt* als Rebengebäube finb ganj gemauert unb i^te »orjügtichen Sßeüe oon gehauenen grauen ©anbßcinen. 2>ie ©orber* feite ganj »on ©tein mit ißrer frönen Orb* nung gewährt einen bejaubernben Slnblicf. 2>er ©au iß burcßauS regelmäßig, einfach unb für Reinhaltung geeignet. SlHe ©ebäube, H^f* unb ©ärten fdjließt eine ßoße TOauer in ein großes ©iereef, wo»on jebe-©eite 790' ßült. — ©t.® allen. (© i StßumSfa d) e.) Rad) pjriöatberichten aus Rom iß bie ©ulle über bepniti»e Trennung beS ©iStßumS 8t. ©aßen Don 6ßur un& über neue Reorganifation ber SJiÖjefe 8t. ©allen nad) 3nßalt beS abge* ftbloffenen ÄonfotbatS bereits gefertigt unb Dom ßeil. ©ater genehmigt, fo baß biefetbe nädjßenS erlaßen unb promulgirt »erben wirb. 3ß bieß gefcheßcn, fo fann bann bie ©aßl beS erflen ©ifchofS »on 0t. ©aßen im näcß* Pen Äonpßorium (im 3uiti) erfolgen ; in bemjenigen, baS am 16. Slpril ßattgefunben, fam ber Rame eines 0t. ®aQif(^en ©ifd)ofS nid)t jur Rebe. — Slärgau. Sluch baS ftolle giatßift ©aben gelangt jur ©aßrung feiner RJitoer* waltungSredjte über baS ©tiftS»ermögen neuer* btngS an bie eibgenöfpfchen ©tänbe mit bem ©rfudjen um folgenbe 3nßruftion an bie Sag* faßung t ,,l) S>aß bie »om ßoßcn 0tanbe Slargau gegen baS Äottegiatßift ©aben unterm fi. RoDembet 1843 ju ©unßen beS ©emeinbe* ratßeS genehmigten SHaßnaßmen bem Slrtifcl XII. beS eibgenöfpfchen ©unbeS wiberßreben \ 2) baß ber ßoße ©tanb Slargau eingelaben fep, feine betreffenben ©chlußnaßmen mit bem ©unbeSDertrag in ©inflang ju bringen unb baS 0tift ©aben in feinen eße»origeti Rechten fortbeßeßen ju laffen." — Sippen jelt 21. Rß. (3eitßimme für Reiche unb Sir me.) 3n unb außer bem ©aterlanbe jeigt ßd? aUcnuartS bie näm* lief )t bebenflicht ©rfdjeinung: »on 3aßt ju 3<*ßr nimmt — wie bie ©eoölferung ju — fo ber ©oßlßanb ber mittlern unb untern ©olfsflaffen ab. 3e meßr unb meßr »erbüßern ßcß bie ©olfen am öfonomifchen ^orijont, fd)on ßört man ßie unb ba bumpfe Bonner i rollen, ßeßt blutrotße ©tiße ßammen. Slud) unferm ©cßweijerlanbe braßte ©efaßr, unb troßt pe nod). 5J>aS ©ute ju förbtrn, baS Uebel ju ßinbern, tßue, o SRenfd), baS j)eine, ©ott tßut gewiß baS ©eine! £>aS weiß unb glaubt unb übt man aud) im SlppenjeHetlanbe. 2lm 24. Slpril war in Trogen ber Sag ber SanbSgemcinbe. 2>er regierenbe Sanbammann, Herr Sännet »on Herifau , eröjfnetebie ©er* ßanblungtn mit einer Rebe, bie tßeilweife woßt aueß außerhalb beS 5?antonS beamtet ju werben »erbient. 0o fprach ber Rebner unter anberrn auch „@inc SB ar nung, getreue, liebe Sanbleute! ip uns im »erPoffenen 3ahre ju Sßeil gewor* ben , bie nicht unbeachtet an uns »orübergeßen feil. ©S ßat fich ein Q-einb gejeigt, ber uns furchtbar ju werben brohte. 2öir pnb aufge* fehreeft worben bur^ bie ©orboten einer Sl;eu* rung , bie uns Sille mit bangen ©eforgniffen erfüllen mußte. Sit. ! ©ir Pnb nicht mehr ein £irten»olf, baS bei wenig ©eburfnißen auch wenig ©orgen hat. ©ir leben nicht meßr unabhängig in unfern ©ergen wie unfere ©äter, unbefüm* rnert barum, was in ber ©eit »ergehe. 2>ie ©rjeugniffe beS ©obenS reichen nicht h»n t unfere große ©e»5lferung ju ernähren. #anbel unb ©ewerbe müffen uns nachl;elfen ; bie 3n* bußrie iß efl, an welche ber größt« Sßeil unferet großen ©e»ölferung für ißren SebenS* unterhalt gewiefen iß. 2)aS ^)auptetforberniß jum ©ebenen eines jeben ©efchäfteS ip ©achfenntniß. ©S ftp baber ©orge ber ©ererben unb privaten, SIPem aufjubieten, bamit wir in Äenntniffen unb ©rfahrungen gegen Slnbere nicht jurücfßchcn, baß wir fortfehteiten in ©eroollfommnung unb ©erbefferung unfercr fyabrifation, baß nament* lieh ^urch guten Schulunterricht für bie £eran* bilbung tüchtiger Äaußeute unb gefchicfter f^abrifanten h»n3fwirft werbe. J)amit aber biefe ©orge, biefer ©ifet für bie ©rljaltung unb ©erbefferung unferer 3nbußrie wirffam bleibe, muß man auch Wä* bemüßt fepn, baß überall weife ©parfamfeit walte, bem über* hanbnehmenben Su^uS unb ber©enußfudjt ©in* halt gethan werbe. 3^ empfehle euch baßer ©in* fachheitber ©itten, einen frommen 0inn, Siebe jur Slrbeit, jur ^)äuSlichfeit unb Ortnung." Digitized by Google ^ilfler^bronif- J\? 20. 17. i«ai 1846. Italien. 91 om. 3n bem öffentlichen Sfon* fiflorium, welche« her heil. ©ater am 16. Slpril im ©atifan »erfammelte, hatte tcr ffenfifto« rial*?lb»ofat, 2Rfgr. ©noli , bie @£rt, »or ferm lf>rone ©r. .^eiligfeit ten ringeleiteten ©rojeß wegen ©eligfprecbung te« Verehrung«* würbigen Diener« ©otte« © e truö ©anifiu«, S. J. , vorjutragen. 31mertfa. (Mangel an beutfcben © rieft ern.) ©on aden Drten unb ßnben bet amerifanifchen Union ertönt bie Älage über ten ©langet beutfeber ©rieftet! ©o febreibt bet $ocbwürtigfle ©ifebef Quarter oonß^icago an trn $ocbwürbigfirn 4>errn Jürfterjbifcbof in 23ien : „©leine Diöcefe, erfl ntu mietet, begreift ben ganjen ©taat 3t* linoi« in (ich. Ungefähr 50,000 $tat£o(ifen bewohnen ba« lerrain. Die größere 3abl berfelbm befielt au« Deutfcben unb 3*lön* bern. öi« je^t befennen fid> wenige von ben ©merifanern jum fat^cli fcfccn ©tauben ; wir hoffen jeboeb , baß ba« Sic^t beffetben bureb bie ©emühung ber ©liffionäre halb vielt er* teuften unb in ben wahren ©djafflatt ©hrifti führen wirb. Mehrere finb auch bereit« , be* fontcr« in ber le^tern 3**1 * jur Äircbe ju* rücfgefehrt. 3»* 6b*caj)0, meinem bifeboßiehen ©i(je, gibt e« nur eine fat^olifcf^e Äirc^e, unb frtbft biefe ift noch nic^t ganj »odenbet. 93iö jc(jt finb bleö bie dauern unter Dach, unb mit genauer 9loth ift ba« ©re«bpterium fo weit hergefiedt, baß wir barin funftienirrn fönnen; um ba« ©ebiff ju »odcnbtn , bangen wir »on ben ©ubfcription«gelbern ab , bie »on ber obnebin fe^r bürftigen ©emtinbe nur fehr fpärlidj eintaufen. ©Ja« wir bereit« fdjon eigenthümtitb befaßen , l)ab(n wir babin geben muffen , bamit ba« tfirdjengebäubt ber barauf haftenben ©(butten wegen nicht »erlauft werbe. 3d) hoffe jebotb ju ©ott, baß fid) 3e*len balb bejfern werben. ©on lag ju lag wädjdt bie 3of)t ber &a* tholifen. Die meijlen berfelben flnb ©in* wanberer, welche ficb «»* ©tücf Sanbefl ober fonfl ein ©räbiutn laufen, baffetbe fultiviren unb fo oiet möglich buttb ftleiß unb Arbeit* famfeit ihren £ebrn«untrrhalt erwerben. Da riete beut fdj e Äathctifen fi<b bereit« in Ghiragö niebergetaffen hoben, fo bebauere ich fehr, baß fie notb feine eigene 5fir<be befi^en. ©i« je^t haben fie ba« einjig f)ier beftehenbe ©otte«* hau« mit ben 3*länbern unb ©nglänbern ge* mein. Der ®otte«bienfl ift taher jwifeben ihnen getheitt. Um hatb neun fommen bie ©rftern unb um holb elf Uhr bie gestern jur Anhörung ber heiligen ©teffe unb ©rebigt ju* fammen. Diejenigen unter ben Drutfdjen, welche englifcb »erflehen, befugen auch ben le£* tern ®otte«bienft. ©iele Deutfdje wobnen in ber Diöjefe weithin jerftreut unb ftnb «fole* niflen. Obfcbon ber ©oben fruchtbar ift, fo fönnen fie ficb hoch fdjwer ju einigem Söoht* flante erheben, ba fie »en ©larftpläben ju weit entfernt finb, wo fie ba«, wa« fie über ihren eigenen $au«betarf entbehren fönnen, an 2Rann ju bringen im ©tanbe wären. 3m Sldgrmeinrn fann ich fie taher nur fehr arm, unb ihre Sage bürftig unb bemitleiben«werth fchilbern ; taju fommt, baß auch ih™ geiftigen ©ebürfniffe nicht gebeeft finb. ©ehr »iele ©ettlement« unb 9iieber(affungen gibt e«, bie eined geiftticben $irten entbehren. %Bie fehr muß ich bieferwegen ben SKangel an tfutfeben ©tiffionären beftagen! 3<tj bitte ©ott inbrünftig, baß er balb Strbciter in feinen ©ieinberg fen* ten möge." dürfet. Sto nftantinopet, 15. Slprit. (©britf'nö'rfclgungen.) Die Steigung ju Söidfürherrfcbaft unb bie Suft, befonber« bie @hr*ffen ju brücifen unb ju tprannifiren, bricht ungefcheut balb ba balb tort ftet« neu wieter hervor. 9?ocb finb bie an ben Ghriften im Libanon verübten ©räuel im frifchen ©ebächtniß, unb f<hen h^rt man »en neuen febweren Se* brüefungen ber ®br'ft,n *n Albanien. Der bortige ©ouoerneur , ©elim ©afeba, hJt '** ber ©egenb von ©fopia unb 3onina mehrere bunbert ©hr*ftfn «uf ade mögliche Slrt gepei* nigt, geprügelt, gefoltert, gejwicft, an ben ftüßen aufgehängt, unb wa« ad bergleidjen finnreiche türfifebe ©lartennethoben mehr finb. ©ir ©tratforb Panning unb $r. von ©cur* quenep ba^n beßhalb ©chritte bei ber ©forte gethan. — Die ^yolge wirb lehren, wa« e« 78 mit ber gepriefetten türfifthen ©ivilifation für »ine ©eroanbtniß fyat , unb wie hoch ber ©ins ftuß bet ruropäifdjcn Diplomatie tapict werben barf. » • JrnnFrcid). £oon. (Der Ber ein jur Berbreitung beS ©laubenS i. 3. 1845.) @6 ifl hergebrachte Sitte, baß am 3. ®iai, als am Stiftungstage bei SBerfeS $ut 93er: breitung be« fatholifchen ©laubenS in fremben SBelttheilen , bas Stefultat von bem ©entral* ©cmite in Spon befannt gemacht werbe, welches bie ©innahmen unb Ausgaben biefeS Vereines h»roorbrad)ten. Daß baffelbe auch biefeS 3«hc f»ht erfreulich ifl, jeigt folgenbe Sillgemeine Ueberfidjt ber ©innah* men unb Sludgaben beS ©entral* Somit 6 in 2p on wahrenb beS 3a hrcö . 1845. A. Einnahmen. • $r. Gent. $ranfteich .... ♦ 2,019,103 53 Deutfchlanb (ohne ben 2ub* wigsSHiffionSsiöerein «München) .... in 68,666 38 Slorbamerifa .... 79,319 43 0übameri(a . . .. 21,017 12 S3elgien 196,083 68 ©roßbrüannien . .. 232,838 11 Sfircfjenflaat .... 107,464 52 Spanien 4,466 35 ©riechenlanb .... 2,257 — 2evante 5,972 40 2otnbarbei unb Benebig. 84,677 94 ^erjogthum 2uffa .. 9,529 30 3nfel «Malta . ... 12,322 64 $erjogthum TOobena. 17,449 47 „ ^arma .. 14,890 — Mieberianbe .... 97,631 13 Portugal ..... 41,239 51 Preußen 185,625 82 ©arbinifche Staaten .. 305,468 91 ©ijilien , . ’ . .. 90,748 60 Schweij 49,242 26 SoSfana 51,049 59 Slus verfchiebenen ©egenben beS nörblidjen ©uropaS 2,497 82 Berfauf ber Sinnalert in frem* ben Sänbern . .. ♦ 8,000 — Summe aller ©innaßmen vom 3ahre 1845 . .. ♦ 3,707,561 51 Mefl vom vorigen 3ahre • 291,299 57 Sotalfumme beS StafjaflanbeS 3,998,861 8 B. 9lu6&aben. 8r. Gent. tMifftonen in ©uropa .. 660,453 2 „ von Slfien. 1,035,878 86 „ von Slfrifa . ‘. 279,529 20 „ von Slmerifa 1,022,448 61 „ von Ozeanien. 480,402 16 Äoften ber Slnnalen unb an* berer Drucffathen . .. 181,103 67 Stoffen ber Slbminiftration. 29,432 98 Summe aller SluSgaben 3,689,248 50 Bleibt ein Slftivrefl von 309,612 58 Daö Äefultat ber ©entralbireftion beS 2ub* wig*3)liffionSv»reinS in «Wünchen (ber jwat mit 2pon nicht mehr in birefter Berbinbung fleht, wohl aber mit ihm eine Jenbenj theilt, unb wie jener unter ber Oberleitung ber ^Jro* paganba in 3tcm fleht), ifl folgenbe«: ff. Ir- Xotalfumme ber SluSgaben 107,990 13 Sotalfumme ber ©innahmen 106,008 25 Bleibt ein ^afflvreft von 1,981 48 SVutfdjIanb. Bapern. München. (Berhanbluttgen ber Stummer ber Slbgeorbneten über bie Ouarten unb Älöfter.) Befannt* lieh «ft feit einigen ütfonatrn in ben beiben Kammern ber 9tcichSräthf unb ber Slbgeorb* neten viel, fel;t viel gefprochen worben über bie 5 Slnträge ber KeichSräthe bezüglich bet Ouarten unb 5f lofter. Söir erlauben un« hieß* mal etwas weitläufiger tu fcpn , unb jwar um fo eher, als bas 9lad)folgente einerfcitS eine furje tleberfid?t unb Darlegung ber fraglichen Slnfichten unb 3“ftanbc in Bapern gewährt, unb anberfeitS ein ©emälbe ffij3irt, in welchem auch bie fchweijerifdje Ä'loftcr* unb Statholifen* angclegenl;ett wenigflenS theilweife unverkennbar gejeichnet ifl. (0. ®(>ronif 0?rc. 11, 0. 42.) 3n ber Sigung ber Äarnmer ber Slbgeorb* neten (im fDlai) äußerte fleh ^)r. ^profeffbr Dr. ©bei: „Die fünf Slrtifel, welchen er je^t ent* gegenftehe, fdjauten ihn mit ganj anberm ©e* flehte an, als vor 6 ober 8 SSochen. 5öie ein Bleteor fepen fic am ftirmamente aufge* taucht , wie ein ÜReteor fchienen fic auch, wenn nicht ganj, boch halb ju erlofdjen — eine ©r* fcheinung , bie halb erflorben fep. — ©r habe bie fünf Slrtifel ber JteidiSrätf)« als Sfinbet ©ineö ©eifleS , als ein ©anjes betrachtet, unb barutn fich gegen alle erflärt. Der ganje 0inn ber fünf Slrtifel fep: man wolle bie Älöflcr Digitized by Google 79 flicht mehrhaben, man habe Deren genug; Re ftpen nid)t jeitgemäg. 3‘ffer 1 f*9 jin capuiio benevolenii® (®unPerfd)leid)ung ) für len S3eCt* priegergant. Artifel 2 habe len #auptjwecf, len gciglid)en Sterporaticnen lie Mittel ler Erigenj, Die für Pe au« ler ^Jri»atwohlthä« tigfeit fliegen fönnten, abjufd)neiten. Artifel 3 fage, man habe teren genug, ler Staat fette Dafür forgen, lag nicht nod) mehr entgünlen. Der eierte Antrag wolle in frf>r Deutlicher SBeife fagen, felbP een len eorganlenen Stlöpern fepen manche een ler Art, lag e« beffer wäre, Pe hinau«jufd)affen. 6« reerle freilich gefagt, lag felbp Stird)cnfürgcn mit ftreutigfeit laju gepimmt Ratten , allein fo greg gelrucft liefe ftreuligfeit auf lern Rapiere gehe, fo wenig greg möge pe im $erjen geieefcn fepn. Der fünfte Artifel betreffe lie Schulen, uni Dieg fep ler ganje 3ufammcnhang ler fünf Anträge. Die Stammet biete geute ein fonlerbare« Sdjaufpiel lar; Stat^ctifen gegen Statholifen, Staf^olifen gegen fatl)Olifd)e Sfird)eningitutio* nen, Vertreter Der ^reiljeit, Viänner le« 5ort* fd)rittrö ju ©ungen eou 2tu«nat>m«gefe^en, eon Prengcrm Anjiehen ler 3ü{Jfl Der Staat«* gewalt ! Dcd) ler Schlüffel ju folget Ab* normität (Regelwitrigfeit) liege nic^t »eit. Unter lenen, lie Pd) jur fatholifd)en 5tird)e befennten, fepen »erfdjietene Stanlpunfte mög* lid). Die Bewegungen ler 3f't , Die 3frff(Jun8 ler Elemente fepen aud) an len Vlitglietern ler Äirdje md?t fpurlo« »orübergegangen. E« gebe Statholifen , lie fatf)olifd)et fepn wollten, al« Stirne uni ^JapP, uni liefe gifteten nietet »iel ©ute«. 6« gebe ferner Statholifen, lie la glaubten, aud) in lie Verwaltung le« $ir» tenamt« einfpredjen ju fönnen, lie gerne be* reit fepen, lie irrenle Stirdje ju belehren, weil Pe i^t eigene« Snterejfe nidjt »ergünle. E« gebe entlieh Statholifen, lie in ihrer Stircfce Pünlen uni nicht« wollten , al« lag lie ganje Stirne wie »on jeher ihr Begehen habe. Da« ©laubendbefenntnig liefe r Statholifen fep la«* jenige, weiter« aSiflionen täglich fprechen. Sn liefern fatfjolifdjen ©lauben wünfehe er ju leben uni ju Perben. Die ©rünle feine« Votum« fepen tf>eil« Paat«red)tlid)er Ratur, tfjeil« ent* Oammten pe feinen AnRdjten. Der je$ige Stanlpunft le« Stird)engaat«red)teö fep ein Stanlpunft le« Vtigtrauen« gegen lie Stird)e, ein Stanlpunft ler Entfremlung; lafür, lag lie Stirne al« öffentliche Äorpcration anerfannt werle , müffe pe bejaglen ; pe lürfe Viele« nicht tl;un , wa« lern ^>ri»atmanne erlaubt fep. (Sin anlere« SpP em befiel)* an anlern Orten, nämlich la« ler &reif>*it. 3n englifchen $ar(ament«»erhantlungen fomme »or t wo Eng« lanl feine ftlagge aufpflanje, achte e« lie Re« ligion ler Einwohner. 3n Amerifa gäbe ler Same ler Freiheit fchon SBurjel gefagt uni Früchte getragen; lort fepen alle Religionen eingebürgert, pünlen unoerfümmert unter lern Schule le« <pri»atred?te«, uni erfreuten P(h grögerer Sicherheit, al« unfere firchlichen Stör* porationen. Segen Erfüllung ler allgemeinen uni bürgerlichen ^pichten lürfe Seiet lort hanleln, wie er wolle, ob einjeln oler in ©efellfchaft. Aud) lie Retemptorigen Dürften Dort Stlöger errichten, wie pe wollten. Vieler lie Regierung noch la« Volf mache ihnen lie Sache Preitig. SelbP jene SRänner, auf lie ler Aberglaube uni lie Romantif unferer 3eit alle Vorwürfe jufammengetragen habe, Dürften lort leben. Vtan ha^e nod) nicht geftfjen, lag eine „Verlumtnung" eingetreten fep. S9o Freiheit ^rrrfd)* , müffe Pe in jeler Richtung begehen. Seinen (le« Reiner«) firdjrnPaat«* rechtlichen Anpehten entfpredje feiner ler fünf Anträge. 6r »erlange »on lern Staate Rieht«, al« lag er im ©tige ler greunlfchaft uni le« ©invergänlnijfe« gegen lie St irche »erfahre, lag er lie f irct)lid)e Unabhängigfeit achte. Dieg »erlangte er nicht allein für lie fatholifche, fonltrn für jrle anlere Stirche im Staate. VJa« nun lie Beleutung ler Stlöger anlange , fo fep liefe »on jeher eine groge gewefen , inlem Durch pe lie augerorlcntliche URifpcn au«geübt worlen fep uni noch au«* geübt werle, lie 3*it ju ihrer VJirffamfeit fep noch lange nicht »orüber; lie Erfahrungen ler ©egenwart btwiefen lieg; man möge Pd) nur an lie VJirfung erinnern, welche lie 3)lifpon in Stianl uni Schiepen auf lie Sitt* lidjfeit gehabt habe. Da« Eicht ler Religion »erbreite pd) überhaupt »iel heilbringenler lurd) lie forporatioe Rlifpen al« lurd) lie Vfifpon »ereinjelter VJeltprieger. Ob nun uni in welcher Art Stlöger begehen follen, Darüber fönnten nie 6 in je Ine urtheilen, fonlern nur lie Stird)«, uni liefe müge lie V?ög* lichfeit an ler $>anl haben, folche Sngitute ju bepfcen. Seoen lie Stlöger leben«fräftig, fo würlen Re pd) f<Pcn pe e« nid)t, fo würlen pe »om näd)Pen Sturm entwurjrlt werlen. „Sth befenne offen," fdjlirgt ler Reiner, „lie Vegrünlung«weife ler neuen Stlöger er* weefte in mir nicht »oQe« Vertrauen, la pe nicht in ler VJeife wie lie alten Stlöger be* grüntet würlen; aber gerate Der Sturm, Der erregt wurte, gibt mir eine beffere Hoffnung; nur in Stürmen uni Stampfen fönnen pd) Die 80 Älöfhr reinigen ; ju großer Keiththum fann innert nur nachteilig fepn unb vielleicht ifl t«*« gerabe Da«, i vaö h*ute gefagt wurhe, rin gäuterungsfeuer. Die ©ationa lehre, rin große« SBort, ifl h*ute h*rvorgerufen wor* ben , um ju ©unflen brr Einträge brr Kammer brr 92etd^drät^>e ju flimmen ; wenn bir ©ational* r^rr in Dem befleht, waS rinigt commis- toyageurs, einige löbliche ©lätter von ©aoern fugen, bann muffen Sie, meine Herren, in brm Sinn ber Anträge Kimmen ; wenn Sie aber eine höhere ©ationalehre fennen , baß man t>on un« fagen fönne, wir achten bie Freiheit in jeber ©orauSfehung , fo ifl bieß rin ©uf höherer 2lrt unb ber ©ationalehre nic^t unwürbig. SSie auef? bir Slbflimmung heute lauten möge, ich bin beruhigt, baß bie heutige ©erhanblung feinen Samen ber 3wie* tratet gefäet hat, baß auch mriner Äirche fein Nachteil erwächst. ©icht als Klägerin, nicht als ©eflagte tritt bir fatholifche Äirche auf, brnn fir nfennt fein jeitliche« ftorurn, fie »ertraut einer ©erheißung auf bie ©efefce, fie fann auf anbere ©echte fußen. ©Jenn geiben über fie fommen, fo weiß fie ju bulben, fie proteflirt aber gegen jebe« Unrecht. 3eben* fatld würbe ba«, was wir burdj unfere ©e* ftfllüffe i^r jumuthen , eine leibige Schmach f*9« ; fie würbe baburch in $effeln gefchmiebet werben. Der alte Petrus ifl noch immer ber Sitte; gar oft haben ÜJlandje geglaubt, il;n am morgenben läge am öffentlichen £ochge* rieht ju fef>en, aber er ifl au« ben Jeffcln als ein ©ngel ber tfirci)* h*rvorgegangen." (Die Slbflimmung biefer Sifcung wirb in nächfler ©uimner folgen.) ®dE)tt>ef). Sutern. Mm 8. b. ifl vom ©egierungSrath« wä^renb ber Sifcung bem -£rn. ©eneral gubwig v. Sonnenberg für geleiflete Dienfle ein prachtvoller @|)renbegen aW 3eit^en ber Danfbarfeit beS Danton« gu* jern überreizt worben. £r. v. Sönnern berg hatte bem erflen ©ufe ber ©egierung »on gujern jur Ueberna^me beS Äommanbo’S ^olge geleiflet. Sobalb er ben erforberlichen Urlaub vom Slönige von ©eapel erhalten hatte, eilte er mit feinen beiben Söhnen von Neapel fort unb nach gujern. Die ©egie* rung wollte ihm unb feinen Söhnen einen intern ©ange angemeffenen Solb beflimmen, allein 6r. v. — „<5£re, bem ©h« gebührt." — Schwpj. ©infiebeln. (Ä i rch weihe.) ©erwichenen Sonntag, als am erflen Sonn* tage nach ffreujerfinbung , begieng ba« hoch». Stift ©infiebeln ba« ber „Jfirdjweilje ber großen Äloflerfirche." Der ©au biefer Kirche würbe i. 3* 1704 angefangen. Die ©in* Weisung gefc^a^ i. 3. 1738. — 3*«$ ut f*h' gut gewählten $efl* ober f. g. ©hren* prebigt, gehalten 00m hothro* P* ©enjamin Äälin von ©inflebeln , gegenwärtig im Kapu* jinerflofler ju Äapperfebwil, begann ba« feiet* lidje ^odbamt. Da S. ®. ber £err ©ralat ^>einricb bie firdjlidje ©enebiftion not^ nit^t erbalten unb ber bodjw. |>err Defan fid) fort* wäbrenb unpäßlich befinbet, fo jelebrirte bet nunmehrige ^err Subprior unb Jrater* Snflruftor P. 2ftb«na<. — Solothurn, 12. ©lai.('Kaianbacht.) 3n ber nieblithen Äircf>e bet ©©. Äapujiner ju Solothurn wirb bitfefl 3abr wäbrenb be« ©laimonat« eine SDlarienanbacht mit vieler {yeierlicbfeit gehalten. Se. ©naben ber £ert ©ifefjof von ©afet eröffnete biefelbe mit einer angemeffenen «prebigt am ?lbenbe be« erflen SKaitag«. 9lHe SRittwoch unb Sonntag wirb nun ben ganjen ©lonat hindurch eine Slbenb* ^'rebigt von ben beliebteren ffanjelrebnern ber Stabt Solothurn gehalten; bie übrigen Slbenbe ber ©Joche aber ber pi. Kofenfranj gebetet. 3ur ©erherrlichung biefer OTaianbacljt hob*« fromme qjerfonen ©eiträge geleiflet, um ben itltar bet Gottesmutter prachtvoll auSjujieren. fromme Söchter verherrlichen bie $eier burch liebliche ©efänge. 3ch höbe nicht nöthig, bei* jufügen, baß biefe Slnbacht von allen Älaffen unb Slltern jahlreidh befucht wirb unb un< flreitig viel ©uteö leiflet. ©lochte biefe vom £ochw. ^>rn. ©ifchof eröffnete ©laianbacht auch anberwärt« Slachahmung finben ! — ^rauenflofler 5lu, 13. ©lai. 9ln bie Stelle ber bisherigen, nunmehr wegen 2llter unb jlränflichfeit freiwillig refignirten , wohl* ehrwürbigen ^rau ©lütter ©l. ©Icinraba Schön* bächler von ©infiebeln, hat bas lobwürbige ©ot< teShauS in ber 2lu, ©enebiftiner*Orbens, in feiner heutigen ©erfammlung erwählt: bie wohlehrwürbige^rau ©lütter ©la ri a fyran* jisfa Salefia #äfele von Älingnau, Sfanton 2largau, — geboren 21. Dej. 1801, sprofeß 16. 3uli 1822. — ©raubünben. (Äonverfion.) gaut ©ericht ber „fathol. ©lätter a. I." hflt am 5. ©lärj l. 3. ^r. II Ip ff f ö Slnton ^rei* herr v. Salis*Soglio ju ©riren baS fatholifche ©laubenSbetenntniß abgelegt unb bi« hl. 5*rmun9 burch ben fjochwürbigflen -^errn ^ürflbifchof ©alura empfangen. Digitized by Google M 21. 24. <JMai 1846. Italien. (Dom ju üftailand.) 2lm 13. 'JKärj tiefe« 3abreS waren es gerate 460 3af>re, feit 3<>hann föiscenti taei tfuntament ter 2>iai(äntcr:S?athrtrale legen ließ; pen da an bi« auf unfere Jage waren tic auSgejeich= netiicit 3lrchitcftcn fett unt fort mit SÄuSbauung und 3luöjierung tiefe« UttcfcnwerfcS fird?lid)er Saufunft beauftragt, ©egenwärtig find über 500C größere und fteinerc Statuen angebracht; ihre fcö 10,000 erreichen. 3m 3al)ff 184,1 wurde wieder in Jijurm oollentct, unt) fo wirt) feit fünft^alb 3af>rf)unterten fortwährend an tiefem ©ctteötempel gearbeitet. DaS ganje SSerf — äuä blentent weißem ÜJlarmcr — ifl gothifcf), mit 31uonahme der im griechifchen Stül erbauten \ya?ate. ftfinf große portale bitten tie H>crderfcite, taS mittlere unt tie beiten äußern fint mit doppelten, tic beiten übrigen mit einfachen Säulen gejiert. Die Säulen erheben fictj ungleich über dem ^fronten, fchließcn fich in fhtfenweiö jugefpi^te Jinmnr, auf welchen fcloffale Statuen ruhen unt bilten fo in ihrem ©cfamtntanblicf ein Dreierf. Sluch tic beiten Seiten teS Schiffs find mit gctl>i* fchen Xhürmen gejiert unt über ter Stuppcl erhebt fich gleichfalls ein Jl;uruc. Das 3nn*te der Slirdje l;at lie &orm eines lateinifchen JßreujeS. Die Schiffe find durch 52 enorme Säulen pon einander gefehlten, »on welchen tic »ier ter Äupole tic übrigen um einen fünftel an ©röße überragen. Die 4 (Eoan* geliflen und 60 andere Statuen bilten die innere SluSjierung ter Äupole. Der Söoten iff mit pcrfdjietcnfarbigcm fWannor in Jorrn ren SltabcSfen belegt. SUcnn man flunten* lang im 3nnern perweilt hat, um all’ *'f Stunfifchähe r die Slltäre, ftapeüen , Safriffeien und ^yenfterflemalte ju bewundern, unt felbft in taS tlnterirt ifdje jur gold * und (Überreichen StapeUe tcS $1. 3wci ©tänner (fchreibt der englifche ÜJtif* fionär $aggar), tie man ira Slrieg lebendig ergriffen hatte, wurten l>crbci geführt, um getettet ju werten. Seru\) fclbfl gab an, wie man fie umbringen feilte. URan fagte ihm, tiefes Verfahren wäre fehr graufant, und wenn er fie am heben ließe, würden fic ihm einen Slahn fcljenfen. Seru erwiederte: „öehaltet euren Stabn , ich will fDienfchen effen." Sein S^ruter, tem er befohlen batte, tie beiten Schlachtopfec ju tötten , perließ tie Statt, um nicht 3fU9e furchtbaren 3luftrittS feon ju inüffrn. Die beiten ®länncr mußten eine ©rube in die 6rte machen ju einem 33acfofen, •) So beißt ber mdditige unb furchtbare Häuptling ber 3nftl ©au ; er ift berüchtigt wegen feiner Hiebe jum Ärieg, feiner ©raufamfeit unb wegen befl rieten iölutef , ba6 er pergoffen h«t. 82 unt tad ^ctj ßauen , an weitem i ßre eigenen geibet gebraten werten follten. Dann mußten fic fid> Waffen unt einen Steleß »on Sana* nenblättern matten. ÜJlan öffnete hierauf einem $eten eine 2lter, unt halt war ter Steleß mit ißrent Slutc angefüllt. Dad 93olf tranf it>r Slut »or ißren Bugen. Seru ließ ißnen hierauf tie 9lrme abfeßneiten ; tiefe wurten gebraten, gegefien, unt ißnen felbec ein Stürf ta»on angeboten. Seru befaßt, ißnen einen Bngcl* ßafen in ißre 3ungen ju ßccfen; man 30g tie jungen mit ten Bngelßafen ßeraud unt ter* feßnitt fie. @ie wurten gebraten unt gegeben unter tem fpöttifeßen Budruf: ,,©ir efren eure 3ungen." Da tie beiten Unglücflicßen neeß lebten, matßte man ißnen einen ©in* feßnitt in tie $üftc, tureß welken tie ©in* geweite ßeroortrangen } unt tamit ßatten ißre geilen ein ©nie.
4,350
US-202217944673-A_5
USPTO
Open Government
Public Domain
2,022
None
None
English
Spoken
335
377
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second symbol set is based on a multiple of respective proportions of occurrences of each of the displayed symbols of the first symbol set for the play of the first game. 3. A method of operating a gaming system, the method comprising: causing a display, by a display device, of a first plurality of video reels, the first plurality of video reels comprising a first symbol set, the first symbol set comprising a first plurality of different symbols; after triggering a first triggering event for a play of a first game, at each of a plurality of first symbol display positions associated with the first plurality of reels, displaying, by the display device, one of the symbols randomly determined by the processor from the first symbol set of the first plurality of different symbols of the first plurality of reels; and after triggering a second triggering event for a play of a second game, configuring a second plurality of reels comprising a second symbol set, the second symbol set comprising each of the displayed symbols at the plurality of first symbol display positions from the play of the first game, the second symbol set not comprising any of the plurality of symbols of the first symbol set that were not displayed at any of the plurality of first symbol display positions for the play of the first game, and the second symbol set being based on respective proportions of occurrences of each of the displayed symbols of the first symbol set for the play of the first game, displaying, by the display device, the second plurality of video reels and replacing the first plurality of video reels, the second plurality of video reels comprising the second symbol set and associated with the first symbol display positions; and at each of the plurality of first symbol display positions, displaying, by the display device, one of the symbols from the second symbol set of the second plurality of reels..
9,404
sn86072143_1887-04-15_1_8_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
null
None
None
English
Spoken
7,257
9,896
ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES OF THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. Able Anniversary House Sturdily, and The meeting of the Young Men's Christian Association of the Association, The exercises connected with the 21st annual meeting of the Young Men's Christian Association were held Tuesday evening at the College Street church, the house being crowded. The program consisted of numerous voluntary hymns by Mr. C. W. Davis, two selections of music by a double quartet, reading of the parable of the 10 talents by Rev. Dr. Bliss, prayer by Rev. Mr. McFadden, the presentation of the reports of the general secretary and president and addresses by Mr. Sturgis, Jr., of Boston and President Buchanan. Mr. Sturgis was introduced by President Van Patten as the chairman of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Y. M. C. A., member of the national committee and in. One for a long time interested in this work. Mr. Sturgis began his remarks by saying that after listening to the term of the general secretary on what has been done during the past year and that of the president on what was still to be done, and then looking into such a congregation, he could not see the need of sending for him, or how any appeal from an outsider could have as much weight as that of a prominent businessman like Mr. Van Patten. Why have we any Young Men's Christian associations at all? One thing is patent to anyone trying through New England, it is a town that has no college to attract them, as Brighton is fortunate in having. The young men go to the cities whose enormous numbers of them are congregated. Every Christian man and woman realizes that God has not left us to find out for ourselves what is good for us but has prepared it for us. So we are invited here as the need appears for a new YMCA building. I have no doubt that when the Lord put it into the mind of George Williams to do something for his fellow men he knew what was coming. It began in England only as a preventive work among Christian young men, and at first contested simply of a large number of Bible classes in various parts of London. When the work was introduced into this country it took an entirely different form. But by means of it the Christian young man endeavored to bring himself into contact with him who was not religiously inclined. It is not until one has become a Christian man that he understands how a meeting of prayer and praise can be attractive. A young man who is not a Christian hurts nothing pleasant in it. What should be to bring this about? We must have attractive rooms. The very brightest places in our large cities are the drinking saloons. Everything that can appeal to any part of the young man is there. One cannot pass the entrance without being Struck by this fact. If he wants to go in, he is met with a hearty welcome by those people for that purpose and everything is made to play on his imagination. We must meet this with rooms in prominent places, making them attractive and bright so that no young man can go past without noticing it. When he gets inside there must be the same ready welcome. He must be able to learn all that is going on by means of the daily papers, must find his favorite periodical there and it's tired must be given a place where he may go for some game and appropriate himself by letting the tension off the bow. There must be some opportunity for those who feel the importance of being proficient to go into a class for instruction, as if he wants himself to be some singing class for him to join. Athletic sports in our day have been proven to be the strongest attraction and there is hardly a young man but who wants to be considered strong physically. This fact is a cause for rejoicing and of very great advantage to our country. In a few years the American boy will be able to compete successfully with the English young man who has been in training for centuries. But this is not all. The real work of Young Men's Christian associations is to bring the moral young man where he may come under the influence of that which is distinctly Christian. If it were not for this feature of our work, we never should have prospered as we have. Any young man of good moral character can become a member, but he can hold no office if he is not a member of some evangelical church. Attempts which have been made to push over this rule have met with failure. There are nearly 100,000 young men's Christian associations in the United States and Canada and over 3000 in the world, with ill or 65 buildings in the United States and Canada. As the result of college associations during last year more than 1300 young men are to go out as missionaries. Railroad officials see the good results of our work, and are actively interested in it for their own welfare. We can only always and distinctly thank God for the way in which he has blessed and is still blessing us. Another cause for thankfulness is the unity of all Protestant churches in this grand work. PRESIDENTIAL CHURCHES. A distinguished citizen of Burlington, temporarily absent, has written to friends here that he rejoices in the growth of Burlington and in the fact that its higher interests are keeping pace with its business all along. If the material and moral elements can thrive side by side, that is enough for any community. How does our city keep pace with its material growth? If a stranger were to visit our mercantile and manufacturing interests, he would see evidences of more wealth than is usually found in a provincial town; if he were to visit our libraries and homes and see what sort of books we read and our pictures, he would say we were a cultured community. The architecture of our churches, congregations, and tenements of worship show that religion has a very prominent place among us. Hence, we say that moral advancement has kept pace with the spiritual. There has been a manifest increase in the last 25 years, since our city began to build up with the accession of the lumber interests. All our burdens but two have been built or rebuilt, so have the college buildings, most of our school buildings, while all charitable buildings have sprung up, to the hospital. Home for Destitute Children, Howard Belief society and free library. The churches have more than doubled their membership and spiritual power. X,vt us for a moment forget all about Burlington and go visiting. As strangers lot us enter anywhere two cities with about 5,000 inhabitants, having wealth, culture, pleasant homes, attractive streets and prosperous places of business. As members of the Young Men's Christian association we enquire the way to their quarters. In one city we are directed to the rear of a dilapidated old rookery. In the other city we find the V. M. C. A. building occupying the principal corner on two business streets, overlooking the city park, a four-story brick building with Longmeatown stone trimmings, containing all the conveniences and conspicuous for holidity and dignity and suggestive of comfort and hospitality. What would these two buildings say as to the practical Christianity of the two places? In which would we prefer to reside or to send a son to his education or business? Suppose this transformation to be seen in the same place, at an interval of a few years? What would we infer as to the moral elements keeping pace with the material? What if this should take place in Burlington in the year 1892 and 1892? We have to come to a time when the question of the hour is how to get a YMCA. Building. This association has come to its building era. For its uses it needs a home just as much as a church needs an office. There was a time when the V. M. C. A. C. A. met for prayer over a saddlery in a dingy room. It makes a great difference to a young man into what kind of a building he is invited. It seems that the time has come when we must have this building. Other agencies are zealously at work to get possession of our young men. Virtue and vice, piety, and sin are offering their bids to get possession of the souls of our young men and we must enter into the competition. We allure responsible to see to it that this Christian association has every advantage of a building built to its needs and uses. It is not only an obligation but an opportunity such as comes but once in a generation. I do not regard the recent fire as a blessing, for I do not consider any such occurrence in that light, but it has solved some problems and has pressed upon us some other facts. To sum it all up, Mr. Van Patten has come forward with his proposition which is one of the noblest, most generous, and wisest gifts Burlington has ever received, which is saying a good deal. We should be thankful that we live to Burlington and have such an opportunity to work together with God and have a right to share in the final triumph. But with addresses were earnest presentations of the needs of our Young Men's Christian association and were listened to most attentively by the large number present. The exercises were brought to a close with the benediction pronounced by Rev. Mr. Carter. STATE RAILROAD COMMISSION The 'lolian and Hudson Road Held responsible for Henry Honor's Dauntless. In relation to the fatal accident to Henry Buyers, on the track of the Delaware and Hudson Canal company, at Fair Haven, March 10, last, the Board of Railroad Commissioners, report that the Board did not receive from the corporation the notice of the accident required by law, and the action of the Board in the matter was instituted upon information of the fact of such an accident contained in the public press. This is the first case that has come to our knowledge where that statute has been wholly disregarded. No officer or attorney of the road appeared on the matter, where on his way from New Hampshire to his former home. In Crown Point, N.Y., March 10, had got back to the farm, Vermont, and was wandering about with his horse and cutter, so much under the influence of liquor as to know his whereabouts, or what he was doing; and, when coming from the west, about 8 o'clock in the evening, his horse left the highway and turned or was driven upon the railroad track, at the crossing in Fair Haven, near the entrance to the fairgrounds. At a point some 30 or 30 rods east from the crossing, he was struck by the tender of an engine, running wild, and backing from the path to the right. The cutter was demolished and the man was murdered and killed. The report concludes: "The engine at the crossing was filled with ice and snow, and offered no resistance to the pursuit of emigrants or tourists. The engine which killed Mr. Harvey was in a slow rate of speed, and had it in the lead, had it in the lead, and had it in the lead, this team could have been soon in the lead, and the engine stopped before it struck the hill." The necessities of the business on this road (required an extra engine called a "pusher" or "helper," to come up from Whitehall to help the heavy freight trains up the roads between Whitehall and West Rutland. This high operation, however, is necessary to do in the daytime, but we think it necessary to do the surety and security of the public requires that such engines should either be run upon the turn table at Castleton, and turned around before going back in the morning, or that a steam light should be used upon the rear of the tender; and we recommend that said Delaware and Hudson company hereafter adopt such course. That no such action of the company to its violation of Section 2107 of the Revised Laws of Vermont which requires every railroad corporation to maintain cattle guards at all road crossings, "sufficient to prevent cattle and other animals from entering on the railroad." It is undoubtedly difficult often times in the winter season to keep such guards open, that statute was evidently designed to keep the track clear of obstructions which might cause a derailment and endanger the lives of people traveling upon the cars. Until the Legislature shall repeal the same, we think it should be obeyed. By the Board, A. K. Watson, Clerk, Milford of a Normal School Student. Potsdam, N.Y., April 13. A young man named K. B. Bush, a student at the State normal school here, committed suicide by shooting himself in the head this morning about 10:30 o'clock. About 10 o'clock he went from his boarding place to the normal school building and reported to Principal Cook that he had broken his pledge again. The professor told him to go to his room and lie down, and he would see him later. Bush started out and proceeded but a few steps from the building when he placed a revolver to his ear and fired. He took several steps before he fell and lived until 4:30 p.m. but did not regain consciousness. He was a son of K. H. Bush, cashier of the First National bank of Lowell, N.Y., and was a great favorite with all who knew him. EXPLOSION IN ST. AUGUSTINE HOTEL AND OTHER PROPERTY, Jacksonville, Fla., April 12 A St. Augustine special gives a full account of the fire there this morning which destroyed $2,100,000 worth of property. The alarm was given at 3:15 a.m., the fire being in the laundry of the St. Augustine hotel. The names spread rapidly to the main part of the building. The fire department was soon on the scene but it was impossible to get any thing to have the hotel. Ninety guests and 40 servants, with the exception of one laundry. Women, Bridget Barry, escaped. By this time, the flames had crepe through the entire building and communicated to the Edwards House and the cottage on the north, both frame buildings. These were soon consumed by the Planters House and the annex to the Florida House. The next buildings to go were the First National bank, and one of the oldest landmarks in the ancient city, the old Spanish cathedral. The roof caught and soon fell, destroying all the old historic relics in the interior. The flames spread to the Sinclair block, which was quickly burned. Together with other buildings, the old county courthouse on North Street was totally destroyed. The records, however, were removed and saved. At 7:30 the fire was completely under control. Bridget Barry was the only person whose life was lost. She escaped early, but returned to save her clothing and was not seen afterward. The old cathedral in St. Augustine, though not as old as it has often been claimed to be, having been completed in 1701, was a well-known and interesting landmark, and its loss will be mourned by many a visitor to the ancient city. It was built of the colonial stone in Spanish style with a rather tawny interior. The St. Augustine hotel was a large four-story structure, facing the plaza. TERMINAL FIRE. RAGING OVER TWO COUNTIES IN KANSAS AND STILL BURNING. Filling Lives to the Flames of Property - The Full of the Plains from the Mississippi. A) ready Sixty Bales Out: Clara, April 12. A despatch from Atchison, Kan., says: Fifteen persons have been burned to death by the prairie fires, which, starting near Xicolom, Graham county, have swept northwest on an air line into Norton county, destroying everything in a path that in places is from two and one half to seven miles wide, a great roaring sea of flames rolling in tremendous sheets under the impetus of the high wind which prevailed all day Saturday and last night. Starting in the south fork of the Solomons river, in Graham county, the fire swept north to the north fork, which it crossed at Elmon, in Norton county, and at last accounts it was the sweeping northwest diagonal across Norton county in the direction of Decatur, the county on the west, carrying destruction and death in its path, thousands of head of stock of all kinds have been burned and thousands of tons of hay, corn and wheat and from 100 to 175 houses and barns have been destroyed. The people living along the line of the fire have been left homeless and destitute. It is impossible to learn the names of those who perished in the flames. Tremendous excitement prevails all through the burned district, which extends an area of over 60 miles in length by two and a half to Seven miles in width, with the fire still spreading west and northwest. A large number of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs have perished. The fire is still raging furiously and the people along its path are terror-stricken. The destruction of the telegraph poles and wires prevents the receipt of further details. OFFICE MAIN STREET. Notes From Camp and Post Throughout Vermont. G. H. Brown of Bellows Falls has accepted the invitation of Sedgwick Grand Army Post of Rutland to deliver the Memorial address. The soldiers' monument will hardly be ready for dedication then, and possibly this ceremony will be deferred till July 4. Col. Albert Clarke of Rutland will deliver the Memorial Day address at Brandon and Dr. A. H. Cnesmore of Huntington has been engaged to deliver the Memorial Day address at Richmond. A camp of the Sons of Veterans has been organized at Bennington, eighteen with 18 members and the promise of many more soon. They expect to occupy the hall on Main Street, formerly occupied by the C. A. R. The contribution of Roberts Post of Rutland to the Stanfield memorial fund now amounts to Stoughton Post of Bellows Falls has given $80. Comrade Hugh Henry of Chester will deliver the Memorial Day address at West Burke. Chamberlin Post of St. Johnsbury held an "Little Rock's" promenade and dance Friday evening. Elvin Dillingham Post at Waterbury has contributed to the Stanfield monument fund, and sent a sum of money to E. C. Lord Post in Maryland, which has suffered a great loss by fire. The ladies of the Springfield Relief Corps gave a clam chowder supper at the Grand Army Hall Thursday evening, April Vermont has two. Special examiners of the pension office investigating doubtful and fraudulent pension claims, and reporting to the pension bureau any person receiving a pension without. James K. Cummings of Montpelier has the eight northern counties for his district and Homer Riggs of Middlebury has the six southern counties. Mr. Curran and Mr. Riggs have been a long time in the service and express surprise at finding so few fraudulent cases and so little crookedness in pension matters in Vermont, compared with some other sections of the country where they have been called to labor. Brooks Relief Corps of Montpelier gave an entertainment at Blanchard Opera House April 18, with Mr. Melville K. Day, humorist and tenor; Miss Hattie Day, soprano; Miss Peaseo, solo cornetist; with the Boston Concert company's boy violinist, who is the wonder of the present time. Custer Post of Bennington observed April 0, the anniversary of the surrender of General Lee, with a rousing campfire in their new hall to which delegation from neighboring posts were present. The new altar for the post's hall has arrived and is in position, and with the late furniture the post has one of the finest halls in the State. The following pensions to Vermont are announced: Ira C. Cameron, Berlin, $170 a month and $170 arrears; George W. Hutchelder, Mornstown, a month and $128 arrears; Bramel C. Clogston, Montpelier, $1 a month and $85 arrears; Chauncey Carpenter, Granby, recently of Harre, restoration, $4 a month and $18 arrears; George A. Klanders, East Hardwick, a month and $1 arrears; Cyrus K. Karnsworth, Worcester, an increase from $2 to $8 a month and $1.17 arrears; W H. Kmery, Eden, an increase from $2 to $8 a month and $1. Increase from $8 to $10 a month; John S. Green, North Held, is a month and 118 arrears; Almon B. Haywood, West Randolph, $12 a month and $151 arrears; Freeman York, underhill Centre, recently of Marshall, $1 a month and $112 arrears. A new military order composed of men whose venture in the late war has sprung into existence in Philadelphia. It is called the Union Veteran Legion, and to become a member it is necessary to have served two consecutive years as an actual enlisted soldier. The older is destined to bring together the new soldiers of the war. Substitutes and drafted men are excluded. A Pious Poem's Reciprocity. A correspondent of the Critic, who says that in 1810 he was editor of a monthly magazine published in New York, to which Longfellow had agreed to furnish occasional short poems at the rate of $14 each, thus, tells the story how "Excelsior," thus furnished, impressed the publisher: "One morning, as I entered the office in William street, the publisher called me to the door, with a look here, I saw what a confused piece of nonsense Longfellow has sent me. I just listen to this." Then he proceeded to read the first stanza of the poem, his indignation and his uttering stutter uniting in a display of elocution the like of which, we may safely presume, the hero has never since been the subject of. But it was on the word "Excelsior," of the meaning of which he had not the slightest conception, that he ventured the full volume of his wrath. Proclaiming it "Ex-shell-shur!" he littered it with an expression of withering contempt. "There," he said (I omit the stuttering), "did you ever hear anything equal to that? Now, just listen to another verse!" Then he read the second stanza as he had done the first, and, passionately folding the manuscript, said; "I wonder if Longfellow thinks he can gouge $14 out of me for such a piece of infernal trash as that? I'm not such a tool, I can tell him, and I'll send it back and give him a piece of my mind." The incident, according to the police, was a significant one. While rumaging through the effects of one of the ring leaders of the Pun Handle robbers this morning, a special officer discovered a package containing six giant dynamite cartridges to blow up the large building in town. The discovery created considerable alarm, and the burglars were handled with care. A further examination disclosed a lot of fuse and caps. The detective, finding that the contents of the bomb in securing and storing dynamite were known, and that it would make good reading when the proper time for its disclosure came. Trials will be pushed as speedily as possible. It is believed a large number of men will plead guilty on one point. Or two charges and tints in separate actions, the accusation of charges against the company and the charges against the company. A number whose statements were trivial will be discharged and told to leave this part of the country. The wages of the men against whom charges have been made have been withheld by the company on the ground that the men owe much more to the company than is due them. There is little doubt that the present exposure will lead to another on other roads. Some of these men in the Pennsylvania company's steam and some in the Baltimore and Ohio, it is said that the stealing of these goods was not confined to box cars. Through the aid of the Pennsylvania and various agents, huge quantities of pig iron and iron, steel have been stolen from cars in Pittsburgh and in several other cities, and, away from these cases, will be worked up soon. Water 10 feet deep on the New York Central and Hudson River railroad is shut down. Utica, N.Y., April 12. The interference with travel on the New York Central and Hudson River railroad by high water, which began yesterday, continues today, notwithstanding the lower temperature has checked the thaw. The tracks from Fort Plain to Fonda were under water at some points to a depth of three feet and directly in front of Palatine Bridge station, the water was 10 feet deep on the track. Under these circumstances, it is impossible to tell how many culverts have been washed out or to estimate what length of time they have been necessary to repair the damage after the final subsides. All through trains running. Albany and Syracuse are sent by Utica via the West Shore route. Last evening the bulkhead which supplies the water for a dozen more mills and factories was swept away necessitating the closing of a large number of establishments. High Water in New York state. Coxtoocook, N. H., April 12. The depot square in Warner is submerged with water from Warner river. The El, is saw mill has suspended bulges. At East Bradford, the highway is submerged 4 or 5 feet and the mills have stopped at West Henniker and West Hopkinton. The thaw continues and the water in the river is still very high having risen since yesterday. At this village a number of buildings on the river bank are partially submerged. In various places in this and other towns the highways are submerged and travel is obstructed. The pile bridge on the Concord and Peterborough railroad is reported in danger from the presence of ice. As the water spreads over the intervals there is a less increase in the river. High water has caused great destruction of property in this vicinity. There is no chance of any train or mail from the east. This track is washed out and covered with water at Rock Cut, Ellenburg, N. Y.; also a dump washed out near Moores Korks, N. Y. The water here is two feet higher than ever known before. The flume of the starch factory here and the new iron foot bridge at Fort Covington, N. Y. went out last night, and smaller bridges too numerous to mention have gone the same way. The Water is the Highest for Years. Sickfield, April 12. The spring floods in the Connecticut and Black rivers are the highest for 28 years. The ice jam in the Connecticut last night set the water back several miles, flooding the highways, meadows and farms. A hole was knocked in the Cheshire bridge and one pier was damaged by the ice. The jam broke this afternoon and the bridge is now safe. The water has fallen eight feet since noon and the highways are again passable. One highway bridge was smashed by the ice. The dam at Hartousville on the Black river was swept away. The Hartford trestle passed Charlestown this afternoon. Business is suspended in the mills until the floods are over. Crossley High License Bill Vetoed. Albany, N.Y., April 12. Governor Hill sent his veto of the Crosby high license bill to the Assembly this evening. Death of Rev. Alfred Lee, D.D., LL.D., LL.D. Wilmington, Del., April 12. Rev. Alfred Lee, D.D., LL.D. Episcopal bishop of Delaware and primate of the church in America, died today of typhoid fever, in his 80th year. An Unknown Man in St. Louis St. Louis, April 12. An unknown man was taken in charge by the sheriff today and by order of the selectmen will be taken to the asylum at Brattleboro. She is about 80 years old. Quile stout, and gives her name as Thompson and claims to have lived in Boston and New York. A Pleasure Event in Brattleboro. BATTLEBORO, April 12. Frederick Holbrook, Jr., son of Frederick Holbrook of Boston, and grandson of ex-Gov. Holbrook, was married here today to Grace, the youngest daughter of X. K. Cabot, treasurer of the Vermont savings bank. Rev. C. C. Day performed the ceremony, after which Mr. and Mrs. Holbrook departed for Idaho, where he is division superintendent on the Union Pacific railroad. The guests included relatives and friends from Boston, Connecticut, New York, and Brattleboro. Why did the Women of this country use over thirteen million cakes of Procter & Gamble's Lenox Soap in 1886? Buy a cake of Lenox and you will soon understand why. To Clot More Leisure for Yacht, The Troy Times says: "Our well-known and genial townsman, X. L. Weatherby, who has been connected with the firm of Clot & Sons for the last 18 years, has severed his copartnership relations with the house, but will remain very identified with its business. This change is untimely that he may have more leisure and less business responsibility. Mr. Weatherby has hosts of friends and is popular, not less for his social than his rate but due qualifications, and he will not fail to secure success in the future in the past." In a personal note, Mr. Weatherby says he wishes to get more leisure for yachting, a sport which he keenly enjoys, and expects to come to Burlington with a small steam yacht which he owns. Rev. W. F. English of Essex Junction will shortly sail for England. He also Expects to take a trip through Scotland and will remain abroad two months. Rev. W. D. Williams of Emm's Junction and his family sail Thursday for Wales, his native place, where they expect to remain two or three months. Rev. G. F. Pentecost is expected to begin his labors in Montpelier on the first Sunday in May. Montpelier is the second place in which Dr. Pentecost pleaches since giving up his great chinch in Brooklyn to devote himself exclusively to evangelistic work. A committee consisting of the pastors and two members from each of the three denominations for which he is in labor, Baptist, Congregational, and Methodist have been appointed to make arrangements for his coming. The meetings will probably be held in the Methodist church, and the singing, which will be conducted until, will be led by a large chorus choir. Rev. H. Hincks has been pastor of Bethany Congregational church, Montpelier, nearly 10 years. His first absence from the pulpit, except by reason of absence from town, occurred on Sunday, April 2, when he was confined to the house by illness and the church was in session. April the Rev. L. Teliney of Waterbury supplied the pulpit, and on Sunday next, his health will permit. Rev. Mr. Hincks will exchange with the Rev. Mr. Sheldon of Waterbury. It is rumored that the Society of St. Alban's Roman Catholic church at Montpelier will erect a new house of worship in the near future. The number of important appointments to be held at the Vermont conference is much larger than usual. New men must be stationed at Montpelier, St. Johnsbury, Pane, Bellows Falls, Brattleboro, and other important places. Twenty-two men have reached the three years' limit and will be moved. Twenty-eight men are just closing the second year of their pastorate, and probably will be moved. It is probable that over a third of the entire conference will be stationed in new fields of labor. The problem is, indeed, solved by the fact that the conference is small of men. T. P. Frost of Montpelier is to be transferred to Providence, R.I.; L. L. Beeman of St. Johnsbury has been elected principal of the Greenwich, R.I., academy; A. M. Wheeler of Burroughs, H. Webster of Willimantic and J. A. Sherburne of Plainfield will probably leave from active work; one or two will rest a year, and one or two others may be transferred. Very few young men are coming up to take the places of those that are going out and none are expected to be transferred to this conference. Rev. A. H. Simons of the P. Owned Baptist church has accepted a call to the church at Moutowese, Conn., which he left in 1873. A handsome case of the past, a gift from the children of the parish, has just been placed in St. Michael's Episcopal church at Brattleboro. It is of tawn color with lilies, the two center design, being Greek colors, a intertwined with the letters Alpha and Omega. A committee from the Baptist church of Manchester attended the services at the Troy, N.Y., Fifth Street Baptist church Easter Sunday and listened to the sermon of Rev. H. O. Hiscox. A call to the Manchester church has before been extended to Mr. Hiscox, but was declined. It is understood that a much larger salary was offered Mr. Hiscox yesterday to accept the pastorate of the church. The matter was held under advisement. The Methodist society of Pittsburgh has bought the residence of J. M. Waver on Court Street, adjoining the church lot for $1000 and will convert it into a parsonage, having sold the old parsonage for $3000. The Rev. P. Franklin Jones, who died suddenly in New York a few days ago, was formerly pastor of Baptist churches at West Troy, Billston Spa, N.Y., and Fairhaven. He was chaplain of a New York cavalry regiment during the war. Over $200 have been secured to make repairs on the Methodist church at South Pungoteague, which is supplied by Rev. W. H. Davenport, and the work is already in progress. Rev. L. D. Mears, pastor of the Congregational church at Davenport, has closed his pastorate there and gone to Wisconsin that he might be near his father in the latter's declining years. The Baptist society of Windsor has extended a call to Rev. W. C. Carr, who has preached during the past month with great acceptance, with a salary of $100. The Advent church at St. John. has called Rev. Mr. Ward of Danville, P. Q., to its pastorate. Rev. George A. Smith, formerly of Saratoga, has accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church of St. Albans. Sunday forenoon Rev. Mr. MacColl of the St. Albans Congregational church was granted a leave of absence during July and August and until about the middle of September, the church deciding to continue his salary through that period. Mr. MacColl will go to Europe, seeking improvement of his health. Among prominent members of the Methodist denomination who are expected to be present during the Vermont conference at St. Johnsbury next week are Rev. Drs Butler and Thorburn, the famous missionaries, Chaplain McCabe, Mr. J. P. Magee of Sunday school fame, Rev. Dr. J. O. Peck of New Haven, Conn, Rev Dr. B. K. Pierce, late editor of the Sun's Herald and others equally well known. The criminal code. Mrs. Mary A. Coleman of Jamaica has been held in $500 bail on a charge of using postage stamps the second time, for which the penalty under the federal statutes is $100 fine or six months' to a year's imprisonment, or both. Her trial will come before the May term of the District Court. Nathaniel Fairbanks, a farmer of Springfield, attempted suicide by calling his throat with a razor. Although he made an ugly gash in his neck, he missed the jugular vein and was alive at last accounts. Western London. To the Editor of the Free Press. Your correspondent subjected himself to considerable private bombardment from loan agencies and agents on account of u recent letter on Western loans. One correspondent speaking of "Fairfax's" communication mid for one of the agen cies, says: "The letler seems to lien public aniioiinccmetit of his Ignorance In the matter." So far as concerns the per sonal qualifications or tlie writer It may be well to drop the discussion I claim to have fair giottnds lor basing a iudg nieiit, and am not disposed to question the inugrlty of many who are selling these inoitgage bonus. That money is loaned in tlie West on good security, where principal and interest are promntlv pa d It Is foolish to deny. But it is my " I I "".-VII IlLUll LW n H L l CVtt iMiirui iii ii'n.ii kh nr.. 1 tujuwiy ui mi'Mj loan f-olit'ines llk.ily to result (liHfiHtroiHly In the 1 Ml'l-l' nr.t rmunhii fjii t l.t. I' iPM, ii Ki-iMt ileul of monuy Is tflftwd real cHtntt. at the hnorn ntiilprxitiitil vi-liur tin.. l I . h if 'ii i'ii it ti n ii ii it t it . e .... i mums io luippcn that hnml tval eMate hpvniul iru initiit'.il r i i,..i ! ""J M ! HI J Ul 1WM1I1H i to hw how monev iilaced I IK HTIilf'tiiMiir tlit In ... t I . , , ; J'TtCllll.tT Hill j was being loaned ou tunas rated at s.io acie. sclllinr vnliiu ,viio.. ... ii.... .i ! of the-e farms had been sold for $12 II II 11' mill it.mi ..Ou...1 f.... ?i ... Sill tin If lis to rill i.i' lu Mr........i... tir .,,...v. J.JLf I, -.-'-".''."I iiunillll-u L II IIIIII. r. II V ll;t, i.-rm.t f.. I.... ft.. ...n icl mums nu n um other Way. anil t IIIM it will e..ll I.... nj borrowers that carry on their face I nbnfllllti. frnii-ii,,1.......... I.... -i.i., S' nt (Ifa.ll I I.SL HISS. I IH 1 i mnui m nut Koiug io make ins imnear . WIIISO HI It. YVIlutt I..V... I............1. um inn annul oeu island.scheme, he 1 1 Iff 1.'III Ullllr-ltwil, j t II. I... .)...l j....... ........,......,,,. i-mui-t-s wont, lie,' nartles run hi. t.,n i-t, 1 1.....i. i . i I, "-''. ij im nil-ill. lmtri.lv n fiiii.stif.i, i.i i. lou'r.r k iij,..tl.... i.i.... I v.. Lllliu, IIK11 LI1H I l-A-ery farmer knows this. So long as inif.rT i. L-,,f i.i. .int. iui Uvioinre.s eo tin. nnil nt.,-lll tl.,. t.- i...,.. u ivmisas, town or Dakota farm on hands ' ........ y"'"soiiwii tn; nuw ine XV hundred thousand of April! speaks this is in m 1.1- i.,iit,,-:,,n,.. 1 111 tlna rtnt t.nn, t. 1.. The Western loan agencies, which advertise for eastern capital to be placed where it will return the lender 8 to 12 percent net, are killing agricultural thrift in the sections where they exist, and Eastern lenders are beginning to whistle for their capital or industrial property on their hands in the far West, procured by foreclosure of these mortgages. Yet many of our renters know the difficulty there is in raising a reasonable sum of money upon the security of our New England farms. Is there not less risk in the capital loaned on farm mortgages here than in the West? We are inclined to the opinion that someone is going to be bitten by these Western loans in the near future. But the public won't hear much of such a result, because the losers will keep still. We have paid two and a half percent a month for money in Colorado and know something about this business. Fawax. The following Vermont colts are entered for the New England stakes: Lester Fish, Ira, names blk. g. K F. D., by Aristos vl-2.-)i), son of Daniel Lambert, dam by Bay Lester. H. K. Taylor, West Cornwall, blk. ro. ml Lady Cutts, by Ben Franklin (2:5), dam by De Long's Ethan Allen, son of Eliau Allen (2:5). Present value of above stake $100. U.K. Hamilton, Fair Haven, blk. m. Daisy C, by Highland Gray (2:5). S,) dam by Gen. end Sherman, son of Young Columbus '1'. A. Hammond, North Orwell, ch. m. Katonah, by L'gbert, son of Rvsdyk's Himbletonian: dam by William Welch, by Rvsdyk's Hambletonian. R. K. Hamilton, Falrhaven, b. tn. Lizzie Vaughn by Almoin Star, by Almoin; dam by Ben Franklin ('J'J'J), son of Daniel Lambert. Utton Bros, of Morrisville now have in their stables 18 horses in training. The colt, Gleiiallan, owned by Gov. Hetnlee, sired by Ben Franklin and which took first premium at the State fair last fall in the class for 4-year. old stallions, lias been sold tor a handsome price and Is to be taken to South America lor breeding pur poses. This colt was broken ami trained by L'tton Bros. Trailo Notes. At Klgin, HI., butter Is quoted active at 24 to L'oc, with sales over '-'",000 lbs, and heavy ollerings. In M. Louis butter is lower, at '27 to;2Sc for Klgin creamery. Cheese is rirtu. Eggs aio lower at 10c. Beerbohm's cable reports cargoes of wheat and corn on p isage, rather easier , wheat and corn oil coast, slow. In Cincinnati, butter is steady: Fancy creamery. 'M to 3ie: extras, "J to J-c, dairy Zi to '.'."to. F.ggs are quiet at 10 to lu c II;irri;t N. Daniels's 1 1st ate. STATU OI' VllIt.MDXT, I The Houora IUSTIIUT OF C'U ITTF.MW.N.sS, lib-the 1'iobato Court lor the District of I'lntteinl. n. To all peiMUM lhteiesteil in tilt- estate of Harriet N. Daniels late of Huilim-ton i suld district, deceased, (illKITtMi. Wlieie.is, said court has assigned the 7th duyol May iss;, lor the settlement of the llYceutot's account, anil lor a decree ol the rcsl.iuu ot said estate to the devisees and leiratees ot said tlece ised, and ouleied that public notleethcrcof boi?yetito all pvisona Inlciested in said elate by puhlMibiK this or tler three necks successively previous to the day assumed. In the llui llinriou I-'no I'less printed in lliirliiiKton in said district. Theieiiai-. ou aio hereby untitled to ap pear ut the Probate Cum t rooms iu IturliUK lon, on ihe din iisslsned, then ami tliero to contest i lie allowance nt said account if you si e cause, ami to CMnhllsh jour rich as heirs, legatees iiml lawlul el.mmiutsot said lesiduo. (iiveu under my hand, this llth day of Apri , IssT. .lUN.Mi: STACV, lit -lister l-'.vvJw Caroline 31. lsham'H l-:tau. stat r. or y lutMONT, lthIrniVirurt D.MUiCT oi-Ci.irrKM.i.N. ( i;,Vr0 in'sViei of Chittenden To tho heirs and all persons inteiesled In the estate ol Caroline M. l-liam .ale t Hnr llimio In sulci dlstiict, deceased. (.UErn.vo.j Whereas, application hath lueii made to this Court in wilt inif by the ndmitdstriitor with ihe will iimie.eil ot aid estate prajuui t-ir lai use ami authority to sell tlie whole ol real estate oi sain ticcea-en, ioi -me imj men ol debts and charges ot adnuulstriitlon, seU ting loiih therein the iimnum o, in l is oia lllllll Plllll lllLlllll, ...t ...... , V.-. ......... the situatl not me reaiesiaie, l I Ollllie l. Olll I rooms, 111 sum uismy, i.' ,:" ami tiecuie upon stun iii'iuieiiu.Mi m... i-t..,.wi,, i 111-1.-.1 ii imu-Ntiaiior wine i iiui iiiikioii ...v. .. i ,,i .mi. I II, il-ltlll1 ill hlllll l-SIIllt'. Illl lllll mil- I.... l....ii-lmr Thereloie, you aro liereliy notiucu lonppenr lietoro said court at the time and place assign ed, then and theiolu said coin t, to make your objection totlieBi-iiutinif ot such license, if you see cause. (iiveu under my hand, at tho Probate Court romua- ,ms'" ' "'jk'snVkkKvov. ( Sw3w Kcifistcr..
48,935
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French Open Data
Open Government
Various open data
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https://www.courdecassation.fr/decision/607dde46bdd797b53ae6e05d
courdecassation.fr
French
Spoken
1,273
2,004
SERVITUDE - Servitudes diverses - Passage - Enclave - Exercice - Conditions - Indemnité - Attribution préalable - Nécessité (non) L'exercice du droit de passage n'est pas subordonné au paiement préalable de l'indemnité de désenclavement M. CHAUVIN, président, Arrêt n° 283 FS-P Pourvoi n° M 20-15.155 La société du Pramaou, société civile immobilière, dont le siège est [...] , a formé le pourvoi n° M 20-15.155 contre l'arrêt rendu le 16 janvier 2020 par la cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence (chambre 1-5), dans le litige l'opposant : 1°/ à M. K... C..., 2°/ à M. R... C..., Sur le rapport de M. Jariel, conseiller référendaire, les observations de la SCP Didier et Pinet, avocat de la société du Pramaou, de Me Balat, avocat de MM. K... et R... C..., et l'avis de Mme Morel-Coujard, avocat général, après débats en l'audience publique du 16 février 2021 où étaient présents M. Chauvin, président, M. Jariel, conseiller référendaire rapporteur, M. Echappé, conseiller doyen, MM. Parneix, Barbieri, Jessel, David, Jobert, conseillers, Mme Collomp, MM. Béghin, Jariel, Mmes Schmitt, Aldigé, conseillers référendaires, Mme Morel-Coujard, avocat général, et Mme Berdeaux, greffier de chambre, 1. Selon l'arrêt attaqué (Aix-en-Provence, 16 janvier 2020), un arrêt devenu irrévocable du 30 janvier 2012 a accordé, au profit de parcelles enclavées, devenues la propriété de MM. K... et R... C..., une servitude de passage sur une parcelle, propriété de la SCI du Pramaou (la SCI), et fixé le montant de l'indemnité de désenclavement. 2. Se prévalant de l'absence de paiement intégral de cette indemnité, la SCI a assigné les consorts C... en cessation des travaux permettant l'exercice du passage. 3. La SCI fait grief à l'arrêt de rejeter ses demandes, alors « que le propriétaire du fonds dominant ne peut entreprendre des travaux sur l'assiette de la servitude de passage dont il s'est vu reconnaître le bénéfice par une décision de justice sans s'acquitter préalablement de l'indemnité de désenclavement corrélativement mise à sa charge par le juge ; qu'en l'espèce, par arrêt définitif du 30 janvier 2012, la cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence a constaté l'enclavement des parcelles [...] , [...] et [...], accordé une servitude de passage sur la parcelle [...] et condamné le propriétaire des fonds dominants au paiement d'une indemnité légale de désenclavement de 31 880 € ; qu'en affirmant que le non-paiement par les consorts C... du solde de cette indemnité au titre de la parcelle [...] dont ils sont propriétaires ne faisait pas obstacle à la réalisation des travaux de décaissement sur l'assiette de la servitude et à la construction d'une rampe d'accès dès lors qu'ils sont titulaires d'un titre consacrant un droit réel de désenclavement quand ils étaient tenus de respecter les conditions auxquelles était subordonnée l'autorisation judiciaire de passage sur la parcelle [...] , la cour d'appel a violé l'article 682 du code civil. » 4. Ayant, par motifs adoptés, retenu à bon droit que l'exercice du droit de passage n'est pas subordonné au paiement préalable de l'indemnité de désenclavement, la cour d'appel en a exactement déduit que la SCI ne pouvait prétendre à la démolition de l'accès consenti aux propriétaires du fonds dominant ni obtenir qu'il leur soit fait interdiction de pénétrer sur sa propriété. Condamne la SCI du Pramaou aux dépens ; En application de l'article 700 du code de procédure civile, rejette la demande formée par la SCI du Pramaou et la condamne à payer à MM. K... et R... C... la somme globale de 3 000 euros ; Ainsi fait et jugé par la Cour de cassation, troisième chambre civile, et prononcé par le président en son audience publique du vingt-cinq mars deux mille vingt et un. Moyen produit par la SCP Didier et Pinet, avocat aux Conseils, pour la société du Pramaou. Il est fait grief à l'arrêt attaqué d'avoir débouté la SCI du Pramaou de toutes ses demandes ; AUX MOTIFS PROPRES QUE la demande de démolition de la rampe d'accès et l'interdiction de pénétrer sur la propriété de la SCI du Pramaou est motivée par le défaut de paiement intégral de l'indemnité allouée pour le désenclavement, sur la base d'un décompte des intérêts dus, mais dès lors qu'elle dispose d'un titre lui permettant d'obtenir la totalité de l'indemnité qui lui a été allouée, elle ne peut valablement prétendre à la démolition de l'accès consenti aux propriétaires du fonds dominant, et qui consacre leur droit réel de désenclavement, pas plus qu'elle ne peut obtenir qu'il leur soit fait interdiction de pénétrer sur sa propriété ; que le premier juge a rejeté ces demandes par des motifs pertinents que l'argumentation développée en appel sans élément nouveau ne permet pas de contrer ; que le jugement ayant rejeté ces demandes sera donc confirmé ; ET AUX MOTIFS ADOPTES QUE MM. K... C... et R... C... sont propriétaires de la parcelle [...] depuis une date qu'ils ne précisent pas, nécessairement postérieure au jugement du tribunal de grande instance de Digne les Bains en date du 21 avril 2010, prononcé dans une instance ayant opposé X... A... à la SCI du Pramaou, qui a accordé au premier une servitude de passage pour le désenclavement de ces parcelles, y compris les parcelles [...] et [...], selon un tracé matérialisé sur un plan de solution annexe 12 proposé par l'expert, confirmé en ces mêmes termes par l'arrêt de la cour d'appel du 30 janvier 2012, de même que le montant de l'indemnité légale de désenclavement fixée à 31.880 € ([17].120 € pour l'emprise + 14.760 € pour la nuisance) ; que si le droit de passage n'existe qu'à compter du jour où il est décidé de la fixation judiciaire du montant de l'indemnité, son exercice n'est pas dépendant cependant du paiement de cette indemnité et il appartient à la SCI du Pramaou d'exercer les actions nécessaires à son recouvrement si le paiement n'intervient pas volontairement, de sorte qu'après le règlement de 29.689,60 € le reliquat possiblement dû, alors qu'il n'est pas demandé au tribunal de se prononcer sur ce solde, par les titulaires actuels de la servitude, bénéficiaires de la transmission du droit réel, ne peut être exigé comme un préalable à l'usage du passage et à son aménagement ; que la SCI du Pramaou ne peut donc, pour ce motif, prétendre à la suspension et désormais à la démolition des travaux entrepris pour aménager une rampe d'accès sur sa propriété cadastrée [...] ; ALORS QUE le propriétaire du fonds dominant ne peut entreprendre des travaux sur l'assiette de la servitude de passage dont il s'est vu reconnaitre le bénéfice par une décision de justice sans s'acquitter préalablement de l'indemnité de désenclavement corrélativement mise à sa charge par le juge ; qu'en l'espèce, par arrêt définitif du 30 janvier 2012, la cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence a constaté l'enclavement des parcelles [...] , [...] et [...], accordé une servitude de passage sur la parcelle [...] et condamné le propriétaire des fonds dominants au paiement d'une indemnité légale de désenclavement de 31.880 € ; qu'en affirmant que le non-paiement par les consorts C... du solde de cette indemnité au titre de la parcelle [...] dont ils sont propriétaires ne faisait pas obstacle à la réalisation des travaux de décaissement sur l'assiette de la servitude et à la construction d'une rampe d'accès dès lors qu'ils sont titulaires d'un titre consacrant un droit réel de désenclavement quand ils étaient tenus de respecter les conditions auxquelles était subordonnée l'autorisation judiciaire de passage sur la parcelle [...] , la cour d'appel a violé l'article 682 du code civil. 3e Civ., 16 novembre 1982, pourvoi n° 81-14.216, Bull. 1982, III, n° 226 (rejet). 3e Civ., 14 janvier 2016, pourvoi n° 14-26.640, Bull. 2016, III, n° 8 (irrecevabilité et rejet).
12,502
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5793597
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
knife maker
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
1,626
5,231
cuchillero persona que fabrica cuchillos y otros instrumentos cortantes cuchillero instancia de profesión cuchillero ámbito de la ocupación cuchillería cuchillero subclase de artesano cuchillero categoría principal del tema Categoría:Cuchilleros notables cuchillero forma femenina de la etiqueta cuchillero forma femenina de la etiqueta cuchillero forma femenina de la etiqueta cuchillero identificador de tema en Quora Knife-Maker cuchillero se dice que es lo mismo que colteller cuchillero identificador GND (DNB) 4169506-9 cuchillero identificador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana (antiguo) 0111192 cuchillero identificador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana (antiguo) 0185602 cuchillero identificador Tesauro de arte y arquitectura 300236522 cuchillero identificador de synset de WordNet 3.1 10004737-n cuchillero identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g cuchillero diferente de The Hunted cuchillero identificador NKC ph271414, registrado como nožíři cuchillero identificador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana ganiveter-0 Messerschmied Handwerker, der sich auf die Herstellung von Messern und kleinen Klingenwerkzeugen spezialisiert hat Messerschmied ist ein(e) Beruf Messerschmied Betätigungsfeld des Berufes Messerhandwerk Messerschmied Unterklasse von Handwerker Messerschmied Hauptkategorie des Themas Kategorie:Messerschmied Messerschmied weibliche Form des Bezeichners Messerschmied weibliche Form des Bezeichners Messerschmied weibliche Form des Bezeichners Messerschmied Quora-Themenkennung Knife-Maker Messerschmied eventuell gleichwertig colteller Messerschmied GND-Kennung 4169506-9 Messerschmied Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung (alt) 0111192 Messerschmied Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung (alt) 0185602 Messerschmied Art-and-Architecture-Thesaurus-Kennung 300236522 Messerschmied Synsetkennung (WordNet 3.1) 10004737-n Messerschmied Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11_yy8w3g Messerschmied verschieden von Die Stunde des Jägers Messerschmied NKČR-AUT-Kennung ph271414, genannt als nožíři Messerschmied Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung ganiveter-0 Messerschmied Tag-Kennung (museum-digital) 27221 Messerschmied Messerschmied ist eine Instanz von Beruf Messerschmied GND-Nummer 4169506-9 Messerschmied WordNet 3.1 Synset-ID 10004737-n coutelier personne qui fabrique des couteaux coutelier nature de l’élément profession coutelier domaine correspondant à l'occupation coutellerie coutelier sous-classe de artisan ou artisane coutelier forme féminine du libellé coutelier forme féminine du libellé coutelier forme féminine du libellé coutelier identifiant Quora d'un sujet Knife-Maker coutelier réputé identique à colteller coutelier identifiant GND (DNB) 4169506-9 coutelier identifiant Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (ancien) 0111192 coutelier identifiant Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (ancien) 0185602 coutelier identifiant Art & Architecture Thesaurus 300236522 coutelier identifiant WordNet 3.1 d'un synset 10004737-n coutelier identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g coutelier à ne pas confondre avec Traqué coutelier identifiant Bibliothèque nationale tchèque ph271414, sous le nom nožíři coutelier identifiant UK Archival Thesaurus f8/mt815/21734/21790/4890/5260/13523/15714, sous le nom Cutlers coutelier identifiant Grande Encyclopédie catalane ganiveter-0 knife maker person who makes knives knife maker instance of profession knife maker field of this occupation knife making knife maker subclass of artisan knife maker topic's main category Category:Knife makers knife maker female form of label knife maker female form of label knife maker female form of label knife maker Quora topic ID Knife-Maker knife maker said to be the same as colteller knife maker GND ID 4169506-9 knife maker Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (former scheme) 0111192 knife maker Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (former scheme) 0185602 knife maker Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID 300236522 knife maker WordNet 3.1 Synset ID 10004737-n knife maker Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11_yy8w3g knife maker different from The Hunted knife maker NL CR AUT ID ph271414, subject named as nožíři knife maker UK Archival Thesaurus ID f8/mt815/21734/21790/4890/5260/13523/15714, subject named as Cutlers knife maker Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID ganiveter-0 knife maker museum-digital tag ID 27221 coltellinaio coltellinaio istanza di professione coltellinaio campo di questa occupazione coltellineria coltellinaio sottoclasse di artigiano coltellinaio forma femminile dell'etichetta coltellinaio forma femminile dell'etichetta coltellinaio forma femminile dell'etichetta coltellinaio identificativo Quora di un argomento Knife-Maker coltellinaio considerato essere uguale a colteller coltellinaio identificativo GND 4169506-9 coltellinaio identificativo Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (obsoleto) 0111192 coltellinaio identificativo Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (obsoleto) 0185602 coltellinaio identificativo AAT 300236522 coltellinaio identificativo WorldNet 3.1 di un synset 10004737-n coltellinaio identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g coltellinaio distinto da The Hunted - La preda coltellinaio identificativo NKC ph271414, soggetto indicato come nožíři coltellinaio identificativo UK Archival Thesaurus f8/mt815/21734/21790/4890/5260/13523/15714, soggetto indicato come Cutlers coltellinaio identificativo Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ganiveter-0 cuteleiro cuteleiro instância de profissão cuteleiro campo desta ocupação cutelaria cuteleiro subclasse de artesão cuteleiro forma feminina do rótulo cuteleiro forma feminina do rótulo cuteleiro forma feminina do rótulo cuteleiro identificador de tema em Quora Knife-Maker cuteleiro diz-se ser o mesmo que colteller cuteleiro identificador GND 4169506-9 cuteleiro identificador na Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (antigo) 0111192 cuteleiro identificador na Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (antigo) 0185602 cuteleiro identificador em Art & Architecture Thesaurus 300236522 cuteleiro identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11_yy8w3g cuteleiro diferente de The Hunted cuteleiro identificador AUT NKC ph271414, nomeado como nožíři cuteleiro identificador na Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ganiveter-0 ganiveter menestral que tenia l'ofici de fer i de vendre ganivets ganiveter instància de professió ganiveter camp de la professió Art de coltelleria ganiveter subclasse de artesà ganiveter forma femenina de l'etiqueta ganiveter forma femenina de l'etiqueta ganiveter forma femenina de l'etiqueta ganiveter identificador Quora de tema Knife-Maker ganiveter es diu que és el mateix que colteller ganiveter identificador GND (DNB-Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) 4169506-9 ganiveter identificador Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (obsolet) 0111192 ganiveter identificador Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (obsolet) 0185602 ganiveter identificador Art & Architecture Thesaurus 300236522 ganiveter identificador WordNet 3.1 de synset 10004737-n ganiveter identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g ganiveter no s'ha de confondre amb The Hunted ganiveter identificador NKC ph271414, anomenat com a nožíři ganiveter identificador UK Archival Thesaurus f8/mt815/21734/21790/4890/5260/13523/15714, anomenat com a Cutlers ganiveter identificador Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ganiveter-0 ganiveter identificador museum-digital d'etiqueta 27221 nožíř výrobce nožů nožíř instance (čeho) povolání nožíř obor tohoto povolání výroba nožů nožíř nadtřída řemeslník nožíř hlavní kategorie tématu Kategorie:Výrobci nožů nožíř ženská varianta štítku nožíř ženská varianta štítku nožíř ženská varianta štítku nožíř identifikátor tématu Quora Knife-Maker nožíř údajně totéž co colteller nožíř identifikátor GND 4169506-9 nožíř ID ve Velké katalánské encyklopedii 0111192 nožíř ID ve Velké katalánské encyklopedii 0185602 nožíř identifikátor AAT 300236522 nožíř identifikátor v Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g nožíř NK ČR AUT ph271414, uveden jako nožíři nożownik rzemieślnik wytwarzający noże nożownik jest to zawód nożownik dziedzina działalności nożownictwo nożownik podklasa dla rzemieślnik nożownik żeńska forma etykiety nożownik żeńska forma etykiety nożownik żeńska forma etykiety nożownik identyfikator tematu w Quorze Knife-Maker nożownik uważa się za to samo co colteller nożownik identyfikator GND 4169506-9 nożownik identyfikator Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (stary schemat) 0111192 nożownik identyfikator Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (stary schemat) 0185602 nożownik identyfikator w Art & Architecture Thesaurus 300236522 nożownik identyfikator WordNet 3.1 Synset 10004737-n nożownik identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g nożownik inne niż Nożownik nożownik identyfikator NKC ph271414, pod nazwą nožíři nożownik identyfikator Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ganiveter-0 nožar nožar primerek od profesija nožar podpomenka od rokodelec nožar ženska oblika oznake nožar ženska oblika oznake nožar ženska oblika oznake nožar oznaka teme v Quori Knife-Maker nožar naj bi bilo enako kot colteller nožar GND 4169506-9 nožar Velika katalonska enciklopedija 0111192 nožar Velika katalonska enciklopedija 0185602 nožar AAT ID 300236522 nožar oznaka WordNet 3.1 Synset 10004737-n nožar oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g nožar NKČR ph271414, poimenovano kot nožíři صانع سكاكين صانع سكاكين نموذج من مهنة صانع سكاكين مجال هذه المهنة صنع السكاكين صانع سكاكين صنف فرعي من حرفي صانع سكاكين صيغة التأنيث صانع سكاكين صيغة التأنيث صانع سكاكين صيغة التأنيث صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف موضوع في موقع كيورا Knife-Maker صانع سكاكين يُدَّعى أنَّه colteller صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف الملف الاستنادي المُتكامِل (GND) 4169506-9 صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف الموسوعة الكتالونية الكبرى (GEC) 0111192 صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف الموسوعة الكتالونية الكبرى (GEC) 0185602 صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف مَكنَز الفن والعمارة (AAT) 300236522 صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف وردنت 3.1 سينسيت 10004737-n صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف جوجل لرسوم المعرفة (GKG) /g/11_yy8w3g صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف الضَّبط الاستناديِّ في قاعدة البيانات الوطنية التشيكية (NLCR AUT) ph271414, باسم nožíři صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف مكنز أرشيف المملكة المُتحدة f8/mt815/21734/21790/4890/5260/13523/15714, باسم Cutlers صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف الموسوعة الكتالونية الكبرى ganiveter-0 صانع سكاكين مُعرِّف وسم المتحف الرقمي 27221 tranĉilforĝisto tranĉilforĝisto estas profesio tranĉilforĝisto subaro de metiisto tranĉilforĝisto ina formo de etikedo tranĉilforĝisto ina formo de etikedo tranĉilforĝisto ina formo de etikedo tranĉilforĝisto identigilo de temo en Quora Knife-Maker tranĉilforĝisto eventuale la sama kiel colteller tranĉilforĝisto GND-identigilo (Germanio) 4169506-9 tranĉilforĝisto identigilo de Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0111192 tranĉilforĝisto identigilo de Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0185602 tranĉilforĝisto identigilo laŭ AAT 300236522 tranĉilforĝisto identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/11_yy8w3g tranĉilforĝisto NKCR-identigilo (Ĉeĥio) ph271414, nomita kiel nožíři messenmaker messenmaker is een beroep messenmaker werkveld van beroep of bezigheid messenmakerswerk messenmaker subklasse van handwerker messenmaker vrouwelijke vorm van label messenmaker vrouwelijke vorm van label messenmaker vrouwelijke vorm van label messenmaker Quora-identificatiecode voor onderwerp Knife-Maker messenmaker naar verluidt hetzelfde als colteller messenmaker GND-identificatiecode 4169506-9 messenmaker GEC-identificatiecode 0111192 messenmaker GEC-identificatiecode 0185602 messenmaker Art & Architecture Thesaurus-identificatiecode 300236522 messenmaker WordNet 3.1-identificatiecode voor synset 10004737-n messenmaker Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11_yy8w3g messenmaker niet gelijk aan The Hunted messenmaker NKC-identificatiecode ph271414, genoemd als nožíři messenmaker UK Archival Thesaurus-identificatiecode f8/mt815/21734/21790/4890/5260/13523/15714, genoemd als Cutlers messenmaker Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana-identificatiecode ganiveter-0 messenmaker museum-digital-identificatiecode voor tag 27221 ナイフ製作者 ナイフ製作者 分類 専門職 ナイフ製作者 専門的職業の分野 刃物鍛治工 ナイフ製作者 上位クラス 職人 ナイフ製作者 女性形 ナイフ製作者 女性形 ナイフ製作者 女性形 ナイフ製作者 Quoraトピック識別子 Knife-Maker ナイフ製作者 同一とされる事物 colteller ナイフ製作者 GND識別子 4169506-9 ナイフ製作者 カタルーニャ大百科事典ID (旧形式) 0111192 ナイフ製作者 カタルーニャ大百科事典ID (旧形式) 0185602 ナイフ製作者 AAT識別子 300236522 ナイフ製作者 WordNet 3.1同義語識別子 10004737-n ナイフ製作者 グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/11_yy8w3g ナイフ製作者 以下と異なる ハンテッド ナイフ製作者 チェコ国立図書館識別子 ph271414, 表記名 nožíři ナイフ製作者 カタルーニャ大百科事典ID ganiveter-0 ナイフ製作者 ミュージアム＝デジタル タグID 27221 puukkoseppä puukkoseppä esiintymä kohteesta professio puukkoseppä alaluokka kohteelle artesaani puukkoseppä nimen feminiinimuoto puukkoseppä nimen feminiinimuoto puukkoseppä nimen feminiinimuoto puukkoseppä Quora-aihetunniste Knife-Maker puukkoseppä sanotaan olevan sama kuin colteller puukkoseppä GND-tunniste 4169506-9 puukkoseppä Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana -tunniste (entinen) 0111192 puukkoseppä Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana -tunniste (entinen) 0185602 puukkoseppä Art & Architecture Thesaurus -tunniste 300236522 puukkoseppä Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/11_yy8w3g puukkoseppä eri kuin Saalistaja puukkoseppä NKC-tunniste ph271414, nimellä nožíři puukkoseppä Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana -tunniste ganiveter-0 nožaŕ gwneuthurwr cyllell gwneuthurwr cyllell enghraifft o'r canlynol galwedigaeth gwneuthurwr cyllell isddosbarth o'r canlynol crefftwr gwneuthurwr cyllell prif gategori Categori:Cyllellwyr gwneuthurwr cyllell ffurf fenywaidd o'r label gwneuthurwr cyllell ffurf fenywaidd o'r label gwneuthurwr cyllell ffurf fenywaidd o'r label gwneuthurwr cyllell dynodwr Quora Knife-Maker gwneuthurwr cyllell honir ei fod yr un peth â colteller gwneuthurwr cyllell GND 4169506-9 gwneuthurwr cyllell dynodwr Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0111192 gwneuthurwr cyllell dynodwr Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0185602 gwneuthurwr cyllell dynodwr AAT 300236522 gwneuthurwr cyllell dynodwr Google Knowledge Graph /g/11_yy8w3g gwneuthurwr cyllell dynodwr NKC ph271414, enwyd fel nožíři
41,204
https://github.com/mwri/erlang-efuse/blob/master/src/efuse_hellofs.erl
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,019
erlang-efuse
mwri
Erlang
Code
227
752
%% This file is part of the Erlang FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) %% interface called 'efuse'. %% %% 'efuse' is free software, licensed under the MIT license. %% %% @author Michael Wright <mjw@methodanalysis.com> %% @copyright 2015 Michael Wright <mjw@methodanalysis.com> %% %% @doc Hello world FS example filesystem callback module for 'efuse' app. %% %% The 'efuse_examplefs' is a very minimal example showing the %% callbacks and how they need to be implemented. %% %% For a fuller more interesting example of an implementation, see the %% 'efuse_erlfs' module, or 'efuse_examplefs' is like this, but with a %% few more objects. -module(efuse_hellofs). -behviour(efuse_fs). -export([efuse_init/1, efuse_readdir/2, efuse_getattr/2, efuse_readlink/2, efuse_read/2]). -include("efuse.hrl"). -include("efuse_defs.hrl"). %% @doc Behaviour callback implementation for 'efuse_fs'. efuse_init(_State) -> ready . %% @doc Behaviour callback implementation for 'efuse_fs'. efuse_readdir(State, <<"/">>) -> {ok, [<<"hello">>, <<"world">>], State} ; efuse_readdir(State, _) -> {error, ?EFUSE_ERROR_NOENT, State} . %% @doc Behaviour callback implementation for 'efuse_fs'. efuse_getattr(State, <<"/">>) -> {ok, {8#0755, ?EFUSE_ATTR_DIR, 0}, State} ; efuse_getattr(State, <<"/hello">>) -> {ok, {8#0644, ?EFUSE_ATTR_FILE, byte_size(<<"Hello world!">>)}, State} ; efuse_getattr(State, <<"/world">>) -> {ok, {8#0755, ?EFUSE_ATTR_SYMLINK, length("hello")}, State} ; efuse_getattr(State, _) -> {error, ?EFUSE_ERROR_NOENT, State} . %% @doc Behaviour callback implementation for 'efuse_fs'. efuse_readlink(State, <<"/world">>) -> {ok, <<"hello">>, State} ; efuse_readlink(State, _) -> {error, ?EFUSE_ERROR_NOENT, State} . %% @doc Behaviour callback implementation for 'efuse_fs'. efuse_read(State, <<"/hello">>) -> {ok, <<"Hello world!">>, State} ; efuse_read(State, _) -> {error, ?EFUSE_ERROR_NOENT, State} .
8,790
https://github.com/Renildod7/Leda-Ufcg/blob/master/RR2-01-Roteiro-Revisao-Generics-environment/src/main/java/solucao/produto/RepositorioProdutoNaoPerecivelArray.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
null
Leda-Ufcg
Renildod7
Java
Code
45
218
package solucao.produto; import produto.ProdutoNaoPerecivel; public class RepositorioProdutoNaoPerecivelArray extends RepositorioProdutosArray<ProdutoNaoPerecivel> { public RepositorioProdutoNaoPerecivelArray(int size) { super(size); } @Override public void inserir(ProdutoNaoPerecivel produto) { if (produto instanceof ProdutoNaoPerecivel) { super.inserir(produto); } } @Override public void atualizar(ProdutoNaoPerecivel produto) { if (produto instanceof ProdutoNaoPerecivel) { super.atualizar(produto); } } }
44,057
2022/52022IP0051/52022IP0051_BG.txt_1
Eurlex
Open Government
CC-By
2,022
None
None
Bulgarian
Spoken
2,529
6,703
C_2022342BG.01029001.xml 6.9.2022    BG Официален вестник на Европейския съюз C 342/290 P9_TA(2022)0051 Политическа криза в Буркина Фасо Резолюция на Европейския парламент от 17 февруари 2022 г. относно политическата криза в Буркина Фасо (2022/2542(RSP)) (2022/C 342/22) Европейският парламент, — като взе предвид предишните си резолюции, и по-специално резолюциите от 19 декември 2019 г. относно нарушения на правата на човека, включително на религиозните свободи, в Буркина Фасо (1) и от 16 септември 2020 г. относно сътрудничеството между ЕС и Африка в областта на сигурността в региона на Сахел, Западна Африка и Африканския рог (2), — като взе предвид декларацията на върховния представител на Съюза по въпросите на външните работи и политиката на сигурност от името на ЕС от 26 януари 2022 г. относно последните събития в Буркина Фасо, — като взе предвид изявлението от 24 януари 2022 г. на говорителя на генералния секретар на ООН относно Буркина Фасо, — като взе предвид изявлението на Съвета за сигурност на ООН от 9 февруари 2022 г. относно положението в Буркина Фасо, — като взе предвид окончателното комюнике от извънредната среща на високо равнище на държавните и правителствените ръководители на Икономическата общност на западноафриканските държави (ECOWAS) относно политическото положение в Буркина Фасо от 28 януари 2022 г., — като взе предвид протокола на ECOWAS относно демокрацията и доброто управление, — като взе предвид окончателното комюнике, прието от Съвета за мир и сигурност на Африканския съюз (АС) на неговото 1 062-ро заседание от 31 януари 2022 г. относно положението в Буркина Фасо, — като взе предвид съвместното съобщение на Комисията и на върховния представител на Съюза по въпросите на външните работи и политиката на сигурност от 9 март 2020 г., озаглавено „Към цялостна стратегия с Африка“ (JOIN(2020)0004), — като взе предвид резолюцията на Съвместната парламентарна асамблея на държавите от Африка, Карибите и Тихоокеанския басейн (АКТБ) и ЕС от 11 март 2021 г. като има предвид, че на 24 януари 2022 г. военните сили на Буркина Фасо, ръководени от подполковник Пол-Анри Сандаого Дамиба, и самопровъзгласилото се Патриотично движение за защита и възстановяване, свалиха от власт избраното правителство, оглавявано от президента Рок Марк Кристиан Каборе; като има предвид, че по-късно Конституционният съд на Буркина Фасо обяви подполковник Дамиба за новия фактически държавен глава; Б. като има предвид, че малко преди преврата президентът Каборе спечели втори мандат на демократичните избори, проведени през 2020 г.; като има предвид, че той беше принуден да обяви оттеглянето си като президент и да подаде оставка; като има предвид, че след преврата той е задържан от въоръжените сили и има ограничен контакт с външни лица; като има предвид, че Народното движение за напредък — партията на президента Каборе, даде уверения на 26 януари 2022 г., че Каборе е в президентска вила под домашен арест и има осигурени лекарски грижи; В. като има предвид, че при вземането на властта военната хунта обяви суспендирането на конституцията и разпускането на правителството и националното събрание; като има предвид, че действието на конституцията беше възстановено на 31 януари 2022 г.; като има предвид, че подполковник Дамиба обяви в изявление по телевизията, че Буркина Фасо ще спазва международните си ангажименти; Г. като има предвид, че завземането на властта от страна на военните беше посрещнато с голяма предпазливост и относителна снизходителност от страна на гражданското общество в Буркина Фасо; Д. като има предвид, че АС, ECOWAS и Постоянният съвет на Международната организация на франкофонията суспендираха Буркина Фасо след военния преврат; като има предвид, че ECOWAS и ООН изпратиха междуведомствена делегация с искане за кратък преход и освобождаване на президента Каборе; като има предвид, че на 3 февруари 2022 г. ECOWAS реши да не налага нови санкции на Буркина Фасо, но поиска от новите органи на държавата да представят „разумен график за възстановяване на конституционния ред“; Е. като има предвид, че на 8 февруари 2022 г. беше създаден технически комитет с невоенни участници, който да очертае параметрите на прехода; като има предвид, че комитетът разполага с две седмици, за да предложи проект на харта за прехода; като има предвид, че работата на техническия комитет трябва да се съсредоточи върху възстановяването на териториалната цялост, укрепването на мира чрез постепенното завръщане на вътрешно разселените лица, доброто управление и възстановяването на конституционния ред; Ж. като има предвид, че Патриотично движение за защита и възстановяване заяви, че превратът е в отговор на влошаващото се положение със сигурността в страната; като има предвид, че правителството на Буркина Фасо започна процес на реформа в сектора на сигурността през 2017 г. със създаването на национален съвет за отбрана и сигурност с цел модернизиране на сектора на сигурността и борба с корупцията в него; като има предвид, че недоволството и критиките от страна на цивилното население, опозицията и военните по отношение на неспособността на президента Каборе да се справи с корупцията и ефективно да приложи решения на огромните предизвикателства за сигурността, социалните и икономическите предизвикателства в страната, породени от разпространението на насилствени нападения от терористични групи, нарастваха; З. като има предвид, че положението със сигурността в Сахел е пряко следствие от дестабилизирането на региона и разпространението на оръжия след намесата в Либия през 2011 г.; И. като има предвид, че между 2016 г. и 2021 г. националният бюджет за отбрана и сигурност нарасна от 240 милиона евро на 650 милиона евро, което представлява увеличение с над 170 %; като има предвид, че тези разходи не успяха да подобрят условията на живот, нито оперативния капацитет на войниците, отчасти поради силно разпространеното лошо финансово управление; Й. като има предвид, че през последните шест години хиляди хора загубиха живота си поради джихадистки и бунтовнически нападения; като има предвид, че за две години над 1 000 училища бяха затворени и много хора избягаха от домовете си, за да избегнат насилието; като има предвид, че през юни 2021 г., при най-смъртоносното нападение от 2015 г. насам в селата Солхан и Тадарят загинаха 174 души; като има предвид, че на 4 ноември 2021 г. в джихадистко нападение срещу жандармерийския гарнизон в Ината в северната част на Буркина Фасо бяха убити 53 от 120-та войници, очакващи логистични доставки и подкрепа, включително хранителни дажби; като има предвид, че „Human Rights Watch“ докладва за екзекуции по бързата процедура на стотици заподозрени лица от силите за сигурност и проправителствените милиции, и като има предвид, че на практика нито едно от тези нападения не е разследвано и срещу никого не е започнато наказателно преследване; К. като има предвид, че нарастващата несигурност доведе до протест на огромен брой хора по улиците през ноември 2021 г.; като има предвид, че правителството спря интернет, с което увеличи недоволството на населението и привлече критики от страна на организациите за защита на правата на човека и гражданските движения в страната; Л. като има предвид, че на 22 януари 2022 г., когато граждани протестираха срещу влошаването на сигурността в страната, избухнаха насилствени демонстрации в Уагадугу и Бобо-Диуласо, двата най-големи града в Буркина Фасо; като има предвид, че завземането на властта от военните настъпи два дни след сблъсъка между полицейските части за борба с безредиците и антиправителствените демонстранти в столицата Уагадугу; М. като има предвид, че ескалиращото насилие доведе до това, че положението в Буркина Фасо се превърна в една от най-бързо изострящите се кризи, свързани с разселването и защитата на населението в света, като най-малко 1,6 милиона души бяха разселени; като има предвид, че над 19 000 жители на Буркина Фасо са избягали в Кот д’Ивоар, Мали, Нигер и Бенин; като има предвид, че през миналата година броят на вътрешно разселените лица нарасна до над 1,5 милиона души, което представлява увеличение с 50 %; като има предвид, че регионът на Сахел преживява безпрецедентно обезлюдяване на селските райони, тъй като хората, които са принудително разселени, се местят в градски райони, където са изправени пред нови рискове; като има предвид, че сред вътрешно разселените лица заплахите за жените и младите хора са особено тежки, включително сексуална и трудова експлоатация, основано на пола насилие, насилствено набиране и трафик; като има предвид, че жените от Буркина Фасо, които имат два пъти по-малко възможности за достъп до образование, отколкото мъжете, са най-силно засегнати от крайна бедност в страната; Н. като има предвид, че извънредната ситуация в областта на климата оказва видимо и дълбоко вредно въздействие върху региона на Сахел, което води до суша, загуба на реколта, разселване, конфликти, свързани със земя и ресурси, продоволствена несигурност и бедност; като има предвид, че липсата на достъп до образование, възможности за заетост и доходи стимулира вербуването за екстремистки организации и джихадистки движения и по този начин подклажда регионалната нестабилност; О. като има предвид, че неотдавнашният преврат, и по-специално влошаващото се положение в Мали, оказаха въздействие върху положението в Буркина Фасо; като има предвид, че неотдавнашният преврат е също така четвъртият преврат в Западна Африка за по-малко от две години; като има предвид, че нарастващият брой преврати отразява сериозна криза в политическите системи на Западна Африка; П. като има предвид, че Г-5 от Сахел, съвместно отбранително усилие на Буркина Фасо, Чад, Мали, Мавритания и Нигер, по-специално подкрепено от ЕС и АС, координира действията в областта на регионалното развитие и сигурността с цел борба с тероризма и постигане на стабилност в региона, но не съумя да убеди местното население в своята ефективност; Р. като има предвид, че група руски военни изпълнители писа до ръководителите на преврата в Буркина Фасо с предложение да обучава армията на страната в борбата ѝ срещу джихадистите; 1. осъжда и изразява загриженост относно преврата, извършен от въоръжените сили срещу демократично избраното правителство на Буркина Фасо; подчертава, че е наложително спешно възстановяване на конституционния ред, включително незабавно възстановяване на гражданското управление; 2. призовава за незабавното и безусловно освобождаване на президента Каборе и на всички останали правителствени длъжностни лица; 3. приветства обявяването на създаването на техническия комитет, който ще очертае следващите стъпки в процеса на преход; отбелязва публичните декларации на подполковник Дамиба, в които той се ангажира възможно най-скоро да възстанови нормалния конституционен живот в страната и тя да продължи да спазва международните се ангажименти; призовава военното ръководство да изпълнява международните ангажименти на Буркина Фасо, включително пълно спазване на правата на човека и борба с терористичните организации в тясно партньорство с международната общност; 4. отново изразява подкрепата си за ECOWAS и Африканския съюз в усилията им да действат като медиатори при тази криза; призовава международната общност, включително Европейската служба за външна дейност (ЕСВД) и Комисията, да продължат да поддържат диалог с органите на Буркина Фасо, за да се гарантира своевременен и демократичен преход към гражданско правителство; призовава органите на Буркина Фасо и техническия комитет да определят ясни срокове и процеси, за да проведат възможно най-скоро приобщаващи и прозрачни избори; 5. подчертава, че е необходим истински и честен национален диалог, включващ всички сектори на гражданското общество, за да се очертае ясна бъдеща визия за демокрация в Буркина Фасо; 6. настоятелно призовава всички партии в Буркина Фасо да подкрепят свободата на печата, за да се гарантира, че местните и международните медийни организации могат свободно да вършат своята работа, включително да документират положението на вътрешно разселените лица и операциите на силите за сигурност; 7. насърчава Националния координационен съвет за успешен преход (CNRT) да наблюдава органите и да изисква те да гарантират закрилата на защитниците на правата на човека и организациите на гражданското общество при упражняването на техния мандат, включително осъждането на нарушенията на правата на човека, полицейското насилие и прекомерната употреба на сила; призовава ЕС и неговите държави членки да увеличат своята закрила и подкрепа за защитниците на правата на човека в Буркина Фасо и когато е целесъобразно, да улеснят издаването на спешни визи и да предоставят временно убежище в държавите — членки на ЕС; 8. припомня, че несправянето с безнаказаността за минали жестокости от страна на службите за сигурност и милициите възпрепятства усилията за мир в Буркина Фасо; призовава органите на Буркина Фасо да защитават правата на заподозрените, арестувани при операции за борба с тероризма, и да гарантират подвеждането под отговорност на извършителите на нарушения на правата на човека; отбелязва, че самоназначеното правителство без демократичен мандат подкопава усилията за укрепване на принципите на правовата държава и отчетността; 9. отново заявява, че защитата и безопасността на цивилното население е една от ключовите задачи на всяко правителство, и подчертава, че в Буркина Фасо следва да бъдат предприети допълнителни мерки за подобряване на защитата на цивилното население; 10. настоятелно призовава Комисията, ЕСВД и държавите членки да продължат да дават приоритет на подкрепата за съдебната реформа и реформата в сектора на сигурността в Буркина Фасо, за да се гарантира, че се предоставят достатъчно ресурси и техническа помощ за цялостна реформа на сектора на сигурността, прозрачно и конструктивно сътрудничество между гражданско правителство и военните и подновени усилия за справяне с корупцията; 11. призовава ЕС и неговите държави членки да увеличат финансовата и хуманитарната помощ, за да отговорят на неотложните нужди на населението на Буркина Фасо, и по-специално на разселените лица и бежанците в съседните държави; 12. призовава органите на Буркина Фасо да преразгледат клаузата за имунитет в устава на специалните части, нова военна единица, създадена през май 2021 г., която гласи, че членовете на специалните части не могат да бъдат изправени пред съда за каквито и да било действия, предприети по време на техните операции, и по този начин нарушава правата на жертвите на правосъдие и обезщетение; 13. призовава държавите — членки на ЕС, да изпълняват своите международни задължения за прилагане на система за щателна проверка и проследяване при износа на оръжия за държави извън ЕС, както е предвидено в Договора за търговията с оръжие, за да се избегне злоупотребата с тях и подклаждането на нарушения на правата на човека; 14. изразява загриженост относно цялостното състояние на демокрацията в региона и призовава всички участници, както на местно, така и на международно равнище, да обмислят поуките, извлечени от различните преврати, и начини за по-добра подкрепа и насърчаване на демократичните процеси в региона; 15. продължава твърдо да вярва, че намесата на групата „Вагнер“ в Западна Африка противоречи на целта за осигуряване на мир, сигурност и стабилност в Буркина Фасо и за гарантиране на защитата на нейния народ; призовава дейностите на групата „Вагнер“ и други частни военни дружества в Африка да бъдат обсъдени задълбочено на предстоящата среща на високо равнище ЕС — Африка; 16. подчертава, че тероризмът и нестабилността в целия регион на Сахел представляват предизвикателство и подкопават консолидирането на демокрацията и принципите на правовата държава; припомня, че справянето с първопричините за екстремизма и военните усилия за възстановяване на правителствения контрол в целия регион са от съществено значение за укрепване на обществената легитимност на демократично избраните правителства; 17. изразява особена загриженост относно въздействието на заплахите за сигурността върху ефективността на хуманитарната помощ и сътрудничеството за развитие; настоятелно призовава държавите членки и международната общност да увеличат хуманитарната си помощ за Буркина Фасо, по-специално чрез предоставянето на храна, вода и медицински услуги; призовава органите да подкрепят и улесняват работата на хуманитарните организации в Буркина Фасо, за да се гарантира безпрепятствен хуманитарен достъп и да им се даде възможност да отговорят на нуждите на разселените лица; 18. възлага на своя председател да предаде настоящата резолюция на Съвета, на Комисията, на заместник-председателя на Комисията/върховен представител на Съюза по въпросите на външните работи и политиката на сигурност, на органите на Република Буркина Фасо, на секретариата на Г-5 от Сахел, на съпредседателите на Съвместната парламентарна асамблея АКТБ-ЕС и на Панафриканския парламент, на Икономическата общност на западноафриканските държави, както и на Африканския съюз и неговите институции. (1)  ОВ C 255, 29.6.2021 г., стр. 45. (2)  ОВ C 385, 22.9.2021 г., стр. 24.
44,650
https://github.com/xiaoshen/plus/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/Admin/SiteController.php
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,018
plus
xiaoshen
PHP
Code
1,270
4,876
<?php declare(strict_types=1); /* * +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ * | ThinkSNS Plus | * +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ * | Copyright (c) 2018 Chengdu ZhiYiChuangXiang Technology Co., Ltd. | * +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ * | This source file is subject to version 2.0 of the Apache license, | * | that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is | * | available through the world-wide-web at the following url: | * | http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html | * +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ * | Author: Slim Kit Group <master@zhiyicx.com> | * | Homepage: www.thinksns.com | * +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ */ namespace Zhiyi\Plus\Http\Controllers\Admin; use Carbon\Carbon; use Zhiyi\Plus\Models\Area; use Illuminate\Http\Request; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB; use Zhiyi\Plus\Models\CommonConfig; use Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\Mailer; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache; use Zhiyi\Plus\Support\Configuration; use Illuminate\Contracts\Config\Repository; use Zhiyi\Plus\Http\Controllers\Controller; use Illuminate\Contracts\Foundation\Application; use Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\ResponseFactory; class SiteController extends Controller { /** * The store CommonConfig instance. * * @var Zhiyi\Plus\Models\CommonConfig */ protected $commonCinfigModel; protected $app; /** * Construct handle. * * @param \Illuminate\Contracts\Foundation\Application $app * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> */ public function __construct(Application $app, CommonConfig $config) { $this->app = $app; $this->commonCinfigModel = $config; } /** * Get the website info. * * @return mixed * * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> * @homepage http://medz.cn */ public function get(Request $request, Repository $config, ResponseFactory $response) { if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:site:base')) { return response()->json([ 'message' => '没有权限查看该项信息', ])->setStatusCode(403); } $name = $config->get('app.name', 'ThinkSNS+'); $keywords = $config->get('app.keywords'); $description = $config->get('app.description'); $icp = $config->get('app.icp'); return $response->json([ 'name' => $name, 'keywords' => $keywords, 'description' => $description, 'icp' => $icp, ])->setStatusCode(200); } /** * 更新网站基本信息. * * @param Request $request * * @return mixed * * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> * @homepage http://medz.cn */ public function updateSiteInfo(Request $request, Configuration $config, ResponseFactory $response) { if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:site:base')) { return response()->json([ 'message' => '没有权限更新该信息', ])->setStatusCode(403); } $keys = ['name', 'keywords', 'description', 'icp']; // $requestSites = array_filter($request->only($keys)); $site = []; foreach ($request->only($keys) as $key => $value) { $site['app.'.$key] = $value; } $config->set($site); return $response->json([ 'message' => '更新成功', ])->setStatusCode(201); } /** * Get all areas. * * @return mixed * * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> * @homepage http://medz.cn */ public function areas(Request $request) { if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:area:show')) { return response()->json([ 'message' => '你没有权限查看地区数据', ])->setStatusCode(403); } $expiresAt = Carbon::now()->addMonth(12); $areas = Cache::remember('areas', $expiresAt, function () { return Area::all(); }); return response()->json($areas ?: [])->setStatusCode(200); } /** * 添加地区. * * @param Request $request * * @return mixed [description] * * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> * @homepage http://medz.cn */ public function doAddArea(Request $request) { if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:area:add')) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['你没有添加地区权限'], ])->setStatusCode(403); } $name = $request->input('name'); $extends = $request->input('extends', ''); $pid = $request->input('pid', 0); if (! $name) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['name' => '名称不能为空'], ])->setStatusCode(422); } elseif ($pid && ! Area::find($pid)) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['pid' => '父地区不存在'], ])->setStatusCode(422); } $area = new Area(); $area->name = $name; $area->extends = $extends; $area->pid = $pid; if (! $area->save()) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['数据库保存失败'], ])->setStatusCode(500); } Cache::forget('areas'); return response()->json($area)->setStatusCode(201); } /** * 删除地区. * * @param int $id * * @return mixed * * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> * @homepage http://medz.cn */ public function deleteArea(Request $request, int $id) { if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:area:delete')) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['你没有权限删除地区'], ])->setStatusCode(403); } $notEmpty = Area::byPid($id)->first(); if ($notEmpty) { return response()->json([ 'error' => '请先删除该地区下级地区', ])->setStatusCode(422); } Area::where('id', $id)->delete(); Cache::forget('areas'); return response('', 204); } /** * 更新地区数据. * * @param Request $request * @param Area $area * * @return mixed * * @author Seven Du <shiweidu@outlook.com> * @homepage http://medz.cn */ public function patchArea(Request $request, Area $area) { if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:area:update')) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['你没有更新地区权限'], ])->setStatusCode(403); } $key = $request->input('key'); $value = $request->input('value', ''); if (! in_array($key, ['name', 'extends'])) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['请求不合法'], ])->setStatusCode(422); } elseif ($key == 'name' && ! $value) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['name' => '地区名称不能为空'], ])->setStatusCode(422); } $area->$key = $value; if (! $area->save()) { return response()->json([ 'error' => ['数据更新失败'], ])->setStatusCode(500); } Cache::forget('areas'); return response()->json([ 'message' => [$key => '更新成功'], ])->setStatusCode(201); } /** * 获取热门地区数据. * * @return mixed */ public function hots(ResponseFactory $response) { $hots = CommonConfig::byNamespace('common') ->byName('hots_area') ->value('value'); $toHot = $hots ? json_decode($hots) : []; return $response->json([ 'data' => $toHot, ])->setStatusCode(200); } /** * 添加、更新 热门地区. * * @return mixed */ public function doHots(Request $request, ResponseFactory $response) { $update = $request->input('update'); $areaStr = $request->input('content'); $sort = (int) $request->input('sort', 0); if (! $update && count(explode(' ', $areaStr)) < 2) { return $response->json(['error' => ['地区不能小于两级']], 422); } $hots = []; $items = $this->commonCinfigModel->byNamespace('common') ->byName('hots_area') ->value('value'); if ($items) { $hots = json_decode($items, true); } if ($update) { $this->unsetHotArea($hots, $areaStr); } else { if ($this->hotAreaExists($hots, $areaStr)) { return $response->json(['error' => ['热门城市已存在']], 422); } $hots[] = ['name' => $areaStr, 'sort' => $sort]; } $hots = array_values($hots); $this->commonCinfigModel->updateOrCreate( ['namespace' => 'common', 'name' => 'hots_area'], ['value' => json_encode($hots)] ); return $response->json([ 'message' => '操作成功', 'status' => $update ? 2 : 1, ])->setStatusCode(201); } protected function hotAreaExists(array $hotAreas, $hotAreaName) { $bool = false; for ($i = 0; $i < count($hotAreas); $i++) { if ($hotAreas[$i]['name'] == $hotAreaName) { $bool = true; } } return $bool; } /** * 删除热门城市. * * @param array &$hotAreas [description] * @param [type] $hotAreaName [description] * @return [type] [description] */ protected function unsetHotArea(array &$hotAreas, $hotAreaName) { for ($i = 0; $i < count($hotAreas); $i++) { if ($hotAreas[$i]['name'] == $hotAreaName) { unset($hotAreas[$i]); } } } /** * Get mail configuration information. * * @return mixed */ public function mail(Repository $config, ResponseFactory $response) { $driver = $config->get('mail.driver', 'smtp'); $host = $config->get('mail.host'); $port = $config->get('mail.port'); $from = $config->get('mail.from'); $encryption = $config->get('mail.encryption'); $username = $config->get('mail.username'); $password = $config->get('mail.password'); return $response->json([ 'driver' => $driver, 'host' => $host, 'port' => $port, 'from' => $from, 'encryption' => $encryption, 'username' => $username, 'password' => $password, ])->setStatusCode(200); } /** * Update the mail configuration information. * * @return mixed */ public function updateMailInfo(Request $request, Configuration $config, ResponseFactory $response) { // if (! $request->user()->ability('admin:mail:show')) { // return response()->json([ // 'message' => '没有权限更新该信息', // ])->setStatusCode(403); // } $site = []; foreach ($request->all() as $key => $value) { $site['mail.'.$key] = $value; } $config->set($site); return $response->json([ 'message' => '更新成功', ])->setStatusCode(201); } /** * 测试发送邮件. * * @return mixed */ public function sendMail(Request $request, Mailer $mailer, ResponseFactory $response) { $title = '测试邮件'; $email = $request->input('email'); $content = $request->input('content'); $mailer->raw($title, function ($message) use ($email, $content) { $message->subject($content); $message->to($email); }); return $response->json([ 'message' => '发送成功', ])->setStatusCode(201); } /** * 服务器信息. */ public function server(ResponseFactory $response) { $system = [ 'php_version' => PHP_VERSION, 'os' => PHP_OS, 'server' => $_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'], 'db' => env('DB_CONNECTION'), 'port' => $_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'], 'root' => $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'], 'agent' => $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'protocol' => $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'], 'method' => $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'], 'laravel_version' => app()->getLaravelVersion(), 'max_upload_size' => ini_get('upload_max_filesize'), 'execute_time' => ini_get('max_execution_time').'秒', 'server_date' => date('Y年n月j日 H:i:s'), 'local_date' => gmdate('Y年n月j日 H:i:s', time() + 8 * 3600), 'domain_ip' => $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'].' [ '.$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'].' ]', 'user_ip' => $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], 'disk' => round((disk_free_space('.') / (1024 * 1024)), 2).'M', ]; return $response->json($system)->setStatusCode(200); } /** * 获取站点配置. * * @param Repository $config * @param Configuration $configuration * @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse */ public function siteConfigurations(Repository $config, Configuration $configuration) { $configs = $config->get('site'); if (is_null($configs)) { $configs = $this->initSiteConfiguration($configuration); } return response()->json($configs, 200); } /** * 初始化站点设置. * * @param Repository $config * @param Configuration $configuration * @return mixed */ private function initSiteConfiguration(Configuration $configuration) { $config = $configuration->getConfiguration(); $config->set('site.status', true); $config->set('site.off_reason', '站点维护中请稍后再访问'); $config->set('site.app.status', true); $config->set('site.h5.status', true); $config->set('site.reserved_nickname', 'root,admin'); $config->set('site.client_email', 'admin@123.com'); $config->set('site.gold.status', true); $config->set('site.reward.status', true); $config->set('site.reward.amounts', '100,500,1000'); $config->set('site.anonymous.status', false); $config->set('site.anonymous.rule', ''); $config->set('site.user_invite_template', '我发现了一个全平台社交系统ThinkSNS+，快来加入吧：http://t.cn/RpFfbbi'); $configuration->save($config); return $config['site']; } /** * 更新站点设置. * * @param Request $request * @param Configuration $configuration * @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse */ public function updateSiteConfigure(Request $request, Configuration $configuration) { $config = $configuration->getConfiguration(); $config->set('site', $request->get('site')); $configuration->save($config); return response()->json(['message' => ['更新站点配置成功']], 201); } /** * 获取后台页面配置. * * @param Configuration $config [description] * @return [type] [description] * @author BS <414606094@qq.com> */ public function getBackGroundConfiguration(Repository $config) { $data['logo_src'] = $config->get('site.background.logo', url('/plus.png')); return response()->json($data, 200); } public function setBackGroundConfiguration(Request $request, Configuration $config) { $config->set('site.background.logo', $request->input('logo_src')); return response()->json(['message' => ['保存成功']], 201); } }
42,138
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander%20Czawczawadze
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Aleksander Czawczawadze
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander Czawczawadze&action=history
Polish
Spoken
915
2,397
Książę Aleksander Czawczawadze, gruz. ალექსანდრე ჭავჭავაძე, ros. Александр Герсеванович Чавчавадзе (ur. w 1786 w Saint Petersburgu, zm. 6 listopada 1846 w Tbilisi) – gruziński arystokrata, poeta, działacz społeczny i wojskowy, generał w służbie rosyjskiej. Uważany za „ojca gruzińskiego romantyzmu”. Młodość Aleksander Czawczawadze pochodził z arystokratycznego rodu wyniesionego do książęcej godności przez gruzińskiego króla Konstantego II w 1726. Urodził się w 1786 w Petersburgu, gdzie jego ojciec, książę Garsewan Czawczawadze, przebywał jako ambasador króla Herakliusza II. Matką chrzestną księcia Aleksandra została cesarzowa Katarzyna II. Wychowywał się w Rosji, a ojczystą Gruzję zobaczył dopiero w wieku 13 lat, kiedy jego rodzina wróciła do Tyflisu po zaanektowaniu przez Rosję wschodniej Gruzji (1801). W wieku 18 lat Aleksander Czawczawadze przyłączył się do rebelii księcia Parnaoza skierowanej przeciwko rosyjskim rządom (1804). Po stłumieniu powstania został na krótko aresztowany, w więzieniu stworzył swoje pierwsze prace literackie, m.in. pierwszy radykalny poemat społeczny po gruzińsku Żałość dla tego świata i jego dzierżawców (ვაჰ, სოფელსა ამას და მისთა მდგმურთა). Wiersz szybko zyskał popularność i przyniósł niezwykłą sławę młodemu autorowi. Jego liryki miłosne i protestacyjne, utrzymane w duchu twórczości XVIII-wiecznego poety gruzińskiego Besiki czy też oświeceniowego myśliciela Jana Jakuba Rousseau, śpiewano w Tbilisi i w całej Gruzji. Po rocznym wychodźstwie w Tambowie Czawczawadze pogodził się z nowo nastałym reżimem i wstąpił do huzarskiego regimentu. Jak na ironię walczył w rosyjskich szeregach pod dowództwem markiza Paulucciego, kiedy w 1812 wybuchła następna antyrosyjska rebelia w Kachetii. W tym samym roku ożenił się z gruzińską księżniczką Salome Orbeliani z wybitnej rodziny arystokratycznej, spokrewnionej z królewską dynastią Bagrationich. Podczas wojny Napoleona z szóstą koalicją (1813-14) służył jako adiutant rosyjskiego dowódcy Barclaya de Tolly i został ranny w nogę podczas walk o Paryż 31 marca 1814. Jako oficer rosyjskiej ekspedycji został w Paryżu dwa lata. Odrestaurowana dynastia Burbonów wynagrodziła jego służbę Legią Honorową. Czawczawadze był otwarty na nowe idee, szczególnie na wczesny francuski romantyzm. Pozostał pod wrażeniem Lamartine’a, Hugo, ale także Racine’a i Corneille’a, którzy weszli dzięki niemu do gruzińskiej literatury. Kariera wojskowa i polityczna W 1817 książę Czawczawadze został pułkownikiem rosyjskiej armii. W roku 1826 awansowany na generała majora. Jego kariera wojskowa rozwinęła się podczas wojny prowadzonej przez Rosję przeciwko Persji i imperium osmańskiemu pod koniec lat 20. XIX wieku. Odegrał ważną rolę w wyzwoleniu ormiańskiego Erywania spod władzy Persów w roku 1827. W roku 1829 otrzymał rozkaz przenoszący go w charakterze administratora wojskowej rady mieszczącej się w prowincji Kachetia, jego stronach rodzinnych. Po powrocie do Gruzji Czawczawadze zdobył niebywałą popularność w szeregach szlachty oraz ludności. Był szanowany zarówno przez oficerów rosyjskich, jak i gruzińskich. Równocześnie był najbardziej dystyngowanym, najlepiej wykształconym i najbogatszym szlachcicem dziewiętnastowiecznej Gruzji. Posługiwał się płynnie kilkunastoma językami używanymi w Europie i Azji i był w przyjaznych stosunkach z członkami arystokracji rosyjskiej i gruzińskiej, którzy odwiedzali jego salon w Tyflisie. Z jego szesnastoletnią wówczas córką, Niną, ożenił się sławny rosyjski dyplomata i dramaturg Aleksandr Gribojedow, uprzednio udzielając jej podczas swojego pobytu w Tyflisie lekcji muzyki. Kolejna z jego córek, Katarzyna, poślubiła Dawida Dadiani, księcia Megrelii, wywołując u Nikoloza Barataszwili nieodwzajemnioną miłość, która sprawiła, że stał się on największym poetą gruzińskiego romantyzmu. W utrzymanym we włoskim stylu letnim domu w mieście Tsinandali często przebywali goście z zagranicy, których zabawiał muzyką, dowcipem, a przede wszystkim wyrobami należącej do domu winnicy (o nazwie marani). Znając europejskie zwyczaje, Czawczawadze wybudował najstarszą i największą w Gruzji winnicę, gdzie łączył europejskie oraz obowiązujące od wieków w Gruzji tradycje wyrobu win. Nadal jest tam produkowane wysoko cenione białe wytrawne wino „Tsinandali”. Mimo lojalności w stosunku do cara Rosji Czawczawadze czuł nostalgię za utraconą przez Gruzję niepodległością, monarchią i autokefalicznym kościołem. Popchnęło go to jeszcze raz do buntu, w wyniku którego w roku 1832 dołączył do organizacji konspiracyjnej mającej zorganizować wielkie powstanie przeciwko rosyjskiej hegemonii. Nieudany przewrót przyniósł straty w świecie gruzińskiej literatury: większość wierszy napisanych przez Czawczawadzego w latach 1820-1832, inspirowanych patosem romantyzmu i egalitaryzmem, spalił sam autor, bojąc się, że twórczość ta może stać się dowodem przeciwko niemu. Został skazany na pięcioletnie wygnanie do Tambowa, lecz car potrzebujący jego talentów w toczonej właśnie wojnie kaukaskiej ułaskawił go. Czawczawadze chętnie dołączył do wyprawy przeciwko zbuntowanym północnokaukaskim góralom. Podobnie jak wielu z pozostałych gruzińskich szlachciców, była to dla niego szansa odegrania się za organizowane przez ludność północnego Kaukazu plądrowanie terenów Gruzji. W roku 1841 uzyskał awans na pułkownika broni, kontynuując swoją służbę w rejonie Kaukazu, krótko (w latach 1842-1843) sprawując urząd nadzorcy administracji cywilnej. W roku 1843 uczestniczył w swojej ostatniej wojnie, prowadząc wyprawę mającą ujarzmić zbuntowane plemiona Dagestanu. Po tej akcji został mianowany członkiem Rady Administracyjnej Kaukazu Południowego. W roku 1846 Aleksander Czawczawadze padł ofiarą wypadku, którego okoliczności nie zostały wyjaśnione: wracając nocą konno do pałacu w Tsinandali, został zaatakowany przez nieznaną osobę, która wyłoniła się z pobliskiego lasu i oblała wrzątkiem konia i jeźdźca. Czawczawadze stracił panowanie nad wierzchowcem i wpadł do przydrożnego rowu, ginąc na miejscu od ciężkich obrażeń głowy. Mimo że tragedia była najprawdopodobniej dziełem przypadku, rozeszły się pogłoski, jakoby Czawczawadze padł ofiarą rosyjskich zamachowców. Pochowano go w klasztorze Achali Szuamta, niedaleko miasta Telawi w Kachetii. Czawczawadze pozostawił po sobie syna, Dawida, również pułkownika broni w służbie rosyjskiej w czasach wojen kaukaskich, oraz trzy córki: Nino, Katarzynę i Zofię. Twórczość Czawczawadze tworzył głównie liryki wokół tematów zaczerpniętych z historii kraju z elementami folkloru tyfliskiego. Przekładał na język gruziński dzieła klasyków literatury światowej. Bibliografia Linki zewnętrzne Wiersz „O dalekie, pełne światła lata!” w polskim przekładzie Generałowie Imperium Rosyjskiego Gruzińscy pisarze Kawalerowie Legii Honorowej Odznaczeni Orderem Świętego Włodzimierza Odznaczeni Orderem Świętej Anny Ludzie związani z Petersburgiem Urodzeni w 1786 Zmarli w 1846
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Guarantees From time to time, we enter into certain types of contracts that require us to indemnify parties contingently against third party claims. These contracts primarily relate to: (i) certain real estate leases, under which we may be required to indemnify property owners for environmental and other liabilities, and other claims arising from our use of the applicable premises; (ii) certain agreements with our officers, directors and employees and third parties, under which we may be required to indemnify such persons for liabilities arising out of their duties to us and (iii) agreements under which we indemnify customers and partners for claims arising from intellectual property infringement. The terms of such obligations vary. Generally, a maximum obligation is not explicitly stated. Because the obligated amounts of these types of agreements often are not explicitly stated, the overall maximum amount of the obligations cannot be reasonably estimated. Historically, we have not been obligated to make significant payments for these obligations, and no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations on our balance sheets as of December 31, 2003 or 2002. Additionally, we warrant that our software products will operate substantially in conformity with product documentation and that the physical media will be free from defect. The specific terms and conditions of the warranties are generally 30 days but may vary depending upon the country in which the software is sold. We accrue for known warranty issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, and accrue for estimated incurred but unidentified warranty issues based on historical activity. To date we have had no material warranty claims. Due to thorough product testing, the short time between product shipments and the detection and correction of product failures, no history of material warranty claims, and the fact that no significant warranty issues have been identified, we have not recorded a warranty accrual to date. We have entered into certain real estate leases that require us to indemnify property owners against certain environmental and other liabilities and other claims. Environmental Liabilities. We only engage in the development, marketing and distribution of software, and we have never had any environment related claim. Therefore, the likelihood of incurring a loss related to these environmental indemnifications is remote and thus we are unable to reasonably estimate the amount. Therefore, we have not recorded a related liability in accordance with the recognition and measurement provisions of FAS 143, “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations” (“FAS 143”). Other Liabilities and Other Claims. We are responsible for certain costs of restoring leased premises to their original condition, and in accordance with the recognition and measurement provisions of FAS 143, we measured the fair value of these obligations and determined them to be immaterial. ACQUISITIONS Crystal Decisions Acquisition Transaction The total purchase price of $1.229 billion consisted of $307.6 million in cash, $768.6 million in shares issued, $139.1 million in stock options assumed and $13.9 million in direct transaction costs. The total purchase price was allocated to the following fair values of Crystal Decisions’ assets and liabilities at December 11, 2003 (in millions of dollars): Restructuring Prior to the Crystal Decisions Acquisition, we began to assess and formulate a plan to restructure the combined company’s operations to eliminate duplicative activities, focus on strategic products and reduce the company’s cost structure. Our board of directors approved and committed to the plan shortly after the completion of the acquisition. The restructuring charge is also discussed in detail in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. In 2003, we accrued severance-related costs in connection with the involuntary termination of employees and other restructuring costs in connection with the abandonment of facilities. Qualifying restructuring expenses related to Crystal Decisions were accounted for in the purchase price allocation. However, restructuring charges related to Business Objects were expensed. We incurred $7.8 million in restructuring expenses related to pre-acquisition Business Objects in 2003. In addition, we expect to incur charges of approximately $5.5 million in 2004 related to the exit of duplicative facilities that were occupied by Business Objects prior to the Crystal Decisions Acquisition. Of this amount, $3.3 million are expected to be considered restructuring charges under the definition of FAS 146 and charged to restructuring costs within operating expenses on the statement of income. The remaining estimated $2.2 million are expected to be charged to the applicable operating expense category. The restructuring accruals were based on our best estimates. However, if actual amounts paid for the Crystal Decisions restructuring activities differ from those we estimated, the purchase price allocation may be adjusted in future periods. If actual amounts paid for the restructuring related to pre-acquisition Business Objects differ from those we estimated, our liability would be adjusted as an increase or decrease to expense in the period that we change the estimate. As of December 31, 2003, we had paid approximately $1.1 million related to the Crystal Decisions restructuring. We expect to pay the remaining liability during 2004. The balance of the accrued restructuring charges related to Crystal Decisions were as follows at December 31, 2003 (in millions of dollars): Acquisition of Acta Transaction On August 23, 2002, we acquired Acta, a privately held data integration software vendor. The acquisition provided us with a comprehensive enterprise analytic platform for the delivery of custom-developed and pre-packaged analytic applications. The acquisition and the accounting for the transaction are also described in detail in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The purchase price of $65.5 million in cash was allocated to the following fair values of Acta’s net tangible and intangible assets as of the date of the acquisition: Restructuring Immediately prior to our acquisition of Acta, Acta’s management initiated and approved plans to restructure Acta’s operations. The restructuring plan reduced Acta’s cost structure and better aligned product and operating expenses with existing general economic conditions. Acta capitalized approximately $13.5 million of restructuring costs which were recorded as liabilities as part of the purchase price allocation. The restructuring liability consisted primarily of severance, other employee benefits and costs of vacating duplicate facilities. During 2003 the lease for Acta’s Mountain View, California facility was terminated through an action to take the property by eminent domain by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. Upon termination of the lease, the remaining $2.7 million accrual related to this facility was reversed as an adjustment to goodwill. The balance of the accrued restructuring charges was capitalized as a cost of the acquisition and was as follows on December 31, 2003 (in millions of dollars): The remaining accrual of $0.7 million at December 31, 2003 was for estimated future minimum lease payments for Acta’s U.K. facility, which includes payments until 2005. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2003. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS See Note 1 - Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES Our financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. These estimates, judgments and assumptions are based upon information available to us at the time that they are made. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect our most significant estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: • Recognition of revenues • Business combinations • Restructuring accruals • Impairment of long-lived assets • Contingencies and litigation • Allowances for doubtful accounts • Deferred Income tax assets We have reviewed these critical accounting policies and related disclosures with our Audit Committee. See the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, which contain additional information regarding our accounting policies and estimates. Recognition of Revenues Our revenue recognition policy is significant because revenues are a key component of our results from operations. We follow very specific and detailed guidelines in measuring revenues; however, certain judgments and estimates affect the application of the revenue policy. We enter into arrangements for the sale of 1) licenses of software products and related maintenance contracts; 2) bundled license, maintenance and services and 3) services on a time and material basis. In instances where maintenance is bundled with a license of software products, such maintenance terms are typically one year. For each arrangement, we determine whether evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collection is probable. If any of these criteria are not met, we defer recognition of revenues until such time as all of the criteria are met. In software arrangements that include rights to multiple software products and/or services, we use the residual method, under which revenues are allocated to the undelivered elements based on vendor specific objective evidence of fair value of such undelivered elements and we allocate the residual amount of revenues to the delivered elements. For those contracts that consist solely of license and maintenance we recognize net license fees based upon the residual method after all licensed software product has been delivered as prescribed by Statement of Position 98-9 “Modification of SOP No. 97-2 with Respect to Certain Transactions.” We recognize maintenance revenues over the term of the maintenance contract. The maintenance rates for both license agreements with and without stated renewal rates are based upon our price list. Vendor specific objective evidence of the fair value of maintenance for license agreements that do not include stated renewal rates is determined by reference to the price paid by our customers when maintenance is sold separately (that is, the renewal rate). Past history has shown that the rate we charge for maintenance on license agreements with a stated renewal rate is similar to the rate we charge for maintenance on license agreements without a stated renewal rate. Services can consist of maintenance, training and/or consulting services. In all cases, we assess whether the service element of the arrangement is essential to the functionality of the other elements of the arrangement. When software services are considered essential or the arrangement involves customization or modification of the software, we recognize both the net license fees and service revenues under the arrangement under the percentage of completion method of contract accounting, based on input measures of hours. For those arrangements for which we have concluded that the service element is not essential to the other elements of the arrangement we determine whether the services are available from other vendors, do not involve a significant degree of risk or unique acceptance criteria and whether we have sufficient experience in providing the service to be able to separately account for the service. When the service qualifies for separate accounting, we use vendor specific objective evidence of fair value for the services and the maintenance to account for the arrangement using the residual method, regardless of any separate prices stated within the contract for each element. Revenues allocable to services are recognized as the services are performed. Vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value of consulting services is based upon average daily rates. As previously noted, we enter into contracts for services alone and such contracts are on a time and material basis. For sales to resellers, value added resellers and strategic system integrators, we provide no right of return or price protection. We do not accept orders from these partners when we are aware that the partner does not have a purchase order from an end-user. For sales to distributors that have a right of return, we recognize revenues as the products are sold to the distributor and we reserve an amount equal to our estimate of all products subject to rights of return. Some of the factors that we consider in determining this estimate include historical experience of returns received and level of inventory in the distribution channels. The reserve reduces the revenues and the related receivables. For sales to original equipment manufacturers, we recognize revenues when the original equipment manufacturer reports sales that have occurred to an end user customer, provided that collection is probable. Some original equipment manufacturer arrangements include the payment of an upfront arrangement fee which is deferred and recognized either ratably over the contractual period or when the original equipment manufacturer reports sales that have occurred to an end user customer, in accordance with the contractual terms. Deferred revenues represent amounts under license and service arrangements for which the earnings process has not been completed. These amounts relate primarily to provision of maintenance and technical support services with future deliverables and arrangements where specified customer acceptance has not yet occurred. Business Combinations We are required to allocate the purchase price of acquired companies to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including IPR&D, based on their estimated fair values. Such a valuation requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from customer contracts, customer lists, distribution agreements and acquired developed technologies; expected costs to develop IPR&D into commercially viable products and estimating cash flows from projects when completed and discount rates. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Other estimates, such as restructuring accruals associated with the accounting for acquisitions, may change as additional information becomes available regarding the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Restructuring Accruals In 2003 and 2002 we recorded charges to restructure our business. These charges included estimated expenses for employee severance and outplacement costs, lease cancellations, and other restructuring costs. The process to estimate these costs is complex and involves periodic reassessments of estimates made at the time the original decisions were made. We continually evaluate the adequacy of the remaining liabilities under our restructuring initiatives. Although we believe that these estimates accurately reflect the costs of our restructuring plans, actual results may differ, thereby requiring us to record additional provisions or reverse a portion of provisions already recorded. Impairment of Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets We evaluate our identifiable goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment on an annual basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable based on expected undiscounted cash flows attributable to that asset. Future impairment evaluations could result in impairment charges, which would result in an expense in the period of impairment and a reduction in the carrying value of these assets. Contingencies and Litigation We evaluate contingent liabilities including threatened or pending litigation in accordance with FAS No. 5, “Accounting for Contingencies”. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to our pending claims and litigation and may revise our estimates. Such revisions in the estimates could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a description of our material legal proceedings. Allowances for Doubtful Accounts We make judgments regarding our ability to collect outstanding receivables and provide allowances for the portion of receivables when collection becomes doubtful. Provisions are made based upon a specific review of all significant outstanding invoices. For those invoices not specifically reviewed, provisions are provided at differing rates, based upon the age of the receivable. In determining these percentages, we analyze our historical collection experience and current economic trends. If the historical data we use to calculate the allowance for doubtful accounts does not reflect the future ability to collect outstanding receivables, additional provisions for doubtful accounts may be needed and our future results of operations could be materially affected. Deferred Income Tax Assets We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized. We have considered future taxable income and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in determining the need for a valuation allowance. A full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets in the United States is maintained because of no history of taxable income, largely because of tax deductions attributable to employee stock option exercises. In the event that we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. Likewise, if we later determine that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets would be realized, then the previously provided valuation allowance would be reversed. Our current valuation allowance relates to benefits from the exercise of employee stock options and deferred tax assets of acquired companies. If these tax benefits are realized, the valuation allowance reduction would result in an increase to additional paid in capital or a decrease to goodwill, respectively. Factors Affecting Future Operating Results Risks Related to the Crystal Decisions Acquisition We may not realize the benefits that we anticipate from the Crystal Decisions Acquisition within the time periods that we expect, or at all, because of integration and other challenges. On December 11, 2003, we acquired Crystal Decisions for total consideration of $307.6 million in cash and approximately 23.3 million of our ADSs. If we fail to successfully integrate Crystal Decisions into our operations or fail to realize any of the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, our business and results of operations could be severely harmed. Realizing the benefits of the acquisition will depend in part on the integration of our operations, people and technology. This integration effort is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process that, without proper planning and implementation, could significantly disrupt our business. We may be unable to integrate the two companies successfully in a timely manner, if at all. Combining our product offerings is a complex and lengthy process involving a number of intermediate steps in which we will seek to achieve increasing degrees of integration of our products. We have informed our customers of our expected timing for various key milestones in our product integration efforts. Technical or other challenges in integrating our products could delay or prevent the successful integration of our products or cause us to incur unanticipated costs. If we fail to achieve one or more of these milestones as planned, our ability to market our products and our revenues and operating results could be seriously harmed. To market our products effectively, we will need to train sales and marketing employees who have historically marketed either Business Objects or Crystal Decisions products and services to market our combined product and service offerings. While we are devoting significant efforts to training our employees to market our combined products, we cannot be sure that these efforts will be successful. If we do not successfully integrate and train our sales and marketing force, our ability to market our products and services and our revenues could suffer. The challenges involved in this integration effort also include the following: • demonstrating to our customers that the acquisition will not result in adverse changes in our client service standards or business focus; • preserving distribution, marketing or other important relationships of both companies and resolving potential conflicts that may arise; • coordinating and rationalizing research and development efforts to integrate our overlapping products and technologies successfully; • integrating the research and development teams, which is made more difficult because they are located in disparate geographies; • aligning the business cultures of the two companies while maintaining employee morale and retaining key employees; • dedicating the significant management attention and financial resources needed to integrate the two companies without harming existing businesses; • consolidating and rationalizing information technology, enterprise resource planning and administrative infrastructures while avoiding significant errors, delays or other break- downs in our business processes such as order processing or technical support; and • managing a more complex corporate structure which requires additional resources for such responsibilities as tax planning, foreign currency management, financial reporting and risk management. The market price of our shares may decline as a result of the Crystal Decisions Acquisition. A number of factors could cause the market price of our shares to decline as a result of the Crystal Decisions Acquisition, including if: • our integration effort is not completed in a timely and efficient manner; • our assumptions about the business model and operations of Crystal Decisions were incorrect, or its role in our business does not develop as we planned; • the effect of the Crystal Decisions Acquisition on our financial results is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts; or • shareholders that hold relatively large interests in our company decide to dispose of their shares because the results of the Crystal Decisions Acquisition are not consistent with their expectations. Charges to earnings resulting from the Crystal Decisions Acquisition may adversely affect the market value of our shares. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we have accounted for the Crystal Decisions Acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. The impact of one-time and future charges associated with this acquisition, including any charges for impairment of goodwill, could have a material adverse effect on the market value of our shares. Under purchase accounting, we recorded as the cost of the transaction the market value of the acquisition consideration and the amount of direct transaction costs. We have allocated the cost of the transaction to our net tangible assets, amortizable intangible assets, intangible assets with indefinite lives and in-process research and development, based on their fair values as of the date of completion of the transaction, and recorded the excess of the purchase price over those fair values as goodwill. The portion of the estimated purchase price allocated to in-process research and development was expensed in the three months ended December 31, 2003. We expect to incur additional depreciation and amortization expense over the useful lives of certain of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in connection with the acquisition, which will reduce our operating results through 2008. In addition, we recorded goodwill of $978 million in connection with the Crystal Decisions Acquisition. If this goodwill, other intangible assets with indefinite lives or other assets acquired in the Crystal Decisions Acquisition become impaired, we may be required to incur material charges relating to the impairment of those assets. Any significant impairment charges will have a negative effect on our operating results and could reduce the market price of our shares. In addition, we expect to incur restructuring expenses and other charges to exit duplicative facilities during 2004, which we currently estimate to be approximately $5.5 million. We cannot be sure that these expenses and charges will not be higher than we currently anticipate. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by these and any additional restructuring expenses and charges. The Crystal Decisions Acquisition could have an adverse effect on our revenues and profitability in the near term if customers delay, defer or cancel purchases as a result of the transaction. In response to the Crystal Decisions Acquisition and our product transition announcements, customers may seek to cancel existing purchases or delay or defer purchasing decisions which could have an adverse effect on our business. Prospective customers could determine not to purchase our products or services until we have demonstrated our ability to integrate our products with Crystal Decisions’ or until we release one or more future products that integrate capabilities and features of both Business Objects’ and Crystal Decisions’ products. In addition, prospective customers could be reluctant to purchase licenses for our products or services if the customers are uncertain about our strategic direction, the continuation of specific product offerings or our willingness to support and maintain existing products. These factors could cause a significant customer or a significant number of customers not to purchase or to delay purchase decisions, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and quarterly revenues such that they could be substantially below the expectations of market analysts, which could reduce the market price of our shares. Uncertainty regarding the effects of the Crystal Decisions Acquisition could cause our strategic partners or key employees to make decisions which could adversely affect our business and operations. 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For example, the potential customer’s budget and purchasing priorities may change, the economy may experience a downturn or new competing technology may enter the marketplace, any of which could reduce our revenues. The software market in which we operate is subject to rapid technological change and new product introductions, which could negatively affect our product sales. The market for Business Intelligence software is characterized by rapid technological advances, changes in customer requirements and frequent new product introductions and enhancements. The emergence of new industry standards in related fields may adversely affect the demand for our products. To be successful, we must develop new products, platforms and enhancements to our existing products that keep pace with technological developments, changing industry standards and the increasingly sophisticated requirements of our customers. If we are unable to respond quickly and successfully to these developments and changes, we may lose our competitive position. In addition, even if we are able to develop new products, platforms or enhancements to our existing products, these products, platforms and product enhancements may not be accepted in the marketplace. Further, if we do not adequately time the introduction or the announcement of new products or enhancement, to our existing products, or if our competitors introduce or announce new products, platforms and product enhancements, our customers may defer or forego purchases of our existing products. We are currently a party to several lawsuits with MicroStrategy. The prosecution of these lawsuits could have a substantial negative impact on our business. Should MicroStrategy prevail, we may be required to pay substantial monetary damages or be prevented from selling some of our products. On October 17, 2001, we filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against MicroStrategy for alleged patent infringement. The lawsuit alleges that MicroStrategy infringes on our U.S. Patent No. 5,555,403 by making, using, offering to sell and selling its product currently known as MicroStrategy Version 7.0. Our complaint requests that MicroStrategy be enjoined from further infringing the patent and seeks an as-yet undetermined amount of damages. On June 27, 2003, MicroStrategy filed a motion for summary judgment that its products do not infringe our patent. On August 29, 2003, the Court ruled that our patent was not literally infringed and that we were estopped from asserting the doctrine of equivalents and dismissed the case. We have appealed the Court’s judgment to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and anticipate a ruling on the appeal in early 2005. On October 30, 2001, MicroStrategy filed an action for alleged patent infringement in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against us and our subsidiary, Business Objects Americas. The complaint alleges that our software products, BusinessObjects Broadcast Agent Publisher, BusinessObjects Broadcast Agent Scheduler and BusinessObjects Infoview, infringe MicroStrategy’s U.S. Patent Nos. 6,279,033 and 6,260,050. In December 2003, the Court dismissed MicroStrategy’s claim of infringement on U.S. Patent No. 6,279,033 without prejudice. Trial on U.S. Patent No. 6,260,050 originally set for April 12, 2004 has been continued by the Court to June 2004. In April 2002, MicroStrategy obtained leave to amend its patent claims against us to include claims for misappropriation of trade secrets, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, tortuous interference with contractual relations and conspiracy in violation of the Virginia Code seeking injunctive relief and damages. On December 30, 2002 the Court granted our motion for summary judgment and rejected MicroStrategy’s claims for damages as to the causes of action for misappropriation of trade secrets, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and conspiracy in violation of the Virginia Code. Trial of the trade secret claim for injunctive relief and the sole remaining damages claim for tortious interference with contractual relations started on October 20, 2003. On October 28, 2003, the Court granted judgment as a matter of law in our favor and dismissed the jury trial on MicroStrategy’s allegations that we tortiously interfered with certain employment agreements between MicroStrategy and its former employees. The Court took MicroStrategy’s claim for misappropriation of trade secrets under submission and has yet to rule. The only relief which remains available under the Court’s prior rulings is for an injunction. MicroStrategy also seeks an award of its attorneys’ fees in an undisclosed amount, should they prevail on the injunction claim. We do not believe that any attorneys’ fees awarded will be material. We believe that MicroStrategy’s claims are meritless and will continue to defend the lawsuits vigorously.
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Techno-economic sensitivity analysis for combined design and operation of a small modular reactor hybrid energy system
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Original Publication Citation Original Publication Citation https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666202722000556 Brigham Young University Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive Faculty Publications Techno-economic sensitivity analysis for combined design and Techno-economic sensitivity analysis for combined design and operation of a small modular reactor hybrid energy system operation of a small modular reactor hybrid energy system Daniel Hill Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Hill, Daniel; Martin, Adam; Martin-Nelson, Nathanael; Granger, Charles; Powell, Kody; and Hedengren, John, "Techno-economic sensitivity analysis for combined design and operation of a small modular reactor hybrid energy system" (2022). Faculty Publications. 6184. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/6184 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact ellen_amatangelo@byu.edu. Authors Authors Daniel Hill, Adam Martin, Nathanael Martin-Nelson, Charles Granger, Kody Powell, and John Hedengren Authors Authors Daniel Hill, Adam Martin, Nathanael Martin-Nelson, Charles Granger, Kody Powell, and John Hedengren This peer-reviewed article is available at BYU ScholarsArchive: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/6184 dam Martin, Nathanael Martin-Nelson, Charles Granger, Kody Powell, and John Hedengren Techno-economic sensitivity analysis for combined design and operation of a small modular reactor hybrid energy system Techno-economic sensitivity analysis for combined design and operation of a small modular reactor hybrid energy system Daniel Hill a, Adam Martin a, Nathanael Martin-Nelson a, Charles Granger a, Matthew Memmott a, Kody Powell b, John Hedengren a,∗ a Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84602, Utah, USA b Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, Utah, USA A B S T R A C T Keywords: Hybrid energy system Design optimization Sensitivity analysis Uncertainty quantification Keywords: Hybrid energy system Design optimization Sensitivity analysis Uncertainty quantification With increasing grid-penetration of renewable energy resources and a rising need for carbon-free dispatchable power generation, nuclear-hybrid energy systems (NHES), consisting of small modular reactors, are an increasingly attractive option for maintaining grid stability. NHES can accomplish this with a minimal carbon footprint but there are significant uncertainties that are not fully understood. This work describes and demonstrates methods for analyzing the uncertainties of potential NHES designs, including uncertain design parameters and time series as well as variations in dispatch horizon length. The proposed methods are demonstrated on a sample system with 16 design parameters, 3 uncertain time series, and a range of dispatch horizon lengths where the unit capacities and unit dispatch are co-optimized to minimize system LCOE. For the example system, 11 of 16 parameters are uncorrelated with model outputs, allowing for model reduction without decreased accuracy. It is determined that the impact of variation in multiple time series cannot be easily isolated and that the examined sources of uncertainty are of similar importance in terms of overall impact. considers an NHES design combining small modular reactors (SMRs), concentrated solar power, and thermal energy storage (TES) [11]. Ho et al. combines SMRs with large-scale hydrogen storage as a means of increasing grid flexibility [12]. Other designs include industrial appli- cations, such as Baker et al. with a desalination plant, Kim et al. with a high temperature steam electrolysis plant (HTSE), and Ozcan et al. with hydrogen production using the Mg–Cl cycle [13–15]. Abdusammi et al. and Wang et al. implement unique subsystems to increase cost efficiencies in conceptual NHES [16,17]. These designs, among others, represent significant groundwork in the development of NHES. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contents lists available at ScienceDirect ∗Corresponding author. E-mail address: john_hedengren@byu.edu (J. Hedengren). g 2666-2027/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors Authors 16 (2022) 100191 blished by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Available online 17 August 2022 2666-2027/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100191 Received 23 May 2022; Received in revised form 24 July 2022; Accepted 4 August 2022 2. Material and methods The NHES design analyzed in this work consists of a nuclear power plant (NPP) made up of small modular reactors (SMR), a photovoltaic solar field, a wind farm, and a thermal energy storage (TES) unit meet- ing a set electrical load. Each of the system components are considered fully-integrated with each other and transmission losses of electricity and steam resources are considered negligible. No other generators or energy storage devices are used to meet the load. The units are operated in a coordinated manner allowing them to minimize the overall levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). This means that the dispatch of each of the dispatchable components is manipulated by a single optimizer. A figure demonstrating the interconnections between the components is shown in Fig. 1, where the thermal energy connections are represented in red and the electrical connections are represented in blue. Each of the works modeling NHES makes use of the idea of a dis- patch horizon, or the time horizon over which the system is dispatched, in one form or another. For many works, this is one full year [12,22], but others time lengths are used in literature as well [23] and there is no clear consensus on the best length to be used for the dispatch horizon. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are thoroughly tested methods for developing a knowledge base of complex systems [24]. Sensitivity analysis in HES is well developed and is frequently used for case- specific research and optimization [25–27]. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is commonly used as an economic performance metric for parameter analysis [27,28]. Case-specific studies have great value, but a broader approach is needed to establish guidelines for new designs. Tian et al. and Stelt et al. examine fixed combinations of components in more generalized sensitivity analyses to identify which parameters carry the most weight [29,30]. The economic feasibility of each system is determined and key parameters are highlighted. The NPP is modeled as a generic, large-scale steam producer with economic and dynamic operational parameters. The steam produced by the NPP is directed to the steam turbine, the TES unit, or both, depending on the system dispatch. The output of the plant is considered to be flexible over time but with imposed economic costs that encour- age minimal power output manipulation. 1. Introduction Nomenclature NHES Nuclear-hybrid energy system LCOE Levelized cost of electricity SMR Small modular reactor TES Thermal energy storage NPP Nuclear power plant 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 Steam turbine efficiency 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑖 Capital cost of component 𝑖 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑖 Fixed operating costs of component 𝑖 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑖 Variable operating costs of component 𝑖 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑖 Cost of fluctuating unit output of compo- nent 𝑖over time 𝐸𝑖 Electricity generated or consumed by com- ponent 𝑖 𝐿𝑖 Anticipated lifetime of component 𝑖 𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠 Anticipated lifetime of the system 𝑁𝑖 Nameplate capacity of component 𝑖 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 Length of dispatch horizon in hours 𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 Maximum ramp down rate of the NPP 𝑟𝑢𝑝 Maximum ramp up rate of the NPP 𝑆 Thermal energy stored in the TES 𝑥𝑑 Design variables 𝑥𝑜𝑝 Operational/dispatch variables Fig. 1. Diagram of the system components and the flow of steam and electricity. Fig. 1. Diagram of the system components and the flow of steam and electricity. to typical NHES models and provides useful insight into how to best account for uncertainties in NHES. A unique combined dispatch and design nonlinear optimization model in GEKKO Python is supported by INL developed time series tools to fully account for system un- certainties. Interactions between design and dispatch parameters are quantified along with relative impact on economic feasibility. The results provide important insight for how to account for uncertainties for future NHES implementation. et al. eliminate many case specific uncertainties in their regional ex- amples, but leave a more generalized approach for future research [9]. Abdusammi et al. study the sensitivity of several design parameters, but highlights the need for more complete work including uncertain parameters related to renewable energy resources and demand [16]. The rest of this article is organized as follows: The sample NHES design is described and then formulated in Section 2. Implementation of the simulated model and sensitivity analysis methods are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 covers an analysis of the data and resulting conclusions are presented in Section 5. Renewable resource components present naturally challenging fac- tors in the simulation of complex systems, with both unique patterns and uncertainties. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) provides several tools to handle the stochastic nature of NHES [18–20]. INL’s Risk Analysis Virtual ENvironment (RAVEN) produces synthetic uncertain time series at a large scale, enabling a more thorough analysis of untested designs [21]. Optimization of the dispatch and design are handled separately, providing useful information about stochastic com- ponent behavior. 1. Introduction Availability of electrical power is a key performance index of a society [1]. Reliable electrical power is critical for sustainable and safe industrial settings and is a growing necessity for domestic and commer- cial settings [2]. The use of solar, wind, and renewable energy resources is increasing rapidly and expected to continue to do so [2,3]. Huber et al. and Bertsch et al. highlight multiple cases in which increasing variable energy resource penetration requires increased flexibility in the electrical grid [4,5]. Increasing numbers of electric vehicles also place unique demands on the grid [6] that may motivate more flexible generation. To address this need, notable works have proposed hybrid energy systems (HES) in which a reliable base load power source and energy storage meet any demands that exceed the stochastic supply produced by renewable energy sources [7–9]. Nuclear energy is a reliable and low emission base load, making nuclear-hybrid energy systems (NHES) a favorable option for maintaining grid stability in the future. New forms of thermal energy storage also have potential for reduced environmental impact while facilitating hybrid energy systems that provide greater flexibility [10]. Knowledge gaps surrounding system variability and dynamics pre- vent the advancement of economic and optimal NHES solutions. Un- realized designs come with an innate shortage of related data, com- plicating any manipulation of the system for specific conditions or demands. Successful large-scale application of NHES will require thor- ough groundwork to enable flexibility for regional needs. This ground- work includes determining the sensitivity of the design and dispatch parameters addressed in this paper. The impact of variation in system parameters is often non-intuitive and several publications focus on dealing with uncertainties inherent to NHES. Garcia et al. and Chen Recent publications demonstrate various NHES designs that are unique combinations of energy generation technologies. Zhao et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 D. Hill et al. 1. Introduction Additional system uncertainties that are not addressed include system parameters, costs, and dynamics. 2.5. Data sources Due to the nature of an uncertainty analysis, perfect adherence to specific values is not required. Of greater importance for this model are results that are applicable a variety of feasible NHES scales. All parameter values in this study are chosen to resemble those found in literature. Exact values of the nominal, maximum, and minimum values are largely arbitrary, but ranges are determined based on an analysis of currently available resources. 2.4. Model parameters Model parameters are uncertain economic and system parameters in Tables 1 and 2 and fixed parameters in Table 3. Exact values for the uncertain parameters are included in the model analysis as a range of possible values as they are not well-known for the proposed system. The range between the minimum and maximum values for each parameter are chosen such that the real value of the parameter should be within the range. Each of the uncertain parameters has a nominal or best- estimate value, which is the value used when the uncertainty of that parameter is not being considered and is an estimate based on literature sources as described in Section 2.5. (1i) Economic parameters for the renewable generation resources are not the focus of this study and variation in these parameters cannot affect optimal system design or dispatch, so these parameters are not varied as part of the study. Variation in component lifetimes also is equivalent to variation in component capital costs for this model, so the component lifetimes are held fixed. 2.1.1. Objective function The objective function, as shown in Eq. (1a), is to minimize the sum of the system LCOE over the dispatch horizon length while penalizing overproduction of electricity. The calculation of the LCOE itself is for- mulated as a constraint in the optimization, as shown in Eq. (1b). The second term in the objective function allows penalizing overproduction without that penalty contributing to the LCOE. It is weighted light enough to discourage overproduction without driving the optimization to economically unfavorable dispatch profiles. 2. Material and methods While the economic costs associated with load-following SMR NPPs are expected to be minimal or negligible [31], various other costs (legal, safety, control difficulties, etc.) could be included here as economic costs to appropriately drive the optimization. More complex aspects of nuclear power plants, such as fuel reloading and core neutronics, are not considered in this work. There is no detailed sensitivity analysis for a general NHES. Lacking further insight, many system parameters are exhaustively accounted for without evidence of their relative influence or variation in these parameters is ignored entirely. Using principles from well-established disciplines, this paper presents sensitivity analysis methods tailored The electricity generated from the wind farm and photovoltaic solar field combines with the electricity generated in the steam turbine to 2 D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 provide the generation capacity necessary to meet the system load. The contribution from renewable sources must be utilized by the system dispatcher, but cannot be manipulated or curtailed in this study. of energy stored (𝐸𝑇𝐸𝑆,𝑖𝑛) or retrieved (𝐸𝑇𝐸𝑆,𝑜𝑢𝑡) from the TES at each point in time. The design parameters, time series, and dispatch horizon length are taken as model inputs, but cannot be modified by the optimizer. Both the design and dispatch variables are simultaneously co-optimized. The system is required to provide the electrical load while utilizing both the dispatchable and non-dispatchable resources, but overpro- duction is allowed. Any overproduction in the system is penalized in the optimization but this penalty is not included in the LCOE. NHES systems are expected to be able to handle overproduction through re- newable generation curtailment or by allowing excess steam to bypass the steam turbines although over-generation is not optimal [32]. 2.3. Constraints The constraints on the optimization problem are given in Eqs. (1b)– (1i). These constraints ensure the feasibility of the solution by ensuring that the heat and electricity balances are satisfied, that the units are operating within the respective constraints for those units and that the LCOE is calculated accurately. The TES unit is a two-tank design consisting of insulated cold and hot storage tanks filled with a molten salt. Steam charging the TES heats salt from the cold tank after which it is stored in the hot tank. When discharging, the salt from the hot tank is used to heat process water or steam before sending it to the steam turbine. A roundtrip efficiency is used to approximate the efficiency of the TES. The LCOE, shown in Eq. (1b), is formulated as a sum of the costs from each component divided by the total power output of the sys- tem. Capital costs of 𝑛components are scaled with regard to system lifetime to account for continued value beyond system exhaustion. Fixed operational costs refer to costs from standard operation and maintenance. Variable operational costs are costs related to fluctuations in component use. The 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡is the discrete trajectory costs, accounting for the cost of actively manipulating component outputs. The sizes of the NPP, TES unit, and steam turbine as well as the operation of these units are not fixed, but are manipulated during model optimization. The system load, wind farm capacity, and solar farm capacity are fixed in this case study scenario. The transfer of electrical and thermal energy is handled in two separate energy balances connected by the efficiency loss in the turbine. Eq. (1c) represents the transfer of thermal energy in the form of high temperature steam between the SMR, TES, and turbine. Eq. (1d) takes electrical output from the turbine and combines it with the time variant inputs of wind and solar energy to meet the load. Eq. (1e) shows the limits on total SMR production, limited by a maximum capacity. Eq. (1g) considers the ramping capabilities of an SMR and Eq. (1h) shows the storage capacity of the TES, constrained by a maximum capacity. The capacity limit of the turbine is represented in Eq. (1f). 𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛and 𝑟𝑢𝑝are the ramping constraints (Table 2). Eq. (1i) sums the component manipulation costs, simulating possible expenses, and safety concerns related to component dynamics. 2.1. Mathematical description The model can be described mathematically as shown in Eq. (1). The model can be described mathematically as shown in Eq. (1). minimize 𝑥𝑑,𝑥𝑜𝑝 𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸+ 0.1 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 (𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏+ 𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟+ 𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑−𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) (1a) subject to 𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸 = ∑𝑛 𝑖(𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑖𝑁𝑖 𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝐿𝑖+ 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑖𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠+ 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑖∫𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 𝐸𝑖,𝑡𝑑𝑡) + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∫𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑡𝑑𝑡 minimize 𝑥𝑑,𝑥𝑜𝑝 𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸+ 0.1 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 (𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏+ 𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟+ 𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑−𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) (1a) subject to 𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸 (1a) = ∑𝑛 𝑖(𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑖𝑁𝑖 𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝐿𝑖+ 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑖𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠+ 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑖∫𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 𝐸𝑖,𝑡𝑑𝑡) + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∫𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑡𝑑𝑡 (1b) 𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟−𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑖𝑛+ 𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝜂𝑡𝑒𝑠= 𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛 (1c) 𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏+ 𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑙+ 𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑= 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1d) 𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑁𝑠𝑚𝑟≤𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟≤𝑁𝑠𝑚𝑟 (1e) 0 ≤𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏≤𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 (1f) 𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛≤𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟 𝑑𝑡 ≤𝑟𝑢𝑝 (1g) 0 ≤𝑆≤𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠 (1h) 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡= 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑚𝑟∫ 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 ( 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟,𝑡 𝑑𝑡 )2 + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑠∫ 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 (𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑖𝑛,𝑡+ 𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 (1i) (1b) 𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟−𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑖𝑛+ 𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝜂𝑡𝑒𝑠= 𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛 (1c) 𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏+ 𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑙+ 𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑= 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1d) 𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑁𝑠𝑚𝑟≤𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟≤𝑁𝑠𝑚𝑟 (1e) 0 ≤𝐸𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑖𝑛𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏≤𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 (1f) 𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛≤𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟 𝑑𝑡 ≤𝑟𝑢𝑝 (1g) 0 ≤𝑆≤𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠 (1h) 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡= 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑚𝑟∫ 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 ( 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑚𝑟,𝑡 𝑑𝑡 )2 + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑠∫ 𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑠 0 (𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑖𝑛,𝑡+ 𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑠,𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 (1i) Table 2 The third source of uncertainty is the variation in the uncertain time series involved in the problem. The wind and solar generation as well as the system load at each point in time are not perfectly known ahead of time and exhibit random or imperfectly-known variation in existing power grids. The variation in each of these time series must be addressed in order to design a robust plant capable of operating under a wide range of circumstances. Table 3 Fixed parameters. Parameter Value Units Description 𝐿𝑠𝑚𝑟 60 yrs SMR lifetime 𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙 35 yrs Solar lifetime 𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 30 yrs Wind lifetime 𝐿𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏 50 yrs Turbine lifetime 𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠 30 yrs System lifetime 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 1.877e6 USD Wind capital cost 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 3.97e4 USD Wind fixed cost 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 1e−4 USD Wind variable cost 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑠𝑜𝑙 2.534e7 USD Solar capital cost 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑠𝑜𝑙 2.18e4 USD Solar fixed cost 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑠𝑜𝑙 1e−4 USD Solar variable cost The economic costs of the fixed-capacity elements of the system (wind farm, solar farm, and turbine) are not analyzed as a source of uncertainty in this model. The sizing and operation of each of these components is fixed by the problem definition. A change in these values does not affect the optimal design or operation of the system, although they would affect the resulting system LCOE. 3.1. Optimization problem formulation The model is formulated as a combined design and dispatch opti- mization problem using GEKKO [43]. Combining the optimization of the design and dispatch into a single problem is a common method for efficiently sizing hybrid energy systems [44,45]. Jacob et al. provided capital cost estimates for a TES system [38]. The range of TES fixed and variable operational costs are based on a report released by IRENA [39] and work done by Wagner [40]. Kuravi [41] and Alva [42] give the values used to produce the TES efficiency range. GEKKO provides an intuitive Python algebraic modeling language with an interface to large-scale nonlinear optimizers including APOPT [46 and IPOPT [47]. GEKKO also provides algorithmic differentiation for efficiently determining model derivatives and orthogonal collocation on finite elements for discretizing differential equations. These features facilitate the clear and efficient formulation of nonlinear programming problems. 3. Calculation The purpose of this work is to determine which sources of uncer- tainty are most important when optimizing the design and operation of a simple NHES system. A number of sensitivity analysis methods are compared to determine which sources are most influential. The effects of each of the sources or categories of uncertainty are first considered independently. This means that when one category of uncertainty is being analyzed, all the other categories are held at nominal values as indicated in Fig. 2. Some combined effects are also considered as discussed below. Inflation, demand-side response and market effects are not considered in this work. series data is arbitrarily scaled so that the maximum load in the first two weeks of data matches the anticipated nameplate capacity of a 6-module NuScale power plant. The US Energy Information Administra- tion provides estimates for both capital and operational costs involved with solar and wind power generation. [33]. Capital cost values for SMRs are based on 2020 capital cost esti- mates from NuScale [34,35]. Operation and maintenance data from Kehlhofer et al. [36] gives reasonable values for the fixed and variable costs of an SMR. Estimates for turbine costs are taken from a Depart- ment of Energy report on combined heat and power systems [37]. 2.2. Decision variables The decision variables for the optimization problem consist of de- sign and dispatch variables. The design variables (𝑥𝑑) for this problem are the capacities of the SMR (𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅), turbine (𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏), and TES (𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆). The dispatch variables (𝑥𝑜𝑝) for the problem the amount of energy produced by the SMR at each point in time (𝐸𝑆𝑀𝑅) and the amounts Time series data used in this model includes load, solar, and wind profiles from the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). It is based on the period from 29 March 2020 to 1 Aug 2020. The time 3 D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 Table 1 Economic parameters. Parameter Nominal Min Max Description Units 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑚𝑟 2e−6 1e−5 1e−6 SMR manipulation penalty USD/MWth/hr 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑠𝑚𝑟 1.1428e7 8.143e6 2.4303e7 SMR capital cost USD/MWth 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑠𝑚𝑟 4.781e4 3.825e4 5.737e4 SMR fixed cost USD/MWth-yr 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑠𝑚𝑟 2.39 0 5 SMR variable cost USD/MWth-h 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑠 2e−6 1e−5 1e−6 TES manipulation penalty USD/MWth/hr 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑡𝑒𝑠 7.171e4 3.134e4 1.3147e5 TES capital cost USD/MWhth 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑡𝑒𝑠 20 14 43 TES fixed cost USD/MWhth-yr 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑡𝑒𝑠 14 3 29 TES variable cost USD/MWth-h 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 6.66e5 5.00e5 7.00e5 Turbine capital cost USD/MWe 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 5.2e4 4.0e4 6.0e4 Turbine fixed cost USD/MWe-yr 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 1.0 0 2.0 Turbine variable cost USD/MWe-h Table 2 System parameters. Parameter Nominal Value Min Value Max Value Description Units 𝑁𝑠𝑚𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.2 0 0.4 SMR min capacity NA 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 0.35 0.25 0.4 Turbine efficiency NA 𝑟𝑢𝑝 1e3 1e3 1e3 Max ramp rate MW/hr 𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 −1e3 −1e3 −1e3 Min ramp rate MW/hr 𝜂𝑡𝑒𝑠 0.7 0.5 1.0 TES efficiency NA Table 3 Fixed parameters. Parameter Value Units Description 𝐿𝑠𝑚𝑟 60 yrs SMR lifetime 𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙 35 yrs Solar lifetime 𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 30 yrs Wind lifetime 𝐿𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏 50 yrs Turbine lifetime 𝐿𝑠𝑦𝑠 30 yrs System lifetime 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 1.877e6 USD Wind capital cost 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 3.97e4 USD Wind fixed cost 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 1e−4 USD Wind variable cost 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑠𝑜𝑙 2.534e7 USD Solar capital cost 𝐶𝑓𝑜𝑐,𝑠𝑜𝑙 2.18e4 USD Solar fixed cost 𝐶𝑣𝑜𝑐,𝑠𝑜𝑙 1e−4 USD Solar variable cost over the entire system lifetime. The length of the time horizon used for the dispatch optimization can affect the optimal sizing of system components, particularly storage components. 3.2. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis Systems optimally sized for a single sample of an uncertain time series may perform poorly or completely fail for other samples of the time series. This work aims to quantify the variability in system per- formance, optimal sizing, and feasibility due to variations in uncertain time series. A Monte Carlo analysis using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and local sensitivity analysis at each sample point provides insight into the sensitivity of the optimal system design to variations in the design parameters. A large number of LHS samples of the input parameters are generated. The model is then evaluated for each particular sample and local sensitivity is performed around each sample point using a forward difference strategy with an adaptive step size. For the purposes of this work, uncertain time series are mod- eled using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) detrending and auto- regressive moving average (ARMA) time series modeling tools pro- vided in RAVEN [18,48]. These tools model uncertain time series as a combination of predictable and stochastic variation and allow gener- ating large numbers of synthetic samples from the modeled uncertain time series. The generated samples can then be used to evaluate the performance of an NHES under a wide range of conditions. The sensitivity at each point is a forward difference from the sample point for each input parameter. Each of these sensitivities is normalized by both the model output at the samples point (𝑄𝑗,0) and initial sample model input at that point (𝑃𝑖,0), allowing the various sensitivities to be analyzed in terms of the percent output parameter change that is caused by a percent input parameter change. The sensitivity calculation is described mathematically in Eq. (2) where 𝑆𝑖,𝑗is the sensitivity of the 𝑖th parameter with respect to the 𝑗th output. In modeling the uncertain time series, the synthetic samples show a visible decrease in sample smoothness as compared to the original samples. In order to correct this, the samples are smoothed using rolling averages until the first and second auto-correlation lag coefficients as well as the standard deviation of the signal are close to the original signal [49]. An example of how the synthetic time series are generated from historical data is shown in Fig. 3. 3.2. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis 𝑆𝑖,𝑗= 𝑃𝑖,0 𝑄𝑗,0 𝑑𝑄𝑗 𝑑𝑃𝑖 (2) 𝑆𝑖,𝑗= 𝑃𝑖,0 𝑄𝑗,0 𝑑𝑄𝑗 𝑑𝑃𝑖 (2) The result of this analysis is a 𝑛× 𝑚matrix of sensitivities at each sample point where 𝑛is the number of uncertain model parameters (inputs) and 𝑚is the number of model outputs. The variability of NHES performance and optimal design due to time series uncertainty is quantified by optimizing the system for a number of different realizations of the uncertain time series. This is done for each of the uncertain time series individually (load, wind, solar) with the other time series fixed and then again with variations in all the time series. This quantifies the uncertainty due to each of the time series as well as capturing the combined effects of the variation. Useful results from this analysis include the distributions of the model outputs, correlations between the models input and outputs, and distributions of the normalized sensitivities. This method analyzes the effect of a parameter variation across the design space and determines where a design space parameter is likely to have the greatest effect. Because the sensitivities are normalized, they can be compared to determine which parameters are most influential on the performance of the system and which are least influential. 3.3. Dispatch horizon length variation The length of the time series also affects the optimization results. Longer time horizons produce different optimal dispatch patterns. In particular, the usage pattern and optimal capacities of storage elements changes with the length of the dispatch horizon. The effect of NHES time horizon length is characterized by analyzing the variation of optimal LCOE, TES capacity, and SMR capacity. The purpose of this analysis is to determine what dispatch horizon length is most efficient while still maintaining optimal dispatch. 2.6. Sources of uncertainty There are three sources or categories of uncertainty considered in this model: variation in design parameters, variation in length of dispatch horizon, and variation in simulated time series. The first of these is due to uncertain model parameters that remain fixed over the dispatch horizon. These parameters are expected to have a single, fixed value, but the exact value is not well-known, so a range of possible values must be considered. These parameters include the economic and design parameters as described in Tables 1 and 2. The combined design and dispatch problem is formulated with GEKKO fixed variables used to describe the design variables and GEKKO variables to define the dispatch variables. This allows the design variables to have a single optimized value over the dispatch horizon while the dispatch variables and differential equations are automatically discretized by GEKKO. Several techniques were used to increase problem tractability and thereby facilitate more sophisticated uncertainty analysis for this model. First, the problem was formulated so as to maintain continuous first A second source of uncertainty is in the length of time horizon used for the dispatch of the system. Due to limited computing power, it is not generally feasible to perform a detailed simulation of the dispatch 4 International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 10 D. Hill et al. Fig. 2. Flowchart for selection of model parameters. D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 Fig. 2. Flowchart for selection of model parameters. of LHS samples of the design parameters. This allows visualization of how the output distributions change with increasing dispatch horizon length rather than simply observing the change for the nominal case. and second derivatives. This included replacing square roots and other functions with equivalent formulations that have continuous deriva- tives throughout the model. Second, the electrical energy balance was formulated as an inequality constraint with a penalty for overproduc- tion rather than as an equality constraint. Both of these techniques greatly improved the model tractability and decreased the required time to solution. The resulting base model with a dispatch horizon length of 360 h results in a nonlinear programming problem with 12930 variables and 11488 constraints that is solved with a large-scale, sparse, nonlinear programming (NLP) solver. 4. Results and discussion The effect of each source of uncertainty is analyzed according to the methods described above. These effects can be ranked by the output distributions that they cause on the model outputs (𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅, 𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆, 𝑁𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏, LCOE). Broader distributions indicate stronger effects while narrower distributions indicate weaker effects. 3.4. Time series forecast variability Variation in uncertain time series also affects the performance and optimal design of NHES. The variation in uncertain time series can be due to both predictable sources (e.g., solar radiation patterns) and currently unpredictable sources (e.g., local wind speed) resulting in time series consisting of both predictable and stochastic elements. 4.1. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis for 360 and 500 h dispatch horizons quantify the model output uncertainty due to the design parameter uncertainty. A heatmap of the Pearson correlations between the LHS inputs and model outputs is shown in Fig. 4. The correlation between the model inputs is not considered as they are independent uniform Further insight into the impact of dispatch horizon length is ob- tained by repeating the analysis at each distinct length with a number 5 D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 Fig. 3. Example of time series generation for CAISO load data. Fig. 4. Heatmap of the Pearson correlation between model inputs and outputs using 20 000 samples and a 500 h dispatch horizon. Fig. 3. Example of time series generation for CAISO load data. Fig. 3. Example of time series generation for CAISO load data. Fig. 4. Heatmap of the Pearson correlation between model inputs and outputs using 20 000 samples and a 500 h dispatch horizon. Fig. 4. Heatmap of the Pearson correlation between model inputs and outputs using 20 000 samples and a 500 h dispatch horizon. Fig. 4. Heatmap of the Pearson correlation between model inputs and outputs using 20 000 samples and a 500 h dispatch horizon. TES capital cost correlations highlight the competing relative sizes of the TES and SMR. The two components can to some extent compensate for each other and the precise sizing decision is likely an economic one. The single parameter modification most likely to improve the system LCOE would be a reduction in the SMR capital cost. variables in this model. Dispatch horizons longer than 500 h are not considered as computational demand did not allow good sampling of the input space. The optimal turbine size is excluded as it remained essentially the same for each time horizon length and so is not correlated to any other inputs or outputs. This lack of variation in optimal turbine sizes is due to the fact that the time series are not varied in this part of the analysis, leading to a consistent maximum net system load and thus a consistent required turbine capacity. Results between the 360 and 500 h dispatch horizons are nearly the same, so only the 500 h dispatch results are shown. Eleven non-zero normalized sensitivities of the system are shown in Fig. 5 with the outlier values excluded. 4.1. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis Approximated probability density functions of model outputs using 360 and 500 h dispatch horizons. Fig. 6. Approximated probability density functions of model outputs using 360 and 500 h dispatch horizons. Fig. 6. Approximated probability density functions of model outputs using 360 and 500 h dispatch horizons. dispatch with a significant change in the shape of the distribution. With a complete change in the shape of the distribution, the median LCOE increases by 5.7 USD/MWh and the median TES capacity changes by over 10 200 MWℎ𝑡ℎ. The turbine size (𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏) is once again fixed at each dispatch horizon length by the maximum net load in the horizon. As such, it does not have variability with the system design parameters. Including the uncertainty due to time series variation would likely cause variation in turbine size. The large change in expected storage capacity indicates that ex- pected cycle time of the storage unit may be a key consideration in choosing the dispatch horizon length. The chosen dispatch horizon must be longer than the expected storage cycle of the longest storage element in the system. The high levels of variability in the nominal case are evidence that dispatch horizon length is a critical consideration in optimal design of NHES. There are ranges of dispatch horizon lengths that produce similar model responses, which indicates that there may be unique modes of operation depending on the length of time horizon being considered. For example, for cases where storage is used for daily peak-shifting, 200 h dispatch horizons may be sufficient, while longer horizons would be required for more demanding storage schemes. None of the output distributions are normal distributions, which indicates the nonlinear relationship between the model inputs and outputs. Linearized approximations of the current model introduce an approximation error. The analysis indicates that the most important parameters to accu- rately determine for this system are the turbine and TES efficiencies, the SMR and TES capital costs, and the SMR variable cost. None of the other parameters exhibit a large influence over the tested parameter space, but the expected variation due to design parameter uncertainty is high. The high levels of variability in the LCOE and TES and SMR capaci- ties at the majority of the dispatch horizon lengths indicate that, while dispatch horizon length is a critical consideration, uncertainty in the design parameters must still be considered. 4.2. Dispatch horizon length variation The response of both the nominal case and LHS samples of the uncertain design parameters to variation in the dispatch horizon length is shown in Fig. 7. The nominal case is shown as a blue line for each of the model outputs and the variation due to design parameter uncertainty is shown in the violin plots along the 𝑥axis. Time series variation was not included in this part of the study. 4.1. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis Uncertainty in the design parameters has a much larger effect on the LCOE and SMR capacity and a comparable effect on the TES capacity. Most of the uncertainty in the LCOE and SMR capacity are a result of uncertainty in the design parameters, rather than the length of the dispatch horizon used in the problem while the uncertainty of the turbine and TES capacities are more affected by variations in dispatch horizon length than by design parameter uncertainty. 4.1. Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis With the exception of outliers, the absolute values of the remaining normalized sensitivities are all less than 0.001. All but the two weakest of the plotted sensitivities are with respect to one of the top five influential parameters. This strengthens the conclusion that the top five parameters shown above are the most important of the proposed parameters to correctly determine, while the exact values of the remaining eleven parameters are largely negligible. The top five parameters with absolute Pearson correlations coeffi- cients (𝑟) greater than 0.1 are the turbine efficiency (𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏), the SMR capital cost (𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑆𝑀𝑅), the TES efficiency (𝜂𝑇𝐸𝑆), the SMR variable cost (𝐶𝑣𝑎𝑟,𝑆𝑀𝑅), and the TES capital cost (𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑝,𝑇𝐸𝑆). The remaining design parameters had either very weak (𝑟≤0.05) correlations to the model outputs or no correlation at all (𝑟= 0). Excluding nonlinear or combined effects, this clearly emphasizes the importance of accurately determining the value of the most significant parameters over the ones with no significant correlation and greatly reduces the input space of the model. Finally, approximations of the model output probability density functions are generated using Gaussian kernel density estimators as shown in Fig. 6 with the triangles representing the distribution medi- ans. There is a minimum value for the SMR when the design parameter uncertainty is considered. Any size below that is insufficient, but it is less likely to need one of larger capacity. All three outputs show broad distributions, indicating that variation in the modeling parameters do have a strong effect on the model output. Both the 360 and 500 h dispatch results are shown for comparison. The median SMR capacity increases by 7.8 MW𝑡ℎfrom 360 h to 500 h An increase in efficiency of either sized unit is correlated with a decrease in both system LCOE and both unit capacities. The SMR and 6 D. Hill et al. D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 Fig. 5. Selected normalized sensitivities of model inputs/outputs based on 10 000 LHS samples using 495 h dispatch horizons. Outlier values are excluded. Fig. 5. Selected normalized sensitivities of model inputs/outputs based on 10 000 LHS samples using 495 h dispatch horizons. Outlier values are excluded. Fig. 5. Selected normalized sensitivities of model inputs/outputs based on 10 000 LHS samples using 495 h dispatch horizons. Outlier values are excluded. Fig. 6. 4.3. Time series variability Gaussian kernel density estimator (KDE) approximations of the model output distributions for the uncertain load, wind, and solar time series are shown in Fig. 8. The standard deviation and mean of each output distribution for each variable is tabulated in Table 4. The uncertain time series are examined one at a time using 1000 samples. Parameter covariance is not considered. Lack of rigorous validation in There is no conclusive evidence that the dispatch horizon length is long enough to approach an infinite horizon solution. Further analysis with longer time horizons is needed, but this is currently not feasible with this study and the limitations of compute power. These results illustrate the sensitivity of the system to the choice of dispatch horizon length. 7 D. Hill et al. D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 Fig. 7. Model response to variation in dispatch time horizon. Fig. 7. Model response to variation in dispatch time horizon. Fig. 7. Model response to variation in dispatch time horizon. Fig. 8. Distribution of model outputs for individual time series variation. Fig. 8. Distribution of model outputs for individual time series variation. Table 4 Standard deviations and means of output distributions caused by time series variation. Time Series LCOE Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆 Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 Std. Dev. (Mean) Load 0.54 (65.52) 1992.08 (5597.69) 17.61 (1024.45) 12.30 (497.56) Wind 0.91 (67.10) 1381.25 (5618.93) 19.22 (906.44) 9.88 (460.43) Solar 0.38 (68.29) 524.61 (12697.77) 3.10 (893.33) 3.50 (438.92) different in range for each of the four cases. Wind and load profiles are of approximately equal importance for optimization results depending on the output parameter. the generation of time series samples limits the conclusions that can be drawn from this study as the input samples are not guaranteed to be representative of a real system. Variation in the solar generation profile produces the tightest output distribution in all four cases as well as higher mean values for both sys- tem LCOE and TES capacity. This may be due to the more predictable daylight generation of solar power and makes characterization of the solar generation profile less important for reducing output uncertainty than the wind and load profiles. 4.3. Time series variability Both wind generation and load profile uncertainty result in output distributions similar in width although The combined effects of the uncertain time series, based on 10 000 samples with 495 h dispatch horizons, are shown in Fig. 9. The standard deviations of the output distributions are also shown in Table 5. All four outputs are positively-skewed, near-Gaussian distributions of varying widths and standard deviations. The individual effects of time series variation are often significantly non-Gaussian, which indicates that 8 D. Hill et al. D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 Fig. 9. Distribution of model outputs for 10 000 samples of simultaneous time series variation using 495 h dispatch. Fig. 9. Distribution of model outputs for 10 000 samples of simultaneous time series variation using 495 h dispatch. Fig. 10. Comparison of the output variation due to the three categories of input variation. n of the output variation due to the three categories of input variat Fig. 10. Comparison of the output variation due to the three categories of input variation. Table 5 Standard deviation (rounded) of each of the output distributions for each source of uncertainty. Variation Source LCOE Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆 Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 Std. Dev. (Mean) Parameter 22.68 (91.01) 3586.49 (11522.71) 79.00 (893.00) 0.00 (437.17) Dispatch length 1.24 (66.16) 5776.22 (13570.32) 0.00 (873.30) 59.30 (491.38) Time Series 0.97 (69.41) 1875.56 (5185.27) 26.02 (1104.66) 14.73 (526.86) some variation caused by individual time series variation is not additive in this system. uncertainty produce similar ranges of values for th dispatch horizon length and time series variation Table 5 Standard deviation (rounded) of each of the output distributions for each source of uncertainty. Variation Source LCOE Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑆 Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑆𝑀𝑅 Std. Dev. (Mean) 𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 Std. Dev. (Mean) Parameter 22.68 (91.01) 3586.49 (11522.71) 79.00 (893.00) 0.00 (437.17) Dispatch length 1.24 (66.16) 5776.22 (13570.32) 0.00 (873.30) 59.30 (491.38) Time Series 0.97 (69.41) 1875.56 (5185.27) 26.02 (1104.66) 14.73 (526.86) dard deviation (rounded) of each of the output distributions for each some variation caused by individual time series variation is not additive in this system. some variation caused by individual time series variation is not additive in this system. uncertainty produce similar ranges of values for the TES capacity with dispatch horizon length and time series variation being respectively the most and least influential sources. 4.3. Time series variability Parameter variation has the largest effect on the SMR capacity with time series variation having a significant effect and dispatch horizon length having little to no effect. Parameter uncertainty has no real effect on the turbine capacity while dispatch horizon length has the largest effect and time series variation has a significant effect. Both the SMR and turbine capacity distributions are shifted higher than the distributions predicted by the individual time series variations. The distributions are not necessarily wider, but fall outside the range of the individual time series variation predictions. This leads to an important observation that the output distributions or even upper and lower bounds on the output distributions cannot be accurately predicted based on the results of individual time series variation. While the lack of validation in NHES and time series modeling limits the applicability of these results, this work highlights the importance of combined time series variation analysis. As noted in Section 4.1, effects of parameter variation on turbine capacity are not fully represented as the turbine capacity is fixed when both the time series and dispatch horizon length are fixed. This is due to the design of the sample NHES system. Other systems may exhibit different relative effects of the sources of uncertainty. 4.5. Summary The relative effects of the various sources of uncertainty on the model outputs are shown as violin plots in Fig. 10 where the type of uncertainty is listed on the X axis for each subplot. Overall, the impact of the various considered uncertainties varies widely, particularly when this impact is broken down by model output. The effect of parameter variation on system LCOE is at least an order of magnitude greater than either of the other sources of uncertainty. Parameter characterization is therefore the most important method for reducing uncertainty in the system LCOE. The three sources of Dispatch horizon length is important, but does not have a large effect on the optimal SMR capacity or the system LCOE. For this particular case study, it does have a large effect on the TES and 9 D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 turbine capacities. Depending on the design details of the NHES under consideration, some sources of uncertainty may be negligible. turbine capacities. Depending on the design details of the NHES under consideration, some sources of uncertainty may be negligible. Additionally, this work is confined to a single NHES operating independently to meet a required electrical demand. Further work is required to analyze how such a system responds when operating as part of a larger electrical power grid in both regulated and deregulated energy markets. Additional work is also needed to determine how generalizable the results of this study are to NHES generally. Variations in the wind power production and load signals are inde- pendently more influential than variations in solar generation. When considered together, the combined effects from the time series variation are not always predictable based on the individual effects. Proper analysis requires a combination of multiple uncertain time series. Finally, limited parameter and operational data is available due to the proprietary nature of commercial operations and the lack of existing NHES. Repeating or modifying this work with more accurate model parameters and operation data would further clarify the role that each of the involved uncertainties has on system performance. The relative impact of each of the sources of uncertainty depends on the model output. The SMR capacity and LCOE are most affected by design parameter uncertainty, while the TES is affected by all three sources, and the turbine capacity is most affected by the dispatch length. 5. Conclusions The input data, Python scripts for analysis, and plotting as well as the analysis results are available in the following Git repository: https://github.com/BYU-PRISM/NHES-opt-sensitivity. Additional in- formation about the available data and scripts are available in theRe- adme.mdfile at the root of the repository. Understanding the effects of parameter, time series, and modeling uncertainties is critical to furthering the development of NHES. A proper understanding of these uncertainties increases the accuracy of modeling results and can speed model development and analysis by excluding insignificant uncertainties. While the numerical results of this work are not broadly applicable to all NHES, the methodology presented in this paper is useful for a broad range of systems. There are a number of useful conclusions for this system that characterize the insights gained by this methodology and may be applicable to other NHES. 6. Data availability The input data, Python scripts for analysis, and plotting as well as the analysis results are available in the following Git repository: [9] H.E. Garcia, J. Chen, J.S. Kim, R.B. Vilim, W.R. Binder, S.M. Bragg Sitton, R.D. Boardman, M.G. McKellar, C.J.J. Paredis, Dynamic performance analysis of two regional nuclear hybrid energy systems, Energy (2016). https://github.com/BYU-PRISM/NHES-opt-sensitiv Additional information about the available data and scripts are available in the a file at the root of the repository (Readme.md). [10] Borbala Rebeka David, Sean Spencer, Jeremy Miller, Sulaiman Almahmoud, Hus- sam Jouhara, Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional energy storage system and innovative thermal energy storage system, Int. J. Thermofluids 12 (2021) 100116. Declaration of competing interest Based on the standard deviation of the output distributions, the parameter uncertainty has the largest impact in 2 of the 4 outputs and dispatch horizon length was the largest in the remaining 2. Time series variation was the least influential source of uncertainty in the proposed system. The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] ODDS Cf, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [1] ODDS Cf, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015. Second, different design variables of an NHES can be impacted very differently by the same uncertainty. Some uncertainties, or sources of uncertainty, may be negligible for one design variable while being highly influential for another design variable. This analysis demon- strates methods of comparing dissimilar uncertainties, and sources of uncertainties, to determine which are most important for a given model. [2] Stephen Nalley, Angelina LaRose, Annual energy outlook 2021, U.S. En- ergy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/pressroom/presentations/ AEO2021_Release_Presentation.pdf. [3] B.P. Energy Economics, BP Energy Outlook, BP Plc, London, UK, 2018. [4] Matthias Huber, Desislava Dimkova, Thomas Hamacher, Integration of wind and solar power in europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements, Energy 69 (2014) 236–246. [5] Joachim Bertsch, Christian Growitsch, Stefan Lorenczik, Stephan Nagl, Flexi- bility in Europe’s power sector—An additional requirement or an automatic complement? Energy Econ. 53 (2016) 118–131. Finally, this analysis demonstrates that uncertain time series are more accurately handled together rather than individually. Isolating the effects of individual uncertain time series can ignore important interactions between dissimilar time series. [6] Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, Enas Taha Sayed, Hus- sein M. Maghrabie, Ali Radwan, Hegazy Rezk, A.G. Olabi, Electric vehicle impact on energy industry, policy, technical barriers, and power systems, Int. J. Thermofluids 13 (2022) 100134. Areas of future work include analyzing the impact of linear approx- imations when modeling NHES systems and analyzing the impact of time series forecasting on NHES performance. [7] Xiongwen Zhang, Siew-Chong Tan, Guojun Li, Jun Li, Zhenping Feng, Compo- nents sizing of hybrid energy systems via the optimization of power dispatch simulations, Energy 52 (2013) 165–172. [8] Humberto E Garcia, Amit Mohanty, Wen-Chiao Lin, Robert S Cherry, Dynamic analysis of hybrid energy systems under flexible operation and variable re- newable generation–part I: Dynamic performance analysis, Energy 52 (2013) 1–16. 4.5. Summary This understanding of the relative importance of each of the parameters can help drive model accuracy improvements in an efficient manner. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the United States Department of Energy [DE-NE0008866] and assistance from researchers at Idaho National Laboratory including Paul Talbot and Cristian Rabiti. First, of the 16 design parameters considered only 5 have significant impact on the system performance which allows for model reduction. Similar model reductions may be possible for a wide range of NHES models. 7. Future work [34] NuScale, NuScale’s affordable SMR technology for all, NuScale, 2020. [18] Jun Chen, Cristian Rabiti, Synthetic wind speed scenarios generation for probabilistic analysis of hybrid energy systems, Vol. 120, Elsevier Ltd, pp. 507–517. [35] NuScale, Nuscale power announces an additional 25 percent increase in nuscale d l ™ t t dditi l l t l ti N S l P (2020) [35] NuScale, Nuscale power announces an additional 25 percent increase in nuscale power module™output; additional power plant solutions, NuScale Power (2020). 5] NuScale, Nuscale power announces an additional 25 percent incr [36] Rolf Kehlhofer, Bert Rukes, Frank Hannemann, Franz Stirnimann, Combined- cycle gas & steam turbine power plants, PennWell Books, LLC, 2009. [19] Paul W Talbot, Cristian Rabiti, Andrea Alfonsi, Cameron Krome, M Ross Kunz, Aaron Epiney, Congjian Wang, Diego Mandelli, Correlated synthetic time series generation for energy system simulations using Fourier and ARMA signal processing, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (10) (2020) 8144–8155. 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Rubin, Economic implications of thermal energy storage for concentrated solar thermal power, Renew. Energy 61 (2014) 81–95. [41] Sarada Kuravi, Jamie Trahan, D Yogi Goswami, Muhammad M Rahman, Elias K Stefanakos, Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for concentrating solar power plants, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 39 (4) (2013) 285–319. [22] An Ho, Daniel Hill, John Hedengren, Kody M. Powell, A nuclear- hydrogen hybrid energy system with large-scale storage: A study in optimal dispatch and economic performance in a real-world market, J. Energy Storage 51 (2022) 104510. [42] Guruprasad Alva, Yaxue Lin, Guiyin Fang, An overview of thermal energy storage systems, Energy 144 (2018) 341–378. [43] L.D.R. Beal, D.C. Hill, R.A. 7. Future work [11] B. Zhao, M. Cheng, C. Liu, Z. Dai, Conceptual design and preliminary performance analysis of a hybrid nuclear-solar power system with molten- salt packed-bed thermal energy storage for on-demand power supply, Energy Convers. Manage. 166 (2018) 174–186. The accuracy of this work is limited by the short dispatch horizons used to allow for computationally reasonable models. More work is needed with longer dispatch horizons, which may require linearized models for the infinite horizon arrival cost. In this case, this approxi- mation needs to be examined as well. [12] An Ho, Kasra Mohammadi, Matthew Memmott, John Hedengren, Kody M Powell, Dynamic simulation of a novel nuclear hybrid energy system with large-scale hydrogen storage in an underground salt cavern, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46 (61) (2021) 31143–31157. 10 D. Hill et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 16 (2022) 100191 [13] T.E. Baker, A.S. Epiney, C. Rabiti, E. Shittu, Optimal sizing of flexible nuclear hybrid energy system components considering wind volatility, Appl. Energy 212 (2018) 498–508. [29] Sander Van Der Stelt, Tarek AlSkaif, Wilfried van Sark, Techno-economic analysis of household and community energy storage for residential prosumers with smart appliances, Appl. Energy 209 (2018) 266–276. [14] Jong Suk Kim, Richard D. Boardman, Shannon M. Bragg-Sitton, Dynamic perfor- mance analysis of a high-temperature steam electrolysis plant integrated within nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems, Appl. Energy 228 (2018) 2090–2110. [30] Xueyu Tian, Fengqi You, Carbon-neutral hybrid energy systems with deep water source cooling, biomass heating, and geothermal heat and power, Appl. Energy 250 (2019) 413–432. [15] Hasan Ozcan, Ibrahim Dincer, Thermodynamic modeling of a nuclear energy based integrated system for hydrogen production and liquefaction, Comput. Chem. Eng. 90 (2016) 234–246. [31] NEA, Technical and economic aspects of load following with nuclear power plants, (June) 2011. [32] EPRI, Program on technology innovation: Approach to transition nuclear power plants to flexible power operations 2014, Technical report, Electric Power Research Institute, 2014. [16] Muhammad R. Abdussami, Md Ibrahim Adham, Hossam A. Gabbar, Modeling and performance analysis of nuclear-renewable micro hybrid energy system based on different coupling methods, Energy Rep. 6 (2020) 189–206. [33] U.S. EIA, Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants; US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [17] Gang Wang, Cheng Wang, Zeshao Chen, Peng Hu, Design and performance evaluation of an innovative solar-nuclear complementarity power system using the S–CO2 brayton cycle, Energy 197 (2020) 117282. 7. Future work Martin, J.D. Hedengren, GEKKO optimization suite, Processes 6 (8) (2018). [23] C. Dennis Barley, C. Byron Winn, Optimal dispatch strategy in remote hybrid power systems, Sol. Energy 58 (4) (1996) 165–179, Selected Proceedings of the ISES 1995: Solar World Congress. Part II. [44] Dylan Cutler, Dan Olis, Emma Elgqvist, Xiangkun Li, Nick Laws, Nick DiOrio, Andy Walker, Kate Anderson, REopt: A platform for energy system integration and optimization, Renew. Energy (2017) 75. [24] Ryan G. McClarren, McClarren, Penrose, Uncertainty Quantification and Predictive Computational Science, Springer, 2018. [45] Oluwaseun Ogunmodede, Kate Anderson, Dylan Cutler, Alexandra Newman, Optimizing design and dispatch of a renewable energy system, Appl. Energy 287 (2021) 116527. [25] Ali Saleh Aziz, Mohammad Faridun Naim Tajuddin, Mohd Rafi Adzman, Azral- mukmin Azmi, Makbul AM Ramli, Optimization and sensitivity analysis of standalone hybrid energy systems for rural electrification: A case study of Iraq, Renew. Energy 138 (2019) 775–792. [46] J. Hedengren, J. Mojica, W. Cole, T. Edgar, APOPT: MINLP solver for differential and algebraic systems with benchmark testing, in: Proceedings of the INFORMS National Meeting, Vol. 1417, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2012, p. 47. [26] M Reyasudin Basir Khan, Razali Jidin, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, Sharifah Azwa Shaaya, Optimal combination of solar, wind, micro-hydro and diesel systems based on actual seasonal load profiles for a resort island in the south China sea, Energy 82 (2015) 80–97. [47] A. Wächter, L.T. Biegler, On the implementation of an interior-point filter line- search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming, Math. Program. 106 (1) (2006) 25–57. [48] A. Alfonsi, C Rabiti, D. Mandelli, J. Cogliati, C. Wang, P.W. Talbot, D.P. Maljovec, C. Smith, RAVEN Theory Manual, Technical report,INL/EXT-16-38178, Idaho National Laboratory (INL), 2020. [27] Fahad Ali, Muhammad Ahmar, Yuexiang Jiang, Mohammad AlAhmad, A techno- economic assessment of hybrid energy systems in rural Pakistan, Energy 215 (2021) 119103. [28] Falko Ueckerdt, Lion Hirth, Gunnar Luderer, Ottmar Edenhofer, System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables? Energy 63 (2013) 61–75. [49] Wensheng Wang, Shixiong Hu, Yueqing Li, Wavelet Transform Method for Synthetic Generation of Daily Streamflow, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp .41–57. 11
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Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Trypoxylon oriomonis. Una ning gihulagway ni Kazuhiko Tsuneki ni adtong 1981. Ang Trypoxylon oriomonis sakop sa kahenera nga Trypoxylon, ug kabanay nga Crabronidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini. Ang mga gi basihan niini Buyog Trypoxylon
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2,350
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JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19950018_01866.pdf
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1,087
2,122
JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE 1866 VAIL ET DES HANDICAPES (F.N.A.T.H.) - SECTION DE L'ISLE-SUR-LE-DOUBS. Siège social : mairie, 25250 L'Isle-sur-leDoubs. Date Je la déclaration : 24 mars 1995. 339 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montbéliard. ENVIE FRANCHE-COMTE. Siège social : 6, place Emile-Peugeot, 25700 Valenligney. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: le Baladin, 47, Grande-Rue, 25400 Audincourt. Date de la déclaration : 24 mars 1995. 340 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montbéliard. Ancien titre : TAROT-CLUB DU PAYS DE MONTBELIARD. Nouveau titre: TAROT-CLUB D'ETUPES. Siège social: centre médico­ social, 25460 Etupes. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : centre socio­ culturel, 25460 Etupes. Date de la déclaration : 3 avril 1995. 341 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Doubs. GROUPE SPELEOLOGIQUE DE CLERVAL - BAUME-LES-DAMES. Siège social: 1, rue de Provence, 25110 Baume-les-Dames. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: chez M. Gauthier (Claude), 4, rue du Belvé­ dère, 25110 Baume-les-Dames. Date de la déclaration: 3 avril 1995. 342 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Doubs. ASSOCIATION DES GEOGRAPHES DE FRANCHE-COMTE. Siège social: faculté des lettres, 30-32, rue Mégevand, 25000 Besançon. Trans­ féré ; nouvelle adresse : 1, rue du Cercle, 25000 Besançon. Date de la déclaration : 4 avril 1995. 343 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Doubs. THEATRE A TOUT PRIX. Siège social: 1, rue de la Raye, 25000 Besançon. Transféré; nouvelle adresse : 35, rue du Polygone, 25000 Besan­ çon. Date de la déclaration : 7 avril 1995. Dissolutions 344 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montbéliard. LA DEFENSE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT DE LA NATURE DU LIEUDIT «LES VIGNOLES » A VIEUX-CHARMONT. Siège social: chez M. Jacquemin (Marc), 7, rue de Bellevue, 25600 Vieux-Channont. Date de la déclaration : 30 mars 1995. 26 - DRÔME Créations 345 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Nyons. LE CABINET DE DESSEINS. Objet: organiser et développer la création, la formation et l'échange dans le domaine artistique et culturel. Siège social : Le Porche Couchant, 26290 Les Granges-Gontardes. Date de la déclaration: 11 avril 1995. 346 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Nyons. THANH HOA. Objet : collecter et envoyer des dons dans un village viet­ namien. Siège social : quartier des Rustres, 26170 Plaisians. Date de la déclaration : 11 avril 1995. 347 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Nyons. SANTE ET NATURE. Objet: promouvoir le bien-être humain en luttant contre le tabagisme et ses dépendances et en développant des énergies nouvelles par la cuisine diététique, la gestion du stress et la maîtrise du soi. Siège social: Diaminda, 26560 Vers-surMéouge. Date de la déclaration : 12 avril 1995. 348 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Nyons. CANAL POMMEROL BAS. Objet: organiser l'arrosage des terrains des riverains. Siège social : mairie, 26170 La Roche-sur-le-Buis. Date de la déclaration : 12 avril 1995. 27 - EURE Créations 349 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Bemay. AIDE A DOMICILE AUX PERSONNES AGEES ET HANDICAPEES (A.D.P.A.H.). Objet : maintien à domicile des personnes âgées et handicapées. Siégé social: cité Arelaune, immeuble Sauge, 27350 Routot. Date de la déclaration : 7 avril 1995. 3 mai 1995 35U - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. CHALLENG'EURE. Objet: développer les capacités professionnelles des étudiants, contribuer à leur formation humaine, scientifique, sportive ou culturelle à l'exception de tout but politique ou religieux. Siège social: L.E.G.T.A., Edouard de Chambray, 27240 Gouville. Date de la déclaration : 10 avril 1995. 351 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. ASSOCIATION DES RAVINES DU TIR. Objet: gérer la chasse au sanglier et au chevreuil sur le lot n° 1 en forêt domaniale de Bord-Louviers. Siège social : chez M. Mauger (Marcel), 40, route de Louviers, 27400 Surville. Date de la déclaration : 10 avril 1995. 352 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. THUIT-SIGNOL : AVENIR ET PROGRES. Objet: rassembler toutes personnes, sans distinction d'idéologie, souhaitant participer au développe­ ment de l'association en vue de présenter des candidats(es) aux élections municipales de 1995. Siège social: chez M. Jambon (Yves), rue de Laplaine, 27370 Le Thuit-Signol. Date de la décla­ ration : 10 avril 1995. 353 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. INSTITUT RES­ SOURCES ET STRATEGIES (I.R.S.). Objet: étudier, initier, organiser, coordonner et valoriser tous moyens propres à déve­ lopper la formation professionnelle à hauts niveaux, à destina­ tion des entreprises industrielles, commerciales et de services. Siège social : centre de formation pour les entreprises, Z.I. n° 2, 30, rue Jacquard, 27000 Evreux. Date de la déclaration : 10 avril 1995. 354 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. INSERTION : CHERCHEURS EMPLOI. Objet: contribuer à l'insertion des personnes en difficultés pour raison économique en mettant en place des activités économiques; associer l'ensemble des béné­ voles de l'A.D.C.E. aux projets d'activités économiques retenus. Siège social : 15, place Rabelais, immeuble Epicéa, apparte­ ment 351, 27000 Evreux. Date de la déclaration : 11 avril 1995. 355 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture des Andelys. MOTOCLUB ARCHEPONTAIN. Objet: développer l'action éducative des deux-roues au niveau de la sécurité routière ; coordonner et sécuriser des manifestations sportives sur la voie publique en accord avec la législation en vigueur ; apporter notre concours, dans un cadre humanitaire, à d'autres associations. Siège social : 5, place Hyacinthe-Langlois, 27340 Pont-de-1'Arche. Date de la déclaration: 11 avril 1995. 356 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. ASSOCIATION OUCHE ANIMATION. Objet: promouvoir l'animation sous toutes ses formes. Siège social : chez M. Chevalier (Jean)/ 1, rue Jacques-Villon, 27190 Conches-en-Ouche. Date de la déclaration : 12 avril 1995. 357 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. LES PEINTRES LYROIS. Objet: promouvoir l'art régional et favoriser les échanges culturels notamment par l'organisation de manifesta­ tions valorisant les œuvres de ses membres actifs. Siège social : chez Mme Boucher (Bernadette), La Mare Plate, 27330 La VieilleLyre. Date de la déclaration : 13 avril 1995. 358 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. FLEUR BLEUE. Objet : aide aux personnes âgées ; aide aux personnes sans res­ sources ; aide aux enfants défavorisés. Siège social : chez Mme Pecnard (Brigitte), 2, rue de la Forgette, 27120 Le Cormier. Date de la déclaration : 13 avril 1995. Modifications 359 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. ASSOCIATION DES MAROCAINS DE VERNON ET SA REGION. Siège social: les Boutardes, 1-9, appartement 465, 27200 Vemon. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : chez M. Lahmar (Mohamed), 2, rue du Québec, appartement 161, 27200 Vemon. Date de la déclara­ tion : 31 mars 1995. 360 - Déclaration à la préfecture de l'Eure. Fusion des associa­ tions : CLUB CYNOPH1LE DE LA R1SLE (C.C.R.) et CLUB CYNOPHILE DE LA VALLEE DE LA SEINE (C.C.V.S.). Nou­
29,027
https://github.com/aliyun/aliyun-openapi-java-sdk/blob/master/aliyun-java-sdk-retailadvqa-public/src/main/java/com/aliyuncs/retailadvqa_public/model/v20200515/ListTemplatesRequest.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,023
aliyun-openapi-java-sdk
aliyun
Java
Code
428
1,341
/* * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package com.aliyuncs.retailadvqa_public.model.v20200515; import com.aliyuncs.RpcAcsRequest; import com.aliyuncs.http.MethodType; /** * @author auto create * @version */ public class ListTemplatesRequest extends RpcAcsRequest<ListTemplatesResponse> { private Long isVariable; private String comefrom; private String platformId; private Long pageNum; private String columnName; private String accessId; private Long templateType; private Long pageSize; private String tenantId; private String keyword; private String order; private String workspaceId; public ListTemplatesRequest() { super("retailadvqa-public", "2020-05-15", "ListTemplates"); setMethod(MethodType.GET); } public Long getIsVariable() { return this.isVariable; } public void setIsVariable(Long isVariable) { this.isVariable = isVariable; if(isVariable != null){ putQueryParameter("IsVariable", isVariable.toString()); } } public String getComefrom() { return this.comefrom; } public void setComefrom(String comefrom) { this.comefrom = comefrom; if(comefrom != null){ putQueryParameter("Comefrom", comefrom); } } public String getPlatformId() { return this.platformId; } public void setPlatformId(String platformId) { this.platformId = platformId; if(platformId != null){ putQueryParameter("PlatformId", platformId); } } public Long getPageNum() { return this.pageNum; } public void setPageNum(Long pageNum) { this.pageNum = pageNum; if(pageNum != null){ putQueryParameter("PageNum", pageNum.toString()); } } public String getColumnName() { return this.columnName; } public void setColumnName(String columnName) { this.columnName = columnName; if(columnName != null){ putQueryParameter("ColumnName", columnName); } } public String getAccessId() { return this.accessId; } public void setAccessId(String accessId) { this.accessId = accessId; if(accessId != null){ putQueryParameter("AccessId", accessId); } } public Long getTemplateType() { return this.templateType; } public void setTemplateType(Long templateType) { this.templateType = templateType; if(templateType != null){ putQueryParameter("TemplateType", templateType.toString()); } } public Long getPageSize() { return this.pageSize; } public void setPageSize(Long pageSize) { this.pageSize = pageSize; if(pageSize != null){ putQueryParameter("PageSize", pageSize.toString()); } } public String getTenantId() { return this.tenantId; } public void setTenantId(String tenantId) { this.tenantId = tenantId; if(tenantId != null){ putQueryParameter("TenantId", tenantId); } } public String getKeyword() { return this.keyword; } public void setKeyword(String keyword) { this.keyword = keyword; if(keyword != null){ putQueryParameter("Keyword", keyword); } } public String getOrder() { return this.order; } public void setOrder(String order) { this.order = order; if(order != null){ putQueryParameter("Order", order); } } public String getWorkspaceId() { return this.workspaceId; } public void setWorkspaceId(String workspaceId) { this.workspaceId = workspaceId; if(workspaceId != null){ putQueryParameter("WorkspaceId", workspaceId); } } @Override public Class<ListTemplatesResponse> getResponseClass() { return ListTemplatesResponse.class; } }
21,008
sn85042354_1910-01-01_1_2_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
null
None
None
English
Spoken
5,017
7,174
Milk Trust in Not any The Original and famous HORLICK'S MALTED MILK The Food-drink for All Ages. At restaurants, hotels and stables. Delicious, invigorating and sustaining. Keep it on your sideboard at home. Don't travel without it. A quick lunch prepared in a minute Take no substitute. Ask for HORLICK'S Others are imitations. TRIED TO BLOW III* M ii ni\ lilllL As a result BALTIMORE, Md., Jan. 1.—Solely because a charge of dynamite was improperly placed, and that train No. 100, of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was a few minutes late, an attempt to blow up the railroad bridge at Gay street station, on the Blair road, about two blocks beyond North avenue, failed last night. As it was a bridge girder was twisted out of shape, an eight-inch tie was blown out and a rail on the westbound track was broken by the force of the explosion. The explosion occurred shortly after 8:15 o'clock. At 6:20 a local passenger train was due at the station bound to Aberdeen, but delay somewhere along the line arrived about 8:23. Had it not been for the delay, the explosion would have been just as across the bridge, and many persons probably have been injured. Kivi-mhi-r on the lines east of the burg members were paid $11R. and on lines west of Pittsburgh. 512,477. Before feasting —cooking. Before merry making —cheery fires. For both, the stove and the grate, you need good coal: OUR COAL You will thank us Your wife will thank us Your guests will thank us Your cook will thank us For the holiday performance of our coal. And we want to thank you and all our customers for past favors Accompanied. Cosmetics' Ice & Coal Co. Main Office. Second and King Sts. Miller's Depilatory Powder will remove. In a few minutes. Superfluous Hair without any annoyance or trouble. Full directions in each package. Price 50 Cents. LLERÆ DRUG COMPANY" 44 MARKET STREET. LONE OAK FARM SWISS GOAT DAIRY. MILK FOR INFANTS, Our dairy stable is arranged for perfect sanitation, with concrete floor and separate milking room. (free from odors). D. & A. Phone. WILLIAM TATNALL. Marshallton, Del. Only One "BROMO QUININE," that is in Laxative Bromo Quinine Drs. Pierce & Co. 41 Markt St. Painless Extracting. Silver fillings. Town and Bridge Work. White Filling. Gold Filling. Old Plates Repaired. Closed Evenings Except Tuesdays and Saturdays. D. & A. Phone 2017. Plates $5 and up BOY DESPERADO KILLS CONSTABLE Fired From House When Law Officer Came to Arrest Him WEST CHESTER, Pa., Jan. 1.—William Carnathan, 18 years old, shot and killed John Babb, a special policeman of this borough, yesterday when Babb attempted to arrest the boy at his father's home, on the Harry Hickman farm, West Bradford Township, four miles from this borough. The Cameron house is near Wa waset Station, on the Wilmington division of the Reading Railway. The boy slayer was Arrested by Constable Baldwin, of Marshallton, and brought to a sleigh to the Chester county prison. Last June Carnahan attempted to poison his parents by placing powered glass In their bread and molasses. Both became very ill but recovered. Then the father swore out a warrant for the lad's arrest and warned the West Chester police that the son was a desperate character and that they would have trouble taking him into custody. The warrant was never served because the boy's mother protested, and he promised to behave himself. The lad would not go to school, and became more and more incorrigible. One day this week the elder Carnahan who occupies a tenant house on the Hick man farm whereon he is employed, came to West Chester and swore out another warrant. In which he charges his son with having attempted to poison Mr. Hickman's cattle. It was while attempting to serve this A posse warrant that Babb was killed. MM« The boy from the house made no resistance. He urged the boy from the house to make no resistance. He urged the boy from the house to make no resistance. The boy from the house made no resistance. Twenty days is given to the public in which to have dogs registered. At the end of that time, Dogcatoher George Kopp and his assistant, William Walls will pick up all stray canines and remove the same to the pound. During the time Mr. Gaynor is engaged in the work of issuing dog registers, his duties as operator will be looked after by Patrolman Wallace. NEW HOSPITAL GETS A PATIENT The new Physicians' and Burgeons' Hospital, at Eighth and Adams streets, had its first case yesterday afternoon. The patient was Ellis Montgomery, who lives at Second and King streets, and is employed by the Government Piano Company. He caught the index finger of his right hand under a piano while engaged in moving the instrument. Dr. Juntos H. Morgan amputated the finger. A friend of the hospital has donated an automobile ambulance to the institution, which will be placed in service. The free department of the hospital will be opened on Monday, when the lunches will arrive. The hospital proper will be opened on Wednesday. The service as soon as it can be built. The free department will be open each day except Sunday from 12 to 1. It will be in charge of four physicians, who will select their assistants. Dr. T. D. Cook will be in charge of the surgery department, and he will be assisted by Dr. P. A. Royitt; the medical department will be in charge of Dr. H. O. Buckmaster. Dr. S. It. Kwling will have charge of the nose and throat department. REPUBLICANS AT Him (TIFERATINN The tenth anniversary of the Eleventh Ward Republican League was celebrated in the new club house, No. 10 Lower Oak street, last night. Speeches, in which several county officials took part, followed an oyster supper. President Minderer presided, and addresses were made by Sheriff Lippincott, coroner Oaynor, and the new officers of the local league, who were elected at the annual meeting on Thursday night. Secret Service men are notifying who they are and those who have been in the city, and those selling them at a profit that this is a violation of a Federal law and must cease. The usual process of the Jewellers has been to make one side of the coin smooth, so as to engrave a monogram or other design on it, while the other side remains the same as when it left the mint. AGONY A NEW NAME FOR DRUNK Joseph E. Good, Colored, Enlighted Judge Cochran in City Court Today Joseph E. Good, a colored man who had his son Edward, in City Court this morning on the charge of breach of the peace, has a new name for drunkenness. It's agony. Said Joseph; "He ain't done anything, judge. He just come in the house unconscionably-like and..." Est full of agony. He's a big, strong boy and I just got the policeman to take care of him for the night." "What do you mean by agony," said Assistant City Solicitor Chaytor. "Was he drunk?" "Yes, sah, I smelled it on his breast," said Joseph. Edward, who is Jack Johnson's double, smiled a Johnson smile, but said nothing. "I hold this charge up this time. Edward, not in Judge Cochran's case, "But don't come here again. And don't get agonized anymore." JACKIES TO PLAY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE NAVY By United Press Leased Special Wire. NEW YORK, Jan. 1—The keenest rivalry is being manifested today in the football game for the championship of the navy to be played today at League Park between teams of the battleship Missouri and Nebraska. Officers and men alike are interested in this afternoon's battle. It is said more than $100,000 left over from Christmas, has been wagered on the game by the sailors. More than 20,000 people are expected up to see the gridiron battle. Rear Admiral Schroeder, in command of the fleet, and all his officers, together with every blue jacket who can get shore leave, will be present. AN CARRIER FIGHTS NEW TO DELIVER MAIL A, Donohue, of Edge Moor, a only woman rural mail clerk, has been serving his wife while men from other cities have been delivered their letters on the Edge Moor. Mrs. Donohue, of Newark, has been in the service for over a year, but she has been in the service for over a year. SHOCKESS IN CARRIER AT OVER THEIR ROUTE When they encountered the ranks of the sailors, they were greeted with cheers. The captain, like the rest of the crew, was a man of great courage and determination. Johnson, who had a long time in the world, drank more tea between midnight and 4 o'clock in the morning than any other member of the House of Commons, and that the strongest brow of it never interfered with his sleep. The dish of tea was one of the most important factors in Johnson's life. Proficiency in the gentle art of tea brewing was regarded by him as an essential attribute of the perfect woman, and there can be no doubt that his female friends—and their name was legion—did their best to gratify his amiable weakness. Richard Cumberland tells us that his inordinate demands for his favorite beverage were occasionally difficult to comply with. On Sir John Reynolds, reminding him that he had already consumed eleven cups, he replied: "Sir, I did not count your glasses of wine; why should you number my cups of tea?" adding laughingly and in perfect good humor: "Sir, I should have released our hostess from any further trouble, but you have reminded me that I want one more cup to make up the dozen, and I must request Mrs. Cumberland to round up my score." When he saw the complacency with which the lady of the house obeyed his behests, he said cheerily: "Madam, I must tell you, for your comfort, you have escaped much more than a certain lady did a while ago, upon whose patience I intruded greatly more than I have yours. Who asked me for no other purpose than to make a zany of me and set me gabbing to a parcel of people I knew nothing of; so madam, I had my revenge on her, for I saw Cumberland declared that his wife answered it is to save your self-trouble madam, and not me." The lady was discreetly silent, and lowed five and twenty cups of her tea. "I would gladly have made tea for John," he said, "as soon as the New River could be supplied, her hospitality would be supplied with water," for it was then, and then only, he was seen at his happiest moments. On his Scottish tour, his inexorable demands for tea sorely tried the palladium of lauty Macleod of Dunvegan, giving him his sixteenth cup of soup. "I got it," he said, "but I got it," he said, "and I got it." Many of the finds made in western Europe have been purchased by the great museums, and the museum, among the universities, and the Carnegie museum in Pittsburgh and the Field Museum of Chicago, all have notable collections of fossil remains. But, in spite of the work that has been done, it is generally recognized that the work of collecting fossils is in its infancy. The fossil remains will continue to yield to generations to come, until link by link the chain that connects the world. Humanity with the past has been uncovered. Of the west, resources for the Federal attorney in several cities were obtained by the Secret Service, and it was decided, instead of commencing any legal proceedings, to notify the jewellers that the practice must cease. It is pointed out that the circulation must be diminished, and the city is not destroyed. A Glance Backward on this, the first day of a new year, emphasizes more than ever an advance made by THE EVENING JOURNAL that is particularly gratifying—a big increase in circulation. This increase in circulation is the best explanation of why the business of the advertisers, who have used this newspaper during the past year, has increased. We fully realize that their success is ours, and know that our success is theirs. We realize also, that To Stand Still is to Stagnate and therefore our gratification, and theirs, is to be able, truthfully, to point to an advance in our circulation during the past year. During 1908 THE JOURNAL'S average circulation was 10,241. During 1909 THE JOURNAL'S average daily circulation was 10,812, an Average Daily Increase of 571. We feel that our pride in this is justified. The increase has been of the steady, healthy sort, built alone on the merit of THE JOURNAL that shows every indication of continuing, so that in Looking Forward we see the brightest of prospects for THE JOURNAL and its advertisers. And we do not for one moment forget our readers, who make it possible for THE JOURNAL to continue as a potent factor in the life of this city, and who mean so much to Wilmington's merchants. WARNER MEN AT DINNER Company Has Employees at Sixth Annual Banquet Here Officials, employees and friends of the Charles Warner Company from this city, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and elsewhere, gathered in Hanna's cafe last night as guests of the company at its sixth annual dinner. Cementing the interests and affections of the company and its employees, the dinner was attended with noteworthy success. An hour or more was devoted to an excellent menu, after which William P. White assumed charge as toastmaster. An address of greeting was made by Alfred D. Warner, H. Wellington Wood, sales manager of the H. J. Heinz Company, who was to have spoken on "Salesmanship of the Twentieth Century," was unable to attend owing to illness. Hugh McDonald, sales manager of the New York office, responded to the toast "Nothings," and F. C. Willbrand, of the Boston office, spoke on "From the New England Point of View." J. Frank Dechant, of the Sheldon School, Philadelphia, spoke on "Sell That Thou Hast." C. W. O. Berington and Charles Warner, vice-president of the company, also made addresses. The dinner, was: oyster cocktails, crackers, green pea soup, olives, celery, appolinus, boiled salmon, chollandaise sauce, rolls, toast, filet of loaf mushroom sauce, watercress, parisienne potatoes, French peas, orange sherbet, potatoes, chicken. Salad, meringue glace, cakes, coffee, perfectos. Among those present were: Wilmington—Alfred D. Warner. Charles Warner. Alfred D. Marner, Jr., Charles C. Bye, Irving arner, John Warner. Fred A. Daboll, William H. Walley, James R. Baxter, Merritt W. Hurley. John W. Watkins, W. I. Clifton, A. C. Carmine, Avery Gray, J. L. Luckenbach, Donald Mackenzie, Austin M. Porter, Q. A. Pierce, William P. White, John D. Wright, James P. McGowan, Albert Jacquot, Jr., James K. Phillips, J. Henderson Smith, Ralph M. Crosier, Paul J. Rutan, W. W. Hopkins, Charles H. Kelley, H. C. Collins, John W. Betelle, James Bowes, John S. Boddy, Charles C. Riley. Howard Hayes, Harry W. Frazer, Jr., J. B. Emack, George P. Cornell, Lewis Den ny, William Ainsworth, H. O. Duerr, John White, Jr., W. A. Jordan, Dr. E. W. Lazell, M. Strahorn, James Y. Davis, J. W. Hopkins, E. F. Wilkins, Groff, John J. D. F. Baker, W. E. Carson. Philadelphia— N. O. Lyster, B. L. Hack enbergor, R. H. MacClornan, Ralph H. Sweeney, Samuel B. Wright, G. Hendrick, L. M. Kelly, T. W. Wright, David M. Winter, H. A. Gelsse, J. L. Dumell, William E. DeKraln, Joseph J. Summer R Q Whittaker; J. Frank Dechant. New York—J. K. Shcesley, C. W. Rob- Inson, Harry Hahn, Jr., Hugh Mac Donald. A. R. Knowlton, Edward H. Willbrandt, A. W. Page, A. M. Young, M. J. Warner. Fully's I, J. T. Boy, A. Drl "} wr'K " David T. Hamilton, A. Olemmer, J. N. Kennedy, Loring Cover, Harry B. Warner, C. M. Goodman. Boston-J. W. Ramsay, George Woodward, F. C. Willbrand, J. W. Anderson. Phosnixville, Pa.-Henry W. Smith. St. KÄS.'wÄ' ff^StOTfc. "ÄS Wilmer, Campo Malens, chemist; Thomas Wallace, Lawrence Johnson, D. W. Cox, W. C. Jacob, Osen. R. Reaves, L. K. Valentine, Ebner Kirkner. Plymouth Meeting, Pa.—Horace Schlatzer, Wilbur L. Hamel. Rutin, Va.—W. E. Carson. Martinsburg, Va.—John A. Upshur. Bridgeport, Pa.—Patrick Nallon, C. W. Wilson. James Lawless, Leo A. Gotuals. Walter L. Kupp. Nazareth, Pa.—J. A. Horner. D. M. Lippold. Mr. Kinkginger. Weak Lungs Seventy years of experience with Ayer's Cherry Pectoral have given us great confidence in it. We strongly recommend it for coughs, colds, bronchitis, the best family weak throats, and weak lungs. It prevents. It protects. It soothes. It heals. — "Rife needs. Ask your doctor to name medicine for coughs, colds, lung troubles, and other ailments. STATE TROOPS ARE REORGANIZED Military Officer Denies That Delaware Has Not Complied With Dick Bill Statements from Washington that the militia forces of Delaware had not conformed with the Dick bill reorganizing the militia of the states along the lines of the regular army, were denied here today by an officer of the State militia. It was explained that the Delaware militia had been reorganized under the Dick Twelfth regiment for the year 1917 that the organization had already received an appropriation under the new act. This appropriation amounts to $11,000 annually, and is spent for equipment and supplies for the troops. The State rifle range, below New Castle, was referred to as another proof of the reorganization under the new act, the range having been established by the Government after the State military forces had reorganized. Officers of the Organized Militia of Delaware aware could not account today for the story from Washington that the militia had not complied with the new law. It is announced that hereafter two militia inspections will be conducted annually. That in the spring will be to determine the sufficiency and condition of armament and equipment of the troops; the other during the period of encampment to determine their efficiency for field duty. YOUTHFUL DEPRAVITY At a railroad station the other day, a gentleman from the country yielded to the pressing solicitation of a persistent newsboy and bought a penny weekly paper. But there was a difficulty—a misunderstanding, no change and the engine of the train giving unmistakable evidence of a speedy departure. The bargain was about to be cancelled when the boy volunteered to get the shilling changed into ponce. "But," said the gentleman, "perhaps you will not return with the eleven pence." The boy's face wore an injured look. "If you are afraid to trust me, sir," said he and there was the least trace of emotion in his voice, "you can have the other eleven copies of security." Something suspiciously like moisture came into the old man's eyes as he glanced into the bright open countenance of the boy, and he felt heartily ashamed of himself as he moans silently held out his hand for the remaining eleven copies. Be watched the little fellow as he trotted down the platform and he sailed around a corner and was lost to sight. Fifteen seconds later, the engine gave a final shriek, and the train slowly glided out of the station. The man glanced round at his fellow passengers and handed a copy of the paper to each one from his pile. He said nothing, but seemed to be thinking.—Til-Bits. A LESSON IN GENTILITY. It does not cost much to be polite and enamorably, to tip hats to ladies, pick up their hankerchiefs when they fall, even though it's a disagreeable task to bend over, and yet we are too busy for these things. Are we too busy or is our neglect of them indifferent? It takes but a second to extend courtesies, to perform acts of gentility. Many devote more time each day discussing inconsequential matters than would be taken up in a year if every rule of polite society were literally followed during that period. Failure to act lady-like or gentlemanly is often due to lack of early training.—Stoughton (Wis.), Courier-Herald. AVENUE PLAYERS IN A BIG PLAY! A Gorgeous Presentation of In the Palace of the King" Next Week The managers of the Avenue Theatre will show their appreciation of the port given them at their playhouse by presenting during the first week of the new year a magnificent production "In The Palace of The King," with an augmented cast, special scenic and costume support effects. "In The Palace of The King" is a dramatization by Lorimer Stoddart of F. Marion Crawford's novel. Contrary to the usual custom, the play is divided into six scenes and not into acts, for the reason that the action occurs in one evening, occupying about the time consumed in the stage presentation. Don John of Austria, has just returned from a great victory and is in love with a certain Dona Dolores de Mendoza, but his half-brother, Philip II, King of Spain, is also secretly in love with the lady and therefore jealous of Don John. There is a Princess Eboll in love with Don John. She tells him slanderous tales about Dolores and trios to compromise her. The King attempts the assassination of Don John, and falling in that, imprisons him on a false charge. The court fool, a friend to Dolores and Don John, helps to frustrate the machinations of the King and Princess Eboll, and the lovers are united. This is the baro skeleton of the story which is elaborated by the doings of a score of other interesting characters, courtiers, soldiers, prelates, pages, and servants, making a series of beautiful scenes and giving a striking representation of court life in Madrid in the days when Spain was at the height of her power. Miss Pitt will play Dolores, the part in which Viola Allen starred; Mr. Miller, Don John; Mr. Hooey, the Jester made famous by William Norris; the other favorites of the company will be seen in good parts; likewise the many extra people who have been engaged especially for this production. NEXT WEEK'S BILL I i AT OPERA HOUSE Good Sketches and Comedy on the Boards For First Three Days Beginning on Monday the new scale of prices at the Opera House, decided upon by tho Harris Amusement Com pany, will go into effect, find admis sion to all parts of the house at any perforrnanco will be ten cents. The house will bo conducted tho same, orchestra and employes will be the same and the size and quality of the hill will rcmuln unchanged except when it is possible to Improve the lat ter. Dick Thompson and Company as sisted by Verne E. Sheridan will pre sent the romantic Irish comedy play let "Jerry's Return." of that infectious wit anil humor na ■trä It Is brim full :,-jk -.TW« players and the vehicle are all that could be desired and a genuine dra matic treat is promised. The Gall Johnson Trio offer an ex position of novelty gymnastics. There appears to be no ring work which this clover trio does not dare to attempt. Tom Moran is an Irish comedian in all that the term implies, is Moran literally bubbling over with wit and humor but can also sing, and does sing in a most acceptable style. Kennedy and Kennedy are a dancing and singing duo, who are well known to all lovers of polite variety. They Not only have the reputation of being among the very best people In their line now upon the stage. Ivy and Ivy are tho peers of any instrumentalists who have ever been sent to this theatre. They play equally well upon a large number of musical They are skilled and instruments, cultured musicians. Only the latest subjects in moving pictures will be shown hereafter and the pictures will be made one of the most acceptable and enjoyable portions of the program. NOVELTY FEATURE AT THE GARRICK One of the best novelty features of the season is the talons of an American Eagle, while the audience fairly holds its breath in OPEN HOUSE AT THE Y. M. C. A. There will be open house at the Y. M. C. A. this afternoon and tonight. The building will be open to the public from 3 to 5 o'clock this afternoon and from 7 to 10 o'clock tonight. The purpose is to give the public an idea of the Garrick has presented this season is "The Eagle and the Girl," which is included in this week's show. In the case, some gracefully out over the heads of the audience, suspended in The Girl's amazement. There is an atmosphere of mystery about the act that has most everyone guessing, and there appear to be but few solutions as to how it is done. The association and the women of the auxiliary will welcome visitors. SCHOOL The Day and Evening Sessions of the Wilmington Business School, 200-214 DuPont Building, re-open Monday, January 3rd. The Blot on His Past. "Haven't you anything to confess to me before it is too late?" she asked. "Remember that it will be much bet ter for us to part even now than it will be after to-morrow. Think. Isn't there in your past something that you have hidden from me? Don't be afraid | to confess It. I will forgive you If It« is not too terrible, and then we can begin our married life w«ith no shadow j to darken the pathway before us." 1 "Well, Bessie," he replied, as he | avoided looking into her eyes, "there is something. I am going to throw myself upon your mercy. Don't judge : me too severely. Have pity, carried on a stump flirtation with a girl for two months."—Chicago Re cord-Herald. once HOPEjFA 0FF1BYÉ IÜT r fApn It appe •S that tty t trying ro, and two attendants a Sanatoria», of the D herculosls Society Springs. jLecordlng tc the sanatorium. i| assistance C f the Inr nesday, ÿnd until tin lug the /storm the h tients Cl Jl v rd proved m itntc 1 id! no « never Hoc sa »«X the attend; ? known. J. K. Richards, a yfesin. sent two Igh the drifts t torium Just as ti '#fn put on the sto' »een for his kindness, attendants would hf verely, Ellis Preston managed to get mea "Islons to the farm. M 01 at Marshallton, got 0,1 Thusrday. dO thr<. >a>< Al ' n i VI i samunri 1 A ,-evivaI of a del 1 '> J. nraceUts has been o of the mutilation of were a f»d twenty-flvt a young Vornan was y arm encircled In a b were fastened many i monograms ov the y< acquaintance. t; * Besides the use of they have been meet! late in the manufact and also hatpins an articles of jewelry. It ul vt »« ti l vn- cf TOO LATE FOR Cl Hospital at Farn posais will tie receive, for the following suppli of January. February. 1010: Groceries, broad mutton, drugs and milk «'ontracts for milk mi unskimmed milk for on > ary 7, 1910. Bids for beef will be quarters, nut of eattU dressing not less than I fat to bp excluded In quarters. Bids for veal tn be on calves to be well fattci less than !M pounds. Bids for mutton to t animal: sheep to be wet lug not less than 90 pot All supplies to be del pliai free of charge, ai ties as the superintend. ...AIK V. «•> (o I *UI »I Blank forma of prop III bo furnished to tr William H. Hancker. I No bids will bo consy on said blanks and in ' la designated. Bids v the hospital at 10.3o a. i uary 6. 1910. Contract! to the best bidders. Tho trustees reserve any or all bids not de, best interests of the Ini ran be obtained by i hospital. iw v. t 1CE-THK ANN and Installation o Eleventh Ward Demoj ho held in Its rooms, co Van Buren streets, 1 January 6, 1910. All quested to bo present. Janl-tt. _ *y F OR 8AEK—FARM. half mile of I-EOrs N on premises. Jan 1 - 1m o-eod ■_ TOST .HUNTU L between Standaid Reward King street. King street. IN MEMO Reynolds. William Cl od wife. 9 ii hay. -Deyr , To the lart Where You have And relj But husbl When «J And In till Reunited We'll rend And soo| Ma'tinstaplevi^H William Q. ReyrS Henry Link, ■ George T. DavilH Rhineard K. Horfl Martin LeonardM DAVIS—In thL city. George T. Davis. In Relatives and friends invited to attend the fiH his late residence, Nol street, on Tuesday nil Uli. a) 2 o'clock. Imrd view «.'emelery. H HORNING—In this rilj* 1910. Rhineard i\.. Jr..H K. and Sarah M. HoiM year. H Relatives and fi lends Invited to attend the fiH hts parents resilience. N» street, on Wednesday afH 5th, at 2 o'clock Intcrnfl Cemetery. ■ LEONARD—In New i n* «■ember 31st, 1909, MartB 70 years. ■ Relatives and friends tM lend the funeral on TI January 4th, 191". from >■ Dobblnxvtlle, New c'astlfl а. m. High mass In St.H Church at 9 o'clock. !■ Peter's Cemetery. ■ REYNOLDS- In this cljB 30th. 1909, William G. FB > ears. Relatives, friends. б. K. of P.. Washlngtd^H O. fv ef A.. Friendships Ib ptnsonhs, or S W. ell No. 5, Jr. O. U. t of P.. B. & W. shop tend the funeral serv idence. No. S12 Popla afternoon. January 2J Interment at Riven» LINK—In this «-It«« 1909. Henry LtnkJH Relatives. frlend^J No. I. A. O. V. W I'nsey & Jones Co^H the funeral sri vio^H list « 'hunch, Sm residence of hsj gn°i?day "nf'erno 1 o'rl«iek. view cemetery. _ - Inter CHANOL No. 214 ■ Careful atu-H Bodies In Bean and Hos''*als rl until claimed. ' Appointments fin JOHN M.i Undertaker 610 J-tcV O. A A. — j "p pnm 1 | IÇ1] 3 IDEAL WES «I- 1«: it oc 2S :■ 9 -• Mfll.TKI trli «ml Mftrrle Als,- cruises to namburq-i AW.
26,134
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12979220
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
I. Murukaiyan̲
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
116
471
இ. முருகையன் இ. முருகையன் வகை மனிதர் இ. முருகையன் இறந்த நாள் 2009 இ. முருகையன் பாலினம் ஆண்பால் இ. முருகையன் பிறந்த நாள் 1935 இ. முருகையன் பயின்ற கல்விசாலை யாழ்ப்பாணம் இந்துக் கல்லூரி இ. முருகையன் தொழில் எழுத்தாளர் இ. முருகையன் VIAF அடையாளம் காட்டி 4008575 இ. முருகையன் பேச, எழுதத் தெரிந்த மொழிகள் தமிழ் I. Murukaiyan̲ I. Murukaiyan̲ instance of human I. Murukaiyan̲ date of death 2009 I. Murukaiyan̲ sex or gender male I. Murukaiyan̲ date of birth 1935 I. Murukaiyan̲ educated at Jaffna Hundu College I. Murukaiyan̲ ISNI 0000000037199472 I. Murukaiyan̲ occupation writer I. Murukaiyan̲ Library of Congress authority ID n88000730 I. Murukaiyan̲ VIAF ID 4008575 I. Murukaiyan̲ IdRef ID 060803223 I. Murukaiyan̲ languages spoken, written or signed Tamil I. Murukaiyan̲ WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJrWFKydqk3Th37yh6QTHC
7,724
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49859748
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
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Birch Meadow Brook
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Multilingual
Semantic data
64
106
Birch Meadow Brook suba sa Estados Unidos, Middlesex County Birch Meadow Brook river in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States of America Birch Meadow Brook GeoNames ID 4930608 Birch Meadow Brook GNIS Feature ID 611607 Birch Meadow Brook country United States of America Birch Meadow Brook coordinate location Birch Meadow Brook instance of river Birch Meadow Brook located in the administrative territorial entity Middlesex County
5,441