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https://github.com/hosken5/scala-showcase/blob/master/src/main/scala/yimei/FileReadExample.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
scala-showcase
|
hosken5
|
Scala
|
Code
| 170 | 508 |
package yimei
import java.io.{File, PrintWriter}
import java.nio.file.Files
import scala.io.{StdIn, Source}
/**
* Created by hongpf on 16/11/23.
*/
class FileReadExample {
}
object FileReadExample {
def main (args:Array[String]): Unit ={
// writeFile()
// readFile()
// readInput
// processControl()
regExample()
}
def readFile (): Unit ={
val source = Source.fromFile("scala-showcase.iml")
val lineIterator = source.getLines
for (l <- lineIterator ) println(l)
source.close
}
def writeFile (): Unit ={
val out = new PrintWriter("hello.txt")
// for(i <- 1 to 100 ) out.println(i)
// for(i <- 1 to 100 ) out.printf("%6d %10.2f \n",11.asInstanceOf[AnyRef],32.2.asInstanceOf[AnyRef])
for(i <- 1 to 100 ) out.print("%6d %10.2f \n".format(11,32.2))
out.close()
}
def readInput () : Unit = {
print("How old are you ?\n")
val age = StdIn.readInt()
println("you age is :" + age)
}
def processControl(): Unit ={
// Files.walkFileTree()
import sys.process._
// println("ls -al ..",,!!)
val f = new File("output.txt") ;
"ls -al .." #> f!
}
def regExample (): Unit ={
val numPattern = "[0-9]+".r
val wsnumsPattern = """\s+[0-9]+""".r()
for(matchString <-numPattern.findAllIn("99 bottles 98 bottles ")){
println(matchString)
}
}
}
| 30,918 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/p2zkn7/articles/DTL39_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
Inland.
|
None
|
German
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Spoken
| 166 | 326 |
Inland. Knaphoscheid, 20. Mai. Heute starb zu Selscheid, mehrmals mit den hl. Sterbe» fakramenten versehen, an der allgemeinen Lehreikrantheit, Lehrer Nik. Drauden, ein einfacher, frommer Jüngling und ein treff» licher, musterhafter Lehrer und Erzieher, wo» für ihm denn auch immer die vollste Aner» kennung seiner Obern und Vorgesetzten zu Theil wurde. Eltern und Kinder der klei» neu Schulgemeinde Selscheid betrauern tief den herben Verlust und werden dem Verschiedenen ein langes, dankbares Andenken bewahren. U. I. ?. Es scheint, daß unter den Namen der Stadtwähler für die Kammer, welche wir abgedruckt haben, Irrthümer vorkommen; wir können aher versichern, daß die uns zugestellte Liste richtig abgedruckt worden ist. Die Namen der Kamnmerwähler sind auf der Liste mit einem Stermchen bezeichnet ünb die sind abgedruckt. Somit müffen auf ver Liste Jrr thümer unteilausen sein. Mir lbitten die Betreffenden uuis die Jrrthümer mitzutheilen. So können wir schon heute mittheilen, daß Hr. Schmitz, Eisenbahn-Commissar, nichtauf der Liste als Kammerwähler verzeichnet steht, obschon er es doch iste welchen Irrthum wir hiermit berichtigen..
| 28,382 |
https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/33942
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Annatar, Chromatix, Damon, David Richerby, Deduplicator, JJJ, Jontia, Josef, Martin Bonner supports Monica, Simd, Tim B, Valorum, bandybabboon, gerrit, gnasher729, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/130, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/14026, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/15047, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/16582, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18367, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/22834, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/4544, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/4732, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/4783, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/4825, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/5420, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/5571, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/5649, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/6518, https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/8640, sleske
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,110 | 4,410 |
What's the point in holding a second Brexit referendum?
Closely related to: What would be the subject of a second Brexit Referendum?
Currently, there is discussion about a possible second referendum fueled by Labour, and there seems to be the publicly voiced conception that Lord Kerr (who is regarded as being somewhat authorative) sees it perfectly possible that UK revokes its Article 50 notification, and this just works out.
In particular:
If, having looked into abyss, we changed our minds about withdrawal, we certainly could - and no-one in Brussels could stop us.
That's quite problematic, considering that not just the UK has looked into abyss, but the remaining states have as well. Even assuming it was technically possible to simply stop Brexit now, it couldn't possibly work that way practically, since it would serve as a precedent for copycats invoking Article 50 over and over again regularly, every time causing billions of damage to economy and causing a massive destabilization of the entire union, effectively being a means of blackmailing co-member states. So, from a purely practical point of view, this is actually not something that should be remotely possible.
Also, back in 2017, the EU Commission explicitly stated earlier the same day UK filed the notification that whether or not to give notification is everybody's discrete decision, but the notification is a do-once point-of-no-return thing. This was well-understood by all parties.
That point of view does seem to make sense, too. After all, invoking Article 50 and giving the notice is akin to telling your wife: "I slept with your sister, and now I want the divorce". You cannot take this back, once you said it.
Now, looking more closely and not taking one sentence out of context, it seems like Kerr himself indeed is not as absolutely positive about it as it may seem, either:
The European union is a union of democracies. If this Parliament asked – and our Government conveyed our request – for an extension, in my judgement it would certainly be given.
Now wait a moment. He said "ask", not "inform" or "tell". Ask implies the other side can say "no". Also, he said "extension", not "reversal". Also, extension would (likely) be given, in his judgement.
So that doesn't look quite as confident, and indeed suggests that UK cannot just unilaterally revoke Brexit. Or, at all.
Rather, it looks like they might kind of ask for mercy (sorry for the slightly provocative wording) and if the remaining member states decide so (which Kerr believes would happen) then an extension would be granted. Extension, not reversal. That's a totally different thing, altogether.
Time to look what's actually in that infamous Article 50. There is nothing in there that I can see which suggests it is possible to revoke at all. In my understanding, the wording, in particular sentence (3)
... failing that, two years after the notification [...] unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period
suggests exactly what Kerr expects in his second quote: The remaining states would have to decide, unanimously, that they're happy with granting an extension (...to the exit negotiation period). Assuming only a single member state disagrees, bad luck, the lights just go out end of March.
Of course, UK could, following Brexit, apply again to become a member state according to Article 49. Indeed, Article 50 explicitly states that. However, this obviously wouldn't just work, it would be subject to fulfilling all of the basic conditions, plus some. Also it would be subject to member states agreeing. Surely, member states would expect to get "paid" (one way or the other) for the economic damages they've had from the uncertainity caused by Brexit, it seems unlikely they'd just shrug and move on.
tl;dr
So, considering that a second referendum and attempting a full U-turn half a year before Day X would be most devastating in terms of credibility (both internally and externally), but also stopping the Brexit does not seem to be possible at all ("extension" does not mean the same as "reversal"), what would be the point in holding such a referendum in the first place?
In my opinion, at this point in time, it can only make things worse, not better.
This isn't a question but a rant with an implicit "Don't you agree?" at the end.
The initial Brexit referendum was flawed from the Leave-Campaign operating with false numbers and flat-out misinformation, e.g. the 350 million pounds for the NHS.
As the referendum concluded with a narrow win for the Leave side, there was/is no clear strategy on how to leave the EU, i.e. soft vs. hard Brexit. Theresa May's "Brexit means Brexit" is somewhat telling.
Thus, after the UK government negotiates with the EU on the conditions for leaving, the people finally learn what Brexit really means, apart from meaning Brexit.
So the point of a second referendum would be:
redress the flaw of the Leave Campaign winning by lies
let the population vote on an actual proposal, in contrast to the first referendum, which was on "Imagine your own, ideal Brexit"TM
IMO, the first point is the most pertinent, since no democracy can afford to let the people's trust in the validity of elections erode. If, there are cases of actual voting fraud, an election is very likely to be invalidated with the need to repeat the election. If, on the other hand, a campaign is caught blatantly lying, there should be similar repercussions.
When a campaign is able to win an election with lies, and afterwards fights a repetition of that very election by arguing that the repetition would undermine democracy. Then, the democracy, or the people's trust in democracy, takes damage.
As a secondary point to the above, the set of people entitled to vote in the referendum was considerably smaller than the set of people that would be affected by the decision. If you were a UK citizen but resident elsewhere in the EU, no vote. If you were an EU citizen resident in the UK, but not a UK citizen, no vote. There's also the principle that a major, irreversible, constitutional question like this should require a supermajority to enact, rather than only a plurality.
@Chromatix. I am a UK citizen resident elsewhere in the EU, and I voted. You had to be non-resident in the UK for 15 years to lose your vote. (You also omitted young people who will be affected for longest and couldn't vote.)
The EU and some individual member states have gone on record saying that Article 50 can be revoked. The author of Article 50 agrees (and he is British). So it can be stopped.
Even if stopping were not an option, there are other things that could be voted on.
Should whatever deal is done be accepted?
If not, should the government have to try to re-negotiate or just leave with no deal?
Stay in the Single Market and Customs Union (like Norway)
Join EFTA
Even if cancelling Article 50 is impossible, re-apply for membership during the transition period
Well, that author happens to be Lord Kerr. And as pointed out in the Q, he didn't quite say that, exactly. When did the EU state that Art 50 can be revoked? Do you have an official source?
@Damon, they haven't said it can, or that it can't. Yet. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-45601394
Whether the EU will accept it being revoked is entirely a political question. They will just change any rule to suit whatever decision they make.
"Can be revoked" is totally different from "can be revoked by Britain alone without agreement from the (majority/all) EU states".
Nobody doubted that it can be revoked.
Quote from The Independent: “Late last year, the European Court of Justice decided that the U.K. can revoke Article 50 (cancel Brexit).
The answer depends on your point of view.
If you want to Leave, there is no point in a second vote.
If you want to Remain, the point is that you might win the second time.
If you think this is overly cynical, look at the evidence. It's possible I've missed something, but I haven't seen a single Leave advocate who has argued for a second vote. And I know that before the first vote a lot of Remainers said the vote would be the first and only one. But I haven't seen any recent examples of a Remain advocate arguing forcefully against another vote.
This does not really answer the question: The Q is explicitly about what a (hypothetical) win for the Remain side would mean in practice - reversal of Art.50 invocation, new negotiations... .
Even if you want to leave, isn't a second referendum an opportunity that with current knowledge this is still the consensus?
Otherwise known as a "loser's vote" or a "do-over"
Actually before they won many leave voters are on record as saying they wanted another one. Of course that changed fast once they saw the result.
From outside UK I believe that there are three possible outcomes of the Brexit process that could be asked about in a poll:
1) remain
2) leave without deal
3) accept the deal as it stands
The parliament and government seems to be hung between 2) and 3), so the democratic question would be to select between these two. The decision to leave has already been voted on, now it is only about the details.
But politics is not always ( or possibly seldom ) about logics.
The official line (from the UK) seems to be that negotiations are still going on for a new deal. It's highly disputed though, as foreignpolicy.com points out.
Now that how it actually can be done becomes known and the blatant lies are exposed, assuming that nobody thinks it was a bad idea from the start, or just disregarding them out of hand, is pretty presumptuous.
To say that Parliment is stuck between 2 and 3 is to ignore most of the last 3 years. And the news of the last week. Such as Labour, LibDems SNP, which is pretty much what the Government has done for the whole Article 50 period.
That's pathetic and dishonest. The referendum was 40 months ago. We had elections after 25 months, and Johnson wants another election after 28 months, so there is no sane reason not to have another referendum with the full choice of options.
I suppose if it is suspected that Russia influenced public opinion on Brexit, and they realize they've been deceived, then it might be better for the health of the UK and the EU to change their minds than to say "whelp, you tricked us, but I guess we have to follow through with the consequences of being tricked."
Articles suggesting a Russian propaganda involvement related to Brexit:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/17/why-isnt-there-greater-outrage-about-russian-involvement-in-brexit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum
https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/04/uk/uk-brexit-russia-links-arron-banks-intl/index.html
Support in the UK for Brexit has deteriorated since the initial vote, which I'd suspect correlates with increased knowledge of Russian interference, as well as the public becoming better-informed about the consequences of Brexit. A recent poll suggests that 54% of UK citizens want to remain in the EU and 46% want to exit. At the time of this article from May 2018, the results of 14 consecutive YouGov polls all reflected a preference to remain rather than exit.
Also, I believe the Brexit referendum was not precisely legally-binding. Although, it's complicated.
https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/brexit-deal-european-union-eu27-withdrawal-bill-8-december-is-it-binding-a8105936.html
If these allegations are true, that would indeed be a valid reason to do a second referendum (but... in June 2017, not now). Though the allegations came from Cameron who was the very same person initiating the poll in the first place, so I'd say they're a bit dubious. I mean, first he initiates the poll, and then he says "Russians would be happy about a positive result". That being said, poll invalid or not, binding or not, having handed in the leave note is legally binding. Only "clean" way out might have been re-voting and revoking early as soon as allegations came up.
In that case, I could see how the EU might have said: "OK, looks like maybe you guys were tricked, and you changed mind on that base, so we will just ignore that you gave us notice". Maybe. Who knows. Would have been a possibility. But over one year after that, I can't see this being a valid argument any more.
UK referendums are historically uncommon, scotiparture and brexit are the only referendums that i recall from the previous 30 years. So, they are more of an exceptional measure, with a vague description in UK law. Other countries have clearer constitutional descriptions of referendums to predefine yes percentages, and other conditions necessary for various types of decisions.
A second EU referendum asks the same question as the first: Do you want to come out of the EU, A populist question which encourages a 50/50 result, by it's vague, nebulous, popular connotation.
A second referendum is therefore an exotic and somewhat illogical political process. It voids/reverses the result and the authenticity of the first referendum using the same question, some years later.
The point of promising another referendum shortly after the first, is a politician's election tool, to cater for foreign pressures that are opposed to the results of the first referendum, and obey international diplomatic pressure to reverse the result of the first referendum.
The previous EEC / EU referendums of 1975 and 2016 were also election promises. The 2021 election promise is also a pledge by the opposing party leader.
Suppose that constitutional rights were subject to a referendum, and the referendum required 3 years to pass into law, and resulted in international diplomatic pressure and revenge policies against the nation that had the referendum, like trade wars, import export bans, travel restrictions...
Then, sufficient foreign diplomatic pressure would have been exerted on the nation that had voted in the referendum, so that a politician who accepted the referendum, decides that he has changed his mind, and wishes to negate the first referendum and to organize a second one.
Yes I was having trouble finding an equivalent referendum. I just wrote constitutional rights instead. a referendum on constitution.
Brexit was a political stunt, David Cameron wished to have a mock referendum which would give him popularity and not change the constitution... He could have instead made a referendum about border control, legal subjugation to Brussels, or something like that, but he knew that the british would heavily vote agaisnt foreign border control and legal subjugation, so he chose an unreasonable mock referendum, which unexpectedly came to pass.
I don't disagree, except it was less about popularity across the country than stopping the continual split in the Tory party along pro/anti-EU lines. The Referendum was supposed to leave DC in charge of a conservative party with one of its major causes of internal strife removed. And we can see how well that's worked out.
It was one of his election promises for his campaign. The new referendum is also an election promise.
"It voids the result and the authenticity of the first referendum." No, it doesn't. It's a key element of democracy that the sovereign is allowed to change its mind, especially when circumstances change (e.g. promises turn out to be unfullfillable). Same reasoning for having elections every 4-5 years instead of 40-50.
The point of promising another referendum shortly after the first, is a politician's election tool, to cater for foreign pressures that are opposed to the results of the first referendum, and obey international diplomatic pressure to reverse the result of the first referendum, that sounds entirely wrong, and at very least needs to be backed up.
@Annatar It over-rules/voids/reverses the first referendum. If referendums were elections, they could organize referendums every 4-5 years in the UK. Elections are not Yes or No regarding national independence, or constitutional change.
@gerrit 1975, first ECommunity referendum in the UK: ELECTION PROMISE by harold wilson. 2016, ELECTION PROMISE by David Cameron, first EU referendum in the uk, second referendum since 1975, 41 years after the first. Today, ELECTION PROMISE for a 2021, second referendum, because of a diplomatic war with brussels to prevent brexit, which would reverse/void the 2016 referendum. Will the UK common folk agree that border control is more important than stocks and shares? It's highly unlikely that the UK plebiscite will stoop to Brussels and hand over their strong island borders.
@com.prehensible Laws over-rule/void/reverse older laws all the time. Elections are not about single questions, true. But they are a (presumably) necessary simplification (instead of voting on every single question themselves, voters choose delegates to do their work for them) derived from the original idea, not the original idea itself!
@annatar The referendum question of the second would be the same as the first: Do you wish to come out of the EU? (broadly speaking), so the only results would be A/void the first referendum decision and B/continue with the first referendum decision.
@com.prehensible You give the best example yourself. The 2016 referendum over-ruled the 1975 referendum (which asked the exact same question, broadly speaking) and this is totally fine in a democracy.
Nononono!!! The EU only existed since 1993, previously it was called the European Economic Community. It's entire mission and constitution was different. The EC referendum was therefore different from the EU referendum because the EU was defined by 2-3 constitnutional expansions, which took control of UK supreme courts, and UK border decision, EC was called "Common Market" in the UK, Maarstricht and Lisbon became: also justice, immigration, border controls, benefits systems, automobile laws. EC is not the same as EU 41 years later.
@com.prehensible I am confused. Brexit is completely a self-inflicted wound and the pressure for a second referendum is entirely domestic from people who try to stop the UK jumping off a cliff. The EU-27 has presented post-Brexit UK with options compatible with EU rules, UK has the arrogance to insist EU changes its rules to benefit a non-member (future UK), and is upset when it doesn't. If you want to export to the EU you have to meet EU rules (duh!).
Ultimately, an economic and capitalistic union of homogeneity is degrading European cultures into a consumerist homogenous mess with mechanized tax havens, France and the UK are more "made in china" and "contains glucose syrup and palm oil" than ever before. If the aim of the European Union were primarily based on non-monetary measures of a healthy society, I would be happy with it;) At the moment, megafactory mass produced goods and foods occupy 95% of consumption, and are mostly owned by multinational conglomerates.
| 9,440 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98554155
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Kategorie:Narození ve Všelibicích
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 24 | 72 |
Kategorie:Narození ve Všelibicích
kategorie na projektech Wikimedia
Kategorie:Narození ve Všelibicích instance (čeho) kategorie na projektech Wikimedia
Kategorie:Narození ve Všelibicích kategorie kombinuje témata místo narození
| 17,745 |
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabu%20V%C3%ADrxenes
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Cabu Vírxenes
|
https://ast.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabu Vírxenes&action=history
|
Asturian
|
Spoken
| 587 | 1,155 |
El cabu Vírxenes, pertenez al Departamentu Güer Aike de la Provincia de Santa Cruz na República Arxentina, topándose a 134 km al sureste de la ciudá de Ríu Gallegos, capital provincial. Esti cabu ye'l puntu más austral de la mariña atlántica del área continental d'América; de la mesma, representa la frontera oriental del Estrechu de Magallanes, y la llende bioceánico ente los océanos Pacíficu y Atlánticu. Tamién ye'l puntu d'arranque de la ruta arxentina de mayor estensión, y la más importante respectu al turismu internacional: la Ruta 40. Dicha ruta percuerre 5.224 km dende l'Estrechu de Magallanes hasta Bolivia, traviesa 20 parques nacionales, 18 importantes ríos, coneuta 27 pasos cordilleranos, y engata dende'l nivel del mar hasta raspiar los 5.000 msnm.
Historia
Fernando de Magallanes llegó al cabu'l 21 d'ochobre de 1520 afayando un estrechu, depués llamáu estrechu de Magallanes. Como esi día 21 d'ochobre ye la festividá d'Santa Úrsula y los Once Mil Vírxenes, él nomó al cabu nel so honor.
El faru de cabu Vírxenes ye alministráu pola Armada arxentina y tuvo operando dende 1904. En 1876, atopóse oru entemecíu nos sables costeros.
Nel cabu Vírxenes atópase un monumentu que recuerda'l sitiu onde Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa fundó la Ciudá del Nome de Jesús, en 1584. Esti pobláu alcontrar nel únicu manantial d'agua potable de la zona: al pie d'un pandu del llau arxentín de la frontera, al noroeste de la Reserva, cerca de la llende con Chile.
Esiste tamién nel cabu un campusantu antiguu nel que fuelguen los restos de náufragos, creyer con una antigüedá cimera a los 100 años.
Llende bioceánico
Hasta la firma del Tratáu de 1881 ente Arxentina y Chile el cabu Vírxenes yera universalmente consideráu como'l puntu onde l'estrechu de Magallanes xunir col océanu Atlánticu. En Chile depués ganó fuercia la idea de que'l puntu bioceánico yera la punta Dungeness, onde la llende de dambos países tocaba l'estrechu de Magallanes, considerándola tamién como'l puntu llende del Estrechu. Esa idea consolidóse na midida na que n'Arxentina tomaba fuercia la idea de desconocer a Chile como únicu riberanu del Estrechu. En 1916 Segundu Storni espresó qu'Arxentina tenía de participar na regulación de la navegación nel estrechu de Magallanes, por tener costes sobre'l mesmu ente punta Dungeness y cabu Vírxenes, lo cual foi comunicáu a Chile oficialmente per Arxentina en 1975.
Dende la 1° edición de la so publicación Limits of ocean and seas en 1926 la Organización Hidrográfica Internacional consideró al cabu Vírxenes como'l puntu bioceánico, calteniéndolo nes sos ediciones de 1937 y 1953.
Nel Tratáu de Paz y Amistá ente Arxentina y Chile robláu en 1984 alcordóse reconocer a la punta Dungeness como puntu estremu oriental del estrechu de Magallanes:
D'acordies con eso, Arxentina aceptó la opinión de Chile y pasó a considerar bioceánica a la punta Dungeness, lo cual refléxase nel proyeutu de la 4° edición de Limits of ocean and seas presentáu en 2001
Esti proyeutu nun foi entá ratificáu por dispustas referíes a otres partes del mundu, polo que, anque la 3° edición (de 1953) de Limits of ocean and seas sigue vixente, considerar al cabu Vírxenes como puntu bioceánico yá nun tien consensu mundial.
Zones de Proteición Especial
Esiste una Zona de Proteición Especial na zona de la Reserva Natural (Provincial) Cabu Vírxenes, que toma l'área dende la franxa costera de tierra firme, escontra l'este, por un sector circular de seis 6 milles náutiques de radiu con centru nel faru de cabu Vírxenes, llegando escontra'l suroeste hasta la llende internacional con Chile.
Referencies
Virgenes
Estrechu de Magallanes
| 34,334 |
https://openalex.org/W2798614746
|
OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
| 2,018 |
Intact memory for local and distal cues in male and female rats that lack adult neurogenesis
|
Désirée R Seib
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,314 | 15,086 |
Abstract The dentate gyrus is essential for remembering the fine details of experiences that comprise
episodic memory. Dentate gyrus granule cells receive highly-processed sensory information
and are hypothesized to perform a pattern separation function, whereby similar sensory
inputs are transformed into orthogonal neural representations. Behaviorally, this is believed
to enable distinct memory for highly interfering stimuli. Since the dentate gyrus is comprised
of a large number of adult-born neurons, which have unique synaptic wiring and neurophysi-
ological firing patterns, it has been proposed that neurogenesis may contribute to this pro-
cess in unique ways. Some behavioral evidence exists to support this role, whereby
neurogenesis-deficient rodents are impaired at discriminating the fine visuospatial details of
experiences. However, the extent to which newborn neurons contribute to dentate gyrus-
dependent learning tasks is unclear. Furthermore, since most studies of dentate gyrus func-
tion are conducted in male rats, little is known about how females perform in similar situa-
tions, and whether there might be sex differences in the function of adult neurogenesis. To
address these issues, we examined spatial discrimination memory in transgenic male and
female rats that lacked adult neurogenesis. The first task probed memory for the position of
local objects in an open field, assessed by behavioral responses to novel object locations. The second task examined memory for distal environmental cues. All rats were able to suc-
cessfully discriminate local and distal cue changes. Males and females also performed com-
parably, although females displayed higher levels of rearing and locomotion. Collectively,
our results indicate that rats are capable of learning about local and distal cues in the
absence of adult neurogenesis. OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Seib DR, Chahley E, Princz-Lebel O,
Snyder JS (2018) Intact memory for local and
distal cues in male and female rats that lack adult
neurogenesis. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0197869. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869 Editor: Brian R. Christie, University of Victoria,
CANADA Editor: Brian R. Christie, University of Victoria,
CANADA Received: February 1, 2018
Accepted: May 9, 2018
Published: May 22, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Seib et al. This is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper and its Supporting Information
files. Intact memory for local and distal cues in
male and female rats that lack adult
neurogenesis Desiree R. Seib, Erin Chahley, Oren Princz-Lebel, Jason Scott Snyder*
Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada Desiree R. Seib, Erin Chahley, Oren Princz-Lebel, Jason Scott Snyder* Desiree R. Seib, Erin Chahley, Oren Princz-Lebel, Jason Scott Snyder*
Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada * jasonsnyder@psych.ubc.ca * jasonsnyder@psych.ubc.ca a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111 Abstract Funding: This study was supported by a grant
from the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada (JSS), the German
Research Foundation (DRS), the Brain and
Behavior Research Foundation (DRS), the Michael
Smith Foundation for Health Research (to JSS),
and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (to
JSS). The funders had no role in study design, data RESEARCH ARTICLE a1111111111
a1111111111
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a1111111111 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory While physiological assays have confirmed a pattern separation function for the DG, these
experiments are technically challenging [3,4]. Thus, many have turned to behavioral tests of
putative pattern separation-dependent, discrimination functions for the DG. In mice, deletion
of DG NMDA receptors leads to impaired context discrimination in a fear conditioning para-
digm [5]. DG-specific lesions and/or molecular manipulations also lead to impaired discrimi-
nation memory for object location and spatial geometry when stimuli are highly interfering
[6–8]. Such a discrimination function is not limited to animals, as imaging studies indicate
that the DG-CA3 region is specifically recruited when subjects are asked to distinguish visual
stimuli that are distinct, but bear a high resemblance, to previously-studied items [9]. Notably,
in conditions such as aging and depression, which are associated with impaired hippocampal
and DG function, there is poorer performance on human behavioral pattern separation tasks
[10–12]. collection and analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript. collection and analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist. Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist. One feature that sets the DG apart from many regions of the mammalian brain is its ability
to produce new neurons throughout adult life. These newborn neurons have enhanced synap-
tic plasticity in vitro, enhanced morphological plasticity in response to learning, and distinct
wiring in hippocampal and entorhinal circuits [13]. While the exact function for newborn neu-
rons remains a topic of intense investigation, a number of animal studies suggest they may be
involved in DG discrimination functions. Mice that have reduced or increased levels of neuro-
genesis show impaired or enhanced context discrimination abilities in fear conditioning para-
digms, respectively [14–16] (but see [17,18]). Neurogenesis-deficient rodents are also impaired
on spatial discrimination in radial maze and touchscreen paradigms [19], and they are less
able to learn lists of interfering odors [20]. Finally, DG-specific manipulation of BDNF and
Wnt signalling suggests that new neurons are required for remembering closely-related object
locations [21]. While it remains unclear whether and/or how adult-born neurons might contribute to
computational pattern separation [22,23], these theoretical perspectives have played a signifi-
cant role in guiding research on behavioral discrimination functions. The conditions under
which new neurons contribute to behavioral discrimination remain unclear however. Introduction The dentate gyrus (DG) is the primary interface between the neocortex and the hippocampus
proper. It receives highly-processed information about the external environment via the ento-
rhinal cortex and is believed to perform a pattern separation function whereby similar inputs
are transformed into distinct neural codes [1,2]. Behaviorally, this has been proposed to enable
discrimination of similar sensory stimuli that are prone to interference. 1 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 For
example, many behavioral tasks vary in the degree of stress used for motivation, which could
differentially recruit adult-born neurons [24]. Differences in behavioral requirements could
also arise as a function of the testing paradigm and the sex of the animals. Indeed, in a context
fear discrimination task, neurogenesis-deficient female mice discriminate normally but neuro-
genesis-deficient males show better discrimination learning than intact controls [17]. Also, in
a radial maze, male rats that employed spatial strategies were better at discriminating similar
locations and had greater neurogenesis compared to females [25]. Here, we therefore tested
male and female transgenic neurogenesis-deficient rats in a DG-dependent, object-location
discrimination paradigm that measures memory purely based upon rodents’ natural tendency
to explore novelty. In a second test, we examined rats’ ability to detect distal cue novelty. While our transgenic manipulation eliminated adult neurogenesis, we found that both male
and female rats performed similarly, suggesting that adult neurogenesis is not critical for
detecting at least some types of changes to the local and distal cue environment. Behavioral testing Rats were treated with valganciclovir for 7–9 weeks (to inhibit DG neurogenesis) and began
behavioral testing at 13 (males) or 15 (females) weeks of age (age difference because the
sexes were tested separately; n = 6-8/group; one male TK rat was excluded from the object
location task because the power went out during testing). Valganciclovir treatment stopped
once behavioral testing started, but neurogenesis remained reduced until the end of the
study (Fig 1). The week before testing started, animals were handled 5 min per day for 5
days. Rats were first tested in a proximal object-location discrimination test and then 7 days
later a distal cue discrimination test (Fig 1D and 1E). All handling and behavior testing was
conducted by female experimenters. On test days, animals were placed in the hallway in
front of the experimental room 45 min before testing started. Both tests were performed in
a square open field with transparent acrylic walls (70 cm wide × 70 cm long × 50 cm high),
with aspen wood chip bedding covering the floor and 2 objects (sand-filled glass soda bot-
tles) secured to the floor. The open field was placed in a dimly-lit small room (~2 x 2 m)
with a door and posters on the walls to provide distal spatial cues. Both tasks consisted of 6
x 5 min trials. For the training trials (1–5) all environmental cues remained constant and
rats were placed in an empty cage outside of the room for 3 min between each trial. There
was a 10 min intertrial interval prior to trial 6, the testing trial, when cues were manipulated. The object-location discrimination task was modelled after Hunsaker et al. (2008) [7] and
Goodrich-Hunsaker et al. (2008) [27], where the intervals prior to the final testing trial were
3 min and 10 min, respectively. Objects were placed in the center of the open field and
spaced 45 cm apart for trials 1–5. On trial 6 the objects were shifted to 10 cm apart. In the
distal cue novelty task the environment was identical to the object-location training trials
(including bottle locations). However, on trial 6 dark curtains were hung on 2 distal room
walls. In between trials objects were cleaned with 70% EtOH, feces were removed, and bed-
ding was stirred to prevent odors from accumulating. Between groups of male and females
the open field was thoroughly cleaned and bedding was replaced. Materials and methods
Subjects To examine behavioral functions of adult-born neurons we used GFAP-TK transgenic rats, in
which neurogenesis can be selectively inhibited in adulthood via antiviral drug treatment [26]. Male and female GFAP-TK rats and their wild type littermates were bred in-house on a Long-
Evans background, housed with their parents until they were weaned at 21 days of age, and 2 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory kept on a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 am). Experimental rats were pair housed in
transparent polyurethane bins (48 × 27 × 20 cm) with a single polycarbonate tube, aspen chip
bedding and ad libitum rat chow and tap water. The estrous cycle of female subjects was not
monitored. To inhibit adult neurogenesis, at 6 weeks of age rats were orally administered 4 mg
of valganciclovir (Hoffman La-Roche; delivered in 0.5 g peanut butter+chow pellets) twice per
week. All experiments were approved by the Animal Care Committee at the University of Brit-
ish Columbia and conducted in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Behavioral testing All trials were recorded by an overhead camera for offline analyses. The distance covered
during each trial was measured by Ethovision software (Noldus). A human experimenter man-
ually quantified the frequency of object exploration and rearing events. Exploration events
were defined as continuous bouts of bottle sniffing and investigation (regardless of duration)
where the rat’s nose was 2 cm from the bottle and the rat was directly exploring the bottle. Nondirected body/tail contact with the bottle, or contact when rearing (relatively rare) was not
counted as bottle exploration. Rearing events, i.e. standing upright on hind legs, were inter-
preted as information-gathering behaviors directed at the distal environment [28]. The abso-
lute time spent investigating and rearing was also quantified but these data were more variable. Since the patterns and trends were closely correlated between the 2 measures we therefore
focused our analyses on the frequency data (all data are available in S1 File). To further probe
novelty responses on trial 6 compared to trial 5 we also calculated discrimination indices for
each measure (trial 6/(trial 5+6)), which provided a single quantification of memory 3 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory Fig 1. Neurogenesis knockdown and study design. A) Wild type and TK rats were immunostained for thymidine kinase after testing
to confirm genotypes. Thymidine kinase-positive cells can be observed throughout the DG of TK rats. Inset shows thymidine kinase-
positive radial glial cells in the subgranular zone. Scale bars: 200 μm for low magnification images, 50 μm for high magnification
image. B) Male and female TK rats had dramatic reductions in neurogenesis, as visualized by immunostaining for the immature
neuronal marker, DCX. Scale bars as in A. C) Mean DCX+ cell densities were reduced in TK animals and were greater in males than in
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018
4 / 15 Fig 1. Neurogenesis knockdown and study design. A) Wild type and TK rats were immunostained for thymidine kinase after testing
to confirm genotypes. Thymidine kinase-positive cells can be observed throughout the DG of TK rats. Inset shows thymidine kinase-
positive radial glial cells in the subgranular zone. Scale bars: 200 μm for low magnification images, 50 μm for high magnification
image. B) Male and female TK rats had dramatic reductions in neurogenesis, as visualized by immunostaining for the immature
neuronal marker, DCX. Scale bars as in A. Behavioral testing C) Mean DCX+ cell densities were reduced in TK animals and were greater in males than in PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 4 / 15 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory females (Dorsal DG: effect of genotype F1,27 = 267, P<0.001; effect of sex F1,27 = 7.3, P<0.05; interaction F1,27 = 3.5, P = 0.08; Ventral
DG: effect of genotype F1,27 = 280, P<0.0001; effect of sex F1,27 = 34, P<0.0001; interaction F1,27 = 20, P = 0.0002). In the ventral DG,
all groups were different from each other (all P<0.0001) except TK males vs TK females (P = 0.9) P<0.05, P<0.001, P<0.0001. D) The object location discrimination test took place in a transparent-walled open field. During training, 2 bottles in the open field
were spaced 45 cm apart during habituation trials 1–5 and 10 cm apart during test trial 6. E) The distal cue discrimination test used the
same habituation environment but for the test trial a dark curtain covered 2 of the room walls. performance for each animal where values above 0.5 indicate greater-than-chance responses
to novelty. Histology and microscopy Following testing rat’s brains were extracted and immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48
hours. Brains were then transferred to a 10% glycerol solution for 1 day and a 20% glycerol
solution for at least 2 days before being sectioned at 40 μm on a freezing sliding microtome. Dorsal hippocampal sections (~4 mm posterior to Bregma) were stained for thymidine kinase
to confirm genotypes and dorsal and ventral (~6 mm posterior to Bregma) sections were
stained for the immature neuronal marker doublecortin to confirm inhibition of neurogenesis
(Fig 1). Immunohistochemistry was performed with goat anti-HSV-1 thymidine kinase (sc-
28038; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and goat anti-doublecortin (sc-8066; Santa Cruz Bio-
technology, USA) primary antibodies, diluted in PBS with 0.05% triton-x and 3% normal
horse serum, on free-floating sections. Secondary detection was performed with Alexa488-
conjugated secondary antibodies (Life Technologies, USA) diluted in PBS. Sections were coun-
terstained with DAPI, mounted onto slides, coverslipped with PVA-DABCO, and imaged with
a Leica SP8 confocal microscope. DCX+ cell density measurements were calculated by dividing
the number of DCX+ cells by the granule cell layer volume in one dorsal and one ventral sec-
tion per animal. Statistical analyses Behavior across trials 1–6 was analyzed by 3-way repeated measures ANOVA. Mauchly’s test
of sphericity was used to test for equal within-subject variance across trials and, when spheric-
ity was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied. Where significant main
effects or interactions were observed, post hoc comparisons were performed using Sidak’s test. Discrimination indices were analyzed by sex x genotype ANOVAs and individual groups were
compared to chance using a one sample t-test. In all cases significance was set at p = 0.05. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Neurogenesis reduction Immunohistochemical staining for doublecortin (DCX) in the dentate gyrus following behav-
ioral testing revealed extensive neurogenesis in valganciclovir-treated WT rats, as indicated by
immature neurons scattered throughout the DG. In contrast, valganciclovir nearly completely
inhibited adult neurogenesis in all male and female TK rats, in both the dorsal and ventral DG
(Fig 1B and 1C). The density of DCX+ cells was greater in males than in females, in both the
dorsal and ventral DG. The reduction of DCX+ cells in TK rats is likely to reflect reductions in neurogenesis, and
unlikely to be confounded by compensatory neurogenesis, for several reasons. First, GFAP+ stem
cells are likely at the top of the neurogenic hierarchy, and so by killing them we eliminate all possi-
ble neurogenic cells. Second, we have shown that DCX labels ~90% of immature BrdU+ cells,
which is comparable to the proportion of neurons that later express pan-neuronal markers such 5 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory as NeuN [29]. Thus, even if additional neurons were generated from a distinct type of precursor
(ie non-GFAP+), we expect that they would still be labelled by DCX during their immature stages
(as far as we know there are no studies showing that newborn DG neurons do not express DCX). Finally, other studies that have reported reductions in DCX+ cells in GFAP-TK rats have con-
firmed the efficacy of the model using other markers such as BrdU/NeuN [26] and NeuroD [30]. Object location discrimination task For 5 consecutive trials, rats explored the open field with 2 objects spaced 45 cm apart; on the
6th trial the distance between the objects was reduced to 10 cm. The first measure of perfor-
mance in the object-location task was the frequency of object exploration events. There was a
main effect of trial on object exploration but no effect of sex or genotype (see statistical analy-
ses in figure legend). Rats explored the bottle less across the 5 habituation trials (Fig 2A). Criti-
cally, exploration time doubled on trial 6 relative to trial 5, indicating that rats detected the
new bottle locations. This pattern was also apparent in the discrimination indices, all of which
were greater than chance, indicating successful discrimination of object location (Fig 2B). We next examined the frequency of rearing events. Again, we found a main effect of trial,
indicating that rats habituated to the distal testing environment over the course of testing (Fig
2C). Females reared 32% more than males, but the number of rearing events did not change
between trials 5 and 6, and the rearing discrimination indices were at chance. In males, there
was no significant increase in the absolute number of rearing events from trial 5 to 6. However,
the discrimination indices were greater in males than in females (Fig 2D). Moreover, only
male discrimination indices were greater than chance, indicating sex differences in the behav-
ioral response to local cue manipulations. We then examined the distance travelled over the course of the 6 trials of the object-location
task. There was a main effect of trial, with a significant increase in locomotion between trials
5–6 (22% in females, 48% in males), indicating that rats habituated to the environment and
successfully detected the novel object location. While males and females initially covered simi-
lar distances on the early trials, males showed greater habituation over time such that locomo-
tion was significantly reduced on trials 4 and 5 relative to females (Fig 2E). Discrimination
indices were not different between males and females or WT and TK rats, and most groups
were significantly above chance performance (Fig 2F). PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Distal cue novelty task To test rats’ ability to detect changes in distal cues they were exposed to the open field for 5
consecutive training trials. On the 6th trial a black curtain covered 2 adjacent walls (Fig 1E). Over the 6 trials, rats explored the objects progressively less. They did not show any signs of
increased bottle exploration following the distal cue manipulation, in terms of trial 5–6 differ-
ences or in the discrimination indices (Fig 3A and 3B). The most robust response to the contextual change was observed in rearing behavior. Rear-
ing decreased slightly over the first 5 trials but increased significantly on trial 6, indicating rats
detected the changes to the distal context (Fig 3C). Females reared significantly more than
males (30% more overall), especially after the context change on trial 6. Rearing discrimination
indices were above chance for all groups and did not differ between sexes or genotypes. Locomotor behavior also changed in response to the distal cue changes. There was a decline
in distance travelled over trials 1–5 but distance increased significantly on trial 6 (42%
increase; Fig 3E). Females covered 25% greater distance than males. Locomotor discrimination
indices were consistent with distal cue novelty detection, though not all groups’ indices were
statistically greater than chance (Fig 3F). 6 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory Fig 2. Object location discrimination task. A) The number of object exploration events decreased over the 5 habituation trials but doubled on trial 6 when object
locations were changed (Mauchly’s test P = 0.3; effect of trial F5,130 = 54, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.68; trial 6 vs trials 3,4,5 all P<0.001). There were no differences between
sexes, genotypes and no interactions (all P>0.16). B) All groups showed above-chance discrimination indices, indicating increased object exploration on trial 6 relative
to trial 5. Variance was not different across groups (Levene’s test F3,26 = 1.9, P = 0.16). C) The number of rearing events decreased over the 5 habituation trials
(Mauchly’s test P = 0.6; effect of trial F5,130 = 11, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.30; trial 4&5 vs 1&2 all P<0.001) but did not change between trials 5 and 6 (P = 0.8). There were
no genotype differences or interactions (all P>0.1) but females reared significantly more than males (F1,26 = 14, P<0.01, partial η2 = 0.35). D) The rearing discrimination
index was above chance only in males and was greater in males than females (effect of sex F1,26 = 4.5, P = 0.04, partial η2 = 0.15). Due to unequal variance (Levene’s test
P = 0.002) and a lack of sex x genotype interaction, genotypes were pooled and the sex difference was reanalyzed, confirming a greater rearing discrimination index in
males and homogeneity of variance across groups (T28 = 2.2, P = 0.03; Levene’s P = 0.25) E) Locomotion decreased over the 5 habituation trials in both sexes (Mauchly’s
test P = 0.4; effect of trial, F5,130 = 56, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.68) and increased from trial 5 to trial 6 following object displacement (P<0.001). Locomotion was greater in
females than males, specifically on trials 4 and 5 (effect of sex, F1,26 = 10, P<0.01, partial η2 = 0.27; trial x sex interaction F5,130 = 2.3, P<0.05, partial η2 = 0.82; trials 4&5
different between males and females P<0.01). F) The locomotor discrimination index did not differ between genotypes (P = 0.6, partial η2 = 0.01) or sexes (P = 0.07,
partial η2 = 0.12). Discrimination indices revealed above-chance levels of discrimination, except for female TK rats. Variance was not different across groups (Levene’s
test F3,26 = 0.7, P = 0.6). For all graphs: P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001. Summary of main findings Here we investigated the requirement of adult-born hippocampal neurons in an object loca-
tion memory task that is designed to tap into DG functions in fine grained spatial processing. We also examined whether adult-born neurons are required to detect changes to the distal cue
environment. Our principal finding is that adult neurogenesis was not required for learning
either of these tasks. For the most part, males and females learned the tasks similarly. This is
notable since no studies have systematically examined behavioral requirements for adult neu-
rogenesis in male and females, and the vast majority of open field, novelty-based memory
studies have exclusively used males. Consistent with previous studies, females were more active
in the open field. Also, only males showed increased rearing behavior in response to local
object location changes, suggesting sex differences in the behavioral response to local cue
reconfigurations. Graphs in panels A,C,E indicate mean ± standard error. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869.g002 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018
7 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
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May 22, 2018 7 / 15 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869.g002 Dentate gyrus and neurogenesis functions in memory The DG is a major site of convergence of different forms of sensory information and, given the
ability of DG neurons to undergo changes in synaptic strength, is well-positioned to mediate
rapid encoding of sensory experience. Specifically, DG neurons receive inputs from the medial
and lateral entorhinal cortices; the medial entorhinal cortex conveys spatial signals and infor-
mation about self-motion and position in space [31–33]. In contrast, the lateral entorhinal cor-
tex conveys information about the identity and spatial location of objects in the environment
[34,35]. The convergence of these inputs in the hippocampus produces high level representa-
tions that are the result of unique configurations of spatial, self and object-related cues [36–
38]. The specificity of DG place fields is consistent with this function and supports the compu-
tational role of the DG in pattern separation, whereby input patterns are orthogonalized to
reduce memory interference [3]. A critical behavioral role for the DG in spatial processing
extends back to studies demonstrating that DG dysfunction leads to deficits in spatial water
maze learning and context-specific expression of fear [5,39,40]. A specific role for adult-gener-
ated DG neurons is supported by several studies that have found that they promote context-
specific fear discrimination [14,15,41], context-specific ensemble codes in CA3 [42], memory
for highly-interfering spatial locations [19] (but see [43]) and lists of interfering odor pairs
[20]. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that mature neurons are more critical for
behaviors that may rely on pattern completion functions whereas immature neurons necessary
for behaviors that may rely more on pattern separation functions [16,44]. 8 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869.g003 Here we exploited rats’ innate exploratory response to novelty [45]. This approach has been
used on numerous occasions to reveal functions for medial temporal lobe structures in mem-
ory for objects, contexts, time, and their combinations. An advantage of novelty-induced
exploration is that it does not rely on aversive stimuli or food deprivation for motivation. This
methodological difference is significant because adult-born neurons (and the hippocampus
more broadly) regulate behavioral and endocrine responses to stressors [24,46–48], and their
functions in these more cognitive, less stressful, learning paradigms may therefore be distinct. Novelty-induced exploration paradigms have identified roles for the DG and adult-born
neurons in object-related memory. Rats with DG lesions, and mice with disrupted juvenile
DG neurogenesis, are specifically impaired at detecting changes in local object positions when
there is a high degree of spatial similarity between training and testing [8,27,49]. Learning
highly-interfering spatial object configurations upregulates BDNF specifically in the DG and
both BDNF and new neurons have been implicated in 24 hour object location memory [6,21]. Neurogenesis-deficient mice are impaired on (flexible) spatial discrimination of object-like
cues presented on a touchscreen [19,43]. Notably, in addition to their role in remembering
object location, adult-born neurons are also involved in object novelty detection [50–52]. Given the role of the lateral entorhinal cortex in these various types of object-related process-
ing [34,35], and its preferential connectivity with adult-born neurons [53], there is broad sup-
port for a role for neurogenesis in object-related memory. In our study, ablating adult neurogenesis did not impact rats’ ability to discriminate
changes in the spatial positioning of objects. While this would seem to be at odds with previous
studies, a number of methodological factors might have contributed to the differing reports. For example, deficits in the object-location discrimination task have been reported in mice
that have had reduced neurogenesis since the juvenile period [54]. Behavioral effects may have
been more apparent due to a greater net reduction in neurogenesis. Our task may have been
easier than the one employed by Hunsaker et al. (2008) since we used 5 training trials instead
of 3 (we found that rats did not learn reliably with only 3 training trials). Smaller spatial
changes might also be more likely to reveal deficits, though ours were broadly comparable to
those used previously and we did not even observe a trend for impaired performance in the
TK rats. Neurogenesis and discrimination memory Fig 3. Distal cue novelty task. A) Rats decreased exploration of the objects over the 6 trials (Mauchly’s test P = 0.2; trial effect, F5,135 = 44, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.62)
and did not increase exploration upon changes to the distal context on trial 6 (trial 6 vs trials 1–4 all P<0.01, trial 6 vs trial 5 P = 0.3). There were no genotype or sex
differences (all P>0.5). B) Discrimination indices were not different between groups (genotype and sex effects P>0.4) and were not different from chance (all P>0.2),
indicating that object exploratory behavior was unaffected by changes to distal cues. Variance was not different across groups (Levene’s test F3,27 = 1.5, P = 0.25). C)
Rearing events declined modestly over the 5 habituation trials and increased upon changes to the distal context on trial 6 (Mauchly’s test P = 0.2; effect of trial, F5,135 =
32, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.54; trial 6 vs all other trials P<0.001). Females reared more than males, particularly on trial 6 (sex effect F1,27 = 14, P<0.01, partial η2 = 0.33;
trial x sex interaction F5,135 = 2.6, P = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.087; females vs males on trial 6 #P<0.0001). WT and TK rats did not differ (F1,27 = 2, P = 0.15, partial η2 =
0.015). D) Rearing discrimination indices did not differ between sexes or genotypes (both effects P>0.2) and all indices showed greater than chance levels of
discrimination. Variance was not different across groups (Levene’s test F3,27 = 1.1, P = 0.4). E) Distance travelled declined over trials until trial 6 when the distal cues
were changed (Mauchly’s test P = 0.001; Greenhouse-Geisser corrected trial effect F2.9,135 = 22, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.45; trial 6 significantly greater than trials 3–5,
P<0.01). Females covered a greater distance than males (sex effect F1,27 = 17, P<0.001, partial η2 = 0.39) and WT and TK rats did not differ (P = 0.7). F) The locomotion
discrimination index did not differ between genotypes or sexes (main effects P>0.3). Locomotion discrimination indices tended to be above chance levels of
performance but only female TK and male WT indices were significantly above chance. Variance was not different across groups (Levene’s test F3,27 = 0.9, P = 0.4). For
all graphs: P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.0001). Graphs in panels A,C,E indicate mean ± standard error. Neurogenesis and discrimination memory PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
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May 22, 2018 9 / 15 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869.g003 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Behavioral patterns following local and distal cue changes There were specific and complementary patterns of behavior depending on task and sex. Over
the 5 learning trials in both tasks, all measures tended to decrease as rats habituated to the
environment. Males and females tended to show similar habituation curves except for locomo-
tion, where males habituated to a greater extent on the later trials (particularly in the object
location task, where the open field was more novel). Females also displayed greater amounts of
rearing and locomotion in both tasks. This is consistent with a large literature indicating that
female rodents are more active than males. In open field environments, and when given access
to running wheels, females consistently rear more and cover greater distance [60–62]. As stud-
ies incorporating both males and females become more common, it will be important to
account for activity differences when using novelty responses to assess memory (e.g. to ensure
that high baseline activity does not obscure novelty responses). The raw scores and discrimination indices revealed distinct behavioral patterns in the
two tasks: object exploration increased only when object positions changed, rearing
increased only when the distal cues changed, and locomotion increased following changes
to both proximal objects and distal cues. While the discrimination indices may seem small
it is unlikely that they are at floor, and unable to detect differences between groups. They
are well within the range of what is commonly observed in tasks that use innate exploration
preferences as a measure of memory. Furthermore, for the primary measures (object explo-
ration in the object task and rearing in the distal cue task) the indices are consistently 0.6 to
0.7, where 0.66 corresponds to a doubling in absolute measures across trials 5–6. It is also
worth noting that “chance” performance (0.5) indicates equivalent behavior on trials 5 and
6 but, in previous studies, impaired DG function actually results in discrimination indices
that are below chance, presumably because the animals do not notice the environmental
change on the test trial and continue to habituate [27]. Finally, floor effects for the discrimi-
nation indices are unlikely to be an issue because, in the case of the rearing discrimination
index in the object task, it was able to reveal a male-specific rearing response even though
the rearing indices were less robust than the object discrimination indices. Neurogenesis and discrimination memory In contrast to the local cue manipulations of the first task, in the second task we manipu-
lated the distal cue environment. In hippocampal-dependent tasks such as the water maze, dis-
tal cues are the primary source of visuospatial information. Manipulation of the distal
environment is also known to regulate hippocampal place fields [56]. Since, neurogenesis defi-
cient animals have been found to be impaired in spatial tasks that rely on accurate memory for
distal cues [19,57,58], we reasoned that TK rats might show differences in responding to
changes in the distal cue environment. However, as in the object discrimination task, neuro-
genesis-deficient rats performed normally. Given the role of the hippocampus in high-order,
conjunctive encoding, future studies should expand the investigation to include novelty-based
exploration tasks that require differential association of stimuli with spatial locations, contexts
and temporal intervals [59]. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Our findings would seem to be at odds with the observation of Bekinschtein et al. (2014) that rats with reduced Wnt signalling and DG neurogenesis had impaired memory for
object position. This could be due to differences in the spatial environment (they used a larger,
circular open field with more objects and smaller changes to object location) or the testing
schedule (theirs had only a single training trial and a longer, 24 hr, training-test interval) that
could have made their task more difficult. Additionally, different methods to reduce neurogen-
esis could be at play (e.g. Wnt signalling contributes to synaptic plasticity [55]). 10 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Conclusions In sum, our results indicate that neurogenesis is not essential for short-term memory for local
and distal cues, in males and females. These findings are in contrast with previous studies
showing that the DG and neurogenesis contributes to various types of spatial discrimination
memory. Functions of adult neurogenesis may be specific for certain types of conjunctive asso-
ciations, and they could also be critically dependent on task parameters. Another possibility, is
that new neurons may become involved in learning when there is a stressful component
involved [24]. Given the fact that sex differences in hippocampal function emerge often in
response to stress [64,65], it could be fruitful to investigate whether new neuron functions in
(spatial discrimination) memory emerge in stressful situations. Supporting information S1 File. Behavior data. Behavioral data for all of the animals, including some data that was
analyzed but not included in the published manuscript (e.g. behavioral event durations). (XLSX) Behavioral patterns following local and distal cue changes Since rearing is
typically interpreted as a behavior that promotes investigation of the distal environment,
this suggests that males may be more likely to re-explore the distal environment when there
are changes to local cues. Considered another way, this finding may be consistent with evi-
dence that women tend to have better object-related memory than men and, while rodent
data are equivocal, it might also fit with reports of sex differences in object-location memory
(reviewed in [63]). 11 / 15 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
May 22, 2018 Neurogenesis and discrimination memory Writing – review & editing: Desiree R. Seib. Writing – review & editing: Desiree R. Seib. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Desiree R. Seib, Jason Scott Snyder. Conceptualization: Desiree R. Seib, Jason Scott Snyder. Formal analysis: Desiree R. Seib, Erin Chahley, Jason Scott Snyder. Funding acquisition: Jason Scott Snyder. Investigation: Desiree R. Seib, Erin Chahley, Oren Princz-Lebel. Methodology: Desiree R. Seib, Erin Chahley, Oren Princz-Lebel. Resources: Jason Scott Snyder. Supervision: Jason Scott Snyder. Writing – original draft: Jason Scott Snyder. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197869
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There is often an enchantment in their sentences, by which the ear is captivated, and against which the intellectual powers are disinclined to struggle ; and there is sometimes, but very rarely, a simplicity of manner, which wins like truth. But when ambition leads them toward the poetical, they fall flat upon thorny ground. No writer of florid prose ever was more than a siecondary poet. Poetry, in her bright estate, is de- lighted with exuberant abundance, but imposes on her wor- shipper a severity of selection. She has not only her days of festival, but also her days of abstinence, and, unless upon some that are set apart, prefers the graces of sedateness to the revelry of enthusiasm. She rejects, as inharmonious and barbarous, the mimicry of her voice and manner by obstreperous sophists and argute grammarians, and she scatters to the winds the loose fragments of the schools. Socrates and his disciples run about the streets, pick up every yoimg person they meet with, carry him away with them, and prove to him that everything he ever heard is false, and everything he ever said is foolish. He must love his father and mother in their way, or not at all. The only questions they ask him are those which they know he cannot answer, and the only doctrines they inculcate are those which it is impossible he should understand. He has now fairly reached sublimity, and looks of wonder are inter- changed at his progress. Is it sublime to strain our vision into a fog ? and must we fancy we see far because we are looking where nobody can see farther ? Digiti ized by Google 326 Longer Prose Works. CLXXVII. ANAXAGORAS TO ASPASIA. The Massilian is intelligent and communicative. Some matters which he related at our conference you will perhaps remember in Herodotus : others are his own story ; so let him tell the whole in his own manner. "The unbroken force of Persia was brought under the walls of Phocxa. Harpagus, equally wise and generous, offered to our citizens the most fovourable terms of surrender. They requested one day for deliberation. . Aware of their in- tentions, he dissembled his knowledge, and allowed them to freight their ships, embark, and sail away. His clemency was however no security to his garrison. Within a few days the expatriated citizens landed again, slew every Persian within the walls, then, casting a mass of iron into the sea, swore they would never return a second time until it rose and floated on the surface. Some historians would persuade us that, after this cruel vengeance, this voluntary and unanimous oath, the greater part returned. Such a tale is idle and absurd. The Persians would too surely have inflicted due vengeance on their perfidy. Some however did indeed separate from the main body of the emigration, and came to reside here in Lampsacus, which their ancestors had founded, and where they continued on the most hospitable terms by frequent intermarriages. The bulk of the expedition reached Alalia, a colony of theirs, led recently into Corsica. Here they continued to reside but a little time unmolested by the jealousy of the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians. Undaunted by the coalition against them, and by the loss of many ships in a battle with the united fleet of the confederates, they sailed to the neighbourhood of the more ancient Grecian cities, and founded Elea, near Poseidonia. And now probably they first became acquainted with the disciples of Pythagoras. He himself, it is said, retired to Metapontura, and died there. When he went from Samos to Croton he was in the vigour of life ; and not many years elapsed ere he beheld the overthrow of his institutions. He is reported by some to have attained an extreme old age, which his tranquillity and temperance render probable. Even Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 327 without this supposition^ he may perhaps have visited the coast of Gaul, before or after the arrival of the Phocseans. Collects ing, we may imagine, additional forces from the many lonians whom the generals of Cyrus had expelled, they began to build the city of Massilia, not long after the settlement at Elea, which the vicinity of powerful states, and its incapacity and insecurity for the mooring of a navy, rendered ineligible as the seat of government, or as a constant station." T'hus much I had collected from Proxenus, when he began to give me information on anchorages and harbours, imports and exports : I could not in common civility interrupt him, or ask any thing better than what it pleased him to bestow on me. As our acquaintance strengthens, I will draw more unreservedly from his stores. CLXXVIII. ANAXAGORAS TO ASPASU. Proxenus runs into some errors both in regard to facts and motives. It is false that Pythagoras, on returning from his voyage in Egypt, was indignant at finding a tyrant in his native city. Polycrates was in possession of the supreme power when the philosopher left the island, and used it with clemency and discretion. The traveller might have gone and might have returned with discontent, but indignation is averse to ^vours, and these he was by no means reluctant to accept. Finding he could not be the principal man among his fellow- citizens, he resolved to attain that rank where the supremacy was yet unoccupied. He had seen enough of the Egyptian and heard enough of the Indian priesthood, to convince him that, by a system somewhat similar to theirs, absolute power was more attainable and more safe. He took lessons and pre- cautions; and wherever there was a celebrated and ancient temple, he visited its priests, and explored the origin and con- duct of their institutions and authority. In recompense for these, he is reported to have raised his tunic to the holy ones at Olympia, and to have displayed a golden thigh. Nothing so royal, so godlike, had been seen since the reign of Pelops.*^ r4S (( When Tantalus set before the gods for their banquet the body of his fair son Pelops, they shrank back nor eat of the accursed meal. But she alone Demeter heeded not, thinking sorrowfully of her dear Digitized by VziOOQIC 328 Longer Prose Works. A golden thigh b worth an ivory shoulder. Such a miracle, we may be sure, was not altogether lost upon the prophetess at Delphi, the fair Themistocleia, who promulgated to him her secrets in return. His doctrines were kept within his own circle, \mder the safeguard of an oath. This in all countries is and ought to be forbidden, as being the prerogative of the magistracy. Love of supremacy was the motive in all his injunctions and in all his actions. He avoided the trouble of omce and the danger of responsibility : he excluded the conunons, and called to him the nobles, who alone were deemed worthy of serving him. Among these he established an equality, which, together with the regularity and frugality of their living, must have tended to conciliate and gratify in some measure the poorer citizens* Certain kinds of animal food were forbidden, as in India and other countries less remote, but, contrary to what we have often heard asserted, no species of pulse or vegetable, jibstain from the bean^ signified, abstain from elections to political employments. The teacher was in the place of parent to his disciples, who appear to have renounced all the natural affec- tions that had sprung up before they entered the society. His regimen was mild and generous : its principal merit was, how- ever, the repression of loquacity ; common in the ardour of youth after its chase in the fields of knowledge ; commoner, and more unbecoming, in the morose repose of an arrogant philosophy. The history of Pythagoras, forasmuch as he interests us in being the leader of a sect and of a party, is neither long nor obscure. The commons of Croton soon began to perceive that, under his management, the sons of the aristocracy would be no better inclined, than their fathers had been, to concede them an equal share in the government ; and the rulers themselves, day after day, lost somewhat of authority in their families. During the whole time that he had resided in Italy, the people of nearly all the Greek cities heaved indig- nantly under oppressive oligarchies. Sybaris, whose health ^ daughter Persephone in the dark realm of Pluto. Whereby Pelops' shoulder being missing from his limbs, Hephaistos wrought him a new one, ivory, white gleaming, which all his sons bear even to this day."] \_^ First ed. : « wealth."] Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 329 they /were absorbing in more than Circaean luxuries, rose first upon her feet, and expelled the council of five hundred. They retired for refuge to the lords of Croton; and, when the Sybarites called for justice on them, the demand was voted an affront. And how indeed the veil of sanctity and seclusion was violently rent by the disciples of the Samian. He incited them to maintain peace and good government, pointed out to them the phantom of Freedom, how it blasted every region it passed over, and adjured them to the defence of their rulers, by the purity of their religion. Discord, I suspect, O Aspasia I is the readiest of all the Deities to appear at our invocation. The oligarchs of Croton, long accustomed to uncontrolled power and irresponsible in- justice, refused to the army, now comprehending all the active citizens, even the smallest portion of the spoils. Again did the Crotoniats cry to arms ; and again, and in a better cause, were conquerors. Pythagoras * and his disciples fled before them, and the hall in which they assembled was reduced to ashes. It is only a free city that is strong ; for it is only in a free city that the mass of the people can be armed. CLXXIX. ASPASIA TO ANAXAGORAS. Men of powerfid minds, although they never give up Philo- sophy, yet cease by degrees to make their professions in form, and lay ultimately the presents they have received from her at the feet of History. Thus did Herodotus, thus did Hecatseus, and thus, let me hope, will Anaxagoras. The deeds of past ages are signally reflected on the advancing clouds of the future : here insurrections and wrecks and conflagrations ; here the ascending, there the drooping diadem ; the mighty host, the mightier man before it ; and, in the serener line on the horizon, the emersion of cities and citadels over far-off seas. There are those who know in what quarter to look for them : but it is rarely to their hands the power of promoting the good, * Pythagoras was a Prs-jesuit. Digiti ized by Google 330 Longer Prose Works. or averting the evil, is entrustecL Yet, O Anaxagoras ! all is not hideous in the past, all is not gloomy in the future. There are communities where the best and wisest are not utterly cast aside, and where the robe of Philosophy is no impediment to the steps of men. Idly do our sages cry out against the poets for mistuning the heart and misgoverning the intellect. Meanwhile they themselves are occupied in selfish vanities on the side of the affections ; and, on the side of the under- standing, in fruitless, frivolous, indefinite, interminable disquisi- tions. If our thoughts are to be reduced to powder, I would rather it were for an ingredient in a love-potion, to soften with sympathies the human heart, than a charm for rising up spectres to contract, and to coerce it. If dust is to be thrown into our eyes, let it be dust from under a bright enlivening sun, and not the effect of frost and wind. CLXXX. ANAXAGORAS TO ASPASIA. Philosophy is but dry bread : men will not live upon it, how- ever wholesome : they require the succulent food and exciting cup of Religion. We differ in bodily strength, in compactness of bone, and elasticity of sinew ; but we all are subject to the same softness, and nearly to the same distemperature, in the nobler animators of the frame, the brain and blood. Thus it is in creeds : the sage and simple, the ardent enthusiast and the patient investigator, fall into and embrace with equal pertinacity the most absurd and revolting tenets. There are as many wise men who have venerated the ibis and cat, as there are who have bent their heads before Zeus and Pallas. No extrava- gance in devotion but is defended by some other towering above it ; no falsehood but whose features are composed to the semblance of truth. By some people those things are adored that eat them ; by others, those that they eat. Men must rest here : superstition, satiated and gorged, can go no farther. The progresaon of souls is not unreasonable, the transmigra- tion is. That we shall pass hereafter into many states of suc- cessive existence is credible enough ; but not upon earth, not Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 33 1 with earthly pasaons. Yet Pythagoras ^ was sa resolute and unguarded, that he asserted to himself a series of lives, here among men, by the peculiar and especial favour of the Gods, with a perfect consciousness of every change he had under- gone. Others became dogs, wolves, bears ; or peradventure men again ; but knowing as litde of what had happened. Nevertheless, he pretended that these transmigrations were punishments and rewards. Which is punished ? the dead creature or the living ? the criminal man or the guiltless animal ? Some believe they can throw their sins into a fox : others (in Africa for instance) into a priest. Now the priest may have received what he esteems an equivalent : the fox is at once a creditor and a debtor, with litde hope, on either side, of indemnity or balance. It is only when you or Per- icles were my audience, that I ever was inclined to press hard against the inconsistencies of philosophers. But we must trace things to their origin where we can. The greater part of those now prevalent are ascribable to the school of Samos. Numerals ^^ were considered by the teacher as materials, and not only as the components, but as the elements, of the world. He misunderstood his own theory : the reason is, he made it his own by theft. The young persons who are hearers of the warier Socrates, catch at it in the playground, and the ill-com- pacted cake crumbles under their hands. Unfavourable as my evidence must appear, and is, I am fortunate in being able to lay before you another and comelier representation of a philosopher so enriched by genius. I have always, in all companies, and upon all occasions, been sparing ^48 « ^ow Heraclides of Pontus says that Pythagoras used to assert that he was originally Acthalides, and deemed to be the son of Hermes, who asked of him what gift he would choose beyond im- mortality ; he therefore prayed that, living and dead, he might be able equally to remember what happened. And therefore in his life he remembered all things ; and, dying, preserved the same memory. Later he passed into the body of Euphorbus, etc" — Dieg, Laert., Pyth- agoras^ viii. 4.] 1^46 (( The primal origin of all things is unity ; and from the unity arose an infinite duality, being as it were the matter for the causative unity ; then from the unity and the duality come numbers ; from numbers points ; from points lines ; fropi lines plain figures ; and from plain figures solids." — Diog, Laert,, Pythagoras ^ 19.] Digiti ized by Google 332 Longer Prose Works. of my questions, and have exerted the uttermost ingenuity I am master of, in drawing the truth on, without such an in- strument^ of torture. Probably I have lost by age a part of my dexterity, or presence of mind, or determination; for Proxenus, at the close of our conference, said aloud and sharply, "You shall never make that out. I think him a very honest man ; and I think nobody an honest man who thinks otherwise." ** Fair Proxenus I " I replied, " you are now greatly more than a philosopher. Some favourite God alone could have inspired all this enthusiasm. In the vigorous expression of that terse apothegm is there not somewhat more of the poet than of the Pythagorean ? " *• I believe there may be," replied he ; "I was always much given to poetry." ^^ He grew instantly calm upon my compliment, and said with the most polite complacency, *• Well ! I am not a match for you Half- Athenians ; but read this little volimie by my friend Psyllus of Metapontum ; it will open your eyes, I warrant it." -** Blessings upon it then ! " said I, bending over and taking it with due reverence ; " many of late have done quite the contrary." CLXXXI. PSYLLUS TO PISANDER OF ELEA. On the Lawgiver of the Gauisy forwarded to Cleone,*^ PisANDER ! when last we met, I promised you I would make farther inquiries into the subject of our conversation at the house of Euryalus, and that I doubted not of success in attempting to prove the identity of Pythagoras and Samotes.** [*7The words "In . . . poetry" (5 lines), not in ist ed.] [^ The words " forwarded to Cleone " are not in ist ed.] \^ That Samothes (or Dis) gave the first laws to the Celts (whose kingdom he erected about the 15th of Nimbrote) the testimony of Beroeus is proof sufficient. For he not only affirmeth him to publish the same in the fourth of Ninus, but also addeth thereto how there lived none in his days of more excellent wisdom or politic invention than he, whereof he was named Samothes, as some other do affirm. What his laws were is now altogether unknown." — HoUnsked^s ChronUUsy ii. 9.] Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 333 Strange, that the idea should have occurred to no one else in the course of many generations. Was it not sufficiently clear for the follower of truth? or was it not sufficiently dark and intricate for the lover of mystery and paradox ! I imagine it stood between both, at an equal distance from the road of each, and thus it was passed unnoticed. There is nobody then who can explain to me what was the religion of the Gauls at the time of the Phocaean emigration. Samotes is recorded as their legislator. Legislation here in- cludes, as it necessarily must in ages of barbarism, not only the civil institutions of the people, but likewise the religious. Yet neither the character nor the tenets, neither the period nor the country, nor indeed the existence of Samotes, have ever been ascertained. Ask the people who he was, and they will tell you that he came to them over the sea^ long ago. .Com- putation of time, past and future, never occupies, never occurs to, the barbarian. It was long ago that the old tree, against which his cabin leans, sprang up ; long ago since the cabin was built ; long ago since he was a child. Whatever is not visible to him, or was not, has feeble hold on his memory, and never enters into his calculation. As lawgiver of the Gauls, Samotes is acknowledged to have instructed them both in the ceremony of human oblations, and in the creed of the metem- psychosis : for these are mentioned together in the first open- ing of their history. But it appears to me that the metem- psychosis, which is generally held as the basis of druidism, is adventitious. We shall find that this institution is composed of two extremely different and obstinately discordant parts. One, the result of ferocity, varies but little from what exists in an early state of most nations ; which diversity may be ac- counted for, from their climate, their wants, their habits, and pursuits. The other is engrafted on its savage stock, by the steady but not sufficiently impressive hand of a gentle and provident philosophy. You ask me when ? by whom ? One word will solve both questions : by Samotes ; by the man of Samos. Do you doubt that he ever was in Gaul ? And do you think it probable that, with his fondness for travelling, his alacrity in inquiry, he would have resided many years in Italy, and have never once visited a country so near to him, a country Digiti ized by Google 334 Longer Prose Works. so aingular in its customs, at least in the combination of them, if such customs then existed^ a country on whose shores the most valiant of his own countrymen were landing ? If at this early epoch the tribes of Gaul believed in the metempsychosis, would not sympathy, would not admiration, have impelled him thither ? But if, on the contrary, the doctrine did not prevail, who introduced it? what author of greater weight? I am curious to learn his name or his country. Perhaps by knowing the one, we may guess the other, since the ideas he impressed and left behind him are stamped with a peculiar mark. It may be argued that, able to inculcate lastingly, on the mind of his Gallic proselytes, a dogma which seems to have been re- ceived but partially, and to have soon disappeared, where he lived in the full exercise of authority, he still was unable to abolish, as he would wish to do, their sanguinary rites.^^ He was : for it is easier to learn than to unlearn what incessantly works and excites and agitates our passions. The advantages of the metempsychosis were perhaps the most striking of any that could be presented to warlU^e minds ; to which minds, you must have remarked, O Pisander, advantages will present themselves more readily than disadvantages. Beside, the Druids, whom we cannot well consider at any time a very enlightened order, or likely to see every consequence, every contingency, had no direct interest in suppressing such a doc- trine. New colonies were endeavouring to establish themselves in their country ; and colonies are the unfailing seed of wars. For, if they flourish, they require an accession of territory ; if they do not flourish, they either turn into ^ vagabonds and robbers, or employ violence to remove the obstacles that impede their industry. Something great then and something new was wanting, since the danger that impended was both new and great. Immolations before them on the one side, and the sublime view of the metempsychosis on the other, what could either shake the confidence or abate ^ the courage of the [80 « The whole of the Gallic nation is given up to superstition. For this reason, those who are afflicted with any serious disease, or who are in batde or other danger, will either sacrifice other men or ▼ow to sacrifice themselTes." — Casar De Bello Gallico, vi. i6.] P First ed. : " out."] P First ed. : « rebate.**] Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 335 Gauls ? A new body was new armour, beautiful, strong, in which they would elude the rage and laugh at the impotence of War. It was delight/ul to try other scenes of existence, to extinguish their burning wounds in the blood of their enemies, and to mount from the shields of their comrades into fresh life and glory. A religion thus compounded is absurd and contradictory, but contradiction and absurdity in religion are not peculiar to barbarians. The sacrifice of a human victim was deemed the most solemn and important duty, and they would rather abandon any other ceremony than this. They were savage ; we are civilized: they fought, and their adversaries were to share their immortality : we fight to make others as abject as our- selves. They had leaders of proud spirit who raised them to the heavens : we have heavy oligarchs who bend us to the earth. Rituals, in even the less ardent and intractable, are not soon, nor easily, nor all at once, resigned. We must cease then to marvel that the most impressive, the most awful, and perhaps the most universal of devotions, human sacrifice, should not have been overthrown by the declining years of Pythagoras. It is true he retained his faculties to the last ; he retained also the energy of his mind; but the voluntary exile of Samos was purely a lawgiver in philosophy. His religion was not in- tolerant nor intrusive, but mainly adapted to the humbler offices of temperance and peace. Beyond this, little is known, and much is feigned of him. It would have been well if historians had related to us more of what he did, and less of what he did not. If, instead of the story of his dying in a bean-field, through horror of its impurity, they had carefully traced and pointed out his travels, they would neither have mentioned his voyage to India,* nor have omitted his voyage to Gaul. The priests on the Nile were at all times well acquainted with their brethren on the Indus and Ganges 5 and indeed I believe that all the great temples of the world have secret communications. Do not lift up your hands, my good Pisander ! not underground, f * If Pvthagoras had visited India, the learned men who accom- panied Alexander would have enquired after him, and would have given the result. Digiti ized by Google 336 Longer Prose Works. nor magicaly but opened from time to time, in cases of diffi- culty and danger, through confidential agents.* AH religions, in which there is no craft nor cruelty, are pleasing to the immortal Gods ; because all acknowledge their power, invoke their presence, exhibit our dependence, and exhort our gratitude. Therefore, let us never be remiss in our dutv of veneration to those holy men, who not only manifest their good will toward such as think and worship with them, but also toward the stranger at the steps of other altars. While orators and poets, and philosophers too, are riotous and quarrel- some, malicious and vindictive, Religion leads to herself, and calls her own, the priests of all persuasions, who extend thor hands one to another from a distance, unrestricted by jealousy and undefiled by blood. How great, O my friend, is our consolation, in the certainty that our prayers and sacrifices are accepted ! So long as the priests in our country, and around us, live fraternally, let us likewise be of the household. But if any devastating religion should spring up, any which rouses strife and spreads distrust, any which sunders man from man, that religion must be re- jected by the Gods as wicked, and renoimced by their wor- shippers as ineffectual. The claimants of such an imposition shall never have from me white fiour or salt. Should you question why the milder creed had little effect in Gaul ; why die golden rules are not valued by the people as the precious relics of a departed master ; I reply that, in such a state of society, it was impossible to bring them bodily into use. The priests alone f and it is not every priest who will readily sit down to be instructed) could profit by his knowledge of geometry, or would apply to practice or speculation his theory of numbers. A few of them are not utterly ignorant of either ; and it is hence that the trickling may be traced. Men living in a state of barbarism and warfare would entertain but * The use of gun-powder, for instance, if not of jg^uns, was knoinrn to the priests in countries the most distant, and of the most different religions. The army of the Macedonians was smitten by its light- nings mider the walb of the Oxydracians ; the Gauls, and afterward the Persians, under the Temple of Delphi.' S' In I St ed. this note ends with the words << the army of the Gauls er the walls of Delphi."] Digiti ized by Google.. Pericles and Aspasia. 337 small respect for injunctions to abstain from any obvious and palatable food. Silence, forbearance, quietude, it cannot be expected should be the inmates of a camp. Soldiers without regular supplies (in which consists the main difficulty, and on which depend the main advantages in the science of war) must subsist on whatever they can seize ; and men without regular government (by which I can intend no other than of magistrates chosen by the people) would, if we consider the bean as em- ployed in ballot, be ignorant of the lax and foreign interpretation. As the fountains of the most celebrated rivers are neither easily discoverable nor large, so it often happens that things of the greatest moment, in the political and moral world, are de- rived from an obscure, from a remote, and from a slender origin. I have given you my opinion on the cause of the supposition ; but having heard another, however less probable, I will report it.* In the south of Italy, where Pythagoras resided, are* several cities, Tarentimi in particular, of Lacedaemonian foundation. On6 festival of this people, whose ancestors were distinguished for frugality, was nevertheless, even in the midst of primitive Lacedsemon, even in the bosom of Temperance herself, deformed with foul excess. It was called the Feast of the Nurses. They carried male infants to the Temple of Diana, and, after exposing themselves among the tents where the populace was assembled, fed them with the entrails of swine, which had been sacrificed, and with figs, vetches, and beans. Their morals, we may believe, were not rendered more austere by the fertility and invitations of a delicious climate. At a distance from Taygetus and Cithseron, they were (allow me the expression) beyond the latitudes of checking breezes from the headlands of blufiF morality ; and the voice of the Sirens sounded in ears sealed only to tie call of reprehension and reproof. The hunter of Laconia would have smiled to hear them imitate his shout, and tell the trembling Sybarite, their neighbour, that such were the shouts of Spartans. He would have wondered that terror should be excited in another by that which excited only ridicule in him- *Qu. whether any author now extant, excepting Psyllus in his epistle, mentions this. [* First ed.: "were."] Digiti ized by Google 338 Longer Prose Works. self; he would have stared not a little at the start from the couch, and the rustle of roses 00 the marble floor. Pythagoras could not say. Abstain from the city, abstain from the fellowship of the Tarentines ; it would have exasper- ated them against him ; but he might have heard related to him some instance of sensuality which happened at this festival, and might have said briefly, yet significantly, abstain from beans. Ordinances have often been observed and commemor- ated far beyond the intent and expectation of their founder. Certain it is that, formerly as at present, in the popular states of Italy, the election and rejection of magistrates were signi- fied by beans ; and no less evidently was it the interest of the philosophical stranger to dissuade his auditors from the con- cerns of state. This, while it procured toleration and con- ciliated esteem, introduced them to such habitudes of close reflection, as withheld them from being the agitators, and fitted them to become, by just degrees, the leaders of the common- wealth. After all, if they pursued any othe'r line of conduct, he at least would escape uncensured, and might complete with- out juridical, or, what he would more have deprecated, popular molestation, his scheme of general reform. Abstain from beans we have considered in a moral and political, but also in a religious point it may easily be defended, by ^ high authorities. However, I must express my doubts whether in the lifetime of Pythagoras his followers abstained from this article of food. Is it not probable that those who came after him took the letter for the spirit, as we know it to have happened in some other doctrines, and within a century from the founder's death ? To abstain with rigour from things indifferent (and from some indeed they did abstain), may not appear consistent with the exercise of reason. Arrogant it may be thought in him who commanded, and infantine in those who obeyed. But, in the religions which have continued the longest, certain foods (it is said) are prohibited ; and the observance of such prohibition is the moral cause of their dura- tion. He who will not obey in what is easy, will not obey in what is diflicult : but the subjects of these theocratical govem- P First ed.: "from."] Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 339 ments are every day refreshed with the exercise of salutary compliance. At the moment when a sense of duty is liable to be extinguished in others, in them it is sure to be excited ; there is piety if they fast 5 if they satisfy their hunger there is piety. It appears to me, that the wisest and most provident of oriental legislators are in nothing more worthy of our esteem and veneration, than in the ordinance of these prohibi- tions. Can we ascertain what nations have, or what nations have not, been cannibals ? Why does it revolt more strongly against our senses to eat a man than to kill one ? The crime in itself is surely not so great. Nature has fixed certain barriers, of which many seem fancifully chosen and arranged, against the irruption of our appetites. There are animals never brought upon our tables, although the flesh is said to be wholesome, and the flavour grateful. It is needless to seek how first it happened that man violated the semblance of him- self and of his Gods. Was it ^ar, was it fanaticism, or was it famine, that impelled him to the accursed* sacrifice ? Pisan-. der ! Pisander ! he had tasted the fatness of the lamb that he carried in his bosom : he had tempted the fawn by caresses from afar: it had licked his hand, and he had shed its blood ! Cannibals have been found where food was plentiful : and the savage does not loathe for its ugliness the hugest serpent. There must be something, and it must be in the brute crea- tion, which he shall fear to consume for the impiety of the deed. The sacrifice of a human victim can only be performed with the concurrence of prince or magistracy. Of course Pythagoras could not oppose it, consistently with his profession of abstaining from their concerns. Nevertheless he was at liberty to introduce a doctiine which, as the day of cultiva- tion advanced, would undermine the pyre and release the victim. The Druids were, and are, and always will be, barbarous. Their order has not existed long, and will soon terminate, the Gauls being not only the most ferocious of man- kind, but the most suspicious and acute ; they are also the most versatile, the most inconstant, and |[what makes sad work with solemnities) on the detection 01 halt or blemish, Digiti ized by Google 340 Longer Prose Works. men ^ of irrepressible mimicry^ of unquenchable derision. Those in the vicinity of Massilia are free already from the furies of fanaticism. Intercourse with the Tyrrhenians and Ligurians has humanized them greatly, and the softer voice of Ionia has now persuaded them, that the Gods can take us when they want us, without wicker baskets ; '^ and that the harp and dance are as pleasant to them as the cries and agonies of dying men.** Thus ends the epistle of Psyllus ; and at least in the end of it I think we shall agree. His comfits will sweeten my pomegranate. CLXZXII. ASPASIA TO ANAXAGOELAS. Whatever may be the partiality of your Massilian to Pytha- goras, it is evident enough that the philosopher of Samos, possessing great acquired intelligence, and gifted with extra- ordinary powers of mind, was an intriguer and an impostor. And truly, O Anaxagoras, it is much to be desired that others now living were exempt from a certain part of such an imputation. Our friend Socrates, I am sorry to say, intimates to his friends in private that he has a kind of genius^ always at his ear, who forewarns him in affairs apparendy the most indifferent. If we consider it well, we shall be of opinion that there are few things so indifferent as they seem to us ; few, the consequence of which may not, visibly or invisibly, act with grave importance on the future. But if a Genius, a P Not in I St ed. Like many men of his time, Landor was too enthusiastic over the first beginnings of the French Revolution to pardon the French their submission to Napoleon. But, unlike some, he remained a Republican all his days.] [7 <^ Some make use of huge images woven of osiers, which they fill with living men, and these being lighted the men perish in the flames."— C«ar De Bello Gallico, vi. i6.] [8 « You have often heard me speak in times past of an oracle or sign which comes to me, and is the divinity which Miletus ridicules in the indictment. This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything."— Jbwff«'x Plato, Apology^ 31.] Digiti ized by Google Pericles and Aspasia. 341 superhuman power, were to influence the actions of any man, surely it would be those which must necessarily put in motion the levers and regulators of a commonwealth. We are all under the guidance of a Deity if we will let him act on us ; but it is as easy to slip from under his guidance, as it is difli- cult to escape from the penalties of our error. Already there are some who are jealous of Socrates and his Genius ; and who perhaps may try, hereafter, whether the Genius will help him to elude the laws. For novelties in religion, as you know, are not held guildess ; and a Genius that renders a man wiser or better is indeed an innovator. As they cannot catch him, I fear they may lay their hands upon our Socrates. CLXXXIII. ANAXAGORAS TO PERICLES. It is easier to answer the questions than the kindnesses of your letter. I will begin then. We have not two factions ; aristocracy has kept aloof from Lampsacus. The people find themselves so secure and com- fortable under the ancient laws, that they would no more hazard any innovation, than they would alter their course at sea when they were sailing with a favourable wind. They hardly can be brought to believe that any nation hath abro- gated two laws in twenty or thirty years, or hath been obliged by prosperity or adversity to enact so many in so brief a space of time. Miletus was always just to her colonies. She has founded more than sixty ; and not a single one has ever had reason to complain of her exactions or restrictions. All the great empires that have existed in the world, Chaldaea, Baby- lonia, Media, Persia, all these taken together, have not sent out the hundredth part of what has gone forth from the bosom of Miletus. Surely, of political glory this is the highest : to rear carefully a numerous femily, educate it honestly, protect it bravely, and provide for it plenteously and independendy. Her citizens have more reason to be proud of this section in their polity, than some others who are much powerfuller. Would not every mother wish to see her own features in her daughter ? her own constitutional strength, her own character. Digiti ized by Google 342 Longer Prose Works. her own prosperity ? What inconsistencyy then, what folly, what madness, for the metropolis to wish otherwise in regard to her colony ! Is the right arm stronger by rendering the left weaker ? Gain we any vantage-ground against our enemy by standing on the prostrate body of our child ? To whom am I writing ? to Pericles ? yes, to him ; to the man who best knows that the strongest reasons of state pro- ceed from the mouth of justice. And now let me loose again. Seldom have I written, and never have I spoken, so long at a time on such a subject. Could you ever draw from me even an opinion on diese matters, in a city where (excepting myself) you alone pre- served in them your calmness, equanimity, and composure? Even Aspasia, who unites the wisdom of the heart to the wisdom of the understanding, and has niore m both than any one else in either, was sometimes in perturbation at politics, and sometimes in grief.
| 30,541 |
https://github.com/zealoussnow/chromium/blob/master/chrome/browser/download/android/java/src/org/chromium/chrome/browser/download/dialogs/DownloadLaterDialogView.java
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Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
chromium
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zealoussnow
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Java
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Code
| 518 | 2,193 |
// Copyright 2020 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
package org.chromium.chrome.browser.download.dialogs;
import android.content.Context;
import android.graphics.Typeface;
import android.text.SpannableString;
import android.text.SpannableStringBuilder;
import android.text.Spanned;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.text.method.LinkMovementMethod;
import android.text.style.StyleSpan;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.CheckBox;
import android.widget.RadioGroup;
import android.widget.RadioGroup.OnCheckedChangeListener;
import android.widget.ScrollView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.download.DownloadLaterPromptStatus;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.download.R;
import org.chromium.components.browser_ui.widget.RadioButtonWithDescription;
import org.chromium.ui.modelutil.PropertyKey;
import org.chromium.ui.modelutil.PropertyModel;
import org.chromium.ui.text.NoUnderlineClickableSpan;
import org.chromium.ui.text.SpanApplier;
import org.chromium.ui.text.SpanApplier.SpanInfo;
/**
* The custom view in the download later dialog.
*/
public class DownloadLaterDialogView extends ScrollView implements OnCheckedChangeListener {
private Controller mController;
private RadioButtonWithDescription mDownloadNow;
private RadioButtonWithDescription mOnWifi;
private RadioButtonWithDescription mDownloadLater;
private RadioGroup mRadioGroup;
private CheckBox mCheckBox;
private TextView mSubtitle;
private TextView mEditText;
/**
* The view binder to propagate events from model to view.
*/
public static class Binder {
public static void bind(
PropertyModel model, DownloadLaterDialogView view, PropertyKey propertyKey) {
if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.CONTROLLER) {
view.setController(model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.CONTROLLER));
} else if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.INITIAL_CHOICE) {
view.setChoice(model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.INITIAL_CHOICE));
} else if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.DONT_SHOW_AGAIN_SELECTION) {
view.setCheckbox(
model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.DONT_SHOW_AGAIN_SELECTION));
} else if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.DONT_SHOW_AGAIN_DISABLED) {
view.setCheckboxEnabled(
!model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.DONT_SHOW_AGAIN_DISABLED));
} else if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.LOCATION_TEXT) {
view.setShowEditLocation(model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.LOCATION_TEXT));
} else if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.SUBTITLE_TEXT) {
view.setSubtitle(model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.SUBTITLE_TEXT));
} else if (propertyKey == DownloadLaterDialogProperties.SHOW_DATE_TIME_PICKER_OPTION) {
view.setShowDateTimePicker(
model.get(DownloadLaterDialogProperties.SHOW_DATE_TIME_PICKER_OPTION));
}
}
}
/**
* Receives events in download later dialog.
*/
public interface Controller {
/**
* Called when the edit location text is clicked.
*/
void onEditLocationClicked();
/**
* Called when the choice radio buttons changed.
* @param choice The choice that the user selected.
*/
void onCheckedChanged(@DownloadLaterDialogChoice int choice);
}
public DownloadLaterDialogView(Context context, @Nullable AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
}
/**
* Initialize the internal objects.
*/
@Override
protected void onFinishInflate() {
super.onFinishInflate();
mDownloadNow = (RadioButtonWithDescription) findViewById(R.id.download_now);
mOnWifi = (RadioButtonWithDescription) findViewById(R.id.on_wifi);
mDownloadLater = (RadioButtonWithDescription) findViewById(R.id.choose_date_time);
mRadioGroup = (RadioGroup) findViewById(R.id.radio_button_layout);
mRadioGroup.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this);
mCheckBox = (CheckBox) findViewById(R.id.show_again_checkbox);
mSubtitle = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.subtitle);
mEditText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.edit_location);
}
void setController(Controller controller) {
mController = controller;
}
void setChoice(@DownloadLaterDialogChoice int choice) {
switch (choice) {
case DownloadLaterDialogChoice.DOWNLOAD_NOW:
mDownloadNow.setChecked(true);
break;
case DownloadLaterDialogChoice.ON_WIFI:
mOnWifi.setChecked(true);
break;
case DownloadLaterDialogChoice.DOWNLOAD_LATER:
assert mDownloadLater.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE;
mDownloadLater.setChecked(true);
break;
}
}
void setShowDateTimePicker(boolean showDateTimePicker) {
mDownloadLater.setVisibility(showDateTimePicker ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE);
}
void setCheckbox(@DownloadLaterPromptStatus int promptStatus) {
mCheckBox.setVisibility(VISIBLE);
mCheckBox.setChecked(promptStatus == DownloadLaterPromptStatus.DONT_SHOW);
}
void setCheckboxEnabled(boolean enabled) {
mCheckBox.setEnabled(enabled);
}
Integer getPromptStatus() {
if (mCheckBox.getVisibility() == View.GONE || !mCheckBox.isEnabled()) return null;
return mCheckBox.isChecked() ? DownloadLaterPromptStatus.DONT_SHOW
: DownloadLaterPromptStatus.SHOW_PREFERENCE;
}
void setSubtitle(@Nullable CharSequence subtitle) {
mSubtitle.setText(TextUtils.isEmpty(subtitle) ? "" : subtitle);
}
void setShowEditLocation(@Nullable String locationText) {
if (locationText == null) {
mEditText.setVisibility(GONE);
return;
}
final SpannableString editText;
final SpannableStringBuilder directorySpanBuilder = new SpannableStringBuilder();
directorySpanBuilder.append(locationText);
directorySpanBuilder.setSpan(new StyleSpan(Typeface.BOLD), 0, locationText.length(),
Spanned.SPAN_EXCLUSIVE_EXCLUSIVE);
mEditText.setMovementMethod(LinkMovementMethod.getInstance());
NoUnderlineClickableSpan editSpan = new NoUnderlineClickableSpan(
getResources(), (view) -> { onEditLocationClicked(); });
editText = SpanApplier.applySpans(
getResources().getString(R.string.download_later_edit_location, locationText),
new SpanInfo("<b>", "</b>", directorySpanBuilder),
new SpanInfo("<LINK2>", "</LINK2>", editSpan));
mEditText.setText(editText);
mEditText.setVisibility(VISIBLE);
}
private void onEditLocationClicked() {
assert mController != null : "Please bind the controller first.";
mController.onEditLocationClicked();
}
// RadioGroup.OnCheckedChangeListener overrides.
@Override
public void onCheckedChanged(RadioGroup radioGroup, int index) {
@DownloadLaterDialogChoice
int choice = DownloadLaterDialogChoice.DOWNLOAD_NOW;
if (mDownloadNow.isChecked()) {
choice = DownloadLaterDialogChoice.DOWNLOAD_NOW;
} else if (mOnWifi.isChecked()) {
choice = DownloadLaterDialogChoice.ON_WIFI;
} else if (mDownloadLater.isChecked()) {
choice = DownloadLaterDialogChoice.DOWNLOAD_LATER;
}
mController.onCheckedChanged(choice);
}
}
| 19,457 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27978385
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Beheading of St. Catherine
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 533 | 1,308 |
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina
Gemälde von Albrecht Altdorfer
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Inventarnummer GG_6426, Sammlung Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Sammlung Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina ist ein(e) Gemälde
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Ort Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Urheber Albrecht Altdorfer
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Bild Albrecht Altdorfer - Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina (KHM Vienna).jpg
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Motiv Katharina von Alexandrien
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Motiv Enthauptung
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Höhe
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Breite
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Datum der Gründung, Erstellung, Entstehung, Erbauung 1550, Startzeitpunkt 1505, Endzeitpunkt 1510
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Genre Religiöse Kunst
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Titel
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Urheberrechtsstatus Gemeinfreiheit, gehört zum Zuständigkeitsbereich Länder mit 100 Jahren oder weniger nach dem Tod des Urhebers, Bestimmungsmethode 100 Jahre nach Ableben des Urhebers
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Kunsthistorisches-Museum-Wien-ID 67c6a1e7ce
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Material Lindenholztafel, betroffener Teil Bildträger
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Commons-Kategorie Beheading of St Catherine by Altdorfer
Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina Religion oder Weltanschauung Christentum
Beheading of St. Catherine
painting by Albrecht Altdorfer
Beheading of St. Catherine inventory number GG_6426, collection Kunsthistorisches Museum
Beheading of St. Catherine collection Kunsthistorisches Museum
Beheading of St. Catherine instance of painting
Beheading of St. Catherine location Kunsthistorisches Museum
Beheading of St. Catherine creator Albrecht Altdorfer
Beheading of St. Catherine image Albrecht Altdorfer - Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina (KHM Vienna).jpg
Beheading of St. Catherine depicts Catherine of Alexandria
Beheading of St. Catherine depicts decapitation
Beheading of St. Catherine height
Beheading of St. Catherine width
Beheading of St. Catherine inception 1550, start time 1505, end time 1510
Beheading of St. Catherine genre religious art
Beheading of St. Catherine title
Beheading of St. Catherine copyright status public domain, applies to jurisdiction countries with 100 years pma or shorter, determination method 100 years or more after author(s) death
Beheading of St. Catherine Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien ID 67c6a1e7ce
Beheading of St. Catherine made from material lime panel, applies to part painting support
Beheading of St. Catherine Commons category Beheading of St Catherine by Altdorfer
Beheading of St. Catherine religion or worldview Christianity
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины инвентарный номер GG_6426, хранится в коллекции Музей истории искусств
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины хранится в коллекции Музей истории искусств
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины это частный случай понятия картина
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины местонахождение Музей истории искусств
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины создатель Альбрехт Альтдорфер
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины изображение Albrecht Altdorfer - Enthauptung der Hl. Katharina (KHM Vienna).jpg
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины изображённый объект Екатерина Александрийская
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины изображённый объект обезглавливание
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины высота/рост
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины ширина
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины дата основания, создания, возникновения 1550, дата начала 1505, дата окончания 1510
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины жанр религиозное искусство
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины название
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины правовой статус общественное достояние, юрисдикция распространяется на страны с защитой АП на протяжении жизни авторов плюс 100 лет или менее после их смерти, метод определения 100 лет после смерти автора
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины код Музея истории искусств 67c6a1e7ce
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины категория на Викискладе Beheading of St Catherine by Altdorfer
Усекновение главы Св. Екатерины религия или мировоззрение христианство
| 50,255 |
actaexiisdecerp00unkngoog_29
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,865 |
Acta ex iis decerpta quae apud Sanctam Sedem geruntur
|
Catholic Church Pope
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 7,439 | 16,529 |
DecRBTQii. — «Quum superiori aono 1S65 undecimo Kalcndas Octobris Sanctissimus DomiDus Pius P*pa IX- clementer &n[iue' rit ut de Fama Sanctitatis vitae, Virtutum et Mii-aculorum in genere Ven. Servae Dei MARIAE CRISTINAE a Sabaudia Re- ^ai utriusque Siciliae Reginae ageretur in Congregatione S-tcro- rum Rituum Ordinaria absqiie interventu et voto Consultorum, instante Rmo Domino Ouillelmo De Cesare Abbate Generali et Ordinario Beoedictioae Congregationis et Diocceseos Montis Vir- ginis , Nuttttis ; subscriptus Cardinalis huius Causae Ponens Dabium discutiendum proposuit Ordinariis Sacrorum Riluum Co- mitiis ad Vaticanum bodierna die babitis, nimirum : ^n constet de Vaiidilate et Relevantta Processus Apostolici Bomae construcli super Fama SaHctitaiis vttae, Virtutum et Miracutorum in gcnere praefatae Servae Dei tn casu et ad effectttm de qtto agiiur? Emi et Rmi Patres sacris tucndis Ritibus prnepositi , oinnibus maturo examine perpensis, auditoque voce et scripto R. P. D. Petro Minetti Sanctae Fidei Promotore respondeadum censue- runt: n Affirmative in omnibus o Die 28 Aprilis 1866. n Quibus per infrascriptum Secretariiim relatis Sanclissimo Domino Nostro Pio PiPiE IX. Sanctitas Sua Rescriptum Sacrae Congregationis ratum habuit et conlirmavit. Die 3 Maii 1866.» C. Episc. Portuen. et S. Rufinae Card. Patrizi S. R. C. Praef. Loco g^ Signi D.BjiBTOLini S. B. C. SecreUriiu. DigmzcdbyGoOglC OKDINIS CARHEIJTARUM ANTIQUAE OBSEBVAtlTIAE C0NFIBH4TI0NIS CULTUS AB IUIIEMORASILI TEIIPOSE PRiGSTlTI SERVO DEI lOANNI SORETH PRIORI GENERALI CAnilELITAIIUH BEATO nUKCUPATO. DECRETuii. — «Ouufn EiniH etRmas DomiausCardinalisProsper Caterioi , instdnte Rmo Piitre Fr. Angelo Savini Vicario Geaerali Ordints Carmelitarum ontiquae Observantiae, in Ordinoriis Sa- crorum Rituum Comitiis bodjerna die ad YaticRnum habitis se- quens Dubium disculiendum proposuerit - ^» constel de Cultit jni' blico Ecclesiastico ab immeimratnli tempore praeHito praedicto Servo Dei , seu de casu exceplo a Decrelis sa: me: Urbatii Fapae VUI? Emi et Rmi Patres sacris tueodis RitibuH pi-aepositi probe intel- ligentes ex adductis monumentis indubie constare Caltum huiic publicum et ecclesiasticum loage ante Ccntenariam, a sa: me: tJr- buoo Papa VIII. in suis Decretis requisitam, inchoatum, absque ulla intermissiooe ad haec usquc tempora perseverare, pi'o iltius conftrmatione annuere baud dubitarunt; ac enunciatoDubio, au- diio prius voce et scripto R. P. D. Petro Minetti Snnctae Fidei Promotore, respondondum censuerunt: Affirmative ?>&\x C-onstare de casu excepto. Die 28 Aprilis 1S66. « De praomissis facta postmodum Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per infrascnptum Secretarium relatione, Sanctita» Sua sententiam Saorae Congregatioois ratam habuit, conHrma- vitque Cultum publicum et Ecclesiasticum ab imraemorabili tem- pore praestitum Beato loanni Soreth praedicto' » Die 3 Maii anno eodcm. C. Episcopus Portuen. et S. Rufiaae Card. Patrizi S. R. C. Praef. Loco )^ Signi D. Babtoliki S. R. C. Secrtlarius. DigmzcdbyGoOglC 6S5 miEnowEfli. CONFIBHATI0N15 CULTDS U IHIIEIIORABILI TEHPOae PBfSTITl SBRTO DEl CONVOIONI FUNDATORl ET PRIMO ABBATI MONASTERII ROTONENSIS SANCTO NUNCUPATO. DBCdETiJii.— u Quuin Rmus Dominus Godefridus Saiot-Mai-c Arcbiepiscopus Hhedonensis ox iudubiis monumentis demonstrare sdlaboraverit Servo Dei Convoioni Fundatori et primo Abbati Monaslerii Rotonensis publicum et ccclesiasticum Cultum ab im- memorabili tempore, nempe looge ante centeoariam a Decretis sa: me: Urbani Papae VIII. tributum fuisse, eumque cultum ad baec usque tempora perseverare, institeritque ut ab hac Sun- cta Sede Apostolica idem cultus conlirmaretur; Emus et Rmus D. Card. Alesander Bai-nabd, loco et vice Eihi et Rmi U. Car- dioalis Villecourt huius Causae Relaloris absenlis, Buqueus Du- bium discutiendum proposuit iii Ordinariis Sacrorum Rituum Co- mitiis hodierna die ad Vaticanum habitis, nimiruin: An constet de cultu piiblico et ecclesiaslico ab immemorabili lempore praestito praediclo Servo Det , sett de casu excepto a Decretis sa: me: Vr- bani Papae VJII? Eini vero ac Rini Patras sacris tuendis Ri- libus praepositi , omnibus maturo examine pei^pcnsis; auditoque R. P. D. Petro Minetli Sanctae Fidei Promotore voce el scripto sententiam suam proferente , rescribendum censuerunt « Affirma- tive seu Constare de casu excepto. Die 28 Aprilis 1866. i> Super quibus omnibus facta postmodum per infrascriptuin Secretarium Sanctissimo Doinino Nostro Pio Papae IX relatione, Sanctitas Sua rescriptum Sacrae Congregationis ratum habuit , confirmavit(]ue Culium publicum et ecclesiasNcum ab immcmo- rabili praestitum Buato Convoioni Fundatori et primo Abbati Mo- nasterii Rotonensis. » Die 3 Maii anno eodem. Loco^Signi C. Episcopus Portucn. et S. Rufinae Card. Patbizi S. R. C. Praef. D. Babtolini S. B. C. Secretnriiu. DigmzcdbyGoOglC m CONFIRHATIONIS CULTCS SERVO DEI PETRO LEWTM BEATO NUNCUPATO. Ubcretum. — Inter eximios viros , quos sibi prudcutissimos consiliarios familiaresque delegit Sanctus Grcgorius Mngnus, pcr- illustris fuit Potrus Levita coctiincus suus cum quo postea di- sputaas quatuor Dialogorunt Libros composuit; ciusque nomen ac virtutes, in quibus mirifice cluxit, ullimao postcritati coni' mcDdavit. Hunc autem Dei Servum longe ante Centenariam re- quisitam in suis Decretis a sa: ine: Urbano Papa Vill- publicum et Ecclesiasticum Cultum obtinuissei in coque Cultu numquam intermissD ad haec usquo tcmpora persevcrare probationibus et monumentis adeo pcrspicuis d«nonstrnri posse censuit Riiius Do- minus loaunes Pctrus LosaDu» Episcopus Bugellensis, ut de enun- ciali Cultus contirmatione apud hanc Sanctant Sedem Apostoli- cam agere minime dubitavcrit. Ipsius itaque votis adhaerens Emus et Rmus Dominus Cardinalis Carolus Sacconi huius Causae Kelator in Ordinariis Comiiiis hodierna die ad Yaticanum habitis sequcDS Dubium disuutiendum proposuit : An constet de Cultu publico ecclesiastico ab immemorabili tempore praestito Servo Dei, seu de casu excepto o Decretis sa: me: Urbani Papne VIII? Eiiii vcro ac Rini Patres sacris tuendis Ritibus praepositi post accumtum omnium examen , audito etiam voce et scripto R. P' D. Petro Minetti Sanctae Fidei Promotore , rescribendura censuerunt : Af- firmative seu Constare de casa excepto. Dic 28 Aprilis 1866. 0 Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Noslro Pio Papae IX. relatione, Sanctitas Sua Rescriptum Sacrae Con- gregatiouis ratum habuit, conBrmavitque Cultum publicum et Ecclcsiasticum ab immemorabili tempure praestitum Beato Pc- tro Levitae. Die 3 Maii anno oodem.» C. Episcopus Portuen. et S. RQfinae Loco i^ Signi Card. Patrjzi S. R. C. Praef. D. Babtolihi S. n. C. Secralarias. DigmzcdbyGoOglC n S. CO WATM COEILII. DEPUTATORUM SEMINARII. Dle S7 JugutH 1864. ' Sett. 23 e. 18 de R^orM. cromp«adiaiH tM%i. MuniBciis EpiscopusN., statim ac dioe> cesim sibi conc;reditatn {jiibernandam suscepit , aDimum inten- dit ad Dovum Seminarium erigendum, omaiumque bonorum copia -sua muniflciratia ditandum. Cum anno 17U3 opus absolvisset, Supremo Pontifici suppli- <-avit, ut inslrumenlum erectionis, quod conscripturus erat, ap- pi-obai-et, et ut Regutas et Siatuta, quae ex actis S. Caroli Bor- Tomaei deprompserat in forma speci^a (1) conflrmaret. Romanus Pontifes rei examen commisit speciali Congre^a* tioni, quae non semel auditis laudati Episcopi Oratoribus, in- ter alia, si SSiiio placuissct statuit : « pro recto reg;imine et ad- V ministratione Seminerii ac bonorum eiusdem exprimendum » esse in Instrumento erectionis, depuKUiones esse faciendas in » omnibus et peT omnia ad formam Concilii , et Rectorem Semi- u narii non solum Episcopis pro tempore , sed etiam Deputatis >• praediclis, ad formam Concilii suhordinalum remanere : Statuta « autein facta pro bono regimine Seminarii.... esse conQrmanda « in forma communi. » Episcopus autcm ( ignoratur qua de causa } in ipso instrumento crectionis, post sex menses a laudato decreto confecto, visus est re- cedere a tramite Concilii Tridentini in Deputatorum constitutione. -Namque ut idem Seminarium recte gubernaretur tam in rebus spi- 1'itualibus, quam oeconomicis , congregationcm erexit in qua in- terveoire debebant Decanus, Sacrista, duo Capellani, Rector pro tempore Seminarii, et quinque Lectores , qui saltem semel in (I) llluil dicitur in /orma xpecijir.a di^ere&tia JDterGonlirmationem inybrnia sRomano PoDtificecoDfirmatum, quaDcia tpecifica , el conBrmationen) In /orma H. fouiifex italeges peculiaresapprobat, eommuni docent AuctoreE quos refert ut Gua confirmatione taniquam proprins Benedictus XIV. in Opere de Sy»od9 reddat, adeo ut lefies Episcopales evadant ditietes. lib. 13. cap. S. ApoBtolicae. Quaenatn autei» intercedat Aeta, tom. I.fytc. XI 4i DigmzcdbyGoOglC 6S8 DEPUTATOBVII fiEMIKiRII. hebdomada congregareotur m loco a Rectore deputando pro tractandis et ad bonum Bnem disponendis, tam rebus spirjtua- libus, quam oeconomicis etc. Mortuo Episcopo N. eiusdem Episcopus successor ratioDem non habuisse videtur dictae dispositionis circa. Seminarii Depu- tatos , re in Synodo dioecesana statuta iuxta forinam CoDcilit Tridentini; decursu tamen temporis dicta dispositio Episcopi N., ex parte saltem in vigore posita est ab Apostolico Visitalore, in eam dioccesim misso , in qua licet scientiarum cuttu Seini- narium floreret; non ita tamen prospere res oeconomica proce- dere videbatur. Praesens dioeceseos Administrator dubius baerens, au iuxia dispositionem Concilii Tridentini, vel potius iuxta dispositionem Episcopi N. , Seminarium esset gubernandum, rem dirimendam proposuit S. Congregationi Concilii. Auditis itaque omnibus quo- rum id intererat, iransmissis documentis ad rem facientibus» causa proposita est sub dubiis in calce positis. DlMcptRtlo Byuoptlca. Ea, QUAB SUI FiVVORE SEmNARn DEPUTATA COHGREGATIO ADDUCCRAT. — Contendebant in primis Seminarii Deputati, Episcopum Fuii- datorem in hac re nibil statuisse, quod alienum esset a meaie Tridentini Concilii, aut quod suas facultates excederet: masime cum praesumendum sit pium Episcopum N. optime de Eccte- sia meritum, facultates amplioresque instructiones a S. Sede obii- nuisse, eo temporis intervallo, quod intercessit inter decretum Congregationis particularis , et confectiouem instrumenli ere- ctionis. Episcopus autem Seminarii fundator gravibus ratiooibusdu- ctus prospexit suo Seminario per deputatam congregationen!» quae constat doctis viris, qui sese eiusdem Seminarii bono de- voveruot; quae cum tantopere rationi congrua viderelur , iioo contra ius erat reputanda, sed praeter ius dumtaxat, aliquiil scilicet iuri superaddena. Praesertim cum piis fundatoribus M^' peragere nullimode sit interdictum. Quare Episcopus fuodaioi' injignis, suo iure usus est, ac sua laude ita Seminarium floruii. ut homines ex eo perpetuo prodierint, cum de re literaria, tiu» de ''cciesia et S. Petri Sede optime meriti. DigmzcdbyGoOglC DEPUTATORlt)! SEJllNAItll. 659 Addebant praeterea iidem Depulati in re praesenti sui favore, non solum rigere observanliam plusquam centenariam, sed eam- dem observantiam conflrmatam fuisse decreto visitatorls ApO' stolici , qui dftclaraverat , se id dccernere ex facultatibus a S. Sede habitis. Ea quae in coktrabium adducebantur. — Cum ex offtcio, tum ejt Episcopi administratoris relatione, sequenlia in contrarium adnolabantur. Observabatur nimirum , Congregationem particu- larem a SSmo constitutain, statuisse: deputationes Seminarii esse faciendas ad formatn Concilii , quare contra duplicem praesciiptio- nem tum dicti decreti, tum Concilii Tridentini inductam esse De- pulatorum congregationem ; proindeque Episcopum fundatorem utpote evidenter poteslate destitutum, id statuere non potuissc, cap. Cumsemper 28 de Off. Deleg. Pilonius de Conlrov. alleg. 47. Praeterea dictam deputatam congregalionem non videri admo- dura rationi conformem, tum quia nullam oFFiciorum distinctionem servabat, idest distincta in ea non erant membra, quae disciplinae, ab iis quae oeconomiae praeesse debent: non constabat personis, quae ex Capitulo, et ex Clero assumendae sunt; neque electio- nis normam neqiie perpetuitatem servabat. Maxime cum itli qui in hac deputata congregatione sedent, essent iudices et partes, censores, et censurae obnoxii. Incommoda vero ex hac institutione prodiisse satis coniici posse cum ex aliis, tum ex facto, quo constabat, non semel Se- rainarium ad difBcillimas rei domesticae angustias fuisse ad- ductum. Hisce autem adnotatis, iam apparebat quonam in pretio ha- beada esset observantia. Consuetudinis enim ususque longacvi, licct non vilis auctoritas sit, tamen aon usque adeo sui valitura momento, ut aut rationepn vincat aut legem, l. 2 C. Quae sit longa consueludo; praesertim cum dicta observantia adversus Tri- dentini Decreta invecta fuerit, quae contrariam consuetudinem respuunt ex Const. Pii IV. Jn Principis .4/)os(o^, Benedict. XIV. Inslil. eccJesiasiic. 60 n. 7, Card. De Luca de Canon. et Capit. di$c. 33 n. 3. Circa decretum vero Visitatoris ApostoHci inter atia adno- tabalur, ipsum robore censendum esse destitutum, utpote emis^ sum conti-a Tridenlinum Cnncilium , quin facultates speciates DigmzcdbyGoOglC 660 OEPUTATORDN SEIIINABII. ad illud emittendum ostenderentur. Credi eoim dou potestS. Pon- tificem. qui Visitatorem Apostolicum mtsit ad abusus evellcn- dos, qui contra disciplinam ecclesiasticam irrepserant, efTraena- tas facultates eidem tribuere voluisse ad legem ipsam, quae di- sciplinae custos est, evertendam vel corrumpendam. Praeterea ad ostcndendam in hac re disciplinae canonicae firmitatem, in examen revocabatur Decretum Tridentinum sess. 23 e. 18 de Reform. Hoc enim Decretum duplicem Deputatorum speciem commemorat, quonim pi^ma christianam educationem alumnorum Seminarii respicit, circa quam statuitur: u Qaae omnia ( disciplinam nempe respicientia), atque edia ad hanc rem op- ixn-tuna et necessaria Eptscopi singuli cum consilio duorum Cano- nicorum smiorum et graviorum, quos ipsi elegerint, prout Spiri- tus Sanclus suggesserit, constiluent, eaque ut semper ohserventiir, saepius visilando, operam dabunt etc. n Alteni vero species quae Seminarii erectionem et dotem respicit, quatuor Deputatis con- stare debet, scilicet duobus de Capitulo, quorum eUter ab Epi- scopo, alter oi ipso Capitulo eligatur, itemque duobus de Oero dvitatis, quorum quidem atterius electio similiter ad Episcopunif alterius vero ad Clerum pertine<U.i> Quooiam autem post plura alia io eodem capite iterum fit mcntio de Persouis deputatis hisce verbis: Rationes autem red- dituum kuius Seminarii Episcopus annis singuUs accipiat, prae- sentibus dttobus a Capilulo, et tolidem a Clero civitatis deputalis:* disputatum fuisse observabatur , an nova Deputatorum species hisce verbis indicaretur. Quamvis autem Auctores in diversas abirent senlentias , S. Congregatio Concilii in Causa Arhoren. Depulatorum Seminarii die 31 Martii 1853 controversiam di- remit. Proposito enim dubio: « an et quomodo eligendi sint De- » putati ad eiLcipiendam rationum redditionem Seminarii in casu:> responsum prodiit: affirmative et redditionem rationum excipien- dam esse per qualuor Depulalos , quorum duo ex Capitulo, unus electus ab Episcopo, aller a Capitulo; et duo electi ex Clero, unus clectus ab Episcopo, alter a Clero. Plures insuper adiiciebantur antiquiores Resolutiones, quibus ostendebatur S- Congregationem firmiter et consiaDler adbae- sisse citato Concilii Decreto (I) (I) Vid. Appead. XXI". DigmzcdbyGoOglC DEPVTATORUH SEIIlHAItlt. 661 Dubla. I. d An pro rcbus tam spiritualibus , quam temporalibus Se> X mioarii retinenda sit uuica congregatio quae a cl. me. ( Epi- i>scopo N. ) iustituta est, et a Visitatore .\postolico reslituta; n seu potius eligendiie sint Deputatiooes ad formam Conc. Trid. K ia casu.» Et quateaus negative ad primam partem, afGrmative ad se- cundam. II. ff An Deputationibus ut superius electis adiiciendi sinl V quinque Lectores Setninarii in casu. » Kesolutio. — S. Congregatjo Concilii die 27 Augusti 1864 caiisa cognita respondere ccnsuit: Ad I. Negalive ad primam partem, afflrmalive ad secundam. Ad 11. Provimm in primo. lURIS OPTANDI ET ATTENTATORUM. IHe tl ^ug. IS61,U fun. «t 29 Nov. I89i et 27 Apr. 1860. Sess.iie. iSdeJtef. Canpcndlnm feeti. Vetustissimunn et nobile Pragae (1) Bohe< morum Catbedralis Ecclesi&e Capitulum duodennrio Canonico- rum numero constat , quorum septem antiquioris sunt institu- tionis, remeantque ad antiquum Capilulum S. Viti: est una canooicalis pi-aebenda quae supervixit e clade Collegiatae S. Apol- lioaris, et Capitulo Caibedralis adnexa peculiarem tribuit pos- sessori tituluin Decani ad S. ApoUinarern; reliqui quatuor tractu temporis inRtituebaotur in bonorem S. loannis Nepomuceni, unde loannei dicti sunt. Quos inter Canooicos quatuor dignitarii recen- seatur ridelicet Praepositus, Decanus, Archidiaconus, atque Scho- lasticus. De natura Scbolasticae Dignitatis lis exorta est; num esset scilicet conferenda per eleclionem an per optionem. (1) Intet celebriores causas sgitatas reperitur, eamque publicae Germaaiae, peaes S. CoDgregatloDem CoDCJlii toIvbd- ac Galliae ephemerides retuleruut. tibot aDDis tssi «t 1863 praeseQs cauaa DigmzcdbyGoOglC bbZ lORIS OPT&NDI ET ATTE.MATOKUX. Sane non dubilabatur binas Praelatui-as Praepositi atque Do- cani nunquani aliter collatas esse, quam ope liberae capitularis eiectionis usque dum per novissima pacta inter Apostolicam Sedem et pientissimum Imperatorem Franciscum losephum anno 1SS5 conventa, Pi-aepositura, tamquam priorCapituli Dignitas, collationi Romani Pontificis est reservata, flrma manente ut antea Decanalis Dignitatis eleclione penes Capitulum. Non vero tam liquido fluit ius de Scholastei-ia coiiferenda. Quod ut inleUigatur, sequens hi- storia praenotari debet. Antiquilus iuxta praeseriptum Conctlii Lateranensis Hl c. 1, titul. de Magistris , iii (!lapitu!o Metropolitano Pragonsi iosti- tutae fucrunt Scholae pro Canonicis aliisque ecclesiae clericis, quarum praefecturam habebat alter ex Canonicis, qui ex hoc munere Scholasticus est appellatus, quique scholis deinde lo- tius Dioecesis praefuit, et pecullarem pro munere praebendatn obtinebat. Verum iniuria temporum hominumque improbitate accidit , ut et Univei^sitas studiorum Pragensis ab ista Scho- lastici directione se subduxerit, Romanaeque Ecclesiae defecerit obedienlia , ita ut scbolasteriam modo possidens retineret dum- taxat munus Cancellariae et Custodis tabularii capitularis. Modus provisionis Scholastici, prout erat priore tempore, apparet ex rubrica constitutionum Capitularium ab Archiepiscopo Pragensi anno 1350 adprobatarum , quae postea pontiflcia S. M. Pii II. sanctione HSS roboratae sunt, in quibus sancitum fuit, Praepo- situram, Dccanatum, Archidiaconatum et Scholasteriam per ele- ctionem conferendas esse. Sed modus electionis quoad Schola- sticum per aliquod temporis spatium in desuetudinem abiisse dicebatur. Verum die 9 lanuarii 1681 congregatis omnibus Capitulaiibus uno excepto, ante electionem novi Decani, ad praecavendas c«l- lisiones et servandam charitatem fraternam, sunt sequentia re- soluta et conclusa: quod - Archidiaconatus, Scholasteria, Seni»- ratus, Domus uut Residentiac Capitulares, fundationes et alii Altaristica, deinceps non sint electiva, sed secundum Seniora- tum optativa, et sibi in posterum gradatim succedant. - Reapse talis stylus et adscendendi modus usque ad annum 17S7 vi- guisse videtur. Hoc eniin anno Imperator losephus secundus per universum .Austriacum Guhernium tulit Decretum 24 Februanit DigmzcdbyGoOglC IDHIS OPTA^Dl EJ' ATrEHTATOROl. 668 quod praecipiebat, ut Scholasteriam Capituli deinceps acciperet 4{uoad praebendnm et dignitatem qui ab Imperatore regius Scho- larum Dioeceseos Inspector designatus esset, et Sacerdotio foret iosigDitus; sin autem esset laicus, huic integri traderentur prae- bendae proventus , suspensa manente scholastenae dignitate. Hoc decreto licet SS. Canonibus infeiiso, restitui quodammodo Ecclesiae incoepit ofiicium inspectoris quod erat in Pragensi Ca- jiitulo praebendae Scholasticae adnexum. Verum Capituium advcrsus intrusionem inspectoris extranei multiformiter protestatum est obstititque, et suis repetitis ac laudabilibus instantiis obtinuit, altero scilicet Leopoldi II. De- «reto emisso die 15 Dec. 1790, ut, firmo manente priori edicto, in Inspectoris nominatione praefen-etur Caoonicus Capitularis cuivis extraneo presbytero. Capitulum itaque post eiusmodi di- spositiooem per Archiepiscopum Imperatori proponebat plures e proprio gremio, unde unus ab illo nominaretur lospector Scho- lasteriae, praebendam et dignitatem occupaturus; reservata tan- tunimodo Capitulo necessaria Canonici nominati immissione. Hac i'atione locum habuerunt tres provisiones, quae in vacationibus annorum 1808, 1824, et 1834 contigerunt. Auspicatus tandem illuxit annus 1855 in quo inter Sacratissi- mum Pontiiicem Pium iX. , et Imperatorem Franciscum lose- phum de Catholica Ecclesia optime meritum subsignatum est «oncordatum , infensas ss. Canonibus leges abscindens: in arti- culo autem octaro, qui ad rem nostram facit haec caventur: « Omnes Scholarum elementarium pro catholicis destioatarum n magistri inspectioni ecclesiasticae subditl erunt. Inspectores ■ Scholarum Dioecesanos Maiestas sua Caesarea ex viris ab An- 0 tistite Dioecesano propositis nominabit.u Vacavit sub die 20 lunii 1857 Scholasteria, et Capitulares sessione habita atque indicta iuxta consuetum morem die 23 lunii «iusdem anoi, absente curandae valetudinis causa canonico N., rogai-unt Arehiepiscopum, « ut dJsponeret de eo quod necessa- n rium essct pro novo Scholastico, et ut hoc etiam casu, archie- * piscopali protectione Capitulum frueretur, quod sese referebat ^ ad imperiale Decretum diei (S Decembris 1790, ut sua Ma- D iestas dignaretur rationem praecipuam habere alicuius ex ca- « lionicis Capituli Pragensis. u Cardioalis Archiepiscopus sup- DigmzcdbyGoOglC 661 1DR13 OPTANDl ET iTTENT&TORUH. plicatione (^spituli benigntssime excepta, die 9 Septemb. eiusdem iinni apud Caesaream Maiestatem institit, ut Inspectorem su- premum Scholarum per Archidioecesim Pragensem loannem M. Canonicum Capituli nominarct. Interim Canonicus N. qui absens erat, rei notitiam habuisse dicebatur eorum quae gessil Capitu- lum eodem mense lunio, qui tandem die 2 Octobris una cum duobus aliis Canonicis , iis quae gesta erant sese assentiri non posse, Capitulo denuociavit. Quin imo expresse, ne Scholaste- ria Inspectori a Caesaiva Maiestate nominando traderetur, eadem die t Octobris protestatione emissa contendit, adhibito elucu- brato undique voto cuiusdam professoris quo demonstrabatur» Scholasteriae usurpationem vi aulicorum Decretorum anni 1787 et 1790 nullitate irrefragabili laborantium per pacta providen- tissime anno 1855 inter Summum Pontificem et Imperatorero convenla cessaese; ideoque optionis ius etiam quoad Schoteste- i-iam, uti in usu erat ante annum 1787, procul dubio revixisse. Archiepiscopus tamen die 9 Novembris ImperatoHs oominatio- nem Canonici M. in Scholarum Inspectorem sua exhiiiitione nun- tians Capitulo, insinuat, ut nominato Scholastertae tribuai im- missionem. Id inique ferentes tres Canooici, qui neglectos et in iure suo laesos se existimabant, postquam Cardinalis Archie- piscopus sententiam die 30 Decembris tutit, qua institutio Ca- nonici conflrmabatur, atque praebenda tamquam electiva decla- rabatur, ad Sedem Apostolicam rem suam defensuri se conver- terunt. Ter causa haec S. Congrcgationi Concilii proposita est, sulv dubiis in calce positis. Prima vice qua causa proposita est, nempe die 31 Augusti 1861 , S. Congregatio distulit resolutionem re- scripto: dilaia et ad mentem, eamque definivit die 14 lunii 1863» ac demum die 29 Novembris (86S stetit in decisis adiecta clau- sula> et amplius. DiaceplHtlo arnoptlea. Kationes praecipuas, quae per Defensores ampla eniditiooe (1) tdduccbantur in tota hac causa, tantum indicabimus. (l)Causam Ei&i Arcojepiscopi defen- PnzuDi, causam Tero Canoaieoniiu d deadam suscepit cl, Advocatus Aogelui Advocatus Carolui Modetti- DigmzcdbyGoOglC lURtS OPTANDI ET ITTENTATORUII. 665 Defehsiu CANONicoRuti. — Optio sicuti favorabilis et laude di;;nissima , bifario introducitur citra Apostolicum privilegium; vel peculiari Statuto Capituli , vel consuetudine. Utrumque au- lem mira quadam concordia in praebenda Scbolasteriae Ca- pituli Pragensis conQuit. Quidquid enim fuerit de antiquis Capituli Statutis saeculo XIV. conditis , quidquid dici lubeat de ipsius observantia saeculo subsequenti, ad rem pertinere dice- batur id, quod ortis intcr Capitulares dissidiis circa inaequalem adscendendi melhodum ad Archidiaconatum atque Scholasleriam, ne fratema charitas turbaretur, capitulari deliberatione diei 9 la- nuarii 1681 cautum est, ut Scbolasterta , electione abrogata , deinceps esset optativa. Neque eiusmodi legcm viliosam dict posse contendebalur ob deficientem S. Scdis ac Arcbiepiscoporuni expressam adprobationem. Nam pro validitate Statuti capitularis sufiicit consensus tacitas Episcopi. Praesumptus insuper et actu vigens consensus adfuiase Sedis Apostolicae dicebatur; nam cum agatur de observantia centenaria non solum .praesumitur Statutum fuisse ab omnibus pro tempore Archiepiscopis ratiScatum et adprobatum; sed etiam inducitur praesumptio beneplaciti Apostolici; cum centenaria praesumat me- liorem titulum de mundo, et per consequeos conSrmationem Statuti faetam in forma specifica per Sedem Apostolicam, ut saepe Brmavit S. Rota. Caeterum addebatur* Capitulum plenam potestatem haberc sta- tuendi etiam sine Episcopo vel interventu S. Sedis, quoties Sta- tutum non est diraioutivum cultus divini et munerts ecclesiastici: proindeque tenendum esse dictum Statutum optimo iure condi- tum fuisse. Neque vero uni huic Statuto optio Scbolasteriae Pra- gensis innititur, sed etiam longaeva consuetudine et observantia lirmabatur. Nec observantia ista destructa ost posteriori consue- tudine ab anno nempe 1787 ad annum 1857 in quibus election» Capituli tres provisiooes locum habuerunt. Nam hoc factum est propter iniunctiones Aulicorum; binc si quid egit et fecit eo tempore Capitulum, necessitate adactum peregit; porro, quae propter necessitalem recepta sunt non debent in argumentum trahir ut docel Paulus iurisconsultus l. 162 ff. de Regulis iuris. Sed posita etiam oova consuetudine prtor ea non tollitur; quia regula est in foro vuIuaLissima: centenariam non tolli nisi DigmzcdbyGoOglC €66 lORIS OPTABDI ET ATTENTATOBOl. per aliam centenariam oinnino cumulatam, quae in casu locum noD habebat. Post haec, gradum faciebat Defensor ad repellenrtas difficul- tates, quae opponebantur. Aiebatnimirum actum Capituli, quo in bac ultima Scbolasteriae vacalione provisio Emo Archiepiscopo commissa fuerat, ut anto Concoi-datum Beri solcbal, non posse considerari tamquam Compromissum (1). Observabat enim Defen- sor eiusmodi Compromissum suo robore esse destitutum, tum ex defectu potestalis, tum ex defectu formae. Ad valide enim com- promittendum, necessarius est omnium Canonicorum consensus: in facto autem constabal, duos ex Canonicis ad coetum capitu- Inrem vocatos non fuisse. Neque poterat allegari ilta luris re- ^ula; quod - maior pars trahat ad se minorem. - Haec enim re- gula obtinet, quando omnes, qui vocandi fuerant, reapse vocati sint: at in casu facta non fuerat intimatio duobus dictis Cano- nicis; atque idcirco irritum renunciandum erat Compromissum CK defectu potestatis. Ek defcctu insuper formae, resolutio illa capitularis neque Compromisstim dici potei-at, cum neque emlssa, neque recepta fuerit lamquam Compromissum. Quoniam uutem in articulo octavo laudatae Conventionis san- citam est: Inspectores scholarum dioecesanos HHaiestas sua Caesa- rea ex viris ab Antistite dioecesano propositis nominabit: non inde erui posse Defensor contendebat, provisionem Canonici schola- stici huic legi esse subiiciendam. Munus enim dicti Inspectoris, non necessario conferendum est Canonico scholastico; quod osten- dere eurabat exemplo aliorum Capitulorum eiusdem AuBtriaci Imperii. Nam in eiusdem articulo octavo , nulla fit mentio de canonicali Scholasteriae praebenda: proinde cum ipsa, labente saeculo decimo septimo , ex defectu adnexi officii, in purum personatum (2) transierit, ea conferenda erat eo modo, quo ante ia- faustas losephinas leges conferebatur] scilicet per optionem. Ma- xime cum, si aliter lieret, losephinae legis efiectus in Pragensi Capitulo adversus Concordati intentionem perduraret. (l)CcmpromtSEuinestconveDlio, qua (2) Tum dicitur aliqua Capliali dl- dimntientes suam controTersiam all- gnilas 'm persoHatum traosire, cuni, (W- cuiui vel aiiquorum iudicto Bubiiciuiil, saDte iurisdictione, quain prius oliline' fipondeDtque se eiusdem, vel eorunidem bat, retiael tantuui praerogativBiu bo> •enMntiae pariUim. aoria. DigmzcdbyGoOglC ttRtS OPTANOr ET ATTENTATORllt, b()7 Obieclionem insuper repellebat Defensor, quae erui poterat «X Capile 18 sess. !23 Concilii Tridenlint de Heform.; in eo si- ^iuidem statutum est: «. De caetero vero ofjicia , vel digniiafcs iUae, qiiae scholasteriae diruritur , nonnist Doctoribus, vel Magi- itris, aut Ucentiatis in Sacra Pagina, aiu in iure canonico, et aliis personis idoneis, et qui pcr se ipsos id munus cxplcre possint, conferantur: et aliter facta provisio nulla sil, el invalida; non ob- ^tantibus quibusvis privilegiis, et coiisuetudinibus, etiam immemora- bilibus.» Aiebat enim Defensor, Conciiium Tridcnttnum loqui de Magistris, qui docerc actu debent; non vei-o de meris Inspecto- rihus, qualis esset scboiasticus Pragensis. Qttod si ideoneitas, qnam in Canonico SchoIastJco Tridenlinum Concilium exigit, in praesenti oasu requireretui', eiusniodi idoneilas non potest deesse in Pragensi Scliolastico, quamvis baec praebenda per optionem conferatur. Nullus enim in Capitulo Pragcnsi Canonicus esse potest, qui non sit Doctor uut Licentiatus in Theologia, vel in Jure canonico. Hisce aliisque constderalis, concludebat Defen- sor, provisionem Canonici M., eo modo factam , quo supra di- ximus, adversus ius optandi, rescindendam esse, atque insuper attentata purganda. Contendebat enim attentata purganda esse non solum per viam nullitatis; sed eliain per rigorosam fru- ctuum restitutionem expensarumque litis etiam extraiudicialium, •damtiis nimirum omnibus refectis. Dupliciter namque attentata perpetrata esse suetinebat, tum ante appellationem Canonico- , i-um, propler immisionem Canonici M. in stallum et praehen- dam scholastici, priusquam decretum immissionis appellanlibus nuntiaretur; tum quia pendenle appellatione , inserlum fuerat eiusdem Canonici M. Domen in calalogo Cleri dioecesani , su- per reliquos quinque Canonicos , qui antianitatis ordinc ipsuin praecedebant. UcFENSio euiNENTiss. AiicHiEPiscopi. — Inter plura quae copiose di- sputata sunt per Eiiii Archieplscopl Defensorem nonnutla tantutn fas esJ: delibare. In statutis capilularibus a Romano Pontifice Pio II. conllrmatis, legitur: « Archidiaconatu Pragensi, ac Scho- » lasteria vacantibus, Capitulum posse libere eligere de ecclesiu, u vel extra, personas idoneas, quas honori et utilitati ecclcsiae « melius noverit profecturas.» Porro contendebat Defensor actum «apitularem diei 9 lanuarii 1681 , quo ex adverso praesumeba- DigmzcdbyGoOglC 668 lURlS OPTANDI ET ATTEKTATORIN. tur scholasteriam ex elecUva redditam esse optaltvam, nullilate laboi-are, cum ex aliis rationibus, tum praesertim , quia actus capitularis derogare non potest Statutis Apostolica auctoritale roboratis. Quin imo adductis documentis coniciiebat Defensor non lirmam iuris normam Capitulum eo actu conslituere voluisse,. sed omnino arbllrariam, seu facultativam; ac pro certo dumta- sat ponebal Dcfensor optionem babuisse locum ab anno 1714 ad annum 1763, eo scilicet temporis intervallo, quo ofBcium scho- laslici Inspectoris in suspenso mansit ob bella ncmpe intestioa, oivilesque perlurbationes, ob quas silere in scholis incoepit, donee iterum reviviscens hoc Inspectoris officium, illico per electionem fuerit collatum, ad tramites Tridentinae legis cap. 18 sess. 23, quae sanxit: aliter faeta provisio nulla sit et invalida, non obstan- tibus quibusvis privilegiis et consuetudinibus eliam imm&norabili- bus. B Rationem vero huius Tridentinae legis ex eo Defensor repetebatj quia scholastici oHioium idoneitatem personae ac io- dustriam requirit.-Quapropter sicuti nemo praebendam Thecdogo aut Poenitenliario destinatam opiare potest; ita neque Scholaste- riam assequi quis potest per optionem, 6ed tantum per eJectioneni. Propugnato hac ratione iure electionis prono alveo fluere nnimadvertebat Defensor canonicam renunciandam esse capitn- larem resolutionem, qua omnium Canonicorum consensu , uno absente excepto, conclusum fuit ut in electione novi Sdiolastici mos et consuetudo per annos fere quinquaginta iam invecta ser> varetur. De legitima vero Capituli convocatione dubium orlri non posse propugnabat ex eo quod Canonicus N. non statim, sed post longum temporis intervallum a notitia habita resolutionis Capituii reclamaverit ; et maxime ex eo quod iuxta consue- tum illius Metropolitanae ecclesiae morem convocatio indicta fue- rat. Proindeque nec Canonicus N. tunc absens, multoque minus alii tres praesentes ac suffragantes, conqueri poterant de con- templu. Maxime cum negotium quod Capitulum .\rchiepiscopo commisit, iam incoeptum ac executioni mandatum, uti a se gestutn ngnoscere debuissct. Quidquid enim agit mandatarius id man- dantis nomioe egisse censeri debet. Scd proposito insistens Defeasor contendebat etiam ex no- vissimo iure, tum consuetadiiiis, tum praeseriim Concordati ele- DigmzcdbyGoOglC lURIS OPTANDl ET &TTEKTiTORlia. 609 «tionem non aliter facicndam esse in posterum quam hucusque facla fuerat ab anno 1790. Insistebat scilicet Orator consuetu- (iini quae tribus nominationibus anni 1808, 1S24, 1834, invecta «rat, ex titulo uti aiebat transactionis cum Leopoldo II. initae. Quod autem per Concordatum neque transactio , neque ob- «ervantia fucrit revocata, ostendere curabot ex Concordati arti- «ulis VIII. et XXXIII. In articulo eoim Vlli. ut supra diKimus conventum fuit ut ad propositionem Oi-dinarii nominaretur In- spector scholarum ab Impei-ante; et in articulo XXXlil. sta- tutum legitur: in reliquis ad vigentem Ecclesiae discipUnam om- ma dirigenda. Concordalum proinde nullo modo sustulit Capitulo ius eligendi , sed imo contirniavit et propositionem Arcbiepi- scopi, et nomioationem Imperialem. Et hoc eo magis lenendum «sse aiebat in casu, quia in Capitulo Pragensi, minime vera in oaeteris Imperii austriaci Capitulis, ex fundatione munus Inspe- ctoris Dignitati scholastici inbaerebat. Gradum insuper faciens Orator ad dubium circa attentata, «bservabat institutionem Canonici M. in praebendam scholasie- riae canonicam fulssc, et evanescere idcirco attentata. Deerant enim tam in iure quam in faclo ilta duo extrema, quae a lege requiruntur pro iis admittendis, nempe legitima posscssio in spoliato, et usurpativa in spoliante. Admisso enim etram quod ius eligendi in petitorio non subsisteret, sulHceret tamen pro mnnutenlione possessioois ultimus dumtaxat status, nominatio scilicet anni 1834 ad cuius tramites facta fuerat ea de qua agi- mus scholastici nomioatio. Ultimus enim status omnino inspi- ciendus est cum de manutenda possessione agitur, nisi de per- tinentia nomlnationis inconlinenti constiterit per rem iudicalam, vel per confessionem partis vel per legem fundationis adeo cla- i-am, ut nullam patiatur exceptionem. Maxime cum appellantes in libello appellationis ne verbum quidem fecerint de Canonici scholastici institutione, et in pelitorio dumtaxat non autem in possessorio actionem instituere voluevint. Hisce delibatis e\. hac amplissima causa muUipIiciter implexat dubitandi formulae S. C. C. propositae fuerunt sequentes. I. u An constet de iure optandi dignitatem et praehendam - V scbolastici in ca.^m. DigmzcdbyGoOglC €70 IUR)3 OPT&HDI ET ATTeRTATORtJll. - seu potius I!. » Aii et quomodo sustinealur Decretum Emi Archiepi' scopi diei 30 Decem. anni )SS7, et ius e1i{$endi per Capitutiiin » in easu. « III. u .An constet de attentatis ita ut et quomodo sit locus » eorum purgationi in casu. n ResoLUTio. — Sacra Congregatio Concilii die 14 lunii 1S62 eausa discussa respondere censuit: M I. Negative. Ad II. Decreium sustinen. Ad III. Negative. In repropositione vero causae die 29 Novembris 1862, causa iterum discussa , S. C. stetit m decisis adiecla clausula el am- plius (1). Ex tlS COLLIGES: I. Scholasteriae praebendam de qua loquimur, tum Statntis capitularibus Apostolica auctoritate confirmatis, tum ratione ad- nexi ofQcii quod electionem exigit, electivam fuisse. II. Neque potuisse legitime optativam reddi, officio Inspectoris Scholarum vigente, maxime post TrideotiDam legem. III. Hoc Inspectoris ofBcio cessante dissidiis intestinis, aliis- que vicissitudinibus catholicae Religioni infensissimis scholaste- riae praebendam potuisse obtineri per leges optionis. IV. Oflicio Inspectoris denique quoad substantiam Ecclesiae restiluto, ius pristinuin reviviscere debuisse, id maxime exigente praebendae natura, et fundatione; quod de faclo revixit, quamTis id eveneiit interventu laicae potestatis iurisdictione in bac re destitutae. (l) Vita fuiiCtD CaDonino Scholasti- significari raandaniul, quoad collatioDMl co M. cum aliqui ex Capitulo iterum vacaDlis DigDitatis ac praebeodae Scbo- propugnasseDtiuscoufereiidipraebendam lastici, satiB provisuui fuisse per molti- Scolasteriae ad Capituluin iure optionis tionesSacraeCoDgregatiaDisdiebiuUlu- pertinere , Archiepiscopo super hoc oe- uii et S9 noveinbris aDni 1663 super ts- gotio S. Congregationein Concilii cotisu- dem re editas, quas proinde tam in lentf, sequens respoiisuro datuin est die ptaesenti, quam ia futuris praefataeDi- 97 Aprili ISSS liis verbis coDceplum, gnttatis ao praebendae quibuseumqur • Etelatia io S. CoQgregatione Concilii obventuris provisioDibus, pro Qonna ac literis EinineDtiae Vestrae , BiQi Patres regula habendas esse ipsatnet praecipil Eideit) EmineDtiae Vestrae scribi Eique Sacra Congregatio.> DigmzcdbyGoOglC IURI3 OPTiMUl ET ATTENTATORUM. V7i V. Hoc inre itaque deinde serrato, locum non amplius optio- nein habere potuisse, quamvis antiquum et reviviscpns eligendi ius, ex Concordati lege derogationem aliquam passum legitimo fuerit. — 'SS^lt'^ — ALUMNATUS SEMINAWI Z)(e 6 Mali 1866. flMmimiri» preeum, Pro~ Vicorius generalis dioecesis N. , sup- plici oblato libello exposuit, Capitulum ius babere eligendi quos- dam alumnos io Seminario alendos et educaudos. Cum ex vacatione unus esset eligendus , et quinque supplicaverint pro admissiooe inter Seminarii alumnos, quorum unus aetatem iam explevit 1 2 an- norum, alii vero, aetate longc minores erant: habitu ratione di- spositionis Tridentini Condlii Sess. 23 c. iS de Refor., dubium ortum est : an in electione a Capitulo factenda , subiici suffragiis tantum deberet , qui aetatem explevit aiinorum 12, vel etiam caeteri. His faabltis precibus, rogatus est idem Vicarius, ut rcferret, quid in Regulis Semioarii statuatur circa atumDorum admittcD- dorum aetatem: qui retulit, in eiusmodi Regulis aetatem non esse praefinitam, et e% consuetudine admissos fuisse iuvenes cuius- vis aetatis. Ea quae bx opficio observabantub. Animadvertebatur ex officia Concilium Tridentinum Sess. 23 c. 18 de adolescentibus agens, qui in Seminario recipi debent, haec praescribere: « /n hoc vero OMegio recipiantur , qui ad minimum duodecim annos , cl ex le- gitimo matrimonio nati sint, ac legere, et scribere competenter noverint , et guorum indolee et volunlas spem afferat, eos ecclesta' stids minisleriis perpeluo inservituros. Cum itaque tam aperta esset Tridentini dispositio , non videbatur possc dubitari , quin ex ado- lesceutibus numero quinque, unus ille prae ceteris ius quoddam ad electionem habere, quiaetatem duodecim annorum explevei*it. Responsio. S. Congregatio Concilii die 6 Maii 1865 rospon- dere censuit: Servelur dispositio Concilii Tridenlini. DigmzcdbyGoOglC n S. MEGAME EmPOBLiN ET BEflDLABIDI. ORDINIS EREM. S. AUGUSTINI SUPER FACULTATE EI.IGENDI CONFESSARIUM. DU 3 lunii ISOI. nm tkmti. Prior Conventiis N. Ordtnis Eremilar. S. Augustini ob exortas nonnullas quaestiones super iurisdictione, sequeotia dubia S- Congregationi Ep. et Reg. solvenda proposuit: « Quidam Begularis utens fticultate obtenta a Priore sui Con- X ventus, confitetur Sacerdoti saeculari, et quidem approbato: I. « Quacriuir an valide. I) Et quatenus affirmative: II. n Utrum Prior possit iurc subditis suis hanc racultatem » concedere nec ne.» Priusquam eiusmodi dubia S. C. proponcrentur,- exquisitum est Consultoris votum, quo elucubrato, auditus etiam fiiit Rinus Vicarius Generalis Ordinis de qiio agimus, qui inter alia haec animadvertebat, videlicet in Ordinis Constilutionibus par. i. c. S $. 1 legitur: Ad audiendas confessiones quorumcumqne Sacerdo- tum Ordinis nostri, et fralrum Clericorum, fralrum Laiatrtim, Conversorum, ac Novitiornm, Patres aetale, doctrina, et vila gro' viores , quilibel Prior in Conventu sito dcligat. Paragrapho au- tem sequenti subiungilur; « Inhibemtis autem ne aliquis frater alicui extraneo Sacerdoti sive sit religiosns, sive saecularis confi- tealur, si copiam Sacerdotis nostri Ordinis habere potuerit.Tt Ani- madvertebat autem vocem illnm inhibemus non coarctare Prioris facuitatem, praesertimcum inharuniConstitutionumPrologo statu- tum legatur : « Snper haec aulem m Conventn suo Prior dispensandi n cum Fratribus habeat facuUatem, qnum sibi aliquando videbitur n expedire; praeterquam in his casibus, in quibus dispensari aliqua n Constitutio expresse prohibet.v Inhibitionem autem de qua lo- qiiimur, reservalam non esse aiebat Generalis Ordinis Vicarius, Provinciati aut Generali ; quare inferebat, posse Conventus Prio- rem cum su-s subditis in hac i-e dispensare, quum sibi ridebitur DigmzcdbyGoOglC OIIO. BRBH. S. AVG. SUPBB FAC. ELrO. COHF. 673 expedire. Quod si adbuc super hac re dubitaretur, adducebat liai-agraphuin octavam io citato Prologo in quo legitur: « Si fiutem aUquando m Constituiionibus noslris aUquod dubium oria- lur, stabiiur inierpretationi, et dectarationi Revmi P. Generalis.» Hac pcsjta facuUate P. Generalis quaestionem diremptam esse concludebat, cum constaret cA immemorabili , Priores locales «iusmodi facultates concedere, quin unquam Ordinis Generales reclamaverint. Vstnin ConaalMrla In csnipeHdlam redactam. Censultor (1) ad normam communis iuris quaestionem per> tractans, animadverlebat initio, si in qualibet societate, ubi non €sl Gubernator, populus corruet , prov. 11 : id maxime verificari in Religiosis familiis, quarum alumni voto obedientiae obstriu- guntur. Superiores autem Ordinum Regularium esse veros Prae- latos quibus competit spiritualis iurisdictio, a Summis Pontifi- oibus concessa, eo ipso, quo ab episcopali iurisdictione subdu- cuntur (2) Suarez tom. 4 de Relig. tract. 8 Hb. 2 cap. 1. Eamque potestatem a Canonistis appellari ordinariam , et non delega- tam (3), quia iiadem Superioribus competit virtute legis vel con- (!) Pr. UieroDfmus Prior Ordiois Cai^ fnelilid. (2} Vid. etiam quaediiimus pag. 08 *n uota, Dccasioae causae super eiemptio- iiis pri*ile!iio ab Episcopali iurisdictione, respieientls Cangregalionem SS. Redem- ptoris a S. AlpboDso de Llgorio insti- lutam. (3) Hic modus loquendi CaDODista- rum, quo distJnduuDt ad Dormam iurii potestatem ordlnariam a potestate de- iegata, dod ita iatelligeadus est, ac si potestas ordinaria excludat sbsolute quamlibet delegationem, et potestali de- Ifgatae absoiute acceptae opponatur. Sic «x.gr. potestas Superiorum Regularium <li<;itur ordinaria , et non delegata; sed si absolute loquaris , est potestas ordl- narla delegata. Est ordinariD , quia iisdem competit ex iure, ratione qua- lilatts personarum , seu rotione ofQcii; adeo ut statira ac coDstituti siDt Su- Acta, lom. t.fatc. XI. periores, eam obtineanl potestatem. Est autem delegata, quia est quaedam par- ticipatio eectesiaslicae potesiatis a Ro- manis PomiScibus taDdem iisdem cod>- missa. Canonistae auiem dod absolute lo- quuDtur, cum nominaat potestitem de- legatam; sed eam potesiaiem iDtelliguDi, quae sive extraordinarle sive ordiDiirie per actuvt delegantis committitur, ab eoque duratiooe et extCDsione pendct. Quare hoc sensu accepta polcstas dele- gata , opponitur ordinariae potestati, quae non per actum delegaotis eommit' titur, sed ex ot officii a iure Iribuilur, et DOD DomiDe delegantis, sed nomina proprio exercetur, eaque uon cessal nisl cessante legitime ofGcio. Neque putetur oliosam esse huiusmodl iuridicam disiin- clionem; namque ex diversa polestatie nalura, diversi derivanl iuridici efliectus, quos noD est beic locis eoumerandi. C«- DigmzcdbyGoOglC 674 ORD. EREH. 8. AUG. SUPER F&C. EltC. CONF. sueludinis. Navarr. Cons. S de RegiiL n. 63; eainque esse iuris- dictionem quast episcopalem, iuxta ea quae tradunt Doctorcs Jn Clement. de Rebus ecd. non alienan. verb. Proprii ; et ex cojj. Ahbat. de privil. tn 6, cuius ratio est, quia sicul Praelali Regu- lares noii subiiciuntur Episcopis, sed immediate Homano Pon- lilici: ita ta iurtsdictione loco Episcoporum succedunt. Suarei toc. cit. c. 2 §. i3. Tres insuper Praelatorum iicgularium species distinguebat Con- sultor, eoruin nempe qui in^miim, qui meamm., et qui siipremmn occupant graduii!, iuxta iurisdictionem quam obtinent. Iurisdicti<» eiiim suprema Generali competit, medin Provinciali, intima au- tem Superiori locali, seu Conventus, sive is appelletur Prior, sive Cuardianus etc. de quorum inQma iurisdictione in praesentia serino est. Docet Suarez loc. cit. c. 22 quod « si generatim potestas coii- » ceditur Praelalis, vel Praelato , dicendum est dari Pi-aelati* » Conventualibus. n Item Navar. m cap. Non dicalis, tn dub. refj. verb. Praelati potestas in add. n. 2 et Portecc. in dub. Reg. verb. Guardianus n. 1, dooet quod u sive in Regulis, sive in Consti' » tutionibus Ordinum, sive in Bultis, aut privilegiis Summoniin » Pontificum nominantur indistincte Praelati , etiam illi (Guar- ■» dianij intelliguntur.» Item Passerin. de Hotnin. statibus et o/f. quaest. 186 art. 8. Plui-ibus autem auctoritatibus (1) ostendebat Consultor pfr testatem Superiorum localium super suos subditos esse poleslu- tem ordinariam, et quasi episcopalem. Hoc autem eruebat etiaiii ex privilegio concesso a S. Pio V. Patribus Ordinis S. Dominiciv quod 1'efei't Passerin. in lib. privil. fol. 127, et Lezzana de M(j lebris est quaestio, quue ioter auctores ralis.videtur essequaedam anoinalapDt^ vi^uil, ao potestas Vicarii generalis sit Btas;prae$eferteuiniuliaraeterespotesl3iii poteslasordinDria vel delegata, ex solu- delegatae sensii iuridito acceplae, et poi'- tione eDiin liuius quaeslioois, iudicium slalis ordinariae : inspecta praxi SS. Con- pendet alterius quaeslioois: puta si com- gregationum sub oomiae Ordinariuruiu miltatur aliquid peragendum sive a iure, Vicarii generales generatim comprebfn. Give a Sancta Sede locorum ordinariis; duutur. Glatim quaeriiur:an ex se Vicarius geue- (1) Pignalell. fem. XOcotuvlt.^iaxA. ralisidperagerepossit. Sienimeorumpo- Rodriguez; fom, 1 q. tS art, 4; I^un-n testas onllnaria dicenda sit, poterit id ex in lib. 1 Uecret. q, &d Fagaan. m n^ se peni;;ere, secus vero si delegata iudi- Ad aureti etc. canda sil. Cseterijm potestas Vicarii geoo' DigmzcdbyGoOgle , ORD. EBEM. A. AUG. SUPER FAC. ELIG. CONF. 07j Re(/iu. e. 18 n. 3t, quo privilegio conceditur facultas absolvendi a peccatis reservatia laudatis Patribus « sive Prtori conventuaii, j> sive superioribus Praelatis, ut ipsi per seipsos id omnino pos- n sint in fi'atres, et moniales dicti Ordinis sibi subditos quod B possunt Episcopi in Clericos et laicos sibi subditos.» Ex qua ratione potestatis Superiorum localium inferebat Con' pultop, posse eosdem Superiores licentiam concedere subtiilis (si non obstet aliqua specialis Regula , vcl Ordinis Constitutio) peccata sua conlitendi extraneo Sacerdoti. Lezzana loc. cilat. num. 25 et 27. Quibus adiungebat autoritatem Bordon., qui bunc casum resolveridum sibi proposuit de potestate Praelalor. resol. 2 n. 23: « An Superiores locales, quandoque banc facultatem (confitendi) n possint pro suis subditis delegare aliis Sacerdotibus extra V Religionem, dando licentiam ipsis subditis, ut extra monaste- » rium eligant Confessarium » Et responde^: possunl; quam re- sponsiooem idem Auctor rationibus illustrat. Item Diana in ti-actatu de dubiis Regularium resol. 11 sibi quaerit: « An Guardlani , Priores , Praepositi etc. Regularium M possint illis praebere licentiam, ut eligant Confessarium exlra » Religionem ? Affirmative respondeo, seclusa Constitulione re- n ligionis, vel statuto in contrariuni : et ratio est, quia qui » habent ordinariam potestntem possunt illam alteri delegare (1), B ut habetur tn cap. Quib. de Officio Ordinarii, et notat Silvius » in addict. ad tertiam partem Sancti Thomae-» Ouare Consultor opinabatur, ad propositum dubium posse responderi: ad utramque pariem affirmative, dummodo non pro- hibealuT a Constitutionibus Ordinis. Ea quae ex officio AuuciEBANTUEt. — Obscrvabatur insuper ex officio, Religiosos tenerl confiteri peccata sua Religionis Confes- sariis , quemadmodum tradit Benedictus XIV. in Constitutione Quod cotnmuni diei 30 Martii 1742 qua legitur: u Quod com- » inuni auctoritatis iuri innixum in Religiosis famiiiis, etiam » per peculiares generalium Comitiorum s;mctiones, in aliqui- j» bus Ordinibus praeceptum statutumque est, ut niminm alu- oeratim oossuDt, (i) EJic est UDUS ex iuridlcis actibus, qui vi onliDariae potestatJs exerceri ge- Bratim oossunL DigmzcdbyGoOglC C76 ORD EREII. S. AUG. SDI>CR riC. ELIG. COKT. » mni cuiudibel Instiluti peccala sua nonnisi eiusdem dumla- B xat Religionis Confessariis , qidbus , utpote omnium rerum in » ipsa Rdigione seivandarum cavendarumve nolitia inslructis, fa- y> dlius est pro culpis salulare adkibere remgdium , confUeri (e- « neantur etc. n Qua Constitutione idem Pontifex indulsit Fra- tribus Minoribus S. Francisci, ut extra Conventus degentes ob iustas causas ex Superiorum licentia possint peccata sua con- fiteri etiain Confessario extraneo. Item Clemens VIII, in Const. Romani Ponlificia diei 13 No- Tembris 1599 declarans facultatem eligendi CoDfessarium vi Bul- lae Cruciatae non suffragari Regularibus, statuit: aquantum ad » Sacramentum Poenitentiae seu confessionis administrationem, » quod dispositioni suorum Praelatorum subiecti sint, Apostolica » auctoritata tenorepraesentium perpetuodeclaramus. Eisdem ta- n men Praelatis, ut in usu tiuiusmodi potestatis se cum subdi- H tis benignos et faciles exhibeant, praecipimus et mandamus.v Ex hac Clementis VIII. Constitutione censet Giraldi /us Pon- tif.p. 2 sect. JOIS §. vi huius, noniine Praelatorum venire qui- dem Generales et Provinciales non vero superiores locales cum kis non compelnt iurisdictio quasi episcopalis. Caeterum observabatur disputatum aliquaiido fuisse, quinam ■ JDtelligi deberet nomine Superioris in Tridenlinis verbis sess. 23 de Regid. cap. 19, coram quo Regularis se sislere debet cum in- tia quinquennium agit adversus Professionis Religiosae validita- tem, ibi enim legitur: coram superiore suo et Ordinario. Sacia autem Congregatio Concilii censuit intelligi Superioiem localem, seu Conventus in quo Regularis Professionem emisit; quam eententiam contirmavit Benedictus XIV. in const. Si datam. Idem contingit cum de dimissoriis pro Sacra Ordinatione con- cedendis agitur iuxta Clementis VIII. constit. die i15 Martii 1S96, ex qua flt etiam quaestio qulnam intelligatur nomine Superio- ris Regularis; conveniunt nihilominus Canonistae, nomlne Su- perioris intelligi Superiorem Conventus, sive appelletur Prior, sire Guardianus etc, nisi cautum fuerit Constitulionibus Ordinis eiusmodi facultatem pertinere dumtaxat ad Generalem aut Pro- vincialem, quemadmodum decisum fuit a S. C. Ep. et Rcg. in causa Ordinis Minor. Conventual. seu Assisien. super iure conce- 'lendi dimissorias die 22 Septembris IS34. DigitaodbyGOOglC ORD. EftEll. S. AUG. SUPER FAC. EL]C. CONF, 677 Gum itaque in re tanti momenti Superior localis exercere Taleat eiusmodi iurisdictionis actus, concludebatur, a fortiori posse superiorem localem concedere licentiam in quaestione de qua agimus, videticet, si non resistat specialis Ordinis constitutio, concedere potest licentiam suis subditis contitendi peccata sua Confessario Regulari alterius Ordinis, vel etiam Sacei^doti saecu- lari, dummodo tamen hic a suo Ordinario fuerit approbatus ad escipiendas Sacramentales confessiones, prout deflnivit S. C. C adversus quorumdam Auctomm sententiam in Hildesimen. die 16 Septembris 1769 (1). Hisce itaque conflrmata Gonsultoris opinione proponebalur resolvendum « An et quomodo respondendum sit duobus propositis du- B biis in casu. » Resolutio. — Sacra Congregatio Episcoporum ct Regularium re in examen revocata die 3 lunii lS6t respondere ceosuit: /n Ordine Eremitarum SancU Augustini , affirmative ad utrumque, dummodo Sacerdos fuerit ex approbaiis ab Ordinario lod: pro (Uiis Ordinibus slandum eorum Constilutionibus et slatiuis. EX IIS COLLIGES: I. Facultatem de qua agimu!>., inspecta Doctorum doctrlna iu- ris communis principiis coasentanea, posse concedi a Superioribus localibus, subditis suis.
| 18,636 |
https://github.com/SbercoinCom/sbercoin-flutter/blob/master/lib/src/pages/screen_lock_page.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
sbercoin-flutter
|
SbercoinCom
|
Dart
|
Code
| 401 | 1,673 |
import 'dart:io';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_screen_lock/heading_title.dart';
import 'package:flutter_screen_lock/input_controller.dart';
import 'package:flutter_screen_lock/screen_lock.dart';
import 'package:local_auth/auth_strings.dart';
import 'package:local_auth/local_auth.dart';
import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
import '/src/configuration_service.dart';
import '/src/wallet.dart';
import 'package:flutter_gen/gen_l10n/app_localizations.dart';
import 'enable_biometry_page.dart';
enum _SupportState {
unknown,
supported,
unsupported,
}
class ScreenLockPage extends StatefulWidget {
const ScreenLockPage({Key? key}) : super(key: key);
@override
_ScreenLockState createState() => _ScreenLockState();
}
class _ScreenLockState extends State<ScreenLockPage> {
final auth = LocalAuthentication();
final inputController = InputController();
late bool _isFingerprintEnabled;
_SupportState _supportState = _SupportState.unknown;
Future<void> localAuth(BuildContext context) async {
final didAuthenticate = await auth.authenticate(
localizedReason: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.pleaseAuth,
biometricOnly: true,
androidAuthStrings: AndroidAuthMessages(
signInTitle: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.authRequired,
cancelButton: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.cancel,
biometricHint: ''
),
iOSAuthStrings: IOSAuthMessages(
cancelButton: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.cancel,
lockOut: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.authRequired
)
);
if (didAuthenticate) {
if (Navigator.canPop(context))
Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
else
Navigator.pushReplacement(context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => Wallet())
);
}
}
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_getFingerprint();
auth.isDeviceSupported().then(
(isSupported) => setState(() => _supportState = isSupported
? _SupportState.supported
: _SupportState.unsupported),
);
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
body: FutureBuilder<String>(
future: _getPin(),
builder: (context, snapshot) {
if (snapshot.hasData) {
if (snapshot.data.toString() == '')
return ScreenLock(
correctString: '',
confirmation: true,
digits: 6,
inputController: inputController,
canCancel: false,
title: HeadingTitle(text: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.createPasscode),
confirmTitle: HeadingTitle(text: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.confirmPasscode),
didConfirmed: (matchedText) {
_setPin(matchedText);
(_supportState == _SupportState.supported) ?
Navigator.pushReplacement(context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => EnableBiometryPage())
)
:
Navigator.pushReplacement(context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => Wallet())
);
},
);
else
if (_supportState == _SupportState.supported && _isFingerprintEnabled)
return ScreenLock(
correctString: snapshot.data.toString(),
confirmation: false,
digits: 6,
title: HeadingTitle(text: AppLocalizations.of(context)!.enterPasscode),
inputController: inputController,
didUnlocked: () {
if (Navigator.canPop(context))
Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
else
Navigator.pushReplacement(context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => Wallet())
);
},
customizedButtonChild: const Icon(
Icons.fingerprint,
),
custmizedButtonTap: () async {
await localAuth(context);
},
cancelButton: FittedBox(
child: InkWell(
child: Text(
AppLocalizations.of(context)!.cancel,
style: TextStyle(
fontSize: 16,
),
softWrap: false,
),
onTap: () {
if (Navigator.canPop(context))
Navigator.of(context).pop(false);
else exit(0);
},
)
)
);
else
return ScreenLock(
correctString: snapshot.data.toString(),
confirmation: false,
digits: 6,
inputController: inputController,
didUnlocked: () {
if (Navigator.canPop(context))
Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
else
Navigator.pushReplacement(context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => Wallet())
);
},
cancelButton: FittedBox(
child: InkWell(
child: Text(
AppLocalizations.of(context)!.cancel,
style: TextStyle(
fontSize: 16,
),
softWrap: false,
),
onTap: () {
if (Navigator.canPop(context))
Navigator.of(context).pop(false);
else exit(0);
},
)
)
);
}
return Center(
child: CircularProgressIndicator(color:Color.fromRGBO(26, 159, 41, 1.0),)
);
}
)
);
}
Future<String> _getPin() async {
SharedPreferences _prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
var configurationService = ConfigurationService(_prefs);
var pin = configurationService.getPIN();
if (pin != null)
return pin;
else return '';
}
void _setPin(String pin) async {
SharedPreferences _prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
var configurationService = ConfigurationService(_prefs);
configurationService.setPIN(pin);
}
void _getFingerprint() async{ // change return type to bool
SharedPreferences _prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
var configurationService = ConfigurationService(_prefs);
_isFingerprintEnabled = configurationService.getFingerprint();
}
}
| 9,173 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.196032_15
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,504 | 14,738 |
Tho Matab.ingha returns show all the marts in Nuddea and the eastern districts in alphabetiiail order. There is often more than one niaii of the same name ; and as the districts to which a place belongs is not given, it is not possible to identify each place. TRAFFIC ON THE GANGES AND RIVERS OF BENGAL. 243 ^ Tho, Cakutfa Canah^ Roturna . — Those returns are taken at toll stations a little outside Calcutta on the canals which connect tlio 8un(lor- bunds, Backergunge, parts of Jessoro, and the country about the Megna river with Calcutta. They show any trade wliich may go by canal from tho Sunderbunds or Jessoro towards Western Bengal or Bcliar. The returns of the Calcutta canals do not show tlie place of shipment or destination of the traffic, but only its general direction. Tho Board of Revenue have arranged to have the returns of all these canals and rivers compiled on a uniform plan, whereby tlio trade of considerable marts only will be shown, tho trade of small places in tlie same district being lnmj)od together. Further r(4airns sliould sliow the number of laden and empty boats for goods and passengers passing each way. 17. Taking the several sets of returns in tlie a])ovo oivlcr, wo have first the Juiigypore returns, wlii{}]i to a great extent cxliibit tho same down-stream traffic that passes fSahebgunge. Barely 130,000 maunds of goods tliat pass Jungypore are sliip])ed from places east of 8ahobgungo. I1ie sum of tlie princi])al traffi(5 figures of the Jungypore and Sahebgungo stations for the sec.ond lialf of 1872 compare t/ius: — Traffic imssinmi dowx-strkam ASl) RI'RJISTKRED AT SiilH'Uiruiiirc •luiipv)iorc Mds Total of tho lialf-yoar ... 4,2:)-m;s(5 Vd7,(j:}o Oil-soeds ... 2, ion, 07.^ i,ir)(),(;i7 Pulses and c;r<ini 743,7)34 Wheat 133, ora) Saltpetre 2B(;,l7o 94,042 Total of consignments for Calcutta ... :v;2G,7o() 3,297), f) If) It will be seen that in one or oilier of the returns there has been some confusion between pulses and oil-see<ls; if tho two items be taken together, the dilfereiice between the totals of fJie two registers is only 200.000 maunds. Appendix TI. of the Saliebgmige rctiirns shows that places east of the mouth of the Bhagirnthee took about 310,000 maunds of the goods which passed iSaliebguuge ; deducting this amoiint, we find the diirercnce between tlie total trallic for the Ilooglily, as registered at 8ahebgunge and as ri'gistered at Jungypore, is about 330.000 maunds ; tho Jungypore being less by so much, or by about 10 per cent. This dilference is by no means so large as to throw considerable doubt ujion the approximate correctness of the returns ; for at Jungypore the boatmen ])ay toll according to their maundage, and may therefore be expected to understate it somewhat, while at 8ahobgung0 they pay no toll, and have no interest in understanding the truth. The dilference in the returns of wheat and of saltpetre coming down the river is much larger than can be explained in tliis^way ; and one or other of tlie returns must be very seriously wrong. Tho compansoii made (at paragraph 7 above) with tlio Custom House llgim^s would go to show that tlie Hahebgunge figures are tho more correct of the two. ^ 18. Tho Nuddea toll station returns show the down-stiT>ani trailic of the BhagiiTithco from places below Jungypore. ^ Iho totabof this trade is 215,506 maunds, of which one-third, consisting mainly of jmlscs, comes from MoorsluHlabad ; nearly another third conies lioni (>utwa (ill the Burdwaii district), and consists of rice, pulses, and other (icreals. 244 8f:LECT[()NS FROM (JAZF'l’TES 1871-74. The up-stream traffic from Calcutta is registered at Nuddea ; and to some extent the Nuddea returns ought to agree with tlie Saliohguiige ligm’os. The total sliipments up-stream from (>alcutta and lihadessnr (llooghly district) ptist Nuddea eomi)aro witli the same shipments i)a8t 8ahel)gungo thus : — Up-stream sriiPMEivTS during the second HAI-P OP IST’i PI{OM (\vrClTTTA AND IJirADESHirR AS REOrSTERED AT Saliebpiuigo. Niulilea. Mds. Mels. Total shipments ... ... So h4o0 1,445, IKK) Salt .shipimMita ... ... UK), 121) 1,204,800 Shipments of metals ... ... 13,550 .31,1)75 The share of tlic total Calcutta shipments ^vliieli were recorded at Nuddea as being coiisigiicd to plai'cs east of 8ah(‘hgnnge was about 330,000 maunds, and the share of the salt sliipmeiit similarly consigned was about 240,000 maunds. Tims the shipments for Leliar and the Nortli- Western rrovinccs as registen'd at Nuddea W('re 250,000 maunds in excess of the shipments as registered at Sjiliebgunge : and almost the whole of tins cx(*ess was in the one item of salt. The excess, it may bo added, is uniform for most of the great salt receiving marts. Thus there were shii)ped for — AcconCjifr 1o tho rotnriis nt Salt hliipfK'd from Calcutta and c s Rhadc'iSiur tur— Xudtlt’a, Saln'h^mito' Mds. Mds. Ilevelgimgc Ih'dira 1 liirhlimigji Khii;j;enali (Moiit;1i\ r) Moilgll}!’ 156,075 110,057 170,375 126,032 61,.s75 4(;,30l 78,200 30,370 52,250 36,726 The dilference seems to be all one way, and to bo fairly regular ; it may therefore jicssibly be that the heavier salt IraJlu; sets in during the months of November and DtHdanhiT, ami that many salt vessels which passed Nuddea before tho end of December 1872, did not roach 8aheb- gunge until January lS73. When a whole year’s returns are available for both registering stations, this doubt will be tdeared up. 11). The Matabangha river retimis exhibit the trade between Calcutta and tho districts on tho ihidda (hx^al name of tho Granges after the Dbagiruthco leaves it) and the Berhampooter rivers and their tributaries. The names of some of the largo maids are not recognized by tho Lieutenant- Grovernor, but we shall doubtless know more about them after the present figures have been published and circulated to district ofhi'ors. The totals of the Matabangha trade are for the half-year : — Mds. Down-stream traffic ... ... ... 2,325,410 U[)-strcam traffic ... ... ... 701,702 Tho principal ariicles of the down-stream traffic are — Mds. Rice ... Juto ... Puls^s c Oil-seeds Tol )acco Ouiinics 1,2(10,587 (;0(),257 220,040 57,008 12,611 36,537 TRAFFIC ON TTIF- GANGES AND RIVERS OF HENCiAC. Of the total traffic 1,945,01 3 maunds como to Caloatta. TIio only oilier marts which receive large shiiiments from eastern districts hy way of ilie Matabaiiglia are— Mil.s. Ifanskalcc, which takcH ... ... ... ... 40 241 (Jhaiidernagore (or Forasdaiiga as it iscallcd in tiio returns).’.. 2(;2’l7() This latter mart is said to t.ake 251,^170 maunds of rioo alone, and tlio Idoutonant-Govcrnor would bo glad if ilie llooglily odicors could throw any light upon tlio circumstaures of tlio (’haudtTiingojc trade The marts wliich send largo shipmouts down the Matahaiiglm are : — Scrfijgiingc, wliicli semis 24.%, (;i!) maunds (4' jute. PotioiMiH ,, 1 iri,40i „ of 1 lee Hileec (on tfie Atrai), whieli semis 211 „ of „ Koomaiguiige „ „ 9i,s7r> M '4' „ „ lo:i,72o „ of jute. J>()()sll ('0 „ „ Id, 2 25 M „ (’lijimlgung(‘ „ „ .50,000 „ of ll((‘ Kall}'guug(f „ „ 14,201 ‘d „ CliokgDpal ,, „ 42,001 V of n Fukccrguiigo „ „ 77,102 M of „ Jeeltau Bazar ,, „ 07,000 of „ (jo.'ilpara „ „ 41,750 ,, of iJiustai’( loon)aree „ „ ;rk52:i „ of rux* Ikuigaiiiuttec ,, „ o;{,:F)0 M ol „ FaglVc ,, „ 4(i,0.50 p of „ llmTe(!naraiii[)o]'o „ „ 47,000 ,, of „ The Lieutenaul-Govcrnor would be glad if the CommissioiKTS of lia.jshahye, l)acca, and (looch ilohar would give some short notice of sucih of these marls as belong to their divisions. 8(Tajgunge is really the only one of these marts which has more tliau a local rcjiutation ; lliliH^ has recently Ix'i'muo known, heeaiiseit is to ho a station, and has always been held to he an uhligatory ])oiut on the Northern Bengal Itailway. But regarding the rest of the places tliere is little or no information available in Calcutta ; yet on the list there are places whi(“h, like Booreedaha, send some thousand tons of jute to Calcutta in Ihe season, and it would clearly he an advantage that the Calcutta ]nihli(; should know something more regarding the gr(Tit produce marts of Eastern and Northern Bengal. The up-stream trallic of the Matahangha was curiously small, barely one-third of the down-stream trade. ^Jdie Licntem'int-tfovernor would be glad if tlie toll collector at Kisliengnngc could furnish in his next report his view of the reasons for this didcronco. Do the boats go back empty, or do tliey take return cargoes by some otlujr route 't The two main articles of the up-stream trallic on the Matabauglia were — Maunds. Salt from Calcutta ... ... ... ••• 400,000 Miwccllaneous from Calcutta ... ... ••• 1,000 The only mart to wliich any large consignment of up-stream goods was sent is Serajgungo, which took 179,000 maunds of salt. 246 SELECTIONS FROM GAZETTES 1871-74. 20. Tlie statements of the trade of the Calcutta canals give no details of the places of destination or shipment. This omission should be remedied in future returns ; tlie lieuteuant-Covornor does npt wish details of the trade to and from all the smaller marts, but he wishes to know the transactions of the larger places, and to have the transactions of the smaller places grouped according to districts. The four returns from the Calcutta canals give : — (1) The trade from Calcutta to the Easern districts via the canals, which amounts to 1,179,725 maimds, or 48,250 tons, ill all for the half-year. Of this total 924,(309 maunds wore salt. (2) The “trade to Behar and the North-Western Provinces.” I’hc precise meaning of this heading should be made more clear ; possibly the return shows all the trade which goes from the Sumlerbuiis and the Eastern districts to Western Bengal and places on the Hooghly above Calcutta. The total of the tratfic; shown in tliis return is 2,493,200 maunds, or 91,417 tons. Its principal items are — Rice Maunds, ... 597,700 Pulse nnd other cereals ... 162,500 ()il-.sceds ... S4,970 Jute ... 965,100 Miscellaueous ... 232,700 Firewood ... 368,500 (3) The trade from tlie eastern districts with Calcutta and its environs. The tobd of this trade is 8,517,035 maunds, or 3) 12, '323 tons, for the half-year. More than half of this total, or 4,494,585 maunds, was firewood from the Sunderbuns. Cf the rest the chief items wore — Bice ... Other cereals Pulses, &c. Oil-seeds Jute Cotton . .. Sugar ... Hides ... Miscellaneous Maumlfl. 1,191,620 260,225 141,400 107.700 778,300 90,770 40,600 254.700 994,250 In the absence of information as to the places from which those Calcutta imports come, the figures are less instructive than they might otherwise bo, (4) The trade “ from Behar and the North-Western Pro- vinces ” to Calcutta and its environs through the Calcutta canals. The total of this return is 426,140 maunds, out of which 346,460 are shown as “ Miscellaneous.” Without some account of the particular traffic shown in * this table, its figures are not very intelligible. 21.* Until the East Indian and Eastern Bengal Railway traffic tables and the river and canal returns for a whole year are available. TRAFFIC ON THE GANGES AND RIVERS OF BENGAL. 217 it will not be possible to review tlie whole inward and outward trade of Calcutta by railways or by inland waters. Meanwhile some beginning towards ascertaining tliis trade has been made, and in another half-year or so the river and canal returns ought to be complete- The lieutenant- Governor has submitted to tlie Government of India a statement of the traffic returns he would wish to receive and have published for general information regarding the East Indian Kailway and Eastern Bengal and Mutlali Uailvvays. SELECTION^; FROM GAZETTES 1871 - 74. A P P E } S}/ou'i)i(j (he fwwmit of <foo(h in dandard ntanmlH diippcd at pJaven ahor Hccond-half of fh riaocs of slnpinont above SaliehKiiii|i(‘ O (5 1 Wheat : Other cereals. Pulses and gram. j Oil-seeds. j i ! Jute. j i 1 Cotton. j g 3 in 0 H 0 a & SO 4.50 140 1\1 ii/.aiioro .. 550 22,595 37,889 125 .s.iirio Rcriiirc.s 1.50 50 Small pliiocs in Uk' Nortli-West IVovincos iibovi; I}(‘iiat‘Os> 1,2:52 5,025 ‘2,150 1,0.50 s„37!l BcvIk'J, .Iouiijk) 1(; dislrlel 71.8 3. 15S .57,085 97,792 io 1,270 Jieltlior.'i dillo ■ , 3,077 18,9 48 111 Balia Gliazcopore, Gha/.cepore distiMct .. 7.117 17.768 406 82,641 125 380 >7 Rajidporo ditto .‘5.18:5 9.921 22 1:50 .500 Gbazi'oporo 1,400 1 . : 5 : 5 s 6,‘27S 1,289 18,906 34.‘5 42 825 Saidpore, Ghazeoporo district soo 1.700 ,500 Mom.-ir ditto 7 , 2:51 :52 078 7(5 .5(;(. Goruckporo 1.01(1 .‘51,11 1 2,899 40 (iO 70 (Join Go[)alporo 58.7(10 2,256 .5i;s Oska, (toruckporo district 10,101 100 Small jibaccs iii the North-West Hrovmcps bidow Hciiares 4S1 10 2,:507 6,317 80 29 19,959 1,720 153 1,612 Small placi's in Ondli 10 14,. 5.58 200 1,000 872 lluxar, Sahabad district 79 11,2(10 :5.2 43 IS Ihihani, dilto 10 1 . 7:52 7 . 57:5 3 ‘209 12(1 ITiirdi Cliuprali, ditto (‘..(5 1.5 3..500 179 Sena ditto » U-IH 1,12.5 i:t.6U 550 1:53 Soliiii))orc, Sarun district 7,9 15 8,709 riiiiiira, ditto 1,175 k(5CiS 1, ns 2l-,86.5 12, 10:5 10 i.9;i2 (h)liif(', ditio :5(iii 10, 47'5 50 ;!2 RcvelifiniifO ditto 1,1215 9,119 .5,1(51. 42:5.2.36 31 5,116 216 ‘20(1 6,010 (TUiiduk Salicbf,'uiiKC, Tirlioot Aislnct ,. 425 1,031 MozulTcrporo ditto 2"5 5(5 1. 2.212 450 "404 485 S(,0 DurblniUKa ditto 2o 10(1 1,09S 52.'* 17 .30 4,7 4 4 355 00 92(1 Kamtoul ditto 800 6.3 1.5 Toosa ditto Roshra ditto ... 5(52 50 2,076 3 : 52 , 976 8,'26:} 4,818 ’ 132 .5. 7 7 '5 Hajeepore ditto ... 700 1.50 88 ,52.5 Soiiiostiporo ditto i ' 7.5 100 .‘5.5,4 Ml 827 ■15 4 DiniiFiore, Batiia district S.').5 5,:570 17,807 ( 5 , 09:5 100 1.270 744 2 , 57 s 7,90 4 Jtarrii ditto 2, no ,‘5:5.916 25.140 52 :i42 179 2, 4!i:i Hurlioa ditto 1,11(5 1, 2.5.5 2.5,518 2 879 600 273 lull Patna 2.1:11 7,741 .‘56,3 16 IS'5..5<.I(5 ' (53 6,0 49 10,.369 i;i,3i9 14.1,50 Mokainch, Patna district f.ono 2, .‘50(1 1V219 14,08 4 Bullowali dilto Small places in the Patna divi- sion north of the (Jamies 6.211 425 10.343 27,223 1.5,851 8,760 30 2,(518 Small places in the Patna divi- sion south of the GaiiKca ... 50 1,181. 3,722 16,878 10,587 30 1,041 534 240 1,.51.5 Mon^hyr IWdrui 3,1.55 68,2.50 72,713 ' 17 1,061 2,745 552 3.8 4'! Kha^ariab, Monghyr district 40,11.75 300 2.740 U2,.5S5 5 1,278 25 754 Sirsa ditto 3,600 40 271 600 (14 Suruigiirh ditto ’9^1.30 2‘g11 86,124 48,230 73 1,1 (1(1 Small places in the district of Monyhvr ... 12,13t 1,325 4,489 16,111 6‘3.5 800 3, .562 1,100 Bliagulporo 44,1:50 11,717 8,281 ‘27,121 1,101 1,013 , ‘125 7,912 Colgom?, nii.agiilpore district ... ... 35,146 17,215 2,918 31.905 ’ ’ 12 1 ... 1.1 IS Balia, Sahebguiige ditto 290 51. -289 121 290 ... 1 2.5 Diimree ditto 6.882 ‘siiris 9.445 ... 250 ... 40 Sibininge ditto » ... 24,912 i’365 2.712 ‘2,319 3,092 Peer Pom tec ditto 1 'lOO 7,276 40 67 10,115 121 riUKKIC ON TILK (; VN(JES AND lUVEKS OK BKNO VI., )IX No. 1. m vihchgiiiKjc for firspa/ch doica f/ir (hingvH to placCH hcJoiv the registering station (taring hr gear 1872. 52,001 J (52.5 1 1 4,275 20,1 5S 20, S 11 (!:?,101 22150 -i 10, 020 :j7.o:}5 ni.SlS 171,027 l.sio 10,120 lS2,(;0O 42,100 10,082 O.OOl ;i5,:5io 11,781 7.s,r):;o 10,201 00,210 112,411 10,115 12,011 10, .570 17,000 21.. 500 57,101 10,771 8'1.H0:J 10,010 80,109 652,808 15,401 48,177 .S5,l.i() 11,071 155.102 . . . 11,018 10,;{8l 20,157 4011,710 20,118 4I,G0,{ 15,022 OH.OOO ]0„511 8.5,000 10,018 51,702 07,100 425,721 11,871 45,811 21,011 21,011 49,075 101,252 28,155 00,501 55,010 2;)0,575 52,551 211,1.52 40,258 10. . 500 118,081 8.505 55,054 41,780 140,0.55 02. . 508 151.512 41,850 00,102 250 SELECTIONS FROM GAZETTES 1871 - 72. APPE? Places of shipment above Sahebgunge. Rice. Wheat. Other cereals. Pulses and gram. Oil-seeds. Jute. c _2 o O Sugar. Tobacco. Spices, pepper, Ac. o 3 bo 21 as Small places in the district of llhugulporo ... 12.309 921 3,311 16,.37r) 105 414 821 7,U0 Purnoah 1,001 1,201 770 3,1.58 593 8,409 19 Garraicola, Pumcah district .. 800 9,405 640 6,292 20,91 1 282 ... 690 135 779 Nowabgungo ditto 4 070 342 15,392 ... 91 Kosee, Sahebgunge ditto 1,932 7tt7 15 474 25,108 1,290 204 450 2:i,- Raneegungo ditto 1,000 14,550 ... 4,781 300 Phowaiuporo ditto 257 10,846 lOO 6,97.8 22,157 ... 109 Kamalporo ditto ... Small places in the district of Purneah 2,110 4,950 818 3,456 21,038 66 86 1,206 225 9,116 Saluibguiigo 300 2,111 429 6,172 1,909 33 ‘l87 328 242 31 1,091 Small places m the district of Sonthal Pergunnahs. 220 279 14 265 126 2 4,192 Small places not assigned to any district 231 11,218 1,225 4,586 61,852 166 19,415 2,903 167 6,3H() Total for the second liulf- .\ear ... 8,182 333,883 85,672 374,263 2,109,078 2,858 40,208 381,501 58,212 20,95(1 114,329 Total for the first half-year as per returns previously published 12,01.0 97,372 22,632 74,013 470,424 18,090 81,037 10.3,643 49,679 11,813 125, .5, 3' Grand Total for the year 1872 20,222 431,265 108,304 448,276 2,579,502 20,948 77,240 545,041 107,791 32,763 239,S(1‘ • I'LOOi maunda have been added ou aeeoiiut of the weij^lit TRAFFIC ON THE GANGES AND RIVERS OF BENGAL. 251 )IX No. 1. — {Continued). 'O tl o a 0 -d C cs aj Timber. Brass and brass-work. Other metais. Hides. Ghee. Silk and silk goods. Cotton goods. a a 3 O Miscellaneous. Saltpetre. Homs. 1 Total for second half- year. Total for first half-year • as per returns pre- viously published. Grand total for 65,807 100,5.19 ... 200 11 33,8.83 2 19,2.80 ■19,280 .. 100 2,528 3 8 2 41,087 822 13 89..377 53,952 1 13.329 ... 172 ... 12 10,073 10,073 864 ... ! ••• 200 2 31,700 12,000 41.312 ... 400 ... 75 21,100 11,277 32,083 ' 12 132 17 0 40,011 12,903 51,577 ... .. ... ... 21,-325 21,325 in ir.o 50 HO 120 10 1.7.32 45.709 32,012 77,811 131 602 4 60 1,701 111 • 300 63 2.851 • 17,389 11,250 28,039 60 2,821 .... 8,218 8,218 V26 .1,309 101 2ii> 10,090 7,202 12l,.3.l4 30,073 1.17,117 "VI 21,498 41 io;{ 78,158 29,022 21,400 8 1,170 83,003 239,493 230,175 2,702 1,254,680 ,1.12 22,082 1,2.19 lO.S.Il 10,171 .18,702 1.3,377 281 537 21.800 53,225 80,812 1,197 n,.30 1,930 ij:; W1,5S0 1,303 10,9.11 ss,(;;i2 h8, 11 1 35,177 292 1,713 101,809 292.718 322,987 3,959 1.301,930 5,019,010 iIl' 3 bcini^ uiidcr-citimaleil in llie returns of llio previous lialf->'car. 252 SKI-KCTIONS FROM GAZETTES 1871 - 7 ‘ 1. A r r E Shou'ing ihv (illcijcd drsiinatwu of the which were carried down the (Ganges j),i standai * 4 'e ft ft Destination below SahobKunk'e 1 'i Sd 1 or I 0 0 G § 0 c r^ ft - t a' ,C 1; 0 i cr: 0 « C 5 I 70 11 4 Kajinelial 20 0.125 70 200 3S0 1 S’ Salu'buunsfO Small places in the Sontlial Per* 5,yi.‘i 2 , '.too 701 3.501 23,125 740 750 4, 411 2,.i fainnahs ... . .. 1.000 K 20 6 ’ 78.471 .578 2,7i Maldah ... 1,210 6 10.610 ’ 8,765 1,174 1,12 4 lla.y('tix)rc, Maldah district Small jilaces in the distiict of :di 141 15 oso SlO 10 40 0,170 12,585 25 Maldah Small places in the district of 130 35H 1.44.3 1,206 70 323 10 ],S 870 Purneah Small places in the districts of 17 12 125 ,50(1 77 200 2,. 53 4 00 1 ; 120 Dinn^i'porc and Rimtrpuro l.')0 10 450 460 „ Moorahedabad . .. 2Sl 205 427 18,032 4. 450 3,380 3,07 4 .3,1, Jnnk'yporc, Moorshedabad district 25 2 4.472 614 4.815 25.700 .3 208 225 Jeaii:nnKO ditlo 400 03,.30'l 7.;iS8 0,2 41 n.Tiss 81 ;:’) 1 ,3 Dooban ditto Rhau'wan^ola ditto Small places in thodisLiictof Moor- 4,701 1. 3.oi»(; 22,003 JO 30, 400 5,033 14,015 600 32 'l.il 1,7 shedubad 157 100 5,131 4,121 3,320 Kooshtea., Nnddea district Small jilaces in the district of 10 2,8.55 100 Nndilea 125 2.8.55 "no '2 rulna, Ibirdwnn disti let 1 .OOt) 3 275 11,7(4 25 Rhadi'sur, llooii:hly district Small places in the districts of 85,S1)0 205 18..5St; 2.3.),011 220 ... 1,082 3,tl lIooKlily, Riirdwaii, and Jiccr- bbooiii 4 3,371 1,501 10,012 3,28.5 01 '1 Chandoi nai^ore, French possc.ssioii 100 in Bengal .... 1.700 525 (\alcutta '50 274.020 83,5S0 200,000 1,671,000 1,250 10,205 118,075 13,, 585 8,251 45, III Ramiiorc Eauleah Small jdacos in tho district of 258 l,76(t 3.174 00 48.840 1,050 307 .5,1 1,111 Jossoro Smaif places between Rajsbahye ‘40 500 70 and Goalundo 100 250 ... 5 Dacca . .... 0,471 542 28.V140 1,’8.30 6.100 6.287 65.5 4,. 566 6,‘'i Small [daces in the disti ict of Dacca 50 20 1 1,300 760 1,470 032 3,220 2,2i Places 111 thu Dacca division and Assam 61 4<l 1 1,401 6 .371 .520 238 4,(i. Small [ilaccs not assigned to any ; 70 2,287 1,181 1,05 4 district , ... .. 2< ) :i 228 3 1.1'. Total s,ist 5 .•w.s.ss;! 85,672 : . 374 , 2.53 . 2,100,078 2,S58 40,203 381, .501 .58,212 20,00.5 114,5 U,01H muunds luive Ix'^n atUlcd on account of Iho mcik''* TRM-VK ON TIIK OANGES \NI) lUVRES OF HFA’C; M,. DIX No. 2. Soheh(juu(jf‘ ({uruKj the m-omi half of the f/car 1872 . The quantities arc c.rpresse(l in maun (Is. line's b'jittfi; under (.'S< 1111, itod in llic returns of the i>ro\ious Indf-jejir SKTEfTlONS FROM GAZETTES 1871 - 74. 2ot APPEJ^ Shoicing the amount of gooih in standard mnnnds shipped at places helow SaJmh 3 s > Vliicos of sht])ni('nt Ix'low V, s rJl id Salic' >KU\igo. rt TlJ 1 ' 0 a 1 c d 9 0 f GJ "S 0 3 rt o; 3. 0 28 0 l-S 0 of the 12 570 '“213 281 ’‘2()9 201 1,534 312 145 0 10 “20 31 2, 0(5(5 2,S(52 Somlinl IV'rgdnuahs 5.7h7 501 2.100 3 O 6 Havetiioro, Maldiih district .. 130.7 7<) 195 1.3:5 7,758 1,210 111) :>o 48 100 Oil 141, HOI 42 000 1 .522 175 23 ’ 800 3,'2(Jt ().'), .520 170 7.524 ... 3,203 ... Nowabgungo, Maldah district 11-.518 8(5 320 10 ... 25 lV('thporo ditto 42..507 3.50 ... til Rohuiipore ditto 27.177 800 “38 4 Raigmigo ditto Siiiiill places in Mald.ili district 2(>, too 7,704 ’ 5 300 10,218 280 850 ... 117 Ditto in the district of Pnrticah ... 3.017 32(5 17 2,128 1,515 .30 73. 111 2 Assaiico, Dinagcporc district 12. tJ.5 (liairiiiatah ditto n.l 1.5 ’ -SO Diiiagcporo 1(5.340 Kalkamiira, Dimipcpnre district .. 3 5,2 57 3U N vabazaar ditto 000 ■Nowabnndor ditto 1 1,(585 Nowguiiu: . .. 25,8 1 1 ... Small places ill Dinairt'porc district 1.510 1(10 400 Ditto 111 Rnmrporc distiict l.:5o5 1.012 ' 40 Dooliaii, itlooi’sheibibiid distiict 27. 130 707 1,.3(5I ,37.20:5 (57 •IcaKiiiigi' ditto 1,1. 8(5 8.5(1 1,805 21(5 "■*'1 JiminpoM' ditto Small jilaces ill Moorslicdabad dis- 35.i;5l> 200 (5(.2 42 7.247 .500 2 .33 tiict 1,0.57 805 20 2(10 Small plan's ill the Durdwan divi- sion 2,880 323 00 fiS Small places 111 the rrcsidcncy divi- sion 4,00(1 0.50 225 100 181 :i(i(i 8(1 1 Illiadn'ssur 1.2‘25 (du'iiidernagoro, French settlement 1,.500 1.000 3.047 ('alciitia 27,728 51 2,3/ / ’’‘(j'l; It impure Riiiilcali (todagiirce, Jtajslnliyo district .‘}5,:575 105,708 5,807 5,1.50 1(5 Siiidh.i. ditto Small places in the Itajslialnc divi- 12 3,75.5 '20 1,0.50 sion across the Ganges ... 8,080 122 Scramungi', Fiibiia district Dacca !. 1,01 59 205,208 .300 710 1,142 l.OIO SHiallnlaccs in tho (list net of D.icca IMto in the eastern districts 0,.56S 820 0.5 405 3,850 ”5 ” 11 08 Ditto not assigned to any distiict 11,0.50 it) 75, 1,811 ;i:58 1 1 2,{m Total of the second hair->ear ., I,l58.a39 1,550 4,9(54 07.848 4,340 1 4,643 1,560 603 381 5,754 50.7 S2 Total of the first half of 1872. 1,594,082 195 5,055 03,389 0,C53 4,234 25,805 108 1.34 8,007 54,007 (tCANb Total of the year 1872 2,753,921 1,745 10,019 101,3.37 11,002 18,877 27,455 i son 415 1:5,851 llt/.80 ^ I TRAFFIC ON THE GANGES AND RIVERS OF BENGAL. 205 J) I X No. ;3. (jungefor places above the registering station during the second half of the year 1872. u % o 5 o rt % A t/j Timber. Brass and brass-work. — i Other metals. i Salt. 1 1 H c c a m Cotton goods. Gunnies. j i i Betel-nut. j Total for the second half- year. b ^ ^ ■C f- LI, <£ ^ - .—1^3 rt O 3 o 1,259 ... ... 218 3,128 9,531 4 23,383 40,323 03,706 G.713 2 57 ... 22 2 3,7.33 078 52 20.398 1 i.:iss .34,786 305 20 7 1 100 51 11 1H,1S7 1.39,058 2.80..- 15 .. 33 1 1 1,208 58,012 202 :;i() 6 6 iol 28 181.025 51 1,193 207,11 1 59,010 320,151. 12.5 1.5,(181 15 OS 4 12,017 295, 1.57 .3.3s. 1(1 1 10 28 027 300,128 .3'! 1. 155 8.3 28.8,V) 5.5, 18 1, 02 19:; 117,077 1 i'oo 0(,0 20,1,3,5 40,719 00,8,5 1 0 2.100 50 10,210 0,,303 10,57:; 12.12.5 83,120 95 551 1 1 . 1 1.5 11.115 500 10,920 10,920 .3, 3,207 .3.8,011 71.278 25,2 13 25,213 1 2.28,5 12,2.85 2.5,811 2.5,811 1 1,.510 18,895 20, 1.35 2,105 2,105 128 l.:i7G 173 15 70„312 ’’02.O8I 132,990 18 93 17 lS,(i72 25 12 7.990 2.090 .31,2.51 21.021 .58,27.5 ... f.o 15 .507 41,200 228,0 10 272.819 1 20 .5,281 0 133 22 172 9,102 1 1,727 20,829 12.5 3,.5(I0 1.33 400 8 7.3.53 1,104 H.757 9,000 15, .57.5 1.50 1.5,725 109,8,32 1.110 7.i0 11 3, .30, 3 05,789 179,092 125 1.025 ... 1,02.5 2.5 13,.5.!i() 010,129 52 10,100 1.5,.532 7,882 711,1.57 39(;,.303 1,137.100 30 13.5 41,901 41,085 80,079 51,590 51, .596 171,204 171,204 1.3,025 13,712 20,7.37 14,289 1 1,289 ... 6 9,121 219,907 229.281 419,2 Kl 1,310 0,2.37 9.420 18.002 .... 200 4,140 17,812 21,9.58 100 15,579 9,115 21,094 3,1 OG r.,972 277 1.3,003 756,804 13 253 319 253,161 27,093 23,851 2,4.35,714 9,5G2 1,300 l.GGl 27,391 428,584 292 724 457 19,943 80,951 2,372,722 ‘2,Cti8 8,272 1,9.38 40,991 1,185,388 305 977 806 27.3,104 117,044 23,851 2,4.35,714 2..372,722 4,S08,4:i0 SKI, KOI IONS FROM (a/.KTTKS 1871-74, !2o() A 1‘ F E > l/i(‘ al/rfU'i/ de^ttnation of goods earned up the (itaiiges past Sahetxjunge da run DEbTITfATION. rt S t5 Wheat, Mds. Mds. Allahabad Alir/apuru Ftaiaics (W.ISO 880 fSniall j)lac('s in tin N. W. P. alKtve 2.S80 Purhci, (Thii/ociiorc dibtnct 10.1 It) 75 Ih'lthora ditto 2.‘),:i.')i Pajntporo ditto i:i.:i7i (ihn7cvii()rp 4t!,Sl9 Balia, (jihazccporc, Glia’/oojiore dis- trict 110.0.11 Moniar ditto 04, os.'. Small ]»lao('S in the districts of (rlnayceiiorc and Oornck)H>io 32,371 Gobi (lojialjjoiv, Goriickporo dis- trict 12,121 512 Small places in Oiidc tioo Arrah .... Hn\ar Solimiiorc, Sarun disliict (dnipiah ditto 1.1.3V2 Don^Miinrc ditto 10,070 Mohincdpore ditto H.410 ]{(‘VclKiimf(> ditto 70.1)2.5 (diecrmi I'lmprah ditto Mo/,iitlcr|)ore, Tiiliont district i.c.;);) 4, 370 |)iirhhuiia;ali ditto 1 070 lla/ipoi’c ditto l<i,.r.s T.alUnnge ditto llMs.-, 21 Roshra, ditto Soinastiporo ditto 4,(151 125 Small pl.iccs in the Patna division north of the GaiiKos 23.903 Patna ,33'<,(511 Sishon, Patna district Barrh ditto 21,01 1 Ihnaporc ditto 09,150 Alokamcli ditto Small places m (he Patna division south of the Ganges .. 21.108 30 IMon^hyr 2,S70 Gohindpore, Monghyr district O.O.'.i) Khairaiiah ditto 1,710 Siiriijgiirh ditto Small places in tho district of Moiiyfiyr 7.231 Bhagiilpore 1,575 Ha ha Salicbgungc, Bhagulpore district .... 400 ('olgoTiu; ditto 3.S14 Moorlcefriinge ditto 200 Small places in the district of Hhagnlpuru. ' .5.757 Gariagola 1,010 Konsce Sahebgunge s Small })laces in the district of Pnrneah 2,790 87 Sahebgniiye 17,091 320 Small places in the Sonthal I’cr- guimahs i 2,575 Small jilaccs not assigned fo any distnct « 7,791 Total 1,1.58,8.39 ],.5.50 Other cereals. a efi "5 r Oil-seeds. j 1) o O r/J Tobacco. 5 % ti 1 ^ £ Mils Mds. Mds Mds. Mds. Mils. Mds. Mds. Mds 9.50 2,78.5 22 I2.3r,s HIO 3,408 158 950 1.010 80 2.:en 7,t)0l ,311 ... 7.771 1.010 80 no 102 17.5 071 72 2., 5, 5,') 7,105 5 51 898 40 311 M, .598 S,0(.9 270 5 1, 2(1(1 125 51 1,155 2,325 215 2,905 no 74 7:! 100 3,81 1 212 200 17J 20 1.120 59 .318 17J 45 1.27.1 25 .33 1,0.37 02 10.278 1,.302 ... 20 i~> 4 ,.551 200 10 3 982 20 .371 125 38 80 481 7.508 3.011 2.478 20 l(d 295 2,800 578 ,5(1(1 8 MO 1,1 11 273 40 418 1.57 111 75 2. 1.52 4.59 53 ' .521 1,117 200 S3S 350 200 771 200 1,1MI 375 1,200 181 ' 5(1 2,019 440 ... 0 .531 2,58'') 270 81 35 *" 41 40 .3.5 :;'.i(> 200 ’20 .55 17 4.5 808 110 22 3 00 2.083 100 15 31 1..5.32 18 10 12.5 Oil-! 7 25 10 50 • ,5-1 82 28.5 224 192 2 118 205 1 (;5() 353 .3,183 3,955 1,328 30 131 320 2,2(l!> 12 1.5(1 71 475 1 1(;3 1.901 97,818 1,319 11,01,3 l,.50(l 0C2 281 5,751 5'!, 7''’ TRAFFIC ON IIIK OANCiFS AND RIVKRS OF UEN(}\I,. ► IX No. 4. te second half of the if ear 1(S72. Quantifies arc expressed in standard inaunds. 258 SELECTIONS FROM GAZETTES 1871-71 APPENDIX No. 5. River Traffic on the Ganges hy the India General Steam Navigation Cojnpang\ Steamers during the second half of the year 1872. Downward Cargo from places arove Sahergunge. Tlace of Shipment. Wheat and other grains. Seeds. Cotton. <D n n c CQ O a Ui Hides and horns. Saltpetre. Miscellaneous. Total for the second h.ilf- year. Total for first half-year. U u 'rt 0 H Mda. Mds Mds. Mds. Mds. Mils. Mds. Mds. Mds. Mds Alliibabad 2, .11 8 2,124 1.081 8,520 .50 Mii7,aj)i)ru 31,100 1,180 1,374 1,197 129 35.340 22,800 5s,2ii Renaivs 10 10 1 Gha'/oeporo 6.30 229 530 14 1,40.1 2 10 1 .11 1 R^-nvl^Muigo > 2, loll 2.1 5 DirmiKiro r)S7 201 1 1 805 .MI Patna 493 15 4,039 3,09i’i 7,1 1 Rarh ... ... 297 2' I Monu:li>r 1.2H0 1 .N Iaik('t'jH)ru 3,s25 3 s2 CaraKola 1,028 l,ii2 Total of second llnlf•^ear 37.0.39 2.189 1,371 2,858 1,197 i.rioo .50,123 Total of Jirst half-^\car 23, .352 9,1S1 02 200 1.729 .3.5,73S _J Grand total of the year 1872 1,200 00,99 1 11,072 1,430 2,8.58 1,10,3 0,295 50,123 3.5,738 85, Ml Upward Cargo from places relow Sahergunge, Place of Destination. c o 8 u (/j 5' o (D a o Total for the second half- > ear. Total c-f first half-year. r'. Ald.s. Mds. Mds. Mils. Md.s. Aids. Mds Allahabad 607 17.42.3 10,092 28,1 2'2 23,081 .51, Ml Mirzapore 2,122 31,2,13 4,482 37,837 23,780 (il,('2 Renarcs ... 391 391 210 (i) (:h:izee|)Ore 371 .371 9,32 RevelKnnKC .530 ’'”6,.500 tiO.5 , 7,701 23,890 .31 .v Diuiipore 125 2.313 2,438 1,170 Patna 1..312 400 1,892 3 (,31 7,127 lo.d! Rullowah 1,500 2(17 1.707 2,097 Monuliyr 1,917 5/17!) 7,:)90 2,731 • ](i,i- Soollajinunu:e 4(1,5 .1'* Rajnollee Ghat .381 Total of second half-ye,ar 2,729 51,1.30 0,900 2.5,898 89,003 Tot.il of liiSil halt-jear 2,214 38.0,19 2\820 10,727 80,1 10 Grand (?otul for the year 1872 4,973 92,785 .3.5,720 42,625 89,003 80,140 170,111' TIM! AW’OlNTMEiNT OF A MANAGING REPRE- SENTAWE BY A PLURALITY OE CO- SIIARING LANDLORDS. The Appointment of a Managing Representative by a Plurality of Co-sharing Landlords. ( till' 2Stli Auj^ust 1.S73. IKCSOliUTlON. — Ijy the (jlovoniiiioiit of lloiiqdl, Udvi'iiui' Di'p.ii tiiu'iil. Uk\d— ('lia[)ti‘r XVll. of ibo Hoard of Ri'vi'mir’s itn'moranduiu on tlio land ]■ov(‘mu' administration of tlic Jjowi'r Hroviiicos of IJon^aJ. Lottcr to (loviTiniK'nt of India,, i\o, I (idd, d.itod i^iid .Inly 1 SVib on tlu' |)i!tition of certain iiiLalutants of Hijlee, com^ilaimiiL; oi‘tln' o|)[)r('SMon of /emindars. Iji'tter from (iovernnu'iit of India in ri'jily, No. (121, Mated liOtli .1 iily, enni'iir- ring in the views ('Ajiresseil hy the Ijieuteiiant-dovcrnoT' m thea-hovc leiU'r. 1. Tiik board of Rovoiiuo in tlicir Adniinistratifni Roport for IS70-7I, in deseriliiiig iho land tenures of bengal, mentioned that as a consoquRTioo of the piaetioo of proprietors suli-leiting separately undivided sltaros of tlio wliole iiperior tenure, each tenant had now very conmionly to pay his rents to “two or many more than two masters.” 2. Tlie liardsliips and harassment to wliieh tlie praetiec of share- holders collecting separately snliji'cts (lirfi'idation VIU. af sections 2:^ . ^ • - • and 2.') ) 2S. WliPi'c nioie ])i()i>i u'toi b than oiir possess an niuhvided cstiite, and the whole of them he not within the deserip- tmn ut disqmililied liiinlholdeis speeilied III section ‘JO the soltlenient is to he niiulo with them |nmlly, iind they are to lx* lequiied to elect a s.iiheiakar or manaijer v\lu) sli.ill have the ('\clusive niana”ciiieiit. ()| their hinds duim;: the contmnaiice of liiB aiipointment. The deteumnaliuii ol the majonty ot the piolirielors, oi of the majoiuy ot those piesent, iti the event ol the absence of any, is to he bnidm<; on tlie remamdor in the choice ot a manaj^ei ; and wlieii the votes ot the propiietois aie « qual, tlie cleetion ot the maiia<rer is to ho determined liy the K>cater luleiest of tliu piopnetora in tho pioperty. If many case the interest also he equal, the iiumaser is to bo appointed by the Board ot Kevemifl. 2.') It the joint proprietors of nn- divided estates should neglect to elcit a sarbeiakar on the requisition of tho col- lector of the levenueot the zillah i|f»which such estates may he situated, tho latter is autliorizcd to iioinmate a manager for the appiobation ot the lloaid of Revenue, which manager, when coiifiimed hy them, sliall have the exclusive inaiiagcineiit, as long as it may be thought advisable to coidinne bun. Tho e\|»eiise ot thcmaiiagei, as well as tlie lespoiisibihl v tor the public revenue, lost mg nevertheless with the proprietors tlio teiiaiit, littd fretpieiitly come under the Lieutemud.-lirovernor’B iioiieo iii dilfereiit plnipos ; lie therefore rt'quesiod tlie board to consider wliether somt' remedy slioiild not lie jtpplicd liy legiK- lation, suggesting tlio possibility of reverting to tlie rule of tlio jtermaiK'iit settlement quoted iti tlie margin, under wliieh tho pro])rietors of a joint un- divided estate were required to elect a sai-herakar or nianagcT, wlio slionid have tho oxelusive imimigi'ment of their lands during tho continuance of his appointment d. On this tlie board consulted tlio Commissioners and local odicors, nud the result is cnihodiod in cliapter XVJl. of tho board's memorandum on tlie revenue administration of tlio Lowm* Provinces of bcngal recently printed. Local olHcors were “ very unanimous in deploring the evils and hardships of the iirosent system,” 1)ut were not generally hopeful »is to thh proh<'ihie result of the rmnody proposed, or of any other remedy 2G2 SELECTIONS FROM GAZETTES 1871-74. 4. Tlio reports of the local officers certainly show that extreme hardship, injustice, and wrong to the uniiifluential holders of small fractional shares in realizing, as well as to the tenants in paying, their routs is very often the result of the existing state of things, ,and the same thing is made evident by individual instances which liave come prominently to light from time to time in different parts of the country. 5. The Commissioner of Dacca observes that “ at present much _ . ^ ^ money is wasted by each petty sharer L pillions 0 oca o icers. having a gomashta, who has his pick- ings both from ryot and landlord.^^ 6. The Collector of Backergunge — that ‘4ho tenants who pay to three or four shareholders are undoubtedly often subjected to serious inconvenience, and the hardsliip is equally great on the other side. Indeed, the person who is probably most to bo pitied in the transaction is the small shareholder, especially if such person happens to be a woman or a minor. It is only too common for the latter to bo practi- cally dispossessed by* the more powerful co-sharers who persuade or cozen the tenants into acknowledging no landlord but themselves."’ The Commissioner of the Presidenoy Division observes that “ there can be but one opinion as to the great difficulties in the way of tenants in such a predicament. The hardship is unquestionably much felt from one end of the country to the other, ifid I think that a legal remedy should be applied to an evil that affects tho great bulk of the rural population.” In tlio Behar districts tho evil is not so common. A joint representa- tive is often appointed to deal with tho ryots, while in other cases the putwareo acts as collector for tho shareholders jointly. In fact, in this, as in other things. Debar resembles the Nortli- Western Provinces much more than Bengal. Still, tho Commissioner has known instances in which, owing to quarrels among shareholders, ryots have not been allowed to cut tho dhau, and ryots and maliks shares have thus altogether gone to destruction. In Saruu, tenants under joint co- parceners are put to much trouble in getting receipts and in recovering amounts overpaid. The Commissioner is of opinion that tho evil is very considerable, and is not only a source of vexation and harassment to the ryot, but of serious loss, inasmuch as it multiplies tho number of omlahs and underlings whom lie has to fee.” 7. Other officers represent the difUcultics to which the ryots are subjected when a dispute occurs among tho joint-shareholders to whom he has to pay his rent, or when a new proprietor of a fractional share comes in and endeavours to raise the rents payable on account of his sliaro. The extortion to which the ryots are subjected by collecting establishments is an admitted grievance, and that wrong is intensified to an intolerable degree when he has to satisfy tho illicit demands of tho servants, not of one landlord but of man^, for the gratuities or presents, which are sometimes said to be given by tho ryots of their own free will. 8. The Commissioner of Orissa goes fully into tho subject, and his remarks are*hore reproduced : — “ In *my opinion payment of rent by tenants to several fractional owners separately is productive of the greatest confusion, annoyance, and injury. An estate paying revenue of Ks. GOO often has as many APPOINTMENT OF A MANAGER FOR CO-SIIARING LANDLORDS. 203 as 25 or 30 proprietors, whose shares are in some cases so minute that they can only be described by fractions of a cowree. Tlio ryots are gene- rally an uncomplaining class, but cases have come to light in which they have suffered severely from this multiplicity of zemindars. On this subject the Collector of Cuttack reports as follows : — “ ‘ In the whole circumstances regulating the position of landlord and tenant, there is nothing so detrimental, I miglit say ruinous, to the ryot as the number of persons who claim to exercise the power of land- lord^ over him. As a rule, in this district the shareholders in a joint undivided property have no common manager or tehsildar* each collects liis own fractional share of the rent separately. The consequences to the ryot in an estate where there are ten or fifteen shareholders, each with his own set of omlah, demanding his own particular dusturf/, aro too plain to call for explanation ; but when the road cess comes to be collected the consequences will be far more injurious than they are now. The maximum cess payable by ryots is a pice in every rupee of rent, but thousands of instances will occur in which the whole rent to bo received by any one shareholder will not exceed a few annas. The portion of cess duo on this could not well bo adjusted, and the pro- bability is that when tlie whole amount is made up the ryot will find that he has paid three or four times more than he ought to have done. I have no hesitation in repeating hero my conviction tliat unless the appointment of a common manager in joint estates is enforced, the ryots can never bo placed in a fair position, and notliing, moreover, can be more detrimental to the proper management of an estate than a lot of shareholders acting independently, and squabbling over tlie plunder. Tliat there is a marvellous want of unanimity I knew before, and my o])iiiion has been only too well confirmed by what has transpired in working the Cess Act. ^ ” 9. In his Land llevenue Leport for the year 1872-73, the Particular instances. Commissioner of Burdwan writes to the Board of Jievenuo: — ‘‘As a rule, the principal sJiarers in joint estates have ertch their mal-cutcherry and separate collecting agency. This is harassing to tho tenants, but it is an old established practice in tho district. Tho different sharers do not in all cases collect rents at the same rate. Of two 8-anna sharers ono may realize much more than the other. It is stated that a certain powerful zemindar in the Ilooghly district witli a four- fifth share realizes seven times as much rent as the one-fifth shareholder. In his report on tho land revenue administration of the Cooch Behar Division in 1871-72, tho Commissioner gives the following account of a complaint which was made to Colonel llaughton during his tour: — “A Garo talookdar, whose tenure, from the evidence produced, was in existence prior to the decennial settlement, and whoso ancestors came forward and made the same complaint to Mr. Elliot, the Commissioner deputed to settle tlie disputes between the zemindars of Sherepore and the Garos, made tho following statement: — That l*ho pergunnah having been divided amongst thirteen recorded sharers, and*a number of unrecorded sharers, it has become a matter of impossibility for him to pay his rent. Each sliarer residing at a variety of distances SKI.KCTIONS FROM OAZKTTKS 1871 - 74. 2()4 required his rent to bo conveyed io liis hoiiso, and to each he has to pay Ills quota oF ahwahs. It so happens tliat Avlion two se])arate sliarers oF tlio same house disagree, ho is often obliged to dance attendance upon them till their dis]nito is settled. Again, a sharer dying, the tenant has either to wait till the heir takes his eertilieate of administration, or to pay at the risk of being obliged to i)ay again ; the matter has become intolerable to the extreme, and a better instance for legislative enactment cannot be given, if it be the intention of Govern- ment to intercede on behalf of these oppressed tenants.” 10. If*a talookdar finds himself in this position, the still greater diflieulties with which an ordinary ryot is beset under similiar curcum- stauees can be easily understood. The Commi.ssioncr further writes : — lly this diilieulty, not only the tenants suffer, but the zemindars themsehes are great losers. The tenant being extorted or harassed by one sliarer, delays to ]nay his rent to another, and in this way another shanu’ becomes a loser.” 11. Again, during the recent disturbances in Pulma the same difFieulty cropped up as one leading io much agrarian discord. Tlio village in which the feeling was most bitter, and most violence Avas committed, Avas one in which a dispute existed between the sliare- holders. One of them had sub-let his share to a man who Avas opj)os(‘d by the others, and the acts of violence wliicli occurred wore supposed to have been fomented by the discordant shari^hohh'rs. 12. In September 1872 a petition Avas pres(‘nted to the Governor- General in Council l)y certain ryots of llijlco in the Midiiapore district, containing the folloAving conqdaint among others : — “ Each zemindar collects revenue from each ryot according to his OAvn share of the district, and your Excellency’s petitioners are therefore subject to constant visitations from their peons, and tlie conscajuent annoyances and oppression. Tliey are also subject to pay illegal cesses, Avhich it is customary Avith zemindars to exact from ryots, ami your Excellency can therefore imagine the hardshii)s under Avliicli your Excellency’s pititioners are laboring and they [)rayed tlnit, as a remedy for these hardships, orders might be given for the partition of the district among the zemindars according to tlieir respective shares, or else that it should he placed “ under klia,s management or izaradars appointed by Government,” Avhich AAaiuld remove the “intolerable grievances” under Avhich the petitioners Aver<‘ lahoring. In re])orting on this petition the Commisssioner of Burdwan Avrote : “The Mujna- mootah estate, of Avhich they are residents, is held in six dilferent shares, and each sliareholder has in his emjdoy a distinct collecting agem^y, Avhose separate visitations for the purpose of collecting the r(mts is probably a source of annoyam^e to the ryots, but there is nothing illegal in the proceeding. The prayer of the petitifmers for the j>artition of the estate into dilferent shares is inadmissable. as thei-o is no laAV to compel the adoption of such a course on the part of the OAvners.
| 3,393 |
62537832def9d6e56fe717a8aa09c2d9
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 2,014 |
Code de commerce, article R310-2
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LEGI
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French
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Spoken
| 118 | 152 |
Une déclaration préalable de la vente en liquidation est adressée par lettre recommandée avec demande d'avis de réception ou remise au maire de la commune où les opérations de vente sont prévues, deux mois au moins avant la date prévue pour le début de la vente. Toutefois, ce délai est réduit à cinq jours lorsque le motif invoqué à l'appui est consécutif à un fait imprévisible de nature à interrompre le fonctionnement de l'établissement. Un arrêté du ministre chargé du commerce fixe la liste des informations relatives, notamment, à l'identité du vendeur, à la cause et à la durée de la vente et à l'inventaire des marchandises liquidées, ainsi que des pièces qui sont annexées à cette déclaration.
| 36,155 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113299387
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Marcha-Rancho
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 1 | 7 |
Marcha-Rancho
| 1,584 |
allgemeineskns05ml_35
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,921 |
Allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon
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Müller, Hermann Alexander, 1814-1894 | Singer, Hans Wolfgang, b. 1867
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German
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Spoken
| 8,519 | 17,543 |
*Stohl, Michael, wurde n. A. 1813 geboren. *Stokes, Adrian Scott, Zur Ergänzung: Schüler der Londoner Akad.; 1876 ging er nach Frankreich, das er auch später öfters besuchte und wo er Dagnans Unter- richt genoss. Ferner gelangte er nach Dänemark, Spanien, Irrland, Italien, Tirol und Holland und lebte lange in Cornwall. Von ilun Holländische Fischerboote, Melkende Kuhmagd, Haideweg, Mond auf den Dünen etc. — Seine Fraü.Marianne S., geb. Preindelsberger, geb. in Steiermark, studirte in Graz, München (unterLinden- schmit) und Paris (unter Colli n und Courtois), malte u. A. Scheiden (Mus. Liverpool), Der Page, Der zerbrochene Krug, Kinderberathung, etc. Med. 2. Kl. München. Stolz, Jakob, Bildhauer, geb. 28. Nov. 1867 in St. Ingbert, Schüler von Rue- mann an der Münchener Akad. (1886—93), weitergebildet in Italien. Er liess sich in Kaiserslautern nieder und wurde Lehrer an mehreren gewerblichen und kunstge- werblichen Schulen. Von ihm Luitpoldbrunnen (Traunstein),- Marienstatue (Marien- kirche, Kaiserslautern),. Altar (Rohrbacb b. St. Ingbert), etc. Storch, Anna Frederike, s. Storck, Anna. Storch, Karl, Zeichner, geb. 28. Jan. 1864 in Segeberg (Holstein), Schüler der Berliner Akad.; thätig in Königsberg. Er lieferte Illustrationen. *Storck (Storch), Frau Anna Frederike, geb. Werner, wurde am 14. Juli 1815 in Stettin geboren. Storck, Fritz, Bildhauer, geb. 19. Jan, 1872 in Bukarest, dort dann unter Buemann in München gebildet. Er war in seiner Vaterstadt thätig und schuf Rildnissbüsten, ferner Bronzestatuetten (Stein werfender Athlet, Unschuld, Neckerei), etc. *Storm van*8 Grayesande, Charles, Cher. de, wurde am 21. Jan. geboren, Story, Julian, Maler, geb. 1856 in England als Kind amerikanischer Eltern, thätig in Paris, wo er u. A. Bildnisse malte. Stoskopf, Jacob Gnstay, Maler, geb. 8. Juli 1869 in Brumath (Elsass), Schüler von Höcker in München und Boulanger und Leföbvre in Paris. Er malte Landschaften aus der Heimath. *Sto88, Teit, (polnisch Wit St^osz, nicht Fyt Sto7s). S. Leben v. B, Daum (Leipzig, 1903). Straeten (Streten), Hendrik van der, Maler des 17. Jahrhunderts, geb. um 1665 in Holland, t 1722 in London, Autodidakt. Um 1690 kam er nach England, verdiente als Landschafter viel Geld, gab es aber leichtsinnig wieder aus. In seinen besten. Bildern erinnert er an Hobbema und Ruisdael. Zuletzt malte er schnell und schlecht, um Geld zu verdienen. Strafer, Harrlette R., Malerin, geb. 1873 in Covington (Ky., U. S. A.), Schülerin der Cincinnati-Kunstschule, dann von Macmonnies', G. Courtois und R. Coli in zu Paris. Sie liess sich in New- York nieder und malte Miniaturen. Stralendorff, Carl Friedrich von, Maler, geh 14. ]J.Tai 1811 in Moringen b. Göttingen, f 6. Juli 1859 in Frankfurt a. M., Schüler von Riepenhausei^ und Jos. Koch in Rom. Er liess sich 1844 in Frankfurt a. M. nieder und malte Bild- nisse, z. B. Rath Schlosser, Ed. Steinle. Von ihm ferner Mädchen mit Frucht- korb, etc. Strathmann — Sncfaarda 269 Strathmann, Carl, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 11. Sept. 1866 in Düsseldorf, Schüler der Akad. zu Düsseldorf (1882—86) und Weimar (1886—88), unter Crola, Kalckreuth und Lauenstein. Er malte und zeichnete eigenartige, bizarre Werke, in denen ein sonderbares Linienspiel die Hauptrolle trägt. Von ihm Bacchantenzug, Salammbo, Der gefangene Freier, Musik- und Buch-Umschläge, Vignetten, Illustra- tionen für die Fliegenden Blätter, etc. Er gab eine Caricaturenmappe „Fin de Stranb, J., Maler, geb. 1849 (?), f 18. Mai 1903 in Bonn. Er malte Historien *Strecker, Emil) war auch Schüler von Hähnel. Werke von ihm befinden sich im Stadt. Mus. Wien. Strich Chapell) Walther, Maler und Lithograph, geb. 1876 in Stuttgart, thätig in Karlsruhe. Von ihm Frühling, Dächer einer kleinen Stadt (Steindruck in Farben), etc. Strobel, Christian; Maler, geb. 1855 in Salzburg, f 1899 (?) in Nürnberg, Er malte Architekturstücke, z. B. Der Schöne Brunnen in Nürnberg, Die Stephanskirche in Wien, Grabmal Kaiser Friedrich's IV. im Stephansdom, etc. Strobel, Konrad, Holzschneider, geb. 10. April 1849 in Hof, thätig für die Fliegenden Blätter in München, in deren Atelier er ausgebildet wurde. Stroehm, Halfdan, Maler, geb. 1863; thätig in Christiania (?). Die Nat.-Gal. daselbst besitzt zwei Bildnisse von ihm. Stroese, Hans, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 24. Nov. 1864 in Coswig, thätig in der Umgegend von München. Er schuf Postkarten, Genrebilder, etc. Stroerer, Ida, Maleriu und Graphikerin, geb. 16. Sept. 1872 auf GutWedigen- stein (Westphalen), Schülerin des Künstlerinnen-Vereins in München (1894 — 99). Sie war in München und in Bremen thätig und schuf u. A. Steindrucke in Farben. •Strohmeyer, Helene Marie, war auch Schülerin von GuAe. Von ibr ferner Blumenstück a899, Gal. Karlsruhe) und Rosen (1870, Gal. Hannover). Struck Hermann, Maler und Radierer, geb. 6. März 1876 in BeiliL Schüler der Akad. das. unter Kon er. Er malte Bildnisse und schuf zahlreiclie nicht her- vorstechende Radierungen. *Stnbbs, George, wurde am 24. Aug. geboren. Stnbenranch, Hans, Maler, geb. 11. April 1875 in Nieder Ascbau, Schüler der Nürnberger Kunstgewerbeschule und von Gysis, Halm und Ziigel au der Akad. zu München (1895—97), wo er sich niederliess. Er veröffentlichte eine Mappe „Bilder zu Fritz Reuter". *Stübchen-Kirchner, Robert, war Schüler des Polytechnikums und der Akad. zu Prag und wurde Direktor der Fachschule für Keramik in Teplitz-Scbönau. •StUckelberg, Johann Melchior Ernst, t 1^- Sept. 1903 in Basel. Sein Leben von A. Gessler (Basel, 1904). StUler, Marie, Zeichnerin. ceb. '6. Jan. 1844 in Berlin, thätig das. Sie schuf Kinderbilder. Stüler-Walde, Marie, Malerin, Lithogr. und Zeichnerin, geb. 29. Dec; 1869 in Eberswalde, f 1904 in Berlin. Sie schuf Plakate, Bildnisse, Titelblätter, etc. *Stiirtz, Ludwig, t 20. Juli 1902 in Marquartstein. Stumpf, Rudolf Eugen, Radierer, geb. 1881 in Prag, thätig in Weimar. Von ihm Brückenheilige, Bilduiss, etc. Stumpf, Wilhelm, Maler, geb. 30. März 1873 in Weimar, Schüler der Akad. zu Leipzig und der zu München unter Hackl, Raupp, Höcker und Zügel. Er Hess sich in seiner Vaterstadt nieder. Sturm, Ferdinand, Bildhauer und Kunstgewerbler, geb. 20. Apri? 1868 ; thäilii in Erlangen. ♦Sturm, Leonhard Johann, f 26. Febr. 1904 in München (?). Sturm, Paul, Bildhauer, geb. 1. April 1859 in Leipzig, Schüler der Akad. zu Lyon (1881 — 82) und Leipzig (188i~89), auch von Melchior zur Strassen; thätig in seiner Vaterstadt. Er schuf Bronzen und Plaketten, von denen das Mus. und das Kunstgewerbemus. zu Leipzig, das Berliner Münzkabinett und das Albertinum zu Dresden (Med. auf Richard Wagner, auf G. Treu, auf Blüthner) mehrere besitzen. Stutz, L., Maler und Zeichner, geb. 8. Nov. 1865 in Hoheneck, thätig in Berlin. Er lieferte politische Caricatmeii. *Sucharda, Stauislaus. Dieser Titel ist durch nachstehenden zu ersetzen: Maler und Bildhauer, geb. 12. Nov. 1866 iu Neu-Plaka (Böhmen), Schüler der Kunst- gewerbeschule in Prag (1887— 92)j an welcher Anstalt er später Professor wurde. Von ihm Wiegenlied (Marmor, 1895, Rudolfiuum, Prag), S. Wenceslaus, etc. 270 Suckow — SzekulicB Suckoyr, Alexander von, Maler, geb. 4. Juli 1855 in Ludwigslust (Meckl.), Schüler der Acad.- Julian zu Paris und der Akäd. zu Florenz (1895 — 98), wo er sich niederliess. Sockow, Erich, Maler, geb. 14. Juli 1867 in Breslau, Schüler von Morgen- stern an der Akad. das. (1888—90), der Hollosy-Schule in München und von Herterich und Marr das. Er Hess sich in seiner Vaterstadt nieder und malte Tbierstücke. Snensou (Soenson?), Jallns, Kunstgewerbler, geb. 1877 in Hamburg, Schüler von Offterdinger in Hanau; thätig in Krefeld, wo er Lehrer an der Gewerbe- schule wurde. *8uess, Hans, gen. Hans ton Kulmbach, t zwischen d. 29. Sept. und 3. Dec. 1522. Sumetsberg'er, Karl, Baumeister für Innenarchitektur, geb. 30. Dec. 1879 iu Wien, ScMler von Hoff mann daselbst. Sunde, Hans Nikolai, Maler, geb. 1823 in Husum, f 8. Jan. 1864 in Kiel, war anfangs als Lithograph thätig, dann seit 1852 in Antwerpen, später in Düsseldorf ausgebildet. Seit 1858 in Kiel thätig. Er malte Bildnisse und GenreBcenen, Von ihm Zitherspielerin (Stadt-Mus. Kiel), etc. *Sury, Max Joseph von, war Schüler der Akad. Karlsruhe und Weimar (1866—73) und bildete sich unter Veron und Courbet weiter aus. *Sasemihl, Heinrich. Sein Geburtsort ist Harburg. Er war auch Schüler der Dresdener Akad. ""Sussniann-Hellborn, Lonis, wurde n. A. am 28. März geboren. *SBtaiue, (Henry) Maxime f 17. März 1864 iu Reims; sein Geburtstag ist der 11. April. Von ihm „Zwischen 2 Regen" (Mus. Reims). Sutter, Albert, Kunstgewerbler, geb. 1862 iu St. Gallen, Schüler der Züricher Kunstgewerbeschule und des Münchener Polytechnikums; thätig in seiner Vaterstadt. Er veröffentlichte „Schweizer Landschafts- tmd Architekturbilder" (1897). *Sntter, Joseph, f 12- Mai 1866 in Linz. Er wurde am 28. Nov. 1781 geboren. *Swert8, Jan, wurde n. A. 1820 geboren. *Swert8c]ikow, Nikolai J., f am 25. Juni. *Swiedonisky (Swedomsky), P. Alexander, f 9- Sept- 190,4 in der Schweiz. Er war auch Schüler von Piloty und malte römische sowie moderne Geurescenen. Von ihm ferner Wand-, Decken und Altarbilder in der Kathedrale zu Kiew (1892— 96), Der Brand von Moskau, Messalina, etic (Möglicherweise verwechselten die Necrologe P. und A. S. ?). *Swie8zew8ki, Alexander P. M. &. von, wäre n. A. am 4. Mai geboren. *Swoboda, Eduard, t im Sept./Oct. 1902 in Hallstadt. Swoboda, Karl, Maler, geb. 1823 in Prag, f 12. Sept. 1870 in Wien, Schüler von Ruhen an der Prager Akad. Er Hess sich 1851 dauernd in Wien nieder und malte geschichtliche Scenen; z. B. Heinrich IV. in Canossa, Johanna von Castilien, Verkündigung des Todesurteils an den Curfürsten Johann Friedrich von Sachsen, etc., ferner Kartons zur griechischen Mythologie und Fresken mit Darstellungen aus der Geschichte Böhmens. S. schuf ferner 12 Illustrationen zu Kinkels „Otto der Schütz*. *Swoboda, Kndolf, wurde am 23. Jan. geboren und f am 24. April. Swoboda, Rudolf d. J., Maler, geb. 4. Oct. 1859 in Wien, Schüler der Akad. das. Er malte Bildnisse und Genrescenen, z. B. Bazar in Assuan, Interieur einer engl. Cottage, Afrikanisches Idyll, Dr. Karl Krall von Krallenburg, etc. Syrutsohöck, Walter, Maler, geb. 26. April 1863 in Leipzig, Schüler ^on Pr eil er an der Dresdener Akad. (1883—87) und von Baisch in Karlsruhe (1887—93). Er liess sich in seiner Vaterstadt nieder und malte Landschaften imd Thierbilder. *Szariiov8ky, Perencz (Franz)y t 29, April 1903 in Budapest. SzekulicK, Amadeus, Maler, geb. 26. Nov. 1847 in Nagy-Beeskerek (Ungarn), gebildet in Wien, Venedig, Rom und Paris; seit 1881 in Wien thätig. Das Wiener kunsthist. Hofmuseum besitzt von ihm das Bildniss des Prof. Nepomuk Geiger und das des Bildhauers Vincenz Pilz. Taack — Theotocopuli 271 T. Taack, J. Tan, Maler und Zei&hner, geb. 2. Juli 1859 in Amsterdam, dort ge- bildet. Er liess sich später in Berlin nieder und schuf Landschaften, Thier- und Genrebilder. Taeger, Hans Karl, Maler, geb. 1856 in Neustadt i. Sachsen; thätig in Lange- brück b. Dresden. ♦Tahy (Tahi), Autal (Anton), f 31. Aug. 1902 in Budapest. Er hat auch radiert. Tank, Heinrieb, Maler, geb. 1808 in Hamburg, f 1871 i" München. Er malte Marinen, z. B. Fischerboot bei Mondscheinbeleuchtung, Stürmische See, Hafen von Genua, etc. Tarengh], Enrico, Maler, geb. 14. April 1848 in Rom, Schüler der Akad. das.; thätig in Venedig. Er malte Genrescenen und Architekturbilder, z. B. Der Severus- Bogen in Rom, Der Titus-Bogen das., Arbeit und Nichtsthun, Der Cello-Virtuose, etc. Tarnogrocki, Otto, Maler, geb. 6. Juni 1875 in Lobsens (Posen), Schüler der Berliner Kunstschule (1892—93) und der Weimarer Akad. (1893—98); thätig in Dessau. Taschner, IgnatluSj Bildhauer, Maler und Graphiker, geb. 9. April 1871 in Kissingen, Schülei' der Akad. zu München (1889—95); dort, in Breslau und in Wien thätig. Er schuf ausgezeichnete Kleinplastik (z. B. Parsifal, Christus, Junge Walküre), Entwürfe für Brunnen, etc., ferner für Würzburg ein Kriegerdenkmal (1895) Tanteiihayn jnn., Josef, Bildhauer, gel). 1868 in Wien, thätig das. Er A\T.irde besonders durch Medaillen und Plaketten bekannt. Tautenhayn, Richard, Bildhauer, geb. 1865 in Wien; thätig das. Von ihm Brahmsbüste, Diauastatuette, Ruhendes Mädchen, etc. Tawernier, Andrea, Maler, geb. 28. Dec. 1859 in Turin, thätig das. Von ilim Kastanienernte, etc. Taylor, Charles J., Maler und Zeichner, geb. 1885 in Ne^-York, Schüler der dortigen Akad. und von E. Johnson. Er schuf Gentedarstellungen, etc. *Teichel, Wilhelm Alhert, wurde am 1. April 1822 geboren. Tenner, Eduard, Maler, geb. 1830 (?), f im April 1901 in Karlsruhe, wo er Akademieprofessor war. *Teriucnleii, Franz Pieter, vfurde 1843 (nicht 1834) geboren. *Ternlte, Wilhelm, wurde am 5. Sept. geb. und f am 22. Oct. *Teschendorf (Teschendorff), Emil, wäre n, A. am 13. Mai 1833 geboren, *Tessin, Karl OastaA'^, ist zu streichen, da er kein Baumeister sondern nur Oberintendant war. — Das Lustschloss zu Drottuingholm rührt von Nicodemus T. d. Ae., nicht d. J. her. *Tetar ran Elren, Pierre Henri Theodore, wurde u. A. 1831 in Amsterdam geboren. '^Tennissen, s. Autouisz im Nachtrag. Thallmäier, Ernst, Maler, geb. 1868 in München thätig das. Von ihm Studie, Porzellanmaler, etc. Thallmayr, Nikolaus, Kunstgewerbler, geb. 1875 in Vilsbiburg, Schüler der Akad. zu München, wo er sich niederliess. Er lieferte kunstgewerbliche Arbeiten in Metall. Werke von ihm in den Samml. zu Hamburg, Hanau, Strassburg, Bieune, Troppau, etc. *Than, Mör (Moritz), f am 11. März. Thayer, Theodora W., Malerin, geb. 1868 in Milton (Mass., U. S. A.), Schülerin von J. de Camp, thätig in Cambridge (Massachusetts). Sie malte Miniaturen. *Thedy, Max, 1881 — 82 war er Schüler von Löfftz. Sein „Genrebild" gelangte in das Mus. zu Mainz, Theer, Albert, Maler, geb. 1815 (?), f 30. Aug. 1902 in Wien. Er malte Bildnisse. *Thegerstroem, Robert, wurde am 6. Jan. und in London geboren. Er war erst Schüler der Stockholmer Akad., dann (1880—91) in Paris, sowie auf Reisen gebildet, nach denen er sich In Djiu'Sholm (Schweden) niederliess. T. hat auch Bildnisse gemalt. Die Sammlungen zu Gothenburg, München und Stockholm besitzen Werke seiner Hand. *Theotocopuli, Domeuico, wäre Venturi zu Folge in Toledo gestorben. 272 Theriat — Tillberg *Theriat, Charles J., Maler, geb. 1860 in New- York, Schüler vonBoulanger und Lefebvre in Paris. Er malte Bildnisse, etc. Thiele, K. F. Wilhelm, Maler und Illustrator, geb. 18. Jan. 1872 in Potsdain, Schüler der Berliner Akad. (1892—95); thätig in seiner Vaterstadt. Thielinann, Wilhelm, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 10. März 1868 in Herborn bei Wiesbaden; thätig in Cassel. Er lieferte Illustrationen für Bücher und Zeitschriften. Thienhaus, Radolf, Maler, geb. 2. Aug. 1873 in Engelskirchen, Schüler von A. Kampf an der Berliner Akad.; thätig in Charlottenburg. Er schuf auch Steindrucke. »Thierbach, Richard, war 1885—86 Schüler von E. Bracht. Sein „Waldbild" gelangte in das Mus. Halle. Thierry, — , Maler des 17. Jahrhunderts, geb. vor 1615, f iiö Oct. 1653 in Reims. 1641 hatte er bei der Leichenfeier Louis XIV. viel zu malen. Im dortigen Mus. wird ihm eine Landschaft zugeschrieben. Thöny, Christian, Bildhauer des 19. Jahrb., f 27. März 1902 in München. Thöny, Eduard, Maler und Graphiker, geb. 1866 in Brixen, Schüler der Akad. zu München; thätig das. Er wurde einer der glänzendsten Mitarbeiter des „Sim- plizissimus". Seine Zeichnungen aus den Offiziers-, den bayerischen Bauern- und den höheren Gesellschafts Kreisen sind Tieisterhafte Caricaturen, die neben dem Lächer- lichen auch sympathische Seiten in künstlerisch-geistvoller Weise festzuhalten ver- stehen. Es erschienen im Simplizissimus- Verlag mehrere Thöny-Sondechefte. *Tholen, Willem Basliacu, war im Haag tbätig. Von ihm Frühling, Herbst, etc. *Thoraa, Cella, geb. 1856 (?J, f 23. Nov. 1901 in Konstanz, Sie var die Frau des Bans Tb. und malte Blumen und Stillleben. Thomann, Josef, Maler, geb. 1866 in Karlsruhe, thätig das. Von ihm Feier- abend, etc. ♦Thomas, Geraerdt, Mah^r, getauft 20. März 1663 in Antwerpen, f 1720/1, Sohn und Schüler d. Piet^r T. 1707 wurde er Dekan üer Antwerpener Lucas-Gilde. Er malte in der Art des Teniers und des Rijckart. Erst 1903 wurden durch Custos von Hymans bestimmte Bilder mit ihm in Verbindung gebracht und zwar Atelier des Apelles (Mus. Haag), Kirmes (Mus. Brüssel) und Charlatan (Mus. Dijon). Thomas, S. Seymonr, Maler, geb. 1868 in San Augustine (Texas, U. S. A.), Schüler von B.-Constant, J. Leföbvre und A. Harrison. Von ihm Dame in Braun, etc. *Thon, Sixtns Arnim, f im Nov. 1901 in Weimar. Thor, Walther, Maler, geb. 13. Febr. 1870 in München, Schüler von Gysis und De fr egger an der Akad. das. (1888—96); thätig ebenda. Er malte Bildnisse und Interieurs. *Thoren, Otto von, wurde am 21. Juli geboren. Thost, Rudolf, Maler, geb. 1868 in Zwickau; thätig in Stuttgart. Von ihm Damenbildniss, Märzsonne, etc. *Thouron (Thourond), Jacqnes, wurde am 6. März 1749 geboren und f 1788. Thnn, Marie, Malerin, geb. 1852 In Daldorf (Schlesw.-Holst.) ; thätig in Berlin. Thnrm, Hermann Wilhelm (Willibald?), Maler, geb. 1880 in Leipzig; thätig in Dresden. Von ihm S. Thekla bei Leipzig, Altes Schloss in Sachsen, etc. Thurner, Gabriel, Maler, geb. 1840 in Mülhausen, Schüler von Chabal- Dussurgey. Von ihm Zugvögel (Mus. Strassburg), etc. Thyriot, Franz, Baumeister, geb. 6. Mai 1869 in Hanau, Schüler der Tech- nischen Hochschule zu Berlin ; thätig in Grosslichterfelde. Er erbaute die Augustiner- Schule in Friedberg (Hessen, 1899—1901), das Gymnasium zu Zehleuaorf (1902), etc. Tichy, Hans, Maler, geb. 1861 in Brunn; thätig in Wien. Von ihm Sanol Nicolaus, Buchenwald, etc. Tiemann, Walther, Maier unü Graphiker, geb. 29. Jan. 1876 (1875?) in Delitzsch, Schüler der Akad. zu Leipzig und Dresden, weitergebildet in Paris (bis 1897); thätig in Leipzig. Er veröffentlichte mehrere Illustrationswerke, z. B. Amor und Psyche (1901), Zwerg Nase (1901), Till Eulenspiegel (1902), etc. Von Gemälden nennen wir Damenbildniss, Meine Schwester, etc. Tilke, Karl Max, Maler, geb. 6. Febr. 1869 in Breslau, Schüler der Berliner Akad., meist aber autodidaktisch gebildet. ♦Till, Johann, wurde n. A. am 19. Juli 1827 geb. und f 21. Nov. Tillberg, Frithjof Harald, Maler und Radierer, geb. 1877 in Meissen, Schüler von K. Bantzer in Dresden und Löfftz in München; weitergebildet auf Reisen nach Italien. Von ihm die Radierung Das Tiberthal bei Rom, etc. Timler — Touchemolin 273 Timler, Carl, jnn., Zeichner etc., geb. 9. März 1862 in Jena. Er wurde Lehrer an der Berliner Kunstgewerheschule und lieferte knnstgewerbl. Entwürfe. Tippel, Georg, Maler, Graphiker und Kunstgewerbler, geb. 18. Febr. 1875 in Stettin, Schüler der Kunstgewerbeschule zu Berlin (1893—96); thätig das. Tischler, Anna, Malerin, geb. 10. Aug. 1881 in Laibafch, Schülerin von Roth und Gause; thätig in Krems (Nieder-Oesterreich). Sie malte Landschaften. Tischler, Hermann, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 22. Juni 1866 in Berlin, Schüler der dort. Akad. ; thätig das. Er schuf Genrescenen und Thterbilder. *Tis8erand, Jean. Zur Ergänzung: geb. 1660 in Reims, t 1737. Mit- 15 Jahren schickte ihn sein Vater nach Rom mit einem gewissen Champenois, der seinen Aufenthalt bestritt und die von ihm während dieser Zeit gemalten Bilder mit als Vergütung erhielt. Von ihm ferner Die Darstellung im Tempel und ein Bildniss (Mus. Reims). *Tissot, Jacqnes Joseph (James), f 3. Aug. 1903 in Buillon (Dep. Doubs). *Toberentz, Robert, wäre n. A. am 9. Dec. geboren. Tode, Ernst, Maler und Kunstgewerbler, geb. 28. Mai 1859 in Petersburg, Schüler der Münchener Akad. (1882—85) und von E. v. Gebhardt an der Akad. zu Düsseldorf (1867—89); thätig in Riga. Er lieferte Glasgemälde für den Dom zu Riga, die Katharinenkirche und die Chevalier-Garde-Kirche in St. Petersburg, die Lutherkirche in Warschau, etc. T. gab ferner einen ^baltischen V^appen- kalender" heraus. Töpfer, August, Kunstgewerbler, geb. 7. Juni 1834 in Ingolstadt, Schüler der Münchener Akad. (1851—54); thätig in Bremen, wo er Professor und Direktor des Gewerbe-Museums wurde. Von ihm Ehrendiplome, Adressenmappen für Bismarck, Moltke und Stephan, die grosse Fontäne im Bremer Bürgerpark, etc. T. veröffent- lichte „Möbel für die bürgerlich Wohnung". *Töpffer, J. Rudolph. Sein lieben von A. Blondel und Mirabaud (Paris, 1886). Toerner, Hugo, Maler des 19. Jahrhunderts, f 19. Dec. 1902 in Loschwitz bei Dresden. *Tojetti, Yergilio, t im April (?) 1901 in New-York. Tolkerts, Poppe, Maler, geb. 1875 in Norderney. *ToInay (Tolmay?), Akos, studirte (1883—86) in München, (1886—88) in Budapest unter Benczur. Er wurde Professor. Die „Sterbende Nonne" erwarb die Stadt Fünfkirchen. Tonge, Robert, Maler, geb. 1822 (?) in Longton, t 1855 in Egypten, Schüler von Beassi in Liverpool. Er malte vortreffliche Landschaften, einige Genrebilder und Orientdarstellungen; 1855 wurde er Mitgl. der Akad. Liverpool. Tooby, Charles Richard, Maler, geb. 22. Mai 1862 (n. and; ebenfalls eigen- händiger Angabe 1863) in London, Schüler von Brendel (Weimar). Er Hess sich in München nieder und malte Landschaften, oft mit Vieh staffirt. Topel, Kurt, Maler und Graphiker, geb. 8. Jan, 1865 in Sorchow, Schüler der Berliner Akad. (1894^96); thätig in Charlottenburg, Er malte Landschaften. Torchet, Pierre, Maler, geb. 4. Febr. 1798 in Reims, t 18. März 1847 in Chälons-sur-Marne. Von ihm besitzt das Mus. Reims zwei Interieurs in Wasserfarben. Torngulst, Ellen, Malerin, geb. 1871, Schülerin des Künstlerinnen-Vereins in München, wo sie sich niederliess. Tornow, P., Baumeister, geb. 14. Juni 1848 in Zielenzig; thätig in Chapelles b. Metz. Er wurde Baurath und Konservator der geschichtlichen und Kunstdenkmäler für Lothringen. Er veröffentlichte „Denkschrift zum neuen Dach der Kathedrale zu Metz" (1882), „Das neue Liebfrauenportal der Kathdrale Metz" (1885) und , Grund- sätze beim Restaurieren von Baudenkmälern" Toth-Molnär, Fereucz (Franz), Maler und Illustrator, geb. 18. Juli 1867 in Szegedin, Schüler der Münchener Akad. (1893—97); thätig in Berlin. Von ihm Bauernbegräbnis (Mus. Szegedin), etc. Touchemolin, Alfred, Maler, geb. 9. Nov. 1829 in Strassburg i. E., Schüler der Ecole des beaux-arts in Paris unter Biennoury und Drolling. Zurückgekehrt, malte und zeichnete er lokalpatriotische Vorvrürfe, Ansichten, etc. und war auch als Lehrer, sowie Gemälderestaurator thätig. Nach dem Krieg wanderte er aus, kehrte 1879 zurück, liess sich aber 1884 dauernd in Paris nieder. Eine Folge von Zeich- nungen seiner Hand veröffentlichte Heitz (Strassburg 1894 ?). In Paris erschien „Strassbourg Militaire". Von ihm besitzt das Mus. seiner Vaterstadt „Belagerung einer Burg im Mittelalter*. Allgemeines Kttnatler^l^xieon. 5. Aufl. Nachtrag. 1§ 274 Toudouze — Turmeau Tonäouze, Alexandre Simon Maler, geb. 1850 in Paris, Schüler von Mon- ticelli. Von ihm Monxy in Savoyen (1896, Mns. Strassburg), etc. *Toulonse-Lautrec, Henri de, f 9 Sept. 1901 in Paris. Er wurde am 24. Nov. geboren. Sein voller Name lautet : Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa, Henri Marie Raynard de. Trache, Rudolf, Maler, geb. 7. Sept. 1866 in Dresden. Er malte Bilder aus dem Militärleben, z. B. Vedette, Zurück!, Letzte Hoffnung, etc. *Tragy, Otto, wurde am 7 März geboren. 1886—89 studirte er an der Mün- chener Akad., und war zuletzt in Neu-Pasing b. München thätig. Traiii, Eugene, Baumeister, geb. 1832 (?), f 1903 in Annecy. Er verwendete wieder als einer der ersten Terracotta und Erzguss zum Fassadenschmuck. Ehren- architekt der Stadt Paris. Trautniann, Georg, Maler, geb. 3. März 1865 in Breslau, Schüler der Akad. das. (1881—84) und der zu Berlin (1885 — 86); tbätig in seiner Vaterstadt. Trautsch, Franz, Maler, geb. 1866 in Dresden, thätig das. Von ihm Am Zwingerwall (Pastell), Bei Antons an der Elbe, etc. Trautwein, Margaretlie, Malerin, geb. 23. Febr. 1876 in Breslau, Schülerin der Akad. das. und von Haertel und Olga Wisinger-Florian. Trauwitz, Nora Margarethe, Malerin, geb. 1877 in Dresden. Treeck, Gustar van, Maler und Kunstgewerbler, geb. 1. Juni 1854 in Hüls b. Crefeld, Schüler der Nürnberger Kunstschule (1867 — 72), weitergebildet in Düsseldorf und Brüssel. Er schuf Glasgemälde für viele Kirchen Deutschlands, Amerikas und der Schweiz, für das Kathhaus und die Diskontobank in Hamburg, das Stuttgarter Landesgewerbemuseum, etc. Trethan, Therese, Malerin und Kunstgewerblerin, geb. 1. Juli 1879 in Wien, Schülerin der Kunstgewerbeschule das. und von Moser. Trftuter, Kndolf, Maler, geb. 1874 in Meissen. *Triebel, Karl, wurde am 4. März geboren. Tritel, Franz, Bildhauer, geb. 1876 in Drahlin. Trobseh, Karl Otto, Baumeister, geb. 16. Dec. 1842 in Dresden, Schüler von Nicolai an der Akad. das.; thätig in Niederlössnitz b. Dresden. Er wurde Baurath und baute einen Theil der MeisSener Albrechtsburg, das neue Polytechnikum in Dresden, die Oberförsterei Brütenbrunn (Sachsen), das Kurhaus in Bad Elster, etc. T. verötientlichte zahlreiche Abhandlungen über Bauwerke. *Trost, Carl, wurde 1811 geboren, und f am 1. April 1884. Trost, Wilhelm, Maler, geb. vor 1830, f 13. Mai 1901 in Nürnberg. Troubetzkoy, Fürst Paul, Bildhauer, geb. 16. Febr. 1866 in Intra, in Italien meist autodidaktisch gebildet. Er Hess sich in Moskau nieder und wurde rühmlichst bekannt durch flott-realistiscbe Statuetten aus der modernen Gesellschaft, ferner durch gute Bildnissbüsten (Tolstoi, Fürst Galitzin, Segantini, etc.). Trübner, Sophie Alice, geb. Anerbach, Malerin, geb. 24. Aug. 1874 in Brad- ford, Schülerin des Künstlerinnenvereins München (1897—98), dann von ihrem Mann Wilhelm T. beeinflusst. Trugard, Georges, Bildhauer, geb. vor 1880, f 26. Juli 1904 in Oinville (Dep. Seine et Oise). Er wurde besonders durch decorative Aroeiten, z. B. den Schmuck des Festsaals auf der Weltausstellung 1900, bekannt. Kr. d. Ehrenleg. *Tschaggeny, Charles Philogene. f 1894. N. A. wäre er am 28. Mai geboren. Tuch, Kurt, Maler, geb. 1877 in Leipzig. *Tiibbecke, Panl Wilhelm. Von ihm Saalfeld (Kgl. Schloss, Berlin), Winter« abend in Thüringen (1899, Stadt. Gab, Gera), Unterm Thüringer Hof (1877, Mus. Weimar), Morgenstimmuug (1890), Blick über Flurstädt (Ehrengal., Weimar). Er wurde Professor. Türcke, Franz, Maler, geb. 12. Mai 1877 in Dresden, Schüler von Bracht und Kall morgen an der Berliner Akad.; thätig in Charlottenburg. Er malte Land- schaften. Tttshaas, Josef, Bildhauer, geb 7. Juli 1857 in Münster (Westfalen), Schüler von Wittig. Von ihm S Sebastian (Nat.-Gal., Berlin), Amazone, Bildnissbüsten, etc. Turmeau, John, Maler, geb. 1777 (?) in London, f 10. Sept. 1846 in Liver- pool, Schüler der Londoner Akademieschulen. Vor 1810 liess er sich in Liverpool nieder, wurde Mitglied der Akad. das., malte Miniaturen und Bildnisse und war auch als Kunsthändler thätig. Turmeau — Urban 275 Tnrmean, John Caspar, Maler und Baumeister, geb. 1809, f 1834 in Liver- pool, dort und in Rom gebildet. Er malte Landschaften, zeichnete Architekturen und etablirte sich zuletzt als Baumeister in Liverpool. Turqnet de Mayerne, Th., Maler, geb. 1573, f 1655. Ah Mediziner gebildet, verlegte er sich auf die Chemie und erforschte besonders die Schmelzmalereifarben. Er lebte in Pajris, Genf, Chelsea (London) und schuf einige Emaillebildnisse. *übbelohde, Otto, war Schaler von Herterich und Löfftz an der Akad. München (1884—90). Von ihm ferner Märchen von der Gänsemagd (1899, Mus. Halle) und Wandschirm (Tempera, 1900, Mus. Breslau). Er wurde Lehrer an der Kunstgewerbeschule zu Karlsruhe. Ufer, Johnnnes, Maler, geb. 1874 in Sachsenburg; thätig in Dresden. Er ge- hörte der Gruppe der .Elbier" an und malte Interieurs, Figurenbilder, etc., vielfach in Aquarell. ühl, Emil, Maler, geb. 1864 in Brüx in Böhmen, Schüler der Münchener Akad., weitergebildet unter Bonn at und Roll in Paris (1889— 91); thätig in München. Von ihm Flucht nach Aegypten (1896, Gal. Belgrad), Interieur, etc. ülilig', Joliaunes, Maler, geb. 1869 in Hainichen i. Sachsen. *lJlbrich, Hug^o, wäre n. A. am 10. Oct. geboren. Von ihm ferner dieRadierungen Würzburg, Der Rheinfels, Die Pfalz am Rhein, Titusbogen, Forum Romanum und 8 Blatt aus Alt-Breslau. *Ule, Karl, wurde am 14. April geboren. Arbeiten von ihm belinden sich im Justiz- palast und der Ursulakirche in München, im Ständehaus Merseburg, im Dom zu Bremen, etc. Ulffers, Moritz. Malei geb. 1819 in Hamburg, f 16. März 1902 in Düsseldorf, Schüler von W. v. Schadot an der dortigen Akad. (1847—52). Er malte erst Historien, dann Genrebilder und hat auch viele Reproduktionssteindrucke geliefert. *UImano, Samuel l^mile James, t ina Dec. 1902 in Paris. Ulmer, Antust Wilhelm, Maler, geb. 2. Juni 1874 in Mark Redwitz in Ober- franken, Schüler von Gysis und Höcker (1895— 98) an der Akad. zu München, später von der zu Dresden, wo er sich niederliess. Er malte Landschaften, die sich durch Frische und Farbigkdt auszeichneten. Ein schweres, unheilbares Leiden hat bedauerlicher Weise die Entwicklung seines Talents abgeschnitten. Ulrich, Franz. Er war auch als Illustrator thätig. 1651 ist Druckfehler für 1851. Unger, Else, Kunstgewerbleriu, geb. 25. Febr. 1873 in Wien, Schülerin der Kunstgewerbeschule das. ♦Unger, William, war auch SchfÜer von Keller in Düsseldorf (ab 1854) und bildete sich in Weimar und Holland weiter. S. Leben von Graul. üngewitter, Hago, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 13. Febr. 1869 auf dem Ritter- gut Kappel in Waldeck, liess sich in Düsseldorf nieder und schuf Militär- und Jagd- Scenen. *ünterberger, Franz Richard, war auch Schüler von A. Achenbach in Düsseldorf; Urban, Eugen, Maler, geb. 21. Oct. 1868 in Leipzig, Schüler der Akad. das. (1889—91) und von Fritkjof Smith an der Akad. zu Weimar (1895—97). Er war in Weimar und Berlin thätig und malte Bildnisse. *ürban, Franz, wurde am 15. Juli geboren. Er besuchte die Kunstgewerbe- schule zu Prag unter Zenisek (1885—93). Urban, Frieda, Kunstgewerblerin, geb. 25. Sept. 1878 in Leipzig, Schülerin von E. Urban in Weimar (1897—1900); thätig in Berlin-Schöneberg. Urban, Hermann, Maler, geb. 8. Oct. 1866 in New-Orleans als Kind bayr. Eltern, Schüler von E. Zimmermann, Raupp, W. Diez und J. Herterich an der Münchener Akad. Er malte Landschaften aus Italien, deren Farbengebung oft, besonders später, unangenehm an Böcklinsche Bilder erinnert. Urban, Josef, Baumeister und Illustrator, geb. 1872 in Wieö, Schüler von Hasenauer an der Akad. das. (1890 — 93). Er veröffentlichte zusammen mit H Lefler .Chronica der 3 Schwestern",. ^Oesterreichischer Kalender" und , Märchen" (1902 18* 276 Urlaub — Vellert *ürlaTib, Georg von, war 1874 Schüler von W. Diez in München. *üry, Lesscr. N. A. wurde er 1861 geboren. *U88i, Stefano, t 11. Juli 1901 in Florenz. *Üijl (Yyl), Jan den, lebte im 17. (niclit im 16.) Jahrhundert. *Uyttovschaut, Victor, geb. am 17. Nov. V. Vacatko, Ludwig, Maler und Lithograph, geb. 1873 in Wien, tbätig in München. Von ihm Hirschkampf (Steindruck), etc. *Vail, Engine, wurde n. a. eigener Angabe 1856 geboren. *Valdor, siehe Waldor, *ValeHtiny (Yalentinyi), Jänos (Johann), f 26. Febr. 1902 in Nadasd Ladäuy Vallet, Edouard, Maler ^ und Graphiker, geb. 12. Jan. 1876 in Genf, Schüler von Alfred Martin an der Ecole des Beauxs Arts das, Vanaise, Gustave, Maler, geb. 1854 in Ghent, f im Aug. 1902 in Brüssel (?). Er malte grosse Historien- und Geschichtsbilder, auch Bildnisse. Van der Hecht, Henri, Maler, geb. 1831, f H. Oct. 1901 in Ixelles-Bruxelles, Schüler von J. Pqrtaels. Er malte realistische Landschaften, z. B. Aus der Um- gegend von Dordtrecht (Mus. Brüssel), etc. Vangelow, MaxiiniüaD, Maler und Hlustrator, geb. 12. März 1871 in Grätz Posen), Schüler der Akad. zu Krakau (1889) und Berlin (1890)* weitergebildet unter Mucha in Paris. Er Hess sich in Berlin nieder und schuf Illustrationen für Zeit- schriften etc., darunter auch humoristische. Varese, Gerolamo, Maler, geb. 1860 in Porto-Maurizio; thätig in Genua. Er malte u. A. Marinen. Vasaiii, Lnigi, Bildhauer, geb. 11. Sept. 1867 in Lugano, Schüler der Mailänder Akad. (1884—90). Er wurde Professor an der Kunstgewerbeschule in Lugano. *Vasselot, Jean Joseph Marie Anatole Marqnet de, t H. April 1904 in Neuilly sur-Seine. Vattoni, Giovanni, Maler, geb. 1828 in Livorno. Taucher, Gabriel Constant, Maler, geb. 15. Juni 1768 in Genf, f 1814, Schüler von Saint- 0 urs, auch in Italien gebildet. 1792 Hess er sich in seiner Vaterstadt nieder, 1794—96 war er Direktor der Akad. das. Er malte Historien, Bildnisse und Landschaften. Yanreal, Graf Henri de, Bildhauer, geb. vor 1837 in Paris, f 25. Nov. 1903 das. Von ihm Castigator (Pal. de Fontainebleau), L'Industrie des metaux (Pal. Trocadero, Paris), L. da Vinci (Chat. d'Ambroise), Perseus etc. Med. 3. Kl. 1878; 2. Kl. 1883; Bronz. Med. 1889. Vauvill^, Armand Xavier, Maler, geb. 21. Mai 1814 in Värennes (De'p. Oise), Schüler von Feuchferes und L. Cogniet. Von ihm Die Kirche Saint-Thomas (Mus. Reims), etc., auch Stillleben. *VeceUi, Tiziano. Nach neuerer Vermuthung wurde er erst um 1489 geboren. Vedder, Simon Harmon, Maler, geb. 1866 in der Grafschaft Montgomery (N.-Y., U. S. A.), Schüler des New-Yorker Museums, der Akad Julian in Paris unter Bouguereau imd T. Robert Fleury und der Akad. das. unter Ge'rome und Gleyre. Er lebte eine Zeitlang in London und malte Bildnisse. Med. 2. Kl. London. VehHng, Heinrich, Baumeigter, geb. 17. Mai 1868 in Düsseldorf, Schüler der Akad. das. *VeilIon, Auguste, wäre n. A. am 5. Jan. gestorben. *Veit, Johannes, wurde am 2. März geboren und f am 18. Jan. Vejrych, JLohann, Baumeister, geb. 6. Juni 1856 in Branna (Böhmen), Schüler der Technischen Hochschule zu Prag (1875— 80), wo er sich niederliees. *Velasquez, Diego Rodrlguez de Silva y. Sein Leben von Justi, 2. Aufl. Bonn 1903. Stevenson (Deutsch, 1904). *Velde, Willem van de, d. J. ist am 18. Dec. 1633 in Leiden getauft worden. TeUert, (Velaert), Dirick Jacobsz, Glasmaler, Kupferstecher und Holzschneider des 16. Jahrhunderts. Er ist der Meister, der sieb mit einem Stern zwischen den Buchstaben D und V bezeichnete. Dieses Monogramm ist bisher ohne geYiügenden Grund als Dirk van Star aufgelöst worden. Der Bd. IV. S. 328 so eingeordnete Titel ist durch Nachstehendes zu ergänzen. — 1511 wurde er Meister, 1518 Dekan der Ant- Venus — Voelkerling 277 TÄterpener Gilde. Er feierte 1521 Dürer bei seinem Besuch in Antwerpen. Er nimmt 1512, 1514, 1525, 1530, etc. Lehrlinge auf und lieferte 153&/40 noch ein Glasgemälde für die Kathedrale. Man kennt viele Handzeichnungsentwürfe zu Glasgemälden von ihm (in den Kab. zu Berlin, Frankfurt a M., Weimar, Wien [Äibertinum], etc.). Seine Stiche und Radierungen datiren von 1522—1544; er hat wahrscheinlich die Technik von Lucas van Leiden während dessen Besuch in Antwerpen gelernt. Neben den 20 Kupfern tragen noch 2 Holzschnitte sein Monogramm : eine Knaben- und Mädchen- schule und das Wappen der Antwerpener Künstlergilde. Neuerdings werden ihm auch Oelgemälde zugeschrieben, aus der Gruppe, die früher als frühe Arbeit des H. de Bles galt. Yeniis, Albert, Maler, geb. 5. Mai 1842 in Dresden, f 27. Juni 1871 das. Schüler von A. L. Richter. Er schuf Landschaften. *Verboekhoven (Verboeckhoven), Eugene Joseph, wurde n. A. am 9. Juli 1798 geboren. *Verdier, Joseph Rene, f ißi Mai 1904 in Saint-Gervais bei Blois. Bilder von ihm gelangten in das Mus. Blois. Verdjen, Eugene, Maler, geb. 1836 (?), f 17- Juni 1903 in Brüssel. Er malte Landschaffen und wurde Prof. an der Brüsseler Akad. Im Mus. aas. befindet sich sein „Die Maas bei Dave". Verling, Bildhauer, geb. 1824 (?), f im Jan. 1904 in Strassburg. Er lieferte viel für die Restauration des dortigen Domes. *Verßet, Claude Joseph. Sein Leben von A. Dayot. *Vernet, £mile Jean Horace. Vergl. auch Blanc Les Vernets (Paris o J.) und Dayot Les Vernets (ebenso). *Vei*schafFelt, Pieter Antonis, wurde am 8. Mai geboren. S. Leben ferner von J. A. Beringer (Strassburg 1902). *Veruda, Umberto, f 26. Aug. 1904 in Triest. Er wurde n. A. 1870 in Venedig geboren. Er war in Triest, Wien, Paris, Berlin und England thätig. Sein „Bildhauer- Atelier" gelangte in die Moderne Gal. zu Venedig. Gold. Med. Rom. Vetter, Charles, Maler, geb. 1. Mai 1858 in Forsthaus b. Kahlstädt, Schüler der Akad. zu München (1882 — 87), wo er sich niederliess. Er maue Genrebilder. *Vibert, Jehan Georges, f 27. Juli 1902 in Paris. *?ierge, Daniel, f 10. Mai 1904 in Boulogne-sur-Seine. Vierthaler, Johann, Bildhauer und Kunstgewerbler, geb. 1869 in München, Schüler von Eberle an der Akad. das. (1895—1900). *Vigier, Walther Ton, Schlachten- und Kulturbilder von ihm gelangten in das Schweizer Mus. *Vill6gas, Jos6, würde Direktor des Musee del Prado, Madrid. Villegas-Cordero, Ricardo, Maler, geb. 1852 in Sevilla; das. und später in Rom thätig. Er malte Genrescenen, z. B. Ein Tanz in Andalusien, Ein Schmied, Figaro und Rosina, Süssigkeiten, etc. Villestrenx, Charles Edouard Xavier, Comte de ia, genannt X. Ellival, Maler, geb. 1829 (?) in Boulogne-sur-Seine, f i™ Oct. 1904 in Genf, Schüler von Troyon, Jacquet und Mols. Er malte Genrebilder und wurde als Sammler bekannt. *Villodas, Ricardo, t 6. Aug. 1904 in Soria, n. A. wäre er in Viiloelas geboren. Von ihm Botschaft Karls V. an den Card. Cisneros; Tod Cäsars, Eine Naumachie z. Zt. Augustus', etc. *Vinci, Leonardo da. S. Leben ferner von Mc. Curdy (London 1904), Müntz (Englisch, London 1902/3) und Rosenberg (Englisch von J. Lohse, London 1903). *Vinea, Francesco, f 21. Oct. 1902 in Florenz. *Viniegra y Lasso, Salvador, wurde am 23. Nov. geboren. *Vinnen, Karl, von ihm ferner Ruhe (1893, Kunst-Haile» Bremen). Er schrieb auch „Noch mehr Künstlerelend" (1894) und „Fischbecks Naturgeschichte" (1879). *Vischer, August, t im Jannar 1898 in Karlsruhe. *Vi8cher, Peter. Sein Lebelr von G. Seeger (Leipzig 1897). Viterbo, Antonio <ia, s. Jffassari, A'. im Nachtrag. Vögerl, Gustav, Bildhauer und Keramiker, geb. 17. Juli 1878 in Budapest; thätig das. *Völcker (Voelker), Otto Hermann Emil, t am 3. Oct. Voelkerling, Friedrich, Bildhauer, geb. 1872 in Berlin, Schüler von Donadini in Dresden, weitergebildet in München, dann an der Dresdener Akad., zuletzt in Paris. Er Hess sich in Dresden nieder. 278 Völkerling — Vowe Yölkerling, Hermann, Maler, geb. 1. Aug. 1875 in Breslau, Schüler der Akad. das. (1894) und der zu München (1895—99) unter K. Marr, wo er sich niederliess. Völlinger, Leopold, Maler, geb. 1819 in München, f 1854. Er malte Landschaften und Genrescenen, Von ihm Gebirgslandschaft mit Saumweg, die Gründung der Frauen- kirche zu München, etc., ferner Eadierungen, z. B. Das Spiel am Sabbath, etc. Vogel, Heinrich, Maler des 19. Jahrb., f 8. Jan, 1904 in Hildburghausen, thätig in Dresden, München und Rom. Er binterliess eine grosse Stiftung zu Gunsten ?erarmter Maler. *Yogel (Y«gel-Plauen), Hermann, wurde am 16. Oct. 1854 geboren. Er liess sich in Loscbwitz b. Dresden nieder. *yogel, Hngo. Von ihm ferner Fünf Wandgemälde im Rathhaus-Berlin, Gruppen- bilder des Senats im Hamburger Rathhaus ; Bilder in den Gal. Hamburg, Hannover, Magdeburg etc. Vogler, Adam, Maler, geb. 1822, f 1856 in Wien. Schüler von Führich. Er malte Geschichtsbilder, z. B. Francesca da Rimini u. Paolo Malatesta, Erscheinung kämpfender Reiter in Jerusalem, etc. Vogler, Paul, Maler, geb. 1852 (?), f 22. (?) Dec. 1904 in Yerneuil-sur-Seine. Er malte impressionistische Landschaften. Vogts, Richard, jnn., Maler, geb. 9. Dec. 1874 in Köln, Schüler der Berliner Akad., der Acad.-Julian und von Constant und Laurens in Paris. Er liess sich in seiner Vaterstadt nieder und malte Bildnisse. Voigt, Franz Wilhelm, Maier, geb. 4. Sept. 1867 in Hof a. d. Saale, Schüler der Breslauer Kunstschule, dann von Hollosy und 1892 von Höcker in München. 1896—97 bereiste er Italien. Thätig in München-Dachau ; Mitglied der „Scholle". Von ihm Bauernwagen, Kirchgang, Lachendes Mädchen, etc. *Voigtel, Sichard, f 28. Sept. 1902 in Köln a. Rh. Voigtlaender-Tetizner, Emil, Maler, geb. 30. Mai 1851 in Burgstädt bei Chem- nitz, Schüler von K. N. Bantzer, Wilh. Ritter und einer Berliner Privat-Akad., nachdem er zuvor Chemie und Naturwissenschaften studirt hatte. Er liess sich in Dresden nieder und malte Landschaften, z. Th. mit Figuren, die in Wien, München und Dresden ausgestellt werden. Volkert, Hans, Radierer, geb. 7. Aug. 1878 in Erlangen, thätig in München. Von ihm Schloss Bluthenberg bei München, Schafherde bei Mondschein, Kinderköpfchen, etc. ♦Volkmann, Hans von, war auch eine Zeitlang Schüler von Bantzer und Ritter und Mitglied der Goppelner Malerkolonie bei Dresden. Von ihm ferner Landschaft (1894, Gal. Stuttgart), Eif eilandschaft (1899, Mus. Magdeburg), Sommerabend (1899 Mus. Halle); Abendsonne (1900, Mus. Breslau), Eifelberge (1902, Gal. Freiburg i. Br.). Er veröffentlichte auch „Afrika, Studien und Einfälle eines Malers (1895) und Eifel- bilder" (Samml. Theuerdank). Vollenweider, Joh. Gustav, Maler, geb. 6. Mai 1852 in Aengst b. Zürich, Schüler derMüncbener Akad. (1879—81) und von A.v. Werner in Berlin (1884); thätig in Bern. Vollet, Henri, Maler, geb. 1861 bei Paris. Vollrath, Otto, Maler und Illustrator, geb. 25. April 1856 in Saalfeld Schüler der Weimarer Akad. (1876—81) und von Alb. Brendel; thätig in München. Er malte und zeichnete Bilder aus dem Jagdleben. *Vollwelder, Angnst Johann Jacoh, wäre n. A. 1834 geboren. *Volpe, Vincent. Er war am 20. Sept. 1856 in Avellino (Neapel) geboren. *Volz, Hermann. Sein Kampf mit dem Tiger (1886) gelangte in die Hamburger Kunsthalle; für Essen schuf er ein Kaiserdenkmal. *Volz, Wilhelm, f 7. Juli 1901 in München. Vonnoh, Bessie Potter, Bildhauerin, geb. 1872 in St. Louis (Mo., U. S. A.), Schülerin des Art-Institute zu Chicago. Von ihr Junge Mutter, Tänzerin, etc. *Vorgang, Faul. Von ihm ferner Aus der Umgegend von Berlin (Mus. St. Louis) und Herbst-Abend (Nat.-Gal. Berlin). Vorländer, Otto, Maler, geb. 14. Jan. 1853 in Altena, Schüler der Akad. zu Düsseldorf, Berlin und München, weitergebildet in Italien und Holland. Er wurde Lehrer an der Kgl. Baugewerk-Schule in Barmen-Elberfeld. Yorn«, Elise, Maleria und Radiererin, geb. 1844 in der Schweiz, Sie war in Paris thätig und wurde Offizier der Akademie Von ihr Die Kastanien der Insel St. Louis (Rad. in Farben), etc. Yowe, Paul, Maler, geb. 16. Mai 1874 in Elberfeld, Schüler von A. von Werner an der Akad. zu Berlin, wo er sich niederliess. Waagen — Walter 279 W. *Waagen, Adalbert, f am 15. April. Wachsmnth, Maximilian, Maler, geb. 14. Juli 1859 in Lassrönne, Schüler der Akad. zu München {1883 — 85), wo er sich niederliess. Waeutig, Walther, Maler, geb. 1881 in Zittau, tliätig in Leipzig. Von ihm Beim Kartoffelschälen, Bauernhäuser in der Abendsonne, etc.; auch Bildnisse. Wagner, Adolf, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 12. Jan. 1861 in Cassel, Schüler der dortigen Akad. (1880—88, unter Knackfuss) und der zu Düsseldorf. Er wurde Lehrer an der Casseler Akad. und schuf Thierbilder, geschichtliche Scenen, etc.; auch Plakate. * Wagner, Alexander, wurde geadelt. Er schuf auch Illustrationen. Wagner, Carl, Zeichner, geb. 29. März 1877 in Berlin, Schüler der dortigen Akad., thätig das. Von ihm Buchschmuck, Illustrationen, etc. Wagner, Cornelius, Maler, geb. 10. Aug. 1870, Schüler von Ducke r an der Akad. zu Düsseldorf (1888—1900); thätig das. Er malte vorwiegend Marinen, z. B. Landung des Grossen Kurfürsten auf Rügen (Ständehaus, Stettin], etc. Wagner, Jnliette, Malerin, geb. 19. Dec. 1869 in Dresden, gebildet in Düssel- dorf und München; thätig in Düsseldorf. Von ihr Meine kleine Freundin (Nat.- Gal. Berlin), etc. *Wagner, Karl. Von seinen Werken gelangten Kaiser Wilhelm I. in die Gal. zu Karlsruhe, Bismarck in die zu Mannheim und Grossherzog Friedrich in das Eathhaus das. Wagner, Karl, II., Maler und Zeichner, geb. 11. März 1864 in Neustadt an der Orla, thätig in Berlin-Grunewald. Von ihm Thiere, Jagdscenen, Humoristika, etc. Wagner, Melanie von, Malerin, geb. 1866 in Radeberg. *Walil, Alexander YOn, f 2. Dec. 1903 in München, n. A. wäre er 1838 ge- boren. W. hat auch gemalt. Wahl, Josef, Maler, geb. 4. Sept. 1875 in Düsseldorf, Schüler von Lauenstein an der Akad. das. (1891 — 1902). Er malte geschichtliche Scenen. * Wähle, Friedrich. Sein Beim Doktor (1901) gelangte in die Neue Pinakothek zu München. *Wald, Jakob, f 1904 in Klagenfurth. Walde, Chr. Hermann, Bildhauer und Kunstgewerbler, geb. 7. Dec. 1855 in Schneeberg (Sachsen) ; thätig in Warmbrunn als Direktor einer Holzschnitzerschule. Er wurde Professor und veröffentlichte verschiedene kunstgewerbliche Lehrbücher. *Waldmüller, Ferdinand Georg, wurde am 15. Jan. geboren. Waldner, Heinrich Augnst, Baumeister, geb. 1877 in Wasselnheim, gebildet in Darmstadt, München, Paris und Wien (1896—1901). Er liess sich in München nieder, war auch als Kunstschriftsteller thätig und wurde Redakteur an der „Deutschen Bauhütte". *Waldor, Jean. Nachtrag zu dem Artikel Valdor. Obwohl der Künstler sich selbst meist Taldor unterzeichnete, ist die Schreibweise Waldor wohl die bessere, da er Vlame war. Da er schon 1611 eine Madonna gestochen hat, ist es wahr- scheinlicher, dasa er um 1590 geboren ist. Er starb nach dem 7. Oct. 1661, an welchem Tage er eine Tochter in Paris zu Grabe trug. 1623 befand er sich noch in Lüttich, 1646 war er schon Hof kupferstech er. Zwischen 1623—1630 war er in Rom, 1630 in Nancy. Der Wittwe Louis XTII. unterbreitete er ein Projekt (1649?), dessen Thaten in Kupfer zu stechen. Die Schlussnotiz unter V., dass der Künstler sich zuletzt nach Lüttich begab und Geistlicher wurde, erscheint demnach zweifelhaft. *Walker, Franz, t 17. Oct. 1902 in München. Wallenberger, Georg, Maler, geb. 14. Aug. 1865 in Blieskastel (Rheinpfalz), Schüler von Lindensch mit und Rümann an der Münchener Akad. (1882—92); thätig in Berchtesgaden. Er malte Geschichtsbilder, z. B. Das Ende der Welt (Trytichon), Fresken (Justizgebäude München), desgl. (von Thierschs Haus, das.), etc. ♦Waller, Samuel Edmund, t 9. Juni 1903. Walter, Johann, Maler, geb. 22. Jan. 1869 in Mitau (Kurland), Schüler der Petersburger Akad. (1889—93), unter Kiwschenko und Makowski; thätig in seiner Vaterstadt. Die Petersburger Akad. besitzt eine Landschaft (1897) von ihm. Walter, Karl, Maler, geb. 1868 in Karlsruhe, thätig das. Von ihm Bretonische SardinenfiBcher, etc. 280 Walter — Weber ♦Walter, Ottokar, t 15. Dec. 1904 in Wien. •Walther, Adolf Wilhelm, t 5. Febr. 1899 (?). Walther, Heinrich, Kupferstecher, geb. 1827 (?), f 22. Febr. 1904 in Nürnberg. Walton, Edward Arthur, Maler, geb. 1860 in Glanderston House bei Glasgow, schloss sich an die Gruppe der Glasgow-Boys an und war in London thätig. Er schuf feine, tiefgestimmte Bildnisse, überaus flotte Strassen- und Parkscenen und auch reizvolle Märchenbilder. Wandel, Elisabeth, Malerin, geb. 1850 in Dänemark. Sie malte Bildnisse. Wandsohneider, Wilhelm, Bildhauer, geb. 6. Juni 1866, Schüler von A. Wolff und R. Begas an der Berliner Akad. Q886— 94); thätig in Charlottenburg. Von ihm Kain und Abel (Mus. Schwerin), Verwundeter Krieger (ebenda), Bismarck das.; Kaiser- denkmal (Neustettin), desgl. (Dortmund), Siemensdenkmal (Cnarlottenburg), Friedrich Franz III. (Rostock), etc. Wane, ßichard, Maler, geb. 3. April 1852 in Manchester, f 8. Jan. 1904 in Egremont bei Liverpool, SchtUer von F. Shields. .Er war erst in Schottland, dann in Wales, 1890—96 in London und zuletzt in Liverpool thätig. W. malte Marinen. Von ihm Fluth (Gal. Woiverhampton), etc. Wangenheim, Wilhelm Ton, Bildhauer, geb. 4. Juli 1858 in Sayda (Provinz Sachsen), Schüler der Akad zu Berlin (1878—83); thätig das. *Warin, Qnentin, s. oben Varin, V. Bd. Wir berichtigen, dass der Künstler am .27. März 1634 in Paris begraben wurde. Wassmatb, Hermann, Maler, geb. 18. Aug. 1871 in Schaffhausen, Schüler aer Münchener Akad. (1894—96) und der Acad- Julian zu Paris. Er Hess sich in Zürich nieder. ♦Walerlo, (Waterloo), Anthonis. Vergl. das Verzeichniss seiner Radierungen: von J. Wessely (Hamburg 1891). Waterlow, Sir Ernest Albert, Maler, geb. 24. Mai 1851 in London, Schüler von Bocion zu Ouchy und der Carey- Schule in London, 1872 der Akad. das.; weiter- gebildet auf Reisen (1870) auf dem Continent. 1874 malte er zu Newlyn im Freien. Er aquarellirte hauptsächlich Landscnaften, doch malte er auch viel in Oel. 1897 wurde er President der Royal - Soc. of Painters in Water-Colours. Gold. Med. Berlin 1896, Silb. Med. Paris 1900. Watermeyer, Manuela, Malerin, geb. 1875 auf Rittergut Döbitz bei Leipzig; tbätig in Naumburg. Von ihr Saaleck mit der Rudelsburg am Abend (Aquar.), etc. Watson, George Spencer, Maler, geb. 1869 in London, thätig das. Er malte Bildnisse, etc. •Watter, Joseph, wäre n. A. 1838 geboren. ♦Watts, Sir George Frederick, f 1. Juli 1904 in London. Er war am 23. Febr. 1817 geboren. Er hat auch bei dem Bildhauer W. B ebnes gelernt. Von seiner ersten Frau, der später als Ellen Terray bekannt gewordenen Schauspielerin, wurde er geschieden. Zweimal lehnte er die Erhebung in den Adelstand ab. Er wurde Ehren- doktor von Campridge und Oxford, erhielt den San Luigi- Orden (von Lucca) und den engl. Orden of Merit. Von ihm ferner 29 Bildnisse in der Nat. Pörtrait-Gal. zu London; viele andere Gemälde in der Tate-Gal. das., je eines in der Nat.-Gal. in London, im Luxemhourg, in München und Manchester; viele Skizzen im S. Kensing- ton-Mus. Ferner befinden sich Bilder von ihm in der Akad., in der St, Paulskirche und im Parlamentshaus zu London. Sein Leben von Miss R. Sketchley (London 1904). Wauer, William, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 26. Oct. 1866 in Oberwiesenthal i. S., Schüler der Akad. zu Dresden (1884—87), Berlin und München (1896—97); thätig in Berlin und Dresden. Er schuf Illustrationen, Buchschmuck, etc. ♦Weber, Anton, war auch Schüler von Bary und später von Corot in Paria. Von ihm ferner „Genrebild" (1864, Nat.-Gal. Berlin). Weber, Heinrich II., Maler, geb. 1843 in Esplingerode (Hannover); thätig in München. Er malte Genrebilder, z. B. Besuch der GroRsmutter, Auf dem Markte, Köchin mit Geflügel, Der erhaltene Brief, etc. Weber, Karl, Bildhauer, geb. 1860 (?), f 18. Nov. 1902 in Frankfurt a. M., wo er Profeßsor an der Kunstgewerbeschule war. ♦Weber, Panl, -studirte 1848 in Antwerpen. Werke von ihm besitzen die Samm- lungen zu Barmen, Budapest, Darmstadt, Mainz und Philadelphia. Weber, Rndolf, Maler, geb. 26. Febr. 1872 in Wien, Schüler von K. v. Lichten- fels an der Akad. das. (1898—98). Er malte Landschaften. Weber — Weilaud 281 * Weber, Theodor« Werke von ihm besitzen die Sammlungen zu Budapest, (Kö)n a. Rh., Moskau GaJ. Tretjakow), Mühlhausen, etc. *Weber, Therese, f am 28. Dec. Weber, Therese 11., Malerin, geb. 31. Oct. 1864 in München» Schülerin des Künstlerinnen-Vereins das. (1890—95) und von Hölzel in Dachau (1897—1900). Sie war in ihrer Vaterstadt tBatig und malte Landschaften. Wecker, Josef, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 15. Jan. 1873 in Berlin, Schüler der dort, /kad., thätig das. Er schuf Landschaften. *Weckesser, August, wurde am 28. Nov. 1821 geboren. Das Mus. St. Gallen be- sitzt von ihm Barbara Muralt vertheidigt vor dem Bischof Ripenda ihren Glauben, die Stadtbibliotbek zn Winterthur Tod Zwingiis. Weczerzick, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 10. April 1864 in Herischdorf i. Schi. ; thätig in Charlottenburg. Er schuf Thierbilder. Weddigr, Heinrich, Bildhauer, geb. 14. Juli 1870» Schüler von W. v. Rümann an der MOnchener Akad. (1894—98); thätig in Beidin. Wedding-ßoettger, Else, Malerin, geb. 1868 in Landsberg a. d. Warthe. Wedemeyer, Heinrich, Bildhauer, geb. 11. Dec. 1867 in Sudershausen b. Göttingen, thätig in Dresden. Von ihm In Freud und Leid (Plakette), Der Sterbende, Büste König Alberts von Sachsen, Büste Margrit Bienert, Kirgiser Steppen- huud, Schaffen und Wirken (Bronzerelief}, Esel, Steppenpferd, Grabmäler, etc. *Wedepohl, Theodor, war auch als Restaurator thätig. Bildnisse seiner Hand gelangten in das Ständehaus zu Münster und die Wilhelmsschule zu Liegnitz. Wedgwood, Josiah, berühmter Töpfer, geb. 1730 in Burslem, f 3. Jan. 1795 in Etruria (? Staffordshire), Schüler seines Vaters und seines Bruders. 1759 eröffnete er eine eigene Töpferei in Burslem, 1769 die nachmals so berühmten in Etruria. Mittlerweile hatte ihn die Begeisterung für die Antike erfasst und er wurde be- sonders von Caylns' Recueil d'Antiquile's, sowie von der Sammlung des Sir William Hamilton bestimmt, griechische (oder wie man sie damals nannte etruskische) Vasen nachzuahmen. Seine Blau-weiss-Waare wurde ungeheuer verbreitet und berühmt; die Schwarz-weiss-Vasen sind viel seltener und werthvoller. Sein berühmtestes Werk ist die Nachbildung der sogenannten „Portland-Vase", von der ca. 50 hergestellt wurden und die mit ungefähr 1000 Mk das Stück bezahlt wurden. S. Leben von Jewitt (1865), E. Meteyord (1866), A. H. Church (2. Aufl. London 1908/4). Weech, Uta TOn, Malerin, geb. 14. Mai 1866 in Karlsruhe, Schülerin der Malerinnen-Schule das. (1889—90), dann von Ferrari in Rom (1894—96). Sie Hess sich in ihrer Vaterstadt nieder. *Weeks, Edwin Lord, f 1903 in Paris. Med. 3. Kl. 1889; Gold. Med. Paris 1900; Kr. d. Ehrenleg. 1896. Weese, Max, Max, Maler, geb. 27. Juli 1855 in Schweidnitz, Schüler von Seh rader an der Berliner Akad. (1873—75) und von Alex. Wagner an der zu München. Er liess sich in Berlin-Schöneberg nieder und malte Geschichtsbilder. Weflng, Heinrich, Bildhauer, geb. 12. Sept. 1854 in Eickum b. Herford, Schüler der Akad. zu Berlin; thätig das. Von ihm Kaiserdenkmal (Gardelegen), Düppeldenkmal (Sorau), Wittekinddenkmal (Herford), Kriegerdenkmäler in Herford, Neuendorf und Orteisburg; Colossalrelief (Mus. Danzig), Bismarck (Porta Westfalica), Friedrich der Grosse (Trebbin), etc. *Welchberger, Alexander Eduard. Landschaften von ihm gelangten in die Gal. und die Ehren-Gal. zu Weimar. Weidinger, Marie Joseflne, Malerin, geb. 15. Mai 1859 in Wien, Schülerin von Halauska und Darnaut. Weidmann, Conrad, Maler und Zeichner, geb. 10. Oct. 1847 in Diessenhofeu a. Rh., t 17. Aug. 1904 in Lübeck, wo er seit 1872 ansässig war. 1882 veröffent- lichte er ein „Historisches Album von Lübeck". 1882 begleitete er als Zeichner für die Leipz. Illustr. Ztg. die Wissmann-Expedition nach Afrika. Er schrieb auch über Kunst, sowie über Kolonialangelegenheiten. Weidner, Carl A., geb. 1865 in Hoboken (N.-J., U. S. A.), Schüler der New- Yorker Akad. und Students' League, dann von P. Nauen in München, thätig in New- York. Er malte Miniaturen und Bildnisse. ♦Weigl, Robert, t 26. Dec. 1902. Weiland, Gadso, Kunstgewerbler und Graphiker, geb. 21. Febr. 1869 in Pageron (Angeln), Autodidakt ; thätig in Dollerup (Schleswig). 282 Weimar — Welsch *Weimar, Wilhelm, f 7. Sept. 1890. N. A. wäre er am 29. Dec. 1855 geboren. Er war Schüler von E. Hildebrandt. 1898 gab er Bilder zum Eheingold mit Text von Wolzogen heraus. ^Weinberger, Anton, wurde am 26. April geboren und war Schüler der Mün- chener Alfad., auch kurze Zeit lang von P. Meyerheim in Berlin. Zuletzt war er in München-Nymphenburg thätig. Weinhold, Paul, Maler, geb. 1878 in Leipzig, Schüler der Akad. das. (1895—97) und der zu München (1898 — 1900), wo er sich niederliess. Er schuf Glasmalereien für Kirchen. Weiuholdt, Wilhelm Heinrich, Bildhauer, geb. 16. Oct. 1844 in Mittweida, Schüler der Dresdener Akad. (1866—73) uster Schilling (1869), an der er das Reisestipendium für Italien (1873—75) erhielt. 1875 Hess er sich in Dresden nieder. Von ihm Kriegerdenkmal (Frankenberg i. SachB.), Die vier Evangelisten (Kirche zu Mylau), Bramante Pöppelmann, Rubens und Hoibein (4 Bildnissreliefs a. d. Dresdener Akad.), Christus als Kinderfreund und Pharisäer und 'Zöllner (2 Reliefs in der Dresdener Lukaskirche), 4 Statuen in einer Kirche zu Zwickau, etc.
| 33,041 |
https://github.com/undeadinu/soletta/blob/master/src/shared/sol-random.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
soletta
|
undeadinu
|
C
|
Code
| 341 | 991 |
/*
* This file is part of the Soletta (TM) Project
*
* Copyright (C) 2015 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#pragma once
#include <limits.h>
#include <sol-buffer.h>
#include <stdint.h>
struct sol_random;
struct sol_random_impl;
extern const struct sol_random_impl *SOL_RANDOM_MT19937;
extern const struct sol_random_impl *SOL_RANDOM_URANDOM;
extern const struct sol_random_impl *SOL_RANDOM_RANDOMR;
extern const struct sol_random_impl *SOL_RANDOM_DEFAULT;
struct sol_random *sol_random_new(const struct sol_random_impl *impl,
uint64_t seed);
void sol_random_del(struct sol_random *random);
ssize_t sol_random_fill_buffer(struct sol_random *random,
struct sol_buffer *buffer, size_t len);
static inline int
sol_random_get_int32(struct sol_random *engine, int32_t *value)
{
struct sol_buffer buf = SOL_BUFFER_INIT_FLAGS(value, sizeof(*value),
SOL_BUFFER_FLAGS_MEMORY_NOT_OWNED | SOL_BUFFER_FLAGS_NO_NUL_BYTE);
ssize_t r = sol_random_fill_buffer(engine, &buf, sizeof(*value));
sol_buffer_fini(&buf);
return r == (ssize_t)sizeof(*value) ? 0 : (int)r;
}
static inline int
sol_random_get_int64(struct sol_random *engine, int64_t *value)
{
struct sol_buffer buf = SOL_BUFFER_INIT_FLAGS(value, sizeof(*value),
SOL_BUFFER_FLAGS_MEMORY_NOT_OWNED | SOL_BUFFER_FLAGS_NO_NUL_BYTE);
ssize_t r = sol_random_fill_buffer(engine, &buf, sizeof(*value));
sol_buffer_fini(&buf);
return r == (ssize_t)sizeof(*value) ? 0 : (int)r;
}
static inline int
sol_random_get_double(struct sol_random *engine, double *value)
{
int32_t num, den;
int r;
r = sol_random_get_int32(engine, &num);
if (r < 0)
return r;
r = sol_random_get_int32(engine, &den);
if (r < 0)
return r;
*value = num * ((double)(INT32_MAX - 1) / INT32_MAX) +
(double)den / INT32_MAX;
return r;
}
static inline int
sol_random_get_bool(struct sol_random *engine, bool *value)
{
int32_t i;
int r;
r = sol_random_get_int32(engine, &i);
if (r >= 0)
*value = i & 1;
return r;
}
static inline int
sol_random_get_byte(struct sol_random *engine, uint8_t *value)
{
int32_t i;
int r;
r = sol_random_get_int32(engine, &i);
if (r >= 0)
*value = i & 0xff;
return r;
}
| 43,187 |
https://github.com/linq2db/linq2db/blob/master/Data/Create Scripts/Firebird.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
linq2db
|
linq2db
|
SQL
|
Code
| 2,248 | 8,111 |
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
DROP PACKAGE TEST_PACKAGE1; COMMIT;
DROP PACKAGE TEST_PACKAGE2; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE TEST_PROCEDURE; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE TEST_TABLE_FUNCTION; COMMIT;
DROP FUNCTION TEST_FUNCTION;
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird4 BEGIN
SELECT 1 FROM rdb$database
-- SKIP Firebird4 END
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
COMMIT;
-- SKIP Firebird END
DROP PROCEDURE "AddIssue792Record"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_SelectByKey"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_SelectAll"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_SelectByName"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_Insert"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_Insert_OutputParameter"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_Update"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Person_Delete"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Patient_SelectAll"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Patient_SelectByName"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "OutRefTest"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "OutRefEnumTest"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Scalar_DataReader"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Scalar_OutputParameter"; COMMIT;
DROP PROCEDURE "Scalar_ReturnParameter"; COMMIT;
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
DROP PROCEDURE test_v4_types;
-- SKIP Firebird END
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
-- SKIP Firebird4 BEGIN
SELECT 1 FROM rdb$database
-- SKIP Firebird4 END
COMMIT;
DROP VIEW "PersonView"; COMMIT;
DROP TRIGGER "CREATE_PersonID"; COMMIT;
DROP TRIGGER "CREATE_DataTypeTest"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "Dual"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "DataTypeTest"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "Doctor"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "Patient"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "Person"; COMMIT;
DROP GENERATOR "DataTypeID"; COMMIT;
DROP GENERATOR "PersonID"; COMMIT;
DROP EXTERNAL FUNCTION RTRIM; COMMIT;
DROP EXTERNAL FUNCTION LTRIM; COMMIT;
DECLARE EXTERNAL FUNCTION LTRIM
CSTRING(255) NULL
RETURNS CSTRING(255) FREE_IT
ENTRY_POINT 'IB_UDF_ltrim' MODULE_NAME 'ib_udf';
COMMIT;
DECLARE EXTERNAL FUNCTION RTRIM
CSTRING(255) NULL
RETURNS CSTRING(255) FREE_IT
ENTRY_POINT 'IB_UDF_rtrim' MODULE_NAME 'ib_udf';
COMMIT;
/*
Dual table FOR supporting queryies LIKE:
SELECT 1 AS id => SELECT 1 AS "id" *FROM Dual*
*/
CREATE TABLE "Dual" ("Dummy" VARCHAR(10));
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "Dual" ("Dummy") VALUES ('X');
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "InheritanceParent";
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "InheritanceParent"
(
"InheritanceParentId" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"TypeDiscriminator" INTEGER,
"Name" VARCHAR(50)
);
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "InheritanceChild";
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "InheritanceChild"
(
"InheritanceChildId" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"InheritanceParentId" INTEGER NOT NULL,
"TypeDiscriminator" INTEGER,
"Name" VARCHAR(50)
);
COMMIT;
-- Person Table
CREATE TABLE "Person"
(
"PersonID" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"FirstName" VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS NOT NULL,
"LastName" VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS NOT NULL,
"MiddleName" VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
"Gender" CHAR(1) NOT NULL CHECK ("Gender" in ('M', 'F', 'U', 'O'))
);
COMMIT;
CREATE GENERATOR "PersonID";
COMMIT;
CREATE TRIGGER "CREATE_PersonID" FOR "Person"
BEFORE INSERT POSITION 0
AS BEGIN
NEW."PersonID" = GEN_ID("PersonID", 1);
END;
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "Person" ("FirstName", "LastName", "Gender") VALUES ('John', 'Pupkin', 'M');
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "Person" ("FirstName", "LastName", "Gender") VALUES ('Tester', 'Testerson', 'M');
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "Person" ("FirstName", "LastName", "Gender") VALUES ('Jane', 'Doe', 'F');
COMMIT;
-- INSERT INTO "Person" ("FirstName", "LastName", "Gender") VALUES ('Jürgen', 'König', 'M');
INSERT INTO "Person" ("FirstName", "LastName", "MiddleName", "Gender") VALUES (_utf8 x'4AC3BC7267656E', _utf8 x'4BC3B66E6967', 'Ko', 'M');
COMMIT;
-- Doctor Table Extension
CREATE TABLE "Doctor"
(
"PersonID" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"Taxonomy" VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT "FK_Doctor_Person" FOREIGN KEY ("PersonID") REFERENCES "Person" ("PersonID")
ON DELETE CASCADE
);
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "Doctor" ("PersonID", "Taxonomy") VALUES (1, 'Psychiatry');
COMMIT;
-- Patient Table Extension
CREATE TABLE "Patient"
(
"PersonID" int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"Diagnosis" VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY ("PersonID") REFERENCES "Person" ("PersonID")
ON DELETE CASCADE
);
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "Patient" ("PersonID", "Diagnosis") VALUES (2, 'Hallucination with Paranoid Bugs'' Delirium of Persecution');
COMMIT;
-- Data Types test
/*
Data definitions according to:
http://www.firebirdsql.org/manual/migration-mssql-data-types.html
BUT! BLOB is ised for BINARY data! not CHAR
*/
CREATE TABLE "DataTypeTest"
(
"DataTypeID" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"Binary_" BLOB,
"Boolean_" CHAR(1),
"Byte_" SMALLINT,
"Bytes_" BLOB,
CHAR_ CHAR(1),
"DateTime_" TIMESTAMP,
"Decimal_" DECIMAL(10, 2),
"Double_" DOUBLE PRECISION,
"Guid_" CHAR(16) CHARACTER SET OCTETS,
"Int16_" SMALLINT,
"Int32_" INTEGER,
"Int64_" NUMERIC(11),
"Money_" DECIMAL(18, 4),
"SByte_" SMALLINT,
"Single_" FLOAT,
"Stream_" BLOB,
"String_" VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
"UInt16_" SMALLINT,
"UInt32_" INTEGER,
"UInt64_" NUMERIC(11),
"Xml_" CHAR(1000)
);
COMMIT;
CREATE GENERATOR "DataTypeID";
COMMIT;
CREATE TRIGGER "CREATE_DataTypeTest" FOR "DataTypeTest"
BEFORE INSERT POSITION 0
AS BEGIN
NEW."DataTypeID" = GEN_ID("DataTypeID", 1);
END;
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "DataTypeTest"
("Binary_", "Boolean_", "Byte_", "Bytes_", CHAR_, "DateTime_", "Decimal_",
"Double_", "Guid_", "Int16_", "Int32_", "Int64_", "Money_", "SByte_",
"Single_", "Stream_", "String_", "UInt16_", "UInt32_", "UInt64_", "Xml_")
VALUES
( NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "DataTypeTest"
("Binary_", "Boolean_", "Byte_", "Bytes_", CHAR_, "DateTime_", "Decimal_",
"Double_", "Guid_", "Int16_", "Int32_", "Int64_", "Money_", "SByte_",
"Single_", "Stream_", "String_", "UInt16_", "UInt32_", "UInt64_",
"Xml_")
VALUES
('dddddddddddddddd', 1, 255,'dddddddddddddddd', 'B', 'NOW', 12345.67,
1234.567, X'dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd', 32767, 32768, 1000000, 12.3456, 127,
1234.123, 'dddddddddddddddd', 'string', 32767, 32768, 200000000,
'<root><element strattr="strvalue" intattr="12345"/></root>');
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "Parent"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "Child"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "GrandChild"; COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "Parent" ("ParentID" int, "Value1" int); COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "Child" ("ParentID" int, "ChildID" int); COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "GrandChild" ("ParentID" int, "ChildID" int, "GrandChildID" int); COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "LinqDataTypes"; COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "LinqDataTypes"
(
ID int,
"MoneyValue" decimal(10,4),
"DateTimeValue" timestamp,
"DateTimeValue2" timestamp,
"BoolValue" char(1),
"GuidValue" CHAR(16) CHARACTER SET OCTETS,
"BinaryValue" blob,
"SmallIntValue" smallint,
"IntValue" int,
"BigIntValue" bigint,
"StringValue" VARCHAR(50)
);
COMMIT;
DROP GENERATOR "SequenceTestSeq"; COMMIT;
CREATE GENERATOR "SequenceTestSeq";
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "SequenceTest"; COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "SequenceTest"
(
ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"Value_" VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
);
COMMIT;
DROP TRIGGER CREATE_ID;
COMMIT;
DROP GENERATOR "TestIdentityID";
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "TestIdentity";
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "TestIdentity" (
ID INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
);
COMMIT;
CREATE GENERATOR "TestIdentityID";
COMMIT;
CREATE TRIGGER CREATE_ID FOR "TestIdentity"
BEFORE INSERT POSITION 0
AS BEGIN
NEW.ID = GEN_ID("TestIdentityID", 1);
END;
COMMIT;
DROP TRIGGER "AllTypes_ID";
COMMIT;
DROP GENERATOR "AllTypesID";
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "AllTypes";
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "AllTypes"
(
ID integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"bigintDataType" bigint,
"smallintDataType" smallint,
"decimalDataType" decimal(18),
"intDataType" int,
"floatDataType" float,
"realDataType" real,
"doubleDataType" double precision,
"timestampDataType" timestamp,
"charDataType" char(1),
"char20DataType" char(20),
"varcharDataType" varchar(20),
"textDataType" blob sub_type TEXT,
"ncharDataType" char(20) character set UNICODE_FSS,
"nvarcharDataType" varchar(20) character set UNICODE_FSS,
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
"timestampTZDataType" timestamp with time zone,
"timeTZDataType" time with time zone,
"decfloat16DataType" decfloat(16),
"decfloat34DataType" decfloat,
"int128DataType" int128,
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
-- SKIP Firebird END
"blobDataType" blob
);
COMMIT;
CREATE GENERATOR "AllTypesID";
COMMIT;
CREATE TRIGGER "AllTypes_ID" FOR "AllTypes"
BEFORE INSERT POSITION 0
AS BEGIN
NEW.ID = GEN_ID("AllTypesID", 1);
END;
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "AllTypes"
VALUES
(
1,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
-- SKIP Firebird END
NULL
);
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO "AllTypes"
VALUES
(
2,
1000000,
25555,
2222222,
7777777,
20.31,
16,
16.17,
Cast('2012-12-12 12:12:12' as timestamp),
'1',
'1',
'234',
'567',
'23233',
'3323',
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
'2020-12-12 12:24:35 Europe/Andorra',
'12:13 Australia/Hobart',
1234567890.123456,
123456789012345678901234567890.1234,
170141183460469231731687303715884105727,
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
-- SKIP Firebird END
'12345'
);
COMMIT;
CREATE VIEW "PersonView"
AS
SELECT * FROM "Person";
COMMIT;
-- Person_SelectByKey
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_SelectByKey"(id INTEGER)
RETURNS (
PersonID INTEGER,
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1)
)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT "PersonID", "FirstName", "LastName", "MiddleName", "Gender" FROM "Person"
WHERE "PersonID" = :id
INTO
:PersonID,
:FirstName,
:LastName,
:MiddleName,
:Gender;
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Person_SelectAll
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_SelectAll"
RETURNS (
PersonID INTEGER,
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1)
)
AS
BEGIN
FOR
SELECT "PersonID", "FirstName", "LastName", "MiddleName", "Gender" FROM "Person"
INTO
:PersonID,
:FirstName,
:LastName,
:MiddleName,
:Gender
DO SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Person_SelectByName
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_SelectByName"
(
in_FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
in_LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS
)
RETURNS
(
PersonID int,
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1)
)
AS
BEGIN
FOR SELECT "PersonID", "FirstName", "LastName", "MiddleName", "Gender" FROM "Person"
WHERE "FirstName" LIKE :in_FirstName and "LastName" LIKE :in_LastName
INTO
:PersonID,
:FirstName,
:LastName,
:MiddleName,
:Gender
DO SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Person_Insert
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_Insert"
(
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1)
)
RETURNS (PersonID INTEGER)
AS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "Person"
( "LastName", "FirstName", "MiddleName", "Gender")
VALUES
(:LastName, :FirstName, :MiddleName, :Gender);
SELECT MAX("PersonID") FROM "Person"
INTO :PersonID;
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Person_Insert_OutputParameter
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_Insert_OutputParameter"
(
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1)
)
RETURNS (PersonID INTEGER)
AS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "Person"
( "LastName", "FirstName", "MiddleName", "Gender")
VALUES
(:LastName, :FirstName, :MiddleName, :Gender);
SELECT max("PersonID") FROM "Person"
INTO :PersonID;
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Person_Update
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_Update"(
PersonID INTEGER,
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1)
)
AS
BEGIN
UPDATE
"Person"
SET
"LastName" = :LastName,
"FirstName" = :FirstName,
"MiddleName" = :MiddleName,
"Gender" = :Gender
WHERE
"PersonID" = :PersonID;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Person_Delete
CREATE PROCEDURE "Person_Delete"(
PersonID INTEGER
)
AS
BEGIN
DELETE FROM "Person" WHERE "PersonID" = :PersonID;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Patient_SelectAll
CREATE PROCEDURE "Patient_SelectAll"
RETURNS (
PersonID int,
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1),
Diagnosis VARCHAR(256)
)
AS
BEGIN
FOR
SELECT
"Person"."PersonID",
"FirstName",
"LastName",
"MiddleName",
"Gender",
"Patient"."Diagnosis"
FROM
"Patient", "Person"
WHERE
"Patient"."PersonID" = "Person"."PersonID"
INTO
:PersonID,
:FirstName,
:LastName,
:MiddleName,
:Gender,
:Diagnosis
DO SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- Patient_SelectByName
CREATE PROCEDURE "Patient_SelectByName"(
FirstName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
LastName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS
)
RETURNS (
PersonID int,
MiddleName VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
Gender CHAR(1),
Diagnosis VARCHAR(256)
)
AS
BEGIN
FOR
SELECT
"Person"."PersonID",
"MiddleName",
"Gender",
"Patient"."Diagnosis"
FROM
"Patient", "Person"
WHERE
"Patient"."PersonID" = "Person"."PersonID"
and "FirstName" = :FirstName and "LastName" = :LastName
INTO
:PersonID,
:MiddleName,
:Gender,
:Diagnosis
DO SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- OutRefTest
/*
Fake input parameters are used to "emulate" input/output parameters.
Each inout parameter should be defined in RETURNS(...) section
and allso have a "mirror" in input section, mirror name shoul be:
FdpDataProvider.InOutInputParameterPrefix + [parameter name]
ex:
in_inputOutputID is input mirror FOR inout parameter inputOutputID
*/
CREATE PROCEDURE "OutRefTest"(
ID INTEGER,
in_inputOutputID INTEGER,
str VARCHAR(50),
in_inputOutputStr VARCHAR(50)
)
RETURNS(
inputOutputID INTEGER,
inputOutputStr VARCHAR(50),
outputID INTEGER,
outputStr VARCHAR(50)
)
AS
BEGIN
outputID = ID;
inputOutputID = ID + in_inputOutputID;
outputStr = str;
inputOutputStr = str || in_inputOutputStr;
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- OutRefEnumTest
CREATE PROCEDURE "OutRefEnumTest"(
str VARCHAR(50),
in_inputOutputStr VARCHAR(50)
)
RETURNS (
inputOutputStr VARCHAR(50),
outputStr VARCHAR(50)
)
AS
BEGIN
outputStr = str;
inputOutputStr = str || in_inputOutputStr;
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
-- ExecuteScalarTest
CREATE PROCEDURE "Scalar_DataReader"
RETURNS(
intField INTEGER,
stringField VARCHAR(50)
)
AS
BEGIN
intField = 12345;
stringField = '54321';
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
CREATE PROCEDURE "Scalar_OutputParameter"
RETURNS (
outputInt INTEGER,
outputString VARCHAR(50)
)
AS
BEGIN
outputInt = 12345;
outputString = '54321';
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
/*
"Return_Value" is the name for ReturnValue "emulating"
may be changed: FdpDataProvider.ReturnParameterName
*/
CREATE PROCEDURE "Scalar_ReturnParameter"
RETURNS (Return_Value INTEGER)
AS
BEGIN
Return_Value = 12345;
SUSPEND;
END;
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "CamelCaseName";
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "CamelCaseName"
(
"Id" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name1 VARCHAR(20),
"Name2" VARCHAR(20),
"NAME3" VARCHAR(20),
"_NAME4" VARCHAR(20),
"NAME 5" VARCHAR(20)
);
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "TestMerge1"; COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "TestMerge2"; COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "TestMerge1"
(
"Id" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"Field1" INTEGER,
"Field2" INTEGER,
"Field3" INTEGER,
"Field4" INTEGER,
"Field5" INTEGER,
"FieldInt64" BIGINT,
"FieldBoolean" CHAR(1),
"FieldString" VARCHAR(20),
"FieldNString" VARCHAR(20) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
"FieldChar" CHAR(1),
"FieldNChar" CHAR(1) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
"FieldFloat" FLOAT,
"FieldDouble" DOUBLE PRECISION,
"FieldDateTime" TIMESTAMP,
"FieldBinary" BLOB(20),
"FieldGuid" CHAR(16) CHARACTER SET OCTETS,
"FieldDecimal" DECIMAL(18, 10),
"FieldDate" DATE,
"FieldTime" TIMESTAMP,
"FieldEnumString" VARCHAR(20),
"FieldEnumNumber" INT
);
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "TestMerge2"
(
"Id" INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"Field1" INTEGER,
"Field2" INTEGER,
"Field3" INTEGER,
"Field4" INTEGER,
"Field5" INTEGER,
"FieldInt64" BIGINT,
"FieldBoolean" CHAR(1),
"FieldString" VARCHAR(20),
"FieldNString" VARCHAR(20) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
"FieldChar" CHAR(1),
"FieldNChar" CHAR(1) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS,
"FieldFloat" FLOAT,
"FieldDouble" DOUBLE PRECISION,
"FieldDateTime" TIMESTAMP,
"FieldBinary" BLOB(20),
"FieldGuid" CHAR(16) CHARACTER SET OCTETS,
"FieldDecimal" DECIMAL(18, 10),
"FieldDate" DATE,
"FieldTime" TIMESTAMP,
"FieldEnumString" VARCHAR(20),
"FieldEnumNumber" INT
);
COMMIT;
CREATE PROCEDURE "AddIssue792Record"
AS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "AllTypes"("char20DataType") VALUES('issue792');
END;
COMMIT;
-- SKIP Firebird4 BEGIN
SELECT 1 FROM rdb$database
-- SKIP Firebird4 END
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
CREATE PROCEDURE test_v4_types
(
tstz timestamp with time zone,
ttz time with time zone,
decfloat16 decfloat(16),
decfloat34 decfloat,
int_128 int128
)
RETURNS
(
col_tstz timestamp with time zone,
col_ttz time with time zone,
col_decfloat16 decfloat(16),
col_decfloat34 decfloat,
col_int_128 int128
)
AS
BEGIN
FOR SELECT FIRST 1 :tstz, :ttz, :decfloat16, :decfloat34, :int_128 FROM rdb$database
INTO
:col_tstz,
:col_ttz,
:col_decfloat16,
:col_decfloat34,
:col_int_128
DO SUSPEND;
END;
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
-- SKIP Firebird END
COMMIT;
DROP TABLE "CollatedTable"
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE "CollatedTable"
(
"Id" INT NOT NULL,
"CaseSensitive" VARCHAR(20) CHARACTER SET UTF8 COLLATE UNICODE,
"CaseInsensitive" VARCHAR(20) CHARACTER SET UTF8 COLLATE UNICODE_CI
)
COMMIT;
-- SKIP Firebird BEGIN
CREATE OR ALTER PACKAGE TEST_PACKAGE1
AS
BEGIN
PROCEDURE TEST_PROCEDURE(I INT) RETURNS (O INT);
PROCEDURE TEST_TABLE_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS (O INT);
FUNCTION TEST_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS INT;
END
COMMIT;
RECREATE PACKAGE BODY TEST_PACKAGE1
AS
BEGIN
PROCEDURE TEST_PROCEDURE(I INT) RETURNS (O INT)
AS
BEGIN
O = I + 1;
END
PROCEDURE TEST_TABLE_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS (O INT)
AS
BEGIN
FOR SELECT :I + 1 FROM "Person"
INTO :O
DO SUSPEND;
END
FUNCTION TEST_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
RETURN I + 1;
END
END
COMMIT;
CREATE OR ALTER PACKAGE TEST_PACKAGE2
AS
BEGIN
PROCEDURE TEST_PROCEDURE(I INT) RETURNS (O INT);
PROCEDURE TEST_TABLE_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS (O INT);
FUNCTION TEST_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS INT;
END
COMMIT;
RECREATE PACKAGE BODY TEST_PACKAGE2
AS
BEGIN
PROCEDURE TEST_PROCEDURE(I INT) RETURNS (O INT)
AS
BEGIN
O = I + 2;
END
PROCEDURE TEST_TABLE_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS (O INT)
AS
BEGIN
FOR SELECT :I + 2 FROM "Person"
INTO :O
DO SUSPEND;
END
FUNCTION TEST_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
RETURN I + 2;
END
END
COMMIT;
CREATE PROCEDURE TEST_PROCEDURE(I INT) RETURNS (O INT)
AS
BEGIN
O = I + 3;
END
COMMIT;
CREATE PROCEDURE TEST_TABLE_FUNCTION(I INT)
RETURNS (O INT)
AS
BEGIN
FOR SELECT :I + 3 FROM "Person"
INTO :O
DO SUSPEND;
END
COMMIT;
CREATE FUNCTION TEST_FUNCTION(I INT) RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
RETURN I + 3;
END
-- SKIP Firebird END
-- SKIP Firebird3 BEGIN
-- SKIP Firebird4 BEGIN
SELECT 1 FROM rdb$database
-- SKIP Firebird4 END
-- SKIP Firebird3 END
COMMIT;
| 18,244 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27885809
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Catégorie:Soins de santé dans le Morbihan
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 27 | 54 |
Catégorie:Soins de santé dans le Morbihan
page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Soins de santé dans le Morbihan nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia
| 21,036 |
https://github.com/roblox-aurora/WorldEngine/blob/master/lib/server/Quests/QuestObjective.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
WorldEngine
|
roblox-aurora
|
Lua
|
Code
| 53 | 195 |
local Libraries = game:GetService("ReplicatedStorage"):WaitForChild("WorldEngine")
local Object = require(Libraries:WaitForChild("Object"))
local t = require(Libraries:WaitForChild("t"))
-- local qt = require(script.Parent.validator)
local questObjectiveConstructorValidator = t.tuple(t.integer, t.string)
local QuestObjective = Object:Extend("QuestObjective", {abstract = true})
function QuestObjective:constructor(stage, description)
assert(questObjectiveConstructorValidator(stage, description))
self._stage = stage
self._description = description
end
function QuestObjective:GetDescription()
return self._description
end
function QuestObjective:GetStage()
return self._stage
end
return QuestObjective
| 28,668 |
https://github.com/Team3132/FRC-2018/blob/master/src/org/team3132/interfaces/IntakeInterface.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
FRC-2018
|
Team3132
|
Java
|
Code
| 183 | 435 |
package org.team3132.interfaces;
/*
* This mechanism allows a cube to be obtained across the width of the robot.
* Cubes can be delivered out either the front, or out the left or right hand side.
*
* The cubes can be moved across the mechanism from left to right side or vis-versa.
*
* There used to be sensors on the mechanism to allow us to determine when the cube was contained,
* as well as where the cube was within the mechanism. Both have been removed due to
* mechanical/electrical unreliability.
*/
import org.strongback.Executable;
public interface IntakeInterface extends SubsystemInterface, Executable, DashboardUpdater {
public enum IntakeConfiguration {
STOWED,
LEFT_WIDE_RIGHT_NARROW,
LEFT_NARROW_RIGHT_WIDE,
LEFT_WIDE_RIGHT_SUPER_NARROW,
LEFT_SUPER_NARROW_RIGHT_WIDE,
WIDE,
NARROW,
SUPER_NARROW,
MOVING
}
/**
* Sets percentOutput for the intake motors
* @return this
*/
public IntakeInterface setIntakeMotorOutput(double output);
public double getIntakeMotorOutput();
/**
* Sets the desired Intake Configuration
* @param configuration
* @return
*/
public IntakeInterface setConfiguration(IntakeConfiguration configuration);
/**
* @return the current configuration of the intake arms.
*/
public IntakeConfiguration getConfiguration();
/**
* Has the intake moved to the desired state.
* @return
*/
boolean isInDesiredState();
}
| 4,459 |
23/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-00761620-document.txt_14
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,006 | 12,775 |
Table 3. Number of peaks above the detection level in the simulated power spectra versus the duration of observation in three cases.
In the
simulat
ed signal, the modes are
given an amplitude Amax
.
The 3 cases respectively correspond to
Amax
being
the apparent amplitudes A read
ily stemmed
from our calculation, Amax = 1.5A and Amax = 2A. The last two cases take into account that uncertainties in the modeling globally tend to underestimate the amplitudes as discussed in Sect. 6. Amax A 1.5A 2A 10 years 0.8 1.4 4.6 15 years 1.6 2.9 8.5 20 years 0.8 4.5 13.4 25 years 1.4 6.5 20.0 30 years 1.7 8.8 21.7
on the GOLF data to estimate the noise spectrum, we simulated synthetic data including noise and g modes with the apparent velocities as above (and with random phases). Several durations of observation were simulated, from 10 to 30 years. A hundred simulations were performed in each case. The noise level is estimated locally and so is the detection level, following Eq. (25), on the frequency range [30 μHz, 100 μHz]. Thus, with a confidence level of 90% and with 7 independent subsets of 10 μHz, noise is expected to show no peak above the global detection level with a probability of 48%, and to show 1 peak above the global detection level with a probability of 32% (and even 2 peaks in 12% of the realizations). Table 3 lists the average (over 100 simulations) number of peaks detected above the detection level for different observation durations. These simulations were performed using amplitudes Amax assuming three different cases: • Case 1: we assumed for Amax the apparent surface velocity amplitudes calculated above, A. Due to uncertainties in the theoretical modeling (as discussed in Sect. 6), we also assume: • Case 2: that amplitudes are larger than the amplitudes estimated above by 50% i.e. Amax = 1.5 A; • Case 3: that amplitudes are larger than the amplitudes estimated above by a factor 2 i. . Amax = 2 A. Cases 1 and 3 are the two limits of this exercise. The number of detected peaks in case 3 shows that the predicted amplitudes cannot be overestimated by a factor of two, because in this case, the solar g modes would have already been detected without doubt. 6. Discussion In Sect. 5 above, we explained why estimates of g-mode amplitudes obtained by previous authors differ from each other by orders of magnitude (Christensen-Dalsgaard 2002b). We propose 208
Fig. 12. Simulated spectrum for an observation length of 30 years, in Case 1. The dashed line indicates the level of detection (see text and Eq. (25)). The vertical lines indicate the frequencies of the simulated modes. Here, only one mode is above the detection level. Bottom: average number and standard deviation (from the 100 realizations) of modes detected in simulations versus the length of observation for the three cases (see text). Above the hashed region (less than four peaks detected), one can consider the detection to be unambiguous. The upper curve corresponds to the case 3 (Amax = 2A), the middle one to case 2 (Amax = 1.5A), and the lower one to case 1 (Amax = A). an improved modeling based on the input of 3D numerical simulations and on a formalism that had successfully reproduced the observations for p modes (Belkacem et al. 2006). Nevertheless, several approximations remain, and they lead to uncertainties that can reach a factor two in the estimation of g-mode apparent velocities (overestimation). We next discuss the most important ones.
6.1. Equilibrium model: description of convection
Convection is implemented in our equilibrium models according to the classical Böhm-Vitense mixing-length (MLT) formalism (see Samadi et al. 2006, for details).
6.1.1. Convective velocities
Values of the MLT convective velocity, u, are by far the most important contributions to mode amplitude uncertainties because the mode surface velocities depend on u3. First, we verified that a non-local description of turbulence does not modify the convective velocities by more than a few per cent except near the uppermost part of the convection zone, which does not play any role K. Belkacem et al.: Stochastic excitation of nonradial modes.
II
. here. Second, we compared the rms velocities from the 3D numerical simulation with MLT velocities to estimate of the uncertainties. The MLT underestimates the velocity, relative to the more realistic numerical simulation (far from the boundaries). Indeed, it comes from the negative kinetic energy flux that results in a larger enthalpy flux in order to carry the solar flux to the surface. A direct consequence is that in 3D simulations the velocities are higher than the ones computed by MLT by a factor of about 50%. This may in turn result in a possible underestimation of the amplitudes of the modes by a factor 2, when, as here, MLT is used to estimate the velocities.
6.1.2. Anisotropy
The value for the velocity anisotropy, which is the ratio between the square of the vertical velocity to the square of the rms velocity parameter, Φ, is derived from the MLT: its value is 2. However, this is not fully consistent since we assume, in the excitation model, isotropic turbulence (i.e. Φ = 3). Nevertheless, increasing the value of Φ from two to three results in an increase of only 15% in the mode surface velocities. This is lower than the uncertainties coming from χk (see Sect. 6.2). 6.3. Mode damping: the convection-pulsation coupling
Last but not least, modeling damping rates of damped, stochastically excited modes remains one of the most challenging issues. The strong coupling between convection and oscillation in solar-like stars makes the problem difficult and still unsolved, since all approaches developed so far failed to reproduce the solar damping rates without the use of unconstrained free parameters (e.g., Dupret et al. 2005; Houdek 2006). Such descriptions fail to correctly describe the interaction between convection and oscillations when both are strongly coupled, i.e. when the characteristic times associated with the convective motions are the same order of magnitude as the oscillation periods. This explains why we do not use an extrapolation based on a fit of p mode damping rates, but instead consider a frequency domain in which the damping is dominated by radiative contributions. A reliable computation of the damping rates at higher frequencies, beyond this paper's scope, would require a sophisticated analytical or semi-analytical theory of the convection-oscillation interaction, which will not be limited to the first order in the convective fluctuations and which will take the contribution of different spatial scales into account. 7. Conclusions 6.1.3. Turbulent pressure
Our solar equilibrium model does not include turbulent pressure. However, unlike p modes, low-frequency (high radial order) gravity modes, i.e. those considered in this work, are only slightly affected by turbulent pressure. The reason is that such modes are excited in the deepest layers of the convection zone, i.e. between r = 0.7 R⊙ and r = 0.9 R⊙ where turbulent pressure has little influence on the equilibrium structure since the ratio of the turbulent pressure to the gas pressure increases with the radius.
6.2. Stochastic excitation: the role of the eddy-time correlation function
A Gaussian function is commonly used to describe the frequency dependence of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum, χk, (e.g., Samadi & Goupil 2001; Chaplin et al. 2005). However, Samadi et al. (2003a) show that, for p modes, a Lorentzian function represents the results obtained using 3D numerical simulations better. Furthermore, the latter function yields a theoretical modeling in accordance with observations, while using a Gaussian function fails (Samadi et al. 2003b). This led us to investigate χk (ω) for g modes. We find that different choices of the functional form for χk (ω) result in order of magnitude differences for the mode amplitudes. Uncertainties inherent in the eddy-time correlation function are related to the value of the λ parameter (Sect. 2.2.1) and to the contribution of low frequency components in the 3D simulation. As a rough estimate, decreasing λ from 3 to 2 leads to an increase of 20% for the surface velocity. Figure 3 shows that low-frequency components in the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum are better-fitted using a Gaussian function. However, the source of such low-frequency components remains unclear, because they can originate from rotation; in particular, it is not clear whether they must be taken into account when estimating the mode excitation rates. By removing those contributions, the resulting surface velocities decrease by around 25%. We performed a theoretical computation of the surface oscillation velocities of asymptotic gravity modes. This calculation requires knowing excitation rates, which were obtained as described in Belkacem et al. (2008) with input from 3D numerical simulations of the solar convective zone (Miesch et al. 2008). Damping rates, η, are also needed. As mentioned in Sect. 6, we restricted our investigation to the frequency domain for which η is dominated by radiative contributions (i.e. ν ∈ [20; 110] μHz). For higher frequencies, the coupling between convection and oscillation becomes dominant, making the theoretical predictions doubtful. For asymptotic g-modes, we find that damping rates are dominated by the modulation of the radial component of the radiative flux by the oscillation. In particular for the l = 1 mode near ν ≈ 60 μHz, η is around 10−7 μHz, then the mode life time is ≈3 × 105 yrs. Maximum velocity amplitude at the photosphere arises for this same mode and is found at the level of 3 mm s−1 (see Fig. 11). Modes with higher values of the angular degree l present smaller amplitudes since the damping is proportional to l2. Amplitudes found in the present work are orders of magnitude larger than those from previous works, which themselves showed a large dispersion between their respective results. In one of these previous works, the estimation was based on an equipartition principle derived from the work of Goldreich & Keeley (1977a,b) and designed for p modes. Its use for asymptotic g modes is not adapted as the damping rates of these modes are not dominated by turbulent viscosity. Kumar et al. (1996) have carried another investigation of g mode amplitudes, and its calculation is rather close to our modeling. Most of the quantitative disagreement with our result lies in the use of a different eddy-time correlation function. et al. (1996) assumed a Gaussian function as is commonly used. Our choice relies on results from 3D simulations and is closer to a Lorenztian function. Taking visibility factors, as well as the limb-darkening, into account we finally found that the maximum of apparent surface velocities of asymptotic g-modes is ≈3 mm s−1 for l = 1 at ν ≈ 60 μHz an l = 2 at ν ≈ 100 μHz. Due to uncertainties in the theoretical modeling, amplitudes at maximum, i.e. simulations of power spectra, it is shown that, with amplitudes of 6 mm s−1, the modes would have been already detected by the GOLF instrument, while in the case of an amplitude of 3 mm s−1 the g modes would remain undetected even with 30 years of observations. The theoretical amplitudes found in this work are then close to the actual observational limit. When detected, the amplitude detection threshold of these modes will, for instance, establish a strict upper limit to the convective velocities in the Sun. Acknowledgements. We are indebted to J. Leibacher for his careful reading of the manuscript and his helpful remarks. We also thank J. P. Zahn for its encouragements. Appendix A: Energy equation near the center
For the full non-adiabatic computation of g-mode damping rates, much care must be given to the solution of the energy equation near the center of the Sun for the modes of angular degree l = 1. We give in Eqs. (A.1) and (A.2) the perturbed energy and transfer equations in a purely radiative zone: δǫ δρ 1 d (r2 ξr ) d δL i ω0 T δS = − +ǫ + + 2 dm ǫ ρ dr r ξr δT L − +l(l + 1), (A.1) 4πρr3 r dT/dr r ξr δT δκ δρ 1 dδT dξr δL =2 +3 − − + − * L r T κ ρ dT/dr dr dr (A.2) The radial (first term of Eq. (A.1)) and transverse parts (last term of Eq. (A.1)) of the perturbed flux divergence are both singular at the center. But this singularity is lifted when the two terms are joined and an appropriate change of variables is carried out:
ω0 σ = GM/R3 ξr = ζ xl−2 r δs δT = θ xl ; = η xl ; cv T δǫ = δǫ x xl ǫ L(r) k = (GM/R3 )−1/2 3 4πρr cv 3 3 4πρr ǫ ǫ1 = −1 2 3 L(r) x x T1 = d ln T/dx x2 d L 1 T2 = L dx x2 d ln T/dx r x = * R (A.3)
All of these variables and quantities are regular at the solar center, where the perturbed energy equation takes the form iση = 3 δǫ x + 2 γ k −(l + 3) (4 − κT ) θ − (1 + κρ ) γ The ASH code solves the hydrodynamical equations in spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ). Each component of the velocity is decomposed in terms of spherical harmonics as V p (t, r, θ, φ) = Vl,m,p (t, r) Yl,m (θ, φ) (B.1) l,m where p = r, θ, φ. (A.4) E(l, ν, r) = 1 V̂l,m,p (ν, r) 2 m,p 2 (B.8) K. Belkacem et al.: Stochastic excitation of nonradial modes. II. 203 where V̂l,m,p (ν, r) is the time Fourier transform of Vl,m,p (t, r) − Vl,m,p. As in Samadi et al. (2003a), we decompose E(l, ν, r) as with where the function χl (ν, r) satisfies the normalization condition +∞ dν χl (ν, r) = 1. (B.10) The dimensionless complex velocity amplitude av (t) is assumed to be a slowly varying function of time for a damped stochastically
excit
ed
mode
(Samadi & Goupil 2001; Samadi et al. 2003b; Belkacem et al. 2008). The theoretical expression is given by E(l, ν, r) = E(l, r) χl (ν, r) (B.9) −∞ According to the Parseval-Plancherel relation, one has
+
∞
1
E
(l, r) = u2 (r), dν E(l, ν, r) = 2 −
∞
l
l (B.11) We consider a short time series of duration ≈4.68 days with a sampling time of 800 s. Accordingly the Nyquist frequency is ≈1 mHz and the frequency resolution reachs ≈2.5 μHz. In addition, we use a longtime series of duration ≈45.83 days with a sampling time of 4 × 104 s that permits us to get χk at very low frequencies. In practice, E(l) is derived from Eq. (B.5) and is directly implemented into Eq. (1), while χk (ν) inferred from the simulation is computed using Eqs. (B.9) and (B.5). By using E(l) from the numerical simulation, we assume a planparallel approximation (E(k) dk = E(l) dl) since the maximum of the kinetic energy spectrum occurs on scales ranging between l ≈ 20 and l ≈ 40. 1 ∂ ∂, * ∇H = 0, ∂Θ sin Θ ∂Φ |a(t)|2 = P ηIω20
(
C.
6) where the power P is defined in Eq. (1), I is the mode inertia, η the damping rate and represents a statistical average, or equivalently here a time average. To obtain the apparent velocity from Eq. (C.1) using Eqs. (C.3) and (C.4), one must compute the scalar product: ξ(r) * n.
ξ(r) * n = ξr (r) Ylm (Θ, Φ) (er * n) + ξh (r) (∇H Ylm * n). where u(r, t) is the intrinsic mode velocity and h(μ) the limbdarkening function, which is normalized such that: 1 μ h(μ)dμ = 1. (C.2) 0 To first order in linearized quantities in Eq. (C.1), the effect of the distorted surface is neglected, and dΩ = R2 sin θdθdφ is the solid angle around the direction of the observer n with R the stellar radius. For slow rotation, the oscillation velocity can be described in a pulsation frame with a single spherical harmonic. The coordinate system (r, Θ, Φ) in the pulsation frame is chosen such that the pulsation polar axis coincides with the rotation polar axis. The velocity vector at a level r in the atmosphere of the star for a mode with given l, m and pulsation frequency ω0 can then be written with no loss of generality as 1 a(t) ω0 ξ(r) eiω0 t + c.c. (C.3) 2 where c.c. means complex conjugate and with the displacement eigenvector defined as u(r, t) = ξ(r) = ξr (r) Ylm (Θ, Φ) er + ξh (r) ∇H Ylm (Θ, Φ) (C.4) (C.7) A change in coordinate system shows that er * n = cos θ and ∂Ylm (Θ, Φ) * ∂θ We use the spherical harmonics as defined in Eq. (B.2) and the following property
∇H Ylm (Θ, Φ) * n = − sin θ
Appendix C: Visibility factors
Visibility factors have been computed first by Dziembowski (1977). Berthomieu & Provost (1990) studied the case of g modes which, for convenience, we recall below in our own notation. We denote the spherical coordinate system in the observer's frame by (r, θ, φ) where r = 0 corresponds to center of the star and the θ = 0 axis coincides with the observer's direction. At a surface point (r, θ, φ), the unit vector directed toward the observer is n = cos θ er − sin θ eθ. where we have defined 1 ul = dμ μ2 h̃(μ) Pl (μ) 0 1 wl = l dμ μ h̃(μ) (Pl−1 − μPl ) (C.14) (C.15) 0 with h
̃(
μ) = 1 0
h(μ) * (
C.16)
h(μ)dμ
Collecting Eq. (C.3) and Eq. (C.13), the apparent velocity is then given by Vapp (r, t) = 1 a(t) ω0 Nl,m Pl (cos Θ0 ) 2 × (ξr (r)ul + ξh (r)wl ) ei(ω0 t+mφ0 ) + c.c. (C.17) (C.18) We assume a quadratic limb-darkening law of the form h(μ) = 1 + c1 X 2 + c2 X 2 + c3 X 3 (C.19) where X = 1 − μ, ci={1,2,3} are the associated limb-darkening coefficients, which respective values are −0.466, −0.06 and −0.29 for the NaD1 spectral line, as derived by Ulrich et al. (2000). We find that our conclusion depends neither on the adopted limbdarkening law nor on the limb-darkening coefficients, results in accordance with Berthomieu & Provost (1990). Using Eq. (C.6), the rms velocity is obtained as:
P
1/2 2 1/2 ω0 Nl,m |Pl (cos Θ0 )| (|Vapp (r, t)| ) = (C.20) 2ηIω20 ×|ξr (r) ul + ξh (r) wl |
which
we finally
re
write
as P 1/2 2 1/2 (|Vapp (r, t)| ) = 2ηIω20 m ×|vr (r) αm l + vh (r) βl |, (C.21)
where we have defined αm l = Nl,m Pl (cos Θ0 ) ul βm l = Nl,m Pl (cos Θ0 ) wl, (C.22) (C.23) and vr (r) = ω0 ξr (r) ; vh (r) = ω0 ξh (r). References Alexander, D. R., & Ferguson, J. W. 1994, ApJ, 437, 879 Andersen, B. N. 1996, A&A, 312, 610 Appourchaux, T., Fröhlich, C., Andersen, B., et al. 2000, ApJ, 538, 401 212 (C.24) Appourchaux, T., Andersen, B., Baudin, F., et al. 2006, in SOHO-17. 10 Years of SOHO and Beyond, ESA SP, 617 Balmforth, N. J. 1992, MNRAS, 255, 639 Belkacem, K., Samadi, R., Goupil, M. J., Kupka, F., & Baudin, F. 2006, A&A, 460, 183 Belkacem, K., Samadi, R., Goupil, M.-J., & Dupret, M.-A. 2008, A&A, 478, 163 Berthomieu, G., & Provost, J. 1990, A&A, 227, 563 Boury, A., Gabriel, M., Noels, A., Scuflaire, R., & Ledoux, P. 1975, A&A, 41, 279 Brookes, J. R., Isaak, G. R., & van der Raay, H. B. 1976, Nature, 259, 92 Bruls, J. H. M. J., & Rutten, R. J. 1992, A&A, 265, 257 Brun, A. S., Miesch, M. S., & Toomre, J. 2004, ApJ, 614, 1073 Chaplin, W. J., Houdek, G., Elsworth, Y., et al. 2005, MNRAS, 360, 859 Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. 2002a, Rev. Mod. Phys., 74, 1073 Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. 2002b, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 11, 995 Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. 2004, in SOHO 14 Helio- and Asteroseismology: Towards a Golden Future, ed. D. Danesy, ESA SP, 559, 1 Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. 2006, in P 1977a, ApJ, 211, 934 Goldreich, P., & Keeley, D. A. 1977b, ApJ, 212, 243 Goldreich, P., & Kumar, P. 1991, ApJ, 374, 366 Goldreich, P., Murray, N., & Kumar, P. 1994, ApJ, 424, 466 Gough, D. O. 1985, Theory of Solar Oscillations, Tech. Rep. Grigahcène, A., Dupret, M.-A., Gabriel, M., Garrido, R., & Scuflaire, R. 2005, A&A, 434, 1055 Iglesias, C. A., & Rogers, F. J. 1996, ApJ, 464, 943 Kumar, P., Quataert, E. J., & Bahcall, J. N. 1996, ApJ, 458, L83 Kurucz, R. 1993, ATLAS9 Stellar Atmosphere Programs and 2 km/s grid Kurucz CD-ROM No. 13 (Cambridge, Mass.: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) Leibacher, J. W., & Stein, R. F. 1971, ApJ, 7, L191 Miesch, M. S., Brun, A. S., DeRosa, M. L., & Toomre, J. 2008, ApJ, 673, 557 Morel, P. 1997, A&AS, 124, 597 Samadi, R., & Goupil, M. 2001, A&A, 370, 136 Samadi, R., Nordlund, Å., Stein, R. F., Goupil, M. J., & Roxburgh, I. 2003a, A&A, 404, 1129 Samadi, R., Nordlund, Å., Stein, R. F., Goupil, M. J., & Roxburgh, I. 2003b, A&A, 403, 303 Samadi, R., Kupka, F., Goupil, M. J., Lebreton, Y., & van't Veer-Menneret, C. 2006, A&A, 445, 233 Severnyi, A. B., Kotov, V. A., & Tsap, T. T. 1976, Nature, 259, 87 Stein R. F. 1967, Sol. Phys., 2, 385 Stein, R. F., & Nordlund, A. 1998, ApJ, 499, 914 Thomson, D. J., Maclennan, C. G., & Lanzerotti, L. J. 1995, Nature, 376, 139 Turck-Chièze, S., Couvidat, S., Kosovichev, A. G., et al. 2001, ApJ, 555, L69 Turck-Chièze, S., García, R. A., Couvidat, S., et al. 2004, ApJ, 604, 455 Ulrich, R. K. 1970, ApJ, 162, 993 Ulrich, R. K., Boumier, P., Robillot, J.-M.
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(2009)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:200810353 c ESO 2009 Intrinsic photometric characterisation of stellar oscillations and granulation Solar reference values and CoRoT response functions E. Michel1, R. Samadi1, F. Baudin2, C. Barban1,
T
.
Appourchaux2,
and
M. Auvergne1 1 2 Observatoire de Paris-LESIA, CNRS (UMR 8109), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Denis Diderot, Pl. J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France e-mail: eric.michel@obspm.fr Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, UMR8617, Université Paris X, Bât.121, 91405 Orsay, France
d Context. Measuring amplitudes of solar-like oscillations and the granulation power spectral density constitute two promising sources of information to improve our understanding and description of the convection in outer layers of stars. However, different instruments, using different techniques and different bandpasses, give measurements that cannot be directly compared to each other or to theoretical values. Aims. In this work, we define simple response functions to derive intrinsic oscillation amplitudes and granulation power densities, from photometry measurements obtained with a specific instrument on a specific star. Methods. We test this method on different photometry data sets obtained on the Sun with two different instruments in three different bandpasses. Results. We show that the results are in good agreement and we establish reference intrinsic values for the Sun with photometry. We also compute the response functions of the CoRoT instrument for a range of parameters representative of the Main Sequence solarlike pulsators to be observed with CoRoT. We show that these response functions can be conveniently described by simple analytic functions of the effective temperature of the target star.
Key words
.
Sun: oscillations – Sun: granulation – stars: oscillations – techniques: photometric – convection
1. Introduction
Solar-like oscillations are being detected in a rapidely growing number of stars (see e.g. Bedding & Kjeldsen 2007). The excitation of these oscillations, first observed in the Sun, is attributed to the acoustic noise generated by convection in the outer layers of stars and the measurement of their amplitude is a source of information on the convection process (see e.g. Samadi et al. 2007a,b). The existing theoretical works generally consider parametric scaling laws calibrated on the Sun. However, as noticed by Kjeldsen et al. (2005), measurements made on different stars with different instruments using different techniques in velocimetry or photometry, in different spectral lines or bandpasses, have different sensitivity to the oscillations. They cannot be directly compared to each other, to theoretical values. The comparison to the Sun is not straightforward either, since the different existing data sets obtained on the Sun have not been translated into a proper standard reference suitable for comparison with stars. Kjeldsen et al. (2005) initiated such a normalization work and a comparison between several stars. Kjeldsen et al. (2008) measured the solar oscillation amplitude with stellar techniques, aiming at setting up a consistent reference for stellar oscillation measurements. This was done with velocimetry, since until now the vast majority of solar-like oscillations measured in other stars has been obtained with this technique. However, CoRoT (Baglin et al. 2006) has started photometric measurements of oscillations in solar-like pulsators which will need to be measured quantitatively and compared with those of the Sun and with those obtained in velocimetry. In addition to oscillations, rapid photometry might allow us to measure, in approximately the same domain of frequency, the power density spectrum contribution associated with the stellar granulation. Granulation being a manifestation of the convective motion at the photosphere level, the profile of its power density spectrum is expected to reflect characteristic time scales and geometric scales associated with the convection process as described by heavy 3D numerical simulations (see e.g. Ludwig 2006; Trampedach et al. 1998) or by parametrized models (see e.g. Baudin et al. 2007). In the present work, we consider measurements of solar photometric variations obtained with two different instruments in four different bandpasses (SOHO/VIRGO/PMO6 and SPM three channels). In the corresponding instrumental power density spectra, we fit contributions from the solar background and from the acoustic oscillations (Sect. 2). In Sect. 3, we establish a simple instrumental response function relating the instrumental power density measurement to the intrinsic bolometric luminosity relative variation. These response functions can be applied to infer the intrinsic (bolometric) power density of the solar background from specific photometry measurements. They also can be used to derive intrinsic amplitudes of solar radial oscillations from the same data. We discuss how they can be adapted for non-radial modes. Following Kjeldsen et al. (2005) and Kjeldsen et al. (2008), we also propose to relate the oscillation mean power density measurement to an intrinsic amplitude
ations and granulation
Fig. 1. chosen here to be the bolometric amplitude for radial modes. In Sect. 4, we show that the results obtained with the different data sets considered here are consistent to a good approximation and allow us to produce a reference value of bolometric radial oscillation amplitude for the Sun observed as a star, and a reference bolometric power density spectrum for Solar granulation. Then (Sect. 5), we compute the response functions adapted to the CoRoT instrument for stars representative of potential solar-like pulsators on the Main Sequence in terms of effective temperatures, log g values and chemical compositions. We show that to a great extent, the dependency on log g and chemical composition can be neglected and that the CoRoT response functions can be conveniently described with good precision by analytic functions of T eff.
2. Observational material and power density spectra
We consider four data sets obtained on the Sun with different techniques and different band pass by SOHO/VIRGO/PMO6 (essentially bolometric variations) and by SOHO/VIRGO/SPM (photon counting) in three narrow (5 nm) bands at 402 nm (blue), 500 nm (green) and 862 nm (red) (Frohlich et al. 1997). For each of these time series, we compute the power density spectrum shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Following the technique proposed by Kjeldsen et al. (2005) for stellar oscillation measurements, we smooth these spectra with a boxcar of width 405 μHz corresponding to 3 times the solar large separation (135 μHz).
214 Fig. 2. Same as Fig. 1 for, from top to bottom: SPM-blue (a), SPMgreen (b), SPM-red (c) data over 700 days and PMO6 (d) data over 800 days, but here we forced Ci = 4. Then, we perform a least square fit of each spectrum with three components: a flat white noise contribution essentially due to photon counting noise, the solar background contribution detailed hereafter, and on top, the stellar oscillation spectrum contribution. For the solar background contribution, following Harvey (1985) and Andersen et al. (1998a), we consider a sum of powerlaws: P(ν) = Σi Pi (ν), and Pi (ν) = ai ζi 2 τi /(1 + (2πτi ν)Ci ) (also noted Pi (ν) = Ai /(1 + (Bi ν)Ci ) for convenience hereafter), with ν the frequency, τi the characteristic time scale and Ci the slope at high frequency associated with each powerlaw, and ai a normalizing factor such as ζi 2 = Pi (ν) dν corresponding to the variance of the time series. Note that in the case of E. Michel et al.: Intrinsic photometric characterisation of stellar oscillations and granulation Table 1. Fit with seven parameters. Values of the parameters are given as well as the associated one-sigma error estimates. Table 2. Fit with five parameters. Data
set Data SPMb SPMg SPMr PMO6 A1 σA1 B1 σ B1 ppm2 μHz (s) 1.46 0.12 0.69 0.10 0.23 0.10 0.54 0.20 1297 22 1300 41 1320 117 1350 110 A2 B2 σA2 σ B2 ppm2 μHz (s) 0.60 0.09 0.28 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.12 444 27 438 50 438 185 409 156 D σD2 C1 C2 σC1 σC2 ppm μHz 3 ×10−4 8.6 ×10−3 4 ×10−4 8.3 ×10−3 −2 ×10−4 1 ×10−2 1.87 ×10−2 1.20 ×10−2 SPMb 4.2 0.4 4.4 0.8 4.6 2.4 3.6 1.6 3.7 0.5 3.8 1.1 3.4 3.0 3.8 3.0
Harvey (1985), Ci being set to 2, ai = 2. This corresponds to a signal whose autocorrelation in time has a decreasing exponential behaviour. However, as mentioned by Harvey (1985), other values for the decay rate power over time might be found for different types of data probing the atmosphere at different heights (see e.g. Andersen et al. 1998a). The physical processes most commonly considered in the solar background and represented by such power laws are: activity (predominant up to ∼10 μHz), supergranulation (up to ∼100 μHz), mesogranulation (up to ∼1 mHz), and granulation (see e.g. Andersen et al. 1998b; Anklin et al. 1998; Aigrain et al. 2004). In the present study, we will focus on the two latter processes showing significant contribution above 100 μHz, in the frequency domain where oscillations are found. An estimate of the two first contributions (white noise and solar background) is obtained by a simultaneous fit of the spectrum outside the domain where the oscillation signal is seen with function D + Σi Pi (ν), where D represents the white noise contribution. After subtraction of these two components, we isolate the one due to stellar oscillations. The two powerlaw components (7 parameters Ai, Bi, Ci, and D) give a satisfactory fit of the background for our purpose and we do not find it necessary to include other components like supergranulation or activity. As shown by error values in Table 1, the fit gives satisfactory results in the case of SPM data, especially for the blue and green channels. In the case of SPM/red channel, the coefficients are obtained with very large error bars and in the case of PMO6, the convergence precision is even worse, due to the larger white noise component. 981 SPMg SPMr PMO6 A1 σ A1 B1 σ B1 ppm2 μHz (s) 1.52 0.02 0.74 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.50 0.02 1292 18 1302 37 1321 105 1349 55 A2 σ A2 B2 σ B2 ppm2 μHz (s) 0.55 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.14 0.02 433 12 419 27 403 89 439 42 D σ D2 ppm μHz 4 ×10−3 3 ×10−3 1 ×10−3 3 ×10−3 1 ×10−3 3 ×10−3 20 ×10−3 3 ×10−3
Fig. 3. a) Observational instrumental power density spectrum associated with the stellar background contribution and estimated as described in the text, for PMO6 data (plain black line), SPM-blue (dot [blue]), SPM-green (dash [green]), SPM-red (long dash [red]); b) same for the oscillation contribution. 3. Instrumental response functions
In this section we establish a relation between intensity variation observed with a given instrument (hereafter "instrumental flux variation") and an intrinsic quantity defined as the "bolometric luminosity variation". This relation features a response function characteristic of the instrument. We derive the response function for an individual non-radial mode (Sect. 3.2), then for a smoothed power density spectrum (Sect. 3.3), and finally for the granulation (Sect. 3.4). This is done taking into account both the band-width of the instrument, the spectral energy distribution of the given star (approximated by a black body law) and the dependence of the
3.1. Instrumental flux variation and local temperature variation
Here, we express the relative instrumental flux variation δI/I ̄ as a function of the local relative variation of the temperature at the stellar photosphere δT (θ, φ)/T̄. First we define the relative variation of the instrumental flux I: δI dλ E(λ) δFλ (1) (t) = λ I ̄ dλ E(λ) Fλ λ where E(λ) is the global efficiency in terms of energy of the instrument at the wavelength λ, Fλ the flux received from the star at the wavelegth λ and δFλ its variation. Then, following the approach of Berthomieu & Provost (1990), we show (see Appendix A) that Fλ and δFλ can be approximated as Fλ = 2π Hλ Gλ Bλ (2) where Bλ is the black body law evaluated at the photosphere, i.e. at T = T eff and where we have defined 1 −1 Hλ ≡ 2 dμ gλ (μ) (3) −1 and Gλ ≡ 1 dμ μ gλ (μ). (4) 0 with gλ the limb-darkening function, μ = cos(θ) and θ and φ refer to the spherical coordinates for a z-axis pointing toward the observer (observer reference frame) and 2π 1 δT dBλ δFλ = Hλ (5) dφ dμ μ gλ (μ) d ln T T̄ 0 0 where T is the temperature, δT its variation, the meaning of other terms staying the same. At this stage, we have expressed the instrumental flux relative variation δI/I ̄ as a function of δT/T̄ the local (μ,φ) relative variation of the temperature at the photosphere.
3.2. Response function for an individual non-radial mode
Here, in the case of an individual oscillation mode, we show that we can relate δT (θ, φ)/T̄ to a "bolometric luminosity relative variation" (δL/L̄)l,m, defined as an extension of the specific case of radial modes where (δL/L̄) = 4δT eff /T̄ eff. As detailed in Appendix A, we consider the relative temperature fluctuations associated with a mode with degree l and azimuthal order m: δT (6) (t, θ, φ) = Θl,m (t) Ylm (θ′, φ′ ) T̄ where Θl,m (t) is the intrinsic and instantaneous mode amplitude in terms of temperature fluctuation, Ylm is the spherical harmonic associated with the mode with degree l and azimutal order m, and (r, θ′, φ′ ) (resp. (r, θ, φ)) the spherical coordinate system in the pulsation frame (resp. in the observer frame). As discussed 216 in Appendix A, δT /T̄ and hence Θl,m (t) are evaluated at the photosphere. For a radial mode, the bolometric and instrinsic luminosity fluctuation is related to the relative instrinsic temperature
fluctuation as: δL δT eff (t) = 4 = 4 Θ0 (t) (7) T eff 0 L̄ l=0
where T eff is the effective temperature and L the luminosity of the star. Then, by extension of the radial case, we define, in the general case, the bolometric and instrinsic mode amplitude in terms of luminosity: δL (t) ≡ 4 Θl,m (t). (8)
L̄ l,m
Note that, in the present case, since the mode excitation is a random process, we rather consider the rms quantities δL rms L̄ l,m ≡ δL 2 L̄ l,m (t) = 4 Θ2l,m (t). (9) The rms label will however be generally omitted in the following for conciseness of the notation. (the obThen, we establish the relation between δI/I ̄ l,m,i served relative intensity fluctuations due to a given mode (l, m), for a given inclination i) and the instrinsic mode amplitude: δI Rl,m,i δL = Rl,m,i Θl,m = (10) 4 I ̄ l,m,i L̄ l,m with Rl,m,i the instrumental response function associated with the mode with degree l and azimuthal order m and inclination i. The expression for Rl,m,i is: Rl,m,i ≡ λ dBλ S l,m,i (λ) dλ E(λ) d ln T dλ E(λ) Bλ λ (11) where S l,m,i (λ) is the so-called "visibility" coefficient associated with the mode. The visibility coefficient, S l,m,i, measures the contribution of the mode integrated over the projected stellar surface, taking into account the effect of the limb-darkening (see e.g. Dziembowski 1977; Berthomieu & Provost 1990). An expression for S l,m,i is given in Eq. (A.19). Note that in the case of radial modes, S 0 is independent of λ and S 0 = 1 by definition. An interesting property of the visibility coefficients S l,m,i is that, assuming equipartition of energy among different modes of a same multiplet, the global visibility contribution of each multiplet (composed of modes of the same radial order n, same degree l, and different azimuthal order m) is independent of the inclination i (Dziembowski 1977; Toutain & Gouttebroze 1993). It is thus possible to compute a global visibility function S l = 2, which is independent of i for the different multiplets. Σm S l,m, i This property will be useful in the next section. 3.3. Response function for smoothed oscillation power density spectrum
In the case of stellar observations, as remarked by Kjeldsen et al. (2005) the measurement of individual modes or even individual E. Michel et al.: Intrinsic photometric characterisation of stellar oscillations and granulation multiplets might be delicate and it might give more precise results to estimate oscillation amplitudes from the smoothed oscillation power density contribution as represented in Sect. 1. In this case, as suggested by Kjeldsen et al. (2005), the oscillation power density contribution (Posc, in ppm2 /μHz) is smoothed over typically three or four times the large separation (∆); then, once multiplied by the estimate of the large separation (in μHz), it is representative of Pn I, the total power (in ppm2 ) concentrated in all modes present in one large separation (of order n). Accordingly, we have Pn I ≃ 2 Posc ∆ (12) where ∆ is the large separation and the factor 2 multiplying Posc is introduced to take into account the power density spread in the negative part of the spectrum. Let define Pl,m,i as the observed power (in ppm2 ) associated with a mode (l, m), with inclination i. Assuming that Θl,m is the same for all the modes that are within the same separation and using Eq. (7), it can easily be shown that : Pl,m I Pn
I
=
l,m R2 δL 2 = R2osc Θ20 (t) = osc (t) 16 L̄ 0 (13) Rl 2 (14) l Rl ≡ dBλ dλ E(λ) S l (λ) λ d ln T dλ E(λ) Bλ λ (15) 2 (t)
)
is the mean square value of
Θ
0 (t) and Θ20 (t) (resp. δL L̄ 0 (resp.
(
δL/L)0 (t)) for a radial mode. Note that in Eq. (13) the sum over (l, m) is performed among all the multiplets within the same separation. The expression for the visibility coefficient S l is given by Eq. (A.22). The visibility factor associated with modes l > 4 can be neglected. Accordingly, Eq. (14) can be simplified as: Rosc = R20 + R21 + R22 + R23. Table 3. Response functions for different sets of solar data. Resp. Func. Rosc (T eff,Sun
)
Rg (T eff,Sun ) SPMb 11.63 6.24 SPMg 9.02 5.02 SPMr 5.26 3.06 PMO6 7.15 4.00
the observed relative intensity fluctuations and the associated intrinsic fluctuations is δI Rg
δ
L (
t
) =
Rg Θg (t) = (t) (18) 4 L̄ g I ̄ g
where the quantities have the same meaning as previously for radial modes but subscript g refers to the granulation and λ dλ E(λ) d
d
B ln
T Rg = Rl=0,m=0 = λ * (19) dλ E(λ) Bλ λ
As for the radial modes, we define the rms and instrinsic relative luminosity fluctuation due to granulation as the quantity δL rms L̄ g
≡ δL
2
L g (t) =
4
Θ2g (t) = 4 δI rms (t). Rg I ̄ g (20)
If we consider the power density contribution associated with granulation (Pg ) determined in Sect. 1, we can derive the corresponding bolometric power density spectrum according to with Rosc ≡ 983 (16) In practice, we consider Posc, the smoothed power density component associated with oscillations derived from observations, as in Sect. 1. Using Eqs. (12), 13 and (9), one obtains the (rms) bolometric amplitude normalised to radial mode given by δL rms 4 2
Posc ∆ (17) = Abol,l=0 ≡ Rosc L̄ 0
where Rosc is the response function given by Eq. (16) and computed for each data set using Eqs. (15) and (A.22). In the present work, the S l (λ) coefficients (Eq. (A.22)) are computed taking into account monochromatic specific intensities derived from stellar atmosphere models (see Barban et al. 2003) with relevant T eff , [Fe/H], and log
g. 3.4. Response function for granulation
As detailed in Appendix A, since we are interested in rms values with time and assuming that these values are identical all over the stellar surface, the granulation component can be treated in a similar way as a radial mode. Accordingly, the relation between Pg,bol = 16 Pg /Rg 2 (21) which is expected to characterize granulation independently of the instrument considered. The application to the different data sets obtained on the Sun (Rg values are given in Table 3) with different instrumental techniques and with different bandpasses shows a good agreement (see Sect. 4). 4. Results for different data sets 4.1. A reference solar bolometric oscillation amplitude
The resulting estimates of the bolometric amplitude per radial mode are shown in Fig. 4 (Rosc values computed for the different data sets considered here are given in Table 3). We compare the curves obtained for each data set, with special attention to the value at maximum often taken as a convenient characteristic measurement of the oscillations amplitudes in stars (see also Table 4). Although some residuals of the initial difference seem to subsist (suggesting that our response function might be refined further), we notice a reasonable agreement of the different curves, within one-sigma error bar estimates. This allows us to propose as a reference for the Sun a 2.53 ± 0.11 ppm of maximum bolometric amplitude per radial mode (mean of the four values weighted by 1/σi ). We checked that this result was not affected significantly by changing the smoothing boxcar width from 2 times to 4 times ∆.
4.2. A reference bolometric granulation power density spectrum
The different mean profiles of bolometric background power density spectra are shown in Fig. 5. Here again, we notice the good agreement of the different curves. Coefficients characterizing the different curves are given in Table 4 as well as reference values proposed for the Sun background contribution. Here again, the influence of the size of the smoothing boxcar (between 0.1 to 4 times ∆) has been tested and found negligible within the present error bars. : Intrinsic photometric characterisation of stellar oscillations and granulation
Fig. 4. Observational bolometric amplitude per radial mode estimated as described in the text, for PMO6 data (plain black line), SPM-blue (dot [blue]), SPM-green (dash [green]), SPM-red (long dash [red]). Error bars are given for the estimate of the maximum (boxcar: 3 times Large Separation taken as 135 μHz). Fig. 5. Observational bolometric power density spectrum estimated as described in the text, for PMO6 data (plain black line), SPM-blue (dot [blue]), SPM-green (dash [green]), SPM-red (long dash [red]). a): granulation+ mesogranulation components; b): granulation and mesogranulation individual components. Table 4. Bolometric parameters. The last line corresponds to reference values resulting from a mean of the values given in the other lines, weighted by 1/σi. Data set SPMb SPMg SPMr PMO6 Ref. A1,bol σA1bol 2 ζ1 σζ1 ppm μHz 0.62 0.01 0.47 0.01 0.44 0.03 0.50 0.02 0.52 0.01 8.2 ×10−3 1.0 ×10−4 7.1 ×10−3 1.0 ×10−4 6.8 ×10−3 4.0 ×10−4 7.2 ×10−3 2.0 ×10−4 7.6 ×10−3 1.0 ×10−4 τ1 A2,bol στ1 σA2bol 2 (s) ppm μHz 206 3 207 6 210 17 215 9 208 3 0.23 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.18 0.01 ζ2 σζ2 8.5 ×10−3 2.0 ×10−4 7.2 ×10−3 3.0 ×10−4 6.6 ×10−3 1.0 ×10−3 6.7 ×10−3 5.0 ×10−4 7.6 ×10−3 2.0 ×10−4 τ2 Abol,l=0 στ2 σAbol,l=0 (s) (ppm) 69 2 67 4 64 14 70 7 68 2 2.83 0.16 2.47 0.19 2.14 0.52 2.36 0.23 2.53
0.11
5. Response functions of CoRoT for objects on
the Main Sequence Stellar
atmosphere
models are computed with the Atlas 9 code (Kurucz 1993) in a modified version including the CGM convection (see Heiter et al. 2002). Considering the CoRoT total efficiency shown in Fig. 6, we compute the CoRoT response functions for stellar atmosphere models characterized by different values of T eff, log g and chemical compositions illustrative of possible solar-like candidates on
the
Main
Sequence
(
−1 < [Fe/H] < +1, 3.9 < log
g
<
4.5
,
5800 < T eff <
6750 K
).
As shown in Fig. 7, the dependency of the CoRoT response function Rosc on log g and chemical composition is small in the considered range. To a great extent (within 0.6%), it can be neglected and Rosc as Rg can be described as simple polynomial functions of T eff only:
Rosc (
T eff )
= Rosc (T eff,Sun ) + A (T eff − T eff,Sun) + B (T eff − T eff,Sun )2
. We proceed in the same way for Rg. Values of the parameters obtained for the fit are given in Table 5. Fig
. 6.
CoRoT total efficiency. 6. Conclusions
Measurement of stellar oscillations or granulation provides instrumental values which depend on the instrumental technique and bandpass and on the star considered. In this work, with the purpose of helping future comparisons between stars observed in photometry, 1. We propose a simple expression for response functions connecting specific instrumental photometric measurements with intrinsic bolometric values for oscillation amplitudes and granulation power density. 2. We test and validate this expression on four sets of data obtained on the Sun, in four different bandpasses and with two different instrumental techniques. 3. We establish reference bolometric measurements for the Solar oscillation amplitudes (2.53 ± 0.11 ppm) and for the Solar granulation power density. 4. We compute the response functions for the CoRoT instrument and give an analytic expression for it. Acknowledgements. SOHO is a mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA. E. Michel et al.: Intrinsic photometric characterisation of stellar oscillations and granulation 985 where dΩ is the elementary solid angle. Using Eqs. (A.2) and (A.3) we then derive the relation: Jλ = Iλ (1)/Hλ (A.4) where we have defined 1 −1 Hλ ≡ 2 dμ gλ (μ). (A.5) −1 According to Eqs. (A.1), (A.2) and (A.4), a small variation of Fλ is given by dA ḡλ H̄λ δJλ + J ̄λ H̄λ δgλ + J ̄λ ḡλ δHλ
δF
λ = A +
δ
(
dA) J ̄λ ḡλ
Fig. 7. Polynomial fit of the CoRoT response function Rosc (dash [red]) and Rg (plain [blue]) for different stellar atmosphere models mentioned in the text. Table 5. Fit of CoRoT response functions. Resp. Func.
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetline
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Jetline
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jetline&action=history
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Swedish
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Spoken
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Jetline är en berg- och dalbana på nöjesfältet Gröna Lund i Stockholm. Den konstruerades av berg- och dalbanekonstruktören Anton Schwarzkopf, och tillverkades av Zierer.
Jetline invigdes 1988 och var en kopia av Bavarian Mountain Railroad (BMRX), senare omdöpt till Knightmare, som invigdes 1987 på Portopialand i Chuo i Kobe i Japan. 1997 modifierades den av Mauer Söhne för att ha ett längre och brantare första fall, vilket lade till en tunnel längst ner på den första nedförsbacken. Knightmare drog 5 g medan Jetline drar ett mer reserverat maximum på 4,5 g.
Bavarian Mountain Railroad flyttades 2006 från Japan till Camelot Theme Park i Storbritannien och bytte namn till Knightmare för att 2012 tas ur drift då nöjesparken lades ned. Till skillnad från Jetline var Knightmare inte moderniserad eller ombyggd. Knightmare var också utrustad med både bygel och säkerhetsbälte, vilket Jetline saknar.
Jetline hade cirka en miljon åkare per år före olyckan i juni 2023. Minimilängden för att få åka attraktionen är 140 centimeter.
Åkupplevelse
Turen börjar med en krökt lyftbacke som bär åkfordonet till en höjd av 32 meter (105 fot). En högersväng leder in till första backen. Fallet leder in till en kort tunnel och en sväng tillbaka mot stationen och resten av åkturen. Åkfordonet går in i en kort bromssektion som leder in i den andra backen. Den maximala g-kraften på 4,5 G uppnås vid botten av denna backe. Den andra delen av åkturen består av svängar och spiraler. Den sista helixen leder in i en tunnel och stationen. Den totala varaktigheten för berg-och dalbanan är ungefär en minut och trettio sekunder.
Olycka
Den 25 juni 2023 skedde en olycka på åkattraktionen då ett tåg spårade ur efter att fästet för främre hjulanordningen lossnat från första vagnen. Totalt 14 personer var inblandade, varav nio skadades och en kvinna i 35-årsåldern avled efter att ha slungats ut från vagnen och fallit ned mot marken. Strax före olyckan hade Jetline råkat ut för ett driftstopp och tekniker undersökte då framsidan på ett av tågen vid hjulen. Rapporter om att en av vagnarna skakar och om bygel som inte låses korrekt har rapporterats in av vittnen.
Den 30 juni 2023 meddelade Gröna Lund att Jetline förblir stängd för resten av 2023 års säsong. Jetline kommer att förbli stängd tills Statens haverikommission slutfört sin utredning av olyckan, vilken kommer ta mellan tio och tolv månader.
Referenser
Externa länkar
Jetline på RCDB
Jetline på Gröna Lunds webbplats
Åkattraktioner på Gröna Lund
Berg- och dalbanor i Sverige
Gröna Lund
| 30,345 |
https://github.com/418sec/labml/blob/master/labml/internal/logger/types.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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labml
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418sec
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Python
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Code
| 15 | 45 |
from typing import Optional, Union, Tuple
from labml.internal.util.colors import StyleCode
LogPart = Union[str, Tuple[str, Optional[StyleCode]]]
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bpt6k3043404n_6
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French-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Iconographie des rois de France. De Louis IX à Louis XIII
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None
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French
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Spoken
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Réau (L.), Une collection de primitifs français ; la collection Michael Friedsam, dans Gazette des Beaux-Arts, janvier 1926. Roblot Delondre (Mme L.), Portraits d’infantes, XVIe siècle. Paris, 1913, in-8°. Spielmann (M.-H.), François Ier en saint Jean-Baptiste, dans Revue de l’Art ancien et moderne, t. XX, 1906. Urseau (chanoine), Le portrait de Louis XI conservé à Béhuard. Angers, 1905, in-8°, 20 p. (Extrait de la Revue de l’Anjou) et Réunion des Sociétés des Beaux-Arts des départements, 1904. Vitry (P.) et Brière (G.), Documents de sculpture française. Moyen âge. Renaissance. Paris, 1907-1913, 3 vol. in-4° (pl.). Vitry (P.), Une réplique du buste de Charles IX par Germain Pilon au Metropolitan Museum de New-York, dans Archives de l’Art français. Nouvelle période, t. VIII, 1916. — Buste de Charles IX à la collection Wallace, dans Les Arts, 1903. LES BOURBONS HENRI IV Premier Roi de France de la Maison de Bourbon. Né à Pau, le 13 décembre 1553. Roi de Navarre en 1572, sous le nom de Henri III. Roi de France le 2 août 1589. Sacré le 27 février 1594. Assassiné à Paris, le 14 mai 1610. Fils d'Antoine de Bourbon, Roi de Navarre, et de Jeanne d’Albret. Épouse : 1° en 1572, Marguerite de Valois (mariage annulé en 1599) ; 2° en 1600, Marie de Médicis, princesse de Toscane. Portraits de Henri IV enfant et Roi de Navarre Le prince de Navarre, enfant, est représenté, à l’âge de quatre ans, par un portrait du Musée de Versailles. Est-ce, d’après un original perdu, la copie exécutée en 1584 par François Bunel, peintre attaché à cette date à la cour du Roi de Navarre? L’hypothèse est permise. Un petit panneau de la bibliothèque de Genève, portant l’inscription : Henri IV R. de Fr., de date postérieure à la peinture, nous montre un jeune seigneur d’environ dix-sept ans, dont la figure n’est pas sans offrir une certaine ressemblance avec les dessins du Cabinet des Estampes, dont nous allons parler ; peut-être sommes-nous en présence d’un portrait du jeune prince protestant envoyé par Jeanne d’Albret à ses coreligionnaires de Genève? Si nous comparons attentivement à ce panneau un dessin au crayon du XVIe siècle que nous mentionnons sous le n° 305 et qui montre un jeune seigneur d'une quinzaine d’années, nous constaterons une grande ressemblance dans la forme de la tête et de certains traits du visage, notamment du nez, de la lèvre supérieure et du menton. Ce dessin porte en bas de page, d’une écriture ancienne, l’indication : François II Roy de France, fait par du Moutier 1560, mais il est facile de constater, en le comparant avec le dessin de la Bibliothèque nationale, représentant le jeune Roi François II à cette même date, que l’inscription est erronée, alors que tout, même l’habillement, permet de penser que ce jeune seigneur est le même que celui du panneau de Genève. Du Roi de Navarre (1572-1589), nous n’avons qu’un seul portrait (nos 307-308) : deux crayons identiques, exécutés probablement par Pierre Du Moûtier, vers 1572. Henri a l’air très jeune, la figure imberbe, les cheveux drus et embroussaillés, le cou engoncé dans une fraise tuyautée, la physionomie éveillée et alerte. traits du Roi de Navarre, exécutés à partir de cette date, par ce dernier peintre, mais ces portraits sont perdus ou dispersés dans des collections ignorées. Portraits de Henri IV, Roi de France, ENTRE L’AVENEMENT (1589) ET L’ENTRÉE À PARIS (1594) En 1589, Henri de Navarre devient roi légitime par la mort de Henri III, mais il a son royaume à conquérir, et, jusqu’en 1593, il sera un roi errant, souvent sans argent, guerroyant à la tête de la « vieille phalange huguenote » et de mercenaires étrangers ; « bon compagnon » plutôt que grand général, vainqueur par sa bravoure à Arques, Ivry et au siège de Paris, où il entre en février 1594, après son abjuration. Cette période de royauté nomade, au milieu d’aventures de toutes sortes, cette vie de chef de bandes, peu propice aux manifestations de l’art et surtout aux portraits, nous a pourtant valu un type de Henri IV très curieux, très caractéristique, un peu exagéré peut-être, mais très proche vraisemblablement de la réalité, assez peu connu, du reste. C’est une peinture, datée de 1593, et portant l’inscription : Henricus. 4. D. G. Rex Francorum & Navarrae. Aetatis sue 40, trouvée dans une ancienne famille de la région de Pau. Elle nous montre un Henri IV au visage maigre, anguleux, au front labouré de rides, plus reître encore que roi, par son harnois de guerre et sa physionomie soucieuse. Ce type de figure, qui se rapporte si bien à cette époque angoissante de la vie du Roi, est bien, en outre, le type transitoire qui va faire place, dès après la proclamation, au type vraiment royal et populaire de Quesnel et de Pourbus, aux joues pleines et à l’air bon homme, et il offre d’autant plus d’intérêt à être signalé que nous n'avons que quelques portraits d’Henri IV entre son avènement et son entrée à Paris. Iconographie Rois, J. le retrouvons identique dans les gravures d’Antoine van der Neer et de Goltzius, la dernière portant, en outre, la date de 1592 et la même inscription que le portrait du château de Lacq. Portraits de Henri IV après 1593 Les dernières années du XVIe siècle marquent la décadence et la fin de l’école des Clouet, qui nous a, depuis François Ier, donné une ample moisson de portraits : peintures et crayons ; une nouvelle école, venue des Flandres avec Ferdinand Elle, avec Franz Pourbus, va dominer en France ; elle se continuera avec Philippe de Champaigne et nous donnera les meilleurs portraits des deux premiers Rois Bourbons. Roi populaire, Henri IV fut beaucoup portraituré durant son règne, mais nombre de ses portraits ont disparu : ainsi, nous savons que Ferdinand Elle, qui était à Fontainebleau en 1601, exécuta un portrait du Roi ; qu’est-il devenu ? Le graveur Morin nous en a, dans une fort belle planche, conservé la figure, et le talent consciencieux de cet artiste peut nous en garantir la fidélité (n° 325). Nous trouvons, du reste, une grande analogie entre cette gravure et les portraits au crayon conservés à la Bibliothèque nationale et que M. Dimier attribue à François Quesnel et à Benjamin Foulon, et d’après lesquels paraît copié le crayon de la bibliothèque des Arts. La différence de dates (1592 sur la gravure de Goltzius, 1593 sur le portrait peint) nous incline seulement à penser que l’inscription sur la peinture fut apposée postérieurement par les possesseurs de celle-ci. Nous trouverons un autre exemple d’anachronisme dans l’inscription peinte sur le portrait de Henri IV, du Musée historique de Berne (n° 313 ci-dessous). Le premier de cette famille de peintres. Voir sur lui le Dictionnaire critique de Jal. Est N° 21, fol. 65, et ms. Clairambault 1121, fol. 10. et Métiers, portraits auxquels il est fort intéressant de comparer le type de figure de 1592 (nos 332-333-334). Disparues les peintures faites en 1600 par Ambroise Dubois pour la Galerie de Diane du Palais de Fontainebleau, au plafond de laquelle Henri IV était représenté, montant au ciel dans un char traîné par des lions. Disparues les peintures de François Quesnel représentant Henri IV, Roi de France et de Navarre, en costume du sacre, et Henri IV en habit de cour ; nous en avons des reproductions gravées par Thomas de Leu, et nous pouvons dire que c’est surtout par ces gravures qu’a été popularisé le type classique de Henri IV. C’est, en effet, ce même type de figure que nous donnera le portrait de la Galerie des Offices, à Florence, également en costume du sacre, et qui est attribué à Pourbus, à la date de 1606 ; c’est celui que nous confirment tous les portraits que nous trouvons aux Musées de Pau, de Grenoble, de Toulouse, de Versailles et du Louvre. Disparu aussi le portrait funéraire du Roi, peint par Quesnel, sur son lit de parade, dans la chapelle ardente ; mais nous le connaissons par une gravure d’Isaac Briot. Des derniers mois de la vie du Roi datent les deux petits portraits que Pourbus a peints sur bois et que conserve le Louvre ; dans l’un, le Roi est vêtu de satin noir, dans l’autre il porte l’armure. Ces originaux ont donné lieu à des répliques qui sont à Versailles et à Chantilly. Un très beau portrait en buste, peut-être de la main de Pourbus, reproduisant la figure du Roi en cette même année 1610, est conservé dans les collections de Mgr le duc d’Orléans. Représentations sculpturales de Henri IV Les œuvres sculpturales à la gloire de Henri IV reproduisant les traits du grand Roi, vainqueur des troubles religieux ou converti au catholicisme, sont souvent entachées du goût de la Renaissance pour l'allégorie antique. listes de Henri IV, et d’abord la figure équestre, de grandeur naturelle, en haut relief, que Mathieu Jacquet, dit Grenoble, « sculpteur et valet de chambre » du Roi en 1597, « garde de ses antiques » en 1602, avait faite en 1599 pour surmonter cette « Belle Cheminée » de Fontainebleau, dispersée en 1725. Elle nous montre le Roi couvert d’une armure de parade, la tête laurée, le sceptre en main, son écharpe flottant au vent. La figure maigre et nerveuse, le nez proéminent, la barbe en éventail et la moustache retroussée nous rendent bien le type plaisant du Roi populaire, brave, spirituel et galant, de la tradition. C’est, dit M. André Michel, « un des portraits les plus physionomiques et les plus vivants qui nous soient parvenus » Dans le même groupe de sculptures se rapprochant de la réalité, nous notons, au Musée Jacquemart-André, le beau buste en bronze, œuvre de Barthélemy Tremblay. Bien que posthume, il offre une physionomie très expressive en même temps que très réaliste. Il paraît avoir été le type qui servit de modèle à d’autres bustes du Roi, et notamment à la statue en marbre qu’en avait commencée le même Tremblay et que termina son gendre Germain Gissey en 1639. L. Courajod en a reconstitué l’histoire : elle était destinée à Château-Thierry, fut donnée en 1765 par Louis XV au duc d’Orléans pour le château de Saint-Cloud, puis transportée dans le parc de Mousseaux, lorsque le duc d’Orléans vendit Saint-Cloud à Louis XVI ; saisie pendant la Révolution, elle fut mise au Musée des Monuments français ; rendue au duc d’Orléans, le futur Louis-Philippe, en 1816, et placée par celui-ci, devenu Roi, à Versailles. Elle est actuellement au Musée du Louvre. 1. A. Michel, La sculpture en France sous Henri IV, dans l’Hist. de l’Art, t. V (II). 2. Courajod, Alexandre Lenoir..., t. III, p 283. C’est entre les deux types des effigies de Jacquet et de Tremblay que se classent tous les portraits sculptés que nous connaissons de Henri IV. Remarquons que les derniers — ceux de Tremblay — postérieurs à la mort du Roi, s’inspirent un peu du masque mortuaire dont nous allons parler et des cires qui en dérivent, tandis que ceux de Jacquet présentent plus de vie, particulièrement le magnifique buste en bronze (n° 322) qu’on lui attribue avec raison, qui est la plus belle, la plus vivante effigie sculpturale que nous possédions de Henri IV. Un autre sculpteur de grand talent, venu de Liège au milieu du règne suivant, le Flamand Jean Warin, a exécuté, probablement à la même époque que le buste de Louis XIII, et manifestement destiné à lui faire pendant, un buste en bronze de Henri IV nous montrant le Roi couronné de lauriers et couvert du même manteau d’hermine que l’artiste a jeté sur les épaules de Louis XIII. Warin, tout en gardant son caractère personnel, semble avoir pris son inspiration sur le type royal créé par Jacquet. Les barbares de la Commune de 1871, en brûlant l’Hôtel-de-Ville, nous ont enlevé la possibilité d’admirer la statue équestre, en pierre de Tonnerre, que les échevins de Paris avaient, en 1605, commandée à Pierre Biard, et qui ornait le tympan de la porte d’entrée. Elle passait, au jugement de Sauvai et de Piganiol de la Force, pour le « seul excellent portrait de ce grand prince » qui restât à leur époque. Quatre-vingts ans plus tôt, et pendant la dictature d’une première Commune (20 août 1792), le peuple, s’attaquant aux statues des rois, avait renversé et brisé la statue équestre élevée en 1614 au Roi populaire sur le terre-plein du Pont-Neuf ; c’était l’œuvre. de Jean de Bologne et de son élève Pietro Tacca. Pierre Francheville surveilla l’érection et les sculptures du piédestal. Après l’assassinat, on suivit, pour les funérailles de Henri IV, les mêmes coutumes que pour celles de ses prédécesseurs ; nous savons, par une lettre de Malherbe du 16 juin 1610, que deux effigies du Roi, faites en cire, avaient été commandées, l’une à Jacquet, dit Grenoble, l’autre au sculpteur médailleur G. Dupré ; et, d’autre part, une description des funérailles du Roi nous apprend qu’après dix-huit jours d’exposition dans la Chambre du Louvre « le corps et le cercueil furent descendus et portés dans la Grande Salle d’Honneur, et mis dedans un châlit sous son effigie... et que... dessus la couverture de drap d’or fut apposée l’effigie de Sa Majesté représentée au naturel ». Cette effigie est-elle la cire conservée au Musée Condé à Chantilly, qui peut être ainsi attribuée soit à Mathieu Jacquet, soit à Guillaume Dupré? Mais on retrouve d’autres bustes en cire : à Carnavalet, à Cassel, à Aix-en-Provence ; il est difficile de les attribuer et l’on peut se demander même si ce procédé n’a pas été employé assez postérieurement à la mort de Henri IV pour en populariser les traits. Notons enfin la tradition d’après laquelle un moulage en plâtre aurait été pris sur la figure du cadavre de Henri IV, lorsqu’on l’exhuma de son tombeau de Saint-Denis, le 13 avril 1793. C’est sous cette indication que la bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève conserve un très beau masque mortuaire de Henri IV, qui frappe tout d’abord par son impressionnante sérénité. Or, la mention — toute moderne — ne paraît guère vraisemblable, Malherbe, Œuvres complètes, édit. Lalanne, t. III, p. 179. 2. Bibl. nat., ms. 324, fol. 237 (coll. Dupuy). 3. Voir Germain Bapst, Le masque de Henri IV, dans Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1891, et les articles cités ci-dessous de P. Vitry. car, sauf la bouche tordue de travers, mais dont les lèvres sont intactes, le visage ne présente aucune altération, et les joues, encore pleines, ne sont pas celles d’un corps inhumé depuis près de deux siècles. Le masque provient, en outre, des chanoines de l’abbaye de Sainte-Geneviève, dont la bibliothèque fit le fonds de la bibliothèque actuelle, et ceux-ci, chassés à la Révolution, n’auraient pu recueillir une pièce faite en 1793. Ce masque, exécuté très probablement d’après le moulage pris aussitôt après la mort du Roi, est peut-être un de ceux qui servirent de modèle aux effigies de cire que nous venons d’examiner. Médailles de Henri IV Le nom de Guillaume Dupré domine l’art de la médaille française au commencement du XVIIe siècle. Contrôleur général des effigies, comme l’avait été Germain Pilon, il est surtout sculpteur et fondeur ; en 1597, il fond une médaille représentant Henri IV en Hercule, et, au revers, Gabrielle d’Estrées ; ce thème d’Hercule terrassant le monstre qui symbolise la Ligue dut plaire au Roi, car, en 1600, Dupré fond une autre médaille, portrait des plus habiles du Roi, avec, au revers, Hercule nu, debout, la massue sur l’épaule. Ce symbole devient une mode, car un autre médailleur, Philippe Danfrie, le reprendra en 1602 et nous donnera un autre Henri IV Hercule, fort beau, avec la peau du lion de Némée sur la tête et les épaules. Sortant de l’allégorie, Dupré nous a donné des effigies en relief de Henri IV et de Marie de Médicis, affrontés, offrant dans la figure et dans le costume une richesse inouïe de détails et une vie intense, qui en font de merveilleux portraits. Même au revers de ces médailles, l’artiste, représentant le Roi debout, en dieu Mars, tendant la main à Marie de Médicis, en Minerve, a su, par une habileté remarquable, donner à la figure du Roi, malgré son extrême petitesse, une ressemblance qui s’impose (médaille commémorative de la naissance du Dauphin, 1603). Un grand médaillon de Dupré est surtout connu et populaire, c’est celui de 1605, où le visage du Roi, tourné de trois quarts, ressort en relief très accentué sur le relief plus mince du profil de la Reine. ICONOGRAPHIE DES ROIS DE FRANCE Pays; si les figures de la plus grande partie de ces personnages, antérieurs à Paul Ardier, sont d’une fantaisie et d’une médiocrité indiscutables, on peut faire cas de certains portraits de ses contemporains et il faut reconnaître à ce financier beaucoup de méthode chronologique dans la composition des panneaux de sa Galerie, chacun, en effet, ne comportant que des gens ayant vécu au même temps. Fonctionnaire à la Cour, gentilhomme de la Vénerie du Roi, secrétaire de sa Chambre, conseiller, trésorier, etc..., Ardier, en ces diverses qualités, avait eu des rapports fréquents avec Louis XIII; il dut donc choisir les modèles les plus ressemblants à son maître pour en reproduire les traits: il fit probablement de même pour Henri IV qu’il avait également connu; nous ferons donc état, pour notre Iconographie, des portraits de ces deux rois, peints à Beauregard. Paul Ardier, en décorant ainsi sa Galerie, ne fit que suivre des exemples récents, venant de très haut, ceux de Gabrielle d’Estrées et de Henri IV lui-même. Par ordre de celui-ci, le peintre Jacob Bunel venait, en effet, d’exécuter, de 1600 à 1603, dans la Petite Galerie du Louvre, des « effigies » de tous les rois, depuis Pharamond jusqu’à Henri IV, « logées chacune en un portique et entourées d’allégories, de devises et d’emblèmes ». Sauvait paraît très net sur ces portraits de rois, et, en 1608, un Anglais, de passage à Paris, consignait dans ses notes de voyage qu’on voyait au Louvre « bon nombre de beaux portraits de rois et de reines de France peints à l’huile et enchâssés dans le bois et les lambris ». Mais étaient-ce bien des portraits de rois de France? Cette galerie, nommée Galerie des Rois, fut brûlée en 1661; c’est aujourd’hui la Galerie d’Apollon. Voyage à Paris de Thomas Coryate, dans Mémoires de la Société de l’Histoire de Paris et de l’Île de France, 1879, t. VI. que cet Anglais voyageur a cru reconnaître? Et la bonne foi de Sauval lui-même n’a-t-elle pas été surprise? Certains témoignages — assez vagues — allégués par des érudits tendraient à croire que Henri IV avait fait reproduire, en y ajoutant quelques portraits de papes et de princes de la maison de Médicis, la Galerie de Paul Jove, dont nous avons parlé plus haut ; et d’après les copies de l’Altissimo. En donnant ses ordres pour cette décoration de la Petite Galerie du Louvre, peut-être Henri IV se souvenait-il d’une décoration d’un genre analogue commandée par Gabrielle d’Estrées : quand il eut fait reconstruire pour elle le château de Saint-Ange, près de Fontainebleau, Gabrielle avait fait revêtir les murs de sa Galerie et de ses antichambres de petits portraits en pied des grands hommes, capitaines, cardinaux et savants, ayant vécu depuis Louis XII. Henri IV dans les compositions de Rubens. Sans considérer comme de véritables portraits les diverses effigies d’Henri IV peintes par Rubens dans la Vie de Marie de Médicis, on ne saurait les passer sous silence. En Médicis qu’elle était, la veuve de Henri IV voulut se montrer digne de sa famille et tenir un rôle de protectrice des arts. Un illustre peintre reçut, en 1622, commande de peindre pour son Palais du Luxembourg les scènes mémorables de sa vie ; Rubens commença immédiatement la fameuse série que nous voyons maintenant au Louvre, et qu’il termina en 1625. Préoccupé surtout de composer des scènes magnifiques, Rubens paraît s’être peu soucié des ressemblances, sauf à l’égard du visage de la Reine, qu’il vit. Hypothèse soutenue par L. Dimier, Hist. peinture de portrait..., t. III, p. 224. ICONOGRAPHIE DES ROIS DE FRANCE à plusieurs reprises. Dans cette série de pompeuses allégories, il a représenté le Roi à différents âges, de 1600 à 1610, sans trop tenir compte des changements survenus dans sa physionomie. Le guerrier de profil, appuyé sur une canne, qui regarde le portrait de Marie de Médicis pour se décider au mariage (1600), ne rappelle guère le Henri IV de 1599 fait par Jacquet pour la « Belle Cheminée » de Fontainebleau ou le masque de bronze du Louvre qui est vraisemblablement de même date ; plus proches, et peut-être faits d’après les médailles de Dupré ou de Danfrie (1602-1603), sont la figure du Roi symbolisé en Jupiter grisonnant, qui, dans les nuages, épouse Marie de Médicis, et le visage de profil, à la barbe en croc et au nez très accentué, de Henri confiant le gouvernement à la Reine. Dans l’apothéose du monarque enlevé au ciel, la figure de trois quarts à gauche rappelle vaguement certaines effigies de Jacquet ; mais, dans le sacre de la Reine (1610), le Roi, qui, du fond d’une tribune de la basilique de Saint-Denis, regarde le couronnement de sa femme, rappelle bien peu les portraits de Pourbus de cette même année 1610. Rubens avait été également chargé, dès 1622, de peindre l’histoire de Henri IV, qui devait compter vingt-quatre tableaux ; il ne put la commencer qu’en 1631 et laissa inachevés les deux principaux, la Victoire d’Ivry et l’Entrée triomphale dans Paris. Ces deux immenses compositions, traitées en allégories, nous montrent un Henri IV en guerrier antique, combattant à cheval le comte d’Egmont, chef des auxiliaires espagnols, ou debout, en armure, sur un char romain, magnifique scène de triomphe antique (Musée des Offices à Florence). Une esquisse, appartenant au Musée de Berlin, faite en vue de la composition qui devait représenter la prise de Paris, nous fait voir le Roi, la couronne sur la tête, le sceptre à la main, recevant les clefs de la ville, pendant qu’on jette à la Seine, du haut d'un pont, les cadavres des vaincus. Il serait intéressant, pour une histoire de l’œuvre de Rubens, de rechercher quels documents le grand maître a utilisés pour la représentation du Roi. Il nous paraît que les effigies des médailles de Dupré et de Danfrie sont celles dont il s’est le plus souvent inspiré. Peinture sur bois 804 H. 4-5 Dessins Dessins aux crayons de couleur. Bibliothèque nationale, Est. Na 22, B te 4, fol. 13 et 14. Tous deux proviennent de la collection de Sainte-Geneviève. (a) Ancien numéro 307 Le jeune Roi de Navarre est en buste, de trois quarts à droite. Il a les cheveux relevés et porte une courte fraise (voir page 208). Repr. pl. XXXIV, 307-4. 306-3 HENRI IV (Prince de Navarre) Bibliothèque de Genève HENRI IV (Roi de Navarre) Bibliothèque Nationale — Estampes (b) Ancien numéro 96. 308 Semblable au précédent, mais plus poussé. Ce sont les très rares portraits du Roi jeune vers 1572. Ils ont été identifiés par H. Bouchot, par comparaison avec l’enluminure ci-après du Livre d’Heures de Catherine de Médicis. H. Bouchot, Les portraits aux crayons..., p. 189, et Quelques dames..., p. 27. Exp. de portraits. Paris, 1907, Catalogue, n°s 285 et 286. Exp. Ronsard. Paris, 1925, Catalogue, n° 391. Comte L. d’Harcourt et Ch. Maumené, Portraits..., pl. XL. 6 Enluminure 309 Livre d’Heures de Catherine de Médicis, fol. 168 v°. Bibliothèque nationale. Une inscription mise sur une garde ajoutée indique : Henry IV être Roi de Navarre avec la Reine Marguerite de France, sa femme... Tous deux portent la couronne de Navarre et sont en habit de sacre, du royaume de Navarre. L’original ayant servi à la figure du Roi est le crayon de la Bibliothèque nationale (Na 22, B te 4, fol. 13-14) mentionné ci-dessus, n°s 4-5. H. Bouchot, Catherine de Médicis. Pl. p. 66-67. Médaille argent et bronze 810 7 Fonte : o m 043. Danfrie, 1590. Cabinet des Médailles. Médaille relative à la victoire d’Ivry (14 mars 1590). Buste à droite d’Henri IV, lauré, armé à l’antique et portant une écharpe; au-dessus du buste : 1590. — Inscriptio : Henricus. IV. franc, et navar. Rex. Chris. ; au revers : Victoria. Ivricaca. 224 ICONOGRAPHIE DES ROIS DE FRANCE Peinture sur toile 811 H. : 1 m 50 ; L. : 1 m 5. Fin du XVIe siècle, entre 1590 et 1593. Prov. d’une anc. coll. du Béarn. Ce portrait, trouvé dans une ancienne famille du Béarn, est passé, par un legs du docteur Eugène Darralde (fondateur de Bagnères), dans la famille également béarnaise de Lestapis. Appartient actuellement au commandant R. de Lestapis, au château de Lacq (Basses-Pyrénées). Repr. pl. XXXV, 311-8. Le Roi est représenté à mi-corps, de grandeur naturelle ; il est coiffé d’un haut chapeau de feutre à bords relevés en avant, abaissés en arrière ; les cheveux sont d’un châtain très foncé, la barbe et les moustaches très noires. Il porte une cuirasse à pansière pointue, sur un vêtement aux manches gansées d’or ; il a l’écharpe blanche en sautoir, mais n’a pas le cordon du Saint-Esprit. La figure maigre et très allongée, le front très haut et sillonné de rides, le nez démesuré, très courbé et tombant sur la bouche, la lèvre inférieure très prononcée, les yeux vifs sous des sourcils très arqués, la barbe taillée en carré et rejoignant les moustaches, et tous les détails de la physionomie soucieuse l’identifient avec le portrait gravé par Goltzius en 1592 (n° 9 ci-dessous), de même que les détails du costume. La même inscription se lit sur le tableau : Henricus. 4.D. G. Rex Francorum. & Navarrae. Etatis suae 40. 1593. Exp. rétrospective du château de Pau en 1891. Album de l’Exp. Pl. XXVI. Comte L. d’Harcourt et Ch. Maumené, Portraits..., pl. XLI. Gravure sur cuivre 812 Ovale. Goltzius, 1592. HENRI IV Appartient à M. R. de Lestapis 311-8 Le Roi, âgé de quarante ans, en buste, la tête couverte d’un feutre très haut, à larges bords relevés en avant, rabattus en arrière. La figure, de trois quarts à droite, presque de face, est des plus caractéristiques par sa longueur, ses yeux perçants, son nez descendant jusqu’à la bouche, ses moustaches relevées et sa barbe carrée. Inscription : Henricus 4 D. G. Rex Francorum et Navarrae. Aetatis 40. D’après Mariette, cette gravure, « fort recherchée parce que fort ressemblante et fort proprement gravée », reproduirait un portrait fait par Jacob Bunel. Comte L. d’Harcourt et Ch. Maumené, Portraits..., pl. XLI bis. A côté de la peinture n° 311 et de la gravure de Goltzius, il est intéressant de mentionner une médaille dont le Trésor de numismatique... (Médailles françaises) donne (pl. XXVII, n° 6) une reproduction, en tout semblable à la figure et la coiffure du Roi dans les deux portraits ci-dessus. L’inscription, en outre, est la même : Henricus IIII. D. G. Rex. Franc, et. Nav. Au revers, les écussons de France et de Navarre, accolés, couronnés et entourés des colliers des ordres. Peinture 318 Toile. H. : 2 m ; L. : 1 m 20. Fig. en pied gr. nat. École française, 1595. Musée historique de Berne. Prov. de la famille de Diesbach. Léguée au Musée par M. Robert de Diesbach. Le Roi debout, en armure damasquinée. Il porte une cuirasse pointue, des cuissards à l’écrevisse, des genouillères et des jambières de cuir, l’écharpe blanche. Il est long et maigre ; la figure, de trois quarts à gauche, est caractérisée par un nez très arqué, bossué Iconographie Rois, I. 15 et tombant sur la moustache, sous laquelle se détache une lèvre inférieure large et saillante ; la barbe noire est taillée en carré et se joint aux moustaches effilées en pointe. Ce beau portrait, de grande allure, a — dit l’inscription qui figure au-dessus de la tête du Roi — été donné par le Roi, en 1595, au colonel Jean-Jacques de Diesbach, capitaine au service du Roi de Navarre, et qui fut, en 1602, représentant des Suisses à la prestation du serment à Paris ; il fut toujours conservé dans la famille de Diesbach. Inscription : Henricus IIII. Dei. Gra. Francorum. et. Navarre. Rex. Lage. de. 50. alan. 1595 Donne par le Roy CL.I.I. de Diesbach Henry de Fischer, Le portrait bernois à travers les siècles. Bâle, 1920, 2 vol. in-4. Repr. pl. 7. /1 Peinture sur toile 314 Fig. gr. nat. Vers 1595. Musée de Pau. Le Roi est représenté en pied, la main gauche sur la hanche ; il porte une armure damasquinée, l’écharpe blanche et le cordon du Saint-Esprit. La figure est de trois quarts à gauche ; les cheveux sont châtains et tombent en boucles sur le cou ; la barbe et la moustache sont grises. Sur le tapis d’une table, à la droite du Roi, se lit l’inscription : Henricus IV rex Franciae et Navarrae. P. Lafond, A propos de trois portraits de Henri IV, dans Réunion des Sociétés des Beaux-Arts des départements, 1904. Pl. p. 146. Il faut noter qu’en 1595 Henri IV n’a que quarante-deux ans. 12-13 Peintures disparues François Quesnel, après 1594. Reproduites en gravure par Thomas de Leu. (a) Henry IIII, King of France and Navarre. 315 En costume du sacre. (b) Henry IIII, King of France and Navarre. 316 En habit de cour. L. Dimier, Hist. peinture de portrait..., t. II, n° 1067. 14 (a) Figure équestre en haut-relief 317 Marbre. Gr. nat. Mathieu Jacquet, dit Grenoble, 1599. Palais de Fontainebleau. Salle du buffet. Le Roi à cheval, revêtu d’une armure de parade, tête laurée, sceptre en main, son écharpe flottant pardessus l’épaule ; il porte la barbe en éventail et taillée carrée, la moustache retroussée. Cette effigie formait le principal ornement de la « Belle Cheminée » dans la grande salle de ce nom au Palais de Fontainebleau ; elle avait été commandée à Mathieu Jacquet, dit Grenoble, et érigée en 1599. Elle fut déplacée en 1725 ; la statue équestre de Henri IV a été posée, au XIXe siècle, dans la salle dite du Buffet. Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, II, pl. 179. Bas-relief de la bataille d’Ivry, marbre. H. : 0 m 47 ; L. : 0 m 47. Mathieu Jacquet dit Grenoble, 1599. Musée du Louvre, n° 400. Prov. de la « Belle Cheminée » du Palais de Fontainebleau. Au premier plan de la bataille, le Roi, armé en guerrier romain, foule ses ennemis sous les pieds de son cheval. L’effigie équestre de Henri IV ci-dessus mentionnée (n° 14) était autrefois placée au-dessus de ce bas-relief. Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, II, pl. 179. Bas-relief marbre. Petite nature. Attribué à Mathieu Jacquet, dit Grenoble (vers 1600). Château de Pau. Le Roi est à cheval, vêtu à l’antique, la tête ceinte de lauriers. Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, I, pl. 179. Peinture sur toile. H. : 1 m 90 ; L. : 1 m. Fig. entière de gr. nat. École française, fin du XVIe siècle ou commencement du XVIIe. Musée de Grenoble. Le Roi debout, tête nue, figure de trois quarts à gauche. Il porte une fraise, un pourpoint gris, des chausses grises, le cordon du Saint-Esprit ; la main droite sur la hanche, la gauche sur la garde de l’épée. Ce tableau fut acquis en 1719 par la ville de Grenoble de la famille de Villeroy, qui le tenait des Créqui, héritiers des Lesdiguières ; il a probablement appartenu au connétable. J. Roman, Catalogue du Musée de Grenoble, dans l’Inventaire des richesses d’art de la France, Province, Monuments civils, t. VI, p. 35. Peinture sur toile. Coll. Gaignières. Bibliothèque nationale, Est. Oa 18, fol. 1. — H. Bouchot, Invent. Gaignières, n° 1159. HENRI IV Musée du Louvre 322-19 Le Roi est en pied ; il porte un chapeau à forme haute, un pourpoint et d’amples hauts-de-chausses. Sur la poitrine, le collier du Saint-Esprit ; à la main, une canne. 18 Peinture à l’huile 321 H. : 0 m 54 ; L. : 0 m 36. Bibl. de Genève, n° 100 bis. Le Roi est en cuirasse, avec écharpe blanche. Il porte toute sa barbe. Attribuée à Pourbus ; mais semble une copie de ce maître. Portrait sans grande valeur au point de vue artistique. 19 Tête de bronze 322 H. : 0 m 31. Provenant, sans doute, d’un buste dont le torso était de pierre ou de marbre. Attribuée à Mathieu Jacquet, dit Grenoble. Musée du Louvre, n° 407. Repr. pl. XXXVI, 322-19. La figure, très belle et très expressive, est encadrée par des cheveux et une barbe très frisés ; elle paraît une répétition de celle de la figure équestre sculptée par Mathieu Jacquet en 1599 Pour ("Belle Cheminée" de Fontainebleau. Réplique, autre fonte, dans l’ancienne collection Luzarche. Expositions rétrospectives de Tours, 1873 et 1881. Comte L. d’Harcourt et Ch. Maumené, Portraits..., pl. XLII. Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, II, pl. 185. 20 Buste marbre 323 Œuvre de l’atelier de Mathieu Jacquet. Palais de Fontainebleau. Ce buste colossal du Roi à l’antique, dont le type a une certaine analogie avec la figure équestre classée ci-dessus (n° 317), est placé, depuis le règne de Louis-Philippe, sur une cheminée reconstituée à Fontainebleau, à l’aide de fragments divers, particulièrement de l’ancienne « Belle Cheminée ». Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, II, pl. 180. 21 Peinture sur toile 324 H. : 0 m 63 ; L. : 0 m 54. Attr. à François Pourbus, après 1599. App. à M. Ternaux-Compans. Le Roi, en buste, de grandeur naturelle, la figure de trois quarts à droite. Il a la tête découverte, le visage plein, rose, et sans rides, la barbe très grisonnante et arrondie, les cheveux encore noirs ; il paraît âgé de quarante-sept ans. Il porte un pourpoint de soie noire et le cordon du Saint-Esprit. 22 Peinture (disparue) 325 Ferdinand Elle, vers 1601. Buste de Henri IV reproduit en gravure par J. Morin. 23 h. : 3 m ; L. : 4 m 50. Peinture sur toile 326 Une partie de chasse dans la forêt de Fontainebleau. École flamande (?), commencement du XVIIe siècle. Musée de Pau. Prov. de la famille d’Uxelles, puis de Mme de Lacretelle. Au premier plan, dans un paysage, au milieu d’une chasse, le Roi à cheval ; il a la tête découverte, de trois quarts à gauche, la barbe et les cheveux gris, porte le ruban et la croix du Saint-Esprit, de hautes bottes en cuir jaune montant au-dessus du genou. P. Lafond, À propos de trois portraits de Henri IV, dans Réunion des Sociétés des Beaux-Arts, 1904, pl. p. 144. 24 Médaille ovale argent 327 Formée de deux coquilles soudées. N. Guinier, 1601. Cabinet des Médailles. Buste à droite d’Henri IV, casqué, armé à l’antique et portant une écharpe. Inscription : Henricus. 7777. franc, et. Navar. rex. Christianiss. Au revers : Mars debout, nu et casqué, brandissant un glaive au-dessus de la tête d’un centaure renversé. F. Mazerolle, Les médailleurs français... (Album, n° 728.) 25 Médaille argent 328 Frappe : 0 m 051. Philippe Danfrie, 1602. Cabinet des Médailles. Légende : Alcides hic novus Orbi. Buste, profil à droite d’Henri IV, en Hercule, avec la peau du lion de Némée sur la tête et les épaules. Au revers : Opportunius. Henri IV, brandissant la massue d’Hercule, terrasse le Centaure. F. Mazerolle, Les médailleurs français... (Album, n° 282.) 26 Médaille bronze 329 Fonte : 0 m 067. G. Dupré, 1603. Cabinet des Médailles. Bustes accolés de Henri IV et de Marie de Médicis, profils à droite. Le profil du Roi se détache en relief sur celui de la Reine. Le Roi porte une cuirasse finement ciselée, sur laquelle pend le cordon du Saint-Esprit ; l’écharpe en sautoir. Légende : Henr. IIII R. Christ. Maria. Augusta. Au revers, Mars et Minerve, sous les traits du Roi et de la Reine, se donnent la main, tandis que l’enfant royal, le pied sur un dauphin, essaie le casque de Mars ; en bas : 1603. Médaille commémorative de la naissance du Dauphin. F. Mazerolle, Les médailleurs français..., t. II, n° 639. 27 Peinture 330 H. : 0 m 53 ; L. : 0,43. École française, après 1600. Musée de la Rochelle, n° 192 du Cat. 1906. Prov. de la bibl. de la ville. 32 Peinture disparue 385 Faisait partie de la décoration de la Galerie des Rois au Palais du Louvre. Conservée par une gravure au burin de Thomas de Leu. Le Roi, debout, en armure, nu-tête, son casque posé à ses pieds ; la figure est de trois quarts à gauche. Il porte la barbe arrondie, les moustaches, la chevelure abondante et frisée. Inscription sur le socle peint : Hercule sacré gallico. Repr. par Hofstätter, dans Paris à travers les âges (le Louvre), t. I, p. 37. 33 Gravure au burin 336 Thomas de Leu, vers 1605 (?). Dans un médaillon ovale portant l’inscription : Henricus Dei gratia francorum et Navarrae Rex, le Roi en buste. Il est nu-tête, la figure de trois quarts à droite. Il a le front ridé, porte la barbe arrondie, les moustaches, la chevelure abondante et frisée ; sur la poitrine, le collier de Saint-Michel et le cordon du Saint-Esprit. Costume de cour avec manteau sur les épaules. 34 Peinture sur toile 337 H. : 2“63 ; L. : 1 ra 48 (toile agrandie). Fig. gr. nat. École de François Pourbus. Musée du Louvre (2e salle de la Colonnade, dite de l’Alcôve). Le Roi, debout, en armure, l’écharpe blanche en sautoir, la croix du Saint-Esprit sur la poitrine. La figure est de trois quarts à gauche, la tête découverte, les cheveux châtains, la barbe grisonnante. Présente le type royal vers 1605. 35 Gravure au burin 838 Thomas de Leu. D’après J. Bunel, 1605 (portrait disparu). Bibl. nat., Est. Le Roi, en buste, la tête de trois quarts à droite, presque de face, couronnée de lauriers ; le Roi porte la barbe frisée et arrondie, les moustaches ; le front ridé. Armure et écharpe. Inscription : Henricus IV Franc, et Nav. rex., et : Bunel pin. 1605. Thomas de Leu fecit. P. Lafond, Fr. et J. Bunel, peintres de Henri IV, dans Réunion des Sociétés des Beaux-Arts, 1898 ; pl. p. 594. 36 Peinture 339 Attr. à François Pourbus (?), vers 1606. Palais Pitti (anciens appartements royaux). Le Roi est représenté debout, jusqu’aux genoux, revêtu du manteau royal fleurdelisé, un large collet d’hermine sur les épaules ; il tient le sceptre de la main droite, la main gauche sur la hanche. La figure est de trois quarts à droite, la tête découverte. Près du Roi est posée la couronne royale. Rideau rouge au fond. L. Batiffol, Marie de Médicis et les arts, dans Gazette des Beaux-Arts, mars 1906. Repr. p. 225. 37 Statue colossale en bronze 340 Nicolas Cordier (de Lorraine), dit « il Franciscain ». 1608. Basilique de Saint-Jean de Latran à Rome (Portique). Le Roi, en armure à la romaine, un grand manteau sur les épaules, retombant drapé sur le bras gauche, élève vers le ciel le sceptre de France qu’il tient dans sa main droite. Il a la tête nue, la barbe arrondie, les moustaches relevées et une abondante chevelure. 236 ICONOGRAPHIE DES ROIS DE FRANCE Cette statue fut commandée au sculpteur lorrain Cordier par les chanoines de la basilique, en souvenir des bénéfices que le Roi leur avait accordés à l’occasion de sa conversion (1593). Gravée par J. Remercier. André Michel, La sculpture en Italie, dans l’Hist. de l’Art, t. V, 2e partie, p. 699. Antonio Munoz, La scultura barocca a Roma (IV : Le statue onorarie), dans Rassegna d’arte, juillet-août 1917, p. 146. Repr. Anderson. 38 Peinture sur toile 341 H. : 1 m 90 ; L. : 1 m 23. Musée de Toulouse, n° 226. Le Roi est debout, en pied, de grandeur naturelle, tête nue, il a les cheveux et la barbe grisonnants. Il est en armure, porte une fraise, l’écharpe blanche et le cordon du Saint-Esprit. La main droite est appuyée sur une canne, la gauche sur la hanche. Roschach, Catalogue des peintures du Musée de Toulouse, dans Inventaire des richesses d’art de la France. Province. Monum. civils, t. VIII. Paris, 1908, p. 49. 39 Peinture sur bois 342 H. : 1 m 63 ; L. : 1 m 10. La partie supérieure arrondie. XVIIe siècle (entre 1605 et 1610). App. à Mme Cottier (1890), château de Cangé. Prov. de la série des « Puy » d’Amiens, puis de la coll. du lieutenant général comte Despinoy. Aux pieds de la Vierge et de l’Enfant-Jésus, une foule de personnages agenouillés. Au second plan et au centre, en arrière des donateurs, le Roi, âgé. La figure est de trois quarts à droite, presque de face ; le Roi porte la barbe arrondie, en éventail, des dernières années de sa vie. Exp. univ., 1878. Portraits nationaux, Catal. Jouin, n° 118. Repr. Braun. Exp. rétrospective de Tours, 1890. Repr. dans l’Album de l’Exposition, par L. Palustre. PI. VIII. Statue équestre HENRI IV Bronze. J. de Bologne, Pietro Tacca, P. de Francheville, de 1604 à 1614. Autrefois sur le terre-plein du Pont-Neuf, à Paris. Détruite en 1792. Plusieurs estampes ont été faites d’après la statue, une des meilleures est la gravure de Tavernier. La tête du Roi est faite d’après le type des portraits de 1605. Le projet de cette statue colossale avait été fait, dès 1604, à la demande de Marie de Médicis, et P. de Francheville paraît avoir sculpté, pour Jean de Bologne, son maître, un modèle de la tête de Henri IV. Jean de Bologne, très âgé, vivant à Florence, fit le modèle du cheval, son élève Pietro Tacca fit le cavalier. La statue, terminée en 1613, n’arriva à Paris qu’en 1614, après bien des péripéties et un naufrage ; elle fut mise en place le 23 août 1614. Sauval (Hist. des antiquités de Paris, 1724) déclare le « visage du Roi vivant, une des figures les plus ressemblantes que nous ayons de ce grand prince ». L. Batiffol, Marie de Médicis et les arts, dans Gazette des Beaux-Arts, déc. 1905-mars 1906. Repr. p. 237. François Boucher, Le Pont-Neuf. Paris, 1926, 2 vol. in-8° (pl.). Peinture François Pourbus, 1610. Appartient à Mgr le duc de Guise. Prov. du roi Louis-Philippe. Le Roi, en buste, porte le cordon du Saint-Esprit. La tête, de dimensions plus grandes que dans les petits portraits du Louvre qui suivent, est posée de la même façon et avec la même fraise de dentelles ; mais la figure offre beaucoup plus de finesse, de distinction et de vie. 238 ICONOGRAPHIE DES ROIS DE FRANCE 42 Peinture sur bois 345 H. : 0 m 37 ; L. : 0 m 28 ; fig. : 0 m 29. François Pourbus, 1610. Musée du Louvre, n° 2071. Le Roi, âgé, en costume noir, la main droite appuyée sur une table, le poing gauche sur la hanche, sur la poitrine le collier du Saint-Esprit ; la tête nue, de trois quarts à droite ; la barbe grise. Coll. Gaignières. Gouache. Bibl. nat., Est. Om 18, fol. 2. — H. Bouchot, Invent. Gaignières, n° 1160. 43 Peinture sur bois 346 H. : 0 m 40 ; L. : 0 m 28 ; fig. : 0 m 29. François Pourbus, 1610. Musée du Louvre, n° 2070. Le Roi, âgé, la figure de trois quarts à droite, presque de face, avec la barbe grise. Il est debout, équipé d’une armure complète avec cuissards à l’écrevisse. Il porte l’écharpe blanche et le cordon du Saint-Esprit. 44 (a) Peinture sur bois 347 H. : 0 m 39 ; L. : 0 m 25. Musée de Versailles, n° 3284. Réplique ancienne du précédent. 45 (b) Peinture sur bois 348 H. : 0 m 34 ; L. : 0 m 20. Musée Condé à Chantilly, n° 122. Réplique ancienne, peut-être de la main du maître. 46 Peinture sur toile 349 H. : 0 m 70 ; L. : 0 m 60. Attribué à François Pourbus (?), vers 1610. Musée de Versailles. Legs Comairas. HENRI IV Collection de M. le Comte Allard du Chollet HENRI IV Le Roi, en buste, la tête découverte, figure de trois quarts à droite, la barbe blanche. Peinture sur toile 350 H. : 0 m 49 ; L. : 0 m 28. Collection de M. le comte Allard du Chollet. Paris. Le Roi est représenté de face, en armure. Il a la main droite sur son casque posé sur un tapis rouge, la gauche sur son épée. Le Roi se détache sur une draperie rouge relevée à droite et laissant voir une colonne de marbre. La figure est pleine d’expression ; elle montre le type connu du Roi âgé, la barbe entièrement blanche. Peinture sur toile 351 H. : 0 m 60 ; L. : 0 m 48. Collection de M. le comte Allard du Chollet. Paris. Repr. pl. XXXVII, 351-48. Le Roi, en buste, de face, est vêtu d’un pourpoint noir et porte le cordon du Saint-Esprit. Sa barbe grisonne et les cheveux sont noirs, un peu roux. La figure, très expressive, se détache sur un fond sombre. Comte L. d’Harcourt et Ch. Maumené, Portraits..., pl. XLIIT. Peinture sur toile 352 H. : 1 m 14 ; L. : 1 m 23. Pourbus (signature du maître), après 1605. App. à M. H. C.hevrier. Paris. Prov. de la coll. Eudoxe Marcille. Le Roi, de grandeur naturelle, est représenté debout, à mi-corps, jusqu’aux cuisses, nu-tête, en armure, la figure de trois quarts à droite ; la barbe, arrondie, est grise et les cheveux grisonnants. Il porte le cordon du Saint-Esprit, l’écharpe blanche, le bâton de commandement dans la main gauche, la droite est appuyée sur une table ; il se détache sur une tenture sombre. ICONOGRAPHIE DES ROIS DE FRANCE 50 Miniatures sur vélin 353 H. : 0 m 27 ; L. : 0 m 235. Auteur et date inconnus. Musée Condé à Chantilly, n° 285. Le Roi, âgé, figure de trois quarts à gauche, coiffé d’un haut chapeau noir à plumes blanches. Il est à cheval, marchant à gauche. Ce portrait fait partie de la série des miniatures des rois et princes de la maison de France, à cheval, du palais de Chantilly. Gruyer, La peinture au château de Chantilly, École française, XLIII. 51 Masque funéraire 354 Plâtre. Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève. Provenance de l’abbaye de Sainte-Geneviève. Rép. pl. XXXVIII, 354-51. Ce très beau masque, qui reproduit admirablement le type connu de Henri IV, fut probablement fait presque immédiatement après la mort du Roi. Servit-il de modèle aux effigies en cire qui seront mentionnées ci-dessous (n°s 355 à 358)? À coup sûr il n’est pas, comme le pourrait faire croire l’inscription de la bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, celui qu’on suppose avoir été moulé sur le cadavre de Henri IV, en 1793, lors de la violation des sépultures de Saint-Denis. Comte L. d’Harcourt et Ch. Maumené, Portraits..., pl. XLV. 52 Buste en cire colorée 355 Grande nature. Attribué à Guillaume Dupré, 1610. Musée Condé à Chantilly. Ce buste en cire est l’un de ceux commandés pour l’effigie royale devant figurer à la pompe funèbre. Il est en 1740 dans l’appartement de Louis-Henri de Bourbon ; en 1793, il est expédié à Paris, porté au dépôt de la rue de Beaune, puis au Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Restitué au duc de Bourbon en 1823 ; à sa mort, il passe en Angleterre où le duc d’Aumale le racheta en 1872. Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, II, pl. 186. 53 (a) Buste en cire colorée et terre cuite 356 H. : 0 m 50. (La tête, en cire, repose sur un buste en terre cuite peinte.) Peut-être celui que fit Michel Bourdin (1610). Musée Carnavalet, n° 236. Provenance de la collection Desmottes ; antérieurement dans la collection Beurdeley (vente à Paris, 9-10 avril 1883, n° 236). Vitry et Brière, Ibid., pl. 186. 54 (b) Buste en cire colorée 357 Musée de Cassel. La tête en cire repose sur un buste revêtu d’étoffes véritables. Vitry et Brière, Doc. de sculpture française, Renaissance, II, pl. 186. A.
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US-46673103-A_1
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High-frequency circuit block, its manufacturing method, high-frequency module device, and its manufacturing method
ABSTRACT
A high frequency module device having a high frequency circuit block unit including a passive device. A plural number of unit wiring layers, each formed by an insulating layer, having a passive device unit in its portion, and by a pattern wiring, are layered on a dummy substrate, and are released from the dummy substrate to form the high frequency circuit block unit ( 2 ), which is mounted on a motherboard ( 3 ). The major surfaces of the respective unit wiring layers are planarized. The passive device unit and the pattern wiring, formed on the major surface of each unit wiring layer in the high frequency circuit block unit ( 2 ), can be formed with high accuracy to improve high frequency characteristics. The high frequency circuit block unit ( 2 ) is not in need of a base substrate, thus achieves reduction in size and cost.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to a high frequency circuit block unit,having a passive device, a manufacturing method therefor, a highfrequency module device having the high frequency circuit block unitmounted on a motherboard, and a manufacturing method therefor.
[0002] This application claims priority of Japanese Patent ApplicationNo.2001-359853, filed on Nov. 26, 2001, the entirety of which isincorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] A variety of the information, such as audio or video information,is converted into digital signals and handled as digital data, and hencemay readily be handled by for example a personal computer or by a mobilecomputer. The above information may be compressed in bandwidth by anaudio codec or video codec technology so as to be distributed by digitalcommunication or digital broadcast to a variety of communicationterminal equipment readily efficiently. For example, audio/video data(AV data) may be received outdoors by portable telephone sets.
[0004] The transmitting/receiving system for e.g., AV data has come tobe variably used through the proposal of a network system usable in asmall local area, including households. As the network system, thenext-generation wireless radio communication systems of the 5 GHz rangeas proposed for example in IEEE 802.11a, wireless radio LAN system ofthe 2.45 GHz range as proposed for example in IEEE 802.11b or in thenear-distance wireless communication system, termed Bluetooth, is nowstirring up notice.
[0005] The transmitting/receiving system for e.g., data exploits thewireless network system effectively to enable exchange of variable data,access to the Internet or transmission/reception of data in variablelocations, such as in households or outdoors, conveniently without theinterposition of relaying devices.
[0006] In a transmitting/receiving system for e.g., data, development ofa communication terminal equipment which is small-sized, lightweight andportable and which has the above-mentioned communication functions, isessential. In communication terminal equipment, high frequency analogsignals need to be modulated/demodulated in the transmission/receptionsection. Thus, there is usually provided a high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 100 by the superheterodyne system inwhich transmission/reception signals are once converted from thetransmission/reception signals into signals of the intermediatefrequency, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0007] The high frequency transmission/reception circuit 100 includes anantenna unit 101 having an antenna or a changeover switch for receivingor transmitting information signals and a transmission/receptionswitching unit 102 for switching between transmission and reception. Thehigh frequency transmission/reception circuit 100 also includes areception circuit unit 105 made up by a frequency conversion circuitsection 103 and a demodulating circuit section 104. The high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 100 includes a transmission circuit unit109 made up by a power amplifier 106, a drive amplifier 107 and amodulating circuit section 108. The high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 100 also includes a reference frequencygenerating circuit unit for supplying the reference frequency to thereception circuit unit 105 and to the transmission circuit unit 109.
[0008] The above-described high frequency transmission/reception circuit100 is made up by an extremely large number of component parts, notshown in detail. These include large-sized functional parts, such asfilters introduced between different stages, a local oscillator (voltagecontrolled oscillator or VOC), a SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter andpassive component parts, such as inductance, resistance or capacitancecomponents peculiar to high frequency analog circuits, includingmatching and bias circuits. Thus, the high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 100 is large-sized in its entirety toprove hindrance to reduction in size and weight of the communicationterminal equipment.
[0009] In communication terminal equipment, a high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 110 by a direct conversion system,adapted for transmitting/receiving information signals withoutconversion to the intermediate frequency, as shown in FIG. 2, is alsoemployed. In the high frequency transmission/reception circuit 110, theinformation signals, received by an antenna unit 111, are supplied via atransmission/reception switching unit 112 to a demodulating circuit unit113 for direct baseband processing. In the high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 110, information signals generated in asource are directly modulated in a modulating circuit unit 114, withoutconversion to an intermediate frequency, so as to be transmitted from anantenna unit 111 through an amplifier 115 and the transmission/receptionswitching unit 112.
[0010] In the above-described high frequency transmission/receptioncircuit 110, in which information signals are transmitted/received bydirect detection without converting the information signals intointermediate frequency signals, the number of component parts, such asfilters, may be reduced to simplify the overall structure to achieve astructure close to one chip. However, the high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 100 needs to be matched to filters ormatching circuits arranged on the downstream side. In the high frequencytransmission/reception circuit 110, since the signals are amplified at atime in a high frequency stage, it becomes difficult to achieve asufficient gain, so that the amplifying operation needs to be performedin the baseband unit. Thus, the high frequency transmission/receptioncircuit 110 is in need of a circuit for canceling DC offset, orredundant low-pass filters, thus further increasing the overall powerconsumption.
[0011] The conventional high frequency transmission/reception circuit isnot of sufficient characteristics to satisfy required specifications,such as reduction in size or weight of the communication terminalequipment, whether the circuit is of the superheterodyne type or thedirect conversion type. Thus, in the high frequencytransmission/reception circuit, various attempts are being made fordesigning the circuit as a module with a small size by a simplifiedstructure based on for example an Si-CMOS circuit. One of such attemptsis to form passive devices of optimum characteristics on an Si substrateand to build a filter circuit or a resonator on an LSI (large-scaleintegrated circuit) and to integrate a logic LSI of the baseband sectionin an IC to produce a so-called one-chip high frequency substrate.
[0012] In this one-chip high frequency circuit substrate, it is crucialhow to form an inductor unit 120 of high performance, as shown in FIGS.3A and 3B. In this high frequency circuit substrate, a large recess 124is formed in register with an inductor unit forming portion. 123 of anSi substrate 121 and an SiO₂ insulating layer 122. In this highfrequency circuit substrate, a first wiring layer 125 is formed facing arecess 124, while a second wiring layer 126 is formed on the SiO₂insulating layer 122 to form a coil section 127. In the high frequencycircuit substrate, a wiring pattern may, alternatively, be lifted fromthe substrate surface in air to form the inductor unit 120.
[0013] This high frequency circuit substrate suffers a problem that theinductor unit 120 has to be formed by numerous cumbersome process steps,thus raising the cost. Moreover, in the high frequency circuitsubstrate, the electrical interference between the high frequencycircuit section of the analog circuit and the baseband circuit sectionof the digital circuit poses a serious problem.
[0014] As a high frequency circuit substrate, a high frequency circuitsubstrate 130, employing an Si substrate, shown for example in FIG. 4,or a high frequency circuit substrate 140, employing a glass substrate,shown in FIG. 5, has been proposed.
[0015] The high frequency circuit substrate 130, shown in FIG. 4, isarranged so that, with the use of an Si substrate as the base substrate131, an SiO₂ layer 132 is formed on this base substrate 131, and apassive device layer 133 is formed by for example a photolithographictechnique. Although not shown, a passive device unit 135, such as aninductor unit, a resistance unit or a capacitor unit, is formed inmultiple layers, along with a wiring layer 134, through an insulatinglayer 136, in the inside of the passive device layer 133 of the highfrequency circuit substrate 130, in a manner not shown in detail.
[0016] In the high frequency circuit substrate 130, a terminal section137, connected to the wiring layer 134, is formed through e.g., avia-hole on the passive device layer 133. On this terminal section 137,there are mounted functional devices 138, such as high frequency ICs orLSIs, by for example a flip chip mounting method. With the highfrequency circuit substrate 130, the high frequency circuit section isseparated from the baseband circuit section, by mounting on e.g., amotherboard, for preventing electrical interference between the twocircuits.
[0017] Meanwhile, if, with the high frequency circuit substrate 130, thepassive device unit 135 is to be formed within the passive device layer133, the base substrate 131, which is an electrically conductive Sisubstrate, tends to interfere with optimum high frequencycharacteristics of the passive device unit 135.
[0018] On the other hand, in a high frequency circuit substrate 140,shown in FIG. 5, a glass substrate is used as the base substrate 141, inorder to overcome the problem of the base substrate 131 in the highfrequency circuit substrate 130 described above. A passive device layer142 is formed by for example a photolithographic technique on the basesubstrate 141 of the high frequency circuit substrate 140. Although notshown, a passive device unit 144, such as an inductor unit, a resistanceunit or a capacitor unit, is formed in multiple layers, along with awiring layer 143, through an insulating layer 145, in the inside of thepassive device layer 142 of the high frequency circuit substrate 140, ina manner not shown in detail.
[0019] In the high frequency circuit substrate 140, a terminal section146, connected to the wiring layer 143, is formed through e.g., avia-hole on the passive device layer 142. On this terminal section 146,there are directly mounted functional devices 147, such as highfrequency ICs or LSIs, by for example a flip chip mounting method. Inthis high frequency circuit substrate 140, an electricallynon-conductive glass substrate is used as the base substrate 141 tosuppress the capacitive coupling between the base substrate 141 and thepassive device layer 142 to form the passive device unit 144 of optimumhigh frequency characteristics within the passive device layer 142. Inthis high frequency circuit substrate 140, a terminal pattern is formedon the surface of the passive device layer 142, for mounting on e.g., amotherboard, and connection to the motherboard is made by for example awire bonding method.
[0020] In these high frequency circuit substrates 130, 140,high-precision passive device layers 133, 142 are formed on the basesubstrates 131, 141, as described above. In forming the passive devicelayer as a thin film, the base substrates 131, 141 need to exhibitthermal resistance against rise in the surface temperature duringsputtering and contact alignment properties during masking, and to holddepth of focus during the lithographic processing.
[0021] Thus, the base substrates 131, 141 are required to be flat withhigh precision and to exhibit insulating properties, thermal resistanceor resistance against chemicals. The base substrates 131, 141, formed asSi or glass substrate, exhibits these properties, thus enablingformation of an inexpensive low loss passive device by a separateprocess from the LSI forming process.
[0022] In the high frequency circuit substrates 130, 140, passivedevices may be formed to a higher precision on the base substrates 131,141 than is possible with the pattern forming methods by printing asused in the conventional ceramic module technique or with the wetetching methods used for forming a wiring pattern on the printing wiringboard. Additionally, the device size can be reduced to approximately onehundredth of the area of the base substrate. Moreover, with the highfrequency circuit substrates 130, 140, in which an Si substrate or aglass substrate is used as the base substrates 131, 141, the use limitfrequency of the passive device may be increased to 20 GHz or higher.
[0023] In these high frequency circuit substrates 130, 140, patterns forhigh frequency signals, interconnections for supplying the power orproviding ground connection or interconnection for control signals maybeachieved through the wiring layers 134, 143 formed on the basesubstrates 131, 141 described above. Thus, in the high frequency circuitsubstrates 130, 140, such problems may be produced as electricalinterference across respective wirings, increased cost due tomulti-layered wirings or bulkiness in size due to layout of theinterconnections.
[0024] In the high frequency circuit substrates 130, 140, the cost israised further due to use of a relatively expensive Si or glasssubstrate for the base substrates 131, 141.
[0025] In the high frequency circuit substrates 130, 140, the surfacesof the insulating layers 136, 145 become irregular due to thicknesses ofthe subjacent wiring layers 134, 143 to render it difficult to form thewiring layers 134, 143 or via-holes to a high accuracy on the surfacesof these irregular surfaces of the insulating layers 136, 145. In thehigh frequency circuit substrates 130, 140, since the surfaces of theinsulating layers 136, 145 are irregular patterning images of the wiringlayers 134, 143, the patterning images of the wiring layers 134, 143 orthe via-holes become de-focused when the wiring layers 134, 143 or thevias are formed in the insulating layers 136, 145 using a photosensitivematerial, to render it difficult to form the wiring layers 134, 143 orthe via-holes with high precision.
[0026] The high frequency circuit substrates 130, 140 are formed bymounting high frequency module unit 150 on a motherboard 151, asdescribed above, as shown in FIG. 6. Here, the high frequency circuitsubstrate 130 is taken as an example.
[0027] In the high frequency module unit 150, the high frequency circuitsubstrate 130 is mounted on a major surface of the motherboard 151, asshown in FIG. 6. Moreover, the high frequency module unit 150 is sealedin its entirety by a shield cover 152 of, for example, an insulatingresin. In the high frequency module unit 150, the patterninterconnections and input/output terminal units are formed on the frontand back sides of the motherboard 151, while a large number of lands 153are formed around the loading area for the high frequency circuitsubstrate 130.
[0028] In the high frequency module unit 150, the high frequency circuitsubstrate 130 is mounted on the motherboard 151 and, in this state, thewiring layer 136 of this high frequency circuit substrate 130 and thelands 153 are interconnected with wires 154 of the wire bonding methodto supply the power or signals to the high frequency circuit substrate130. Meanwhile, the high frequency circuit substrate 140 is mounted insimilar manner to the motherboard 151.
[0029] In this high frequency module unit 150, including the shieldcover 152 for sealing the functional devices 138, such as high frequencyICs or LSIs, loaded on the high frequency circuit substrate 130, it is afrequent occurrence that heat evolved from the functional devices 138 isconfined in the shield cover 152 to deteriorate the operatingcharacteristics.
[0030] In the high frequency module unit 150, in which the basesubstrate 131 of the high frequency circuit substrate 130 is an Sisubstrate, it is difficult to provide a heat dissipating structure tothe base substrate 131. Moreover, since the passive device layer 133 isprovided through the base substrate 131 on the motherboard 151, thedevice becomes bulky in size along its thickness.
[0031] Moreover, in the high frequency module unit 150, it is difficultto provide a wiring structure in the base substrate 131 of the highfrequency circuit substrate 130 and hence a large number of the lands153 are provided therearound for supplying the power, with theconsequence that the device is increased in size in the planardirection.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0032] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide ahigh frequency circuit block unit, a producing method therefor, a highfrequency module device and a producing method therefor, by means ofwhich the problems inherent in the conventional high frequency moduledevice may be overcome.
[0033] It is another object of the present invention to provide a highfrequency circuit block unit, a producing method therefor, a highfrequency module device and a producing method therefor, by means ofwhich passive devices or the wiring unit can be formed with highprecision and the unit or device may be reduced in size and cost.
[0034] The present invention provides a high frequency circuit blockunit comprising a plurality of unit wiring layers, in each of which awiring layer having a passive device and a connection land unit in aportion thereof is formed embedded in a major surface of an insulatinglayer. The plural unit wiring layers are layered on a release layerformed on a major surface of a dummy substrate. The wiring layers of theplural unit wiring layers are electrically interconnected, while themajor surfaces of the plural unit wiring layers are planarized in theirentirety. The dummy substrate and the release layer are removed onpeeling off from the release layer to form the high frequency circuitblock unit.
[0035] In this high frequency circuit block unit, the major surfaces ofthe plural unit wiring layers are planarized in their entirety, and thedummy substrate is removed to produce the block unit. Thus, the majorsurfaces of the respective unit wiring layers are not susceptible tomicro-irregularities, so that the passive devices and the wiring layersmay be formed on the respective unit wiring layers with high precision.Since the base substrate is unneeded, the block unit may be reduced insize and cost.
[0036] The present invention also provides a method for producing a highfrequency circuit block unit comprising a release layer forming step offorming a release layer on a dummy substrate, and a layering step oflayering a plurality of unit wiring layers on the release layer. Each ofthe unit wiring layers includes a wiring layer formed embedded in themajor surface of an insulating layer. The wiring layer includes apassive device and a connection land unit in a portion thereof, whilethe wiring layers of the unit wiring layers are electricallyinterconnected. The method also includes a planarizing step ofplanarizing the major surfaces of the plural unit wiring layers in theirentirety, and a substrate removing step of peeling off the plural unitwiring layers from the release layer for removing the dummy substrateand the release layer.
[0037] In this method for producing a high frequency circuit block unit,plural unit wiring layers, each made up by an insulating layer and awiring layer, are formed on a dummy substrate, the major surfaces of therespective unit wiring layers are planarized in their entirety and thedummy substrate is removed from the plural unit wiring layers to producethe high frequency circuit block unit. Thus, in the present method forproducing a high frequency circuit block unit, the major surfaces of therespective unit wiring layers are not susceptible tomicro-irregularities, so that the passive devices and the wiring layersmay be formed on the respective unit wiring layers with high precision.Since the base substrate is unneeded, the block unit produced may bereduced in size and cost.
[0038] The present invention also provides a high frequency moduledevice comprising a high frequency circuit block unit produced bylayering a plurality of unit wiring layers, in each of which a wiringlayer having a passive device and a connection land unit in a portionthereof is formed embedded in the major surface of an insulating layer,on a release layer formed on a major surface of a dummy substrate. Thewiring layers of the plural unit wiring layers are electricallyinterconnected, while the major surfaces of the plural unit wiringlayers being planarized in their entirety. The dummy substrate and therelease layer are removed to form the high frequency circuit block unit.The high frequency module device also comprises a motherboard having aconnecting portion exposed from a major surface thereof. The highfrequency circuit block unit is mounted to the major surface of themotherboard as the connection land unit and the connecting portion areelectrically interconnected.
[0039] In this high frequency module device, the major surfaces of theplural unit wiring layers, making up the high frequency circuit blockunit, layered on the dummy substrate, are planarized in their entirety,and the dummy substrate is removed to produce the high frequency circuitblock unit. Thus, in the high frequency module device, the majorsurfaces of the respective unit wiring layers of the high frequencycircuit block unit are not susceptible to micro-irregularities, so thatthe passive devices and the wiring layers may be formed on therespective unit wiring layers with high precision. Since the basesubstrate is unneeded, the block unit produced may be reduced in sizeand cost.
[0040] The present invention also provides a method for producing a highfrequency module device comprising a block unit forming step of forminga high frequency block unit, in which the block unit forming stepincludes a release layer forming step of forming a release layer on adummy substrate, a layering step of layering a plurality of unit wiringlayers on the release layer, each of the unit wiring layers including awiring layer formed embedded in the major surface of an insulatinglayer, the wiring layer including a passive device and a connection landunit in a portion thereof, the wiring layers of the unit wiring layersbeing electrically interconnected, a planarizing step of planarizing themajor surfaces of the plural unit wiring layers in their entirety, asubstrate removing step of peeling off the plural unit wiring layersfrom the release layer for removing the dummy substrate and the releaselayer, and a block unit mounting step of mounting the high frequencycircuit block unit on a major surface of a motherboard, having aconnecting portion exposed from a major surface thereof, as theconnecting land unit and the connecting portion are electricallyinterconnected.
[0041] In this producing method for a high frequency module device, aplural number of unit wiring layers, each made up by an insulating layerand a wiring layer, are formed on a dummy substrate, the major surfacesof the unit wiring layers are planarized, and the dummy substrate isremoved from the plural unit wiring layers to form a high frequencycircuit block unit, which is mounted on the motherboard to produce thehigh re module device. Thus, with the present producing method for ahigh frequency module device, the major surfaces of the respective unitwiring layers of the high frequency circuit block unit are notsusceptible to micro-irregularities, so that the passive devices and thewiring layers may be formed on the respective unit wiring layers withhigh precision. Since the base substrate is unneeded, the block unitproduced may be reduced in size and cost.
[0042] Other objects, features and advantages of the present inventionwill become more apparent from reading the embodiments of the presentinvention as shown in the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0043]FIG. 1 is a block circuit diagram showing a high frequencytransmission/reception circuit by a superheterodyne system.
[0044]FIG. 2 is a block circuit diagram showing a high frequencytransmission/reception circuit by a direct conversion system.
[0045]FIG. 3A is a perspective view showing essential portions of aninductor unit provided to a conventional high frequency circuitsubstrate, and FIG. 3B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view thereof.
[0046]FIG. 4 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a structurein which a silicon substrate is used as a base substrate of the highfrequency circuit substrate.
[0047]FIG. 5 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a structurein which a glass substrate is used as a base substrate of the highfrequency circuit substrate.
[0048]FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a highfrequency module device in which the high frequency circuit substratehas been mounted on the motherboard.
[0049]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing an instance of a highfrequency module device according to the present invention.
[0050]FIG. 8 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview of a dummy substrate.
[0051]FIG. 9 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a first insulating layer has been formedon the dummy substrate.
[0052]FIG. 10 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a first wiring groove has been formed inthe first insulating layer.
[0053]FIG. 11 illustrates the manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a metal plating layer has been formed ona first insulating layer.
[0054]FIG. 12 illustrates the manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a first unit wiring layer has beenformed.
[0055]FIG. 13 illustrates the manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a receiving electrode unit has beenformed on a first unit wiring layer.
[0056]FIG. 14 illustrates the manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a passive device unit has been formed ona first unit wiring layer.
[0057]FIG. 15 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and specifically depicts a longitudinal cross-sectionalview showing the state in which a second unit wiring layer has beenformed on the first unit wiring layer.
[0058]FIG. 16 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a passive device unit has been formed on a secondunit wiring layer.
[0059]FIG. 17 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a third insulating layer has been formed on thesecond unit wiring layer.
[0060]FIG. 18 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a mask has been formed on the third insulating layer.
[0061]FIG. 19 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a metal film has been formed on the third insulatinglayer.
[0062]FIG. 20 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a third unit wiring layer has been formed on a secondunit wiring layer.
[0063]FIG. 21 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a resist layer has been formed on the third unitwiring layer.
[0064]FIG. 22 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a functional device has been formed on the third unitwiring layer.
[0065]FIG. 23 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a resin layer has been formed on the third unitwiring layer.
[0066]FIG. 24 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which polishing processing has been applied to thefunctional device and to the resin layer.
[0067]FIG. 25 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which a dummy substrate has been bonded to a major surfaceof a high frequency block unit.
[0068]FIG. 26 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which the dummy substrate has been removed from the othermajor surface of the high frequency block unit.
[0069]FIG. 27 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which bumps have been formed on the other major surface ofthe high frequency block unit.
[0070]FIG. 28 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which the dummy substrate has been removed from one majorsurface of the high frequency block unit.
[0071]FIG. 29 illustrates a manufacturing process for a high frequencymodule device and depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view showingthe state in which the high frequency block unit has been mounted on themotherboard.
[0072]FIG. 30is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the state inwhich a shield cover and a thermally conductive resin material have beenmounted on the high frequency module substrate.
[0073]FIG. 31 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the statein which a cooling via has been formed in the interior of a motherboardin the high frequency module substrate.
[0074]FIG. 32 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the statein which a metal core is provided in the interior of the motherboard inthe high frequency module device.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0075] Referring to the drawings, certain preferred embodiments of thepresent invention will be explained in detail.
[0076] A high frequency module device 1 according to the presentinvention forms a high frequency circuit for performing exchangeoperations, etc. for high frequency signals by, for example, asuperheterodyne system or a direct conversion system, in atransmission/reception unit provided in e.g., a portable communicationterminal equipment, as shown in FIG. 7. The high frequency module device1 is comprised of a high frequency circuit block unit 2, hereinafterreferred to as a block unit, that is a high frequency circuit substrate,electrically connected and mounted to a motherboard 3 by for examplebump units 4, such as solder.
[0077] The block unit 2 includes a second unit wiring layer 6, layeredon the major surface of a first unit wiring layer 5, and a third unitwiring layer 7 on the major surface of the second unit wiring layer 6.These first to third unit wiring layers 5 to 7 are each formed by aninsulating layer and pattern interconnections.
[0078] In the block unit 2, the first unit wiring layer 5 to the thirdunit wiring layer 7 are electrically interconnected by a via 8 extendingthrough the totality of the layers or through the upper and lowerlayers. In the block unit 2, the major surfaces of the first unit wiringlayer 5 to the third unit wiring layer 7 are planarized by achemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) to enable a via-on-via structure inwhich, for example, a via 8 of the second unit wiring layer 6 is formedon a via 8 formed in the first unit wiring layer 5. Since the majorsurfaces of the first unit wiring layer 5 to the third unit wiring layer7 in the block unit 2 are planarized, the pattern interconnections onthe upper layers of the unit wiring layers may be formed with highprecision.
[0079] The block unit 2 is mounted on the major surface of the thirdunit wiring layer 7 in such a manner that functional devices 9, such assemiconductor chips or LSI (large-scale integrated circuit) chips, areelectrically connected to a pattern interconnection of the third unitwiring layer 7 with a bump 10 for a device by for example a flip chipbonding method. The block unit 2 is reduced in its entirety in thicknessby forming a resin layer 11 around the functional devices 9 on the majorsurface of the third unit wiring layer 7 and by polishing thesefunctional devices 9 and the resin layer 11.
[0080] In preset positions in the pattern interconnections in the firstunit wiring layer 5 to the third unit wiring layer 7 of the block unit2, there are formed passive device units, such as a capacitor unit 12, aresistor unit 13 and an inductor unit 14. The capacitor unit 12 is e.g.,a decoupling capacitor or a DC-cut capacitor and is formed as a thinfilm by a tantalum oxide (TaO) film. The resistor unit 13 is e.g., aresistor for a terminal resistor and is formed as a thin film oftantalum nitride (TaN).
[0081] Since the major surfaces of the first unit wiring layer 5 to thethird unit wiring layer 7 of the block unit 2 are planarized, asdescribed above, the passive device units can be formed with highaccuracy. With the block unit 2, in which the passive device units areformed as thin films in each unit wiring layer with high accuracy,without employing e.g., semiconductor chips, passive device units ofsmall size and high performance can be loaded.
[0082] The block unit 2 is formed by sequentially layering the firstunit wiring layer 5 to the third unit wiring layer 7, on a dummysubstrate 30 having a planar major surface, via a release layer 31, withthe first unit wiring layer 5 to the third unit wiring layer 7 beingpeeled off at the release layer 21. Thus, the block unit 2 is of such astructure which does not use a base substrate, such as a glass substrateor an Si substrate. Meanwhile, the dummy substrate 30 may be re-used asnecessary.
[0083] The motherboard 3 is composed of plural wiring layers 15, withthe interposition of insulating layers 16 between the respectiveneighboring layers, with these wiring layers 15 being interconnectedlayer by layer by a via-hole 17 extending through the totality of thewiring layers or through the upper and lower wiring layers. A pluralnumber of input/output terminal units 18 are provided on the front andrear major surfaces of the motherboard 3 and operate as connectionterminals for the external power supply or as a base for the bumps 4 inmounting the block ull it 2. In the motherboard 3, the plural wiringlayers 15 operate as wirings for transmitting e.g., the power, suppliedfrom the input/output terminal units 18, control signals or highfrequency signals to the block unit 2, while also operating as agrounding unit (grounding electrode) 19.
[0084] As a material for the insulating layer 16, in the motherboard 3,such a material low in the dielectric constant and in Tanδ, that issuperior in high frequency characteristics, for example, polyphenyleneether (PPE) bismaleidotriazine (BT-resin), polytetrafluoroethylene,polyimide, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polynorbornene (PNB), phenolicresin or polyolefin resin, as organic materials, ceramics, as inorganicmaterials, or glass-epoxy, as a mixture of organic and inorganicmaterials, is used. It is noted that the motherboard 3 is manufacturedthrough a routine multi-layered wiring substrate manufacturing process.
[0085] The method for manufacturing the above-described high frequencymodule device 1 is now explained. For producing the high frequencymodule device 1, a block unit 2 is first prepared. For forming the blockunit 2, the dummy substrate 30 having the release layer 31 on its majorsurface 30 a is prepared. As the dummy substrate 30, such a substrateexhibiting high thermal resistance and having highly planarized majorsurface, such as a glass substrate, a quartz substrate or an Sisubstrate, is used. The release layer 31 is formed by a metal film 31 aof metal, such as copper or aluminum, formed to an even thickness on theorder of 1000 Åover the entire surface of the major surface 30 a of thedummy substrate 30 by e.g., a sputtering method or a chemical vapordeposition method (CVD), and a resin film 31 b of, for example,polyimide resin, formed to a thickness on the order of 1 to 2 μm on theentire surface of the metal film 31 a by e.g., a spin coating method.
[0086] Then, a first insulating layer 32 is formed to an even thicknesson the release layer 31, as shown in FIG. 9. The first insulating layer32 is formed as a film from an insulating dielectric material, generallyknown in the conventional wiring substrate manufacturing process. Forthe first insulating layer 32, an insulating dielectric material low indielectric constant and in Tanδ, that is superior in high frequencycharacteristics, such as polyphenylene ether (PPE) bismaleidotriazine(BT-resin), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polynorbornene (PNB),polyimide, benzocyclobutene (BCB), epoxy resin or acrylic resin, isused. The first insulating layer 32 is formed as a film, by coating theinsulating dielectric material, on the release layer 31, by for examplethe spin coating method, curtain coating method, roll coating method ordip coating method.
[0087] Then, in the first insulating layer 32, an opening 32 a, which isto become the via 8, is formed by patterning at a predeterminedposition. The opening 32 a is formed by patterning the first insulatinglayer 32. If the photosensitive insulating dielectric material is usedas the first insulating layer 32, the opening 32 a is formed bypatterning by the photolithographic technique. If a non-photosensitiveinsulating dielectric material is used as the first insulating layer 32,the opening 32 a is patterned by dry etching or laser processing, usinga mask of aluminum or a photoresist.
[0088] The first insulating layer 32 is then etched to form first wiringgrooves 33, as shown in FIG. 10. The first wiring grooves 33 are formedby forming an etching mask, having openings corresponding to the patternof the first wiring grooves 33, on the first insulating layer 32,applying dry etching to an area of the first insulating layer 32 notcovered by the etching mask, by a reactive ion etching (RIE) by forexample an oxygen plasma, and by removing the etching mask.
[0089] A metal plating layer 34 then is formed by metal platingprocessing on the first insulating layer 32, already provided with thefirst wiring grooves 33, as shown in FIG. 11. The metal plating layer 34is formed of a highly electrically conductive metal, such as copper. Formetal plating processing, any of electrolytic plating or electrolessplating may be used. The metal plating is so performed that the metalplating layer 34 is applied to the entire major surface of the firstinsulating layer 32 provided with the first wiring grooves 33 and intothe openings 32 a so that the thickest portion of the metal platinglayer 34 is thicker than the thickest portion of the first insulatinglayer 32. During the metal plating processing, in which the metalplating layer 34 is formed by the electrolytic plating, a metal film 31a of the release layer 31 operates as the voltage applying electrode.
[0090] The metal plating layer 34 is then processed with planarizing,until the first insulating layer 32 is exposed, to form a first patternwiring 35 on the main surface of the first insulating layer 32, as shownin FIG. 12. This forms a first unit wiring layer 5, made up by the firstinsulating layer 32 and the first pattern wiring 35, and having a majorsurface highly planarized by the planarizing processing, referred tobelow as one major surface 5 a, on the release layer 31. Since theplanarizing processing simultaneously polishes the first insulatinglayer 32 and the metal plating layer 34, formed of different materials,the chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method is used. This CMP methodallows polishing with material selectivity, such as to increase thepolishing rate of the metal plating layer 34 of metal, such as copper,and allows the surface being polished to be planarized with highaccuracy.
[0091] If, in this first unit wiring layer 5, a photosensitiveinsulating dielectric material is used for the first insulating layer32, the first insulating layer 32 is formed on the highly planarizedmajor surface 30 a of the dummy substrate 30 and hence suffers from novariations in thickness, defocusing of the patterning image by thephotolithographic processing may be suppressed to enable the formationof the first pattern wiring 35 or the via 8 with high accuracy.
[0092] In the first unit wiring layer 5, thus formed, the first patternwiring 35 is embedded in the first insulating layer 32, while the onesurface 5 a is highly planarized by the planarizing processing by theCMP method. The vias 8 are also formed simultaneously. Since the ends ofthe vias 8 exposed to the one major surface 5 a of the first unit wiringlayer 5 are similarly highly planarized, the electrical connection ofthe first unit wiring layer 5 to the second unit wiring layer 6, formedabove the first unit wiring layer 5 by a process as later explained, maybe of a via-on-via structure in which the electrical connection is bythe vias 8. This via-on-via structure enables electrical connectionacross the respective unit wiring layers by the shortest path, whileallowing surface area reduction of the block unit 2.
[0093] On the one major surface 5 a of the first unit wiring layer 5 arethen formed, as passive devices, a lower electrode of the capacitor unit1.2 and a receiving electrode unit 36 as a receiving electrode of theresistor unit 13, as shown in FIG. 13. In forming the receivingelectrode unit 36, a first metal film of a metal, such as titanium, isformed on the entire surface of the one major surface 5 a of the firstunit wiring layer 5 having the vias 8, by for example a sputteringmethod or a vapor deposition method, to a thickness on the order of 200Å. A second metal film of, for example, Cu, Al, Au or Pt, is formed to athickness on the order of 2000 Å on the entire metal film surface.
[0094] A mask then is formed on a region of the major surface of thesecond metal film, in which to form the receiving electrode unit 36, andetching is applied to a non-masked area. This etching is by wet etchingwith the use of an acid mixture, obtained on mixing e.g., nitric acid,sulfuric acid or acetic acid, in a preset ratio, as an etchant. Sincethe etchant composed of the acid mixture attacks metal titanium only toa lesser extent, only the non-masked second metal film is attacked, ifthe etching is continued until the first metal film is exposed.
[0095] Then, etching is applied to the non-masked first metal film. Thisetching is by wet etching, using an acid mixture, obtained on mixinge.g., ammonium hydrofluorate and ammonium monohydrogen difluoride, in apredetermined ratio, as an etchant, or by plasma etching by e.g., CF₄plasma. With this etching, only the first metal film can be etched,because the etchant or the CF₄ plasma attacks metals other than metaltitanium only to a lesser extent. This forms the receiving electrodeunit 36, made up by the first and second metal films, on the first unitwiring layer 5.
[0096] The capacitor unit 12 and the resistor unit 13 are then formed,as passive device units, so as to be connected to the receivingelectrode unit 36, as shown in FIG. 14. When forming these passivedevice units, a tantalum nitride (TaN) film is formed on the entirety ofthe one major surface 5 a of the first unit wiring layer 5 for overlyingthe receiving electrode unit 36. This TaN film is a base film for thedielectric film of tantalum oxide (TaO) which is to become the capacitor12 on anodic oxidation. In forming this TaN film, a sputtering method,capable of forming a film to a thickness of the order of e.g., 2000 Å,may preferably be used.
[0097] A mask for anodic oxidation only of the portion of the TaN layerwhere the capacitor unit 12 and the resistor unit 13 are formed is thenformed on the TaN layer. This anodically oxidizes the portion of the TaNlayer which is exposed to outside of the mask opening. The portion ofthe TaN layer exposed to outside from the mask opening is then processedwith anodic oxidation. In this processing of anodic oxidation, a voltageof 50 to 200V is applied in an electrolytic solution of, for example,ammonium borate, so that TaN will operate as an anode, thereby oxidizingthe TaN layer to form the TaO layer. Meanwhile, the TaO layer may beformed to a desired thickness by adjusting the voltage applied to theTaN layer.
[0098] The mask formed on the anodically oxidized TaN layer is thenremoved. By so doing, the TaO layer, obtained on selective oxidation ofthe surface of the TaN layer, may become the dielectric material of thecapacitor unit 12. The TaO layer then is dry-etched, as the site of theTaO layer, on which the capacitor unit 12 and the resistor unit 13 areto be formed, is masked with a resist. By removing the mask, thecapacitor unit 12 and a dielectric film 37 of the resistor unit 13 areformed simultaneously. By so doing, passive device units, such as thecapacitor unit 12 and the resistor unit 13, are formed on the first unitwiring layer 5. Since these passive device units are formed on the onemajor surface 5 a of the highly planarized first unit wiring layer 5,the passive device units can be formed with high precision to improvehigh frequency characteristics. Meanwhile, the capacitor unit 12 may beformed using e.g., a BST (Ba, Sr, Ti, 0) film or an STO (Sr, Ti, 0) filmas the dielectric film 37.
[0099] An upper electrode unit 38 is then formed on the capacitor unit12. This upper electrode unit 38 is a film of metals, such as Al, Cu, Ptor Au, formed via an underlying layer, designed for improving thebonding, such as a film of Cr, Ni or Ti. When Al or Cu is used as theupper electrode unit 38, the upper electrode unit 38 is formed on thefirst unit wiring layer 5 so as to overlie the passive device units,such as by sputtering, to a thickness of the order of 2000 Å. The upperelectrode unit is then formed to a preset pattern such as by masking andetching.
[0100] On the first unit wiring layer 5, the second unit wiring layer 6is then formed to overlie the passive device units, formed on the onemajor surface 5 a, as shown in FIG. 15. This second unit wiring layer 6is formed using the material and the process similar to those for thefirst unit wiring layer. The second unit wiring layer 6 is formed by asecond insulating layer 39 and a second pattern wiring 40. If thephotosensitive dielectric material is used for the second insulatinglayer 39 in the second unit wiring layer 6, the second insulating layer39 is formed on the highly planarized first unit wiring layer 5 and isnot subjected to thickness variations. Thus, it becomes possible toprevent defocusing of the patterning image by the photolithographicprocessing to form the second pattern wiring 40 and the via 8 wiht highaccuracy.
[0101] Since the second unit wiring layer 6 is formed on the one majorsurface 5 a of the highly planarized first unit wiring layer 5, thesecond pattern wiring 40 may be formed with high accuracy. A majorsurface 6 a of the second unit wiring layer 6 facing the pattern wiring40, hereinafter referred to as the one major surface 6 a, has alreadybeen put to planarizing processing by the aforementioned CMP method andis planarized with high precision similarly to the one major surface 5 aof the first unit wiring layer 5. In the block unit 2, the unit wiringlayers are of a three-layered structure. This is not limitative andthree or more unit wiring layers may also be provided by repeating theprocess of forming the first unit wiring layer 5.
[0102] On the one major surface 6 a of the second unit wiring layer 6,there is formed a capacitor unit 41, as a passive device unit, as shownin FIG. 16. This capacitor unit 41 is formed by a forming processsimilar to that of the capacitor unit 12 formed on the one major surface5 a of the first unit wiring layer 5. The capacitor unit 41 is formed onthe one major surface 6 a of the second unit wiring layer 6 and hence isformed with high precision to improve high frequency characteristics.
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Category:Churches in Hampton Roads, Virginia
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Category:Churches in Hampton Roads, Virginia
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répondre à la demande de chrétiens et de chrétiennes engagés soit dans un parti politique, soit dans leurs responsabilités professionnelles, ou associatives, dans le but de vivre leur engagement à la lumière du message de l'Evangile ; proposer une réunion mensuelle pour réfléchir et débattre ensemble, prier et partager des moments de convivialité avec ceux qui veulent mieux vivre leur foi au quotidien.
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Grand Opera Jose The Real By Edward Locke. Musical IT WILL LIVE FOREVER AT WAS THE TALK T.- T WILL BE THE Prices 25c, 50c, 75c, $1.00, $1.50 Seats on sale Monday at 9 A. M. THE BIJOU TOMORROW Latest Licensed Films. "Outwitted." A picture with a good holding story. "Around Pekin." A new invention in tourishing unions other lines On display, the great wall of China Mini this funeral of Columbus. Also Other Credentials. Mixed Wednesday, May 21. The great Columbus Street opera Mriku. The only original pictures taken or one of the great labor strikes in history. Illustrated by a complete lecture. An attraction you cannot afford to miss. Quo night only. Admission 10c. Orpheum Theatre SUN'S VAUDEVILLE Oct. 24, 25 and 26. LeClare Presents The Musical Comedy HAL Matinee Daily 3 P. M. Any Seat 10 Gents. Evenings 7:30 and 9:00 General Admission Reserved Seats 15 Gents, Children's Matinee, Saturday, 3 P. M. 5 cents. PLAYER'S DEATH MAY STOP GAME Wabash College Considering Quitting Football For Season. By United Press Who, Crawfordsville, Ind., Oct. 24 The authorities of Wabash college refused today to discuss the possibility of the abolishment of football at the college as the result of the death of St. Louis of Light Halfback Wilson of the Wabash team from injuries sustained in Saturday's game with St. Louis. It is reported all scheduled games for this season will be abandoned. London denies the Aviator Falls to Death, Paris, Oct. 21.--Captain McLeod, a military aviator, fell 70 yards in a Breggy, having been killed. The cause of his fall is unknown. Corrected. Miss Neverstoke (Routing herself between two much engrossed senators) exclaims, "A rose hotwoon two thorns!" "Nay, madam," retorts one irate old Kentuckian; "s'ny rather a as soon as the hill passes. Marion Chapter No. C2, R. A. M., will hold a special meeting Tuesday evening for degree work. There will be a called meeting of the Lady Maccabees in their hall Tuesday afternoon at 1:30 o'clock. A class of candidates will be initiated. GALLS JUDGE HARSH NAMES Roosevelt Refers to Indiana Man as Jackass And Crook. In Indianapolis, Ind., Oct. 18. The alleged denouncing of Judge Albert U. Anderson of the federal court as a "dammed jackass and a crook" by Colonel Roosevelt on his recent visit to Indianapolis is still the most important bit of gossip in local club and political circles inasmuch as the statement, accredited to Roosevelt, was made while the latter was at the Columbia club as the guest of that organization, members of the club are loath to talk of the matter outside of the club rooms. Club etiquette prevents. According to some of those who attended the reception to Roosevelt at the club, the alleged denunciation of Judge Anderson was made by Roosevelt to Harry S. New, former Republican national chairman. Just after Judge Anderson had been introduced to the colonel, Witnessing the introduction, New approached Roosevelt and said that while he had opposed the appointment of Anderson, to the United States bench by Roosevelt, he had found he was wrong and that Roosevelt did right in naming Anderson. Judge Anderson, the story runs that Roosevelt asked if Judge Anderson was not the man who decided the libel case of the government against the Indianapolis News for alleged libelous publications regarding the work on the Panama Canal in favor of the News, and upon being informed by New that he was, said. "That was the decision of a damned jackass and a crook." Yes, he is a crook and a jackass, and I don't care if the whole world knows I said it. This is not confidential." The libel suit in question was instigated by Roosevelt while he was president. Now refuses today to discuss the matter. Where They Belong. "Have you any men serving sentences for bigamy?" asked the prison visitor. "Lots of them," replied the keeper, "but we can't help them all in the insane ward." Philadelphia Record. Naturally. "Pop, flowers shoot, don't they?" "Certainly, my son." "Well, pop, do they shoot with their pistols?" Baltimore American. ED MEN THE MARION DAILY MIRROR, MONDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1910, TO BE DISMISSED Numerous Wrecks Bring Out Bulletins. MUST EXERCISE MORE CARE Old, Erie Freight House to Be Removed. New Location will Be Much More Coincident For Stillering; Building To be Improved Party of Prominent Officials Visit City News of The Roads T. Humphrey, superintendent of motive power, E. Wescott, master car builder and O. T. Depew, division master mechanic, were here on an inspection trip yesterday. Considerable time was spent here by the officials. Train No. 7 Sunday on the Erie, was run in two sections the second section carrying Immigrants. A special silk train passed through the city on the Erie this morning, eastbound, running as second No. 5, George Sykes, assistant ticket agent at the union station has returned from vacation trip to Iowa and other western states. Might Wreck. A still G. Smith's snubbing that attracted a large crowd of people occurred just south of Center street at 11:30 a.m. today. A freight engine, backing down on a siding with a box car ahead of it, sidled the cars of the train on the main track. The engine and two of the cars were lightly damaged. Some pipes on the engine were broken off causing great quantities of steam to escape suddenly, making a terrible noise which brought many to the scene. Train Caller Hurt. Clyde Scranton, an Erie train conductor, was hurt in the yard Saturday evening. Scranton fell over a switch stand and hurt himself about the stomach. It was thought that he was internally injured but an examination at the Sawyer sanatorium where he was taken in the Hess and Market ambulance disclosed the fact that hip injuries were slight. Scranton was taken to the sanatorium this morning. PILL SMOKERS HOTEL New York Police Place Ban on Chinatown Visits. By United Press Wire. New York, Oct. 24. The leading tenor on the "rubber-neck" wagon whose thrilling descriptions of the "terrors of Chinatown" have awed thousands of rural bridal couples during the past five years, is looking for job today. No longer are the big automobiles, packed with sightseers, to be permitted to discharge their loads of curiosity-seekers in New York's Chinatown to view with dread the "pill smokers" and other spectacles arranged for the benefit of tourists. Chinatown as an attraction in the night scenes of New York has been struck from the list by orders of the new reform police administration. Commissioner Cropsey and Deputy Commissioner Driscoll have gone back to the rule made by the late Captain Calvin when he governed Chinatown with an iron hand. All whites are to be driven out of the district and the Restaurants and other places kept by Chinese are to be closed at midnight. According to Driscoll, this man, and the issuing of an order that the "rubber-neck wagons" must keep out, will absolutely clean up the district. ALL HAIL! The fall of the day, the hobble skirt has brought the round carrier back into line. GHAMBER for the London. O thou caused humble skirt! Although our shapes are only draped, Although our hats you have no velvet, The sunshine that glisten with the color of her face. Although you bind her graceful stride, With a full lock and a lot of other things, the parasolers look, We think these yet, for you have won, no matter what they lack, And blush the dear, insanitary old round garter back! Among the cherished keepsakes of the nineteenth century beaux, Hosldo the past slipper and the scentless, Faded rose, The saoredest of treasures prying eyes Could bring to view Was the little frilly silicon circlet, pink or baby blue. One amidship, no; one blushes at the thought of cherishing The modern block and tackle harness. Fie on such a thing! Homeric has had no chance of late real gallantries to win. Homeric, O shades of Herrick The round carrier's comforter Grammery for thy beauty, thou city on led remains. And, ye that lend, remember, "Uncle Sam's soil qui inal y pease." Perhaps the ancient chivalry will answer to the call And the order of the country be the no blent of them all, And then, again; perhaps it won't; another style may come And put our hopes and fears on the bum., Who, the present compensates, for past and future sick " The dainty, unhygienic, old round caller's coming past I. -tiuvaiuui LaaUor.. ENGLISH Blighted by a Freight. "Mngnzlno Copy Render Hero begin, "I am the wind." The Boss Author for hot air. A Tip For the Angler. There had been an incessant downpour of rain from the early hours of the morning. It was now 3:30, and still the angler sat on the bank of the river. Success did not attend his efforts, and his only consolation was a small eel about the size of a worm. Suddenly a drenched urchin made his appearance. "Caught much?" asked the boy. "Can't you see?" impatiently replied the angler. "Yes, catch nothing there, mister." No reply. After a slight pause, "I know where you can catch some, though." "Where?" eagerly inquired the attendant angler. "Under the bridge," replied the boy. "How do you know?" "Cause they always go there to keep out of the rain." The angler got up to stretch himself, and the youth made a hasty retreat. Time to Quit. "This will be my hundredth speech today, and my tongue is a regular Turkish towel." "Better not talk any more. You'll be accused of chewing the rag." Philadelphia Ledger. CHICAGO STOCKS. Chicago, Oct. 24. Wheat December, open 92 1-2. 2, close 92 1-2; May open 98 7-8, close 98 7-8. Corn December, open 45 1-2, close 15 4-8; May, open 48 1-4, close 19. Oats December, open 30 1-2, close 30 3-4; May, open 33 1-2, close 31 1-8. TOLEDO GRAIN. Toledo, O., Oct. 21. Wheat Cash and December 9.5; May 1.01 1-2; July 7 3-1. Corn Cash CO; December 17 3-1; May 51; July 52 1-2. Oats Cash 33 3-1; December 33 7-8; May 30 5-8; July 35. Oats Cash, 7C; No. 3, 72. Clover Cash, October and December $8.70. March $8.72. Alaska Prime and October $9.10. Butter, eggs and lard Unchanged. NEW YORK. New York, Oct. 24. Flour Dull and easy. Pork Quiet; mess $20.30-$31. Lard Dull. Middle West spot $12.30-$12.30. Stiff Raw steady; centrifugals, 90 test, $3.85; Muscovado, 89 test, $3.55; refined, steady; cut loaf $5.00; crushed $5.55; powdered $4.90-$5.95; granulated $1.80-$1.85. Coffee No. 7 on the spot $10.75; full. Tallow Quiet; city $7.75; country $7.75-$8.75. Hogs Quiet; prime $1.12-$1.25; No. 3 $0.80-$0.90; clover $0.90-$0.90. Dressed poultry Dull; turkeys $18-$23; chickens $10-$21; fowls $11-$15; ducks $20-$20. Live poultry Demand fair; geese $15; ducks $15-$17; fowls $13-$15; turkeys $12-$15; roosters $10. Cheese Quiet; butter milk, common to specials, $10-$12; skims, common to specials, $1-$2-$12; full skims. Butter Firm receipts 1,550. Creamery extra 30-1/2; state dairy tubs 23-29; Imitation creamery 23-29; Imitation creamery 23-29; fresh firsts 25-30. Eggs Firm; receipts 9,771; nearby white fancy 42-45; nearby mixed fancy 31-33; fresh firsts 25-30. PITTSBURGH LIVE STOCK. Pittsburgh, Pa Oct., 24. Cattle Receipts 115 carloads; market steady, choice $1.75-$7.10; prime $6.10-$7.75; common $3.50-$4.50; Veal calves $9.50-$10. Sheep and lambs Receipts 10 doubled decks; market higher; prime wethers $1.30-$4.50; good $3.50-$4.25; good mixed $3.80-$4.25; fair mixed $3.25-$3.75; lambs, $4.50-$5.10. Hogs Receipts 45 doubled decks, market active, higher; prime heavy hogs $9.35; mediums $9.35; heavy yorkers $9.30; light yorkers $9.30; pigs $9.30; roughs $7.50-$8.50; stags $6.50-$7. Cleveland, Oc, 24. Hogs $1,800-$5.20 higher; mediums and hogs $8.80; yorkers $9.20; pigs $9.20. Cattle 5 cars; steady Sheep and lambs 10c cars; 90 top. Calves-300; 10 top. CHICAGO STOCK Chicago, Oct. 24. Hogs Receipts 25,000, market 5c, higher; mixed and butchers 8.20; good heavy 7.93; rough heavy 7.05; light 7.35; pigs 8.25 9. Cattle Receipts 28,000; market is steady; beeves 4.007.80; cows and heifers 2.25-6.30; stockers and feeders 1.25-5.05; Texans 3.15-3.63, calves 7.25 10. Sheep Receipts 45,000; market is higher; native 2.70 4.50, western 3.40; lambs, native 4.75 4.70, western 57.10. EAST BUFFALO MARKET. East Buffalo, N.Y., Oct. 4, Cattle Receipts 4,025; market fairly active; prime steers 7.75 4.25; butcher grades 5.50 4.25. Culls: Receipts 1,000; market is active, strong; cull to choice, 10.50-11.50. Sheep and heifers: Receipts 4,000; market is active, strong; cull to choice, 10.50-11.50. Sheep and heifers: Receipts 4,000; market is active, strong; cull to choice, 10.50-11.50. Find your buyer, he reads the ads! Sell that property for its real value by finding the buyer who needs it. The man who buys for speculation thinks always of taking advantage of your anxiety to sell but the man who needs your property will pay a fair price, and be glad to do so. He's to be found. He reads ads. He misses some of them, too. But he reads them again the next day, and the next. He will find YOUR AD IF IT IS "THERE" WHEN HE LOOKS FOR IT. LOOK HERE Wanted: Miscellaneous WANTED: Small boy to run errands Apply at this office. 10-13-3t PUBLIC SALE: Having decided to move to Richwood, I will sell at my residence, 1 mile north of Esse, 0 miles south of Lullue and Essex pike, Saturday, Oct. 22, at 10 o'clock, 15 head of horses, 23 head of cattle, 100 good breeding wagons, 15 head of hogs and all kinds of farming implements, 200 shocks of corn, hay in mow and various other articles. Frank Stallsmith. 10-17-ltd-ltwky-p-J WANTED: To rent a farm suitable for trucking and poultry. Share or cash. Host of references. Close to school. A. W. Leonhard, Milford Center, O. P. D. No. 2. 10-19-2td-ltw WANTED: Houses to paint and paper. Papers from 1 1-2c a roll up All work guaranteed. Your patronage solicited. Phone 1451. D. D. Goodsell. 9-20-tf THE OHIO WESTEMME CO. FOR SALE: A large assortment of fine farms of all sizes; some real bargains; also city property suitable for retiring farmers, or for business men, or for shop men. Remember I have the largest assortment for you to select from for less than you can build. Philip Hairier, 112 1-2 south Main street, Marion, O., 10-22-Ot WANTED: Ica. Lady cobk at 'Hotel Nord-XI 10-2 l-3t WANTED A young girl for general housework. Would prefer one that can go home of all. No washing. Mrs. It. C. Love (Call place) U-1129. V 10-24-Jt WANTED A woman to do laundry work at the Children's home. For further information Inquire of the superintendent. Phone 1C4. 7.15; call to fair 5.7.".'0.75; yearling Cift-G.50; sheep 3( 4.75. Hogs Receipts 15,300; market active, firm; yorkers 9.25.30; pigs 9.30; mixed 9.25.30; heavy 8.20.9.25; rough 7.50. LOCAL MARKET. Old and new wheat 59c Old and new oats 29 1 Corn 53c LOCAL PRODUCE MARKET. Corrected Daily by Chas. Turner & Co Paying Price. Butter, 22 & 24c per pound. Eggs, 20c per dozen. Soiling Price, Butter, 28 W 30c per lb. Eggs, 2 lb per lb. Sugar, 1-2 to 1-2c per lb. Syrup 10c per gal. Sugars 1-2 to 1-2c per lb. Teas 40c to 1 lb. Vinegar 25c gal Salt 1-2 to 1-2c per lb. Teas 40c to 1 lb. Vinegar 25c gal Salt 1-2 to 1-2c per lb. Flour. Clover Leaf $1.50; Gilt Edge (1-4 bbl.) 11.40; White's Best (1-4 bbl.) $1.60; Gold Medal (1-4 bbl.) 11.80; Monarch (1-4 bbl.) $1.40; Knickerbocker (1-4 bbl.) $1.40; Graham Flour, 20c per sack; 9 76. CASTORIA For Infants and Children Nib Kind You Have Always Bought Usar the Infantile of DR. VICKERS Treats Chronic Diseases. Office Hours Nib Block, No. 117 1-3 Center Street, Marion, Ohio, Office hours from 11:30 to 11:30 mornings 2 to 4 afternoons -7 to 8 Monday, Tuesday, Friday, Saturday evenings and holidays. Consultation free Business conditions. IN WANTED Auctioneer. FOR WANTS WANTED: You are wanted for a government position, $80.00 month. Write for list of positions open. Franklin Institute, Desk 11, Rochester, N.Y. 10-18-3tp WANTED: 2 men to work at our summer plants at either day or piece work. Good wages. Call at Quarry office, the Ohio & Western Lima Co. 10-14-Ct FOR RENT: New 8-room house, modern in every respect; 100-barrel cistern; cellar. Silver street. See T.J. Lucas. 10-22-Ctp WANTED: 2 men to work in quarry and three teamsters. Inquire of superintendent John D. Owens & Son-Relden Notice. Fred P. Hills, owner of lot No. 3770, Ida F. Harnhouse, owner of lot No. 3815, non-resident owners of property as above described, will take notice that on the 11th day of August, 1910, the council of the city of Marion, Ohio, passed a resolution to construct sidewalk on both sides of Montrose street from lot 3816 to lot 3839, to Church street in accordance with the plans, specifications, and proceedings on the office of the department of public service. The cost of said improvement will be assessed upon said lots if not constructed within thirty days as required by law. By order of the council of the city. Marlon, O. Miles Longshore, City Clerk. 10-17&24. Non-Resident Notice. C. H. Wiltsle, owner of lot No. 2829, rented in Blue, owner of lot No. 2813, rented in Blue, owner of property as above described, will take notice that on the 22nd day of August 1910, the council of the city of Marion. Ohio, passed a resolution to construct sidewalk on the east side of Reed avenue, from north line of lot 2821 to Mt. Vernon avenue. In accordance with the plans, specifications, and proceedings on file in the office of the department of public safety. The cost of said improvement will be assessed upon said lots if not constructed within thirty days as required by law. By order of the council of the City of Marion, O. Miles Lonushore, City Clerk. Admiral's Sale. In pursuance of the order of the probate court of Marion county, Ohio, I will offer for sale at public auction on Saturday the 22nd day of October, at 2 o'clock p.m., at the door of the court-house in the city of Marion, Ohio, the following described real estate situated in the county of Marion and State of Ohio, and City of Marion and known as being lot number two hundred and two hundred and two hundred and seventy-seven in the village (now city) of Marion, Ohio. Appraised at five thousand ($5,000) dollars. Terms of sale: One-third in hand, one-third in one year, and one-third in two years from the date of sale, with interest; the purchaser will be required to pay the balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at the rate of six percent per annum, payable semi-annually. This sale is made to satisfy a judgment of the court, and the property will be sold to the highest bidder. Payments to be secured by mortgage upon the premises sold. Jueby & Donlthen, Attorneys. Hirshel V. Young. Administrator of the estate of Elisabeth Young. Deceased. Legal Notice. In the Court of Common Pleas, Marion County, Ohio. Kent P. Johnson, plaintiff, vs. Chas. D. Molvin et al defendants. S. Joshua Molvin, a defendant in the above entitled cause, whose last known place of residence was Richville Washington, but whose present place of residence is unknown, will take notice that on the 29th day of April, A.D. 1910, William H. Little as administrator of the estate of Augustus S. Melvin, deceased, filed his certain cross petition in the Common Pleas Court of Marion County, Ohio, in cause No. 1208 against the said S. Joshua Molvin of all heirs at law of the said Augustus S. Melvin deceased, praying for an order of the Court directing him as administrator of said estate to sell all the real estate of the said Augustus S. Melvin, deceased and described in said cross petition, for the purpose of paying the debts of the said Augustus S. Melvin, deceased and the costs of administration. The said H. Joshua Molvin will further take notice that on the 9th day of April, A.D. 1910, Joseph B. Molvin, a defendant in said cause and one of the heirs at law of the said Augustus S. Melvin deceased, filed his certain cross petition in the court of common pleas of Marion County, Ohio, in cause 12068 against the said S. Joshua Molvin of the Driving partition of all the real estate of the said Augustus S. Melvin deceased, and that the interest of Joseph B. Molvin be set off to him in severalty if that can be shown. Done. If it cannot be done without tannifest injury, then that the premises be sold and sunk other proceedings had not authorized by law. That the said S. Joshua Melvin is required to answer by the 17th day of December, A. D. 1910. William H. Little, as administrator of the estate of Augustus S. Melvin, deceased, and Joseph B. Molvin, Mouser & Moloney, attorneys. FARM LOANS JULES V. BARND Phone 1003 'J08 West Chester St. Peopled Transfer & Storage Company. Auctioneer, M. PAGE SEVEN 10-15 Son, Owens, Ohio, MOVING. TRANSFERS AND STORAGE We move, crate, store, do transfer work of any kind. Phone 1008. S. Knoch, 322 B. mont. To Exchange. WANTED To exchange a good little factory for house and lot in Marion, O. This factory will make money if owner can devote whole attention and the use of small sum of money. Call phone 347 or 304 N. Prospect St. Shoe Repairing. SHOES half-soled while you wait. All work first-class and fully guaranteed. Quick repairing a specialty. Send us a trial order. Louis Joyis, 141 north Main street. Open evenings 5-16-lyr Glasses Fitted. J. S. LUNGER, M. D., south Main street, fits glasses, removes all kinds of ailments, now treatment for catarrh and deafness. Office hours, 8 to 11, 1 to 6. Tulcphoue 85. G-13-th-fr-sat-lyr Teeth. DON'T neglect your teeth. Soo. Dr. Lawson, Dentist, No. 103 1-2 west Center street. Wanted Agents WANTED Cigar Salesman. Experience unnecessary. Sell our brands to the retail trade. Big pay. Write for full particulars at once. Globe Cigar Co., Cleveland, O., 3-10-100 "BATTLING FOR THE RATTLER" The life story of Theodore Roosevelt. Authentic. Up-to-date. Great money maker. Liberal terms. Outfit free. Zelgler Co., 2 C9 Fourth St., Philadelphia. AGENTS Sell genuine guaranteed hose. 70 per cent profit. Make $20 daily. Live agents and begin Investigators under strong knit Bos 4029, W. 4th Philadelphia, Pa. Miscellaneous IF YOU WANT your house painted, or any interior decorating done, phone 1451. Figures right D. B. Goodsell, north Main St 9-20-tf FOR SALE Farms in Ashtabula, county. Some special bargains. Also homes in any part of this city. See Cox & Gerhart. Phone 800. Office over New York store. 9-29-lt MEN LEARN automobile business. Great demand for skilled help. We teach you at home, furnish auto model. Get you $25 weekly. Make $10 weekly while learning. Rochester Auto School, 640 Rochester, N. Y. 10-21-2tp GOING TO CANADA? Our private car, "Luseland," will be attached to fast train No. 19 leaving Lima, O., This is a ideal way to travel and will afford you an opportunity to the last cheap lands in the last West. Reservation should be made at once; car fare for the round trip $39 from Marlon, O., the only additional expenses will be $1.50 per day for meals and berth. See, Fred W. Peters, district manager, No. 110 1-2 south Main street Marlon, O. 7-19-tf. For Sale City Property FOR SALE Lot on Floss Ave., 60x 160 feet, $360; or will trade for better lot in west end and pay cash difference. H. E. Ohls at Ohls Dec. Co. 9-16.U For Sale Miscellaneous FOR SALE A new Cota piano, never been used. Will sell at a bargain. Phone 1027. 9-24-tf FOR SALE Registered Delaine strains, breed for wool and mutton. Call A. F. Gocrich, 5 miles southeast of Marion on the Richland pike. Phone 5602. 10-21-tf FOR SALE Truck and poultry farm. 22 1-2 acres sandy black soil; pood buildings; 5 miles out. Might trade for city property. Chase Real Es tato Co. 10-20-3tp FOR SALE Houeo 8 rooms, barn, ,2 acres, fruit, lino home; can be laid out In lots; will take a $3,000 houso and lot on it. Chase Real Estato Co. 10-20-3tp FOR SALE Quick. 11 acres, house with furnace, barn, out buildings, or will soil houso alio, a acres nnd 5 acres near pronosod new shoVcl shops. Chase Real Estato Co, 10-20-3tp FOR SALE Organ In good condition. Call 370 Girard avenuo. 10fl&-at HOMES FOR SALE Some of Marion's bent , hornet aa well us cheap homes, ranging In prico from 8300.000 up to $14,000. Wo Jiao u very elieap homo, On Vino St also n cheap liomo on east Churcil St., also hoeral good homed on wet Church struct Wo liavo 0 bouaM nt luu-gahw. On Thompson Hlrrot a great Jnunrfmcnt, on Sliver street cry dcblrublo home, on Edward St a good liomo lit fair price. A lino 5V room oottago on Darius street, Tvq good lionlwi on. ReUnont street, A lory nlco homo for n retlittl tarinec. on Cleveland je. A coiy Iionio cheap" on l'loHiet stiot, We liae uotue Mr In ovory part, dt tluvflclty, notttf: city, Mnitli, east nnd wi-Stirw nTro It ti iilt'o lots. for to Indld on. IttHiieHbert (ho CLARIC CO.. lit OoUrt Sti.uli -fi .,. 1 lJLt.H rayauiued tiugt tivuiixiiiMMMiV, IV l .a(4','s., iv. .m,.
| 30,811 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30110364
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
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Blorgbeard, Insecurefarm, https://stackoverflow.com/users/369, https://stackoverflow.com/users/945698
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English
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Spoken
| 396 | 788 |
Timer does not get garbage collected
When I open the class Cellule.cs, a timer is created, when Cellule.cs is closed, the timer still call the form.
How can I dispose it effectively. This cause a problem because the form Cellules.Cs is opened frequently, and it makes a single call to the DB for each TimeHasChanged();
I already tried to add a Dispose() method in Btimer and setting the timer to null but it's doesn't solve the problem.
private BTimer timer;
public Cellules()
{
timer = new BTimer(30000);
timer.TheTimeChanged += TimeHasChanged;
}
protected void TimeHasChanged()
{
controller.UpdateTimeMesPieces();
lblTime.Text = controller.UpdateTimeClock();
}
And heres the timer
public class BTimer
{
private string theTime;
private Timer timer;
public BTimer(int interval)
{
timer = new Timer();
timer.Tick += new EventHandler(Timer_Tick);
timer.Interval = interval;
timer.Start();
}
public delegate void TimerTickHandler();
public event TimerTickHandler TheTimeChanged;
public string TheTime
{
get
{
return theTime;
}
set
{
theTime = value;
OnTheTimeChanged();
}
}
protected void OnTheTimeChanged()
{
if (TheTimeChanged != null)
{
TheTimeChanged();
}
}
private void Timer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
TheTime = "Bing";
}
}
Code doesn't compile: BTimer doesn't implement IDisposable
@Blorgbeard Sorry I removed it, it was from my last attempt to solve it
if a class contains a member that is disposable that class should implement IDisposable as well
Note: BTimer needs to implement IDisposable.
class Cellules : IDisposable
{
BTimer timer // disposable member
public void Dispose() // implementing IDisposable
{
timer.Dispose();
}
}
then of course when you are done call Dispose on any instances of Cellules
in response to your EDIT
you want to implement IDisposable on the BTimer class
public class BTimer : IDisposable
{
private string theTime;
private Timer timer;
........
void Dispose()
{
timer.Stop();
timer.Dispose();
}
}
something I would add is a Stop method to the BTimer so you don't need to dispose to stop the timer.
It was from my last attempt to solve it, I edited the post sorry
You do need to implement IDisposable, and in your Dispose method you need to Dispose the timer, not just set it to `null.
You should probably disassociate any events form the timer as well (although this may be unnecessary if the timer's Dispose method does this):
timer.Tick -= Timer_Tick;
timer.Dispose();
Your BTimer hasn't implemented IDisposable and you have to deregister your TheTimeChanged event after you don't need it any more.
| 6,896 |
https://github.com/warting/firebase-android-sdk/blob/master/firebase-firestore/src/test/java/com/google/firebase/firestore/model/TargetIndexMatcherTest.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
firebase-android-sdk
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warting
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Java
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Code
| 1,210 | 6,475 |
// Copyright 2021 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.google.firebase.firestore.model;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.assertDoesNotThrow;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.expectError;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.fieldIndex;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.filter;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.orderBy;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.path;
import static com.google.firebase.firestore.testutil.TestUtil.query;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import com.google.firebase.firestore.core.Query;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner;
import org.robolectric.annotation.Config;
@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)
@Config(manifest = Config.NONE)
public class TargetIndexMatcherTest {
List<Query> queriesWithEqualities =
Arrays.asList(
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "==", "a")),
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "in", Collections.singletonList("a"))));
List<Query> queriesWithInequalities =
Arrays.asList(
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "<", "a")),
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "<=", "a")),
query("collId").filter(filter("a", ">=", "a")),
query("collId").filter(filter("a", ">", "a")),
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "!=", "a")),
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "not-in", Collections.singletonList("a"))));
List<Query> queriesWithArrayContains =
Arrays.asList(
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "array-contains", "a")),
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "array-contains-any", Collections.singletonList("a"))));
@Test
public void canUseMergeJoin() {
Query q = query("collId").filter(filter("a", "==", 1)).filter(filter("b", "==", 2));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(q, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "==", 1))
.filter(filter("b", "==", 2))
.orderBy(orderBy("__name__", "desc"));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "__name__", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
q, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "__name__", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
}
@Test
public void canUsePartialIndex() {
Query q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("a"));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("a")).orderBy(orderBy("b"));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void cannotUsePartialIndexWithMissingArrayContains() {
Query q = query("collId").filter(filter("a", "array-contains", "a")).orderBy(orderBy("b"));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("b"));
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void cannotUseOverspecifiedIndex() {
Query q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("a"));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void equalitiesWithDefaultOrder() {
for (Query query : queriesWithEqualities) {
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
}
}
@Test
public void equalitiesWithAscendingOrder() {
Stream<Query> queriesWithEqualitiesAndAscendingOrder =
queriesWithEqualities.stream().map(q -> q.orderBy(orderBy("a", "asc")));
queriesWithEqualitiesAndAscendingOrder.forEach(
query -> {
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
});
}
@Test
public void equalitiesWithDescendingOrder() {
Stream<Query> queriesWithEqualitiesAndDescendingOrder =
queriesWithEqualities.stream().map(q -> q.orderBy(orderBy("a", "desc")));
queriesWithEqualitiesAndDescendingOrder.forEach(
query -> {
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
});
}
@Test
public void inequalitiesWithDefaultOrder() {
for (Query query : queriesWithInequalities) {
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
}
}
@Test
public void inequalitiesWithAscendingOrder() {
Stream<Query> queriesWithInequalitiesAndAscendingOrder =
queriesWithInequalities.stream().map(q -> q.orderBy(orderBy("a", "asc")));
queriesWithInequalitiesAndAscendingOrder.forEach(
query -> {
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
});
}
@Test
public void inequalitiesWithDescendingOrder() {
Stream<Query> queriesWithInequalitiesAndDescendingOrder =
queriesWithInequalities.stream().map(q -> q.orderBy(orderBy("a", "desc")));
queriesWithInequalitiesAndDescendingOrder.forEach(
query -> {
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
});
}
@Test
public void inequalityUsesSingleFieldIndex() {
Query q = query("collId").filter(filter("a", ">", 1)).filter(filter("a", "<", 10));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void inQueryUsesMergeJoin() {
Query q =
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "in", Arrays.asList(1, 2))).filter(filter("b", "==", 5));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(q, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void validatesCollection() {
{
TargetIndexMatcher targetIndexMatcher = new TargetIndexMatcher(query("collId").toTarget());
FieldIndex fieldIndex = fieldIndex("collId");
assertDoesNotThrow(() -> targetIndexMatcher.servedByIndex(fieldIndex));
}
{
TargetIndexMatcher targetIndexMatcher =
new TargetIndexMatcher(new Query(path(""), "collId").toTarget());
FieldIndex fieldIndex = fieldIndex("collId");
assertDoesNotThrow(() -> targetIndexMatcher.servedByIndex(fieldIndex));
}
{
TargetIndexMatcher targetIndexMatcher = new TargetIndexMatcher(query("collId2").toTarget());
FieldIndex fieldIndex = fieldIndex("collId");
expectError(
() -> targetIndexMatcher.servedByIndex(fieldIndex),
"INTERNAL ASSERTION FAILED: Collection IDs do not match");
}
}
@Test
public void withArrayContains() {
for (Query query : queriesWithArrayContains) {
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(query, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
}
}
@Test
public void testArrayContainsIsIndependent() {
Query query =
query("collId").filter(filter("value", "array-contains", "foo")).orderBy(orderBy("value"));
validateServesTarget(
query,
"value",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS,
"value",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
query,
"value",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"value",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS);
}
@Test
public void withArrayContainsAndOrderBy() {
Query queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "array-contains", "a"))
.filter(filter("a", ">", "b"))
.orderBy(orderBy("a", "asc"));
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"a",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.CONTAINS,
"a",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withEqualityAndDescendingOrder() {
Query q = query("collId").filter(filter("a", "==", 1)).orderBy(orderBy("__name__", "desc"));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "__name__", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleEqualities() {
Query queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId").filter(filter("a1", "==", "a")).filter(filter("a2", "==", "b"));
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"a1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"a2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"a2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"a1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"a1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"a2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"a3",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleEqualitiesAndInequality() {
Query queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("equality1", "==", "a"))
.filter(filter("equality2", "==", "b"))
.filter(filter("inequality", ">=", "c"));
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"equality1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"equality2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"inequality",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"equality2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"equality1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"inequality",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"equality2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"inequality",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"equality1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("equality1", "==", "a"))
.filter(filter("inequality", ">=", "c"))
.filter(filter("equality2", "==", "b"));
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"equality1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"equality2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"inequality",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"equality2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"equality1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"inequality",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"equality1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"inequality",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"equality2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withOrderBy() {
Query q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("a"));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("a", "desc"));
validateDoesNotServeTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
q = query("collId").orderBy(orderBy("a")).orderBy(orderBy("__name__"));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "__name__", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "__name__", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withNotEquals() {
Query q = query("collId").filter(filter("a", "!=", 1));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
q = query("collId").filter(filter("a", "!=", 1)).orderBy(orderBy("a")).orderBy(orderBy("b"));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleFilters() {
Query queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "==", "a")).filter(filter("b", ">", "b"));
validateServesTarget(queriesMultipleFilters, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"a",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"b",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void multipleFiltersRequireMatchingPrefix() {
Query queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "==", "a")).filter(filter("b", ">", "b"));
validateServesTarget(queriesMultipleFilters, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"c",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"a",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleFiltersAndOrderBy() {
Query queriesMultipleFilters =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a1", "==", "a"))
.filter(filter("a2", ">", "b"))
.orderBy(orderBy("a2", "asc"));
validateServesTarget(
queriesMultipleFilters,
"a1",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"a2",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleInequalities() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", ">=", 1))
.filter(filter("a", "==", 5))
.filter(filter("a", "<=", 10));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleNotIn() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "not-in", Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)))
.filter(filter("a", ">=", 2));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withMultipleOrderBys() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.orderBy(orderBy("fff"))
.orderBy(orderBy("bar", "desc"))
.orderBy(orderBy("__name__"));
validateServesTarget(
q,
"fff",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"bar",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING,
"__name__",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
q,
"fff",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"__name__",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"bar",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
q =
query("collId")
.orderBy(orderBy("foo"))
.orderBy(orderBy("bar"))
.orderBy(orderBy("__name__", "desc"));
validateServesTarget(
q,
"foo",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"bar",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"__name__",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
q,
"foo",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"__name__",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING,
"bar",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withInAndNotIn() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "not-in", Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)))
.filter(filter("b", "in", Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(q, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
validateServesTarget(
q, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
// If provided, equalities have to come first
validateDoesNotServeTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withEqualityAndDifferentOrderBy() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("foo", "==", ""))
.filter(filter("bar", "==", ""))
.orderBy(orderBy("qux"));
validateServesTarget(
q,
"foo",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"bar",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"qux",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("aaa", "==", ""))
.filter(filter("qqq", "==", ""))
.filter(filter("ccc", "==", ""))
.orderBy(orderBy("fff", "desc"))
.orderBy(orderBy("bbb"));
validateServesTarget(
q,
"aaa",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"qqq",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"ccc",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING,
"fff",
FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.DESCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withEqualsAndNotIn() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "==", 1))
.filter(filter("b", "not-in", Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withInAndOrderBy() {
Query q =
query("collId")
.filter(filter("a", "not-in", Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)))
.orderBy(orderBy("a"))
.orderBy(orderBy("b"));
validateServesTarget(
q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING, "b", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
@Test
public void withInAndOrderBySameField() {
Query q =
query("collId").filter(filter("a", "in", Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3))).orderBy(orderBy("a"));
validateServesTarget(q, "a", FieldIndex.Segment.Kind.ASCENDING);
}
private void validateServesTarget(
Query query, String field, FieldIndex.Segment.Kind kind, Object... fieldsAndKind) {
FieldIndex expectedIndex = fieldIndex("collId", field, kind, fieldsAndKind);
TargetIndexMatcher targetIndexMatcher = new TargetIndexMatcher(query.toTarget());
assertTrue(targetIndexMatcher.servedByIndex(expectedIndex));
}
private void validateDoesNotServeTarget(
Query query, String field, FieldIndex.Segment.Kind kind, Object... fieldsAndKind) {
FieldIndex expectedIndex = fieldIndex("collId", field, kind, fieldsAndKind);
TargetIndexMatcher targetIndexMatcher = new TargetIndexMatcher(query.toTarget());
assertFalse(targetIndexMatcher.servedByIndex(expectedIndex));
}
}
| 28,598 |
https://github.com/mpasko/promise-tutorial/blob/master/angularjs/1_digest_cycle/script.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
promise-tutorial
|
mpasko
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 119 | 472 |
angular.module('promises.tutorial', []);
angular.module('promises.tutorial').config(function ($parseProvider) {
//$parseProvider.unwrapPromises(true); //deprecated
});
angular.module('promises.tutorial').service('phantomService', function ($timeout, $q) {
function phantomMethod () {
return $timeout(function () {
return 'some value';
}, 200);
}
function badMethod () {
return new Promise (function (resolve, reject) {
window.setTimeout(function () {
resolve('some value2');
}, 2000);
});
}
function otherMethod () {
return $q(function (resolve, reject) {
window.setTimeout(function () {
resolve('some value3');
}, 4000);
});
}
return {
phantomMethod,
badMethod,
otherMethod
};
});
angular.module('promises.tutorial').controller('PhantomController', function($scope, $q, phantomService) {
$scope.customValue = '';
$scope.customValue2 = '';
$scope.customValue3 = '';
phantomService.phantomMethod()
.then(function (newValue) {
$scope.customValue = newValue;
});
phantomService.badMethod()
.then(function (newValue) {
$scope.customValue2 = newValue;
console.log('bad promise resolved!');
//$scope.$apply();
});
phantomService.otherMethod()
.then(function (newValue) {
$scope.customValue3 = newValue;
console.log('third promise resolved!');
$scope.$apply();
});
});
| 40,913 |
US-16314017-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,917 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,009 | 1,306 |
Fastener for bottle-stoppers.
C. F. THATCHER.
Patented J an. 28, 1919.
r mum: run-.1 m. rnmuma, vunmcrnn, n c
' an STATES PATEN FASTENER FOR BOTTLE-STOPPERS.
' Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Jan. 28, 1919.
Application filed April 19, 1917. Serial No. 163,140.
To all whom it may concern.
Be it known that I, CHARLns F. THATCHER, a citizen of the United Statesjresiding at Providence, in the county of Providence and State of Rhode Island, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Fasteners for Bottle-Stoppers, of which the following is a specification.
This invention relates to certain new and useful improvements in fasteners for bottle stoppers, and it resides in a simple and efficient retaining device, preferably formed of wire, for holding glass stoppers in position.
Bottles containing alcoholic beverages or compositions likely to ferment usually have means for releasing the excess of gas, and it is a further aim of this invention to provide a retaining device for returning the glass stopper to its seat to insure against the loss of the contents of the bottle.
In the drawing forming a part of this application- Figure 1 is a side elevation of the retaining device applied to the neck of a bottle.
Fig. 2 is a front view of the stopper fastener in operative position.
Fig. 3 is a top plan view thereof, and
Fig. 4 is a perspective of the invention, per 86.
The retaining device is especially adapted to use in connection with bottles having cork rings in their mouths and cooperating lass stoppers, so it has, therefore, been ilustrated on the neck of a bottle of this type in the accompanying drawing in which the numeral 1 designates the bottle, in frag ment, 2 the cork ring in the mouth or neck thereof, 3 the glass stopper, which has a depending plug 4 passing through the ring,
and 5 the stopper fastener or retaining device.
This retaining device consists of a single length of wire bent centrally in the form of a semi-circle or U to provide a neck embracing base or clasp 6, ada ted to engage the neck of the bottle immedlately below an exterior peripheral bead or shoulder 7 thereon, and then the end portions are bent upwardly at an acute angle, as at 8, to form substantially parallel arms 9 which have their upper ends turned inwardly in opposing relation for providing the fingers 10. The acute angular bends 8 occur slightly beyond the center of the bottle, and the arms 9 incline rearwardly over the neck clasp 6 to dispose the fingers substantially diametrical of the top of the' glass stopper, def,
picted in Figs. 1 and 3. v I
In this connection it will be noted that the upper surface of the stopper is slightly spherical or round and that-the fingers, be:-
ing substantially a-lined in a horizontal plane, engage the said surface at its center and thereby providing for a slight upward yielding of the stopper during the escape of excessive gas.
In practice, the device is applied by positioning the fingers 10 centrally of the top of the stopper, and swinging the clasp 6 downwardly and transversely of the neck of the bottle during which action, the clasp will spring outwardly and over the shoulder 7 into a position for anchoring the retaining device to the neck of the bottle. To remove the retaining device, the clasp is used as a handle and lifted or swung outwardly away from the bottle until the former slips over the shoulder 7 when it may readily be lifted off.
The device is preferably made from wire possessing sufficient resiliency to accomplish the desired results, since in applying the de-' vice, the clasp is sprung over the shoulder 7 and simultaneously to a greater angular relation with the arms 9 in order to exert a downward pull on the stopper, and the fingers 10 yield during the application of the device and also when the stopper is raised by an excess of gas in the bottle. After any gas surplusage has escaped, the stopper is returned to its seat by the resilient fingers.
The device may economically be manufactured in an expeditious manner and will be found very efiicient as a retaining device or fastener for glass stoppers, being formed along simple and durable lines.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is-- 1. In combination with a receptacle having a peripheral shoulder about its neck and a stopper for the receptacle having a convex top, a fastener for the stopper formed of a single length of spring wire bent centrally to form a U-shaped neck-embracing clasp for engaging beneath the shoulder of the receptacle, the ends of said U-clasp extending beyond the center of the receptacle and then upwardly at an acute angle and in a straight line to the center of the stopper to form rigid and backwardly inclining arms, the
upper ends of the arms being inturned at right angles to have their free terminals independently yieldable and to engage the convex top of the stopper at spaced points adjacent its center to permit limited unseating movement of the stopper, said arms riding apart from each other on the convex top as the stopper moves from its seat.
2. A bottle stopper fastener comprising a U-shaped neck-engaging clasp having parallel ends extended to lie beyond the center of a bottle, when applied thereto the ends then extending directly upwardly and at a back Ward inclination in a pair of. parallel upright arms to dispose their upper portions 15 diametrical of the bottle, said upper portions of the arms being bent inwardly to form a pair of alined fingers.
In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in the presence of 20 two subscribing itnesses.
CHARLES F. THATOHER, Witnesses:
ADA E. HAGERTY, J. A. MILLER.
fiopiee of this; patent may be obtained for live cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,
Washington, 2D. 13.
| 17,890 |
https://github.com/kariamoss/ProjetPhpS3/blob/master/application/models/Produit_m.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ProjetPhpS3
|
kariamoss
|
PHP
|
Code
| 286 | 1,326 |
<?php
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
class Produit_m extends CI_Model {
public function getAllProduits()
{
/*$sql="SELECT p.id, t.libelle, p.nom, p.prix, p.photo
FROM produit as p,typeProduit as t
WHERE p.id_type=t.id_type ORDER BY t.libelle;";*/
// ou
/* $sql="SELECT p.id, t.libelle, p.nom, p.prix, p.photo
FROM produit as p
JOIN typeProduit as t
ON p.id_type=t.id_type ORDER BY t.libelle, p.nom DESC;";
$query=$this->db->query($sql);
return $query->result(); */
$this->db->select('p.id, t.libelle, p.nom, p.stock, p.prix, p.photo');
$this->db->from('produit p');
$this->db->join('typeProduit t', 'p.id_type=t.id_type');
$this->db->where('p.stock !=', 0 );
$this->db->order_by('p.nom');
$query = $this->db->get();
return $query->result();
}
public function getAllProduitsAdmin()
{
$this->db->select('*');
$this->db->from('produit p');
$this->db->join('typeProduit t', 'p.id_type=t.id_type');
$this->db->order_by('p.nom');
$query = $this->db->get();
return $query->result();
}
public function getProduit($idProduit)
{
$this->db->select('p.id, t.libelle, p.nom, p.prix, p.photo');
$this->db->from('produit p');
$this->db->join('typeProduit t', 'p.id_type=t.id_type');
$this->db->where('p.id',$idProduit);
$query = $this->db->get();
return $query->result();
}
function insertProduit($donnees){
$sql="INSERT INTO produit (nom,prix,id_type,photo)
values ('".$donnees['nom']."','".$donnees['prix']."',
".$donnees['id_type'].",'".$donnees['photo']."'); ";
$this->db->query($sql);
return $this->db->insert("produit",$donnees);
}
function deleteProduit($id){
$sql = "DELETE FROM produit
WHERE id = $id ;";
$this->db->query($sql);
$this->db->delete("produit", array("id" => $id));
}
function getProduitById($id){ /*$sql = "SELECT * FROM produit WHERE id=".$id.";";
$query = $this->db->query($sql);
return $query->result()[0]; // ou $query->row_array();
$sql = "SELECT * FROM produit WHERE id = $id;";
$query = $this->db->query($sql);
$data=$query->row_array();
return $data;*/
return $this->db->get_where('produit', array('id' => $id),1,0)->row_array();
}
function updateProduit($id, $produit) {
// $this->db->where("id", $id);
//$this->db->update("produit", $donnees);
$data = array(
'id_type' => $produit['id_type'],
'nom' => $produit['nom'],
'prix' => $produit['prix'],
'stock' => $produit['stock'],
'photo' => $produit['photo'],
);
$this->db->where("id", $id);
$this->db->update("produit", $data);
/* $sql = "UPDATE produit
SET nom = \"'".$produit["nom"]."\',prix =\"".$produit["prix"]."\" ,id_type= \"".$produit["id_type"]."\"
, photo = \"".$produit["photo"]."\" WHERE id = $id ;";
$this->db->query($sql);*/
}
function verif_id_type($id_type){
$this->db->select('id_type')->from('typeProduit')->where("id_type",$id_type);
$result = $this->db->get();
return $result->num_rows();
}
function getTypeProduitDropdown(){
$result = $this->db->from("typeProduit")->order_by('id_type')->get();
$retour = array();
if($result->num_rows() > 0){
$retour[''] = 'selectionner un type';
foreach($result->result_array() as $row){
$retour[$row['id_type']] = $row['libelle'];
}
}
return $retour;
}
}
| 43,096 |
https://github.com/spotify/scio/blob/master/scalafix/rules/src/main/scala/fix/v0_8_0/ConsistenceJoinNames.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
scio
|
spotify
|
Scala
|
Code
| 179 | 784 |
package fix
package v0_8_0
import scalafix.v1._
import scala.meta._
object ConsistenceJoinNames {
val PairedScolFns = Seq(
"join",
"fullOuterJoin",
"leftOuterJoin",
"rightOuterJoin",
"sparseLeftOuterJoin",
"sparseRightOuterJoin",
"sparseOuterJoin",
"cogroup",
"groupWith",
"sparseLookup"
).map(fn => SymbolMatcher.normalized(s"com/spotify/scio/values/PairSCollectionFunctions#$fn"))
val PairedHashScolFns = Seq(
"hashJoin",
"hashLeftJoin",
"hashFullOuterJoin",
"hashIntersectByKey"
).map(fn => SymbolMatcher.normalized(s"com/spotify/scio/values/PairHashSCollectionFunctions#$fn"))
val PairedSkewedScolFns = Set(
"skewedJoin",
"skewedLeftJoin",
"skewedFullOuterJoin"
).map(fn =>
SymbolMatcher.normalized(s"com/spotify/scio/values/PairSkewedSCollectionFunctions#$fn")
)
val JoinsFns: SymbolMatcher =
(PairedScolFns ++ PairedHashScolFns ++ PairedSkewedScolFns).reduce(_ + _)
}
final class ConsistenceJoinNames extends SemanticRule("ConsistenceJoinNames") {
import ConsistenceJoinNames._
private def renameNamedArgs(args: List[Term]): List[Term] =
args.map {
case q"that = $value" => q"rhs = $value"
case q"that1 = $value" => q"rhs1 = $value"
case q"that2 = $value" => q"rhs2 = $value"
case q"that3 = $value" => q"rhs3 = $value"
case q"thatNumKeys = $value" => q"rhsNumKeys = $value"
case p => p
}
override def fix(implicit doc: SemanticDocument): Patch = {
doc.tree.collect {
case t @ q"$qual.$fn(..$args)" if JoinsFns.matches(fn.symbol) =>
val updatedFn = fn match {
case Term.Name("hashLeftJoin") => Term.Name("hashLeftOuterJoin")
case Term.Name("skewedLeftJoin") => Term.Name("skewedLeftOuterJoin")
case Term.Name("sparseOuterJoin") => Term.Name("sparseFullOuterJoin")
case _ => fn
}
val updatedArgs = renameNamedArgs(args)
Patch.replaceTree(t, q"$qual.$updatedFn(..$updatedArgs)".syntax)
case t @ q"$qual.$fn(..$args)" =>
println(fn.symbol)
Patch.empty
}
}.asPatch
}
| 43,969 |
https://github.com/kugiyasan/SenPy.js/blob/master/commands/info/report.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
SenPy.js
|
kugiyasan
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 51 | 136 |
module.exports = {
description: "Send your thoughts about this bot to the bot dev",
aliases: ["suggest", "comment", "feedback"],
args: true,
usage: "blah blah blah",
async execute(message, args) {
const { owner } = await message.client.fetchApplication();
await owner.send(
`***${message.author}*** has some feedback!\n${args.join(" ")}`
);
await message.channel.send("Your feedback was sent successfully!");
},
};
| 24,814 |
https://github.com/WiziShop/ng-bulma/blob/master/projects/ng-wizi-bulma/src/lib/shared/components/spinner/spinner.component.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
ng-bulma
|
WiziShop
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 62 | 209 |
.nwb-spinner {
display: block;
.is-spinning {
animation: spinIt 500ms infinite linear;
border: 2px solid white;
border-radius: 290486px;
border-right-color: transparent !important;
border-top-color: transparent !important;
content: '';
display: block;
height: 2rem;
width: 2rem;
left: 50%;
margin-left: -8px;
margin-top: -8px;
top: 50%;
position: relative !important;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
@keyframes spinIt {
from {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
to {
transform: rotate(359deg);
}
}
}
| 4,464 |
School_Files_Series-RG10_c-9804_38
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,415 | 12,214 |
We reply to your letter of the 5th in- Say that you may inform the Principal of the Onion Lake C. i. Indian Residential School that the admission of the following children is approved: Margaret Louis (Chamagie) John Robert Louis Paul Louis Your obedient servant, Pra J. Sutherland. Acting Supt. of Indian Education. John Weir, Bass, Indian Agent, Leask, Sask. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www collections canada.ge.ca AlLote 2 Vote No. a Treaty No. 6 ae poo DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS To Reverend He Mills, Principal, — Lloydminster, Sask. SERVICE 4 AMOUNT To cost of transportation the following upils from Onion Lake Anglican Indian School to Manitoba, Jask. 260 miles 203 pe mile. Lawrence Clark 6,00 Joseph Turner 6.00 Gilbert 'echarme 4 3.00 Norman Jurns 6.00 Michael Burns 6.00 Thomas Burns 6.00 Zary Constant 6.00 Margaret Constant 6.00 Caroline Brittain 6.00 with Clerk 6.00 Triscella Bear 3.00 Jeseie 1953. Vote. PLC ATE FOR Fi choo! Number 5551 Jaghed Bin duplicate deyagiior untant to Pays ir a eventy-five Dollars TAL,? 5| 00 Heresy Certry that this Voucher is correct, that the material has been supplied, the work performed and that the charges are fair and just; also that the expenditure has been incurred legitimately and that each item of the same is a fair and just charge against the Government of Canada. Agent Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Onion Lake Agency Letter No. Office of the Sir, I enclose herewith Vouchers Nos. 4.09.. amounting to $......75+00 in favour of... Reverend H. Ellis, Principal, Onion Lake Anglican Indian Residential School, Lloydminster, Sask. Transportation of... DUDA... This expenditure was authorized by Departmental Letter No...115-1-10 dated... June. 15s Your obedient servant, Indian Agent. The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa. Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.ge.ca @ APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Instructions for the Department of Agriculture: Name of Child... English MAME yp eeeressoe ener os ~ “Ache egevesssees: Name of Band.. No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid Father's full name and No. hee, Mother's full name and No..! Parents living or dead State of child's health Religion Does applicant speak English? Previously attended............... Mah. sinwnesacsontebneenbegnavenneseenoeensaesese Te lel Note—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. I hereby certify that the above application for I recommend the admission of the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good moral character and is eligible to be the parent or guardian and that the contents were admitted as a grant-earning pupil. Understood by him or her and that I witnessed his as a document. Note—Al! the above particulars must be fully given, especially the ‘Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. form No. 21. (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada \wwvi.collectionscanada.ge.ca CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian :— Describe what cutaneous disease, if any.... State whether subject to fits State whether child has had smal!-pox.. State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Khatri tthy Bo. ne } 1 certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular diseasé 1s fo be admitted to school ; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Depart- ment setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www collectionscanada.gc.ca ® APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Sir,— I hereby make application for. admission of the undermentioned child into es Mf hon. : 4 Residential School; to remain therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term gosie Department ot Indian Affairs may deem proper: f Indian name of es English name.. Or9. Age.......006 / Name of Band Mother's full name and No..} Parents living or dead...... State of child's health.......... Religion Does applicant speak English? Previously attended Nore—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. I recommend the admission of the above child, who is of good moral character and is eligible to be admitted as a we pupil. I hereby certify that the above application for admission has been read over and interpreted to the parent or guardian and that the contents were understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document. SS /. Loa, LOK CL rth dh (Signature of Missionary or other Witness) | *Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. Nots—All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the “Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. form No. 21 (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVE ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian— Clarke State defects of eyesight, if any. State signs of scrofula or other forms of tubercular disease, any. Describe what cutaneous disease, if any. State defects of hearing, if any, whether subject to fits, State whether child has had smallpox, State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year. Is this candidate or gar of sound and healthy condition and fitted to enter an Indian School? I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular or other diseases can be admitted to school. If in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10 part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVE ARCHIVES Library and Archives Canada Bibliotheque et Archives Canada A APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Sir,— of Indian Affairs may deem proper: Indian name of child........... English name........... Age........... Father's full name and No. the tied State of child's health........... Religion... Does applicant speak English?........... Previously attended. School for, Lele Mo Leta Re, (Signature of Faikery’s representatives) Norre—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. ( hereby certify) [ hereby certify That the above application for the admission of the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good moral character and is eligible to be the parent or guardian and that the contents were admitted as a grant-earging pupil. Understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document. i rah V4 - (Signature of Missic patasl..Avaeeeanne™" *Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. Note—All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the “Name of Band,” ‘‘No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid’’ and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. form No. 21. (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada wwve.collectionscanada.gc.ca CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian: Age .. Height... Weight State defects of limbs, if any......... ~& bees State defects of eyesight, if any...... State defects of hearing, if any ........ State signs of scrofula or other forms of we a” it any eo on Describe what cutaneous disease, if any State whether subject to fits State whether child has had small-pox... State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year set down by me are correct. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tuberctie sea if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Depart- ment setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part $) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.gc.ca @ APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Jase sch in aheenibeschabess 19 3 >. Sir, I hereby make application for admission of the undermentioned child into Indian Affairs may deem proper. Indian name of Child...............:00c0ee 4 aad fh wars a Ak bhiwt DUES Leaks. English name Age Father's full name and No. Mother's full name and No.. i penataK Parents living or dead..........., State of child's health.. Religion.........0+0+ Does applicant speak English?.... <A. dbstatesnetrsrntegnesseccnttoneins Previously attended 7 Far hh. Bo. ys or Aes.....school for wdbdh.. bse CME Men. (Signature of Father) Note—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. ( hereby certify that the above application for I recommend the admission of the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good moral character and is eligible to be the parent or guardian and that the contents were admitted as a grant upil. understood by him or her and he I witnessed his Sack, et Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. (Signature ‘of Missionary or other Witness) Note—All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the “Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid’ and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. Form No. 21. (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada Collections canada. CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian:— Age.. / 3 Siiiatiin neswintihanetritanioiieniees Height........ 2 ” 4. ; ( oe. Peiiverieene Weight........ Gb Che. Picttrase State defects of limbs, if any......... State defects of eyesight, if any........ State defects of hearing, if any....... Describe what cutaneous disease, if any..... State whether subject to fits State whether child has had smallpox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School?........ & 3 ) set down by me are correct. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease if to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a re Id be made to the Department setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Collections canada. @ APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. A Sir,— the therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper: Indian name of child. English name DU AKAD Woke Parents living or dead. State of child's health Religion Fee Dla KS hoi MOE Does applicant speak English? Previously pate. F Sig »~ ar 1 Nore—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. 1 recommend the admission of the above child, who is of good moral character and is eligible to be admitted as a graptsearning pupil. I hereby certify that the above application for admission has been read over and interpreted to the parent or guardian and that the contents were understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document. Doade_-caboch a (Signature of Missionary or other Witness) *Principal or other official of the schoo! must not sign as witness Note—Ali the above particulars must be iully given, espec ally the “Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid’ and “Religion ”” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. Form No. 21. OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVE ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada wwv.collectionscanada.ge.ca CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and Number and Band of Parent or Guardian:— Candidate's Name........< oo et een A 2 RAM. VB OSy Height fe bene® ®.. ) Weight ........ ee A#G- > State defects of limbs, if any.............. State defects of eyesight, if aMy.........sccere Teed State defects of hearing, if any State signs of scrofula or other forms of tubercular disease, if any Describe what cutaneous disease, if any............ State whether subject to fits State whether child has had small-pox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Is this candidate gengrally of sound and healthy constitutidn, and fitted to enter an Indian School ?..... C I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease is to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada COLLECTIONS CANADA To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Sir,— I hereby make application for admission of the undermentioned child into the custody of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper. Indian name of child......... Father's full name and No......3 OF an) ae PRUNE: cccctcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc I hereby certify that the above application for , I pte the + pap non the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good moral character and is eligible to be the parent or guardian and that the contents were admitted as a grant-carping PUptt -—_——— understood by him or her and that I witnessed his ce or Agent *Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness Notre—Al! the above particulars must be fully given, especially the ‘‘Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid’ and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. Form No. 21. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.gc.ca CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and Number and Band arent or Guardian :— Height.. Te Y. State defects of limbs, if any............... State defects of eyesight, if any.............. State defects of hearing, if any ... Describe what cutaneous disease, if any..... State whether subject to fits State whether child has had small-pox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers CL ekdhem , N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular_dis@ase is to“be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Depart- set down by me are correct. ment setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliothéque et Archives Canada wwwecollectionscanada.ge.ca e APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Sir,— I hereby make application for admission of the undermentioned child into ; 7 : Residential School; to remain therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper: Indian name of child...... English name a Name of Band ..........05 Religion .... Does applicant speak English ?.,...... Previously attended. , nS SS i Wee years. ; wanmnrcl ere AMR e.scennsos (Signature of Father) Note—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. : 1 hereby certify that the above application for admission has been read over and interpreted to the parent or guardian and that the contents were understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or igtta toythis documen eZ —os ° *Principal or oc oti the school mist not sign as e Nots—All the abov® particulars must be fully given, especially the ‘‘Name of Band,"’ “No. of ticket underwhich child's annuity is paid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, poten fo the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full”particulars should accompany the application. Form No. 21! . (OVBR) | Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www collectionscanada.gc.ca Height... Weight State defects of limbs, if any.... State defects of eyesight, if any. State defects of hearing, if any State whether subject to fits State whether child has had smallpox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School?........... Ucn: I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers Set down by me are correct. A, % / f N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease is to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting forth the facts Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS orrichor? CANADA INDIAN AGENT VOR 5 WIE Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part $) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES Canada Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www collections canada.gc.ca Ottawa, August 21st, 1933- Sir, With reference to your letter of the 14th instant, I beg to say that, provided they are not in excess of the number for which grant is allowed, you may inform the Principal of the Onion Lake Co. Indian Residential School that the admission of the following children is approved: George Head Margaret Flora Sanderson Maleolm Richard Sanderson Alpheus McLean Mary McLean George Clarke Evelyn Clarke Your obedient servant, Ky Y. J. De Sutherland. Acting Supt. of Indian Education. C. Pe Schmidt, Agent, Duke Lake, Saske Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Library and Archives Canada Theque et Archi www.collectionscanada.ge.ca eee APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Pe a. ere 1993: Sir,— therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Dearestment of Indian Affairs may deem proper: Indian name of child English name. roc eete \ aenatenmeent CEO... Se rissnsesnvvens GE crererviicarcsevevines yet ab Name of Band No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid Father's full name and No.............. A EAT EGAL.... Mother's full name and No...........0:00 a Parents living or dead.........., State of child's health.............cesmereeesees Religion..... Does applicant speak English?. Previously attended 5 ce tnbtebsbuiiedvonssdidapstessseseonceannsaenesuanesignioniuasoreesejalieiaanaa Gall euaege (Y Phecuie aA er) Nore—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. I recommend the admission of The above child, who is of good moral character and is eligible to be admitted as a grant-earning pupil. I hereby certify that the above application for admission has been read over and interpreted to the parent or guardian and that the contents were understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document. Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. Nore—All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the “Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. Form No. 23. (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada collections can be made. CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian :— Age. Height Weight....., State defects of limbs, if any.... State defects of eyesight, if any............ State defects of hearing, if any............ Describe what cutaneous disease, if any.......... State whether subject to fits State whether child has had smallpox... State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Te ME srgreserite Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School #........ I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. Child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular fever to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Canada Library paid and "Relig The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada \wwv_collectionscanada.ge.ca Bat Befert ” — mae Moores Ales Pnstan, fer. (Bate hate od - 192 3 CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and Number and Band of Parent or Guardian :— Weight ........... State defects of limbs, if any. State defects of eyesight, if any..........0... State defects of hearing, if AMY .......:.eseseresnenes Describe what cutaneous disease, if any... State whether subject to fits State whether child has had small-pox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School 7 i ae I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease is to be admitted to schoo! ; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Depart- ment setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part $5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada \www.collectionscanada.gc.ca DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE OF CANADA INDIAN AGENT Battleford. Sask. 103-3084 August 26th 1933 I beg to forward herwith, applications for admission to the Onion Lake Anglican School from rail a / Bana Snakeskin, ge 14, No.164, Thunderchild, ~ \ aibert.D-thunderentié) age 5, No.187, * I would recommend that these applications be approved. Your obedient servant, Z of. Mitewntis et an Indian «agent. The Secretary, Yept of indian affairs, Ottawa. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.ge.ca 115-1-10 Ottawa, September 1st, 1933. Sir, In reply to your letter of the 26th ultimo, I beg to say that you may inform the Principal of the Onion Lake C. S. Indian Residential School that the admission of Edna Snakeskin and Albert D. Thunderchild is approved. It is understood that the admission of these children will not exceed the number for which grant is provided. Be obedient servant, Ge: a Ie ‘ho Je De Sutherland. Acting Supt. of Indian Education. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.ge.ca @ APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. ) 2 Hela... 22 REESE ERep ewan fore 19 2m Sir,— I hereby make OL, for admission of the undermentioned child into A a the AA Ti AE | Residential School to remain therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper: No. of ticket under Which child’s annuity is paid.. Mo mad Father's full name and No.........., on AL; LA), SA Mother's full name and No....... 4 Religion.......0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+ understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document. (Signature of M Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. Note—All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the “Name of Band," “No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. form No. 21. (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Onion Lake and National Ustober 2nd 1835 CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian:— “carters of G.9 ORAS. What taken away... TAMER. SMELT. BAG... cccccereessernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernesernes As 92 State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year rims. I 9SI Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School?.......... Res, I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. Signed, R.C. Meriff N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease is to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Canada Library and Archives Canada Appropriation for admission To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. ALSO Sir,— I hereby make way for admission of the undermentioned child into the Residential School; to remain therein and the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper. Indian name of child Name of Band............... No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid Mother's full name and No....... Parents living or dead State of child's health........ Note—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. I hereby certify that the above application for I recommend the admission of the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good schoolkeeping. The child's parents, parents, and guardians must forward full explanatory note. I hereby certify that the above application for I recommend the admission of the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good schoolkeeping. A AdeOSnl. fece (Signature ‘of “Missionary 0 or other Witne *Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness Note-—All the above particulars must be tully given, espect ally the “‘Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid” and “Religion " The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. Form No. 21. OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada \wwv.collectionscanada.ge.ca DUCK. HOEK Gs SARK acces geo wake indian Sesidential School PELODEL 2G LOSS oo ccccscuesssnee len CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH. Annuity Ticket, Name and Number and Band of Parent or Guardian:— Weight ...... State defects of limbs, if any............ al defects of eyesight, if any State defects of hearing, if any. State signs of scrofula or other forms of tubercular disease, if any Describe what cutaneous disease, if any. PC St State whether subject to fits .........ccceesees , State whether child has had small-pox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitutioyf and fitted to enter an Indian School ?.. | certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. a — y = ’ inseam St brid tlewsugee M.D. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercuiamdigsase is"to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Depart- ment setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada www collections canada.gc.ca orrice or DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFF Ss INDIAN AGENT CANADA Duck Lake, Sask. 9057-4 DI October 2nd 1933 Sirs3- \ Application for Admission and Certificate of Health, to I have the honour to forward herewith the the Onion Lake Indian medical School, of the following- Charlie Whitehead #88 James Smith's band George R Whitehead #88 I recommend that the applications be approved. I have the honour to be Sir The Secretary Your —— servant - a S Department of Indian Affairs Ottawa, Ont. Indian Agent. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada Caledonia, Canada In reply to your letter of +t = instant, I here to Say you may inform the oye Principal of the Onion Lake C.E. Residentel School that the admission of Charlie Whitehead and George R. Whitehead is approved, Your obedient servant, J. D. Suthertand, Acting Supt. of Indian Education. C. P. Schmidt, Eq., Indian Agent, Duck Lake, Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.gc.ca WHO d “sayenb ay3 BuNp peBseyosip Jo paz3;wpe Joyys spdnd [je SurpseZas usAr8 3q pynoys ssemnsysed jjny pus unjes Ajsaysenb yows YIM Pepsemos aq Pymoys sULIOJ 2894] JO BJOUT JO SU —FLON part a8seyrs- 50 vowsrmpy GQ Se | 703K Hy @ Asuspgoig pes wSnsy Ansnpuy 20 > - re NOILVINAGE 40 Alvis "IOOHDS ZHI NI SGOTaad 323, file 658-10, STidNd AO ADAVHOSIAG CANADA 10, Volume 6 PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES %s 2.3 hk oc tf u og: AI Pony [ te -* Bay w~nor a *eop Ai gs y iste BA (RG Oo; 8. 9 er Indian Affairs. POH (ouwo eye ‘pesp s0g GBR 305 “1 TD) Vgc 4O ONIAII GNY SLNEaVd 40 SHVN > A ‘566! ‘aalavn0" oe ey ONTENG TOOHIS ( oibry 7 nervy wre) rij IW STidNd dO NOISSINCY ee WUOd ‘sayend ay Suunp pesseyosip Jo peyrwpe Jsyze spdnd je SurpseBes usar aq pmmoys srenonsed inj pue unjas Ajsaysenb yows qyIM PepsBALJoS aq P[MOYs SULIOJ B89q} JO S1OU! JO SU —ALON ‘uh, “fo +01 hile wh 9 tho 49 stipe ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA a & > — 3 o oat < oO La 4 a =) oy (9 2}wy LTO (DO “Pry ——s O weybig “Op 2) wma O'S Thy (q ey My — ew emp tot woperupy paw DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE OF CANADA INDIAN AGENT an. ; —. ' 99-19 Onion Lake, Sask. October 5, 1933. Sir, I have the honour to enclose herewith quarterly returns for the Onion Lake Regency and for the Frog Lake and Ministikwan Indian schools, in this Agency. I have the honour to be, Your obedient servant, The Secretary Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada www collections canada.gc.ca Ottawa, October 21st, 19353. Sir, I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your 99-19th of the 5th instant, enclosing the September quarter return of the Onion Lake C. E. Indian Residential School. Please inform the Principal that the discharge of the following pupils is approved: Flora Peters Aene Sonar Mary Piste Marie Fraser Anna Bunn Wilfred Badger Francis Wright No applications or certificates of health have yet been received for the undermentioned children: Bernice Gardapee Ee Fox The necessary forms for the above should be forwarded as soon as possible. Your obedient servant, XD a C4 Sv eter oS Cots De-Sutherland. Acting Supt. of Indian Education, J. T. Hill, Zeq-, Indian Agent, Onion Lake, Sask. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES Canada Library and Archives Canada Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Appropriation for admission of the undermentioned child into Residential School; to remain therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper: Religion. A Ay: Lacy Does applicant speak English Previously attended to Ale a a ho ven VOars. x A, Rife be SoM hs... Sekai ( Signature of Father Norr—I{ mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. I recommend the admission of the above child, who is of good moral character and is eligible to be .dmitted as a grant-earning pupil. I hereby certify that the above application for admission has been read over and interpreted to the parent or guardian and that the contents were understood by him or her and that 1 witnessed his or her signature to this document. Ya Sree re ’itness) *Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness Notr—Ali the above particulars must be fully given, espect ally the “‘Name of Band,” “No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is p nid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child, When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application Form No. 21. (OVER) Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVE ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada \wwv-.collectionscanada.ge.ca CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and Number and Band of Parent or Guardian:— Candidate's Name.............. ‘ Nee he, , & Bog ee Height... Weight State defects of limbs, if any. State defects of eyesight, if any.... Describe what cutaneous disease, if any.......... State whether subject to fits ........sseseeres State whether child has had small-pox State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School 2..... * aoe 2 1 certify that I have made“a personal examination of the above-named applicant, and iP at set down by me are correct. As for Keech... N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease is to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE OF CANADA INDIAN AGENT Duck Lake, Sask. 9062=4-0L |/ Vetober +Oth 1933 I have the honour to forward her with Application for Admission and Certificate of Health, of Huben Edmond Burns, pay ticket #29 James Smith's “and, to the Union Lake Anglican indian Residential School. I recommend that the admission be approved. I have the honour to be The Secretary must servant - —“-— ye Department of Indian Affairs. Sow Cn Ottawa, Ont. C A, tt “ / CoP. Schmidt a Indian Agente Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and letter of the 10th ultimo, I beg to say you may inform the Principal of the Onion Lake C.E. Residential School that the admission of Ruben Edmond Burns is approved. Your obedient servant, J. D. Sutherland, Acting Supt. of Indian Education. G.P. Schmidt, Eq., Indian Agent Duck Lake, Sask. Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada Bibliothéque et Archives Canada www collections canada.ge.ca “ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE Division Sub-Division Detachment “¥" Vs Borth Battleford, union Lake 63. District Date as katohewene Cte Sth, 1935. Arms Ambrose NIKv-Truant Indian child, References Anglican Mission, Union Lake, which SE CEES ee i Headquarters The with reference to the above. In the P.u. of this date I was informed by “€¥eH.Sllig of the above mentioned Mission that the above named disappeared from the Mission about Noon and had not returned, and wished me to endeavour and Logate Division or Dist. hime This same date is patrolled per Auto Livery, no volice irameport being available, to the Meriddan Ferry and made enquiries there as to whether any children had crossed there that one day, and was informed that no Indian child had crossed there. I Sub-Division then returned to union Lake with the intention of patrolling the Hewitt's Landing ferry, and in the meantime telephoned to every 34th brag) KeBllie with e View of further discussing this matter with him, 7 and he informed me that the above named had returned to the Misgions about a hour previous to this Detachment . Se Copges of this Gets forwarded direct to union Lake Inq Onion lake dian Agenays 176033. 4a Expense statement submitted. a P.C.R. c : = CONGLULEDs )\ ei FArm3-+— constables , Regs Moe 10865. Ke’. Yompoon lat. YC Onion Lake Leta diment. a Fyle numbers must be quoted. Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658- PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.gc.ca // f-/-/0 FORM 260 THE COMMISSIONER, nS pe Potice, oe ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE HEADQUARTI (C.1.B.) IN REPLY PLEASE QUOTE Fyue No.....29..2_ 1050 @ 26. canara OCtober 20, 1935. LG Sone tip WUE FALLS NO..ccccccccccccvsses a,. ‘a Dear Sir: Re: Ambrose BIRD = Indian Act - Onion Leake, Sask. Attached, for your information, copy of report from the Officer Commanding at Regina, dated the 8th instant, and such enclosures if any, as are mentioned therein. Yours truly, Lamy for D.C.I. The Deputy Superintendent General, Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa. Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLISHED Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.gc.ca ond APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada, Sir,— I hereby make application for admission of the undermentioned child into a Residential School; to remain therein under the provisions of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper; Indian name of child..... English name Age Name of Band Father's full name and No,.......0...0ey Mother's full name and No............. Pa secets Giyleag 0 Gai 00 seccessessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessiocessi Norr—If mother or guardian dant' cata must forward full explanatory note, hereby certify that the above application for I recommend the admission of the above child, admission has been read over and interpreted to who is of good moral character and is eligible to be the parent or guardian and that the contents were admitted as a grant-earning pupil. Understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document. (Signature of ‘Missionary or other Witness) Agent Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. Note—All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the “‘Name of Band,” “‘No. of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid’ and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application. form No. 21. (OVER) Indian Affairs. (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada \wwvi.collectionscanada.ge.ca CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH Annuity Ticket, Name and number and Band of Parent or Guardian:— 7 y y Age .. Height Weight. State defects of limbs, if any..... State detects of eyesight, if any................ State defects of hearing, if any State signs of scrofula or other forms of tubercular disease, if amy. ce PATE. Seo cccccccccccessseesuecsesesesneene Describe what cutaneous disease, if any....... deta AKO eM Selassie 2 = State whether subject to fits . prentinee a) _ State whether child has had small-pox... “A State whether vaccinated, and if so, in what year fe oo Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to enter an Indian School i certify that I have made a personal examination of the above-named applic PL; thytthe answers set down by me are correct. N.B.—No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease is to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Depart- ment setting forth the facts. Indian Affairs, (RG 10, Volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5) PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES CANADA Library and Archives Canada / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada www.collectionscanada.gc.ca @ APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION To the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, Canada. Sir,— I hereby make application,for admission pf the undermentioned child into a. se a Residential School; to remain~ therein under the guardianship of the Principal for such term as the Department of Indian Affairs may deem proper: Indian name of child........ Name of Band No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid es Father's full name and No............. ys ~aex Mother's full name and No. ......... Parents living or dead State of child's health Religion .. Does applicant speak English ?.......... Previously attended..... Nore—If mother or guardian signs, agent must forward full explanatory note. 1 recommend the admission of the above child, who is of good moral character and is eligible to be idmitted as a grant-earning pupil. I hereby certify that the above application for admission has been read over and interpreted to the parent or guardian and that the contents were understood by him or her and that I witnessed his or her signature to this document (Signature of Missionary or other Witness) *Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness Nore—All the above particulars must be iully given, espect illy the “Name of Band," “‘No., of ticket under which child’s annuity is paid” and “Religion.” The minimum age for admission is seven (7) years, except in the case of an orphan, destitute or neglected child. When application is made for the admission of such cases, full particulars should accompany the application Form No. 21.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63061582
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Ajordat, MOHIT VERMA, Sampath, asbovelw, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1077309, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10810527, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11135166, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1924047
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core.js:6272 ERROR Error: Uncaught (in promise): HttpErrorResponse: {"headers":{"normalizedNames" SendGrid and Cloud Firestore
I have used the SendGrid NodeJS library with Firebase Cloud function. It works fine and I can send an Email. But it shows below error on the Ionic/Angular client app's console after the fire below Cloud function. Do you know why?
core.js:6272 ERROR Error: Uncaught (in promise):
HttpErrorResponse: {"headers":{"normalizedNames":
{},"lazyUpdate":null},"status":200,"statusText":"OK","url":"https://my-
app.cloudfunctions.net/sendEmail","ok":false,"name":"HttpErrorResponse","message"
:"Http failure during parsing for https://my-
app.cloudfunctions.net/sendEmail","error":{"error":{},"text":"success"}}
at resolvePromise (zone-evergreen.js:793)
at zone-evergreen.js:707
at SafeSubscriber._error (Observable.js:91)
at SafeSubscriber.__tryOrUnsub (Subscriber.js:183)
at SafeSubscriber.error (Subscriber.js:135)
at Subscriber._error (Subscriber.js:75)
at Subscriber.error (Subscriber.js:55)
at MapSubscriber._error (Subscriber.js:75)
at MapSubscriber.error (Subscriber.js:55)
at FilterSubscriber._error (Subscriber.js:75)
package.json
{
"name": "functions",
"scripts": {
"lint": "tslint --project tsconfig.json",
"build": "tsc",
"serve": "npm run build && firebase emulators:start --only functions",
"shell": "npm run build && firebase functions:shell",
"start": "npm run shell",
"deploy": "firebase deploy --only functions",
"logs": "firebase functions:log"
},
"engines": {
"node": "10"
},
"main": "lib/index.js",
"dependencies": {
"@sendgrid/mail": "^7.2.1",
"@types/cors": "^2.8.6",
"axios": "^0.19.2",
"cors": "^2.8.5",
"firebase-admin": "^8.10.0",
"firebase-functions": "^3.6.1"
},
"devDependencies": {
"tslint": "^5.12.0",
"typescript": "^3.8.0",
"firebase-functions-test": "^0.2.0"
},
"private": true
}
Cloud Function
import * as functions from 'firebase-functions';
import * as sgMail from '@sendgrid/mail';
import * as cors from 'cors';
const corsHandler = cors({ origin: true });
export const sendEmail = functions.https.onRequest((request, response) => {
return corsHandler(request, response, async () => {
const apiKey = functions.config().sendgrid.key;
const emailTemplateId = functions.config().sendgrid.template;
sgMail.setApiKey(apiKey);
const email = {
templateId: emailTemplateId,
from: 'me@y.com',
to: 'me@y.com',
dynamic_template_data: {
firstName: request.body.firstName,
lastName: request.body.lastName,
},
};
try {
await sgMail.send(email);
response.send('success');
} catch (err) {
console.log("Send Email request failure", err);
response.send('failure');
}
});
});
Client app's service
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient, HttpHeaders } from '@angular/common/http';
import { environment } from 'src/environments/environment';
import { SellMyHouseModel } from 'src/app/models/sell-my-house.model';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class SendEmailService {
constructor(private httpClint: HttpClient) { }
sendEmail(sellMyHouse: SellMyHouseModel): Promise<any> {
return this.httpClint.post(environment.cloudFunctionUrl + 'sendEmail', sellMyHouse, this.createHeader('application/json')).toPromise();
}
private createHeader(contentType: string): any {
return { headers: new HttpHeaders({ 'Content-Type': contentType }) };
}
}
I didn't understand where the error is being triggered, but the error message is telling you that an error was triggered during a Promise but it wasn't catched. Take a look at the Promise's catch method.
Also on your client's service there's a typo, you used httpClint instead of httpClient. This doesn't cause an issue with the code though.
@Ajordat Yes, it was Typo. I'll fix that. Thanks!. Do you think try/catch will give more info here or what?
The try/catch should give more info, yes. Could you solve your issue?
@asbovelw I have put the answer. Please see it.
I have done it like so and no more above issue. i.e. responseType: 'text'
private createHeader(contentType: string): any {
return { headers: new HttpHeaders({ 'Content-Type': contentType }), responseType: 'text' };
}
You saved my day. My api was returning plain string but default response type of request is json.
So we need to fix at either of the places.
| 22,452 |
sn83025121_1890-05-20_1_9_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,890 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,031 | 7,847 |
HONOKAA MURDER CASE (Continued from sixth page.) The case was set for trial on October 2nd, when I was in the courtroom. I knew Goto, known here about two years ago, saw him leave on a pole on the 29th of October when I was working. This was a little more than twenty japs with me. Steele and Gove were alone. Steele and Gove were alone. Steele and Gove were alone. Steele and Gove were alone. I did not recognize the Japanese there. Inna told me it was Goto. Mette came to the place where he was staying. Steele did not know about Goto. Saw Goto on the 25th day before he was here, he was in the case to my house. Am one of the three Japs that Gove demanded the case. I saw Goto as my house. I saw Goto in the house. I saw Goto arrive, but did not see him. He came about 5:30, five japs with his. They all came into the house. I suppose they stayed over an hour. I was in the house. Goto fell. I went out for a short time for necessary and three or four minutes later, I saw two white and black horses. I saw what they looked like White hogshead to Steele and black horse overbad. Men were on the horses. The use into Overend's is kept open as usual all of the time. It is used by bass and bass, and laborers pass through so many times a day. I could tell that horse, looked very much like a horse, and often times a day. I could not tell the men. Night was dark, and at 10 o'clock the sky cleared and chastened and twelve and after. From where I saw them was between and twenty yards from me. It was customary to see horsemen carry by at that one of right. I said to myself that it is the horse's horse, why I could not be carried back so late. I said it is also. I bought things. Goose's stare most of the time. Other days at the same place. I did not know that Goose was coming to my house that night. I knew of some Jans coming to see. They left to see here about. The came on foot and had lacerated with saw them start. They were gone half hours. There were fifteen in the house. They were there having good but no drinking. They did not stay at home, the meeting was a peaceable one. They dispersed one by one. Ten men live in the house. Do act remember how they were there besides the house. In October there were able among the Japs. I had to sleep before 8 o'clock. I worked that day in case field and west early to work about two miles and worked all day. Sat until 9 and then went to bed and at 11 had not seen to sleep. I was there about matters. This is the same I have been in Court in this case. An officer had talked to me about the case in Hamakua, before Sacramento. In December last year, none had talked to me about the case in Hamakua. I saw horses; it was not fight, not seeing the dock. Naya, sworn, stated I live in at Overead's Plantation. I knew Got v. He is dead, first knew of his death on October 29th last. On the 25th, when I was gone to work the luna of George, I sold the place. The night before my room, I had about forty yards from the road. That night heard a man who was a horse. I was one of Mr. Steele's. There was one horse, it was about 20 yards from the road. Later, he was going towards the Hoookea road. Heard horses passing that night. Not less than two horses. That was, I believe, after stage certain. Did not see else that night. I have sworn, stated I live at Hoookea at Overread's Plantation. To work there January, '58. I knew 30o in his head. He is dead. Be as bang, found hanging on the floor of October last in the room about 5 o'clock. I was caught to telephone pole near Coorc House, a pole with a crossbar. The man was behind as. Could not see Goto I saw him hanging there. Know Goto by being told that it was him George, the Japanese. Saw Goto last after the room in Jap quarters. I was there before Goto came. He came about 5 or 5 o'clock. I live at house 20. 7. That noose is above Goto's house. I stayed in that house about 9. After I got there There cooked something and went to bed about 9. After I went to bed saw a horse passing. She horse was white. The horse as Steele's. There was a Tremendous noise on the horse. There was a horse that thought it was a Tom Saw she horse from the window. I coached and opened the window and saw the horse and Steele, Horse was coming to Hoosier. Perhaps was 10 or half-past. Had been asleep just a short time. That is all I saw. This is the window. Shows on I opened the window yri? The saw the horse did not say -Hr t aiadins in the room, but opened the window to spit and then saw the horse. That was the first time that I j5 a cooghingftt and spit. The horse was some towards Hoookaa. To one which was when I saw the horse. Others were there asleep. The horse was not as fast, but trotting. It was a light, not very dark. No rain. Did see soeik to the horseman. Had been morning: had to go to work just two miles beyond Hoookaa. Went about both ways. Came to me and attended meeting and then went to bed. This cooghing spells all night. Am the horse was going to the Hoookaa road. Bright night. Had a small lamp my room. smoke swom, states j. ue a. c,H liOtO. He IS now "r: -TT.TKQ Ta y ne was nnag io icKtuuus j.v. ociLe 29th of October last. Saw him there at 6 a-x- Did not recognize him, box afterwards heard it was Goto. The vexnag before was at my friend's house. Hrvaki's boose, for is near our Loase, law Steele that evening Think it was xeeie oa a horse on the upper road. Was 1 this house shows house on m3pj. " eni Examine the house and saw a white horse passing. The horse was white, sad it looked like Steele's horse. Saw the horse going out towards the Cross-examined. There were about 90 birds between us of a very dark moon. I do not know whether. Okaraoco sworn, stated I Eve at Honokzs, Overend's Plantation. Have been there five or six months. Knew Got. Know he was hanged. Saw him hanging on the morning of October 29th. The night before was at quarters and saw Goto. "That was after S. jr. Goto was nearly an hour in the house. During that time I went out of the house to look for Goto's horse. That was about twenty minutes after 9. Came out on the veranda and went to the horse. I pointed out place on map. Saw that a man was here in the road, at that time. Believe it was Luna Tom. He was dressed in white. Could not tell his face. He was under a tree. I coughed and walked back to the house, I went back and told Goto his horse was safe, but had seen a man going back towards the office. Cross-examined I was here points on map when first saw the man. He was on foot. Could not see his features. He had a hat on, was a tall man. Only coughed as I said as I had not seen at first that it was a man, only a white thing, so I coughed and the man went away towards the office. After I told Goto I went away. The people were all together when I went away. Went to my room and went to bed. Heard the voice of horses. Went right to bed and to sleep I labor in the field. Yemangushi sworn, stated Live at Honokaa on Overend's Plantation. Knew Gototo, the storekeeper. He is dead. Last saw him the morning of the 23rd. He was dead and hanging to a telephone pole. Do not know who hanged him. The evening before I was at the quarters of Omuda, in a house down below. That house is about twenty-six yards from upper road, and the next to Honokaa road. Was all the time in my house that evening. Went there about 6. Have a wife. Stayed in the house all the time. Went to bed about 8. Heard the noise of passing horses. Did not see anything. Think it was about midnight. The noise was the sound of two horses passing. They were coming from Honokaa road towards Overend's. Cross-examined Five people live in that house with me. They were all there on that evening, and we did not all return together. They were all there when I went to bed. Three men beside myself. I went to bed the first of all. Do not know when the others went to bed. I went to bed the first of all. Do not know when the others went to bed. I went to sleep. Don't know what took place in the house after I went to bed. Only heard the noise of horses. Only lifted up my head at the time. All were asleep and did not hear it. Think it was about 12, do not know positively about the time. The road is a dirt road. The ground was soft not hard. Could tell that there were two horses. They were not going fast or slow. The night was dark. By the Court Was wakened by this noise. The Court then took a recess. and after recess adjourned till Saturday 9 ji. Saturday, May 10, 9 A.m. A juror was asked if his pillows were hard, and he answered they were. The Court said softer ones would be furnished. Isaac sworn, I lived last October at Honokaa. Am clerk in Goto's store. Have lived with him nine months. Goto is dead; he has been killed. I first heard of his death on the morning of the 29th October. I was called by someone and I went and saw his body near telephone post. There were a number of men there, but I do not remember them. Goto had no difficulty with anyone that I know of. During my stay in the store, I did not know of any trouble. I know of some trouble in the matter of burnt fields. Trouble was with Mr. Overend. I knew that Mr. Overend said that he did not interpret aright, and wanted him excused. Goto was not married, and he did not live with another woman, weight before he was hung. I knew that he had bought a horse. I was in Goto the eve before he was hung. Goto and I talked about the horse and about paying part of the purchase price. He bought it two days before he was hung. Goto and I talked about the horse that he bought before. The same horse I spoke of. He paid for the horse; I saw a transaction. Money paid to that Jap that came from Kohala. There were no words between the men. I do not know how much he paid, but I think $50 the first time and $10 that day. He was dressed in white coat and shirt. I do not know the color of the witness is then asked to look around the room and see if there is any color like it, and he does not see any. Pants were blue denim. Hat not straw. (Catches identified, shirt identified, pants identified, hat went identified, shoe identified.) I did not see Goto come back that evening. Saw him next morning when he was dead. I sleep in the store. Goto usually sleeps in the store. The same house that I do. Goto's business was storekeeper, general merchandise and groceries. Business was about five or six hundred dollars per month. He had Japanese trade mostly. Sometimes foreigners and kanakas. Bills were collected monthly. I can read Japanese. (Book is shown and identified as Goto's.) Store and sleeping room are separate. Store and sleeping rooms are about six yards apart. In the sleeping house there are 4 rooms. Goto has one and other Japs have others. Store from telephone post is about 200 yards. I went to bed about 11 o'clock. Brought light from store to my room. Did not so out that night. From road to where I sleep is from ten to twelve yards. I heard noise that night and it was one of the horses. This was before I went to bed. This was in the store, but I did not see anybody. When Goto went away the shirt was not torn. I know Mills, Steele and Blabon. On October 1st I did not see them. Do not know who hung Goto. "When cane field was fired then there was some difficulty with the plantation. Trouble was with Mr. Overend." Ad Goto and not with the defendants. Mr. Steele advised Mr. Overend I do not understand English. Goto told me that Steele advised Mr. Overend. Saw Goto's horse next morning, the 29th, at the Lyceum buildings. Building is south from the telephone pole. You get to Lyceum by road. Building is manka from the road. From the road it is six or eight yards. Telephone post is eight or ten yards away. I found horse at 5 or 9 yards. Horse was saddled and tied up to post with a rope. Remember that rope was one that I had seen Goto 128 for the horse. From road to the Lyceum you go up a small path. Horse was tied in the Lyceum premises, it was tied right in the path. None lives in the Lyceum for other buildings is there. The building is used for services. By the Court There are some English characters in the book Goto understood English. He could write in English. Do not know where order book was that night. Goto's store is about six or eight yards from Mills. Goto first moved into the store two months before October. His store before that was in the place that we sleep in sow. Dwelling and store are separated. Know Blabon, but I do not know a here he lives. Cross examined no quarrel with anyone else. I stayed at the store constantly. I knew about Goto's business; the buying and selling. Goto went to Honolulu twice while I was there. Business was managed first time by a Jap and second time by me. About two months before he died he went to Honolulu. He carried a large stock. Stock of goods. Time before the store opened, he bought something from Mills in Honokaa. He did not buy in large quantities from Mills. Hauling of his goods from landing were done by Mills. All the heavy freight was hauled by Mills; smaller goods were hauled by Japs or taken by Japs. Goto went to Mills store to buy things that he was out of. I remember all the clothes as belonging to Goto. Perhaps I may have made a mistake in the stripes of the shirt, but that is the shirt he wore. Edwin Thomas sworn, stated I am Judge of the Police court in Hamakua. Have been Judge since last October. I got my commission on the 28th October. I came from Waipio on Sunday and on Monday my commission was read to me. Slept in the jailor's house Sunday night-All day Monday I was at Honokaa. Slept in the jailor's house that night and was there from dark till I went to bed. I was out and in several times. I was having conversation with the jailor, and I went to bed about 12 o'clock. It was kind of windy that night; it was not cloudy. Got up I thought about 5 o'clock the next morning. When I was dressing myself I heard someone on horseback, and someone came and called for Johnny. I went out and saw Mr. Over-end at the office and he said, Edwin. Come quick, there is a Jap on the telephone post hanging himself, or has hung himself. I thought he was chaffing. He called again, and I went out where I could see post and I saw something hanging. It was light enough to see plainly. I sang out to jailor to get Knife to cut him down. Looked at the rope and saw that it could be unfastened, and lowered man down. When he came down he was stiff and looked as though he had been dead some time. I saw that he was dead and I said that if I had known that I would not have let him down. Then I laid him down flat on his back. Could not recognize who he was, but the Japs said, Goto. Did not recognize him then, for his face was black. He had white coat on and gray shirt. Coat was torn on the back. When I lowered him down the coat was torn on the back. (Witness then points where it was torn on the C. J.'s back.) The coat was torn I think right from the shoulder down; torn clear down to the bottom. The lower end of the rope was tied low down on the pole, about five feet from the ground, and wound around the post three or four times and had a half hitch. At the top of the pole to my recollection the rope was over the crossbar between the first wire and the pole. (Picture shown of the pole and cross-bar on pole pointed out,) The cross-bar is at right angles to the road. Rope was on the mountain side of the cross-bar. The rope on the cross-bar was not tied, but thrown over the cross-bar once. Could not have reached the feet of the body if I had tried. I am five feet eleven inches. The body was about a foot from cross-piece. Man had hat and one slipper right under telephone pole. Would recognize hat and slipper again if I saw them. They are shown and recognized.) They were "right at foot of post. The rope went over cross-bar and the other end was around Goto's neck. The knot was a regular hangman's knot. Knot of rope was on side of Goto's neck. Think it was on the right side. Man was facing I think towards Hilo. When I lowered him down he came down facing Kope shown and identified. I think knot was on right side of neck. By the Court I lowered him down and T. Steele was on a horse and I told him to take hold of rope so I could lower him down. Overend was there. Examination continued. The feet were tied fast around the knees. Legs were tied with the rope I think strand from rope he was hung with. The rope was a new one. It was not dirty. Arms were tied behind his back with the same kind of rope that the legs were tied up. (He places Judge's hands in the same position). He was securely tied. Where rope went over cross bar, I noticed that it had cut in to the bar. I know where the Lyceum is. The telephone post was second from the courthouse. Pole in front of the Lyceum there is. Lyceum is an open lot and is some distance from the road. In front of Lyceum there is a rail to tie horses to. I saw a horse tied there, a white horse, and he had a Mexican saddle on him. I have seen the horse at the post place, I lowered the man down and laid him on his back, and I subpoenaed a jury. I told Mr. Overfield to go over and get Mills, after that I went to the jailor's house and dressed myself fully. While I was dressing myself Mills came to the telephone pole. Johnny said Mills is calling for us to go and bring the Jap into the court house, and I said don't bring him in until we have the inquest. Overend said Mills is mad with you because you will not bring the body in. I said well, he must get over it for the body will not be brought in until an inquest is had and jury must be called. Mills then went right by. He was there about ten minutes. I was not at the pole when he was there. The hat and shoe were left there by the pole. The other shoe I could not find. I hunted all around for it, around the schoolhouse and in Lyceum yard, and from where Jap was hung, and below the road and down to the cemetery. I spent several days and could not find anything of it. I was certain that it was not around there at all. I am coroner for that district. After Lyman got there and we had jury it looked squally and so we brought the body into the court house. We had not untied him until the doctor got there. I cannot remember all the jury that I had, but Millsras clerk. I heard the evidence on that day. I had some Japs from Overend's place. The doctor got there about 8 p.m. Doctor was from Hilo. Not Dr. Greenfield. He was in Kohala. I do not know the doctor's name, I have forgotten it. He examined the body that evening. He cut the ropes from the hands and legs, but did not disturb the knot. During the inquest I remember that something passed between Mills and Lyman. Mills objected to put down a question that Mr. Moore asked him, and one word brought on another, and Mills said he would not have anything to do with the matter and went out. Inquest was held only one day to my recollection. I think we examined the inquest that night. Mr. Overend was at the inquest I did not see Steele there. I recall Steele giving evidence. He gave his evidence and then went away. I did not converse with Mills as to who might have done the murder. I said the man that hung the Jap ought to be hung himself, and he said that is so, I think the Japs down at Overend's hung him. Cross-examined, I got there and lowered the Jap right down. I was afraid. I suppose forty or fifty Japs were there. Steele was there, he assisted me by holding the rope. I unfastened the rope and let Steele have the rope and got hold of the body. After that, Mills and Overend got there, He and Mills got there afterwards. I did not have time to look around and see if he was there before. Mills was not long in coming over. I do not recall whether I was at telephone post when he came. I think that Overend went right away. I had no conversation with Mills and Steele that I know of. Mills wanted the body out of the way. Body was quite cold and rigid. I left no policemen in charge of the body but left someone else. Body was removed to the courthouse after ten, jury was commenced after eleven. I think we had twelve jurors. The jurors' names were given to an officer under my direction and they were subpoenaed. We commenced work a little after eleven. Jury were all there when we commenced. The inquest was carried on peacefully. Question put by Moore was objected to being put down by Mills. Mills went away and I sang out to him to come back. Question was asked over again and I could not tell whether it was put down or not. There was nothing else in regard to the clerk. (Record is now asked to be introduced by the defense and objected to by the prosecution as being too premature in the case. Judge is not pressed for a decision and one is not given and Record is not produced. Davidson says that the Record of an inquest is the first thing brought into any court to prove the murder, and he does not see why it has not been brought in this instance. His knowledge of other courts is that the records are always brought in first, etc.) I sent for Mills for he is a special policeman or was. I told him afterwards that I wanted him as secretary. He did his work satisfactorily. He was questioned the same as the rest. By the Court I called twelve men. I looked at the law. Do not remember whether I called twelve or six men. Dr. R. B. Williams sworn, stated I am a physician and graduated in November, 1887, in California. I have been practicing here on these Islands since December 10, 1888. I first practiced on Maui in the district of Hana as Government physician, came to Hilo about 10th October, 1889. Last October I was sent for to go to Honokaa. I left here at half after Sa.h. and arrived there at 5 p.m. Of the same day, I was sent for by the Sheriff of Hawaii to hold an autopsy on the dead body of a Japanese. I held the autopsy. I got there in the evening and found the body in the courthouse of Honolulu. I found the body lying on a wide board and everything ready for me to go to work. All the clothes were on the body, rope was around the neck and body appeared as when taken down from pole. Hands were tied behind the back. I examined the body at the time, and commenced work about 15 minutes after I got there. Everything was ready for me to go right on with my work. In the first place, I viewed the face of the man and then I next felt of the scalp to look for fracture of the skull, then I loosened rope so that I could see the neck. Then rope was taken off, the body then turned over and the next thing the clothes were taken off. I noticed the way the ropes were tied; the clothes were all taken off the body, and body left perfectly nude. The face was swollen and slightly bruised on the forehead. That is about all about the face. The face had every appearance of suffocation and had a livid appearance. There were marks on the neck. Two spots where the skin was broken, and there were more or less marks all around the neck. These were marks on either side of larynx that I thought rope made at first. Bruises were to the opposite side of abrasions. The tongue was not protruding but blood was oozing from the nostrils. Eyes had a staring appearance but not bulging. I examined other parts of the body and found no other marks except where the ropes had made marks around the wrists and legs. After this, I then made an examination of the brain, lungs, heart, liver, and stomach. I took out the brain and examined it. Examined the heart, the right ventricle was filled with dark venous blood, the left ventricle partly filled with lighter blood, arterial blood. The lungs were congested and were partly filled with dark venous blood. The heart could not force the blood in the lungs, consequently the right ventricle was filled with venous blood. Heart and lungs were not as far as I could make out. The brain was congested and in places clots of blood could be seen. By the Court: About neck. I did not dissect the neck. I moved it around in every way and found more mobility than there ought to be and found that neck was broken. Examination continued: The stomach was examined, the contents taken out and stomach itself was examined. It was slightly extended owing probably to the gases. There was nothing abnormal about the stomach. The contents were brought to Hilo for chemical analysis. When I saw the body, the man had been dead some time. I could not say how long. After death rigor mortis sets in, I should say Hamakua, from all the way from four to six hours. Under the circumstances rigor mortis must have set in earlier. After it sets in, there is not much change in the body for some hours. If the weather is warm, the change comes sooner. After rigor mortis sets in, it would be hard to tell how long man had been killed. By the Court The brain was congested from the want of circulation. Under the circumstances, congestion was from violent causes. Examination continued, I felt satisfied that the neck was broken. To the best of my knowledge, the neck was broken. The Japanese doctor was with me. The main opinion is that the man died from suffocation. Hanging is one form of suffocation. Death from hanging is caused in two ways. In one congestion of brain and another congestion of the lungs, the blood is poisoned, the brain becomes congested, and the brain loses consciousness and then the heart ceases to beat. The congestion of the lungs was one reason why I knew he died from suffocation. Respiration was cut off by the rope around the neck. I thought abrasions were caused by the rope and still think so. Contents of the stomach were examined by Dr. Mourifz and myself, and we tested for all of the ordinary poisons, but could not find any indications of poison. The examination at HoDoka took till 9:20, I think. If the neck was broken, it would not cause any death almost instantly. Cross-examination I could not tell how long body had been dead. Death was the result of strangulation, in my opinion if a person dies of mental shock, the lungs, heart, and brain are not congested. There will not be a decided abnormal condition of the lungs. There will be different appearance of the vessels entirely. If a man's neck is dislocated suddenly, he would die almost instantly. It is quite clear, in my mind, that the abrasions of the skin and swollen appearance were caused by the rope, as the body was pulled from the ground. I removed the upper part of the skull and examined the brain I saw the brain in its entirety. The ropes tied on the legs were around the pants. On the hands, were around the skin of the wrists. The tongue did not protrude. As a rule, the tongue does not protrude from the mouth. Eyelids were open, but eyes did not protrude from head. By the Court, the knot was on the right side of the neck. The marks on the throat were on either side of the jaw. The Court then adjourned till 1 p.m. R. A. Lyman recalled and locates distances between Overend, Mills and Holmes' store and Goto's store, etc. The map is then swown to the jury, and all the places described to them. Cross-examined Distance between the mauka and makai road about 190 ft. Distance from quarters out to the cut, 645 ft. James Murray sworn, stated I live at Honokaa and take charge of the horses. I know T. Steele. He called at my house once, I think. On the Sunday previous to the murder as near as I can remember. He came in the evening somewhere between 7 and 9. I had turned in. Williams' rooms with me. "We occupy different beds." Steele came and knocked at the door and I sang out, come in, as I thought the door was unfastened. But it was not and Williams unfastened the door. Steele wanted something to drink and I offered him a drink of what there was left but he would not take it. I had met him several times. Had both called at his house and he had not asked me to call on him. Williams gave him a drink of water and a chair, and he sat down. He talked with us, but I do not remember what he said. Recollect that he said something about slugging. He said, I do not care for the Japs. Think he said, I do not care. Slugging means bodily injury. Plugging was used in connection with the Japs. By the Court, the fire had taken place the week before. Cross examined Mr. Steele did not state the object of his visit. I was present at the fire. He thanked me for my services. He did not say that he came for the purpose of thanking me. There was nothing very distinct that I can remember. Nothing startling in our conversation that would make a lasting impression upon me. John Williams sworn, stated I live at Honokaa and am employed by the Honokaa Sugar Co. I live with James Murray, in the same room, but do not sleep in the same bed. I know Mr. Steele. Remember of his coming to pay us a visit, think it was between 7 and 9. The Sunday before the Jap was hung. I was lying down at the time. When he came in he asked for something to drink. There was one drink on the table and I told him to take it. Simply heard the word fire mentioned and when he was about to leave he made mention of the word slugging. Do not know what he applied slugging to. He never had visited ns before. We have simply a passing acquaintance. Cross examination I live towards Mills' from Lyceum. Had met Steele before. He thanked me before for attending the fire and helping. Was reading at the time that he came in. Nothing remarkable at the time impressed me. The Court adjourned at 2:20 p. ar. till 9 a. m. Monday morning, May 12th. WILDEH'S Steamship Company (LIMITED.) STME. KIjStATT LOKK.NZEX : : : Conimauder. Will leave Honolulu at 2 o'clock p. touching at Lahiina.'MaAlafra Bay and Jlakena tbe same day; Mahnkona. Kawaihae. and Lanpanochoe lie followinRday. arriving at Hilo at midnight. lxates aosoLCLc: Tuesday. Friday Tnesaay,.. Friday,.... Tuesday Fridav Tcesday,.. Friday. ... Tuesday,.. April 1 April 11 Anril22 May 2 May 13 May23 ....Jnne 3 Jane 11 Jane 24 Wednesday,.. ..April 9 Saturday,... ....April 19 Wednesday,.... April 30 Saturday,.... ..I.May 10 Wednesday, May 21 Saturday, Uiy 31 Wednesday.... .Jane It Saturday,. Jane 21 Wednesday,.... .July 2 STME. LIKELIKE DA.TIE8 : : : : Comranailer. Leaves Honolulu each week for Kaanakakai, Kahulni. Huelo, Keanae, Hana, Hamoa and Klp&hula. STMR. "HAWAII CAMERON : s : CoBimaHcIer.' Leaves Honolulu for Haaakna. SKILAUEA HOU arvE : 1 Commander. Leaves Honolulu each week for and Ookala. STMRLEHUA CLARKE : : : Commander. LesTes Honolulu each week for Hakalau, and Onnmea. STME. MOKOLII arcGREGOK : : : Commander. Leave Honolulu each week for Kaanakakai, Karnalo. Pnkoo. Mb ulna, Olowaln. Lanai, Moa nai. Halawa,Wailau, Pelefconu and Kalaupapa. TICKETS per S. S.KLAU for the V0LCAK0 : : : $50 W. C. WILDER, President. S. B. ROSE, Secretary. C. J. Kiso, Port Superintendent-OFFICE Corner Fort and Queen Streets, WANTED! ALASKA EXPERTS TO Housekeeping, desires a Holiday durinz either July, August or September, school climate pretexted on one of the other Islands. H. Picnic Hampers, Bugs, Mats, Carpets, Clothing, Tweeds, Ginghams, Hosiery, Scarfs, Underwear, Braces, Sofa Pillows, Gloves, Flouncing, Embroidery, Curtains, Table Napkins, Table Cloths, Water-proof Coats, Artificial Flowers, Dust Cloaks, Pajama Suits, Dinner Sets, Tea Sets, Desert Sets, Fancy Crockery, Common Crockery, Wedgewood Ware, Vases, Umbrella Stands, Decanters, Salad Bowls, Mash Sets, Flower Pots, Filters, Etc., Etc. Theo. H. Davies & Co. 133.
| 33,111 |
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy%21%20Ultimate%20Tournament%20of%20Champions
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions&action=history
|
Simple English
|
Spoken
| 156 | 257 |
The Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions was a special tournament done during the 21st season of the American television game show Jeopardy!. 145 contestants who won past Jeopardy! tournaments or won five games played in a 15 week tournament. It lasted from February 9 to May 25, 2005.
In this tournament, the two finalists from four rounds of play went against Ken Jennings, who is Season 21's biggest winner and, at the time, was the highest winner on a game show with $2,522,700. Those contestants played for a prize of $2,000,000. The two finalists were Brad Rutter and Jerome Vered. Rutter was the show's second-highest winner, while Vered had set a one-day winnings record of $34,000 in 1992. Rutter won the three-day final and the $2,000,000 prize, claiming the record from Jennings.
Related pages
Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions
References
Other websites
Official Jeopardy! website
J! Archive - recaps of all Ultimate Tournament of Champions games
Jeopardy!
| 45,346 |
https://github.com/KyleAMathews/w3dd1n6-5173/blob/master/gatsby-config.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
w3dd1n6-5173
|
KyleAMathews
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 39 | 189 |
module.exports = {
plugins: [
`gatsby-plugin-emotion`,
{
resolve: `gatsby-plugin-typography`,
options: {
pathToConfigModule: `src/utils/typography`,
},
},
{
resolve: `gatsby-source-filesystem`,
options: {
name: `images`,
path: `${__dirname}/images/`,
},
},
`gatsby-transformer-sharp`,
`gatsby-plugin-sharp`,
{
resolve: `gatsby-plugin-google-analytics`,
options: {
trackingId: "UA-128882377-1",
},
},
],
};
| 25,561 |
https://github.com/bickfordb/Shotwell/blob/master/src/Chromaprint.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Shotwell
|
bickfordb
|
C
|
Code
| 34 | 133 |
#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
// vim: set filetype=objcpp
extern NSString *kChromaprintAPIKey;
int ChromaprintFingerprint(NSString *url, NSString **fingerprint, int *duration);
NSDictionary *AcoustIDLookup(NSString *apiKey, NSString *fingerprint, int duration, NSArray *fields);
int ChromaprintGetAcoustID(NSString *apiKey, NSString *path, NSDictionary **acoustID, NSArray *fields);
| 31,391 |
https://github.com/chan201/Tutor_Dashboard/blob/master/app/Helpers/SEOHelper.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
Tutor_Dashboard
|
chan201
|
PHP
|
Code
| 54 | 197 |
<?php namespace App\Helpers;
use App\Seo;
class SEOHelper {
/**
* undocumented function
*
* @return void
* @author
**/
public static function get()
{
$url = \Request::path();
$seo = Seo::where('url',$url)->first();
if(is_null($seo))
{
$seo = Seo::create([
'url' => $url,
'title' => '',
'keywords' => '',
'description' => ''
]);
}
view()->share('seo',$seo);
return true;
}
}
| 2,637 |
https://github.com/Dankr4d/BF2142Unlocker/blob/master/locale/de.po
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
BF2142Unlocker
|
Dankr4d
|
Gettext Catalog
|
Code
| 1,330 | 4,835 |
# Don't remove the two lines below, they're required for gettext to work correctly.
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: BF2142Unlocker\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: none\n"
"Language: de\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
msgid "QUICK_IP_ADDRESS"
msgstr "IP-Adresse:"
msgid "QUICK_IP_ADDRESS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Geben Sie die IP-Adresse des Anmeldeservers ein, zu dem Sie eine Verbindung herstellen möchten."
msgid "QUICK_AUTO_JOIN_SERVER"
msgstr "Automatisch verbinden:"
msgid "QUICK_AUTO_JOIN_SERVER_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Trete dem Gameserver automatisch bei, wenn er auf dieselbe IP-Adresse wie der Anmeldeserver lauscht."
msgid "QUICK_CONNECT"
msgstr "Verbinden"
msgid "QUICK_CONNECT_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Zum Anmeldeserver/Unlockserver der eingegebenen IP-Adresse verbinden."
msgid "QUICK_MODS"
msgstr "Mods:"
msgid "QUICK_MODS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Wähle die Modifikation aus mit der das Spiel gestartet werden soll."
msgid "QUICK_PLAYER_NAME"
msgstr "Spielername:"
msgid "QUICK_PLAYER_NAME_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Dein Spielername den du ingame siehst (Soldiername)."
# ##
# ##### Host
msgid "QUICK_SETTINGS"
msgstr "Einstellungen"
msgid "QUICK_CONNECT_FRAME_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Verbinde dich zu jemandem der die Server hostet."
msgid "QUICK_SETTINGS_FRAME_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Wähle die Mod mit dem das Spiel gestartet werden soll und den Spielernamen aus."
msgid "CHECK_CAN_NOT_CONNECT"
msgstr ""
"Es kann keine Verbindung zur angegeben IP-Adresse aufgebaut werden.\n"
"Folgende Server sind nicht erreichbar:"
msgid "CHECK_LOGIN_SERVER"
msgstr "Anmelde-Server:"
msgid "CHECK_GPCM_SERVER"
msgstr "GPCM-Server:"
msgid "CHECK_UNLOCK_SERVER"
msgstr "Unlock-Server:"
msgid "CHECK_CANCEL"
msgstr "Abbrechen"
msgid "QUICK_HOST"
msgstr "Hosten"
msgid "QUICK_HOST_CANCEL"
msgstr "Abbrechen"
msgid "QUICK_HOST_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Hosted alle benötigten server auf 0.0.0.0, patched BF2142 und started das spiel."
msgid "QUICK_HOST_CANCEL_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Stoppt alle laufenden Server."
msgid "QUICK_SINGLEPLAYER"
msgstr "Einzelspieler"
msgid "QUICK_SINGLEPLAYER_CANCEL"
msgstr "Abbrechen"
msgid "QUICK_SINGLEPLAYER_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Hosted alle benötigten server auf 127.0.0.1, patched BF2142 und started das spiel."
msgid "QUICK_SINGLEPLAYER_CANCEL_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Stoppt alle laufenden Server."
msgid "QUICK_TERMINAL"
msgstr "Terminal"
# ##
# ##### Multiplayer
msgid "TAB_MULTIPLAYER"
msgstr "Mehrspieler"
msgid "MULTIPLAYER_SERVERS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Das ist die Serverliste.\n"
"Du kannst sie neu laden, wenn du auf den refresh button klickst oder F5 drückst.\n"
"Du kannst verbinden, wenn du auf den play button klickst oder ein Doppelklick auf den server machst."
msgid "MULTIPLAYER_SERVERS_REFRESH_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Lädt die Serverliste neu (F5)."
msgid "MULTIPLAYER_SERVERS_PLAY_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Verbindet zum ausgewählten server."
msgid "MULTIPLAYER_PLAYERS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Das ist die Spielerliste.\n"
"Du kannst sie neu laden, wenn du auf den refresh button klickst oder F6 drückst."
msgid "MULTIPLAYER_PLAYERS_REFRESH_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Lädt die Spielerliste neu (F6)."
msgid "LOGIN_STELLA_NAME"
msgstr "Stella name:"
msgid "LOGIN_GAME_SERVER_NAME"
msgstr "Spieleserver name:"
msgid "LOGIN_USERNAME"
msgstr "Benutzername:"
msgid "LOGIN_PASSWORD"
msgstr "Passwort:"
msgid "LOGIN_SOLDIER"
msgstr "Soldat:"
msgid "LOGIN_SAVE"
msgstr "Speichern:"
msgid "LOGIN_ERROR"
msgstr "Fehler:"
msgid "LOGIN_ERROR_CODE"
msgstr "Code:"
msgid "LOGIN_ERROR_TXN"
msgstr "TXN:"
msgid "LOGIN_ERROR_MSG"
msgstr "Nachricht:"
msgid "LOGIN_CHECK"
msgstr "Anmelden"
msgid "LOGIN_CREATE"
msgstr "Erstellen"
msgid "LOGIN_PLAY"
msgstr "Spielen"
msgid "LOGIN_CANCEL"
msgstr "Abbrechen"
msgid "LOGIN_ADD_SOLDIER_NAME"
msgstr "Soldatenname: "
msgid "LOGIN_ADD_SOLDIER_OK"
msgstr "Ok"
msgid "LOGIN_ADD_SOLDIER_CANCEL"
msgstr "Abbrechen"
msgid "LOGIN_MOD_MISSING_TITLE"
msgstr "Mod nicht gefunden"
msgid "LOGIN_MOD_MISSING_MSG"
msgstr "Die Mod die auf dem Server läuft ist nicht installiert."
msgid "LOGIN_MOD_MISSING_LINK"
msgstr "Du kannst sie hier runterladen:"
msgid "LOGIN_MOD_MISSING_OK"
msgstr "Ok"
msgid "LOGIN_MAP_MISSING_TITLE"
msgstr "Map nicht gefunden"
msgid "LOGIN_MAP_MISSING_MSG"
msgstr "Map '$#' nicht gefunden/nicht vorhanden."
msgid "LOGIN_MAP_MISSING_OK"
msgstr "Ok"
msgid "MULTIPLAYER_PATCH_AND_START"
msgstr "Schnellstart"
# ##
# ##### Host
msgid "HOST_SETTINGS"
msgstr "Einstellungen"
msgid "HOST_MODS"
msgstr "Mods:"
msgid "HOST_MODS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Wähle die Mod aus, mit der der Gameserver gestartet werden soll."
msgid "HOST_GAME_MODE"
msgstr "Spielmodus:"
msgid "HOST_GAME_MODE_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Auswahl der verschiedenen Spielmodi.\n"
"Wenn der Modus geändert wird, werden alle Maps des Modus aufgelistet."
msgid "HOST_BOT_SKILL"
msgstr "Bot Fähgikeit:"
msgid "HOST_BOT_SKILL_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Hiermit stellst du die Schwierigkeitsstufe der Bots ein."
msgid "HOST_TICKET_RATIO"
msgstr "Ticket verhältnis"
msgid "HOST_TICKET_RATIO_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Tickets für jedes Team in %"
msgid "HOST_SPAWN_TIME"
msgstr "Spawn zeit:"
msgid "HOST_SPAWN_TIME_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Die Zeit die du warten musst, nachdem du auf dem Schlachtfeld getötet wurdest."
msgid "HOST_ROUNDS_PER_MAP"
msgstr "Runden pro Karte:"
msgid "HOST_ROUNDS_PER_MAP_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Anzahl der die pro Karte gespielt werden bevor die nächste Karte geladen wird."
msgid "HOST_BOT_AMOUNT"
msgstr "Bot anzahl:"
msgid "HOST_BOT_AMOUNT_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Die Anzahl der Bots im Spiel. Diese ist bis auf 255 Bots einstellbar, kann aber Performance einbußungen/lags hervorrufen."
msgid "HOST_MAX_PLAYERS"
msgstr "Maximale Spieler"
msgid "HOST_MAX_PLAYERS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Maximale Anzahl an menschlichen Spielern, die verbinden können."
msgid "HOST_PLAYERS_NEEDED_TO_START"
msgstr "Anzahl benötigter Spieler:"
msgid "HOST_PLAYERS_NEEDED_TO_START_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Anzahl der menschlichen Spieler die benötigt werden dass das Spiel/die Karte startet."
msgid "HOST_FRIENDLY_FIRE"
msgstr "Teambeschuss:"
msgid "HOST_FRIENDLY_FIRE_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Aktiviert/Deaktiviert Teambeschuss."
msgid "HOST_ALLOW_NOSE_CAM"
msgstr "Nasenkamera erlauben: "
msgid "HOST_ALLOW_NOSE_CAM_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Aktiviert/Deaktiviert die Nasenkamera."
msgid "HOST_SERVER_IP_ADDRESS"
msgstr "Server IP-Adresse:"
msgid "HOST_SERVER_IP_ADDRESS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Legt die IP-Address fest, auf der der Anmelde-/Unlock-/Gameserver lauschen soll.\n"
"Der Standardwert ist die erste IP-Addresse die der Unlocker auslesen konnte.\n"
"Die Addresse benötigen deine Freunde um zu dir Verbinden zu können. Prüfe bitte ob die IP-Adresse die du angeben möchtest auch von deinen Freunden erreichbar ist bevor du diese verbinden."
msgid "HOST_MAPS"
msgstr "Karten"
msgid "HOST_SELECTABLE_MAPS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Liste der verfügbaren Karten die du spielen kannst.\n"
"Diese hängt vom Spielmodi ab den du ausgewählt hast."
msgid "HOST_SELECTED_MAPS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Liste der hinzugefügten Karten."
msgid "HOST_MAPS_ADD_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Fügt die ausgewählte Karte hinzu."
msgid "HOST_MAPS_REMOVE_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Entfernt die ausgewählte Karte."
msgid "HOST_MAPS_MOVE_UP_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Verschiebt die ausgewählte Karte eins nach oben."
msgid "HOST_MAPS_MOVE_DOWN_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Verschiebt die ausgewählte Karte ein nach unten."
msgid "HOST_TERMINALS"
msgstr "Terminals"
msgid "HOST_HOST"
msgstr "Alle server starten"
msgid "HOST_HOST_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Startet alle server."
msgid "HOST_CANCEL"
msgstr "Abbrechen"
msgid "HOST_CANCEL_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Stoppt alle aktiven Server."
# ##
# ##### Settings
msgid "UNLOCKS_SQUAD_GADGETS"
msgstr "Squad gadgets entsperren:"
msgid "UNLOCKS_SQUAD_GADGETS_INFO"
msgstr "Aktuell kannst du nur die letzten zwei squad leader gadgets aktivieren/deaktivieren. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wird dies durch eine vollständig funktionales Unlockmenu ersetzt, indem du alles aktivieren/deaktivieren kannst."
# ##
# ##### Settings
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_GAME_PATH"
msgstr "Battlefield 2142 Spielpfad:"
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_GAME_PATH_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Wähle deinen Battlefield 2142 Spielordner aus."
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_SERVER_PATH"
msgstr "Battlefield 2142 Serverpfad:"
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_SERVER_PATH_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Wähle dein Battlefield 2142 Serverpfad aus (nur notwendig wenn du den Gameserver über den \"Host\"-Tab starten möchtest)."
msgid "SETTINGS_WINEPREFIX"
msgstr "Wineprefix:"
msgid "SETTINGS_WINEPREFIX_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Setzte den Wineprefix mit dem das Spiel gestartet werden soll (wird wenn möglich automatisch ausgelesen)."
msgid "SETTINGS_STARTUP_QUERY"
msgstr "Startup query:"
msgid "SETTINGS_COPY_MAPS_CLIENT"
msgstr "Karten zum client kopieren"
msgid "SETTINGS_COPY_MAPS_SERVER"
msgstr "Karten zum server kopieren"
msgid "SETTINGS_SELECT"
msgstr "Auswählen"
msgid "SETTINGS_SKIP_MOVIES"
msgstr "Intro Movies überspringen:"
msgid "SETTINGS_SKIP_MOVIES_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Überspringt die intro Movies beim Spielstart."
msgid "SETTINGS_WINDOW_MODE"
msgstr "Fenstermodus:"
msgid "SETTINGS_WINDOW_MODE_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Startet das Spiel im Fenstermodus."
msgid "SETTINGS_RESOLUTION"
msgstr "Auflösung:"
msgid "SETTINGS_RESOLUTION_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Die Auflösung in der das Spiel im Fenstermodus gestartet wird."
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_CLIENT_PATH_DETECTED_TITLE"
msgstr "Ein Battlefield 2142 Installationspfad wurde gefunden"
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_CLIENT_PATH_DETECTED_MSG"
msgstr "Soll der folgende Pfad als dein Battlefield 2142 Pfad festgelegt werden?"
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_CLIENT_PATH_DETECTED_OK"
msgstr "Ja"
msgid "SETTINGS_BF2142_CLIENT_PATH_DETECTED_SELECT"
msgstr "Nein, auswählen .."
# ##
# ##### Tabs
msgid "TAB_QUICK"
msgstr "Spielen"
msgid "TAB_QUICK_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Hier kannst du im Singleplayer oder LAN spielen."
msgid "TAB_HOST"
msgstr "Bereitstellen"
msgid "TAB_HOST_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Einstellungen zum hosten."
msgid "TAB_UNLOCKS"
msgstr "Unlocks"
msgid "TAB_UNLOCKS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Einstellungen der freigeschalteten Waffen/Gadgets die ingame auswählbar sind."
msgid "TAB_SETTINGS"
msgstr "Einstellungen"
msgid "TAB_SETTINGS_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Allgemeine Einstellungen"
# ##
# ##### Statusbar
msgid "VERSION_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Aktuelle Version"
msgid "UNLOCKER_GITHUB"
msgstr "Github"
msgid "UNLOCKER_GITHUB_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Öffnet die Projektseite (Github) des Unlockers.\n"
"Contribute!"
msgid "UNLOCKER_MODDB"
msgstr "Moddb"
msgid "UNLOCKER_MODDB_TOOLTIP"
msgstr "Öffnet die Moddb Seite des Unlockers."
msgid "PROJECT_REMASTER_MODDB"
msgstr "Project Remaster Mod"
msgid "PROJECT_REMASTER_MODDB_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Öffnet die Moddb/Projektseite der Project Remater Modifikation (probiert die Mod aus, macht spass!)\n"
"Project Remastered bringt HD-Texturen, neue Waffen, balancierte Waffen sowie neue Karten!"
msgid "FIRST_STRIKE_MODDB"
msgstr "First Strike Mod"
msgid "FIRST_STRIKE_MODDB_TOOLTIP"
msgstr ""
"Öffnet die Moddb/Projektseite der First Strike Modifikation.\n"
"Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Star Wars Modifikation!"
# ##
# ## Other
msgid "GAMESERVER_CRASHED"
msgstr ""
"ERROR: Der Battlefield 2142 Server ist abgestürzt.\n"
"Dies ist höchstwahrscheinlich die aktuelle Karte die du gespielt hast. Manche Karten laufen nicht einwandfrei und können den ganzen Server zum Absturtz bringen."
msgid "NO_WRITE_PERMISSION_TITLE"
msgstr "Keine Schreibberechtigung"
msgid "NO_WRITE_PERMISSION_MSG"
msgstr ""
"Du hast keine Schreibberechtigungen auf:\n"
"$#"
msgid "COULD_NOT_FIND_TITLE"
msgstr "$# konnte nicht gefunden werden"
msgid "COULD_NOT_FIND_MSG"
msgstr "$# konnte nicht gefunden werde. Der Pfad ist falsch!"
msgid "NO_PRIVATE_IP_ADDRESS_TITLE"
msgstr "Keine lokale private IP-Adresse ausgelesen"
msgid "NO_PRIVATE_IP_ADDRESS_MSG"
msgstr ""
"Es konnte keine private lokale IP-Adresse ausgelesen werden.\n"
"Bitte verbinde zu deinem Router (mit DHCP aktiviert) oder konfiguriere eine manuell."
msgid "NO_VALID_IP_ADDRESS_TITLE"
msgstr "Keine valide IP-Adresse"
msgid "NO_VALID_IP_ADDRESS_MSG"
msgstr "Die IP-Adresse die du eingegeben hast ist keine valide IPv4 Adresse."
| 37,914 |
8455536_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 244 | 373 |
MEMORANDUM
Carlos Silvino Ibarra and Maria De La Luz Ibarra, husband and wife and natives and citizens of Mexico, petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals' ("BIA") order denying their motion to reopen removal proceedings. We dismiss the petition for review.
The evidence petitioners presented with their motion to reopen concerned the same basic hardship grounds as their application for cancellation of removal. Fernandez v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 592, 602-03 (9th Cir.2006). We therefore lack jurisdiction to review the BIA's determination that the evidence would not alter its prior discretionary determination that they failed to establish the requisite hardship. See id. at 600 (holding that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) bars this court from reviewing the denial of a motion to reopen where "the only question presented is whether the new evidence altered the prior, underlying discretionary determination that [the petitioner] had not met the hardship standard.") (Internal quotations omitted).
Petitioners' contention that the BIA deprived them of due process in reviewing the evidence they submitted with their motion to reopen is not colorable. See Martinez-Rosas v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 926, 930 (9th Cir.2005) ("[traditional abuse of discretion challenges recast as alleged due process violations do not constitute color-able constitutional claims that would invoke our jurisdiction.").
Petitioners' remaining contentions lack merit.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DISMISSED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3..
| 24,756 |
https://github.com/akarnokd/akarnokd-misc/blob/master/src/test/java/hu/akarnokd/rxjava2/RefCountRace.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
akarnokd-misc
|
akarnokd
|
Java
|
Code
| 64 | 285 |
package hu.akarnokd.rxjava2;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.Test;
import io.reactivex.Observable;
import io.reactivex.observers.TestObserver;
import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
public class RefCountRace {
@Test
public void replayRefCountShallBeThreadSafe() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
Observable<Integer> observable = Observable.just(1).replay(1).refCount();
TestObserver<Integer> observer1 = observable
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.test();
TestObserver<Integer> observer2 = observable
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.test();
observer1
.withTag("" + i)
.awaitDone(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.assertResult(1);
observer2
.withTag("" + i)
.awaitDone(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.assertResult(1);
}
}
}
| 5,778 |
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%97li%C5%B3%20e%C5%BEeras
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Gėlių ežeras
|
https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gėlių ežeras&action=history
|
Lithuanian
|
Spoken
| 119 | 362 |
Gėlių ežeras – ežeras Lietuvoje, Molėtų rajono vakaruose, 2 km į rytus nuo Balninkų. Išsidriekęs rytų–vakarų kryptimi 2,38 km, o plotis siekia 0,42 km. Altitudė 124 m. Giliausia vieta – 3,7 m. Kranto linija vingiuota, daug įlankų. Šiaurės rytinės ir pietinės dalies krantai statūs, kai kur ardomi, o rytiniai ir vakariniai – pelkėti. Krantai apaugę medžiais ir krūmais. Pakrantėse daug kur stūkso miškeliai, plyti pievos, vietomis dirbami laukai. Vakaruose išteka A-1 upelis į Piršėno ežerą (Šventosios baseinas). Ežero pratakumas 131 %.
Šalia Gėlių ežero įsikūrę Gėliogalių, Vališkių, Čereškų kaimai. Veikia kaimo turizmo sodyba. Pietinėje pakrantėje stūkso Vališkių piliakalnis.
Ežerėvardis, kurio ankstesnė lytis galėjo būti *Gėlys ar *Gėliai, kildintinas nuo žodžių gėlas, gėlus („prėskas, saldus, nesūrus“).
Šaltiniai
Molėtų rajono ežerai
| 41,547 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.68343_35
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,782 | 11,907 |
And thus ended the Young Advocate’s Wedding Pay. • EABTH’S HARVESTS. Peace lietli her vlctorlcM, no less rcnoMrned tliaii War." — Sonnet to Crommll. Two hundred years ago, * the moon Shone on a battle pluiu ; Cold through that glowing night of June Lay steeds and riders slain ; And daisies, bonding ’ueath strange dfw. Wept in the silver light; The very turf a regal hue Asiiuuiod that fatal night. Time past — ^biit long, to tell the talc. Some battle-axe or shield, Or cloven skull, or shattered moil, Were found upon the held ; The gross grow thickest on the spot ' Where lugh wore heaped the dead, And well it maiked, had men forgot, Wlicre the great charge was m^e. To^ay — the sun looks laughing down j Upon the harvest plain, | The little gleaners, rosy-brown, I Tlie mony reaper's train ; ! The rich sheaves heaped together stand. And resting in their shade, i A mother, working close at hand, i Her sleeping babe hath laid. A battle-field it was, and is, For serried spears are there. And ogainat mighty foes upreared — Gauni hunger, pale despair. Wo ’ll thank God for the hearts of old, Their strife <mr freedom sealed ; We ’ll praise Him for the leaves of gold Now on the battle-field. « ^THE PEVIL’S ACBE.” ' Therb are multitudes who believe that Westminster is a city of palaces, (ff magni- ficent squares, and regalterr;jio6S ; thatitisil^e chosen seat ^ opulence, gs^deur atid refine- ment ; and iSmt filth, squalor, and xuiseiy are the denizens^ of other and less fitvoured sections of the metropolis. * The eirpr is not in associalling with JVestminster mucfli of the gj^deur and splendour of the ^pital, but in emifely dissociating it in idea the darker phases of metropolitan life. As the brightest lights cast the deepest shadows, so | are the splendours and luxuries of the West- •end founds in juxta-positioii with the m04t deplorable manifestations of Human wretched- ness and depravity. There is no part of the metropolis which presents a more cheemered aspect, both physical and moral, than West- minster. The most lordly streete are fre- quently but a mask for the squalid districts which lie behind^ them, Whilst iroots con- secrated* to the most hallowed of purposes arc begirt by scenes of indescribable inmmy and pollution ; the blackest tide of moral tuniitiide that flow^s in the ca])ital rolls its filthy wavelets iq^ to the very walls of West- minster Abbey ; and the law-makers for one- seventh of the human race sit, night after night, in deliberation, in the immediate vicinity of the most notoAous haunt of law-breakers in the empire. There is no district in London more filthy and disgusting, more steeped in villany and guilt, than that on which every morning’s sun casts the sombre shadows oi the AlSiey, mingled, as Hihey soon will b^^ with those of the gorgeous towers of the n<kw “ Palace at Westminister.” The “ Devil’s Acre,” as it is familiarly known in the neighbourhood, is the square block comprised between Dean, Peter, and Tqjrhill Streets, ar^ Stnitton Ground. It is permeated by Orchard Street, St. Anne’s Street, Old and Ne^ Pye Streets, Pear* Street, Perkins’ Bents, smd Duck Lane. l^Vom some of these, narrow covered pas- sage-wa^ lead into small quadrangular courts, ^intainin^ but a ^w entzy, tmnk^ down-looking houses, and inhabited by cTik- racters of the most equivocal lid^sttl^ion. The district, which is small in of the most populous in London, almost every house being crewded with numerous families, and multiyides of lodgers. There are othei' parts ^ tne town as filthy, dingy, and for- bidding in appeeSrance as this, but these are generally the haunts more of poverty than crime. But there are none in which guilt of aU kinds and degrees converges in such volume as on this, "the moral j)lague-spot not only of the metropolis, but also of the kingdom; And yet from almost every point of it you can observe the towers of the Ambey peoiing down upon you, as Sf they were curious to observe that to which they seem to ^ indifferent. 298 M0TJSBBO13> WDBDS. EOsnducted br Suchis1^.fl{)0t w]ii<:^ lap|^eC% SKooaid Ovw tiie dooe m painted, m volenco has, for^some timne, naarled as a chosen hme i^hie characters, thd fDlkvanng woarap z iield for i1»i most M 9 «t«Dt 8 itions opersitibna. l^e £ag|^ IHjirmitoiy and Oalonuil Train* It was first 4iidBen pfiss^ioHL cf£, with i, view iag SchoS of Indnstryt*^ On one of the idmt yesan labourin^-^asid not with* sixteei^ as thsse unde^ that age can get out m^ieefla— 'in the ardnmts work of its pu^* admisalan to one o^ v^ker of the acdiools. hofitlon; and whc^ by his enei^^, tact, and l^hoAe eligibie*are such' vagrants and thieves peinetvmioe, has ^acquired* such aiy^nfinence as are b^ween sixteen and twenty-two, ow» ^ toi^nleiit and lawless popnation, as desire to abandon ^their present m^e of life, luahes hhn a safer escort to the stranger^ and lead honest and hidnstricma courses for deenrons of visiting it, than a whole posse | the future. of pobce. Ify the aid of several opulent It is obvious that such an ^Utution, if philanthropists whom he Iww intei^jsted in his notearefiilly watched, would be liable to boi^ labours, he hds reared up within the die- greatly abused. The pinching wants of the triet two schools, which are numerously at- moment would drive many into it, whose wle tended by tbe squalid ehiklven of the neigh- object was to meet there, instead to subject bourhood — each school havhi^ im Industrial themselves to the reformatory discipline of the Department coimecrted with it. An exolu- est/tl)lishment. Many would press into it sively Industrial School for boys of more whose love of idleness had hitherto been thoir advanced age haft* also l>^eg establisl},od, which ‘greatest vice. As it is, this lattci’ dafs is de* has recently been attached to the Itagged terred,,to a great extent, from applying, by School Union. In addition to these, another the Institution confining its operations to the insftitution has been called into existence, to thief and the vagrant. Each applicant,^ by which and to whose objects the reader’s appl 3 ^iig for admission, confesses himself to attention will be drawn in what follows. beJoug to one or other of these classes, or to The IVe Street Schools being designed only both. If he is found to be a subject coming fbr children*— many of wliom, on admission, within the 3cof)e of the establishment, he is at manifest an fdmost incredible precocity in once admitted, and snbjoctod to its discipline, crime— those ot a more advanced age seeking The natuj’al inference would be, that the instruction and reformation wore not eligible avowctl object of it would turn apjjlicfuita to admission. In an axiplicant of this class, from its doors. But this is fair fwmi being the a lad about sixteen, the master of one of the case ; upwards of two hundred having axiidled schools took a deep interest from the earnest- during the past year, the second or its schools took a deep interest from the earnest- 1 during the ^mst *\^ss with whidi he sought for an ^jpportunity . fjxistepcu. of retrieving himself. He was invited to To distinguish of retrieving himself. He was invited to To distinguish ihoso who arc; sincere in attend the school, that h'; might receive in- their application from those who merely' wish stiTiotioa. He was gi’ateful fbr the offer, but ; tf» make a coiiveuiuiice, for the time being, ot expressed a doubt of its being sufiicient to the establishment, eacli apjdicant, on admis- rescue liim from his miminal and degraded .sion, is sulgected to a rigid test. In the course of life. r attic story of the building is a small room, the ** It will be of little use to me,” said he, walls and ceiling of which are iiainted with **to attend school in jj^e da^^ime, if T have to yell(»w ochre. Last year, for it is only recently take to the stiwts again at night, and live, an that the house has iKjeii npjilied to its j-vresent 1 am now living, l;y thieving.''^ piuposo, this room was occupied by a nu- I^e martcr saw tlie ^fijciilt ^/ md de* merous and squalid family, some, of wlioae stemmed on trying the ^periment of taking inenibers were the first victims of cbohuvi, in him entirely ejff the streets. He accordingly Westminster. The massive chimney-stack paid for avjugingfor him, and secured Inm projects far into the room, and in tbe deep tjpftd to eat. For four months th:i lad lived recesses between it and the low walls cm cwtitentedly and happily on^ ** brejKl and cither side are two beds formed of straw, with dripping,” durjng which time he pfoved his a coarse counterpane for a covering. Beyond ^iptitnde for instruction by Icainung, to ivad, to this there is nert; a vestige of fttruiture in the Writetbltoably well, and to master all the more apartment. This is the Probation-room, the ti«efid rtdes in arithmetic. * He was shortly ordeal of which every applicant must pass ero a^rwaads sent to Australia, through the he is fully received into the Institution. But IsmlliMiffii of some individuals who furnished he must ])ass a whole fortnight, generally means. He is now doing well in the new alone, his fare being Iwead and water. rSE BETEL’S AOEE. Kbe rest of file int&atefl^ bwag aq^jaiwfced fi»m tbm fcSP the rei^tamder of the day, «Hd left , to his owii r^ections in liief lone^ cell. A tnaai/ oompitlsorily snljeetea to solitude and idiort coiomoiis, may make up his mhi^ to it, and resi^ i^felf to his fkte. • But no one ^31 vSuntarily sulgeet himaelf^ Bimh a test ^0 ismot tireif of a dishonest fife, and anxious 'to t’efonn. In nearly nine isases out of ten H*itttmaska®th<^ inipSstgr. Many idniink at once from the oydeal, and retire. Others undergo ii for a day or two, and then leave ; for, as there was no coniinilsion, on them to enter, they are at all times at liberty to depart. Some stay for a week, and tiien wiihdraw, whilst instances hare heen 'known of their giving up after ten or twelve days’ endurance. Tlie few that remain are readily accepted as objects wortliy the best efforts of the establishment. ^ The applicants, particularly the vagrants, arc generally in the worst possible condition, as i^gards clothing. In many cases they are half-naked, like the wretched objects who make themselves up for charity in the streets. Their probation over, they are chwl com- paratively decent attire, consisting chiefly of cast-off clothing, furnished by the contributors to the iurititiitiou. They ai*e then relejised from tlieir solitary domiitoiy, and admitted to all the privileges of the house. The tried juid accepted inmates of tlie Insti- tution have, for the two past year's, averaged about thirty each year*. They get up at an early hour, tlieir first business being to clean out the establishment from top to bottom. Tliey afterwards assemble at breakfast^ wliieli consists of cocoa and bread, of which they make a hearty meal. The business of in- struction then commences, there behtg two sdiool-rooms on the first floor, into one of which the more advanced ]Dupils are put by themselves, the other being reserved for those that arc more backward and for the new^ comers. It is into tliis latter room that the probationers are admitted during scliool-hours. Duiing school-hours they are instrnctecl in the fundameutal doctrines of religion, and in the elements of education, including geognvphy -—particularly the geogriqihy of the colonies, j The master exercises a general contuwl over I the whole establishment. Tlie iipjier class is taurfit by a young man, who was himself one of the earliest inmates of the Institution, and who is now being trained for becoming a regu^ teacher. The other class is usually presided over by a monitor, also an inmate — out one who is m advance of his fellows. Most of those now in the house arc able to rea^ and many to read well. Such as have been fihieves ai?e generally able to read when they enter, having been taught to do so in the prisons ; those who caimot read being gene- liifilly vagran^ Or such as have been iMeves tvithout having been apprehended aind eon- vidted. They present a curiocui spedtaele in their dass-rooms. Their ages vaiy ttoxa' twentf-one to sixteen, ilfeerO two in at present undei'^sixteen, but they 'were admitted imd^ special circumstances. With the ex** oeptioh of the pvol:tfitionen^ they' sire all dressed comfortably, but i^ dsSiuRm a^les, moatfMg toihe.d]jBiraotevra^ fachbrn m th» clothing atptne oommaud of the estabHshrdeCkt. Some wear tiA surtout, others the dress-ooat; (^pme the short jacket, and others agahi ^etot. They are all poovided with chems and sto&ipga, eadi. being obliged to hec^ bia own sh<^ scrupulously clean. Indeed^ they are under very wholesonm regidstiona as to thdr abhitions, and the genem deaDJlness of ^heir perschs. As they stand ranged in thw classes, thd diversity of coontesuuicee which they exhibit is as sticking as fre the contrasts presented 1 :>y their raiment. In s<^o feces you can still trace tlie hrutaloxpresstton which they wore on enicadiig. In others, Ihe low cunning, begotten by their mode of life, was 1001*6 or less distinguidiable. You couhl readily point to tlvf*) who \afl ioeen lon^t in the establishment, fi'om the 'humanising influences which their treatment had hacl upon their looks and expressions. Tlie faces of most of them were lit up with new-born intellig<ii|p 6 , whilst it was painful to udtness the vacant and stolid looks of two of iheni, who had but recently passed the ordeal of the doriuitoiy. (len^^ly speaking, they are found to lie quick and apt scnolai*s, their mode of life having tended, in most instances, to quicken tlieir poi'ceptions. Between the morning and aftcamoon classcB they dine, — ^tlieir dinner ^comprising anima^ food three •times a-week, bmng chiefly confineiT on other days to bread and dripping. TKey su]> at an early hfcur in the evening, when cocoa and breaa fonn a^in the sbiiile of their meal. After supper, ^ey Spend an hour or tw’o in the tKiiiiing-school, wliich is a large rotm adjoining ihfl proiiationors’ dormitory, where they are initiated into the mysteries oi the tailors’ and shoenAkers’ arts, under the BuperiiiteiKlence of qualified teachers. Tlicy aftoiw;irds retire to rest, slee^nng on beds laid out ujicMtlie flotipr, each bed ccgitalniikg bue. When the house is full, the two diiiiiii iijlift .are converted at night into slewiing gpaii:- meiits. They ai*e dso eompelletf some plac^of worship on the Sunday, and, in case of sickikpes, have the advanytage of' a medical ^attendant. During of the day they are allowed to walk out, in different gangs,*— each gang under the care of one of wieir nnmbm*. In their walks they we re- stricted os to tim^ and are required to avoid, as nmcli as possible, the low neighbourlnHida of the town. Should any of them desire to learn the busmess of a carpenter, tlK*}* have the megms of doing so ; and two are now engaged in aeqnuxii^ a pSoetical knowl^e of | this usefeil Such is the curriculum which they tmdeigb tifeer being fully admilfted into the house. They are so instructed as to wean them as much as HOUSEHOLD WOBDS. SOtmtmuiiir possible firom their former habits, to them with the desire “of living honest lives, and to fit them for beeomkig useful membm of society, in the ^iSmnt offices for < which they are destiae^ They must be six months at least in the hocAe before ,thdv ard^ deemed ready to mnigmte. Some are^lsjpt longer. They are all e^er to go,— beifig, without ex- ception, edeken^ at the thought of recurripg to thmr previous hubits of life. From twenty to thirty have already beeU'sent The committee who superintend the establishment are anxious to keep forty on the average in the house throughout the year, in addition to send- ing twCTity each year abroad. This, however, wul require a larger fund than they have at deep distress, upon the iniBBionaary of the district, and informed him that her scanty furniture was about to be. seized for reni^ asking him at the same time for advice. He ^Id her that he had none to, give her but to present at their disposal. Such is the Institution which, fefr two years past, has been silently and unostentatiously working its own quota of good in this little- known and pestilential region. It is designed for the reclamation of a class on which society tuzIA its back.»* «*ts doors, -are open alike to tfie convicted and the unconvicted offender. Five-sixths of its present ininjites have been the denizens of many jails — ^aud some of them have only emerged from the neighbouring Penitentiary. It is j^t easy to calculate the amount of mature cime which, in the course of a few years, it will avert from society, by its timely, rescue of the pre- cocious delinquent. It is thus an institution I wliich may appeal to the selfishness, as well as to the benevolence, of the community for aid : though not very generally known, it is visited by many influential parties ; and some \pf the greatest ornaments of Queea "Victoria’s Court have not shrunk from crossing its threshold and contributing to its support. Curious indeed would be the biographies which such an institution could furnish. The following, extracted from the Master’s Record, will serve as a specimex. The name is| for , obvious reasons, suppressed. “ John , 16 ytars of age. Admitted June 3rd, 184^ Had slept for four mouths previously under the dry arches in West- street. H^ made his liyelihood^for nearly years oy picldng poefiets. Was twice in jail — ^the l^t time in Totliill- Fields Prison. T^e largdro sum he ever stole at a time, was a sovereign and a half. Could read when a^lmittcd. Learnt to vfrite and cipher. Remained foi^ eight months in the house. Bdbaved well. Eimgrated to Aust7*alia. Doing wedL’* It ^^|MOuraging to know that the most fBLVaj/gjK accounts have been received both jmfKamm. those who have been sent out as JBIumiita, not only from this, but also from SenooL It is now some time 5 J?kjnce jft lao, who, although only fourteen, was ti^ken,]nto latter, was sent to Australia. He ^hadTheeii up ; his mother,during senses. She went and qiaid the rent, which was*' eighteen^ shillings^ and afterwards re* turned v^th the change, whicli she tendered to the missionary with her heartfelt thanka He told her to keep tlie balance, as the sovereign was her own— informing her, at the same time, that it had be^n sent her by her son, and had that very morning so opportunely come to hand, together with a letter, whion he aftei'wavds read to her. The poor woman for a moment or two looked stupified and in- credulous, after wdiich she sank upon a cliair, and wept long and bitterly, llie contrast between her son’s beliaviour and her own ^conduct towards him, filled her with shame and remorse. She is now preparing to follow him to Australia. Another ciise was that of a young man, over ‘twenty years of age, who had likewise been admitted, under special circumstances, to the suncie Institution. He had been abandoned by his pfireiits in his early youth, and had taken to the streets to avert the miseries of destitution. He soon became expert in the art of picking jiockets, on one occasion depriving a person in Oomhill of no less Chan a hundred and fifty pounds in Bank notes. With this, the largest booty he had ever made, he repaired to a house in the neighiiourhood, where stolen property wag ’ Into the room into which he was received. nadnoeen naiw nrouigne up ; ms motuer,aunng P his hdyhbod, frequently sent him ou^ I. either to or^tq steal. About a year offer *■ her son’s she called, in a state of j .shown, a gloved hand was projocted, through jail aperture in tlie waU, from an adjoining room, into which he })laccd the notes. The hand w'as then withdrawn, and immediately afterwai'ds projected again with twenty sove- reigns, wliicli was the amount he received for the notes. He immediately repaired to West- minster, and invested ten pounds of this sum in counterfeit money, at a house not a stone’s throw from the Institution. For the ten pounds he received, in bad money, what represented fifty. With this he Belied forth into the country with the design of passing it off — a process known amongst the craft as shuffle-pitching.” The first {dace he w'cnt to was Northampton, and the means he generally adopted for passing off the base coin was this:— Having first 1 buried in the neighbourhood of tlie town all the good and baa money in his ])08BeB8ion, with the exception of a sovereign of each, so that, if detected in pasring a bad one, no more bad money would be found upon his person ; he would enter a retail shop, say a draper’s, at a late hour of the evening^ and say that his master had sent him fia* some arth% of small value, such as a haud- kerdiief Qn its , bring ahown hinii be would ciiiriMiH«tauui ADDBESS FROM AK UNDSETAKER TO THE TIUHE. dfituand the prio6 of it^ and midce up his ndind to take it; whereupon he would la^ down fa good sovereign, "which the shop- keeper would take up, but, as he was about to give him dumge, a doubt would suddenly arise in his mind as whether his master would give the price asked for the article. He would then denond the^sovereign back, with a view to going# and consulting his master, promicong, at the same time^^to b^ask again in a few mmutes. Back agaii^ he would come, and say that his master was willing to give the price, or that he wished the article at a lower figure. He took care, however, that a bargain was concluded between him and the shopkeeper ; whereupon ’he would again lay down the sovereim, which, how- ever, on this occasion, was the bad and not the good one. The unsuspecting shojikeeper would give him the change, and he wqpM leave vnth the property and the good money. Such is the process of shuffle-pitching.” In the majority of instances lie succeeded, but was sometimes detected. In this way he took the circuit twice of Great Britain and Ireland ; stealing as he went along,, and passing off the bad money, which he received, for go^. There are few jails in the United Kingdom of which he has not been a denizen. His two circuits took him nine years to per- form, his progreas being frequently firrested by the interposition of justice. It was at the end of his second journey that he applied for admission to the Pear Street School. He had been too often in jail not to be able to read ; but he could neither write nor cipher wdien he was taken in. He soon learnt, hovieyor, to do both ; and, after about seven months’ probation, emigrated to America from his own choice. The missionary of the district accompanied him on board as he was about to sail. The poor lad wept like a child when he took leave of his benefactor, assuring him that he never knew the comforts of a home until he entered the Pear Street School. Several letters have been received from him since his landing, and he is now busily em- ployed, and— doing well ! J^tances of this kind might be multiplied, if necessary, of what is thus being done daily and unostentatiously for the reclamation of the ^nitent offender, not only after conviction, but idso before he undergoes the terrible ordeal of correction and a j^. "PRESS ON.” A rivulet’s soko. JtrsT und^ an islnnd, 'midst rushes and moss, I was bom of a rook-spring; and dew ; I was shaded by tree^ whose branches and leaves Ne'er suffered the sun to gace through. " 1 wandered around the steep'brow of a hiU, Where the daisieB and violets &ir Were shaking the mist from their wakgiliug 0700, And pouzing their breath on 1}ie wit, ^ " Theif I crept gently on, and l^ntt^tened the feet Of a shrab which enfolded a The bird in return sang his meztiert soiig, jbuf showed me bis feathery crest* • " How joyous I felt in the byght aftemooi^ , When th^ tiding off in the west^ , Came out in gold from behind the green tete And burnished my tremulous breast i ^^My memory now con return to the time When &e breeze murmured^low plaintive tonea^ While I w^fod the day in dancing away. Or playing with pebbles and stones. ** It points to the hour when the lain pattered down, * Oft rcHting awhile in tlio trees ^ Then quickly descending it rufflA my calm. And whispered to*mo of seas I * Tw!is tliSh the first wish found a homo in my breast To increase as-, timo hurries along ; ’Twas then I first learned to lisy so^ the words ■Wliich ^now love aoproudly — * on / * ** 1 *11 make wider my bed, as onward I tread, A deep mighty river 1 ’ll bo — * Prats on ’ all the day will I sing on my way. Till 1 enter the for-spreading It ceased. A youth lingered beside its green edge Till the stars in its face brightly shone ; He hoped the sweet strain would re-echo ogrin — But he just heard a*murmur , — ** Prm m/ '* ADDRESS FROM AN UNDERTAKER TO THE TRADE. (STRIOTLy PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL.) 1 ADDRESS you, gentlemen, as an humble individual who is inifch concerned about the IxKly. This little joke is purely a profession^ one. It must go no forther, I am afraid the pubUc thinks uncharitably of undertakers, and woukl consider it a ^iroof that Dr. Johnson was right when he saicLthat the man who would make a pun would pick a pocket. Well ; we nil try to do the best we can for ourselves, —everybody else as well as imdertakers. Burials nmyi be e^fiensive, but se is loj redress. So is spiritual proviflion ; I mean maintenance of all our reverondbs gnd ^ht reverends. I am quite sure that both lawyers’ charges and iDie revenues of some of the chief clergy are very Uttle, if any, more jreasonable than our omi prices. Plux^ties are as bad as crowded gravetiits, and I don’t see that there is pin to choose between the church and the churchyard. Sanitary revolutionists and incencQaiies accuse us of gorging rotten- ness, and battening on corruption. We don’t do anything of the sort, that 1 see, to a greater extent than other professions, v^ch’ are allowed to ' be highly respectable. Political military, naval, university, and clerical paitaea of gi^at eminence defend abuses in their seve- ral lines when profitable. We can’t do better than follow such good examples. Let us st^k up for business, and — wah gomg'to say— 302 HOUSEHOLD WOBDa [Cd^M^hr leave socie^ to take me of itadf. No ; that iiig wells, and has shocked and disrated is just what we should endeavour to prevent people by showing them that the^rafre dmMug society from doing. ISie world is ^oviiug too their de^ neighocmrs. It has taught parties wise for u^ ^Utlemen. Accordingly, this resident in large cities that the very a& they Interments HU, which our inteients are so 'Hve^ in reeks with human remains, which seriously threatcauMl, has hfeenllvonght into i^eaSn up from graves ; and wMeh, of course, Parliament. We must join heait and hand tlie 3 r'are coiitmually breathing. 6o it makes to defeat and crush it. Dt us nail our colours out churchyards to be* worse hatinted than Borgaiai in other words, it mil be all iip unpleasant maimer. Indeed, Scionee is Hkely with us. We stand in a critical position id to make people (head them a great deal more regard to public opinion. In order to deter- than Superstition ever did, by showing that mine what steps to take for pnitectiug bu£- their eflbvia bfeed typhus and cholera ; so ness, we ougj^t to see our danger. I wish, that are really an<i truly very dangerens. therefore, to state the faci% of oiis case dearly 1 should not be suiprisea to hear some to you ; and I say let us face thein,boldlv, and sanitary lecturer say, tnat the fear of church- to you ; and I say let us face thein,boldly, and sanitary lecturer say, that the fear of church- not blink them. Therefore, I am going to yards was a sort of instinct implanted in the speak plainly and plmnply on this subject. nincl, to prevent ignomnt people and children There is no doubt — between ourselves — ^tljat from going near such unwholesome placH. "" what malftis ohr trade, so profitable is tha It would be comparatively well if the mis- I only wdsh we may be able 1 o conceal it much here, live mere consideration that bunal in longer from others. .As enlightened under- the*heart of cities is unhealthy, would but takers, we m«st admit that we are of no more lead to extramural interment, to which our use on earth than scavengers. All the good only objection — ^though evem that is no very we do is to bury people’s dead out of their trifling one — ^is that it would diminish moi^ sight. Speaking as a pjiilosopher — ^which an tality, and consetmently our trade. But this undertaker surely ought to be — ^1 sliould say Science— confound it ! — shows tliat the dead that our business is merely to shoot rubbish. < do not remain permanently in their coffins. However, the rubbish is human riibbisli, and even when the sextons of metropolitan grave- bereaved parties have certain feelings which yards will let them. It not only informs require that it should bo shot gingerly. I Londoners that they ln*eaihe and drink the suppose such sentiments are natural, and will deceased ; but it reveals how the whole of the always prevail. But I fear that people will defifiict party is got rid of, and turned into by and by begin to think that pomp, parade, gases, liquids, and mould. It exposes the way and ceremony are uniieccssaiy imon melau- in which all animal matter — os it is called in cboly occasions. And whenever this hapjiens, chemical books — ^is dissolved, evaporates, and Othello’s occupation will, in a great measui’c, disappears ; and is ultimately, os I may say, bo gone. • - eaten up by Nature, and goes to form parts I tremble to think of mourning relatives of plants, and of other living creatures. So considering seiiouliy wliat is requisite — and that, if gentlemen really vranted to bo interred all tliat is requisite — for decent interment, in with the remains of their ancestors, it would a rational point of view. Nothing more, 1 am sometimes be possible to comply with their afraid Cojmnon Sense wjuld aayjduui to carry wishes only by burying them with a quantity ♦the lx)dy in tha simplest chest, aim under the of mutton — not to say with tlie residue of .plainest covering, only in a solemn and rc- another quadruped than the sheep, whick r tful •manner,^ to the grave, and lay it in often grazes in churchyards. Science, in earth with proper religiuvs ceremonies, short, is hammering into people’s heails truths me eartii with proper religiuvs ceremomes. short, is hammering into people s heads truths I fear ^jommon Sense woipd be of opinion which they have been accustomed merety to that nnitc^ scark, liatbands, «>plume8 of gabble with their mouths — that all flesh is feathers, bladt horses, mourning coaches, and indeed grsiss, or convertible into it ; and not the like, can in no way benefit the defunct, or only that the human frame does poedtively comfort surviving friends, or gratify anybody turn to dust, but into a great many things but the mob, aiwl tlie street- w)ys; But hap- besides. That some Science pokes its nose into cveiy- The onfyhope m us if these smenttfle views thing— -even mults and churchyards. It has become geuer^ is, that embalming will be explalntid how grave-water soaks into adjoin- resorted to ; but 1 question if the religious uhtfUADidken..] ADDRESS FROM AN DNDMITAKBR TO THE TRADE. feeliiiff of the coiintiy will a|>prove of a IjractSe which certainly see^ rather like an att€smpt‘ to arrest a decree of Providencd ; and would, besides, be very expensive. . Here 1 am reminded of another danger, to which* onr proispects are expoiM. It is that likely ' to l&om serious parties, jn consequence «islently witn tneir i^pngions prmcipies^ m* itte^ of theii’ religion being a mere sentf- Biental kind of thing which they nevfsr roasmi ttpon. We often, you know, gentlemen, over- hear the bereaved remarking that they tinst the departed is in a better^ place. "Why, if this were not a mere cuHtoma^ ^ mournful occasions — the paitica really be- lieved this— do 3 ^ou think they would attach any imiwrlance t.o the dead body which we biny underground ? No ; to be sure : they would look upon it mc^rely as a suit of leftAff clothes — with the difference of being un- pleasant and offensive, and not capable of l^eintf kept. They would see that a .si)irit could care no more about the cori)se *t had quitted, than a man who hiul lost his leg, would for the amimtated limbi The truth is —don’t breathe it, don’t whiai)er it, except to the trade — ^that the custom of buiyiiig the dead with expensive furniture ; of treating a corpse as if it were a sensible being ; arises from an im|:)ression — though paities won't own it, oven to themselves — ^that wliat is buried, is the actual individual, the man him- self. The effect of thinking seriously, and at the same time rationally, will be to destroy this notion, and with it to put an end to all tlHj splendour and magnificence of fumffitils, arising from it. Moreover, religious ]jarties, Ifcrng particular as to their moral coudnet, would naturally consider it wrong and -wicked to spend upon tlie dead an amount of money which mign^be devoted to the benefit of the living ; and no doubt, when wo come to look into such exp<nKlitui*c is much the same ijhmg with the practice of savages and hea- thens in buryii^ biead, and meat, ami clothes, along with their deceased friends. I have been suggcjsting considerations which are very discouraging, and which afford but a poor look-out to us undertakers. But, gentlemen, we have one great comfort still. St has become the fashion to inter bodies with parade and display. Fashion is fashion ; and ' ^le consequence is that it is considered an msrdt to the memory of deceased parties not to bury them in a c^ain style ; which must be I'es^ctable at the very least, and cost, on a very low average, twenty-five or thirty pounds. Many, such as professional persona and tradespeople, who cannot afford so much mimey, can still less affofrd to lose character and custo^ That k where, we have a puH upon the widows and children, many of -vmonL if it Wei'S not far the opimon of society, would be only too happy to save their little money, ajwi turn ft pito Ibod and clothing, instead of hineral liixradture. enanagtunent and cpuduct, %y pfcrsc pointed by them, of the fimerals of ; Now here the Metropeiiti^ Interments Bill steps in, and aims at oestooyhm our only ekaneesof keeping up busmess as Beret^^ore. We have general^ to deal wiii^ peirtieB whosa feelings are not in a state ^to admit ^ tlidr making bai^^ns with us — a dreumstaaeoe^ on thdr parts, v^ich is highly cre^table to human nature ; and ftivourable to trade. Tfins, in short, gentlemen, we have it all our own wajf vdth them. Bu^ this Bill comes between tie’ bereaved party and the mider- taker. By the twenty-seventh danse, it em- lowers the Board of Health to provide houses and make arrangements for the reception aawl (Are of th« dead previously and until interment t in order, as it esqXmsS in a sub- sequent clause, tef the aocommodation of persons having to provide the funeraJs— -sup- posing such persons to desire the accommoda- tion. Clause the twenty-eighth enacts "That 11^ said Board shall m^e provision for tho jananagtmient and cpnduct, %y persons ap- pointed by them, of the fimerals of persons whose bmlies are to l>e interred in the Burial Grounds, to be provided under this Act, where the representatives of the deceased, or the persons having the care and direction of the fimei-al, desire to have the same so ctm- ducteil ; and the said Board shall fix and publish a sciile of the sums to be payable for such fimcrjils, inclusive of all matters and services necessary for the same, such sums to 1)6 proportioned to the description of the funerjil, or the nature of the matter and services to be furnished and rendered for the same ; but so that in respeef of the lowest of such sums, the fonerals may be conducted with decency and solaumity.” Gentlemen, if this enactment becomes law, we shall lose all the ad vant;*ges which we derive from Ixireaved parties’ state of mind, Tho Board of Health will t^ke all trouble off their hands, at what- ever sum they may choose to name. Of course they will apply to f^.e Board of Health instead of coming to us. But what is beyond everything prejudicial to our interests, is the proviso "tJ^Jin resj’jpct of the lowegt of sudi sums, the mnerals may be aondueted with^ tlcconcy aud solemnity.” Hitherto ft ImS been undei’stf)od that so much resp^ not be paid insthe case of what we cidl a low affair as in one erf a certain style. We have always con^dered that a funeral c|gght to cost so much to l)^ respectable at all. Therefore relations have gone to more expeuco with us, than they would otherwise have been willing to incur, in order to secure prefer respect. But if proper respect is to be had at a low figure, the strongest hold that we have upon sorrowing relatives, wiH be taken away.. It is aR Tery fine to say that we ore a necessary chlBS of ^tradesmen, and if this Bill passes iiittHt.4iontlnne to be iconployed. If tiffs Bill does pass we lOraR bo employed simply as tradesmen, and e^l obtadn, like other trades- men, a mere iMiket price fi>r our articles, and common hire for our labour. 1 am afraid that 304 -^motjasHOLD woia>fiL ™ Ho^ .oral’s- :; 1 think, therefore^ that ^ had better not ^B OGBE SS, , attack the Bill oa sta merits, Init try to excite oppositioa against it on the groipid of its l.-nJoiNiKO the REomSNT. accessary claases. Iiet us ojfjposf \t as a scheme ^ * I hate |^t some very sad news to teH of jobbery, devised with a oaew to the es- yon?” wroth IfAy Pelican to her Mrs. tablisbmeut bf offices and ap})ointments. Let Yernieil, a faded lady of fiuhion, who dkocm- us oomplam aa Iqndly as we can of its creating tentedly occupied Wi fiiite of apartments at a new rate to^ defray the expei ses of its 'Hampton Court ; “ out Irish estates are in working, and let us endeavour ^et u^ a such a miserable condition — absolutely good ' howl against that clause of it which making us out ts be in debt to instead provides for compensation to incumbents, of adding to our income, that poor George— clerks, and sextons. We must cry out with you will be shocked to hear it — ^is actually all our might upon its ccntraliamg tendeixiy, obliged^ go iifto the Infantry !” and of cour^ make the most we can out of The mamunicatlon of this distressing hct the pretence that it violates the sanctity of may stand instead of the regular Gazette, the house of mourning, and outrages the most announcing the appointment of the Hon. fondly cherished feelings of Englishmen. Urge George Spoonbill to an ^slgncy, by purchase, tliese objections upon church-wardens, over- vithe 100th regiment of foot. His military seers, and vesti’junen ; and especially diii the aspirations had been “ Oavaliy,” and he had objection e^o a burigl rate into their ears, endeavoured to qualify himsclt for that branch H^ollect, our two gre&l!b weaponi^^like those of the service by getting up an invisible mous- of all good old anti-reformers — are cant and iacho, when the Irish agent wrote to say that cl^our. Keep up the same cry against the no money was to be had in that quarter, and Bill perseveringly, no matter how Inorouglily all thoughts of the Household Brigade were. it may be refuted or proved absurd. Literally, of necessity, abandoned. But, though the make the greatest noise in op^sition to it more expensive career was shut out, Liord that you are able, especially at public meetings. Pelican’s interest at the Horse Guards re- There, recollect a groau is a groan, and a hiss mained as influential as before, and for the a hiss, even though prdceeding from a goose, consideration of four hundred and fifty pounds On all such occasions do your utmost to create 'which— embarrassed as he was— he contrived a disturbance, to look like a popular demon- to muster, he had no difliculty in procuring a stration against the measure. In addition to commission for his son George, in the distm- shouting, yelling, and bawling, I should say guished regiment already named. ^ere that another *TU8li at another platform, were, it is true, a few hundred prior ohumonts another upsetting of the reporters* table, on f the Luke’s list; *‘biit,” as Lord Pelican another terrifying of Jhe ladies, and another justly observed, “ if the Spoonbill family were mobbing the chairman, would be advisable, not fit for the army, he snould like to know Set to work with all your united zeal and who were ! ” An argument perfectly irresist- energy to carry out the suggestions of our ible. (Gazetted, therefore, the young gentle- Ceiitr^ ^ Committee for the defeat of a Bill man was, as soon as the Queen^ sign-manual which, if passed, will inflict a blow on the could be obtained, and, the usam interval for undertaker as grcf-t as the boon it will confer preparation over, the Hon. George Spoonbill on the widow and orphan — 'whom we, of set out to join. But before he does so, we course, can only consider as customers. The must say a word of what that “ preparation ” Metr(q)olitan Interments Bill goes to dock us consisted in. of ovea^ penqv that make taking ad- Some persons may imagine that he forth- vantage of the helplessness of afllicted families, 'with addressed himself to the study of Poly- And juot calculate what our loss would then bius, dabbled a little in Cormontaigne, got up *be ; for, in the^autiful language of St. Le- Napier’s History of the Peninsular War, or metrius, the silversmith, " Sirs, ye know that reafl the Luke’s Desjiatches ; others, that he by this craft we have our health ” went down to Birdcage-Walk, and placed him- ! — — self under the tuition of Colour-Sergeant Pik& ^ of the Grenadier Guards, a warrimr celebrated THE TWO* SACKS. for his skill in training militaiy aspirants, or * unTATED TBOM PMDBU8. that he eudeavoB^ by BoiM ^ to acqmre a practical knowledge, however slight, At our birth, the satirical elves of the profession for which he had adwi^s been • fi^s from our shouldora suspend ; intend^. The Hon. George ^poonbiU knew ^ meone^de thefeultB ofouradvea; better. The preparation made, ww a The other, the faults of our Mend : at least three times a day, to Messrs. Gorget The first we ww under our dothes Plume, the military tailors in Jerm^ Out of sight, out of mind, at the back; Street, whose souls he sorely vexed by the The last is so tinder our nose, persistai^oe 'with which he adhered to the We knew eveiy scrap in the sack. most accurate fit of his shell-jacket and coateci the set of his epaulettes, the cut ox THE TWO' SACKS. IMITATED FROM FUnDBUS. At our birth, the satirical elves • sacks from our shouldors suspend ; ' The one holds the faults of ourselves ; The other, the faults of our Mend : The first we wtor under our dothes Out of sight, out of mind, at the back ; The last is so tinder our nose, We knew eveiy scrap in the sack. Obarlw DUMmuJ 305 his trowsers, and the idiape of his chako^ He passed his da^ in on his things,” and his evenixug;s-*^h6n nolT engaged at the Casino, the Cider Cellar, or the Adelphi — ^in dining with his military friends at St. James's Palace, or at Knightsbsidgft Barracks. • In their society he greatly imnfovfetl hinlselfj acquiring an accurate knowledge of lans- quenet and eoart6, cidtivating his taste ^or tobacco, and familiarisi^ his mihd with thak rererenoe for authori^ which is engendered by the anecdotes of great military com- manders that freely circulate at the mess- table. His education and his unifoi'm being finislied at about the SiiniC time^ George Spoonbill took a not uncheeiful farewell of the agonised Lady Pelican, whose maternal bosom streamed with the sacriiice she made in thus consigning her offspring to the vulgtir hardships of a marching regiment. • An express train conveyed the honourable Ensign in safety to the country town where the “ Hundredtli ” were then quartere<l, and in conformity witli the instructions whiCh he received from the Assistant Military Secretary at the Hoi’se Guards — ^the only instructions, by the bye, wliicli were given liim by that fiiTictionary — ^he “ reported " himself at the Or<lerly-room on his arrival, was presented by the Adjutant to the senior Majior, by the senior Major to the Lieutenaut-C^donel, and by the Lieutenant-Colonel to the officers generally when they assembled fbr mesa.
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Corvesi, Pietro: Edicta ... veter. Imperat. ... in Tit. de Pactis FF. et C.
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19 elle,eius qui paeifcebatur ìnrerfuitldeoq; & de bitoris conuentio Bdeiiifforìbus prolicìet. а N ifi hoc aâum elletwt duntaxat ab altero non peta tur,vtpote â reo,â Hdeiufforc verò petatur: hoe enim yea(u,fideiufl`or exceptionc nö vrctu r. Ь Ех altera parte in rem, ex altera in perfonam ii pa ¿ìum conceptum fuerit , veluti ne ego регат, vel ne â te petatur,tunc hœres meus :1b omnibus vobis ÍJetitìonem habcbit,& ab Игл-еде tuo om nes peterc poterimus. C 8c quemadmodum con eipere vel dirigere paeìionem i Pfam in al iquem, qui Prxllet mox, quod conu enit, neeeíle efl, vt det,transf`erat,facint vel non faeiat 8c eiufmodi. Ita 8c {шалит feu negotij Гребет oportuic ve haberent aliquam,in qua vel eorum оссаБо— nc componercnturac Herent,vl>i maxime paâa per feipfa certi alicuius prœcipui faéìi fpcciem non conllituunt , fed accedunt magìs & adiun guntur alijs,velut in prxlîdium, quòd ad cerros terminos 8c ad determinatas formas сби eniant qui negotiantur, proptcr quod (Бант ell, con uentiones illas validiores чих aéìiones решит, in Г uo nomine non flare , (ed traníire magis in proprium nomen contrafìus , velut in emptio nem,venditioncm, locationem , conduûioncm, focietatem, commodatum, depolitum, 6e catte ros ciufmodi contraûus. Si vcrò extra nomina CODUJ a Paul. în L8: Merediájina. ibi. Ь Ирины. а ‘ eelìfl. inl. niiiifcod. c Помады. 8.inñì§.§.íì cx Лимита. 1N 'r11'. DE мстя; ЕЕ ‘Íibiípli nunquam pacifcìmr, пес]; duo pluresîic vnìfi occafioncm nancìfcantur сх 111161111: vel nc gotiationc aliqua.& гипс , aim уг1'111111п‘о1ип. rtas arbitrìum 8c dclibcratio accedit ас! а111с1и1‹1‚ quod 111 commune tangitßliquo modo compo nendum , informandum ус! obferunndum :lli .ter quàm ста: prius placito amborum Гси сот a :muni voto, id paftum vel рвём гсссршт effe lv dici.quòd 11 conuertatur,idcm planè erir. Deri- « ` uare paéìlirix _:¿ìwpìciäìugli сх рабы: Ген conucn~ ‚ tionibus pax fequatur,etymologicum pariter -' ; _1: l id cfl, mc р1иг1Ьи$1п ео1п11110. Г реси1аЬ1шг in 113; his quilìpie pro arbitrio. quando 8: in banc For mam alia спит adiungì роПёпцрс г qua: ramen .‘ v „vlcunq; vis verbi cxprimeremryclut П quis 11 milìtudinc vocis ad (стройка vcrba impaûus compaftus ö: ciufmodi procedcrcr,ad1naìorem -feu cxpreßiorcm huius {ignificnti vim: clim ra men 8: leìani fcntentia de his быт pnûum â paûìone dicatur,vndc Pacis nomen appellamm {ŕribltdiniens paâum crinm,vt [it duorum plu rium’ue in :dem placitum öcconlcnfus.“ vcnìm а \'1р11п.1й1›; de his :rlìimct pro fue arbitrio (1111Г‹];.$1 vcrò 3c figlìfâäfl i lpîlcilìxmcs conucnirc difamus , (1111111 cx iliucr- 'i' i ` ‚ 115.111111111 morìbus in vnum confcmianr, id cfl: in vmm fcniennam decurrant : ceu qúi ех diner fis locis 111 vnmnI colliguntur 3c veniumgcònue ...ç-m' В 4 nir: ООО 37272 58 TRACTATVS lida erunt horum paña ,vbi aliquid vel etiam amplias,in'vtilitatem 610111111 dominorum con а Cain; lìb.i. fequentur. ‘1 Similiter 8: 6 in rem paûum con~ uentum lit 616111111 , per leruum lizereditarium, 1111-1196 Eli’. hxredi acquiri poterit : quanquam idem lertius i" 5510- hxreditarius , lizeredi Poll aditu ro nominatim b 111111434 paeifcì non polsit,quìa nondnm dominus is lit l’. Ideoq; nee nomine eins pacifcens , illi aftionem ' ° acquirerc Pollet. Nili forte citra exprelsionem nominis, lia'redi futuro pacifceretur , qiiia tune (ecus ellet. Et vclut in genere diéhim eli, feruos fuis dominis prodelle polie , obelle autë nequa quam: ita 8: Per lingulas fpecies intelligcre hoc comienit. 8: 6: leriius creditoris,meliorem eau fam domini facere potell , in deterius au tem re formai'e , nouo Paâo non poteli obligationem с scm-3".“ rec'te conllitutamfldem &6 debitor lit fru to. 11.1 reltitu- . . - ш д“ шиш. ¿hiarius ferui,& pacifcatur Гег111151п quo vfum _ C-df рябь. friiûum haberme à 610 1111611111110 petatur,paci fcendo meliorem conditionem eins facit:ita& li creditor ellet frueftuarius, 8: patins ellet ne pc teret, feruus autem liuftuarius pacìfcerctur de mum vt peteret,benelicio paíti,quod feruus in tei'pofiiillet,vtiliter ad petitioucin dominnsad d. lul'nlìbßs; mitteretur. ‘l De paûis domiiiorum, an Prolint (etuis, fuperlluum ellet inquirere, quando cer ' tum elhleruos quaudiu ferui liint,nihil acquire {С aut Io TRACTATVS furti 8: tollnlur pariter per execptìonem нёбо, qilolieltunq;paé`tumf.1&um ell ne репшг, per diuilionem bonnrum tommtlniiim,per (elutio nem,acceprilationem 8: eiul`modi , quìbus mo dis атеист ЬдЬЕ$ vel ius ад Шат шпс delinit репе ngere , quali finitum in illis lit шутит omnefx :Amen non integri: Enita lint, led imper (еде magis ,aut per fraudem & dolum , non co minus eompeteraûori aûio, ад propry iuris ex hot capite Perfecutionem.cuiufmodi li propo natur , tres fratres Titiů & Маннит 8: Seinm, communem hxreditntem inter le diuìlille ‚ Еп llrumentis etiam interpolitis , quibus diuililfe matcrnam lixreditatë dixeruntmihilq; БЫ сот тнпе rcmälille caueruntßûm verò polie-1 duo де fratribus videlicet quins & Scia(qui abfen res :rät tepore mortis mntrìsfliz)cognouerůt ре euninm aureä àfratrc Íuo elle ГнЬп-ааат , cum eius nulla mentio in inllrumento diuilionis con tinerctur,quxrercnlrf1; proptcrea, an РОГ! pa' ¿tum diuilionis де ГнЬпааа реента . fratribus aduerlus fratrem сотрет—ее aûioêModellinus relponclit competere. (два liagentibus his ad Eortìonem :ius quod lu rreptum âTitio dicc atur , genen-dis рад! :опцет! cxceptio (ад :a qu: per fraudem àTitiu commìllam ignoran` tes umlegerunt) obijciatur , де dolo vt iliter rc. plicari TRACTATVS Cello rel'pcndìt шт oblignti onem ад pafhml. vrputa li дед! tibi rem , vt шт! а!!ат des, дед! vtaliquid faciasjioc enim «видимую: elle 8: hinc пай! ciuilem añioncmjdcoŕp pu пи!!! Vl pianus reéìi: Iulianum âMartinno reprehëlum in hoc,dedi tibi Sticlium vt Pamphilum manu mittas, manumililìi , стаи: ell Stichus, Iulia nus fcrìbit in Талант дайопет дапдаш àprz torc. Ш: ait ciuilem теснит а&!опст ршГсг! pris verbis fuflicerelìlfc enim cötrzlûum, quod Ari lio ß'nallagma,iclell Permutationem dicit, _ 4. vndc hx: nalìitur яте. ’ Obl'eruandum шпеп _ Y ,m l. in paCtis przdiflis illud ell , vt cum lolent dici ’flugmúmm path conuenta inel'fc bonz Еде! iudicijs , quôd 'l' illud lic accipiatur ‚ vt li quìdem ex continenti рада ГиЫЪшга Гипгяпапчиат lint nuda рцаа etìarn` ex parte топ; ìnlint : li vero cx inter uallo non incrunt,ncc valebuntfi ngatur : ne ех раао aflio nnfcatur. Щепа; геГропГнт ell :i Ра ртшю, Б Pollemptionë cx interuallo, aliquid extra natu râ Conrmfhisconucniatpb han: сап fam ngi ех cmpto non palle ргоргег illnm regu lam,ne cx pafto непонятен!— ‚ quod 8: in om nibus bona: Еде! iudicijs :rit dicendum :quan quam ex parte rei locum lubebit рабыни. clim lolcnnt еп риал quae pollca interponuutur ех ceptiones Parere prout dicci-nus in fcqucntìbus latins. IN TIT. DE PACTIS: si :genius loco. Iurìfgcnrium eonuentìones. quan clam атом: pariunt,quzdâ exceptiones, quz pariu nt .1&iones,ìn (uo nomine non Пап: fed in eontraérus prnprium nomen tranůantwr vi. а VIPia b4; dimus in prxccclörilnus. (hue ранишь-жаре] nes Гипс рада nud-1 :ic limpiìcin,citraalicuius contr-16h15 nomen,dc quorum тещ; differen tijs profcqucmur in fequcntibus latins. Ad Pri mum igirur eorum чих paulo nnte nobis tra ¿tanda propofuimusj quidam fatendum elhvt in principio tellati fumus,ad lmc paé'ta introdu ¿la fiulleala eorum origine, vt aliquo vf`ui nego tintionibus ac trnûatibur hominíi ellenrurec re. cepu ell-c in iure inutilìtcr,confltuendum ell igirur, vr eiufmodi риал inita nbfcruarcà paci fcenrilsus Ер“: eonucnizie , quandoquidem lmius «Бай xquitasmaruralis ell. @id enim mili con огцй ell humanze fidei, даёт ea qu; ing“ {gî панами Elacuerint , fcruarc г l’ ör шпс magix, ШЕЕ fraudë ладит (unt Штрщчшп сошшгпшг neque dolo malo,neq~, aduerfus мутными, fenatusconfulta , cdifta,drcrcta principummeq; què frans cuiquam comm fiat, Гада emnr, fer uabo. c Ideoque elli cle pa fecndo pecore partial. rio inter Apolinarem paflorrmßr fuum domi num Conuenerit , hoc :ll vt fœtus eorum , por С ь vipu нм. :d ediéì ‘n l. hm’ ваше: eed. с шпации: ad ediëì. in l, ìurìfgmiìum. ç. przmr ait` tionibus ш“ PM CAPITÀ EORVM Q_VAE hoc tículo de раем; contines. пик—‚Гипс. (дыр: радит. leim' inter Афиш , (y qualita' inter [am он. же: compo mznrur. In quod ßbieffum гепардами? puquum рифм} пани. In qulbmfnÜù/É'u mbvorg'x младшими. щи iure m: inn-adufl¢,0 in quux Лист, Qin раб 4 ИШЬ Ü' qu: {пятый [im ‚ряд er quíluu Pacífd wlnon рифт: [медь Mlmfìnguh трюм ßßfìt (9- ad fummarù и! ím'ommada nliorum vulcan! indrjffèrcnrvr p4. cifti. Poßremo Чик рада aflioncx , (9' flux exception“ ipßs рифами: priant. р к о о в м 1у м. formam redigercntur quie effet рац— lò quàm атса cům certior tum fac'i- _ lior : quòd an prfeůicerim hafìenus in litulum de :dìamcnrís 8: ра&1$,Го lo experimento 8: indicio corum qui dc lus {ludici-um Periculum fcccrint commino : futurum fortêwbi qui ar tem hanc ус! [Ъщйцш ассиГапг ‚ quœ reliant ас! ршзсйбга. 1п6п1ю ус vo lum , in infìnitum criam catalogum Produxerint , уЫ ad finitos tcrmmos parnita Ниш]: ас di (polka, quòd pb ri paritcr ус! non longê clifsimili on dine traëtentur 8:1!!а. lequcnv tur ас!!1а:с, aliquamo спит faciliora. fpcramus 8c policcmur , ob (11111110 nem capuum, qua: non рсгрсшш 1115 conucníre vila eff. Prœlarí auncm in- ‚ terim hœc Iìbuityt mcmc mais ratio nibus :ucar , ad illas quas milń lulpb cor Obuenturas calumnias,rum vr 1111` В L ius muur. ne pac-ris. З; re ant habere polie , quin dominorum lit : ita vt damnum e"\’ vtilitas, in ipfos reduiidet femper: {шт vtpotc inhaliilibus ad haze omnia. Ех rc fcrui autem , vel de l`eruoipfo , li pacifcatur do- ` minus сй debitore videlieet , vtporc ne llichum qui БЫ debcbatur peteret, mortuo llicho,intra te mpora ad non petendum data ‚поп tenebitui' reus,qui ante растит etiam,moram non fecit а. Przediftorum limilitudine porrò,vel lic exigëtc paritate negotij, produfla quacllio haze duci ро гсП‚& ad tutores,cu ratores,procuratores, magi liros focietatum, & cxteros eiufmodi,inqiiiren do videlicet,nuin li pacifcantur ij,illorum рабы, pupillis, adultis, dominis procuratorum, confo cijs & limilibus,prolintvel noceant an (ecus г8с de tutore quidem , dubium non ell(vt Iulianus fcribit) quin horum paftaqaupillis prodelle pol' Пни}: Velut & negotiatio eorum feu munus to tum , quod ad hoc introdut'lum elle videtur, vt Per omnia profit magis quam oblit.Etoblit etìä interdum , ii qualitas negotij & œquìtatis ratio id Pollulet : prout 8c ex horuni oliicio toto, fuis loris liquidius pater: potcll. ita vt ad tutores etìam negotium habëtes cum pupillis,iulia ani maduerlio adhibeatur,vtpote ë( li in eo effet pu pillus,vt ab hatreditate patris abßinereturßt tu tor cum plerifque creditoribus forte decidat, ve ' . certain ¢ à a Sectio.apud Iulia.lib.i:..fï. in l. li рааш. ibidem. Э Ь Paul.li.4.ad ediâ. in l. ш— toris quoque. Haie Patil. ООО 37272 _» _ Tnacrarvs caula icl inter nos conucniffetßc per me non fix# ”гасишь.“ ret,quominus iam traderet.‘quibiis quidë mo~ :pinoliin Liî dis przrd'iftis efficeretur pro conuentionis lege. îfuznoîmdum vt pollellbre procurante adimplei'e quod conuc i nit,dominus разд!) оЬПаснШт 8: impedimen _tum faceret quoininus cöuentis parefeuôc his ca libus exceptio pollellòri côpcteret propter im pedimenta prxdiûa. Si verò tradiclillet Titio pollelsionem ,iam amplius ab eo non vendica ret : quia pariti'i ellenvbi анкет fua caula pof {спал д!!!н!!Пе: tradere,tunc vendicationi citi-a exceptionein locus ellenëc lixc дс ехсер:!оп! bus qua: inter pacifcendum interueniunt leu in terponi polliint alias, ac de paftis iplis in genere (quandoquidem de paftis particularibus inter cmptoreni 8: venditorem ,cle расы: dotal'ibus &ciul`modi alibi agetur fuo loco) lint fatis. in terim dum ad llipulationes liuius traátationis afiines, nollrum {ludiů 8: nollram fpeculatio nem conuertimus, quò lic [uo ordine сноба д! fpolita, percipiantur 8: retineantur commodius ea Гре :атё,у: non minus intelligibiles has pro. днище putcmus, quàm haâenus à quoquam in publicum edita: tiieriut, bene v_ale leftor & nos ama. [хо/ш: е: Шамот, :9‘ годам iu dicium шит. PROOEMIVM. î icnda 85 œßimanda v . di vis ac eficftus, arli .„_ 1` ficis ipíius: vtporc qui, 85 quatcnus ad cundcm valcant vel non valeant , quid Prœßent vel non prœßêt Gnguli,quatcnus accedat pro pofito [uo in vnaquaq; fcopo,l1ic aut ille , 8c quatenus (Едет alij vel longê abfint аЬ codem , exemple patenti öc manifcfìoà ßgitrarijs,in animum no Шиш , 8: noůram notitiam induci potcft:quando quidam figno adia culandum in communi propofito,ad Omnium quorquot inculnmur com mune vel excrcirium vcl periculum, non obfcurum eß ncc ambiguum dif А 5 кутить 00037272 Y Y '2.6 TRACTATVS а РааШЬщ. li hoc cxprclliim fiiillct. " Similitcr 8c Б poll ‘d еще}: mel.' vendìtìoiiem hœredìtatis ab aliquo (забыт, ere ЁЁЁЗЁЁЁ 'plòditores contra cmptoresßâiones (uns тонешь “Т‘ЙАЙЬ-З- ïnj сок]; газ fpontanea voluntatc fufccpilie I probe. tur :exceptione raciti рад} non inutiliter de соа. ' fendetur venditorzl’ 8c hœc qiiìdë time сыщет, b Smm“ 8‘ feu loCum habenc maxime, quando pro natura âgtg'äîîëëfaûi , duo lic БЫ inuicem cohzerent, vt alterum ucndirìoncm, trahataliudwcl fequatur aut dcpî'deat a fe prae c‘d° Paä' eedeiitc.aiit lic tacìtumitas cohœret faûo, vt ci-` rra Ltlionem vel ciiìdeiis damniim partis alte ~ rìiiS , 8e cirra fraude Cum Confenfii legitimo ч ' vrriufq; partis comienit,pa&iim ell : тросе vo 1СП$ 1 ponte remitterc alter alterì,aut gratiam 8e b'eneiicium facere alioqui, tutum ас indemnem; Pfœflare :ilìquem & eiufmodilliioniam [i econ tra pignu's creditor debitori reddcrer , non am..A то liberandi, fed bonaßdefpe rccepttirì debiti, . fl Pecunia demum Гоши non fuerit , quin debi " u* ` *tum peti pofsit, dubium non ell : nili {Pedaliter (Vt diëhim ell) contrarinm наши с11е probe 5 Modlîflh «tu r. c ita pater manifelle cx confeiifu lolo, раба. 5. fcgl . ln .. ~ PO“ Pig“ . . . .. dc paéì. velle : vnde 8c vbi is aPruerit eertus ae liber , 8c fi ‘aid ЕЁ‘ЫЁЁ‘Бдассь-рсй1то ìniitilìs liar , tacita atramen рабы? Umß_§_ 5“, ñ, ne закат videbiru г nc pctzirur:d neque impedi 'ml- mcntum faciet alioqiii acceptìlatìonis inutili ‘. ‘ tas, ' \ ¿ ‚ ‘Èfhfuï’ 9 fi Yraciti qualitatem metiendam , ae :efìimandam _L -.. .ъ ООО 37272 p `TRAC-rarvs atrio daretur , tunc non elle inhibendum credi torem,quominus àTirio pciat. Similirer 8c nul lo modo prohiberi creditorem debereli fideiu bensTitius elim leruum libei'um elle crcdidif \ let. (дист inluper 8c li liib condirione Ripula tus гнет à re,quod mihi Titius pure debebat, ~ e; ._ . ‚ an deliciente conditione li à Titio регат, exce i' ptione рабы eonuenrißt polsiin & debeam lub moueri г 8c magìs elle dicir , exceptionem non elle oppoiiendanl. quod lic intelligendum arbi tror (cum ita propolitum pollremum hoc, lub oblcu rum aliquanrulum videatu г) velut in ca fus politione ,vr llipulatori vel creditori ilh li mauis,Titius pure debeat, Titio verò,tertius il le (à quo creditor Titi] llipulatur) lit debitor lub conditione , 8: cum Titius quod puri: debet latisfacere non polsit, creditor ab alio tub condi tione lbpulatur, defeëra aurem conditione, vt pote inutili vel inualida feu inellicaci ,cum libi propterea nö latisfiat, reddit ad Titium pu ruin debitorem, qui ob defeérum alrerius , exceptio nem opponere non debet , ne creditor interim legitimo fuo debito frulletur.N ili ramen etiam aliud attum ellcr. videlicet vt creditor liberato Titio,debitorem conditionalem maluillet,quia time Titius cxceprionem conucntionis oppo» neus , audirerur, prout ratio 6c xquitas ipla di ¿tant P R о o E м I v м. i? cxpcrimcnta pro illorum vi Sc condi попе поп ГцШсйипг. Vt prœdiximus à quo qui tam longe abfumc, quin vc 1иЬспопе1 extra dircëtam fmt [cmi tam,obfcurum nö all prœuidcrcxùm Vtrò confie: per Prœcliíta , elle vias alins,pcr quas iam (Идёт тащрюхй mius accedi pofsit(ůc fi non ста o mncm mendam vel imperfeéìioncm 'i Perfcëìifsimê , quando cliuiui id elle: ingenij magis quàm humani) vitio verri non debet , nec in calumniam impurarifi quamplurimis hoc expe rimentis 8c conatu multiplici аисте Шг , ca (pe vr li vno aut altero opta` :um integrum affequi non liccat , ad tertium, quartum 8c dcinceps , rcs ôc negotium Lotû,paulò perfeäìus quàm fir, renoucmr: vbi maximê in confet Го cli apud omnes viros ôa mulicrcs ранге: , quòd сё Prodierit quicquid B huius in мг. 1312 PAC-ris. '4i bitor pendcret : iullum ellßt idro feruandum ’ а ”Щи-ПЬЮ nee improbantur Ша parircr , li pacifcatur а liquis neiudicati ,vel incenfarum xdium aga- amuñiwd. tur,hoc enim paétum validum erit. Quòd fi ра cìfeamr aliquis,ne operis noui nuntìationem exequatur , quidam putauerunt non valere pa {Монет ‚ quali in ea re prxioris imperit'i verfa retur. Labeo autem dillinguendum putauir, vt (i cx rc familiari орет noni nuntìatio lit fails liteat paeifeiJi cle re publicamon liceatqux di flinéìiu vera ell. In czteris igitur omnibus ad ediûumprztoris pertinenribus,qux non ad pu ' blicam lxlionem , fed ad rem familiarcm relpi einnt, pacifci lieeat. Nam & de furtu,pacìfci lex permittit. Set-16e li quis растапл- nedepol'iti agatfecundů Pomponium valet рядит. Item. fi quispaétus lit, vt ex eaufa depofiti , omne pe riculum prœllet, Pompaaitìaûitnŕngmvvjlere, nec quali contra iuris ibrmam faé'tam , non effe Ь И й lì A fernandam : ь1т68с [i conditionìs incertutn feu ,d n L incerta eonditio ‚ с0п11ст1опе vel рада linire- Эмират-Ё rur,non ideo minus valida clientzvclutnim ver ' bis lideicommifsi petitum ab aliquo :liquando profiteatur, vt li vita line liberis dccederet, hx rcdiratem Licinio Fronroni relbtneretqvaéìum eo tempore de lextantc videlicct Licinio Pron toni dando, interpolitum, clim libcros Philinus non ш тгг. DE расти: и bmnem OCCafionem qui negotia спазм, inter ponere pro libito paftioncs polsintlnter abfen tes idco Labco ait,conucnirc vel per epiflolam, vcl per nu ncium quoquc polie : inter przrfentes vcrò rc ipfaůc nedum exprciio,(cd ctinm tacito confenfu солистке [cu pacifci inter al iquos,ali qua intelligi interdumzideoq; 8: li debitori lilo aliquis remiferit cautionem, vel inflrumentum debiti reddiderit , vidctur inter hos conuenifle, nc petatur debitum :proi'uturami'ß ci (описи. eionis cxcepeionem placuìt. а @andoquidem 8c opere feu iaûo ipfo, confenfum vel cifeâum ad раб}; talia videantur prerllare , licet verbo exprella non fuerint, (luemadmodum & in vr~ bams habitationibus locandis. inueëìa illata pi~ gnori elle locatori Placuit, etiam Б nihil nomi natim conuenerit,vcl ex eo,quia etiam (описн tiones tacita valeanr. Secund um quiz 6c mutuS etiam pacifci police. huius rei :irgumemûl pra’ bctetiam llipulatio dotis caufa Жабы. пат dos ante nuptias male решит, quali hoc exprcllum fuiilemluoniam nuptijs non feeiitis,p:1riteripf0 iure euanefcit llipulatio. Idemq; 6c Iuliano pla cuit, ex faëìo etiam confulto, clim conuenillct, vt донес vfura: folucrentu r, fors non peterctur: 8c {lipulario pure concepta fuill'et , conditio ncm meile flipulationi Iulianus refpondir: arq; B у li hoc а Paul. libe’.` :ld cdifì. in l. Labcońfco. Errata,qux opere hoc abfoluto deprzhenv dimusfic corrigito. pagina 4 linea „ш. lege падшем, 15 in verbo rcli lege rei. :7 lege exigatur, 3; 4 lege tranfcunt. Pro идеален: idco. lege ищет. pro easJege eos. pro delege 8: dominon'i. lege quod li (e referant. Pro alij'ue,lege alix’ue. 1N 'rn'. DE PAC'NSI *i quemme hœreditatë ревете: , fingulas res vt hz rcs pctens,ex eo quod pafturn erit,pa¿`ti сопит ti exceptio aptanda erinœemadmodum li con uenerìe ne fundus petatur, 8: vfumfruâum de mñ cxigat creditor. Aut ne nauis :ediliciumîie -Petatur, 8: diilolutis his, lingulas res регат. N ifi fpecialiter aliud aûum ell. “ Е: velut in petitio nibus prxdiûis rerum (Нант ell, vt li vltra vel aliter quam conucnìt petatur , ad illa exceptio vt cöpetat aduerfus petitores tales, lic & сх per fonis 8c faâis alijs,intelligcrc conlentaneum ell, просел Per conucntionem запит саде à per` ‘Iona tali videlicet Tino регаты/Ы contra con uentionem petitìo fiat, hac exceptione рабы re pelli poterìt. Cuiufmodi in exemplo hoc quod Proponit Caius b in eo qui pectmiam à feruo Ш ` pulatuseß , quam (ibi Т itius debebat. (шит ` enim li is трите: :l Titio demů petat,an exce ptione рабе} cöuenti, fubmoueriëc Pofsit & de l beat, propter id quia paâus videtur flipulando l cïim {eruo ne à Titio pctat? 8: refpondet сх Ген tcntia Iuliani,ita vel tune fiibmouendum, li lli pulatori -in dominum iplius fei'uì, aâio de pecu lio danda efl, ex quo iullam caufam interceden ' di feru us ha buit.quia forte tantundem Pecunia: dominus Тет}, Titio debuir. Si verò quali lide iullor Titius interucnit,cx califa ne in ресницы l: y aûio a Ibìdë.§.iten' li paâus. b Нише! edi ¿tum prouin. in l. in perfo m.§. qui pcm niífide paäa.
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Caradrina catalana là một loài bướm đêm trong họ Noctuidae.
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Caradrina
| 14,379 |
https://github.com/89891383/Reaction/blob/master/src/components/chat/styles/chat.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,021 |
Reaction
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89891383
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JavaScript
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Code
| 796 | 2,709 |
import styled from 'styled-components/macro';
import * as COLORS from '../../../constants/colors';
export const Container = styled.div`
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
position: fixed;
right: 0;
width: 24%;
height: fit-content;
@media (max-width: 810px) {
display: none;
}
`;
export const Header = styled.div`
background-color: #151515;
border: solid 0.5px rgba(70, 70, 70, 0.8);
top: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 9.5vh;
min-height: 50px;
color: white;
position: absolute;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
z-index: 99;
box-sizing: border-box;
`;
export const Title = styled.h1`
text-transform: uppercase;
font-size: 1.1vw;
margin: 0;
letter-spacing: 0.4px;
`;
export const ChatBody = styled.div`
display: flex;
position: relative;
width: 100%;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
min-height: 100vh;
border: solid 0.5px rgba(70, 70, 70, 0.8);
background-color: rgb(40, 40, 40);
`;
export const UserBody = styled.div`
display: flex;
position: relative;
width: 100%;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
min-height: 100vh;
border: solid 0.5px rgba(70, 70, 70, 0.8);
background-color: rgb(40, 40, 40);
`;
export const FriendInput = styled.input`
left: 0;
width: 96.5%;
margin: 4px;
color: white;
padding: 14px 0;
position: relative;
background: #151515;
height: fit-content;
border-radius: 3px;
transition: border 0.2s ease;
border: solid 2px rgba(70, 70, 70, 0.8);
padding-left: 10px;
outline: none;
&:hover {
border: solid 2px rgba(255, 165, 0, 0.5);
}
&:focus {
border: solid 2px rgba(255, 165, 0, 1);
}
`;
export const InviteButton = styled.button`
margin-top: -3%;
margin-left: 8%;
border: none;
color: white;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: flex;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 1.8rem;
width: 86%;
padding: 9px 0;
border-radius: 3px;
background-color: ${COLORS.MAIN_COLOR};
&:disabled {
opacity: 0.5;
cursor: not-allowed;
}
`;
export const FriendSearch = styled.div`
margin-top: 1px;
background-color: #151515;
border: solid 0.5px rgba(70, 70, 70, 0.8);
width: 97.65%;
height: 23vh;
min-height: 50px;
color: white;
position: relative;
display: none;
// justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
box-sizing: border-box;
overflow-y: scroll;
flex-direction: column;
&::-webkit-scrollbar {
width: 0.25rem;
}
&::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
background: #1e1e24;
}
&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: ${COLORS.MAIN_COLOR};
}
`;
export const SubHeader = styled.div`
background-color: #1c1c1c;
border: solid 0.5px rgba(70, 70, 70, 0.8);
width: 100%;
height: 8.5vh;
min-height: 40px;
color: white;
position: relative;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
box-sizing: border-box;
`;
export const Main = styled.main`
padding: 10px;
height: 81.75vh;
margin: 9.5vh 0 8.75vh;
overflow-y: scroll;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
&::-webkit-scrollbar {
width: 0.25rem;
}
&::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
background: #1e1e24;
}
&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: ${COLORS.MAIN_COLOR};
}
`;
export const FriendMain = styled.main`
padding: 10px;
height: fit-content;
margin: 9.5vh 0 0;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
`;
export const Friend = styled.button`
padding: 10px;
border: none;
background-color: #00000000;
position: relative;
align-items: center;
display: flex;
width: 100%;
height: fit-content;
cursor: pointer;
&:hover {
background-color: #45454599;
border-radius: 5px;
}
&:disabled {
opacity: 0.5;
cursor: not-allowed;
}
`;
export const FriendOverlay = styled.div`
position: absolute;
left: 0;
right: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
font-size: 0;
z-index: 99;
`;
export const FriendImage = styled.img`
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
border-radius: 50%;
float: left;
`;
export const FriendUsername = styled.p`
font-size: 1.1rem;
position: relative;
color: #fff;
margin: 0 12px;
`;
export const FriendStatus = styled.span`
font-size: 1.1rem;
position: relative;
color: rgb(153, 153, 153);
margin: 0 3px;
`;
// height ---> 70.5vh when normal and 47.5vh on friends search
export const UserMain = styled.main`
padding: 20px 25px;
height: 70.5vh;
margin: 0;
overflow-y: scroll;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
&::-webkit-scrollbar {
width: 0.25rem;
}
&::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
background: #1e1e24;
}
&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: ${COLORS.MAIN_COLOR};
}
`;
export const Message = styled.div`
padding: 0, 4px;
position: relative;
height: fit-content;
&:hover {
background-color: #45454599;
border-radius: 5px;
}
`;
export const MessageImage = styled.img`
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
border-radius: 50%;
margin: 15.75px 0;
margin-left: 10px;
float: left;
`;
export const MessageUsername = styled.p`
position: relative;
color: rgb(153, 153, 153);
margin: 0;
margin-left: 64px;
margin-top: 14px;
margin-right: 10px;
word-wrap: break-word;
`;
export const MessageText = styled.p`
position: relative;
color: white;
margin; 0;
margin-left: 64px;
margin-top: 8px;
margin-bottom: 14px;
margin-right: 10px;
word-wrap: break-word;
`;
export const Form = styled.form`
height: 8.75vh;
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
background-color: rgb(24, 23, 23);
width: 100%;
display: flex;
font-size: 1.5rem;
`;
export const Input = styled.input`
line-height: 1.5;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
font-size: 1.2rem;
background: rgb(58, 58, 58);
color: white;
outline: none;
border: none;
padding: 0 10px;
`;
export const Button = styled.button`
border: none;
color: white;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: flex;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 2.2rem;
width: 32.5%;
background-color: ${COLORS.MAIN_COLOR};
&:disabled {
opacity: 0.5;
cursor: not-allowed;
}
`;
export const ModalTitle = styled.h1`
width: 100%;
font-size: 2.2rem;
`;
export const ModalText = styled.p`
width: 100%;
margin-top: 4px;
font-size: 1.5rem;
word-wrap: break-word;
line-height: 1.4;
`;
export const ModalConfirm = styled.button`
border: solid 1px #000;
color: white;
font-weight: bold;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
align-self: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: flex;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 1.6rem;
width: 67.5%;
padding: 25px 8px;
background-color: ${COLORS.MAIN_COLOR};
border-radius: 6px;
opacity: 0.85;
box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px -5px rgba(255, 165, 0, 0.5);
transition: opacity 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
&:hover {
opacity: 1;
box-shadow: 0px 0.5px 5px 5px rgba(255, 165, 0, 0.55);
}
`;
| 34,265 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43321926
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StackExchange
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Josh Kelley, Peter, Remy Lebeau, The Bitman, https://stackoverflow.com/users/25507, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2650419, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5211043, https://stackoverflow.com/users/65863
|
English
|
Spoken
| 482 | 761 |
Make ShowHint work on custom control with several different Rects, each with their own Hint
Using C++ Builder 2009
I have a custom control that inherits from TCustomControl, on which I paint several squares (TRect) with content etc.
I now wanted to show Hint as I hover over every square, but I'm not sure how to implement this best.
I attempted to simply use TCustomControl's ShowHint, and change Hint as I hover over the squares, but the problem is that the control doesn't show hint anymore after it first disappears, unless I leave the control and come back to it.
I hoped I could simply 'reset' it's state while hovering from one square to another but it doesn't work.
Assuming my approach is wrong to start with, kindly let me know what I should do to get the desired effect ?
if (State == rsHover && Item->FState != rsHover) // Not in the rsHover state yet, but going to
{
if (Item->Hint.Length())
{
if (ShowHint)
{
// Attempt to reset Hint's internal working, to no avail
Hint = L"" ;
ShowHint = false ;
}
Hint = Item->Hint ;
ShowHint = true ;
}
else
{
ShowHint = false ;
}
}
else if (State != rsHover)
{
ShowHint = false ;
}
This may not directly address your question, but for more complicated hint scenarios, I've had good luck with the following: (1) Create invisible TGraphicsControls (i.e., TGraphicsControls that don't draw anything) in the coordinates I want and assign their Hint properties. (2) Use the JVCL's TJvBalloonHint.
why is the delphi tag there?
The correct way to implement this feature is to make your component handle the CM_HINTSHOW message. The message's LParam value will be a pointer to a THintInfo record, whose fields you can freely modify as needed (in particular, HintStr and CursorRect).
To access the record, you can either
type-cast the LParam directly to THintInfo*.
type-cast the entire TMessage to TCMHintShow, and then access its HintInfo field.
By defining your own CursorRect rectangles, you can "[divide your control] into several hint regions", each with a different HintStr value. The CursorPos field indicates the mouse's current position within the control. When the mouse moves outside of the current CursorRect, the control will receive a new CM_HINTSHOW message, and you can update the CursorRect and HintStr fields as needed.
Thanks, it was an easy and straightforward implementation.
I'm actually a bit confused how this relates to CustomHint. Are both different Hints that can work alongside or does one take over from the other, if assigned ?
CustomHint uses a completely different mechanism for displaying hints. It is not tied into the TApplication-based hint system at all. If CustomHint is assigned, it takes over hint management, and your component cannot influence the behavior of that system at all, other than to provide the string that is displayed (via its normal Hint property).
| 27,884 |
journalofroyalag2181roya_11
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,840 |
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
|
Royal Agricultural Society of England
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,573 | 8,337 |
Coussmaker, of the neighbourhood of Guildford, for sheep- feeding on clay soils, in a discussion at the Farmers’ Club some few years since. This gentleman stated that he was in the habit of earthing-up one-half of the mangold crop in heaps on the land where grown, the other moiety being carted to the homestead to be consumed by cattle. The lifting took place in October, and the ground was at once ploughed and sown to vetches. Sheep are not purchased until the ensuing summer, when the vetches are commencing to bloom and fit to consume. Then the two crops,—or rather, moieties of crops, it being conve- nient to cart half of the vetches to the homestead,—are fed together, the mangolds being placed through the cutter and given in troughs, and the sheep thrive so well on the mixed diet that they generally fatten rapidly without artificial food. Before they have half consumed the food in store for them, the vetches develop into pod,—the state in which carters are so fond of taking the crop for their horses, as they consider it to be “corn and green meat” combined. Probably a slight extension of the system would enable clay-land farmers to keep much larger. flocks on their arable land in summer and autumn than they do at present. Larger breadths of mangolds might be cultivated to be treated in this way, only portions of the land might be sown to rye and winter-oats, the feed of which would mature suffi- ciently early for a flock either of hoggets or ewes and lambs to be brought in about the first or second week in April, just at the period when store sheep can be purchased most advantage- On Green or Fodder Crops. 151 ously in the generality of seasons. Both the rye and winter- oats would spring up afresh after being fed down, and no diffi- culty would present itself, with mangolds ad libitum to fall back upon, in keeping the flock supplied with food until the vetches were quite ready for breaching off. The uncommon systems, no less than the uncommon crops, appear rather numerous; some are practical, according to one set of circumstances, and others are not, but all may have their respective adaptations to different soils, situations, climates, and conditions of farms. Meantime it cannot be wrong to learn everything possible about them from those who have gained experience on their merits or demerits, and what advantage or the reverse is likely to accrue from their cultivation ; and I beg heartily to thank those gentlemen who have rendered me so much practical information, which has not only been of material assistance to me in the preparation of this paper, but will no doubt tend, if anything does, to render it acceptable to British stock-keepers. Entirely wrong would it be to designate any kind of produce ‘*a fancy crop,” simply because it seems to require costly culture, if it can be clearly proved that the return it is calculated to bring fully corresponds in magnitude with the outlay incurred. The fact that when land is sustained habitually in a high state of fertility the various members of the cabbage family may be grown with far less expenditure in artificial manures, and generally yield much greater weights of produce than in other cases, has been fully demonstrated. There can be little doubt that cabbage, broccoli, kale, maize, and comfrey are all gross feeders on manure, and most of them require large quantities of that kind which is most costly to buy—nitrogen. This is why high farming and their culture naturally go hand in hand, and probably ought never to be severed. Still it does not follow that those who have not the necessary capital to adopt high farm- ing in the management of the whole of their lands should have nothing to do with these crops. They might in all cases appro- priate a single field or a few acres to the growth of these most serviceable crops—growing no corn whatever thereon, and sustaining permanently this small portion of their holdings in a state of high fertility almost corresponding to that of a market garden. In all probability mangold-wurzel would on the generality of farms also be grown with far more economy on a smaller acreage more highly farmed than the rest of the arable land from which corn would be totally excluded. Whatever the price which growers of cabbages, kale, and broc- coli may have to pay in manurial outlay, &c., their returns may often be so very much enhanced by a portion of the produce being 152 - On Green or Fodder Crops. marketed that these crops have frequently proved the most remunerative of any on the farm. Mr, Charles Randell, of Chadbury, Evesham, in his evidence before the Royal Agricul- tural Commission, stated that the only way in which he had steered clear of a large annual loss, in the four years 1876 to 1879 inclusive, was by increasing the growth of other than ordinary crops. During the five previous years of 1871 to 1875, he said that his sales of seeds and vegetables only amounted to an average of 87/. 14s. 3d., but during the four years ending with 1879, these returns had averaged so much as D011. 2s. 2d. per year. Mr. Randell’s farm is 570 acres in extent, yet he told the Commissioners that it was by paying some attention, which he was now doing in an increased degree to other than ordinary farm crops, that he hoped to see the way to steer clear of losses in farming in future. What is still more to the point, he gave an example of his practical working of his theory by showing what an extraordinary good return he had realised from a 16-acre field in that special year of depression 1879. Early cabbages were first grown and marketed, and they realised 5201., which was 32/. 10s. per acre. ‘Then a second crop was raised, partly of cauliflowers and partly of cabbages and cabbage- plants, the sale of which caused the total returns for the year from this particular field of 16 acres to amount to 852/. 10s. The cost of producing these crops, including manure, labour, rent outgoings, and everything, amounted to 580/., leaving a net profit of 2722 3s., or 171. per acre. Moreover, it appears that the same field was in the following spring made to mature a crop of early peas, the pods of which were picked and sold in June for 167. 5s. per acre, and Mr. Randell, at the period of giving his evidence, expected to net a second heavy return from the field for the year 1880. This illustration may perhaps be commended to the serious attention of those who so persistently declare that high farming cannot be made a remedy for agri- cultural depression. The fact that prejudice, rather than a wise dispassionate judg- ment, often influences the farmer in the kinds of crops he elects to adopt, and the order of cropping employed, has frequently been admitted, and an unnatural bias or wrong impression too frequently also is allowed to operate in preventing the inquiry being as much as entertained, whether anything new or un- common recommends itself to his attention. The Scripture maxim, “ Prove all things, hold fast that which is good,” ought more thoroughly to be reduced to practice in British husbandry, no less than in a great many other matters—not, perhaps, to the extent of making the farmer a perpetual and extensive experi- Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. 153 mentalist ; but a private trial-ground of a few perches could never prove a costly undertaking, and if devoted to a test for new plants and improved pedigree varieties of old ones, would be sure to prove a good investment by enriching the mind in knowledge, if in nothing else. Nor must it be forgotten that an adverse opinion against the claims of plants not commonly cultivated has often been im- bibed, owing to inferior or spurious varieties having been tried, an evil probably of more frequent occurrence than is generally supposed. There are several different sorts of thousand-headed kale, and the Jersey tree-cabbage is so much like some of them in everything but running up a stout stalk before developing branches and heads, that an unprincipled dealer in seeds might often palm off his old stock when the true kale seed is inquired for. There are also various kinds of comfrey, the solid-stem prickly member of the family being accounted the best, while as for the cabbages, their name is legion. Obviously, then, whenever any of the kinds of plants not commonly cultivated are about to be adopted, either for trial or regular cultivation, the wisdom of going to a leading seed-house for seeds, or to a propagator or nurseryman of well-established reputation for sets, seems fully apparent. Only by taking that course would the generality of farmers be able to make sure of obtaining the true varieties required. V.—Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. By the Rey. J. Y. Stratton, Rector of Ditton, Kent. AMONG the efforts which have been made of late years for the improvement of farm and other labourers of the wages-earning class in this country, none appear to have made less sub- stantial progress than trustworthy Benefit Societies suited to their need. It is now nearly twelve years ago that, through the efforts of a small Committee,* a Commission of Inquiry into Friendly and Benefit Societies was obtained. By means of this Commission, of which Sir Stafford Northcote was the Chairman, a mass of evidence was taken, and a series of Reports, * The Friendly Societies’ Committee originally consisted of the late Earl of Romney, the Earl of Lichfield, the Hon. E. Stanhope, M.P., the Ven. Archdeacon Grant, J. Bonham Carter, Esq., M.P., W. Wells, Esq., M.P., L. S. Corrance, Esq., M.P., the late E. M. Richards, Esq., M.P., J. G. Talbot, Esq., M.P., the late Hion. and Rey. Samuel Best, Wyndham §&. Portal, Esq., and the Rev. J. Y. Stratton. The Committee has been reconstituted, for the purpose of obtaining State action. Objects—(1) The bearing of the Poor-law on Friendly Societies ; (2) Suggestions for legislation ; and (3) Measures for carrying them into effect. 154 Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. compiled with singular care and ability, published. Legislation followed in due course, and it is with the effect of such legis- lation, rather than with the evidence and reports which guided those who were entrusted with the inquiry relating to Friendly Societies, that I propose to deal. At the same time it is neces- sary to refer to the work of the Commissioners, and consider certain conclusions at which they arrived. They not unnatu- rally preferred, to untried plans and proposals, the development of societies, which, by their numerical strength or superior management, promised to secure to their members the advan- tages of trustworthy provident institutions. There can be no question but in this respect their recommendations have led to improvement, and, with due care in the administration of the law, they will lead to more. Persons who devoted their attention to the problem, how to raise the condition of the labouring classes by thrift, felt that time was needed in order to test in some degree recommendations which were entitled to respect, and which carried with them the authority of a Royal Commission. It was felt that the condition and progress, not only of the societies of the better class, which were managed by men of superior intelligence and skill, but of those mostly in fayour with labourers whose lot does not remove them so far as one could desire from the influence and help of the poor-rate, should be carefully watched. If, by means of improved legislation, the experience of a few years gave a fair promise of a healthy growth of benefit societies, gradually overpowering the dividing or sharing-out clubs, and offering to labourers a sure refuge in their need and value for their money, then the inference would not fail to be drawn that an effective blow had been struck at the pauperising clubs in common use, to the advantage of the members. The savings of the poor, once absorbed and dissi- pated, in vain efforts to secure their provision, were at last likely to give them the benefits which savings rightly applied and pro- tected would not fail todo. The reform was being attained, perhaps by a different road from that which seemed to those who had struggled for reform to be the best; but so long as improve- ment was going on, there was little or no cause for anxiety. But if we are met with portentous signs of failure where success was at least hoped for, if evidence is cropping up that the benefit societies of the rural poor are no better under the legislation of recent years, and it is doubtful whether they are not in some respects getting worse, the work yet remains to be done, and has aclaim on the exertions of all who are willing and able to help. If the recommendations of the Commission failed to introduce remedial measures worthy of the name, we must resort to other means than those which they offered to us. Far be it from me to Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. 155 depreciate the excellence of many of the recommendations of the Royal Commissioners. They accumulated an immense baggage of evidence, sufficient to furnish authors for all time to come with information of societies, sound or unsound, old and young, honest and otherwise. They related the career of societies of irre- proachable character ; they devoted attention to those which, like Thais of old, live by their lapses. It is impossible to question their diligence, or to raise any question on the valuable in- formation embodied in their final Report, and especially, as it seems to me, of that portion which deals with the Poor-law in relation to Friendly Societies. The decision, however, of the Commissioners in deferring to a more convenient season the question of ** State action” in, not the cost, but the management of insurances suited to labourers, is not only open to challenge, but, in consequence of the impotence of their recommendations in improving the condition of the rural poor by thrift, evidence is rapidly accumulating proof that further measures are required. By the kindness and liberality of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, the writer of this article was enabled to fulfil a promise which he made to the Commission on the con- clusion of his oral evidence, that he would submit for investiga- tion and report his plan in some detail, relating to a system of sickness-pay and burial-money insurance, and other insurances, suited to the labouring classes, through the Post-Office. The proposal had already been much discussed, having been pre- viously published in this* and other Journals, and brought specially to the attention of the Commissioners ina pamphlet,{ the main object of which was to obtain inquiry into the legislation relating to Friendly Societies. Attention had also been given to it by the Commission for the Employment of Children in Agriculture. Its importance was recognised at Poor-law Conferences held in different parts of the country. A Memorial in behalf of the method was further drawn up by myself, and by the well-known authorities on Benefit and Friendly Societies, Mr. Wyndham S. Portal, the Vice-Presi- dent of the Hampshire Friendly Society, and the Hon. Edward Stanhope, M.P., formerly an Assistant Commissioner on Em- ployment of Children, &c., in Agriculture. This document (of which a copy will be found at the end of this article) sets forth the importance of a self-supporting system of insurance, mainly for sickness-pay and burial-money, and urged that the e See Journal,’ vol. viii. part 1, 1872, ‘Method of improving the Labouring Classes ;” also ibid., vol. vi. part 1, “Farm Labourers, their Friendly Societies and the Poor-law,” + ‘Suggestions for Legislation relating to Friendly Societies.’ Published by Ridgway, and reprinted in the evidence of the Commission for Children, &c., in Agriculture. 156 Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. Act 27 and 28 Vict. c. 43 should be amended, to allow of the same being offered to industrious labourers by means of the Post-Office. It laid stress on the exaggeration of the diffi- culties alleged as to the protection and due administration of the sickness-pay; it also prayed that the useful, though but little-known insurance called “ Endowments,” might be offered to the public through the same channel. The Memorial was signed by the Archbishops of Canterbury and of York, by many Peers, Bishops, Members of Parliament, Justices of the Peace, Chairmen of Boards of Guardians, and others, to the number of upwards of 400, many of whom are well known on Poor-law and Friendly Societies’ questions, and indeed on all subjects which relate to the welfare of the labouring classes. Copies of the ‘ Method’ were duly sent to the Commissioners. It is doubtless matter of opinion whether my plan was entitled to special consideration. However this may be, a publication of the same and its principal details, undertaken for the purpose of investigation by them, supported also by such authority as I have mentioned, passed with little notice. The Method finds no place in the Appendix to the Report, and is nowhere referred to. No allusion is made to the refutation in it of the common and erroneous opinion that frauds on the sickness-fund are best prevented by espionage, or the surveillance of members of the benefit club over each other, although inyestigation would have proved that a system far superior had been in use in certain County Societies for half a century ; my inference being that the system might, with the best results, be adapted, not merely to the area of a county, but to the whole country. They admitted that the main difficulty against a national system of insurance suited to labourers was the fear of imposition on the sickness-fund ; and yet, with the means furnished them of disposing of the principal obstacle to which their attention was drawn by the memorialists, no inquiry was instituted into it. They came to the conclusion, “ that without entering fully into this controversy, we are, upon other grounds, of opinion that it is not desirable that the State should, under present circumstances at all events, undertake what is called sick business.” Mr. Stanhope’s evidence is almost all the evidence taken in favour of the proposal; and although his evidence is entitled to great weight, there were points which required further investigation. Had this omission, which has caused some trouble to labourers * in the same field of work since the publication of their Report, been merely a matter entailing some ies pieties to one who had devoted much time and * The Rev. W. L. ganar for one instance, ihe earlier papers the ‘Mark Lane Express’ criticised somewhat severely for not being aware of what had already been attempted by others, Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. 157 attention to the subject, it might have passed without notice. One hoped rather than expected that the outcome of the Com- mission would be the substantial improvement of the insurances of the labouring poor, but no one now seriously maintains that their recommendations have either attained, or are likely to attain, the result which all could wish to see. There is a con- currence of opinion, that further delay means continued mischief to the poor, and 1 am advised again to call public attention to my Method. Meanwhile, as if to show how little good was expected from recent legislation, and how urgent the need of further effort to raise the poor out of their pitfalls, commonly called Benefit Clubs, and to place them on the terra firma of independence, an enterprise in every way remarkable, has for several years attracted a very considerable amount of sympathy and support. The proposal of the Rev. William Lewery Blackley for national compulsory insurance against destitution in sickness, infirmity and old age, and for the promotion of which the National Providence League has been formed,* has not yet, I believe, been published in detail. To discuss its merits would be foreign to the subject of this article, which is in favour of a voluntary system of insurance. Neither need I enter upon the inquiry on the probabilities that Mr. Blackley’s plan would, if adopted, interfere prejudicially with mine, or with any sound Friendly Society, or system of societies already in existence. The opposition which his proposal has already met with in some quarters, from apprehension of injury, appears to have been founded in error. Let me pay a tribute to the admirable spirit and energy and great ability which Mr. Blackley has devoted to his arduous: task, and pass on to efforts made by others to bring about a better state of things. The attempts which have been made in Parliament to obtain further amendments of the law relating to Friendly Societies, furnish additional evidence of the opinion that steps must be taken to secure labourers against the risks they run, and the disasters which sooner or later befall them in their insurances. Mr. Harcourt,t M.P. for Oxfordshire, has given notice of his intention to bring in a Bill, the object of which is to make it penal for any person to establish or manage a society, the rules of which are not certified to be in conformity with the * See Appendix. t Lord Lymington, M.P., is also devoting attention to the question, and has obtained an interesting return relating to the pauper inmates of unions who were formerly in benefit clubs. The return may be compared with that obtained by the Earl of Lichfield in 1868. 158 Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. law, and the tables of contribution to be approved by an actuary. The remedy is, I fear, doubtful, unless subsequent supervision should be vigilantly maintained by the help of the actuary, and powers given to wind up the affairs of societies which failed to comply with the requirements of the Registrar, on the report of the actuary. There is, however, a suggestion of great practical value in Mr. Harcourt’s proposal. To say that people may form or join any benefit club they like, is merely conceding the iiberty of the citizen. It would not be easy to frame a law, which, while securing them against fraud or folly, did not interfere with their liberty to please themselves. But _ there could be no infringement of such liberty if, allowing people to form any clubs they liked, it were made penal for any manager or trustee of such club to hold moneys thereto belong- ing without giving security for the same, and duly accounting for the property entrusted to him, not merely on the motion of any aggrieved member, but as a part of the duties of his office, without discharging which, he should be dealt with as the law directs. An additional defence, and one of great value, might thus be secured to the insurances of the poor. In addition, however, to the perils and dangers of private Bill legislation, which spring from the pressure of public business, all such praiseworthy efforts as Mr. Harcourt’s must run the gauntlet of a powerful opposition. The fear that class interests are likely to be imperilled, leads but too frequently to a successful resistance.* The competition for insurances is very keen, and any attempt which might indirectly interfere with business and divert it from its customary channels is viewed with jealousy. The affiliated societies do not regard alteration of the law, or indeed any interference with their affairs, by the Registrar, with favour; and they unquestionably possess the power to make their opposition a matter to be carefully reckoned with in Parliament. That the Unity and the Foresters will oppose any movement which is likely to benefit the labouring classes, especially of the lower degree among which they have not as yet made so great a progress as they desire, is improbable. The support which the affiliated societies gave to the Committee above mentioned, in obtaining the Commission of Inquiry into Friendly Societies, in the face of obstacles, and manceuvres ingeniously contrived by parties who did not relish the notion of investigation at all, must not be forgotten, It is doubtless easy to stir up the opposition of * Mr, Gladstone was compelled to alter for the worse the Post-Office Act above alluded to, from the opposition here alluded to, Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. 159 these large and important institutions even to salutary measures, but the old public spirit still survives among their leaders, and if need be will be forthcoming for the public good. I for one rely on the same open and fair treatment which was formerly expressed towards my proposal, when under public discussion, by Mr. Pinchbeck, then the Parliamentary agent of the Odd- fellows and the Foresters. Other influences against reform must, however, be taken into account in all attempts to alter and amend the law re- lating to Friendly Societies. Bankers are often connected with the Insurance Companies, and are unwilling to concede more liberty to the Friendly Society than they can help. Consider- able difficulty, it is said, was occasioned by them to Mr. Fawcett, now the Postmaster-General, in his useful attempts to encourage thrift, by enabling small investments in Government Stocks to be made through the office. The opposition of the Insurance Companies and Bankers has made itself felt from time to time in hindering and restricting the business of life insurance through -the Friendly Society. For instance, the highest sum which could be insured was formerly 200/. Subsequently an alteration was made, reducing it to 100/. It was again restored to 200/., causing with each alteration the societies to alter their rules. It now stands at 200/., on no very secure footing, if one may judge from the past, and the restriction imposed on the Post-Office, which is limited to 100J. as the maximum. The Act which enables insurances to be obtained through the Post- Office is, in more respects than one, an instance of dexterous Opposition. On the one hand, as I have stated, the limit is half that at present conceded to the Friendly Societies, by which means a considerable number of mechanics and persons of restricted means who desire to insure for upwards of 100/. will find their way to the Insurance Companies—very rarely to the Friendly Society. If enabled to insure for double the amount, they would, in many cases, doubtless avail themselves of the Post Office. On the other hand, the minimum amount of insurance, 20/., is so high as to be beyond the reach of farm, &c., labourers, though a half promise was made to reduce it to 5J. by the late Duke of Montrose, formerly Postmaster-General.* Thus then, while the Post-Office was started on a most useful road for the good of the industrial and labouring classes, it was sorely crippled by these restrictions in offering insurances which are of a very profitable kind. It was, however, made very welcome * The attempt was made in the House of Commons, but did not succeed. 160 Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. to the business of annuities, the same being neither profitable nor popular. Again, any measure which might affect the valuable property of the public-houses is not likely to pass without the keen scrutiny of the brewers. The late Mr. Tidd Pratt used to say that the ‘‘ connection” of the benefit club was occasionally sold as part of the goodwill of the house. There is no reason to doubt the correctness of his statement. Here then are diffi- culties which, if one is to judge by the utterances of some who are most earnest in labouring for additional means to encourage thrift among labourers, have not received the consideration to which they are entitled. They must, however, be carefully dealt with by all who desire to join in the work of regenerating Friendly Societies, and to extend their usefulness. Nevertheless, when we consider the character of those who take the lead in the mercantile and trading interests of this country, and how imperative is the duty of striving to better the condition of those who cannot help themselves, and who are worthy of the effort, an appeal for at least generous forbearance will hardly be made in vain. I do not rest our claim on their assistance, on the argument that the improved condition of the rural and other poor which enabled them to make a little in- dependent provision, by means of moneys now mostly wasted in the vain attempt to obtain it, could lessen the number of members, or impair the influence of any sound society in the land; or could disturb the money-market to any appreciable degree ; or, least of all, injure the interests of the brewer. The main argument to be submitted to their consideration is, that their help is sorely needed by their poorer fellow-countrymen, and that there is a responsibility which cannot be evaded or ignored by those who have made the commercial interests of their country the wonder of the world, not merely to abstain from obstruction, but to take their part in such efforts as are here earnestly, though with but poor ability, pleaded. Little real advance can be made in the arduous task of improving the social and moral condition of the poor, if it fails to elicit the sympathy and the support of those who have not yet done their part in the work, but have been led to view it as possibly in- jurious to their interests. The position of the farm labourer compares not unfavourably with that described by me in this ‘ Journal’ in 1872. Consider- ing the depression in agriculture, which has impoverished land- lords and tenants and ruined not a few, it is remarkable that the labourer has escaped. His turn may come, but not perhaps in a reduction of his wages or a rise in the price of the Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. 161 necessaries of life. An illustration of the security of his posi- tion is afforded by his lot being in no respects the worse, and in some degree improved, during a decade, the greater part of which has been disastrous to English agriculture. The class of labourers Within range of the Poor-law is constantly receiving its accessions and sustaining its secessions, the effect of which is to keep it pretty much at a uniform level of intelligence and ability. Owing to the recklessness and profligacy of some who belong to a higher social grade, there is a gravitation downwards in the community which sooner or later settles in the lees of the peasantry, not much to the ad- vantage of any one concerned. On the other hand, the labourers are constantly losing their best men, who make their way to positions in life according to their ability, and the “time and chance which happeneth to all men.” Emigration, the proper outlet for surplus population, draws away from the old country a few of the best of them. One could wish that emigration would rid it of more of the indolent and dishonest, who, how- ever, are chary about leaving their native land. Those who compose the bulk of the class are men who are fully entitled to a comfortable home and their own fireside as long as they live. That adversity may come, and the distress exceed the ability - for self-extrication, gives them a claim for the help sufficient for their need from poor rate and charity, and assistance thus rendered cannot degrade the object of it. There are also many who, from infirmity of mind, or body, or illness, require the care of the Asylum or Union-hospital, and will need help from the rate, being persons who under no circumstances could insure for sickness-pay and burial-money. But, more than this, the | labouring classes of this country, principally agricultural, are not, and probably never will be, able to dispense with assistance of a different kind to that which is drawn from charity or the rate. They want protection and care to enable them to secure that which of themselves they cannot obtain, and which “ State action” should put in their way. And my plea on their part is, that they, having sufficient means to maintain the undisturbed occupation of their homes so long as the breath remains in their bodies, are, for want of such assistance, unable to secure their undoubted and just claims. I take the efforts which the labourer makes to secure his welfare by means of the principle which, next to religion, seems to be the most powerful and vigorous in this country, self-provision by mutual help, and record their failure. He joins a benefit club for relief in sickness, for pro- vision in old age (sufficient to keep him out of the workhouse), and a sum to pay the funeral expenses, and the small outstand- ing accounts which he may owe in addition to the debt of VOL. XVIII.—S. S. M 162 Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. nature. He pays sufficient, and oftentimes more than sufficient, to secure this provision, and to what purpose? Is there one club* in a thousand which will fulfil the terms of his contract? The security is worthless, not from the dishonesty of the managers. Dishonesty is comparatively rare, though it crops up now and then. From sheer inability, either to administer the rules or take care of the capital, and from ignorance, which I believe is invincible, of the importance of holding on, even against the wish of the members themselves, to capital, the man’s provision is lost. The accumulation of two or three years’ capital is considered to be so much surplus hoarded to no purpose. There are barely any societies among the poor in which deferred or prospective insurance is a matter of even a fair probability. It is almost a mockery to try and improve their societies by adoption of the admirable rules and directions issued by the Chief Registrar,j for the simple reason that once the excitement of the formation of their society is gone, and the guardian care of one or two painstaking men who get no thanks for what they do is with- drawn, there is nobody who can manage the business and take care of their property. I forbear quoting instances. They are probably within the knowledge of most of my readers who take an interest in village clubs. How far “duration” may be relied on in the affiliated societies is another question. It is possible to maintain a central authority in perpetuity, while some of the subordinate parts, the districts or courts, go to pieces. Perhaps for no better reason than that the local managers have failed to read and understand the rules which relate to general management, they find their district “ out of touch” with the main body in the day of their struggle, and cannot claim the assistance they need to prevent disaster. Dissolution and re-formation, with loss of capital and some peril to “heavy” cases, may follow. Disasters of this kind do not arise from want of warning on the part of the authorities; but the local people are not fond of advice, especially if they have a few hundreds of capital, at a high rate of interest, in some local investment. Few, indeed, are the Friendly Societies of the labouring poor which can secure the payment of insurances deferred to anything like a period of twenty years. Is it wonderful that, amid such failure, prospective insurance is but little attempted, with the solitary exception of burial-money? Add to the inherent difficulties of BBE ret and vies in * The number of the Sharing-out Clubs is estimated to be greatly in excess of the certified Societies, but no return is given by the Commission. ¢ ‘‘ The Form of Rules” on application to the Registry of Friendly Societies, Abingdon Street, S.W. Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Poor-law. 163 bond-fide societies, the dangers which many run by means of societies which maintain a staff of collectors who suffer the member to get behind with his payments till his insurance is forfeited, and all payments on it gone, and there can be no surprise at our being told that the sharing-out clubs are on the increase. The society which leaves prospective insurance to the poor-rates, and shares out all or nearly all the fund at the end of the year, is about as much as the man can rely upon for insurance, and rather more than he understands or can manage. With the help of the publican and two or three of his better- informed “ mates,” the leaky craft, to which he entrusts himself and his fortunes, sets sail, and he has a passage therein which, as the voyage progresses, costs him 80/. to 100/. or more, till he is thrown overboard to prevent shipwreck, and falls into the jaws of a system from which he never emerges with life. And yet with these distresses, which it should be the care of the State to lessen as far as it is possible, if it cannot remove, the Commissioners could decide not to “enter into this contro- versy,” and thereupon to pay no attention to the practicability of “State action” in the due management and supervision of those insurances which the labourer most of all needs—that of sickness-pay and burial-money. ‘Their resolution has been for some years unfortunate for the labourer. How long is help to be denied him? But I must be allowed to complete a description of the Friendly Societies among the farm and other labourers of this country, before devoting attention to the assistance which may fairly be rendered by the State. The position of the member who, under more enlightened’ auspices, joins a society managed by the worthy squire or clergy- man, is by no means commonly safe. The committee meet at the hall or the public-house, or the school-room, and for years everything goes on quietly and well. The society is duly regis- tered ; the Chief Registrar is not suffered to grow rusty in his duties for want of inquiries on points of law from the magistrate, and of morality and social importance from the vicar. The annual club sermon shall not lack, with its better teaching, something at least of the support of the highest authority on Friendly Societies. And so the cumbrous Blue-book finds a place on the pulpit-cushion, and portions of the last report are read out to the attentive congregation, and duly commented on in what the local paper will call an eloquent and practical dis- course. Well, time passes on, and the vicar becomes, perhaps, a bishop, or is preferred to the world above, and the squire grows old, and leaves the management to others, who get every- thing into a muddle. What becomes of the society when it M 2 164 Friendly Societies, State Action, and the Puor-law.
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Use that, our house! Anything and everything. We find the rooms in the parlor, and everything compared with rags, scrubbing, and vermin to cellar. And fences are all rented with carpets, tiling, and curtains, and you can't paint, varnish, and turn up as soon as you get into the house. We are wearing a dress on our Sunday best when we get a girl and have a calico rag on our head to keep the dust, our hair. Like everyone else, we can run a square meal since the cleaning began. Every time we hear the house, they have rubbed immediately after wood coal or other necessary or pine, they have been re-to-help move stoves, pianos, or other heavy articles of food, and when they made blunting, they seldom do. We just told them then and there what we have of them. They have begun with tears in their eyes to the small boy up to the barn with bread and butter for them when meal time rolls, so they won't have to face the lights of house cleaning. They have made us think that it would be the greatest joys of their lives if the quiet nights in the hay where they can hear the peace and horses munching all night, goodness, this job will be more long. Margaret Sullivan returned in Sunday after spending several weeks on a trip back east. She says she certainly enjoyed herself, but of course, she did not feel well after being gone long. Bell fell off his barn roof of the week, and lit on the fence, breaking his ribs. He was taken to the Bow where the car was cared for, his injuries being along fine. Reward was a business visitor in town last week. Bond Bennett returned on Sunday from a trip to Denver, where he had gone to bring back a bunch of cattle which he purchased there last week. Max Frohner was also in Denver, but he understood that he had a right home cattle and brought back here. In Rawlins, the first of the week, Mrs. Joe Watkins, Ben and two daughters, Flora, and Mr. and Mrs. Harrison West were in town. Monday to attend the funeral of Jane Gabbott. She was laid in the cemetery at Carbon Hill. Mrs. Del Bowles came to the ranch the first of the week, and visited for a few days. She noticed Sullivan getting his calves. A. Richards, the other day, had a nice time, and evidently must have been pretty nice to them. In the Republican, that owing to the price of gasoline, walking undoubtedly would be quite popular with motorists. And Mrs. Shields and Mrs. Garnett were visitors at the Republican. Hchards ranch on Sunday. Dolling, Fred Croat, Chas. *Uy Buckley and Johnnie horned cattle at the TB ranch; Friday and Friday. NOUNCEMENT EN T F. J. ROLLE Expert Painter and Decorator now located in this city and is prepared to handle classes of work in this line.... the most sanitary orating done in an up-to-date manner Phone 156 Res. 4th and Spruce bills of the board of county commissioners HONOR IN REGULAR SESSION APRIL 4, 1916. At 10:00 o'clock A. M., this 4th day of April A. D., 1916 at session as is by law required. Roll call showing present County of Christensen, Robert A. Day, Wm. A. McKay, chairman J. Magor, Clerk. Orders were had as follows, to-wit:— Ruch of the last meeting were road and approved. Milton was presented to the board signed by a number of the of Hauna requesting that the road through Hann known as the Highway be repaired at once and that the Road Supervisor be ordered. Cardwell has been on the for several days with an attack of la grippe, but is able to be again. Mrs. F. R. Richards has been quite for the past few days. At this writing she is not much better. Mrs. Ruth Evans, who has been visiting at the home of her brother, Dave Wray, for the past two weeks left on Sunday for her home in Salt Lake City. Jack Dolling, Bill Dolling, Cecil Dolling and the Cardwell boys de horned cattle at the Bill Dolling ranch on Monday. Mrs. L. T. Sullivan has been on the sick list for a few days the past week. Mrs. J. S. Burnett, Wallace Burnett and Edwin Cruickshank were in Medicine Bow in the Ford on Saturday. While in the city, the boys took in a very interesting rooster fight. Emma Jane Irving is quite sick, having a very sore throat and a bad cold on her lungs. Mrs. Wm. West, and her daughter, Mrs. Kellogg, returned home on Thursday and got back to the basin on Sunday evening. Dr. and Mrs. C. A. Wright left on Wednesday for Omaha where Mrs. Wright will receive medical treatment for some time. Thurman Kellogg made a business trip to Canon Creek and returned on Saturday. There is more snow down that way than there is up here. Mr. and Mrs. Wyatt and Mr. and Mrs. Finkbiner and family were visitors in the valley on Sunday. James Walsh, Jr. is out at the ranch assisting Mr. Hoseman with the farming and the chickens. The water in the river is so muddy that it is almost impossible to use it. Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, etc., of The Rawlins Republican, Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Of the Rawlins Republican published weekly at Rawlins, Wyoming, for April 1, 1916. State of Wyoming 1888 County of Carbon Before me, a Notary Public in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared R. H. Alcorn, who having been duly sworn, according to law, deposes and says that he is the editor of the Rawlins Republican, and that the following is to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc. of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by Act of August 24, 1912 embodied in Section 443 of the Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to-wit: That the name and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor and business manager are: Rawlins Republican Co., publisher, R. H. Alcorn, editor and business manager, Address, Rawlins, Wyoming. That the owners are: R. H. Alcorn, J. P. Sheahan, V. K. Sheahan, Rawlins, Wyoming, and J. M. Alcorn, Brownsville, Ore. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, or other security holders owning or holding 1 percent of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are:— Merganthaler Linotype Co., Chicago, Ill., American Type Founders, Denver, Colo., and First National Bank, Rawlins, Wyoming. R. H. ALCORN, Editor and Manager. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 3rd day of April, A. D. 1916. R. A. LOGAN, Notary Public. NOTICE TO DOG OWNERS Rawlins, Wyoming, February 17, 19 Hi. Office of the City Marshall, On and after this date all dogs running loose on the streets without tags will be impounded, according to an ordinance of the City of Rawlins governing same, hogs will be held in city pound for two days, after which. If taxes are not paid they will be shot. W. J. HAYES, City Marshal given the support of your commissioner to do what work he may see or deem advisable to do and that repair all approaches to and from the Lincoln Highway. The same was read and ordered filed. A road petition was received from Encampment, Wyoming, signed by a number of residents and taxpayers of that locality asking that the road between Encampment, Wyoming and Hastings Creek be repaired. The brides are all in very bad condition and dangerous for travel, same was read and referred to Robert A. Day for his consideration. ROAD LOCATION The Clerk was instructed to advertise the location of a road from Hanna, Wyoming to Mill Creek, near Elk Mountain, Wyoming, more particularly described by the County Surveyors field notes as follows, to-wit: FIELD NOTES OF SURVEY OF COUNTY ROAD FROM HANNA, WYOMING, TO MILL CREEK IN CARBON COUNTY, WYOMING Survey commenced March 16, 1916, and completed March 23rd, 1916. Survey executed with W. & L. E. Gurley Light Mountains Transit, flag pole and steel tape 100 feet in length, by J. W. Wilsda, County Surveyor of Carbon County, Wyoming. Started at a point N. 41 deg. grees, 19 minutes West and 1742 ft. distant from the % Corner of Sec tion 19, Township 22, N. Range 81, West., this point being the initial point of the survey, Station 0. plus 00. From Sta. 0. plus 00 thence S. 14 deg. 31 min. W. to Sta. 1 plus 80; From Sta. 1 plus 80 thence S. 21 deg. 02 min. E. to Sta. 3 plus 93; From Sta. 3 plus 93 thence S. 9 deg. 35 deg. E. to Sta. 17 plus 60; From Sta. 17 plus 60, thence S. 24 deg. 42 min. E. to Sta. 21 plus 43; Sta. 13 plus 40 bears West 960 feet from the East ’4 Corner of Section 19, Township 22, North, Range 81 West. From Sta. 21 plus 43 thence S. 72 deg. 59 min. to Sta. 23 plus 73; From Sta. 23 plus 73, thence S. 76 deg. 13 min. E. to Sta. 30 plus 75; From Sta. 30 plus 75, thence S. 66 deg. 08 min. E. to Sta. 36 plus 67; From Sta. 36 plus 67, thence S. 37 deg. 53 min. E. to Sta. 48 plus 62; From Sta. 48 plus 62, thence S. 4 3 deg. 25 min. E. to Sta. 56 plus 00; Sta. 55 plus 07, bears west 711 feet from the South ’4 Corner of Section 20. From Sta. 56 plus 00, thence S 4 3 deg. 05 min. E. to Sta. 59 plus 00; From Sta. 59 plus 00, thence S. 37 deg. 11 min. E. to Sta. 67 plus 00; From Sta. 67 plus 00, thence S. 50 deg. 16 min. E. to Sta. 71 plus 00; From Sta. 71 plus 00, thence S. 56 deg. 15 min. E. to Sta. 97 plus 40; From Sta. 97 plus 40, thence E. 32 deg. 42 min. E. to Sta. 112 plus 00; From Sta. 112 plus 00, thence 7 37 deg. 23 min. E. to Sta. 116 plus 70; From Sta. 116 plus 70, thence E. 20 deg. 00 min. E. to Sta. 121 plus 38; From Sta. 121 plus 38, thence S. 21 deg. 42 min. W. to Sta. 129 plus 00; From Sta. 124 plus 65, thence S. 6. deg. 37 min. W. to Sta. 129 plus 00; Sta. 127 plus 60, bears East 900 feet from the S. W. Corner of Sec. 28. From Sta. 129 plus 00 thence S. 00 deg. 13 min. W. to Sta. 137 plus 20; From Sta. 137 plus 20 thence S. 40 deg. 28 min. E. to Sta. 142 plus 00; From Sta. 142 plus 00 thence S. 24 deg. 28 min. E. to Sta. 161 plus 90; From Sta. 161 plus 90 thence S. 36 deg. 41 min. E. to Sta. 168 plus 73; From Sta. 168 plus 73 thence S. 41 deg. 45 min. E. to Sta. 179 plus 50; From Sta. 179 plus P n ‘hence 8. 43 deg. 35 min. E. to c " 'B7 plus 60; From Sta. 179 plus P n ‘hence 8. 43 deg. 35 min. E. to c " 'B7 plus 60; From Sta. 189 plus 00 thence S. 81 deg. 27 min. E. to Sta. 189 plus 75; From Sta. 189 plus 75 thence S. 71 deg. 57 min. E. to Sta. 191 plus 00; From Sta. 189 plus 00 thence S. 23 deg. 04 min. E. to Sta. 193 plus 50; From Sta. 193 plus 50 thence S. 54 deg. 10 min. E. to Sta. 200 plus 00; From Sta. 200 plus 00 thence S. 76 deg. 50 min. E. to Sta. 201 plus 50; From Sta. 201 plus 50 thence S. 76 deg. 50 min. E. to Sta. 210 plus 50; Station 208 plus 20 bears south 370 feet from the S. E corner of Sec. 33. From Sta. 210 plus 50 thence S. 71 deg. 00 min. E. to Sta. 215 plus 30; From Sta. 216 plus 30 thence S 62 deg. 10 mln. E. to Sta. 218 plus 75; From Sta. 218 plus 75 thence S. 37 deg. 08 min. E. to Sta. 224 plus 00: From Sta. 224 plus 00 thence S. 54 deg. 10 min. E. to Sta. 225 plus 75; From Sta. 225 plus 75 thence S. 62 deg. OR min. E. to Sta. 232 plus 44; From Sta. 232 plus 44 thence S. 56 deg Of} min E to Sta 242 plus 00; From Sta 24 2 plus 00 thence S 60 deg 45 min E to Sta 253 plus 50; From Sta 253 plus 50 thence S 64 deg 25 min E to Sta 257 plus 74; From Sta 257 plus 74 thenco S 73 deg 47 mln E to Sta 262 plus 50; From Sta 262 plus 50 thence S 53 deg 13 mln E to Sta 266 plus 20; From Sta 266 plus 20 thence S 71 deg 44 min E to Sta 268 plus 72; From Sta 268 plus 72 thence S 71 deg 44 min E to Sta 271 plus 45; From Sta 271 plus 45 thence S 39 dog 28 min E to Sta 273 plus 40; From Sta 273 plus 40 thence S 24 deg 54 mln E to Sta 282 plus 46; From Sta 282 plus 4 6 thence S 45 deg 49 min E to Sta 286 plus 66; From Sta 286 plus 66 thence S 3 deg 09 mln E to Sta 288 plus 26; From Sta 288 plus 26 thence S 15 deg 53 min E to Sta 292 plus 90: From Sta 292 plus 90 thence S 19 deg 26 mln E to Sta 296 plus 49; From Sta 296 plus 49 thence S 4 0 deg 54 min E to Sta 303 plus 30; From Sta 303 plus 30 thence S 40 deg 34 min E to Sta 306 plus 40: From Sta 306 plus 4 0 thence S 5 4 deg 19 min E to Sta 310 plus 80; From Sta 310 plus 80 thence S 4 8 deg 10 mln E to Sta 313 plus 80; From Sta 313 plus 80 thenn S 53 deg 45 min E to Sta 321 plus 20; From Sta 321 plus 20 thance S 38 deg 44 mtn E to Sta 322 plus 60: From Sta 322 plus 60 thence S 8 deg 20 mln E to Sta 331 plus 40; From Sta 331 plus 40 thence S 29 deg 36 min E to Sta 335 plus 40: From Sta 335 plus 40 thence S 69 deg 27 mln E to Sta 34G plus 80; From Sta 346 plus 80 thence S 47 deg 47 min E to Sta 347 plus 80: From Sta 347 plus 80 thence S 45 deg 07 min E to Sta 354 plus 20; From Sta 354 plus 20 thence S 15 dog 55 mln E to Sta 356 plus 10: From Sta 356 plus 10 thence S 4 deg 40 mln E to Sta 370 plus 20: Station 362 plus 70 bears west 610 feet from tho S E corner of Sec 11. T 21. N R 81 W of the 6th I’ M From Sta 370 plus 20 thence Sil deg 53 mln E to Sta 385 plus 30: From Sta 385 plus 30 thence S 17 deg 43 min E to Sta 402 plus 80; From Sta 402 plus 80 thence S 5 deg 46 min E to Sta 404 nlas SI From Sta 404 plus 80 thence S 00 deg 07 min W to Sta 406 plus 42; From Sta 406 plus 42 thence S 16 deg 47 min W to Sta 408 plus 80; From Sta 408 plus 80 thence S 13 deg 30 min W to Sta 412 plus 46; From Sta 412 plus 4 6 thence S 2 deg 24 min W to Sta 414 plus 00; From Sta 414 plus 00 thence S 19 deg 32 mln E to Sta 418 plus 06; From Sta 418 plus 06 thence S 34 deg 43 min E to Sta 419 plus 66; From Sta 419 plus 66 thence S 58 deg 16 min E to Sta 424 plus 09; From Sta 424 plus 09 thence S 44 deg 40 min E to Sta 436 plus 20; From Sta 436 plus 20 thence S 18 deg 17 min E to Sta 439 plus 20; From Sta 439 plus 20 thence S 11 deg 01 min E to Sta 450 plus 70; From Sta 450 plus 70 thence S 6 deg 58 min 6 to Sta 457 plus 30; From Sta 457 plus 30 thence S 1 deg 45 min E to Sta 467 plus 60; From Sta 467 plus 60 thence S 7 deg 00 min E to Sta 476 plus 00; From Sta 476 plus 00 thence S 3 deg 30 min W to Sta 484 plus 80; From Sta 484 plus 80 thence S 5 deg 30 mln W to Sta 505 plus 80; From Sta 505 plus 80 thence South to Station 512 plus 10; From Sta 512 plus 10 thence S 13 deg 15 min E to Sta 518 plus 80; From Sta 518 plus 80 thence S 30 deg 15 min E to Sta 533 plus 80; From Sta 533 plus 80 thence S 30 deg 15 min E to Sta 540 plus 80; Station 474 plus 95 bears west 620 feet from the South Vi corner of Sec 24 From Sta 540 plus 80 thence S 50 deg 15 mln E to Sta 548 plus 80; From Sta 548 plus 80 thence S 58 deg 15 min E to Sta 558 plus 70; From Sta 558 plus 70 thence S 51 deg 55 min E to Sta 570 plus 80; From Sta 570 plus 80 thence S 28 deg 25 min E to Sta 571 plus 80; From Sta 571 plus 80 thence S 6 deg 25 min E to Sta 573 plus 15; From Sta 573 plus 15 thence S 26 deg 55 min E to Sta 574 plus 10; From Sta 574 plus 10 thence S 62 deg 55 mln E to Sta 577 plus 60; From Sta 577 plus 60 thence S 50 deg 55 min E to Sta 581 plus 80; From Sta 581 plus 80 thence S 45 deg 25 min E to Sta 588 plus 80; From Sta 588 plus 80 thence S 36 deg 25 min E to Sta 592 plus 40; From Sta 592 plus 40 thence S 14 deg 05 mln W to Sta 594 plus 80; From Sta 594 plus 80 thence S 27 deg 35 min W to Sta 597 plus 55; From Sta 597 plus 55 thence S 49 deg 35 min W to Sta 603 plus 00; From Sta 603 plus 00 thence S 68 deg 05 min W to Sta 604 plus 35; From Sta 604 plus 35 thence S 3 deg 25 min E to Sta 605 plus 45: Station 605 plus 00 bears east 803 feet from the N W corner of Sec 1, T 20. The end of the survey. Station 763 plus 10 bears east 2ROO feet from the West Corner of Sec. 18. I, J. W. Wisda, do hereby certify that this is a correct record of a survey of this road made by me on the above mentioned dates. Signed: J. W. WISDA. County Surveyor. A notice was received from the City Clerk of the City of Rawlins that the annual municipal election would be held on April 11th, 1916. Board adjourned to meet at 2 o’clock P. M. L. B. MAGOR, Clerk. Board met at 2 o’clock P. M. this 4th day of April A. D. 1916 pursuant to the adjournment of morning session. Roll call showing all members present. Proceedings were had as follows, to-wit: Applications as depositories of County Funds were presented from the First National Bank, the Rawlins National Bank and the Stock Growers National Bank, of Rawlins, Wyoming, the Saratoga State Bank of Saratoga, Wyoming. On motion by Commissioner Day and seconded by Commissioner Christensen that the above named banks be accepted as county depositories and that the rate of interest be the same as in the year 1915. Motion carried. The resignation of S. L. Willis as Justice of the Peace at Encampment Wyoming was received by the Board. On motion duly put and carried the same was accepted. Through the resignation of Mr. Willis, the vacancy exists in the office of Justice of the Peace at Encampment, the name of A. J. Chidester was presented. Whereupon it was moved by Commissioner Day and seconded by Commissioner Christensen that Mr. A. J. Chidester be appointed to fill the unexpired term of S. L. Willis and that Mr. Chidester be instructed to file his bond as such officer before the next meeting of the Board of County Commissioners. Motion carried. The Clerk was instructed to Issue a Call for Bids for the Construction of a twenty foot dirt road fourteen and one half miles long from Hanna, Wyoming to Mill Creek, in accordance with the specifications on file in the County Surveyor's office. Sealed bids to be received at the office of the County Clerk up to 12 o'clock noon on the 4th day of May A. D., 1916. Bills were presented and acted upon as follows: Pres. Allow ini Frank Rider, salary deputy sheriff $25.00 $25.00 F. L. Hampton, salary and expense deputy sheriff $58.50 $58.50 W. C. West, salary and expense deputy sheriff $57.40 $57.40 William J. Hayes, salary constable $50.00 $50.00 W. H. Parker, salary constable $50.00 $50.00 Ruble Rivera boarding prisoners $112.20 $112.20 John Milliken, auto hire coroner $2.50 $2.50 R. L. Bedford, salary and expense deputy sheriff $53.00 $53.00 Edward McAtee, salary justice of the Peace $33.33 $33.33 J. F. Conway, stenographer's services coroner $7.80 $7.80 United Chemical Co., supplies Court House $17.20 $17.20 P. P. Murphy, salary and expense justice of the Peace $48.33 $48.33 Raymond Ault, salary water commissioner $4.00 $4.00 E. F. Noyes, salary health officer $8.00 $8.00 John W. Mullen, services assessor $44.00 $44.00 Snake River Sentinel, printing $2.32 $2.32 Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., phone expense for month $42.15 $42.15 Rawlins Electric Light and Fuel Co., light for Court House $19.90 $19.90 Leader Publishing Company, printing $8.20 $8.20 Borroughs Adding Machine Co., office supplies $65.65 S. L. Willis, justice fees $11.70 $11.70 Thomas Hughes, services assessor $10.00 $10.00 Amelia P. Ohnhaus, services assessor $5.00 $5.00 W. M. Englehart, burial pauper $50.00 $50.00 Mr. J. Hammond, care P. & P $20.00 $20.00 U. P. Coal Company, supplies P. & P $15.00 $15.00 Mrs. C. M. Hawn, widow’s county aid $25.00 $25.00 Amelia White, widow’s county aid $15.00 $15.00 Mrs. Nellie Francis, widow’s county aid $25.00 $25.00 Mrs. Mildred Dunn, widow’s county aid $40.00 $40.00 Mrs. Mary Stebner, widow’s county aid $25.00 $25.00 Board adjourned to meet at 10 o’clock A. M., April 6th, 1916. L. B. MAGOR, Clerk. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS IN SESSION APRIL 8th, 1916 Board met at 10 o’clock A. M. this 6th day of April, A. D. 1916, pursuant to the adjournment of April 4th, 1916. Roll call showing present Commissioners Robert A. Day, Ivor Christensen, W. A. McKay, and L. B. Magor, Clerk. Proceedings were had as follows, to-wit:— Bills were presented and acted upon as follows: Pres. Allowed Mrs. A. C. Nielson, widow’s county aid $30.00 $30.00 Mrs. Hattie Salas, widow’s county aid $15.00 $15.00 Mrs. Hattie M. Grady, widow’s county aid $15.00 $15.00 Helen M. Butler, widow’s county aid $10.00 $10.00 Mrs. Izura Darrell, widow’s county aid $20.00 $20.00 C. R. Watson auto hire deputy sheriff $25.10 $25.10 J. J. Wirth, salary deputy sheriff $9.00 $9.00 E. Mosher, supplies jail $17.00 $17.00 Ferguson Mercantile Co., supplies Court House $7.10 $7.11 Don Murray, supplies office and jail $2.85 $2.85 Rawlins Republican office supplies $70.85 $70.85 Rawlins Republican, printing 36.03 36.0: H. E. McFarland, supplies Court House 15.00 15.0 Rawlins General Hospital, care P & P 196.87 196.8 W. H. Fickel, services P & P 10.00 10.0 Ruble Rivera, auto hire, sheriff 82.75 82.75 Raymond Barber, salary county physician, three months, 90.00 90.00 D. F. Crout, salary and expense deputy sheriff 36.06 36.06 H. K. Bennett, coroner per diem and mileage 50.10 50.10 Carbon County Journal, printing 7.20 7.20 Carbon County Journal, printing 17.00 17.00 Jordan & Lynch coal for Court House 42.06 42.06 Will F. Daley, coal Court House and P & P 42.65 42.65 Glen T. Scott, salary deputy sheriff 25.00 25.00 Jordan & Lynch coal and freight court house 76.34 76.34 J. Waeckerlin, salary and expense justice of the Peace 48.33 48.33 W H. Fickel, services district court 3.00 3.00 City of Rawlins, water rent 5.00 5.00 Emil Grooman, salary and expense deputy assessor 237.90 237.90 E. Sundin, auto hire deputy sheriff 6.00 6.00 Mrs. L. Hayes, supplies P & P 20.00 20.00 A. A. Sanders, salary and expense deputy sheriff 53.90 53.90 A. J. Chidester, supplies P & P 7.70 7.70 Cullen Com. Co. supplies Poor Farm and Court House 20.70 20.70 Mrs. Kitty Lufkin, widow’s county aid 15.00 15.00 Minnie Nikkola, widow’s county aid 15.00 15.00 Eliza Richardson, widow’s county aid 15.00 15.00 Chas. Selth, auto hire, deputy sheriff 5.25 5.25 Wyoming Supply Co., supplies Court House 21.15 21.15 L. B. Magor cash paid tickets P&P and stamps etc 24.00 24.00 REPORTS Reports of Jacob Waeckerlin, Justice of the Peace, Rawlins; Edward McAtee, Justice of the Peace Hanna, P. P. Murphy, and E. M. Tierney county treasurer were read and ordered filed. LICENSES Application for retail liquor licenses were presented for the first meeting as follows: — (Continued on Page 7).
| 1,160 |
https://github.com/apartments-app/front-end/blob/master/src/components/NewListing/NewListingPhotos.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
front-end
|
apartments-app
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 105 | 410 |
import styled from "styled-components";
import NewListingHeader from "./NewListingHeader";
import NewListingBody from "./NewListingBody";
import NewListingField from "./NewListingField";
import NewListingLabel from "./NewListingLabel";
import NewListingBottomNav from "./NewListingBottomNav";
import NewListingButton from "./NewListingButton";
const Image = styled.div`
width: 96px;
height: 96px;
background: #ffce90;
border-radius: 20px;
`;
const ImageWrapper = styled.div`
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 10px;
`;
const NewListingPhotos = () => {
return (
<>
<NewListingHeader step={3} />
<NewListingBody>
<NewListingField>
<NewListingLabel htmlFor="photos">PHOTOS</NewListingLabel>
<ImageWrapper>
{Array.from({ length: 4 }, (v, i) => {
return <Image key={i}></Image>;
})}
</ImageWrapper>
</NewListingField>
<NewListingBottomNav>
<NewListingButton>Back</NewListingButton>
<NewListingButton
style={{
backgroundColor: "#F2A95D",
borderColor: "#F2A95D",
color: "#fff",
}}
>
Finish
</NewListingButton>
</NewListingBottomNav>
</NewListingBody>
</>
);
};
export default NewListingPhotos;
| 30,223 |
https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C%2061
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ไทป์ 61
|
https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ไทป์ 61&action=history
|
Thai
|
Spoken
| 385 | 4,772 |
ไทป์ 61 () เป็นรถถังชนิด main battle tank (MBT) ผลิดและใช้งานโดย กองกำลังป้องกันตนเองญี่ปุ่น (JGSDF), รถถังออกแบบโดย Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
เรืองราวทั้งหมดมันเริ่มจาก ความต้องการ รถถัง ของกองกำลังป้องกันตนเองแห่งญี่ปุ่น หลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 ซึ่งฝ่ายญี่ปุ่นได้รับความเสียหายอย่างหนัก และโรงงานเป็นจำนวนมาก ถูกพิษสงครามทำลายจนไม่อาจฟื้นขึ้นมาใหม่ได้
และประกอบกับญี่ปุ่นโดนฝ่ายสัมพันธมิตรบังคับให้ยุบกองกำลังทางทหารทั้งหมด จึงทำให้ตำรวจมีกองกำลังเพียงอย่างเดียวคือกอง กำลังตำรวจ เท่านั้นที่ติดอาวุธเพื่อรักษาความสงบเรียบร้อยภายในประเทศ ซึงต่อมาก็ได้มีการจัดตั้ง National Police Reserve หรือ กองกำลังตำรวจติดอาวุธแห่งชาติ ซึ่งต่อมากองกำลังนี้จะพัฒนาเป็นกองกำลังป้องกันตนเองภาคพื้นดินต่อไป
เมื่อสหภาพโซเวียตได้ยึดเอาเกาะที่อยู่ภายใต้อธิปไตยของญี่ปุ่น ทางตอนเหนือของฮอกไกโด และเกาะซาฮาริ (แซกคาริน) ไปและตั้งกองกำลังขึ้นบนเกาะ ทางการญี่ปุ่นจึงต้องจัดหารถถังเพื่อป้องกันตัวเองจากรถถัง T-44 (ผลิตในปี 1944) ของสหภาพโซเวียตในสมัยนั้น
ในปี 1950 ทางกองกำลังป้องกันตนเอง และบริษัทมิซูบิชิ ได้เริ่มมีโครงการที่จะพัฒนารถถังของตนเพื่อทดแทน M4A3E8 สมัยสงครามโลกครั้งที่ ๒ ของสหรัฐอเมริกา ที่ได้ให้ไว้จำนวนหนึ่ง
และเนื่องด้วยว่าตอนนั้น ทางโรงงานของ มิซูบิชิ กำลังอยู่ในช่วงเวลาของการฟื้นตัว การผลิตเทคโนโลยีที่ซับซ้อน ย่อมเกิดขึ้นได้ยาก ทางการญี่ปุ่นจึงมีทางเลือก 3 ทางคือ สร้างรถถังใช้เอง ไม่ก็ต้องนำเข้ารถถัง M-47 Patton (ผลิตในปี 1954) จากสหรัฐอเมริกาหรือ จะอัพเกรด M4 ที่มีอยู่
โดยเมื่อคิดคำนึงถึงการขนส่งและอื่นๆแล้ว ญี่ปุ่นกลับพบว่าหากซื้อรถถัง M-47 จากสหรัฐจะมีปัญหายุ่งยากกว่า เพราะรางรถไฟของญี่ปุ่นนั้นใช้ความกว้างรางแบบ เคป เกจ (Cape gauge) ขนาดความกว้างราง 1.067 เมตร (3 ฟุต 6 นิ้ว) ทำให้ไม่สามารถบรรทุกสิ่งของที่กว้างกว่า 3 เมตรได้ ในขณะที่รถถถัง M-47 Patton มีขนาดความกว้างถึง 3.52 เมตร ย่อมจะทำให้เกิดความยุ่งยากในการขนส่งทางรถไฟไปยังภูมิภาคต่างๆ ประกอบกับทางรถไฟของญีปุ่นยังไม่ทันสมัยในยุคนั้น ซึ่งรองรับน้ำหนักของสิ่งที่บรรทุกได้ไม่เกิน 35 ตัน การสั้งซื้ออรถถังขนาดใหญ่อาจทำให้เกิดอุบัติเหตุเมื่อต้องข้ามสะพานหรือ ลอดอุโมงค์ได้ การสั้งซื้อรถถัง M-47 Patton จึงต้องตัดออกไป
และแล้วในที่สุดทางการญี่ปุ่นก็ได้กำหนดคุณลักษณะของรถถังใหม่ของพวกเขา
1. เพื่อให้เกิดประสิทธิภาพในการใช้รถถังจำนวนน้อยแต่สามารถปฏิบัติงานครอบคลุมพื้นที่ได้มาก ดังนั้นขนาดและน้ำหนักของตัวรถต้องเบาเพียงพอที่จะเคลื่อนย้ายโดยทางรถไฟได้.
2. น้ำหนักควรจะไม่เกิน 25 ตันตราบเท่าที่ความหนาของเกราะจะเอื้ออำนวย
3. ปืนใหญ่ต้องเป็นปืน 90.มม. ซึ่งถือว่าเป็นปืนใหญ่ที่ใหญ่ที่สุดของรถถังนาโต้ในยุคนั้น
โดยในการพัฒนานั้น ทางมิซูบิชิได้ทำการศึกษารถถังหลายๆแบบเข้าด้วยกัน ไม่ว่าจะเป็น M-46 Patton ซึ่งถือเป็นต้นแบบของ M-47 Patton และได้นำรถถัง T-34 ซึ่งเป็นต้นแบบของ T-44 ของสหภาพโซเวียตมาวิเคราะห์ส่วนประกอบเพื่อพัฒนารถถังของตนเอง
จากการวิเคราะห์พบว่า T-34 นั้นมีระบบอำนวยการรบที่ยังล้าสมัยมากพอสมควร และไม่มีระบบการสื่อสารที่เพียงพอ ใช้กำลังพลเยอะไปในการทำให้รถปฏิบัติ (ต้องใช้พลประจำรถถึง 5 นายต่อการปฏิบัติงานในรถถัง T-34) ในขณะที่ T-44 ของสหภาพโซเวียตนั้น สำนักออกแบบ KMBD ของสาธารณรัฐยูเครน แห่งสภาพโซเวียต ได้ออกแบบระบบภายในใหม่โดย T-44 จะลดกำลังพลในรถลง 1 นาย T-44 ซึ่งเป็นภัยคุกคามจึงใช้กำลังพลเพียง 4 นายเท่านั้น
ทาง Mitsubishi Heavy Industries จึงได้ทำการออกแบบรถถังใหม่ ให้มีข้อดีของ T-34 ที่มีน้ำหนักเบา และผลิตได้ง่ายและมีเกราะลาดเอียงกับช่วงล่างกันกระเทือนของ M46 Patton มาทำการปรับปรุงใช้จนเกิดเป็นรถถังของตนเอง และนี่คือเรื่องราวการพัฒนาของมัน
STA-1 (Mitsubishi Type 61 Prototype)
ปลายปี 1956 มิซูบิชิก็พัฒนาตัวต้นแบบสำเร็จโดยให้รหัสว่า STA-1 ซึ่งได้สร้างตามข้อกำหนดที่ ทาง JDSF ร้องขอ ซึ่งเครืองยนต์ของมันใหญ่มาก ทำให้ต้องย่อฐานป้อมปืนให้เตี้ยลง เพื่อไม่ให้ความสูงเลยจากมาตรฐานที่กำหนดไว้ ทำให้เครืองยนต์ดูเหมือนจะโป่งขึ้นมาดังภาพ และล้อของคันต้นแบบ 7 ช่วงล้อ ถือว่ายาวมากๆ โดยรวมแล้ว STA-1 มีขนาดใหญ่ไปและยังมีจุดบกพร่องอีกมาก ทำให้ทางมิซูบิชิต้องทำการแก้ไขมันอีกครั้ง
STA-2 (completed in February 1957)
STA-2 (Mitsubishi Type 61 Prototype)
STA-2 ถูกสร้างขึ้นโดยใช้โครงสร้างตัวเดียวกันกับ STA-1 โดยนำ STA-1 มาตัดดัดแปลงให้มีขนาดเล็กลง โดย STA-2 ถูกตัดลำตัวให้สั้นลง และช่วงบนที่แบนขึ้น
JDSF ได้ทำการประเมิน ข้อมูลการรบในสถาณการณ์จำลองของ ตัวแบบทั้งสองรุ่น ก็พบว่า สภาพภูมิประเทศที่เป็นทุ่งข้าว และดินอ่อนของเขานั้นไม่เหมาะสำหรับ รถถังที่เทะทะอย่าง STA-1 จึงได้แจ้งให้บริษัท มิซูบิชิทำการพิจรณาเพื่อหาทางแก้ไข จึงเป็นที่มาของโปรโตไทป์ตัวต่อไป
STA-3 (completed in January 1958)
Mitsubishi สร้างตัวต้นแบบ (prototype) STA-3 จากพื้นฐานของ STA-2 โดยติดตั้งระบบการโหลดกระสุนกึ่งอัตโนมัติ (semi-automatic loading system) เข้าไป และได้ติดตั้งปืนกล AA machine gun ลงไปบนป้อมปืน ของ STA-3 ที่ซึ่งสามารถสั้งงานได้ด้วย remote-controll อัตโนมัติ
เมื่อทำการทดสอบจริง พบว่าอุปกรณ์อัตโนมัติที่พัฒนานั้น มีขีดจำกัดในการใช้งาน และการติดสิ่งเหล่านี้บนรถ ก็จะทำให้ค่าใช้จ่ายสูงขึ้น ถึงต้องถูกตัดออก เมื่อสร้างตัวต้นแบบตัวถัดไป STA-4
STA-4 (completed in November 1959)
STA-4 ตัวต้นแบบตัวสุดท้าย ที่จะใกล้เคียงกับ รถถังที่จะได้เข้ารับการผลิตจริง
อุปกรณ์บางอย่างได้รับการยกเลิก มีการปรับปรุงเครืองยนต์เล็กน้อย ปืน AA machine gun ได้ถูกปิดผนึกไว้บนป้อมปืนขนาดเล็ก ที่ซ้อนป้อมปืนใหญ่รถถัง (คล้ายๆกับ M-60 Patton ที่เกิดขึ้นในยุคหลัง) เหนือป้อมปืนของรถ (แต่เมื่อทำการผลิตจริงออฟชั้นนี้ถูกตัดออก - อีกแล้ว)
หลังจากการพัฒนามานาน ได้รับการลองผิดลองถูก Mitsubishi Type 61 ก็ถูกผลิตเข้าประจำการ ในปี 1961 เพื่อป้องกันญี่ปุ่นในกองกำลังป้องกันตนเอง โดยรวมแล้ว Mitsubishi Type 61 ถูกสร้างขึ้นมาจำนวนมากถึง 560 คัน เพื่อประจำการในญี่ปุ่นเพียงประเทศเดียว (ญีปุ่นส่งออกอาวุธไม่ได้) และเป็นม้างานหลัก จนถูกม้าศึกตัวใหม่เข้าแทนที่ซึ่งก็คือ Type 74 Nana-Yon ที่มีความทันสมัยกว่าเข้ามารับไม้ต่อ
ข้อมูลจำเพาะ
ประเทศผู้ผลิต ญี่ปุ่น
ปีที่ใช้งาน 1962
เจ้าหน้าที่ 4 นาย
หน้ก 35,000 กิโลกรัม/34.4 ต้น
ยาว 8.19 เมตร
สูง 2.49 เมตร
กว้าง 2.95 เมตร
เกราะหนาที่สุด 64 มม./ 2.52 นิ้ว
เครื่องยนต์ ดีเซล มิตซูบิชิ เอชเอ็ม 21 ดับลิว ทีให้กำลัง 600 แรงม้า
ความเร็ว 45 กิโลเมตร/ชั่วโมง
รัศมีทำการ 200 กิโลเมตร
อาวุธ
อาวุธหลัก ปืนใหญ่ ขนาด 90 มม./3.54 นิ้ว
อาวุธรอง ปืนกล ขนาด 7.62 มม./0.3 นิ้ว และ 12.7 มม./0.5 นิ้ว อย่างละ 1 กระบอก
อ้างอิง
George Forty & Jack Livesey,the World Encyclopedia of Tanks,Anness,2006
รถถัง
| 40,245 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51497283
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Dutch
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Spoken
| 186 | 720 |
multiprocessing python global variables multiprocessing.Value Pool method returns incorrect results
In the python code below I been trying two methods of summing values:
Direct by iterating over list
using multiprocessing pool
Above certain numbers I am receiving different results namely S_1 int and S_2 multiprocessing.Value return different results
import random
import multiprocessing
import time
from multiprocessing import Process, Value, Array
from multiprocessing import Pool
import pandas as pd
from data_path import *
nm = 10**4
cores=2
tickers=list(pd.read_excel("/Users/itaybd/Finzor_2_26/dev_code/Engine/DATA/SecurityClassifiers/SPDR/SPY_All_Holdings.xls",skiprows=3)["Identifier"])[:100]
tickers = [t for t in tickers if isinstance(t,str) or isinstance(t,unicode)]
file_names = [os.path.join(data_path,t+".csv") for t in tickers if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(data_path,t+".csv"))]
global S_1,S_2
S_1 = 0
S_2 = Value('d', 0.0)
def g1(f_name):
global S_1
df = (pd.read_csv(f_name))#.ix[-1,"Close"]
S_1+=df.ix[0,"Close"]
def g2(f_name):
global S_2
df= (pd.read_csv(f_name))#.ix[-1,"Close"]
S_2.value +=df.ix[0,"Close"]
return df.ix[0,"Close"]
def tm(f):
st = time.time()
f()
t = time.time()- st
print("total run time",t)
return t
def g_tmp1():
for f_name in file_names:
g1(f_name)
def g_tmp2():
p = Pool(cores)
MM = p.map(g2,file_names)
print("MM",sum(MM))
p.close()
p.join()
def g_tmp2m():
p = Pool(cores-1)
p.map(g2,file_names)
p.close()
p.join()
print(tm(g_tmp1))
print(tm(g_tmp2))
print("S_1",S_1)
print("S_2",S_2.value)
results:
('total run time', 4.318149089813232)
4.31814908981
('MM', 5011.8801329999997)
('total run time', 2.42002010345459)
2.42002010345
('S_1', 5011.8801329999997)
('S_2', 4767.500133)
| 10,884 |
|
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/207014
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
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Zhen Lin, https://mathoverflow.net/users/11640
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English
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Spoken
| 236 | 547 |
A generalization of the Spanier-Whitehead construction
What I call "Spanier-Whitehead stabilization" is a construction which extends a category $\bf C$ to a bigger one $\mathcal{SW}_\Omega({\bf C})$ where a given endofunctor $\Omega$ is invertible. The category $\mathcal{SW}_\Omega({\bf C})$ is constructed with
Objects the pairs $(A,n)\in Ob(\mathbf C)\times\mathbb Z$;
The set of morphisms $(A,n)\to (B,m)$ corresponds to the colimit set
$$
\varinjlim_{k\in\mathbb N} \hom_{\bf C}(\Omega^{n+k}A, \Omega^{m+k}B)
$$
Now, whichever construction you choose for the functor $\mathcal{SW}\colon \mathbf{Cat}_E\to \mathbf{Cat}_A$ (there are many, using either monads or a direct construction reminding topology), what you have shown is that the full subcategory $\mathbf{Cat}_A$ of "categories with automorphism" is reflective in $\mathbf{Cat}_E$, "categories with endomorphism": the unit of this adjunction gives that you can draw a full arrow instead of a dotted one in
where $T\colon \mathcal B\cong\mathcal B$. I would like to generalize a bit this construction:
Consider the category $\mathbf{Cat}_F$ of those categories ${\bf C}$ with an endofunctor $S$ such that there is $F\dashv S\dashv F$ ("Frobenius" adjunctions)
Consider the category $\mathbf{Cat}_F$ of those categories $\bf C$ with an endofunctor $S$ such that there are $F\dashv S\dashv G$.
Are these two categories reflective in $\mathbf{Cat}_E$ too? If yes, how do you characterize the "Frobenification" and "haveanadjointonbothsides-ification" functors?
I don't think it's a good idea to do (1) as a full subcategory. Having $F \dashv S \dashv F$ should really be thought of as extra structure on $S$, not a property.
| 32,791 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee%20Lassie
|
Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Tallahassee Lassie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee Lassie&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 420 | 654 |
"Tallahassee Lassie" is a song written by Bob Crewe, Frank Slay, and Frederick Picariello and performed by Freddy Cannon (Picariello's stage name).
The song was featured on his 1960 album The Explosive! Freddy Cannon. The song was produced and arranged by Bob Crewe and Frank Slay.
Chart performance
It reached #6 on the U.S. pop chart, #13 on the U.S. R&B chart, and #17 on UK Singles Chart in 1959.
The song was ranked #40 on Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1959. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.
Other charting versions
Tommy Steele released a version of the song which reached #16 on the UK Singles chart in 1959.
Other versions
Hep Stars released a version of the song on their 1965 album Hep Stars on Stage.
Flamin' Groovies released a version of the song as the B-side to their 1972 single "Slow Death".
Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets released a version of the song on their 1972 Budget Album Rockin' & Shakin' With Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets album (Re-Released in 1981) and again on the 1973 album Shakin' Stevens & the Sunsets.
Hurriganes released a version on their 1974 album Roadrunner.
Mud released a version of the song on their 1975 album Mud Rock Vol. 2.
The Beach Boys covered the song and paired it with "Talk to Me" on their 1976 album 15 Big Ones.
The Sonics released a version of the song on their 1980 album Sinderella.
The Inmates released a version of the song as the B-side to their 1981 single "(I Thought I Heard A) Heartbeat".
The Del-Lords released a version of the song on their 1989 album Howlin' at the Halloween Moon.
1313 Mockingbird Lane released a version of the song on their 1993 album Triskaidekaphobia.
Fleetwood Mac released a version of the song on their 1995 album Live at the BBC.
Los Straitjackets released a version of the song as "Chica Alboratada" on their 2001 album Sing Along with Los Straitjackets.
The Rolling Stones released a version of the song on their 2011 re-release of the album Some Girls.
The Record Company released a version of the song as the B-side to their 2012 single "This Crooked City".
References
1959 songs
1959 singles
Culture of Tallahassee, Florida
Songs written by Bob Crewe
Songs written by Frank Slay
Tommy Steele songs
Mud (band) songs
The Rolling Stones songs
Fleetwood Mac songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe
Swan Records singles
Hep Stars songs
| 32,984 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30607241
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Щепанський Олег Володимирович
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 89 | 341 |
Щепанський Олег Володимирович
український військовик (1976-2015)
Щепанський Олег Володимирович є одним із людина
Щепанський Олег Володимирович дата смерті 2015
Щепанський Олег Володимирович дата народження 1976
Щепанський Олег Володимирович рід діяльності військовослужбовець
Щепанський Олег Володимирович стать чоловіча
Щепанський Олег Володимирович громадянство Україна
Щепанський Олег Володимирович військове звання рядовий
Щепанський Олег Володимирович місце поховання Барський район
Щепанський Олег Володимирович місце смерті Дебальцеве
Щепанський Олег Володимирович місце народження Барський район
Щепанський Олег Володимирович лояльність Україна
Щепанський Олег Володимирович отримані відзнаки орден «За мужність» III ступеня
Щепанський Олег Володимирович Google Knowledge Graph /g/11df812n78
| 6,770 |
US-201414275693-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,919 | 2,810 |
Embodiments of the etching systems may be incorporated into largerfabrication systems for producing integrated circuit chips. FIG. 5 showsone such system 1101 of etching, deposition, baking and curing chambersaccording to embodiments. In the figure, a pair of FOUPs (front openingunified pods) 1102 supply substrate substrates (e.g., 300 mm diameterwafers) that are received by robotic arms 1104 and placed into a lowpressure holding areas 1106 before being placed into one of the waferprocessing chambers 1108 a-f. A second robotic arm 1110 may be used totransport the substrate wafers from the low pressure holding areas 1106to the wafer processing chambers 1108 a-f and back. Each waferprocessing chamber 1108 a-f, can be outfitted to perform a number ofsubstrate processing operations including the dry etch processesdescribed herein in addition to cyclical layer deposition (CLD), atomiclayer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapordeposition (PVD), etch, pre-clean, degas, orientation and othersubstrate processes.
The wafer processing chambers 1108 a-f may include one or more systemcomponents for depositing, annealing, curing and/or etching a dielectricfilm on the substrate wafer. In one configuration, two pairs of theprocessing chamber (e.g., 1108 c-d and 1108 e-f) may be used to depositdielectric material on the substrate, and the third pair of processingchambers (e.g., 1108 a-b) may be used to etch the deposited dielectric.In another configuration, all three pairs of chambers (e.g., 1108 a-f)may be configured to etch a dielectric film on the substrate. Any one ormore of the processes described may be carried out on chamber(s)separated from the fabrication system shown in different embodiments.
The substrate processing system is controlled by a system controller. Inan exemplary embodiment, the system controller includes a hard diskdrive, a floppy disk drive and a processor. The processor contains asingle-board computer (SBC), analog and digital input/output boards,interface boards and stepper motor controller boards. Various parts ofCVD system conform to the Versa Modular European (VME) standard whichdefines board, card cage, and connector dimensions and types. The VMEstandard also defines the bus structure as having a 16-bit data bus anda 24-bit address bus.
System controller 1157 is used to control motors, valves, flowcontrollers, power supplies and other functions required to carry outprocess recipes described herein. A gas handling system 1155 may also becontrolled by system controller 1157 to introduce gases to one or all ofthe wafer processing chambers 1108 a-f. System controller 1157 may relyon feedback from optical sensors to determine and adjust the position ofmovable mechanical assemblies in gas handling system 1155 and/or inwafer processing chambers 1108 a-f. Mechanical assemblies may includethe robot, throttle valves and susceptors which are moved by motorsunder the control of system controller 1157.
In an exemplary embodiment, system controller 1157 includes a hard diskdrive (memory), USB ports, a floppy disk drive and a processor. Systemcontroller 1157 includes analog and digital input/output boards,interface boards and stepper motor controller boards. Various parts ofmulti-chamber processing system 1101 which contains substrate processingchamber 1001 are controlled by system controller 1157. The systemcontroller executes system control software in the form of a computerprogram stored on computer-readable medium such as a hard disk, a floppydisk or a flash memory thumb drive. Other types of memory can also beused. The computer program includes sets of instructions that dictatethe timing, mixture of gases, chamber pressure, chamber temperature, RFpower levels, susceptor position, and other parameters of a particularprocess.
A process for etching, depositing or otherwise processing a film on asubstrate or a process for cleaning chamber can be implemented using acomputer program product that is executed by the controller. Thecomputer program code can be written in any conventional computerreadable programming language: for example, 68000 assembly language, C,C++, Pascal, Fortran or others. Suitable program code is entered into asingle file, or multiple files, using a conventional text editor, andstored or embodied in a computer usable medium, such as a memory systemof the computer. If the entered code text is in a high level language,the code is compiled, and the resultant compiler code is then linkedwith an object code of precompiled Microsoft Windows® library routines.To execute the linked, compiled object code the system user invokes theobject code, causing the computer system to load the code in memory. TheCPU then reads and executes the code to perform the tasks identified inthe program.
The interface between a user and the controller may be via atouch-sensitive monitor and may also include a mouse and keyboard. Inone embodiment two monitors are used, one mounted in the clean room wallfor the operators and the other behind the wall for the servicetechnicians. The two monitors may simultaneously display the sameinformation, in which case only one is configured to accept input at atime. To select a particular screen or function, the operator touches adesignated area on the display screen with a finger or the mouse. Thetouched area changes its highlighted color, or a new menu or screen isdisplayed, confirming the operator's selection.
As used herein “substrate” may be a support substrate with or withoutlayers formed thereon. The patterned substrate may be an insulator or asemiconductor of a variety of doping concentrations and profiles andmay, for example, be a semiconductor substrate of the type used in themanufacture of integrated circuits. Exposed “silicon” of the patternedsubstrate is predominantly Si but may include minority concentrations ofother elemental constituents (e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon).Exposed “silicon nitride” of the patterned substrate is predominantlySi₃N₄ but may include minority concentrations of other elementalconstituents (e.g. oxygen, hydrogen, carbon). Exposed “silicon oxide” ofthe patterned substrate is predominantly SiO₂ but may include minorityconcentrations of other elemental constituents (e.g. nitrogen, hydrogen,carbon). In some embodiments, silicon oxide films etched using themethods disclosed herein consist essentially of silicon and oxygen.“Titanium nitride” is predominantly titanium and nitrogen but mayinclude minority concentrations of other elemental constituents (e.g.oxygen, hydrogen, carbon). Titanium nitride may consist essentially oftitanium and nitrogen. “Tungsten oxide” is predominantly tungsten andoxygen but may include minority concentrations of other elementalconstituents (e.g. nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon). Titanium nitride mayconsist essentially of tungsten and oxygen. “Tungsten” is predominantlytungsten but may include minority concentrations of other elementalconstituents (e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon).
The term “precursor” is used to refer to any process gas which takespart in a reaction to either remove material from or deposit materialonto a surface. “Plasma effluents” describe gas exiting from the chamberplasma region and entering the substrate processing region. Plasmaeffluents are in an “excited state” wherein at least some of the gasmolecules are in vibrationally-excited, dissociated and/or ionizedstates. A “radical precursor” is used to describe plasma effluents (agas in an excited state which is exiting a plasma) which participate ina reaction to either remove material from or deposit material on asurface. “Radical-fluorine” (or “radical-hydrogen”) are radicalprecursors which contain fluorine (or hydrogen) but may contain otherelemental constituents. The phrase “inert gas” refers to any gas whichdoes not form chemical bonds when etching or being incorporated into afilm. Exemplary inert gases include noble gases but may include othergases so long as no chemical bonds are formed when (typically) traceamounts are trapped in a film.
The terms “gap” and “trench” are used throughout with no implicationthat the etched geometry has a large horizontal aspect ratio. Viewedfrom above the surface, trenches may appear circular, oval, polygonal,rectangular, or a variety of other shapes. A trench may be in the shapeof a moat around an island of material. The term “via” is used to referto a low aspect ratio trench (as viewed from above) which may or may notbe filled with metal to form a vertical electrical connection. As usedherein, a conformal etch process refers to a generally uniform removalof material on a surface in the same shape as the surface, i.e., thesurface of the etched layer and the pre-etch surface are generallyparallel. A person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize thatthe etched interface likely cannot be 100% conformal and thus the term“generally” allows for acceptable tolerances.
Having disclosed several embodiments, it will be recognized by those ofskill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions,and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of thedisclosed embodiments. Additionally, a number of well known processesand elements have not been described to avoid unnecessarily obscuringthe present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not betaken as limiting the scope of the invention.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller rangebetween any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and anyother stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed.The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently beincluded or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neitheror both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassedwithin the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in thestated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits,ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are alsoincluded.
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”,and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a process” includes aplurality of such processes and reference to “the dielectric material”includes reference to one or more dielectric materials and equivalentsthereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Also, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and“includes” when used in this specification and in the following claimsare intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers,components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or additionof one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, orgroups.
The invention claimed is:
1. A method of conditioning a substrateprocessing region, the method comprising: exciting a conditioningfluorine-containing precursor in a conditioning plasma to produceconditioning plasma effluents; exposing interior processing chamberwalls to the conditioning plasma effluents, wherein the interiorprocessing chamber walls border a substrate processing region andexposing interior processing chamber walls to the conditioning plasmaeffluents results in a chemical termination on the interior processingchamber walls; (i) transferring a substrate into the substrateprocessing region following the operation of exposing the interiorprocessing chamber walls to the conditioning plasma effluents, whereinthe substrate comprises exposed silicon region; (ii) flowing an etchingfluorine-containing precursor into a remote plasma region fluidlycoupled to the substrate processing region while forming a remote plasmain the remote plasma region to produce etching plasma effluents; and(iii) etching the exposed silicon region by flowing the etching plasmaeffluents into the substrate processing region through through-holes ina showerhead, wherein the showerhead is disposed between the remoteplasma region and the substrate processing region wherein repeatedsubstrate processing does not cause the chemical termination on theinterior processing chamber walls to evolve over time.
2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the conditioning fluorine-containing precursor comprisesone or more of atomic fluorine, diatomic fluorine, boron trifluoride,chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, perfluorinated hydrocarbons,sulfur hexafluoride and xenon difluoride.
3. The method of claim 1wherein the etching fluorine-containing precursor comprises one or moreof atomic fluorine, diatomic fluorine, boron trifluoride, chlorinetrifluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, fluorinatedhydrocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride and xenon difluoride.
4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the substrate processing region is essentially devoid ofhydrogen during the operation of exposing the interior processingchamber walls to the conditioning plasma effluents.
5. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the conditioning plasma is a local conditioning plasmainside the substrate processing region.
6. The method of claim 1 whereinthe conditioning plasma is a remote conditioning plasma outside thesubstrate processing region and the conditioning plasma effluents areflowed from the remote plasma into the substrate processing region. 7.The method of claim 1 wherein the repeated substrate processing exhibitsa stable silicon etch rate over 900 substrates..
| 46,617 |
https://github.com/alexandrustoica/university.ubb.bachelor/blob/master/Advanced Programming Methods/Advanced Programming Methods Generic ORM/interface/build.gradle
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
university.ubb.bachelor
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alexandrustoica
|
Gradle
|
Code
| 100 | 485 |
group 'com.generic.model'
version '1.0'
apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'org.springframework.boot'
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
repositories {
mavenCentral()
jcenter()
}
buildscript {
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.5.2.RELEASE")
}
}
dependencies {
// Project
compile project(':model')
compile project(':service')
compile group: 'commons-logging', name: 'commons-logging', version: '1.2'
// Reflections
compile group: 'org.reflections', name: 'reflections', version: '0.9.10'
// Spring
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty")
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator")
compile 'eu.lestard:advanced-bindings:0.4.0'
compile group: 'org.springframework', name: 'spring-test', version: '4.0.5.RELEASE'
// TestFX
testCompile "org.testfx:testfx-core:4.0.+"
testCompile "org.testfx:testfx-junit:4.0.+"
compile group: 'org.jfxtras', name: 'openjfx-monocle', version: '1.8.0_20'
testCompile "org.testfx:testfx-legacy:4.0.+", {
exclude group: "junit", module: "junit"
}
// JUnit
testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.11'
compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jre8:$kotlin_version"
}
| 32,592 |
https://github.com/FidelityInternational/stratos/blob/master/src/frontend/app/store/types/current-user-roles.types.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
stratos
|
FidelityInternational
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 177 | 577 |
import { ScopeStrings } from '../../core/current-user-permissions.config';
export interface RolesRequestState {
initialised: boolean;
fetching: boolean;
error: boolean;
}
export function getDefaultRolesRequestState(): RolesRequestState {
return {
initialised: false,
fetching: false,
error: false
};
}
export function getDefaultEndpointRoles(): ICfRolesState {
return {
global: {
isAdmin: false,
isReadOnlyAdmin: false,
isGlobalAuditor: false,
canRead: false,
canWrite: false,
scopes: []
},
spaces: {
},
organizations: {
},
state: getDefaultRolesRequestState()
};
}
export enum RoleEntities {
ORGS = 'organizations',
SPACES = 'spaces'
}
export interface IGlobalRolesState {
isAdmin: boolean;
isReadOnlyAdmin: boolean;
isGlobalAuditor: boolean;
canRead: boolean;
canWrite: boolean;
scopes: string[];
}
export interface ISpaceRoleState {
orgId: string;
isManager: boolean;
isAuditor: boolean;
isDeveloper: boolean;
}
export interface ISpacesRoleState {
[spaceId: string]: ISpaceRoleState;
}
export interface IOrgRoleState {
isManager: boolean;
isAuditor: boolean;
isBillingManager: boolean;
isUser: boolean;
spaceGuids: string[];
}
export interface IOrgsRoleState {
[orgId: string]: IOrgRoleState;
}
export interface ICfRolesState {
global: IGlobalRolesState;
spaces: ISpacesRoleState;
organizations: IOrgsRoleState;
state: RolesRequestState;
}
export interface IAllCfRolesState {
[guid: string]: ICfRolesState;
}
export interface IStratosRolesState {
isAdmin: boolean;
scopes: ScopeStrings[];
}
export interface ICurrentUserRolesState {
internal: IStratosRolesState;
cf: IAllCfRolesState;
state: RolesRequestState;
}
| 3,250 |
https://github.com/eladgubes/eladgube-gmail.com/blob/master/projects/pacman/js/game.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
eladgube-gmail.com
|
eladgubes
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 478 | 1,109 |
'use strict';
const WALL = '⛔️';
const FOOD = '.';
const EMPTY = ' ';
const POWER_FOOD = '🌟'
const CHERRY = '🍒'
var cherryInterval // CR: gCherryInterval for global variables :)
var gBoard;
var gGame = {
score: 0,
isOn: false
};
function init() {
document.querySelector('.modal').style.display = 'none'
gBoard = buildBoard();
gGame.score = 0;
createPacman(gBoard);
createGhosts(gBoard);
printMat(gBoard, '.board-container');
// CR: we didnt learn arrow functions, lets use callback functions for now setInerval(setCherry, 15000)
cherryInterval = setInterval(() => { setCherry() }, 15000);
gGame.isOn = true;
}
function buildBoard() {
var SIZE = 10;
var board = [];
for (var i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
board.push([]);
for (var j = 0; j < SIZE; j++) {
board[i][j] = FOOD;
if (i === 0 || i === SIZE - 1 ||
j === 0 || j === SIZE - 1 ||
(j === 3 && i > 4 && i < SIZE - 2)) {
board[i][j] = WALL;
}
if ((i === 1 && j === 1) || (i === 1 && j === SIZE - 2) ||
(i === SIZE - 2 && j === 1) ||
(i === SIZE - 2 && j === SIZE - 2)) {
board[i][j] = POWER_FOOD;
}
}
}
return board;
}
// Update both the model and the dom for the score
function updateScore(value) {
gGame.score += value;
document.querySelector('header h3 span').innerText = gGame.score;
if (finishFood()) gameOver(true)
}
// clear all interval function and send the massage to the modal
function gameOver(isWin = false) {
gGame.isOn = false;
clearInterval(cherryInterval)
clearInterval(gIntervalGhosts);
gIntervalGhosts = null;
// CR: what happened to cherryInterval? :)
var massage = (isWin) ? 'you are the WINNER' : 'you lost'
modal(massage)
}
// open a window to the user to start again
function modal(massage) {
// get the element
var elModal = document.querySelector('.modal')
//modal massage + reset button
var strHTML = `<h2>${massage}</h2><button onclick = "init()">start again</button`
elModal.innerHTML = strHTML;
elModal.style.display = 'block'
}
// check all cells in the board for food
function finishFood() {
for (var i = 0; i < gBoard.length; i++) {
for (var j = 0; j < gBoard[i].length; j++) {
if (gBoard[i][j] === FOOD) return false
}
}
gameOver(true)
}
// set cherry in the board
function setCherry() {
var possibleCells = emptyCells()
var randomIndex = getRandomIntInclusive(0, possibleCells.length - 1)
//update model
gBoard[possibleCells[randomIndex].i][possibleCells[randomIndex].j] = CHERRY
//update dom
renderCell(possibleCells[randomIndex], CHERRY)
}
// check for empty cells in the board and returns array of objects
// CR: emptyCells sounds like an array, lets stick to naming functions with verb at the start
// for example: getEmptyCells()
function emptyCells() {
var emptyCells = [];
var emptyCell = {}
for (var i = 0; i < gBoard.length; i++) {
for (var j = 0; j < gBoard[i].length; j++) {
if (gBoard[i][j] === EMPTY) {
emptyCell.i = i
emptyCell.j = j
emptyCells.push(emptyCell)
}
}
}
return emptyCells
}
| 23,154 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%20Joga
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bah Joga
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bah Joga&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 24 | 59 |
Bah Joga is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Simalungun van de provincie Noord-Sumatra, Indonesië. Bah Joga telt 3476 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).
Plaats in Noord-Sumatra
| 37,585 |
https://github.com/Neemys/BigCoin/blob/master/machine_learning/calculate_diff_actual_value_vs_predicted_nn.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
BigCoin
|
Neemys
|
Python
|
Code
| 194 | 808 |
import requests
from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
from datetime import date, timedelta
import datetime
host_es = 'localhost'
port_es = 9200
es = Elasticsearch([{'host': host_es, 'port': port_es}])
def search_date_elastic(date_str, list_value, list_predicted):
res = es.search(index='cours_btc_idx_ml', doc_type='cours_btc_ml', body={"query": {"match": {"date": date_str}}})
# print("%d documents found:" % res['hits']['total'])
if res['hits']['total'] == 2:
for doc in res['hits']['hits']:
if 'rate' in doc['_source']:
date_actual = doc['_source']['date']
rate_actual = doc['_source']['rate']
list_value.append(rate_actual)
# list_value.append((date_actual, rate_actual))
# print("%s %s" % (doc['_source']['date'], doc['_source']['rate']))
elif 'rate_predicted' in doc['_source']:
date_predicted = doc['_source']['date']
rate_predicted = doc['_source']['rate_predicted']
list_predicted.append(rate_predicted)
# list_predicted.append((date_predicted, rate_predicted))
# print ("%s %s" % (doc['_source']['date'], doc['_source']['rate_predicted']))
def get_next_day(date_str):
date = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, "%Y-%m-%d")
next_day = date + timedelta(days=1)
next_date_str = next_day.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
return next_date_str
def main():
list_value = []
list_predicted = []
start_date = '2018-03-01'
end_date = '2018-04-01'
search_date = start_date
while search_date != end_date:
search_date_elastic(search_date, list_value, list_predicted)
search_date = get_next_day(search_date)
# print (list_value)
# print (list_predicted)
cnt = 0
for i in range (len(list_predicted)-1):
diff_actual = list_value[i+1] - list_value[i]
diff_predicted = list_predicted[i+1] - list_predicted[i]
if (diff_actual >= 0 and diff_predicted >= 0) or (diff_actual <= 0 and diff_predicted <= 0):
cnt += 1
print ("Accuracy : "+str((float(cnt)/float(len(list_value)))*100))
# es.delete_by_query(index="cours_btc_idx_ml", doc_type="cours_btc_ml", body={"query": {"match": {"data_type": "historique_predicted"}}})
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| 3,730 |
wallon-richard-ii-v-2_23
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,864 |
Richard II v 2
|
Henri Alexandre Wallon
|
French
|
Spoken
| 5,805 | 10,560 |
onwonn {16 comte d7, un des prin cipaux seigneurs 4 l'Irlande #n glaise, 11, 82€t suiv. oTrexrouRNe, historien, 1, 388; sa pariialité, TE, 457. Orrersorame(bataille 7,11, LLet396. Oxrono (Robert de Vers, comte d'}. (Voy. VERS) Oxrond (université d), favorable à “Wicle®, 1, 50; le condamne, 129; lui redévignt favorable, 130 ét 489. P Parx (question de In), portée au lement, I, 219 et 417; négocia tions pour la paix (roy. LEULI cuew, CmanLes VI, RicranD 10; question de souveraineté et d’hom ge qu'elle soulève, 11, 410. Pasnon sollicité ahusivement, Il, 28 et 403. PARLEMENT, LL 6: première cop cation des dépurls des comtés et des bourgs, td. sa composition, 8,9, 406, 407: ordre suivi pour 1£ tenue du parement, 13; ru nion annuelle demandée 19. PARLEMENT (LE BON), avant-dérnier d'Éduuard 11, 1, 3, 499. PaRLEMeRT De Lan À, de Richard @ ctobre 177); 1, 13: pétitions les communes, 18 et 411. = x DE L'AN 11 (20 octobre 1318), À Glocester, 1, 26, 412; subside, 29; pétitions, sida, — ut De L'ax 11 (25 avril 1378), 31; suhside demandé, comptes pro duits, fbd.; pétitions, 32, envier 1380), 1, ses communes, 35: récrimi 36: subaide, 37. — 28 L'an 15 (5 novembre 1980), à Northampton; pourquoi réuni à Northampton, Ÿ. 40; débats sur le subside, 41; pétitions, 479. — 1 0e L'an v. (2 novembre 1381), 1, 105; pétitions des communes, 108: question d'initiative, ivéd.; plantes contre les dépenses de Fhôtel, etc., 109 e: auir.; subside, 113, 4S$; djourné, 1163 seconde session (27 janvier 1392), 117; question de 1 Berre, Sid; pti” ons, 119, 257; mesures de dé 556 fance à l'égard du roi, 120; im minence d'une lutte, 121. ut pe Lan v (7 mai 1389, m sures financières, 451 et 463 peine contre œeux qui ne viendraient pas an parlement, 464. — 1 DE L'AY Vi (6 octobre 1382), 12. — 9 28 L'an wi (29 février 1989), 16 — 1 DE L'an vit (26 octobre 1383 198 ; exposition de Michel de Pole, chancelier, bi 199;'acles divers, 487. nt DE L'AN VIE (4 avril 1394), à Selisbury, 17; exposition de ghol do la Pole, 218; subride, 219, 4963 question de La paix, 219: actes divers, 487. — De L'an vi (12 novembre 1384), 232; exposition de Michel de la Pole, ibid. — De Lan 1x (20 octobre 1385), 261 ; questions posées par Michel de Là le, 262; subside, 264; pétitions des communes , 211: elles deman dent l'inspection nouvelle de l'hô tel, la nomination des trésoriers du subside en parlement, la com munication des noms des mem brés du conseil, des capitaines, amiraux, ele., 273; conflit qui mmence à se marquer entre le parement et le roi, 214; acier divers, 491. — na L'AN x (Le octobre 1386), 303; exposition de Michel de la Pole, sbid.; le parlement demande sa destitution, 307; résistance du Foi, Si; rojeis qu'on lu prête, 308 ; le parlement lui envoie Glo: cesier el Thomas Arundel, ibid, langage menaçant qu'ils lui den nent, 309: le roi cède, 3115 ju gemént de Michel de la Pole, 312. $l4; fait nommer les grands of ciers et le conseil à san gré, 316; pouvoirs donnés au conseil (com= mission de l'an 2), 516; subside votë, 319 serment prélé par le nouveau conseil, 4bid.; par Le roi, 320; prolestation du roi, id; pô ditions, 501. — DE L'AN (8 février 1388) : l'Ad mirable Porlement, 342, GOT; lettres da convocation, 601; dis” cours du chancelier, 343; l acclésisstiques déclarent Google ubside,. TABLE DES MATIÈRES. nir desprocès, 349: lesabsents con damnés par contuiace, ibid, et SIT; sort de l'archevéque d'Yore. 350: déclaration en faveur de la pie d'armes de Haringhay, 351: banquet de réconciliation, 356; vole du subside, saus condition, 366, 369; 20 000 livres prélevées pour les lords apyelants. 310; pétitions des communes, ibid; mesures con cernant le conseil, l'hôtel du roi, ibid. ; serment exigé du conseil. ibid. ; confiscations réservées pour les frais de l'Etat, 351; expuision des Bohémiens, . 1bid,: pension payée parhreine, ibid ; don à l'é Pique d'Ely, 872; revenus du pape apbliqués à le guerre contre les Étossais, 514; Gpuration des cours de justice, 374; mesures paur pèr péiuer les aclés accomplis: am. histie réclamée pour ce qu'ils pou vaient avoir de coupable, 318: pour loute trahison, excepté les amis des condamnés, {bid.; confr mation des jugements: peine des Araltres contre ceux qui les vou draient anouler, 316, aveu que ce quia été puni coinme irahison dans ce parlement n'est pas trahison. 316; nulle grâce aux condumn. 317; serment solenuel avec excom mugication pour confirmer les ac tes du parlement, 317-319, 511; ju gementsurles aclesdel'Admirable Parlement, 379-382; qui l'a appelé # l'adrairlle » 369: nomeé aussi « limpitoyable, » 482 et 518. —28 L'AN x1 (9 septembre 1388) à Cambridge, 1, 391 ; aggravation de La loi des laboureurs, ibid. ;or donnance sur les livrées, l'usage des armes, ele., 5; sur les provi seurs, 6; loi samptuaire; bi — De Lan {17 janvier 1390) exposition du chancelier, td. les grands officiers et les mem dres du conseil se démettent de leuts charges pour soumettre leur conduite au parlement, 24; péli tions des communes, ‘ei couus sionsou réserves du rot, 26 et sui pétitions contra les ordonnances Sontaires à la coutume. les évoca tions au conseil el divers abus, 28: pétitions contre les droits de grlge on divers Gas, bi; aires le Rome, 29; subside, 48. TABLE DES MATIÈRES. — »8 L'axuv (12 novembre 1360), 42; le roi y fait agréer, des négo. iations pour la paix, <bid.; di verses pélitions des 'commaiunes, 43; notamment pour le maintien des canfiscations prononcées par Fadmirable Parlement contre les amis de Richard, 43; remercl. ments au roi pour son bon goi vemement, 44; règlements di vers, 411. — DE LAN xr (3 novembre 1391), 46; question de France et ques tion de Rome, 47; pouvoirs lais sé eu roi pour négocier avec pape sur la question des provi. seurs, 49; subéide, 40; nouveaux remerctments adressés au Tai, id. — De 1'ax xv1 (20 janvier 1393), 62 ; pouvoirs quil dônne au roi pour s affaires ile Rome, 63 subsido, <bid. et 419. _— pe LAN xtiL (27 jinvier 1394), 31: question de la paix, T4; sub le, 76. us — ne LAN xvnt (27 janvier 1305), 8; ses réserves en votant un sub side pour l'Irlande, 88. — DE L'an 2x (23 janvier 1997), 138 et h49: pétition en artieles, 1413 les communes livrent l'auteur dé la pétition, 143; loi qui qualifie de trahison son Acte et qu'on lui applique, 144; subside, 450: le roi renonce à impôt du dixième, 15: diverses concessions et gra ces, 146. — me" L'an xx (17 septembre 1397), 164; déclaration du chancelier ; 165; abnlit le statut de l'an x, 166: résaque les amnisties, 167; 2618 d'accusation contre Glocester, etc. 168; procès d'arundel, 170: san tion donnée aux jugements qu'il prononce . 184; peine étendue aux enfants des condamnés, 185; ga rantie aux surcivants des membres de la commission de l'an x, 185; en faveur de Derby et de Noin gbam, 186, récompenses aux lords appelauts, 187: serment de respécier ses jugements, I88, Session de Shresbury (28 janvier 1398), 193, abolition dés actes de 'Adigirablé Parlement , 195 ; eon frmaion de la consultation de Noltingban , ibid.; abolition des 557 condamnations des Despenser , 191; condamnation de Thomas Mortimer, 198; de J. Cobham, 199; sanction plus forte cherchés auractesde cu parlement, en sa dressant au pape, 2015" conseil pour tenir licu dû parlement en son absence, 203; roie du subside des laines pour toute La vie du roi, 20% et 463; amnistie, 205 et 464 — L'an xx (80 seplémbre 1399), 301 et 496 ; discours de l'archevé que de Canterbury, #01; abdics du roi produite et acceptés, et 496; acte d'accusation Sbi contre Richard, 302 et 497; dis. cours de l'évêque de Carlisle, 304; Richard déposé et Henri proélamé, 906 som discours de l'archevêque de Canterbury, tbid. PARLEMENT DE L'ANI DE HENRI IV (6, cébbre 1999), 209: abulition des actes du parlement de l'anxxt, 316; dignités qu'il confère au fils and de Renri, 317: retour aus plusieurs actes'de Pan xn, 318; sur la mort de Glocester, 319; chronalogie iles actes et des pro cès de ce parlement, 505; re présailles contre les "princpaux Meneurs du parlement ile l'an Ext, 325 et 506; Richard condamné à la prison, 327; accusation contre les lords appelamis de l'an xx1, 330; sentence, 313; garantie que s8 font donner les cemœunes à pro pose ess jugements, 33 srésumé les actes de ce parlement, 336; pétitions des comunes, 348; ac Gueillies du roi avec quelques ré serves, 340, 507: confiscation des biens des conseillers exécutés à Bristol, 142 et 508. PArsAxs (insurrection des). (Voy. INSURRECTION PÉCHEURS anglais et français : leurs bonnes relations au milieu de la guerre, 11, 40. P£RCY (Henri), comte de Northum Lerland. Nommé à ce titre à l'avé nement de Richard, 1, 407; déjà chargé provisoirement des ‘fonc tions de maréchal, 404; soutient “Wicleffdans son procès, 49; chargé de la garde des marches d'Écosse, 451 ef passim; ferme ses villes à Lancasire pendant l'insurrection, 98; reçoit l'ordre de lui fournir 558 une escorte, 99 at 452; sn querelle avec Lancaitre au parlement de 1981, 106; ses nombreuses mis sions’ pour la guerre où pour la aix, passim ; parle librement du Aéspobsme do Richard, ex ot me nacé de l'eril, 11, 293; adhère un des premiers À Henri de Lanças tre, 248; sa mission auprès de Richard'à Conway, 264269 et 485 (voy. RiCuaRu); il 854 nommé connétable par Henri, 300; reçoit de lui l'ile de Man, 431; il prend lesarmes contre Henri LV en 1409; son manifeste ; nouvelles Leutatives en 1405 et en 1408, 382-384, 531, 638; sa mort, 386. Pescr (Henri), surnommé Hotspur, flsdu précé.lent: associé à son père dans là défense des marches; com baula Francesur mer, [, 321; pris à Otierbourne, Il, 11; avec son père dans ls parti de Honri IV, et contre Henri LV (voy. l'article précédent); périt à Shrewsbury en 1403, 335. Perce (Thomas), frère de H. Percy, ‘comte de Northumberland} combat les paysans insurgés, 1, 1OU; ca= pitainé de Brest en 1184, 236; Tice-chambellau, puis sénéchal de Vhôcei un 1393, IL, 4LT; s'éloigne de la Cour à l'époque du complot de Giocesur, [61; procureur du clergé dans le procès de Giocesler et de ses complices, 166, créé comte de Worcesler, 181 ; accom pague Hichard en irlande; laissé a l'armée à Miford, 259; va rejviadre Henri, ibid. ; prend 1es armes contre Henri IV avec Henri Percy) .son nervous bis pris À ShreWsbury et mis à mort, 386. Panens (Alice), maitresse d'£ douard II]; menacée par le Bon Parlement, 1, 3; condamnée au premier parlement de Richard, 999; réclame ses biens conÉsqués, Il, 462. PériTions au parlement , 1, 14;re caveurs et axaminateuts des péti tions bid.; pétitions des communes aux divers parlements. (Voy. Pas LEMENT.) ee Gas Paupse (le), 82 situation vis-à-vis du roi, 1, 6 et 6; invité à répon dre pee acclamaliuns en certaines circonstances, 11, 202 et 305. Google TABLE DES MATIÈRES, Pæuwor (Jean), bourggois de Lon dé, men de ELA ide” 1, 18; équipe une flotte qui bat Les Bosais, 24 semé gere lier après ja mort de Wal-Tyler, 447; Chargé des armements pour la croisacle de l'évêqué de Norwich, 174 et 187, PLAIDS GomXUNS (cour des), 1, 7. Poibs 87 Mésures (unité des), 11, 33. PoLe (Michel de la}, comte de Suf folk : son origine bourgegise, 1, 195; ses antécédents, 196 et 114: chancelier, 196, son discours aû premier parlement de la septième année, 198; soumet la question de la paix aù parlement, 219 (roy. PARLEMENT) accusé par Cavendia, 221; innmiués accumulées contre ui,"293; ccé8 comte de Suffolk, 943; son administration, 255-257: réuit frquemment le garlement, 258; opposion contre lui, ibid. : passe en France pour négocier une trève, 219; son désir d'arriver à la pair, 301; ses mesures éner giques contre l'invasion, 907 ;irri dation publique contre lu, 304; “le parlement demande sa desutu tion, 303-307; acte d'accusation, 312; sa défense, 313; sa condame nation, 314 et 499: sorti de prison, conuuue d'être dans la faveur du roi, 823; À Nouiogham, 3%; mis en accusatun, 434 el 335; fuit & Calais; livré par son frère, capi laine du châtau; renvoyé au roi et mis on hberté, 337, 5Û7 ; con damnë par défaut, 350; sa mort, I, 16 et 399. Potë (Michel de la), ls da chance lier, 11, 34. Poue (Willian de la), père du chan celier, 1, 195. PORTUGAL (afaires de), 1, 38; avan tages de sun alliance pour l'Angle terre, 497; mariage projeté de la fille du rot avec le fils du comte de Cambridge, 215; rompu, ibid; prétenuions qu'y gardent les An Blais, 492, revient À l'alliance an élaise en premaat pour roi Jean Sama, 27. (Voÿ Pavavorance ( 1, 18, 442, etc. Pasunls évangers, 1, 211; M, 32 el 12. + JEAN D'AVIS). de), 165 abus, TABLE DES MATIÈRES. Prorecrion {lertres de), 11, 402, Pnôvrseons, ou clercs pourrus par le pape d'un bénéfice, 1, 37 eë A13; #taiuts sur Les prosisours, 414} discussions avec Rome à co pro pos: conférences d Bruges, Sid at’ de la question sous Richard Li, 415; nouvelles mesures, Il, 6, 101, 418: protestation des deux archevèques, 450; autorisation de modifier Le statut donné à Richard, À Henri IV, 49 et 63 (VOy. PARLE" ments de Pan av, de l'an avi de Aichard, et de l'an rde Henri IV.) o Quixuitus (impôt du) e: du dixième, 1, 17, 410, 411 et 426. R Rarmaz (abbé), co qu'il dit sur Hichsnd, I, 398. Hanmcor-Baibas (combat de), 1, 338 et 608. RELIGIEUX D& SAmT-DeNTS, chro nique de Charles VI, 1, 303. ReprçDon (Philippe), parlisan de Wicle, 1, 460. FuAno Il. Importance de son ro gne, 1, iv; altération des monu ments Ge Son histoire, vi esprit de parti dans les jugements dunt Aa été l'objet, vi: sources de soa histoire, 385-399; sa ni sance, 1; présenté au parlement comme héritier du trône, à; prince de Galles, big. ot 400: désigné pour présider js dernier parle ment d'Edouard IL, sul ; succède à Édouaed HI, 4; 00 couronns meut, 407; sd anaorté, 12 (Foy. PARLEMENT); Sa conduie dans V'insurrection de (381 (vOy. INSUR RECTION DES PAYSANS); inspiration hardie qui laterminé 80; itichard et sa mère après Linsurrection, #1; se rend dans l'Éssex pour unir les insurgés, 101; à Saint ban, 103; ses rapports avec le parlement (voy. PARLEMENT) ; di vers projels de mariage, 454; épousé Anne de Bohême, 143; pré pére son pays à la guerre, 261 à sa lettre à l'archevéque de’ Ganter Google 558 buy, 292, anuopce l'invasion im minente des Frangus, 2883 fait remise de l'impôt voté, #bid.; eu tre en Écosse, 244, ABl; son ar mée, 482 ; règlement pout la cam no, +bid.; sa retraite, 245 et 483. Qualités extérieures de Ri chard et son caracière, 253, 484: ami du luxe et da l'éclat, 253, 485; purelé de mœurs, 254; Ce lomnié, ibid.; prodigaliés pour ses amis, 4bid. et 405; ses sou tiens dans le padement, 255; veut se soustraire au conseil des onze, 323; accompagne la duc d'irléude, ibid ; parcourt le nord de l'Angleterre, à%4; consulte les juges à Notlingham, 323; revient Londres, 329 et 55; son entrée solennelle, 330; mésures qu'il F épars, ibid.; prévenu par La prise armes de Glocestar, 40äd.; braits répandussurles projets de Richard, 331; Londres se refuse à ie dé fendre, 333; les seigneurs roi sent dé se compromelire pour favoris, ibid.; opinion faussa même en Franc sur ses conseillers, 606; il capitule et reçoit Les appe lanis à Westminster, 334; Gone voque le parlement, 336; procla: mation ea faveur des appelats, ibid. encourage les_arwements coutre Glucestér, 338; à La merei des appelants après la bataille de Redecot-bridge, 899; les gens de sa maison chassés ou arré tés, 509; déclaration on sa fa veut après la coudamnation da ses ministres, 346. (VOy. verses des oncles du roi à ce sujet, IS; acles relatifs au mariage, Au2'et suir.; premier voyage dé Richard à Calais, 121; revient en France pour le mange, " jement pour entrevue, 122, 444; entrevue des deux rois, 122, 126; banquet, 128: déclaration de Richard sur l'objel de l'alliance, <bid.; engagement personnel pour Pobservation de la trève, 444 ; son mariage, 127, 446; couronnement de la reine, 446. Position consi ses anciens ‘ennemis, 134: projet d'une expédition commune avec la France en Italie, 199, 449; il expose les avantages et là néces sité de l'union active de l'Angle lerre et de la France, 140; con tinuation de ses bonnes relations avec la France, 153; elfrayé des projets de Glocester, s'en ouvre À son ueveu et à son frère, 1575 à 388 deux oncles, 159 ,qui le rassu rent, mais ve lieunent À l'écart, 160: arrête Glocester, 161; sa prasrases à ce propos, 163. rocès de Glocester et de ses cou. plices, voy. PARLEMENT DE LAN Au; si les procès de l'an 1397 ne sont que l'accomplissement d'une vengeance loufiemps méditée, 189, 461; conséquences de ces pro cs, 140: différend de Derby et de Norfolk (voy. HeNR1 De Lan CasThE) ; actes de despotisme qu'on lui rapgorte, 921, 467, 468; sa candurie dans les "affairés de l'E lise et du schisme mel interpré 18e, 222-294 ; emprunts, 224; con fiscation des biens du duc de Lan Google TABLE DES MATIÈRES. castre, 229: mal vue en Angleterre, 232 ;désardre résultant deson des poème, 23%; défiances contra ui, 234; seutiments de Londres, 23; appel à Henri, 235; départ pour lirlande, 237; son testa ment , 231, 419; ses adieux à la petite" reine, 238; écrits dirers sur sa chute, 472 et suiv. ; seconde campagne d'Irlande, 243-474; il aporend le débarquement * de lenri, 250; ses paroles au Bis du prétendant, 252; plan de campa gue, 253; revient à Milford, 259 481: dupersion d'une partie de se "soldats, 256, 482; opinions diverses sur sa conduite à Mil ford, 2513 IL pari pour Conway 269, 48%; dissolution de son ar mée après son départ, 259, 483; trompé par Northumberland, at tiré hors de Conway et arrêté, 164-269, 484, 485, mené à Flint, 210, 486; ses lamentations , bid.; livré à Henri ñ; le lévrier di Richard, 488: Richard mené à Ches ter, 216, 489; séparé de ses amis. 277, 490-492: confié à la garde du ls de Glocester et du fils d'Arun del, 217; mené à Landres, 2k0, 497; tenle de s'échapper en route, 281{garde plus étroitement, tbid.; présenté à la députation de Lon dres, 282; mené à la Tour, 284. 483 Jichard à la Tour, 286; si a abdiqué volontairement, tbid. et 495: wisite que lui fait’ Henri avec York et Rulland, 287; pro ch-verbal de son abdication, 290: preuse du mensonge qu'il’ con tient, 291; entrevue de Richard et de Lancastre, selon Froissart, 299 Et suivs Boÿeus dont où a qu se servir pour amener Kichard à ab diquer, 294; aldiication de chard, selon la tradition de Frois sart adoptée par Shakspeare, 208; déposition de Richard, 300, 497 498; signification de sa déposition, 308, 600; condamné à la prison, 321; transféré secrbiement à Pom fret, 350, 511; conjuration en sa faveur, 351, 512; sa mort, 367; traditions diverses : Lu par Pierre d'Exton, 368; qu'il est mort de faim, 368; si celte mort fut volon taire'ou forcée, 269; examen des divers témoignages, 368 et auiv.. TABLE DES 521-529; conclusion de son his. wire, 314; sentiments qui éc! tent À «a mort, 318: on refuse de le croire mort, 1bid. et 824 : tradi tion qu'il s'était réfugié en Écasse, 319, 525; la nouvelle accueillie en France, 880, 827; Cretun en voyé en Écosse pour la vérifier, 380, 528; tradition persistante en Angleterre que Richard est vi vaut, 381, 531; soulèvements en son nom, ibid, RICHMOND (comté de) appartenant au duc de Bretagne; confsqué (1384) 11. 419, longtempsréclamé. rendu, 1255 donné au comte de Westmo RICKAUL (William), sa mission au près de Glocester, II, 116, sa dé position devant ‘Le parlement, 177. Aivauté de la France et de l'Angle terre; si elle poussait fatalement à la guerre, Il, 36. Roseët II, roi d'Écosse, !, 241, ROBERT L'ÉRNiTE, messager entre les deux rois, 11! LOB; renvoyé en Angleterre à l'occasion da mariage projeté de Richard ; son entrevue avec Glocester, 116. Rome, ses rapporisavec l'Angleterre, 1, 413. (Voy. PROVISEURS.) Vues dé à France sur le domaine du saint siére en lalie, 11, 414. Rosesecque (bataille de), 1, 160; son influence en Francs et en An gleterre, 163. : Roraurs (la) en Angleterre, sa puise sance, ses attributions, 1, 5, 7. Russet (John), membre di conseil gaementaire, 11, 2095 retiré à ristol, 249; épargné par Henti de Lancastre, 251. mie. (VO: Édouard Lanta S Satwr-ALman. Grande part à l'insur rection des paysans, L, 83 et suir.e ramend À lobélusañce, 101 Bt sur. Sawr-Davm (évêque de). (Vo Adam_Houomrox (1361-1389) Jean GILBERT (1388) Sax ouevEnr (joutes ds), I, Google MATIÈRES. 561 Samer-Jran-De-JEAUSALEN (ordre de); demande touchant ses biens eu SAINT-MALO (sic Sant mari de ls sœur ulér chard, 1, 400; ses visites À Ri chard, Il, 120, 156, 407. Sauseuny (le comie de). (Voy. Mon TAIGU.) Sauisuuny (Jean), chevalier: son procès devant l'admirable Parle neat, 1, 360 et 366; condamné, 368. Sales (Robert de), refuse de se mettre à la tête es paysans in = surgés et est mis à mort, 1, 8 7 90. ScEAU PRIVÉ (garde du), 1, 7. Scmsue (grand); resserre les liens de l'Angleterre avec Rome, 1, 47; opposition de l'Angleterre’avec [à France sur celte question, 1455 puis accord pour ÿ mettre fin, mais divergeuce daus les moyens, 11, 129. Scror (Etienne le}, fils de Henri dord AE of Masham ; avec Ri chard en frlande, à Conway et à Flint, 11, 259, 271, 295, 277. Senor (Richard Le), éhancalier déjà sous Édouard II, sénéchal de Yhôtel, 1, 26; chancelier (1318), 31: (1381), 107; ses discours au parlement (voy. PARLEMENT); des fué pour ses résisiances aux prodigalités de Richard, 143 et 466; fait parlie du conseil de l'an'x, 316; amnistié pour ce fait au parlement de l'an X41, [l, 186; adhère à la condamnation de Ri: chard, 328; interrogé sur la con damnation de son Bls, William le Scrop, 342. ScroP (Richard ls), archevèque dYork, fs du précident, 86 tourne Riclard d'auloriser le com bat de Derby et de Norfolk, IL, 218; assiste à l'élection de Henri, 306: prend part au soulèvement vontre lui en 1405; son mani. feste, 385; pris et mis À mort, #bid. Scner (William le), comte de Wilt shire; s'il est fs de Richard le Scropt IL, b08; ses divérses fonc tions, 417 et 470; seigneur de Vile de Man, 418 êt 73; un des u — 36 562 A03; possédé héréditairement Jan de cl répand le bruit que Richard n'est mor, 382; pris et mis à mort, ibid, où 468. ù SuarasPans; sà tragédie la is et la Mori de Richard If, 1, 1 et 398; plusieurs scbues dé cé drame rapprochés de l'histoire, IL, 299, A1, 489, 493, 812. Snèniers; leur rôle dans la convo gation du parlement, T, 10; durée de leurs fonetions, 19, 22, 257. Smswssuit (consuliation des juges ENE TS SancwsBur (bataille de), 11, 386. BPearer ou orateur des commu nes, 1,13. Genoa" (Henri), évêque de Nor wish; conbai les paysans insur gés, 1, 91, 449; és propositions pour une croisade contre les Cié mentins, cestdire contre la Francs, 170; modifications qu'il appons, 171, 468; opposition J Frs faveur des communes, 171; les propositions adoptées, 1195 prédication de la croisade, 173; ordres en faveur de la croi sade, 114, 468, enthousiasme w'la croisade en Angleterre, 14, 459; départ de. l'évêque, 176; il débarque à Calais, did; attaque la Flandre, 111: prend Grarelin RU D skarque, 141; assiège pres, 1 lève À Del lappoeb du Frans, Google TABLE DES MATIÈRES. 183; se retire vers Gravelines 191; partialité de Walsinghem à son égard, 192, 412; espérances qu'ou avail'conçuos da la éroisade, 196: décoption qu'elle cause, ibid; premières mésures de Ri chard pour la réparer, 1963 ciations qui la terminent, 191; procès fait À l'évêque et à ses ca pitaines, 200 et auiv., condamna tion de l'évêque, 207 el 209; de ses capitaines, 212; restitution de son temporal 269; querelle antre l'évêque d'Ély et le chancelier à ce sujet, ibid. Seikesworru (Jean de), 1, 203. Sraeronp (le comte de), 1, 16, 342, 281. SrarronD (Richard da du comte; tué par Jean Je Hollaod, (grand conseil à) pour la paix avec La Frauce, Il, 56 et 416. SranDicE (Jean), écuyer du roi, achève Wal-Tyler, L, 10; est fait chevalier, 81. Srarurs : leur définition, 1, 19. Sroxvs (Pierre), carme,' adversaire de Wiclel, 1, 480. Srow : 5es annales, 1, 395. Srmaw (Jacques), chef des révoltés da r'ESser, 1, 88; son jugement, sa confession et sa mort, 94. Saw (Jean), probablement le mère que Jacques siraw, 1, 448. Subsuns (10y. IuPôTs, LAINES et Pas Leuenr) : la levée suspendus dans un cas douteux, 11, 78. Supouay (Simon), archevèque de Cauterbury et chancelier d'Angle terre, 1, Àl; assigne Wicleff de vant lui 50: pillage de son palais par les insurgés, 89; conseil qu'il nue au roi, 643 pris ct décapité par les insurgés À la Tour, 11; sa mort vengéo, 93. Survoux (William de Ufrd, comte de), auprès du roi dans linsurrec ton de Wat-Tyler, 1, 6k. Sueroux (Michel de laPole, comte de). (Voy. PoLs.). SwNDERBE (Wilham de) ou William VErnite, disciple de Wicleff, 1, 128 et 489. Le Saut (Vauten), facriminé devant le parlement, Ÿ, 468. TABLE DES MATIÈRES. " T Taxe personnelle, 1, 38, 42; sur les Pawaus, var lo mérahandies, sur La line, 33. (Voy. luvôrs et PARLEMENT.) & Tarmmer (Augustin) : ce qu'il dit de Piano des paysans, 1, 6. Tuowis DE Woopstoo, comte de Buckingham, puis due da Gloess ter, septième Als d'Édounrd 11, 1. 3; nommé comte de Buckin: gham et investi de l'office de can nétable à l'avénement de Richard, 404 et 407; son caractère, 12; son expédition en France, 49; combat des paysans, 100; ic avec Lane casire la campagne d'Écosse, 2173 créé duc de Glécester, 249: de vient à craindre au départ de Lan castre pour l'Espagne, 498. Sa mis sion auprès du roi pour ia desti. tution de Michel de la Pole, 308: langage menaçant qu'il Uient aù roi, 309; prise d'armes de Ha ringhay-Park, 381; projet de dé poser le roi, 357 et 608 ; combattu Derhy, 838: reçu en triomphe Londres après Rédecot-briôRe, 340: ou parlement de 1368, dk: # fait déclarer innocent par le roi, Sbid. ; menace Richard du sort S'Éâousrd 11, ibid. (Voy. LoRDa APPELANTS OÙ PARLENPNT. [aDu SABLE.) Son gouvernement, Il 1; peu de succès au dehors, mi les meilleures occasions, 1; 588 négoeiations avec la France, 12; fiide son gouvernement, 13. tre au conseil, 39; son opponi. tion à Ia puix avec le Franco, 66, 86.420. et au mariagé du roi, 116: honneurs et missionsqu'l reçoit dé Ricbard, 134; vout fairo une cam pagne eû Prusse, 419, san mau vais vouloir à l'égard de Richard 147: se8 murmures à l'occasion dé la France, 148; ses efforle pour propager ses sentiments, 148-150; complot où il veut intéreser le jeune comte de la Marche, 180; ercitations auprès du peuple de Londres, à propos des impôts, 151 ; Balat au sujet de la restitution de Brest, 154; insinuation que le roi pense à livrer Calais, 156: nou veau projet de Glocester contre Google 583 Richard, 168; sa eomjuration, 181 et 452; il est prévenu par le ’rol arrôtd ‘ot mené à Calais, 162, 469; mandé de Calais devant le parle 176: réponse qu'il est mort il est déclaré traltre, dbid.; pro dustion, devant le parlement, de sa confession écrite, 116; rumeurs sur sa mort, 178 ei 467; déclara tion de 3. Halle, 180. Ton (William) : sa chronique, 1, 489. Tounnois, Il, 407. TssLran, président du bane du rot : son enquête à Saint-Alban, I, 104; un des principaux mintatres de Richard, 26 ; anoiato À la annaul tation de Nottingham, 324 ; mis en accusation, 384 et 33h; sondamné par défaut, 340; découvert et ab W4ié, 353; aon jugement somaite ei son supplice, 354. TRésoER d'Angleterre, 1, 7. Tésomens du subeide aommés en parlement, 1, 273. TaËve avec la France prolongée peb dant tout le gouverzément per sonnel de Richard, 1, 107; (Toy. LROCINGHEM). Tauver (Thomas), dans la croisade de l’évêque de Norwich, 38; on procès, 211. Toncs en Hongrie, Il, 36. TuanER (Sharon), 8on histoire : La eunes et partialité, 11, 108. U Un VE, Grebade qu'il At pre cher contre les partisans de Clé. Te VII (France et Espagne}, 1, Uurs (Thomas). Condamné dans l'Admirable Parlement, 1, 357. v Vins (Robert de), comte d'Oxford, shambellan par droit héréditaire, 1, 403; ses fnsinuations contre 13 due de Lancastre, 1, 346; son influence sur l'esprit du roi, 282; calomnié, 254; dns qu'il rec ss, 07: oréd marquis de Du lin, 287 et #80; puis us d'itiande, 564 TABLE DES 322; répudie sa femme, petite fille’ d'Édouard II, 323; s met en rage four l'rténdes id; ac» compéud par Richard, ibid; et demeure avec le roi, tbid. ; à Nottingham, 324; mis en aceusa Sion, 334 el 935: fit sous un dé guisement, 337: fait des arme ments dans le nord, 338: baîtu & Redecot-bridge, 1bid.; échappe pe la fuite, 439; condamné par léfaut, 350 sa mort, I, 16 et 448; son corps ramené en Angle terre, 131 Vienne'(Jean de), amfral, son expé diticn en Écosse, 1, 238 et suiv.; mecontentement des Francais À l'égard des Ecossais, et récjpro guement, 239; comment il avait pu revenir d'Écosse, 280: nouvelle srpédition prépardé. 921; 16 à La bataille de icopolis (Froisart, , 82 vicu& de bois, fabriquée pour l'inve sion de l'Angleterre, 1, 282: por tée en partie par Ïn tempête en Angleterre, 291, 408. W Waoen (Roger de), doyen d'York, nommé archevéque de Canter. bury à la place de Thomas Arun del, 11, 469; destitué au retour de Thomas, 397, dans la conjurs tion contre Henri 1V; condamné, 365: gricié, 366, 519; nommè évêque de Lonüres, 519. WALSINGAN. Ses deux histoires, 1, 388: sa partiahé en faveur de l'é skque de Norwich, 192: contre Richard, 194. et passim. Wauvonr (William), sureeillent du subside, 1, 1K: maire de Lon dres, sa Conduite pendant lin surréction, 61, 69 et 19. WaRwWICK (Thomas DR BEAUCRAMP, eomte de), placé auprès du rot comme gouverneur, 1, 36; avec lui au temps de l'insurrection, 64 un des cinq lords appelants {voy. APPeLAsTS); a retraite, Ml, 134: entre dens la conjuration da Glocester, 161 et 462: arrêté, 162 et 45); demande grâce; con dame «exilé, 182; Google MATIÈRES. Henri de Lancastre après la capti vité de Richard, 280; proteste contre le procès-verbl de son jugement, 329; meurt le 8 avril 1401. WaT-ToLsR. Insurrection qui pro voque, TI, 86et 435; mène lesinsur gés à Canterbury, 60; à Londres, 66; fait périr Richard Lyons, 68: à la Tour, 10; excite les habitants de Saint-Alban, 84; retient une parte des insurgés à Londres, Ah; sa conférence avec le roi, 17; sa mort, 19. “West (Paÿs vers FL A3. Wesnasster (Asile de), violé par Jes agent du dut de ‘Lancastre. Wesransre (Grande salle de), construits par Richard, Î1, 106 et 438. WESTMINSTER (Grand consgil de) en 1383, 1, 169. Wicxnaw' (William de), évêque de “Winchester, chancelier au temps d'Édouardill, pour qui il construit Windsor, 11, 14; condamné par l'influence de Lancastre au temps d'Édouard 1, 1, 401: membre du conseil du ro, Î, 273; du conseil de l'an x, 316; nommé chance par Richard, 11, 14; sa mort, 49, note. Wiciesr (Jean). Ses historiens, «€3 origines et son bistoire, 1, 47, 430 et 431; sa doctrine sur l'État et l'Eglise, 47; un des envoyés de l'Angleterre ‘aux conférences de Bruges, 431; consulté parlacour, 434; son procès, 49 et 434; bulle du pape contre lui, 50; Second procès, 5l; intervention de la princesse de Galles, ibid; expli Cations données par Wiclel, ibed.; W'ielef renvoyé. 52; nouvelles propositions, “ibid. ; propositions gürésdées au parlement, 126; at taques contre le pouvair et les pos sessions de l'Eglise, 1bid. el 458 traduit la Bible en langue vui-. gaire, 1243 propositions contre l'Eucharistie, condamnées à Oxfori!, 128: appel au roi, ibid.; concile de Locdres, 130; assigné derant le pape, did; ses erpuses et ses avis, 131; sa mort, 1bid ; ses idées répandues dans le parle ment, 265. TABLE DES MATIÈRES, 565 Wicuere (Partisans de). (Voy. Lol BT et 448; confondu avec Jean LARDS.) Straw, L, 48. VWintax L'ERUTE, (Voy. SwiN DERBY.) “Won (Grand conseil à), en 1982, Y 1, 134. ù JWoonsroce (Thomas de). (Voy. YPRes. Assiégée par l'éêque de Nor Taoms.) wich, I, 181: siégelevé à l'approche Waaw (Jean), cbef desinsurgés, I, des Français, 183. FIN DE LA TABLE DES MATIÈRES, iaton san Google UNNERSITY OF MCHIGAN TABLE DES CHAPITRES PU TOME SECOND. LIVRE GRPTIÈME. L4 MAIONTÉ DE aiçmAnp, I. Le gouvernement de Glocoster et.le gourersament de chard. À Page 1 .… L'entrerus d'Amiens æ% 62 78 LIVRE HUITIEMS. L'ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE. 1. Administration personnelle de Richard... gl IL. Le mariaga de Richard et d'Isabelle de France... ls LIVRE NEUVLRME, GLocægren. 1. Les aoais ot las ennemis de Richard 18 11. Intrigues et complot de Glocester. 146 HI. Le parlement de la mn* année (1397 16 LIYRE DIXIÈME. DESPOTISME DE RICHARD. 1. Session de Shrewabury. 193 11. Le comte de Derby et le comte maréchal Il. Mort du dus de Lançastra..…. ,........ 568 TABLE. DES CHAPITRES. LIVRE ONZIÈME, HENRI DE LANCASTRE, 1. Richard en Irlande, Henri en Angleterre... IL Conway, Flint et Chester........... LIVRE DOUZIÈME. LA BÉPOSITION DE RICHARD. 1. L'abdication et la déposition.. IL, Le sacre de Henri IV. — La condamnation de Richard Il cesse 284 LL. Satisfactians ct représailles. 329 LIVRE TREIZIÈME. LA MORT DE RICHARD. LE Conjuration contre Henri IV. Et 11. Mort de Richard. 367 111. Conclusion. 4 NOIRS... 385 Table générale des matières. . Si FIN DE LA TABLE DES CHAFITRES DU DEUXIÈME VOLUME. ; ERRATA. Page 37, ligue 15. Bpargnalt; lis : éparanaient. — 125) — 16 Duché; dises : comté. — 24. En honneur, en pouvoirs; lues : en hanmeurs, en pouvoir. — dernière. Leur poursuite; lises : leurs poursuites. avantdernière. Si personne n'intercédait ; lises: st personne intercédait, dernière. Espèces (épices); lîtes : espices. 2. Du Henri; lisea : de Henri. 21. Les blancs seing; lisez : les blancs selngs. dernière. Duc de Bourgogne; lisex : duc d8 Bourbon. 28. Plus reculée; Lisez : pontérieure. 1386; lises : 1396. . Cætum; lisez : ctum, l RAR DRE Paris. — lmprimerie de Ch. Lahure, rue de Fleurus, 5. UNIV. C7 FICHIGAN, Ci 2 1912 Google $ Ongnat om pure Google UNIVERS YO MICHGAN rail fon boire Google UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
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<?php
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
class Clientes extends MY_Controller {
public function obterCLiente(){
$this->load->library('xml');
$this->load->model('clienteModel');
$obter = new ClienteModel();
$clientes = $obter->obterCLiente();
if($clientes == false){
}
else{
$createXML = new xml();
foreach($clientes as $cliente){
$createXML->addTag('cliente');
$createXML->addCompleto('nome',$cliente->nome);
$createXML->addCompleto('endereco',$cliente->endereco);
$createXML->addCompleto('telefone',$cliente->telefone);
$createXML->CloseTag('cliente');
}
echo $createXML;
}
}
}
| 24,118 |
https://github.com/parijatsahai/camcops/blob/master/tablet/Resources/task/Panss.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
camcops
|
parijatsahai
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 630 | 1,960 |
// Panss.js
/*
Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Rudolf Cardinal (rudolf@pobox.com).
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge.
Funded by the Wellcome Trust.
This file is part of CamCOPS.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
/*jslint node: true, newcap: true, nomen: true, plusplus: true */
"use strict";
/*global Titanium, L */
var DBCONSTANTS = require('common/DBCONSTANTS'),
dbcommon = require('lib/dbcommon'),
taskcommon = require('lib/taskcommon'),
lang = require('lib/lang'),
tablename = "panss",
fieldlist = dbcommon.standardTaskFields(),
np = 7,
nn = 7,
ng = 16;
fieldlist.push.apply(fieldlist, dbcommon.CLINICIAN_FIELDSPECS); // Clinician info 1/3
dbcommon.appendRepeatedFieldDef(fieldlist, "p", 1, np,
DBCONSTANTS.TYPE_INTEGER);
dbcommon.appendRepeatedFieldDef(fieldlist, "n", 1, nn,
DBCONSTANTS.TYPE_INTEGER);
dbcommon.appendRepeatedFieldDef(fieldlist, "g", 1, ng,
DBCONSTANTS.TYPE_INTEGER);
// CREATE THE TABLE
dbcommon.createTable(tablename, fieldlist);
// TASK
function Panss(patient_id) {
taskcommon.BaseTask.call(this, patient_id); // call base constructor
}
lang.inheritPrototype(Panss, taskcommon.BaseTask);
lang.extendPrototype(Panss, {
// KEY DATABASE FIELDS (USED BY DatabaseObject)
_objecttype: Panss,
_tablename: tablename,
_fieldlist: fieldlist,
// TASK CLASS FIELD OVERRIDES (USED BY BaseTask)
_crippled: true,
// OTHER
// Scoring
getP: function () {
return taskcommon.totalScore(this, "p", 1, np);
},
getN: function () {
return taskcommon.totalScore(this, "n", 1, nn);
},
getG: function () {
return taskcommon.totalScore(this, "g", 1, ng);
},
// Standard task functions
isComplete: function () {
return (taskcommon.isComplete(this, "p", 1, np) &&
taskcommon.isComplete(this, "n", 1, nn) &&
taskcommon.isComplete(this, "g", 1, ng));
},
getSummary: function () {
var p = this.getP(),
n = this.getN(),
g = this.getG(),
composite = p - n,
total = p + g + n;
return L('panss_p') + " " + p + "/49. " +
L('panss_n') + " " + n + "/49. " +
L('panss_g') + " " + g + "/112. " +
L('panss_composite') + " " + composite + ". " +
L('total_score') + " " + total + "/210." +
this.isCompleteSuffix();
},
getDetail: function () {
return (
taskcommon.valueDetail(this, "panss_p", "_s", " ", "p", 1, np) +
taskcommon.valueDetail(this, "panss_n", "_s", " ", "n", 1, nn) +
taskcommon.valueDetail(this, "panss_g", "_s", " ", "g", 1, ng) +
"\n" +
this.getSummary()
);
},
edit: function (readOnly) {
var self = this,
KeyValuePair = require('lib/KeyValuePair'),
Questionnaire = require('questionnaire/Questionnaire'),
panss_options = [
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option1'), 1),
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option2'), 2),
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option3'), 3),
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option4'), 4),
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option5'), 5),
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option6'), 6),
new KeyValuePair(L('panss_option7'), 7),
],
qs_p = [],
fields_p = [],
n,
qs_n = [],
fields_n = [],
qs_g = [],
fields_g = [],
pages,
questionnaire;
for (n = 1; n <= np; ++n) {
qs_p.push(L("panss_p" + n + "_s"));
fields_p.push("p" + n);
}
for (n = 1; n <= nn; ++n) {
qs_n.push(L("panss_n" + n + "_s"));
fields_n.push("n" + n);
}
for (n = 1; n <= ng; ++n) {
qs_g.push(L("panss_g" + n + "_s"));
fields_g.push("g" + n);
}
self.setDefaultClinicianVariablesAtFirstUse(readOnly); // Clinician info 2/3
pages = [ self.getClinicianDetailsPage() ]; // Clinician info 3/3
pages.push({
title: L("t_panss") + " (P)",
clinician: true,
elements: [
{
type: "QuestionText",
text: L('data_collection_only'),
bold: true
},
{
type: "QuestionMCQGrid",
options: panss_options,
questions: qs_p,
fields: fields_p,
},
],
});
pages.push({
title: L("t_panss") + " (N)",
clinician: true,
elements: [
{
type: "QuestionText",
text: L('data_collection_only'),
bold: true
},
{
type: "QuestionMCQGrid",
options: panss_options,
questions: qs_n,
fields: fields_n,
},
],
});
pages.push({
title: L("t_panss") + " (G)",
clinician: true,
elements: [
{
type: "QuestionText",
text: L('data_collection_only'),
bold: true
},
{
type: "QuestionMCQGrid",
options: panss_options,
questions: qs_g,
fields: fields_g,
},
],
});
questionnaire = new Questionnaire({
readOnly: readOnly,
pages: pages,
callbackThis: self,
fnGetFieldValue: self.defaultGetFieldValueFn,
fnSetField: self.defaultSetFieldFn,
fnFinished: self.defaultFinishedFn,
});
questionnaire.open();
},
});
module.exports = Panss;
| 29,386 |
stronanswell06scotgoog_2
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,824 |
St. Ronan's well
|
Scott, Walter, 1771-1832, author
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,199 | 9,842 |
Many bets were laid on the horse-couper's success, but the knowing ones were taken in. Determined to ride the fore-horse herself, Meg would admit no helpmate who might soon assert the rights of a master; and so, in single blessedness, and with the despotism of Queen Bess herself, she ruled all matters with a high hand, not only over her men- servants and maid-servants> but over the stranger lo ST. RON AN 'S WELL. vdthin her gates, who, if he ventured to oppose Meg's sovereign will and pleasure, or desire to have either fare or accommodation different from that which she chose to provide for him, was instantly ejected with that answer which Erasmus tells us silenced all complaints in the Glerman inns of his time, QtKBre aliud hospitium ; * or, as Meg expressed it, " Troop aflf wi* ye to another public." As this amounted to a banishment in extent equal to sixteen miles from Meg's residence, the unhappy party on whom it was passed, had no other refuge save by deprecating the wrath of his landlady, and resigning himself to her will. It is but justice to Meg Dods to state, that though hers was a severe and almost despotic government, it could not be termed a tyranny, since it was exercised, upon the whole, for the good of the subject. The vaults of the old Laird's cellar had not, even in his own day, been replenished with more excel- lent wines ; the only difficulty was to prevail on Meg to look for the precise liquor you chose ; — to which it may be added, that she often became restiff when she thought a company had had " as much as dicj^them good," and refused to furnish any more supplies. Then her kitchen was her pride and glory ; she looked to the dressing of every dish her- self, and there were some with which she suffered no one to interfere. Such were the cock-a-leeky, and the savoury minced coUops, which rivalled in their way even the veal cutlets of our old friend Mrs. Hall, at Ferrybridge. Meg's table-linen, bed-linen, 1 In a colloqaj of Erasmns, caUed Diversaria^ there is a very UDsavoaiy description of a German inn of the period, where an objection of the guest is answered in the manner expressed in the text — a great sign of want of competition on the rc«d. ST. RONAN'S WELL. ii and so forth, were always home-made, of the best quality, and in the best order; and a weary day was that to the chambermaid in which her lynx eye discoveAd any neglect of the strict cleanliness which she constantly enforced. Indeed, considering Meg's country and calling, we were never able to account for her extreme and scrupulous nicety, unless by supposing that it afforded her the most apt and fre- quent pretext for scolding her maids; an exercise in which she displayed so much eloquence and energy, that we must needs believe it to haVe been a favourite one.^ We have only further to commemorate, the mode- ration of Meg's reckonings, which, when they closed the banquet, often relieved the apprehensions, instead of saddening the heart, of the rising guest. A shilling for breakfast, three shillings for dinner, including a pint of old port, eighteenpence for a snug supper — such were the charges of the inn of St Ronan's, under this landlady of the olden world, even after the nineteenth century had com- menced ; and they were ever tendered with the pious recollection, that her good father never charged half so much, but these weary times rendered it impossible for her to make the la wing le^.^ 1 Thiii circnmstance shows of itself, that the Meg Dods of the tale canuot be identified with her namesake Jenny Dods, who kept the inn at Howgate, (/>) on the Peebles road ; for Jenny, far different from our heroine, was unmatched as a slattern. ''This was universally the case in Scotland forty or fifty years ago ; and so little was charged for a domestic's living when the author became first acquainted with the road, that a shil- ling or eighteenpence was sufficient board wages for a man- servant^ when a crown would not now answer the purpose. It is tme the cause of these reasonable charges rested upon a principle equally unjust to the landlord, and inconvenient to the guest. The landlord did not expect to make any thing 12 ST. RONAN'S WELL. Notwithstanding all these excellent and rare pro- perties, the inn at Saint Ronan's shared the decay of the village to which it belonged, ^his was owing to various circumstances. The high-road Ead been turned aside from the place, the steepness of the street being murder (so the postilions declared) to their post-horses. It was thought that Meg's stern refusal to treat them with liquor, or to connive at their exchanging for porter and whisky the corn which should feed their cattle, had no small influ- ence on the opinion of those respectable gentlemen, and that a little cutting and levelling would have made the ascent easy enough; but let that pass. This alteration of the highway was an injury which Meg did not easily forgive to the country gentlemen, most of whom she had recollected when children. " Their fathers," she said, " wad not have done the like of it to a lone woman." Then the decay of the village itself, which had formerly contained a set of feuars and bonnet-lairds, who, under the name of the Chirupping Club, contrived to drinfe twopenny, qualified with brandy or whisky, at least twice or thrice a-week, was some small loss. The temper and manners of the landlady scared away all customers of that numerous class, who will upon the charge for eating which his bill . contained ; in consid- eration of which, the gnest was expected to drink more wine than might be convenient or agreeable to him, *^for the good" as it was called, " of the house" The landlord indeed was will- ing and ready to assist, in this duty, every stranger who came within his gates. Other things were in proportion. A charge for lodging, fire, and candle, was long a thing unheard of in Scotland. A shilling to the housemaid settled all such consid- erations. I see, from memorandums of 1790, that a young man, with two ponies and a serving-lad, might travel from the house of one Meg Dods to another, through most parts of Scotland, for about five or six shillings a-day. ST. RONAN'S WELL. 13 not allow originality to be an excuse for the breach of decorum, and who, little accustomed perhaps to attendance at home, loved to play the great man at an inn, and to have a certain number of bows, de- ferential speeches, and apologies, in answer to the G — d d — ^n ye's which they bestow on the house, attendance, and entertainment. Unto those who commenced this sort of barter in the Clachan of Saint Eonan's, well could Meg Dods pay it back, in their own coin ; and glad they were to escape from the house with eyes not quite scratched out, and ears not more deafened than if they had been within hearing of a pitched battle. Nature had formed honest Meg for such encoun- ters ; and as her noble soul delighted in them, so her outward properties were in what Tony Lump- kin calls a concatenation accordingly. She had hair of a brindled colour, betwixt black and grey, which was apt to escape in elf-locks from under her mutch when she was thrown into violent agitation — long skinny hands, terminated by stout talons — grey eyes, thin lips, a robust person, a broad, though flat chest, capital wind, and a voice that could match a choir of fishwomen. She was accustomed to say of herself in her more gentle moods, that her bark was worse than her bite; but what teeth could have matched a tongue, which, when in full career, is vouched to have been heard from the Kirk to the. Castle of Saint Bonan's ? These notable gifts, however, had no charms for the travellers of these light and giddy-paced times, and Meg's inn became less and less frequented. What carried the evil to the uttermost was, that a fanciful lady of rank in the neighbourhood chanced to recover of some imaginary complaint by the use 14 ST. RONAN'S WELL. of a mineral well about a mile and a half from the village ; a fashionable doctor was found to write an analysis of the healing waters, with a list of sundry cures ; a speculative builder took land in feu, and erected lodging-houses, shops, and even streets. At length a tontine subscription was obtained to erect an inn, which, for the more grace, was called a hotel; and so the desertion of Meg Dods became general. ^ She had still, however, her friends and well- wishers, many of whom thought, that as she was a lone woman, and known to be well to pass in the world, she would act wisely to retire from public life, and take down a sign which had no longer fas- cination for guests. But Meg's spirit scorned sub- mission, direct or implied. " Her father's door," she said, " should be open to the road, till her father's bairn should be streekit and carried out at it with her feet foremost It was not for the profit — there was little profit at it ; — profit ? — there was a dead loss; but she wad not be dung by any of them. They maun hae a hottle,* maun they? — and an honest public canna serve them 1 They may hottle that likes ; but they shall see that Lucky Dods can hottle on as lang as the best of them — ay, though they had made a Tamteen of it, and linkit aw their breaths of lives, whilk are in their nostrils, on end of ilk other like a string of wild-geese, and the langest liver bruick a', (whilk was sinful presump- tion,) she would match ilk ane of them as lang as her ain wind held out" Fortunate it was for Meg, 1 Note I. — Banding-Feiu in Scotland. * This Gallic word (hdtel) was first introduced In Scotland during the anthor's childhood, and was so pronounced by the lower class. ST. RONAN'S WELL. 15 since she had formed this doughty resolution, that although her inn had decayed in custom, her land had risen in value in a degree which more than compensated the balance on the wrong side of her books, and, joined to her usual providence and economy, enabled her to act up to her lofty purpose. She prosecuted her trade too with every attention to its diminished income ; shut up the windows of one half of her house, to baffle the tax-gatherer; retrenched her furniture; discharged her pair of post-horses, and pensioned oflf the old humpbacked postilion who drove them, retaining his services, however, as^an assistant to a still more aged hostler. To console herself for restrictions by which her pride was secretly wounded, she agreed with the cele- brated Dick Tinto to re-paint her father's sign, which had become rather undecipherable; and Dick ac- cordingly gilded the Bishop's crook, and augmented the horrors of the Devil's aspect, until it became a terror to all the younger fry of the school-house, and a sort of visible illustration of the terrors of the arch-enemy, with which the minister endeavoured to impress their infant minds. Under this renewed symbol of her profession, Meg Dods, or Meg Dorts, as she was popularly termed, on account of her refractory humours, was still patronised by some steady customers. Such were the members of the Killnakelty Hunt, once famous on the turf and in the field, but now a set of venerable grey-headed sportsmen, who had sunk from fox-hounds to basket-beagles and coursing, and who made an easy canter on their quiet nags a gentle induction to a dinner at Meg's. " A set of honest decent men they were," Meg said ; " had their sang and their joke — and what for no ? Their i6 ST. ROMAN'S WELL. bind was just a Scots pint over-head, and a tappit- hen to the bill, and no man ever saw them the waur o't It was thae cockle-brained callants of the present day that would be mair owerta'en with a puir quart than douce folk were with a magnum." Then there was a set of ancient brethren of the angle from Edinburgh, who visited Saint Bonan's frequently in the spring and summer, a class of guests peculiarly acceptable to Meg, who permitted them more latitude in her premises than she was known to allow to any other body. " They were," she said, " pawky auld carles, that kend whilk side their bread was b\ittered upon. Ye .never kend of ony o' them ganging to the spring, as they be- hoved to ca' the stinking well yonder. — Na, na — they wwe up in the morning — had their parritch, wi' maybe a thimblefuU of brandy, and then awa up into the hills, eat their bit cauld meat on the heather, and came hame at e'en with the creel full of caller trouts, and had them to their dinner, and their quiet cogue of ale, and their drap punch, and were set singing their catches and glees, as they ca'd them, till ten o'clock, and then to bed, wi* God bless ye — and what for no ? " Thirdly, we may commemorate some ranting blades, who also came from the metropolis to visit Saint Ronan's, attracted by the humours of Meg, and still more by the excellence of her liquor, and the cheapness of her reckonings. These were mem- bers of the Helter Skelter Club, of the Wildfire Club, and other associations formed for the express purpose of getting rid of care and sobriety. Sucli dashers occasioned many a racket in Meg's house, and many a hourasqtce in Meg's temper. Various were the arts of flattery and violence by which they ST. RONAN'S WELL. 17 endeavoured to get supplies of liquor, when Meg's conscience told her they had had too much already. Sometimes they failed, as when the croupier of the Helter Skelter got himself scalded with the mulled wine, in an unsuccessful attempt to coax this for- midable virago by a salute ; and the excellent presi- dent of the Wildfire received a broken head from the keys of the cellar, as he endeavoured to pos- sess himself of these emblems of authority. But little did these dauntless officials care for the exu- berant frolics of Meg's temper, which were to them only " pretty Fanny's way " — the dvXces Amarylli- dis irce. And Meg, on her part, though she often called them " drunken ne'er-do-weels, and thorough- bred High-street blackguards," allowed no other person to speak ill of them in her hearing. " They were daft callants," she said, " and that was all — when the drink was in, the wit was out — ye could not put an auld head upon young shouthers — a young cowt will canter, be it up-hill or down — and what for no ? " was her uniform conclusion. Nor must we omit, among Meg's steady custom- ers, "faithful amongst the unfaithful found," the copper-nosed sheriflF-clerk of the county, who, when summoned by official duty to that district of the shire, warmed by recollections of her double-brewed ale, and her generous Antigua, always advertised that his " Prieves," or " Comptis," or whatever other business was in hand, were to proceed on such a day and hour, " within the house of Margaret Dods, vintner in Saint Bonan's." We have only farther to notice Meg's mode of conducting herself towards chance travellers, who, knowing nothing of nearer or more fashionable accommodations, or perliaps consulting rather the T0L.1.— 3 i8 ST. RONAN'S WELL. state of their purse than of their taste, stumbled upon her house of entertainment Her reception of these was as precarious as the hospitality of a savage nation to sailors shipwrecked on their coast. If the guests seemed to have made her mansion their free choice — or if she liked their appearance (and her taste was very capricious) — above all, if they seemed pleased with what they got, and little disposed to criticise or give trouble, it was all very well. But if they had, come to Saint Ronan*s be- cause the house at the Well was full — or if she disliked what the sailor calls the cut of their jib — or if, above all, they were critical about their ac- commodations, none so likely as Meg to give them what in her country is called a sloan. In fact, she reckoned such persons a part of that ungenerous and ungrateful public, for whose sake she was keep- ing her house open at a dead loss, and who had left her, as it were, a victim to her patriotic zeal. Hence arose the different reports concerning the little inn of Saint Ronan's, which some favoured travellers praised as the neatest and most comfort- able old-fashioned house in Scotland, where you had good attendance, and good cheer, at moderate rates ; while others, less fortunate, could only talk of the darkness of the rooms, the homeliness of the old furniture, and the detestable bad humour of Meg Dods, the landlady. Header, if you come from the more sunny side of the Tweed — or even if, being a Scot, you have had the advantage to be bom within the last twen- ty-five years, you may be induced to think this portrait of Queen Elizabeth, in Dame Quickly's piqued hat and green apron, somewhat overcharged in the features. But I appeal to my own contem- ST. RONAN'S WELL. 19 poraries, who have known wheel-road, bridle-way, and footpath, for thirty years, whether they do not, every one of them, remember Meg Dods — or somebody very like her. Indeed, so much is this the case, that, about the period t mention, I should have been afraid to have rambled from the Scottish metropolis, in almost any direction, lest I had lighted upon some one of the sisterhood of Dame Quickly, who might suspect me of having showed her up to the public in the character of Meg Dods. At present, though it is possible that some one or two of this peculiar class of wild-cats may still exist, their talons must be much impaired by age; and I think they can do little more than sit, like the Giant Pope, in the Pilgrim's Progress, at the door of their unfrequented caverns, and grin at the pil- grims over whom they used formerly to execute their despotism. / CHAPTEE IL THE GUEST. Qois noTOfi hie hospes ? Didoapud Vtrgilium, Ch'am-nQaid ! The Gemman in the front parlour ! BooTs'8/rce Translation of the JSneid, It was on a fine summer's day that a solitary tra- veller rode under the old-fashioned archway, and alighted in the court-yard of Meg Dods's inn, and delivered the bridle of his horse to the humpbacked postilion. " Bring my saddle-bags," he said, " into the house — or stay — I am abler, I think, to carry them than you.** He then assisted the poor meagre groom to unbuckle the straps which secured the humble and now despised convenience, and mean- time gave strict charges that his horse should be unbridled, and put into a clean and comfortable stall, the girths slacked, and a cloth cast over his loins ; but that the saddle should not be removed until he himself came to see him dressed. The companion of his travels seemed in the host- ler's eye deserving of his care, being a strong active horse, fit either for the road or field, but rather high in bone from a long journey, though from the state of his skin it appeared the utmost care had been bestowed to keep him in condition. While the groom obeyed the stranger's directions, the latter, with the saddle-bags laid over his arm, entered the kitchen of the inn. ST. ROMAN'S WELL. 21 Here he found the landlady herself in none of her most blessed humours. The cook-maid was abroad on some errand, and Meg, in a close review of the kitchen apparatus, was making the unpleasant dis- covery, that trenchers had been broken or cracked, pots and saucepans not so accurately scoured as her precise notions of cleanliness required, which, joined to other detections of a more petty descrip- tion, stirred her bile in no small degree ; so that while she disarranged and arranged the hink, she maundered, in an under tone, complaints and men- aces against the absent delinquent. The entrance of a guest did not induce her to suspend this agreeable amusement — she just glanced at him as he entered, then turned her back short on him, and continued her labour and her soliloquy of lamentation. Truth is, she thought she recog- nised in the person of the stranger, one of those useful envoys of the commercial community, called, by themselves and the waiters. Travellers, par ex- cellence — by others, Eiders and Bagmen. Now against this class of customers Meg had peculiar prejudices; because, there being no shops in the old village of Saint Sonan's, the said commercial emissaries, for the convenience of their traffic, al- ways took up their abode at the New Inn, or Hotel, in the rising and rival village called Saint Bonan's Well, unless when some straggler, by chance or. dire necessity, was compelled to lodge himself at the Auld Town, as the place of Meg's residence began to be generally termed. She had, therefore, no sooner formed the hasty conclusion, that the individual in question belonged to this obnoxious class, than she resumed her former occupation, and continued to soliloquize and apostrophize her absent 22 ST. RONAN'S WELL. handmaidens, without even appearing sensible of his presence. " The huzzy Beenie — the jaud Eppie — the deiFs buckie of a callant ! — Another plate gane — they'll break me out of house and ha' ! " The traveller, who, with his saddle-bags rested on the back of a chair, had waited in silence for some note of welcome, now saw that, ghost or no ghost, he must speak first, if he intended to have any notice from his landlady. " You are my old acquaintance, Mrs. Margaret Dods ?" said the stranger. "What for no? — and wha are ye that speers ? " said Meg, in the same breath, and began to rub a brass candlestick with more vehemence than before — the dry tone in which she spoke, indicating plainly how little concern she took in the conversation. " A traveller, good Mistress Dods, who comes to take up his lodgings here for a day or two." " I am thinking ye will be mistaken, " said Meg ; " there's nae room for bags or jaugs here — ye've mista'en your road, neighbour — ye maun e'en bundle yoursell a bit farther down hill." " I see you have not got the letter I sent you, Mistress Dods ? " said the guest. " How should I, man ? " answered the hostess ; "they have ta'en awa the post-office from us — moved it down till the Spa-well yonder, as they ca'd." "Why, that is but a step off," observed the guest. "Ye will get there the sooner," answered the hostess. "Nay, but," said the guest, "if you had sent there for my letter, you would have learned "- ST. RONAN^S WELL. 23 " I'm no wanting to learn ony thing at my years/* said Meg. " If folk have ony thing to write to me about, they may gie the letter to John Hislop, the carrier, that has used the road these forty years. As for the letters at the post-mistress's, as they ca' her, down by yonder, they may bide in her shop- window, wi' the snaps and bawbee rows, till Bel- tane, or I loose them. 1*11 never file my fingers with them. Post-mistress, indeed ! — Upsetting cutty! I'mind her fu* weel when she dree'd penance for ante-nup " Laughing, but interrupting Meg in good time for the character of the post-mistress, the stranger assured her he had sent his fishing-rod and trunk to her confidential friend the carrier, and that he sincerely hoped she would not turn an old acquaint- ance out of her premises, especially as he believed he could not sleep in a bed within five miles of Saint Ronan's, if he knew that her Blue room was unengaged. " Fishing-rod ! — Auld acquaintance ! — Blue room ! " echoed Meg, in some surprise ; and, facing round upon the stranger, and examining him with some interest and curiosity, — " Ye*ll be nae bag- man, then, after a' ? " " No," said the traveller ; " not since I have laid the saddle-bags out of my hand." **Weel, I canna say but I am glad of that — I canna bide their yanking way of knapping English at every word. — I have kent decent lads amang them too — What for no ? — But that was when they stopped up here whiles, like other douce folk ; but since they gaed down, the hail flight of them, like a string of wild-geese, to the new-fashioned bottle yonder, I am told there are as mony hellicate tricks ±4 ST. RONAN'S WELL. played in the travellers' room, as they behove to call it, as if it were f u' of drunken young lairds." " That is because they have not you to keep ^ good order among them, Mistress Margaret." " Ay, lad ? " replied Meg, " ye are a fine blaw-in- my-lug, to think to cuittle me off sae cleverly i " And, facing about upon her guest, she honoured him with a more close and curious investigation than she had at first designed to bestow upon him. All that she remarked was in her opinion rather favourable to the stranger. He was a well-made man, rather above than under the middle size, and apparently betwixt five-and-twenty and thirty years of age — for, although he might, at first glance, have passed for one who had attained the latter period, yet, on a nearer examination, it seemed as if the burning sun of a warmer climate than Scotland, and perhaps some fatigue, both of body and mind, had imprinted the marks of care and of manhood upon his countenance, without abiding the course of years. His eyes and teeth were excellent, and his other features, though they could scarce be termed handsome, expressed sense and acuteness ; he bore, in his aspect, that ease and composure of manner, equally void of awkwardness and affectation, which is said emphatically to mark the gentleman ; and, although neither the plainness of his dress, nor the total want of the usual attendants, allowed Meg to suppose him a wealthy man, she had little doubt that he was above the rank of her lodgers in general. Amidst these observations, and while she was in the course of making them, the good landlady was em- barrassed with various obscure recollections of having seen the object of them formerly ; but when, or on what occasion, she was quite unable to call to ST. RONAN'S WELL, 25 remembrance. She was particularly puzzled by the cold and sarcastic expression of a countenance, which she could not by any means reconcile with the re- collections which it awakened. At length she said, with as much courtesy as she was capable of assum- ing,— "Either I have seen you before, sir, or some ane very like ye ? — Ye ken the Blue room, too, and you a stranger in these parts ? " "Not so much a stranger as yoU may suppose, Meg," said the guest, assuming a more intimate tone, " when I call myself Frank Tyrrel." " Tirl I " exclaimed Meg, with a tone of wonder — "It's impossible! You cannot be Francie Tirl, the wild callant that was fishing and bird-nesting here seven or eight years syne — it canna be — Francie was but a callant!" " But add seven or eight years to that boy's life, Meg," said the stranger gravely, " and you will find you have the man who is now before you." " Even sae ! " said Meg, with a glance at the re- flection of her own countenance in the copper coflfee-pot, which she had scoured so brightly that it did the office of a mirror — " Just e'en sae — but folk maun grow auld or die. — But, Maister Tirl, for I mauna ca* ye Aancie now, I am thinking " " Call me what you please, good dame," said the stranger ; " it has been so long since I heard any one call me by a name that sounded like former kindness, that such a one is more agreeable to me than a lord's title would be." "Weel, then, Maister Francie — if it be no of- fence to you — I hope ye are no a Nabob?" "Not I, I can safely assure you, my old friend; — but what an I were 1 " "Naething — only maybe I might bid ye gang 26 ST. RONAN^S WELL. farther, and be waur served. — Nabobs, indeed i the country's plagued wi' them. They have raised the price of eggs and pootry for twenty miles round — But what is my business ? — They use amaist a' of them the Well down by — they need it, ye ken, for the clearing of their copper complexions, that need scouring as much as my saucepans, that naebody can clean but mysell." "Well, my ^ood friend," said Tyrrel, "the up- shot of all this is, I hope, that I am to stay and have dinner here?" " What for no ? " replied Mrs. Dods. "And that I am to have the Blue room for a night or two — perhaps longer ? " " I dinna ken that," said the dame. — " The Blue room is the best — and they that get neist best, are no ill aff in this, warld." " Arrange it as you will," said the stranger, " 1 leave the whole matter to you, mistress. — Mean- time, I will go see after my horse." "The merciful man," said Meg, when her guest had left the kitchen, " is merciful to his beast. — He had aye something about him by ordinar, that callant — But eh, sirs ! there is a sair change on his cheek -haffit since I saw him last ! — He sail no want a good dinner for auld lang syne, that I'se engage for." Meg set about the necessary preparations with all the natural energy of her disposition, which was so much exerted upon her culinary cares, that her two maids, on their return to the hofise, escaped the bitter reprimand which she had been previously conning over, in reward for their alleged slatternly negligence. Nay, so far did she carry her com- plaisance, that when Tyrrel crossed the kitchen ST. RONAN'S WELL. 27 to recover his saddle-bags, she formally rebuked Eppie for an idle taupie, for not carrying the gentleman's things to his room. "I thank you, mistress," said Tyrrel; "but I have some drawings and colours in these saddle- bags, and I always like to carry them myself." " Ay, and are you at the painting trade yet ? " said Meg ; " an unco slaister ye used to make with it lang syne." '• I cannot live without it," said Tyrrel ; and taking the saddle-bags, was formally inducted by the maid into a snug apartment, where he soon had the satisfaction to behold a capital dish of minced coUops, with vegetables, and a jug of excellent ale, placed on the table by the careful hand of Meg herself. He could do no less, in acknowledgment of the honour, than ask Meg for a bottle of the yellow seal, "if there was any of that excellent claret still left" " Left ? — ay is there, walth of it," said Meg ; " I dinna gie it to every body — Ah I Maister Tirl, ye have not got ower your auld tricks ! — I am sure, if ye are painting for your leeving, as you say, a little rum and water would come cheaper, and do ye as much good. But ye maun hae your ain way the day, nae doubt, if ye should never have it again." Away trudged Meg, her keys clattering as she went, and, after much rummaging, returned with such a bottle of claret as no fashionable tavern could have produced, were it called for by a duke, or at a duke's price; and she seemed not a little gratified when her guest assured her that he had not yet forgotten its excellent flavour. She retired after these acts of hospitality, and left the stranger 28 ST. RON AN 'S WELL. to enjoy in quiet the excellent matters which she had placed before him. But there was that on Tyrrers mind which defied the enlivening power of good cheer and of wine, which only maketh man's heart glad when that heart has no secret oppression to counteract its influence. Tyrrel found himself on a spot which he had loved in that delightful season, when youth and high spirits awaken all those flattering promises which are so ill kept to manhood. He drew his chair into the embrasure of the old-fashioned window, and throwing up the sash to enjoy the fresh air, sufifered his thoughts to return to former days, while his eyes wandered over objects which they had not looked upon for several eventful years. He could behold beneath his eye, the lower part of the decayed village, as its ruins peeped from the um- brageous shelter with which they were shrouded. Still lower down, upon the little holm which formed its church-yard, was seen the Kirk of Saint Ronan's ; and looking yet farther, towards the junc- tion of Saint Eonan's burn with the river which traversed the larger dale or valley, he could see whitened, by the western sun, the rising houses, which were either newly finished, or in the act of being built, about the medicinal spring. "Time changes all around us," such was the course of natural though trite reflection, which flowed upon Tyrrers mind ; " wherefore should loves and friendships have a longer date than our dwellings and our monuments ? " As he indulged these sombre recollections, his officious landlady disturbed their tenor by her entrance. " I was thinking to offer you a dish of tea, Mais- ter Francie, just for the sake of auld lang syne, an4* « u ST. RONAN'S WELL. 29 I'll gar the quean Beenie bring it here, and mask it mysell. — But ye arena done with your wine yet?" I am indeed, Mrs. Dods," answered Tyrrel; and I beg you will remove the bottle." Eemove the bottle, and the wine no half drank out ! " said Meg, displeasure lowering on her brow ; I hope there is nae fault to be found wi' the wine, Maister Tirl ? " * To this answer, which was put in a tone resem- bling defiance, Tyrrel submissively replied, by de- claring •'the claret not only unexceptionable, but excellent" " And what for dinna ye drink it, then ? " said Meg, sharply; "folk should never ask for mair liquor than they can make a gude use of. Maybe ye think we have the fashion of the table-dot, as they ca' their newfangled ordinary down-by yon- der, where a* the bits of vinegar cruets are put awa into an awmry, as they tell me, and ilk ane wi' the bit dribbles of syndings in it, and a paper about the neck o*t, to show which of the customers is aught it — there they stand like doctor's drogs — and no an honest Scottish mutchkin will ane o' their viols hand, granting it were at the fouest." "Perhaps," said Tyrrel, willing to indulge the spleen and prejudice of his old acquaintance, " per- haps the wine is not so good as to make full mea- sure desirable." " Ye may say that, lad — and yet them that sell it might afford a gude penniworth, for they hae it for the making — maist feck of it ne'er saw France or Portugal But as I was saying — this is no ane of their newfangled places, where wine is put by for them that canna drink it — when the cork's drawn 30 ST. RONAN'S WELL. the bottle maun be drank out — and what for no ? — unless it be corkit." "I agree entirely, Meg," said her guest; "but my ride to-day has somewhat heated me — and I think the dish of tea you promise me, will do me more good than to finish my bottle." " Na, then, the best I can do for you is to put it by, to be sauce for the wild-duck the morn ; for I think ye said ye were to bide here for a day or twa." " It is my very purpose, Meg, unquestionably," replied TyrreL "Sae be it then," said Mrs. Dods; "and then the liquor's no lost — it has been seldom sic claret as that has simmered in a saucepan, let me tell you that, neighbour ; — and I mind the day, when, head- ache or nae headache, ye wad hae been at the hinder- end of that bottle, and maybe anither, if ye could have gotten it wiled out of me. But then ye had your cousin to help you — Ah ! he was a blithe bairn that Valentine Bulmer ! — Ye were a canty callant too, Maister Francie, and muckle ado I had to keep ye baithin order when ye were on the ramble. But ye were a thought doucer than Valentine — But 0 ! he was a bonny laddie ! — wi* e'en like diamonds, cheeks like roses, a head like a heather-tap — he was the first I ever saw wear a crap, as they ca' it, but a' body cheats the barber now — and he had a laugh that wad hae raised the dead ! — What wi' fly ting on him, and what wi' laughing at him, there was nae minding ony other body when that Valentine was in the house. — And how is your cousin Valen- tine Bulmer, Maister Francie ? " Tyrrel looked down, and only answered with a sigh. "Ay — and is it even sae?" said Meg; "and ST. ronaN's well. 31 has the puir bairn been sae soon removed frae this fashions warld? — Ay — ay — we maun a' gang ae gate — crackit quart stoups and geisen'd barrels — leaky quaighs are we a', and canna keep in the liquor of life — Ohon, sirs ! — Was the puir lad Bul- mer frae Bu'mer bay, where they land the Hollands, think ye, Maister Francie? — They whiles rin in a pickle tea there too — I hope that is good that I have made you, Maister Francie ? " " Excellent, my good dame," said Tyrrel ; but it was in a tone of voice which intimated that she had pressed upon a subject that awakened some unpleasant reflections. "And when did this puir lad die?" continued Megy who was not without her share of Eve's quali- ties, and wished to know something concerning what seemed to affect her guest so particularly ; but he disappointed her purpose, and at the same time awakened another train of sentiment in her mind, by turning again to the window, and looking upon the distant buildings of Saint Ronan's Well. As if he had observed for the first time these nffw objects, he said to Mistress Dods in an indifferent tone, "You have got some gay new neighbours yonder, mistress." " Neighbours ! " said Meg, her wrath beginning to arise, as it always did upon any allusion to this sore subject — "Ye may ca* them neighbours, if ye like — but the deil flee awa wi' the neighbourhood for Meg Dods ! " " I suppose," said Tyrrel, as if he did not ob- serve her displeasure, "that yonder is the Fox Hotel they told me of ? " " The Fox ! " said Meg : " I am sure it is the fox that has carried off a' my geese. — I might shut 32 ST. RONAN'S ^^ELL. up house, Maister Francie, if it was the thiug I lived by — me, that has seen a' our gentlefolk bairns, and gien them snaps and sugar-biscuit maist of them wi* my ain hand ! They wad hae seen my father's roof-tree fa* down and smoor me before they wad hae gien a boddle a-piece to have propped it up — but they could a' link out their fifty pounds ower head to bigg a hottle at the Well yonder. And muckle they hae made o't — the bankrupt body, Sandie Lawson, hasna paid them a bawbee of four terms' rent." " Surely, mistress, I think if the Well became so famous for its cures, the least the gentlemen could have done was to make yoii the priestess." " Me priestess ! I am nae Quaker, I wot, Maister Francie ; and I never heard of alewife that turned preacher, except Luckie Buchan in the west. * And if I were to preach, I think I have mair the spirit of a Scottishwoman, thdn to preach in the very room they hae been dancing in ilka night in the week, Saturday itsell not excepted, and that tiil twal o'clock at night Na, na, Maister Francie ; I leave the like o' that to Mr. Simon Chatterly, as they ca' the bit prelatical sprig of divinity from the town yonder, that plays at cards and dances six days in the week, and on the seventh reads the Common Prayer-book in the ball-room, with Tam Simson, the drunken barber, for his clerk." "I think I have heard of Mr. Chatterly," said Tyrrel. " Ye'U be thinking o* the sermon he has printed," ^ The fonndress of a sect called Bnchanites ; a species of Joanna Sonthcote, who long after death was expected to return and head her disciples on the road to Jerusalem.
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Petition for writs of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit denied.
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François Hemsterhuis : sa vie et ses oeuvres
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La beauté aussi est absolue, nécessaire, une et immuable dans son essence, et cependant elle se diversifie en une infinité de formes et de types différents, qui chacun l’exprime à sa manière et dont aucun ne l’épuise. Pourquoi n’en serait-il pas de même pour le bien ? Pourquoi, dans le monde moral, chacun n’agirait-il pas diversement,*selon ses aptitudes, ses forces, selon les circonstances dans lesquelles il est placé, et ne réaliserait-il pas, à sa manière, l’idéal du bien ? Sa conduite pourra peut-être choquer l’opinion publique, et même dans certains cas, violer telle loi établie; car aucune loi, quelque juste et nécessaire quelle soit, ne peut s’adapter parfaitement à toutes les circonstances, à toutes les individualités. Jamais l’agent moral ne se trouve placé deux fois identiquement dans la même situation. Chaque détermination est le résultat d’une combinaison particulière, d’un conflit imprévu de circonstances, de motifs, d’éléments divers; c’est un problème qui se pose chaque fois d’une façon différente et nouvelle, et qui demande une solution nouvelle aussi. A la conscience seule, j’entends la conscience éclairée par la raison absolue, appartient le droit de donner cette solution et de la revêtir de sa sanction suprême et inviolable. Sans doute la tâche de la conscience est difficile et délicate. Elle exige une grande rectitude, une grande sûreté, et surtout une parfaite sincérité. Pour un grand nombre d’hommes qui n’en sont pas encore arrivés là, la soumission prudente aux lois, aux règles établies et consacrées par l’usage, est souvent préférable, dans l’intérêt de chacun et de tous, à une initiative maladroite et périlleuse. Mais l’autonomie de la conscience n’en est pas moins le but idéal où tous nous devons tendre. Mais pour que la loi morale, sans cesser d’être absolue, puisse s’accommoder à la variété des individus et des circonstances, il faut qu’elle sorte de son abstraction métaphysique ; qu’elle se mêle aux incli' nations, aux passions, à toutes les forces qui constituent l’homme individuel et vivant. Les éléments, que l’analyse profonde de Kant avait trop rigoureusement séparés, doivent s’unir et se pénétrer. Mais il était nécessaire qu’ils fussent séparés d’abord et que leur caractère propre fût nettement marqué. Leur union n’est plus, alors une confusion, mais une harmonie intime et féconde. L’idée du bien, en pénétrant ainsi l’âme tout entière restera toujours la loi absolue, nécessaire, conçue par la raison, et non plus vaguement pressentie par le cœur. CHAPITRE VIII. Politique. Chez les philosophes du dix-huitième siècle, qui ne s’occupent pas de l’homme individuel seulement, mais de la société, les théories politiques sont comme dans l’antiquité un complément obligé des théories morales. Hemsterhuis cependant n’était pas attiré vers la politique par la seule curiosité philosophique et par la contagion du goût général de son époque. Ses occupations habituelles l’y invitaient en quelque sorte naturellement. Premier commis du secrétaire général du Stadhouderat des Provinces-Unies, mêlé par conséquent aux affaires, on comprend qu’il ait voulu étudier de plus près le mécanisme gouvernemental dans lequel il était lui-même engagé. Plusieurs lettres de sa correspondance avec M me Gallizin et avec le prince de Fürstenberg ; deux écrits inédits trouvés par nous à Münster, intitulés l’un : Réflexions sur les Provinces-Unies, l’autre : Démonstration géométrique de la nécessité d’un Stadhouderat héréditaire , prouvent qu’il avait l’intelligence et l’habitude des affaires. Ce dernier titre, cependant, laisse deviner un esprit qui se plaît aux abstractions et qui essaie d’appliquer le raisonnement mathématique aux choses de la politique et de l’histoire. Mais cette politique, toute spéciale et locale, n’intéresse guère le philosophe. Hemsterhuis s’est élevé ailleurs à des considérations générales et philosophiques sur l’origine de la société, sur le principe et la forme des gouvernements. Il a sa théorie politique, que nous allons étudier. Il semblerait qu’un homme de gouvernement et d’affaires, habitué à compter avec les faits et à se défier des utopies, dût porter un peu de ces dispositions dans l’étude des questions politiques. Il n’en est rien cependant. L’expérience et le bon sens pratique n’ont guère corrigé chez Hemsterhuis l’esprit chimérique du philosophe. Les utopies platoniciennes et les paradoxes de Rousseau se mêlent dans ses écrits à quelques vues ingénieuses et justes, mais qui résultent du sentiment délicat et vif de la dignité et de l’indépendance morales de l’homme, plutôt que de l’étude de l’histoire et de l’expérience des affaires. Fidèle à la méthode abstraite et dogmatique que Rousseau avait introduite dans l’étude des questions politiques, Hemsterhuis commence par rechercher l’origine de la société, et nous n’avons pas besoin de dire que c’est l’imagination plutôt que l’observation qui le dirige dans cette recherche. Toutefois il ne néglige pas entièrement le témoignage de la conscience. Fidèle à sa doctrine psychologique, il affirme avec force que la société n’est point un fait anormal, mais qu’elle a son origine naturelle dans cet instinct sympathique qui est le principe même de la vie morale et qui nous attire vers nos semblables avant toute réflexion, avant toute expérience des dangers de l’isolement ou des avantages de l’association. L’organe moral , qui est pour Hemsterhuis le principe de la morale, de la religion et du langage, est aussi le principe et le fondement de la société. « Ce n’est ni l’appétit du sexe, parce que les animaux ne vivent pas en société; ce ne sont pas les soins que réclament l’enfance et la vieillesse, parce que des sauvages abandonnent leurs enfants et tuent les vieillards. Il est évident qu’il faut chercher la vraie source de cette faculté sociable de l’homme dans le principe moral qui l’ennoblit et le distingue si prodigieusement de tous les êtres que nous connaissons sur la terre; ce principe, qui montre clairement que l’homme n’est ici qu’un oiseau de passage, ou un être qui par quelque loi inconnue s’est accroché pour quelque temps à la matière pour y exercer ses facultés, comme il les exercera probablement dans d’autres existences sur une matière totalement différente...1 1 » Mais ne nous y trompons pas. 11 ne s’agit pas ici de la société au sein de laquelle nous vivons actuellement, fondée sur l’inégalité des conditions et des fortunes, gouvernée par des lois écrites, obéissant à des pouvoirs officiellement constitués et reconnus. La société dont parle Hemsterhuis, c’est la société primitive, la société naturelle et parfaite, dont la nôtre n’est qu’une forme dégénérée. Réunis à l’origine par la sympathie irrésistible qui les attirait les uns vers les autres, les hommes ne connaissaient d’autres lois que cette sympathie même. Ils ignoraient la tyrannie des gouvernements et des lois, les malheurs de la guerre, les funestes effets de l’ambition, les privilèges iniques de la richesse et du rang, et malgré les inégalités inévitables créées par la nature entre les hommes, l’équilibre de cette société primitive fondée sur la sympathie n’était pas sensiblement troublé. C’était l’âge d’or de l’humanité 2. être qui donna le jour à la funeste et ridicule idée de propriété... et toute égalité fut détruite. Par là l’homme devint tout physique vis-à-vis de la société. Un homme qui avait cent arpents de terre et cent esclaves, était comme une seule masse, qui n’était rien pourtant en comparaison de la masse d’un homme qui avait cent mille esclaves et autant d’arpents l . » Il trouve une autre cause encore de la modification de cette société primitive, dans l’éducation, dans le développement inégal de l’intelligence et des connaissances. « Les hommes sont liés naturellement entre eux, à proportion de la quantité d’idées acquises qu’ils ont en commun. Par conséquent aussitôt que les signes communicatifs naturels se développèrent, un homme par les mêmes aliments, par la même éducation , par la conversation journalière, avait plus d’idées en commun avec ceux de la famille qu’avec tout autre. Le total des hommes se divisa en familles, et ces familles devinrent différentes les unes des autres à mesure que les langues et le peu de connaissances se perfectionnèrent. Mais aussitôt que ces connaissances arrivèrent à un point qu’elles purent produire des effets généraux, le besoin des hommes lia de nouveau plusieurs sociétés particulières ensemble. Mais la société primitive générale avait été composée ' Lettre sur l’homme, p. 133. d’individus égaux ou peu s’en faut, tandis que ces sociétés particulières, nées après une certaine culture de l’esprit, étaient extrêmement hétérogènes, ce qui causa du désordre. Pour le prévenir, on imagina les gouvernements 1 . » Dans le dialogue intitulé Alexis, qu’il publia en 1787 dans la période de poésie et de platonisme, Hemsterhuis, comme tous les philosophes qui du sein de ce monde imparfait et misérable rêvent le bonheur et la perfection, se plaît à tracer le tableau de cette société primitive. Prenant ses espérances pour des souvenirs, il nous montre d’abord l’homme dans toute la plénitude de sa nature parfaite : ses facultés, plus énergiques à la fois et plus délicates qu’elles ne le sont aujourd’hui, s’exerçaient alors avec une rapidité et une aisance dont nous ne pouvons plus nous faire une idée. L’intelligence, d’une vue immédiate et sûre saisissait les rapports des choses, quelle ne parvient à saisir aujourd’hui que lentement et difficilement. Servie par des organes plus souples et plus délicats, elle exprimait avec une incomparable précision tous les mouvements de lame. L’organe moral surtout, la faculté maîtresse, possédait une vigueur et une finesse qui rendaient à l’homme l’accomplissement du bien facile et agréable, et son bonheur coïncidait avec le bonheur de ses semblables. Hemsterhuis ne s’arrête pas à l’homme. Son imagination transforme également la nature, et arrange à cette société parfaite, un séjour digne d’elle. Pour expliquer comment la société actuelle est si différente de la société primitive, et par quelles causes un si grand changement s’est opéré, l’auteur d'Alexis continue cette fiction poétique, à laquelle il mêle des conjectures scientifhjùes. Il raconte comment la lune, qui n’était pas à l’origine satellite de la terre, heurta dans sa course vagabonde notre globe, et comment ce choc produisit un bouleversement épouvantable. L’harmonie parfaite et l’heureux équilibre qui avaient régné jusque là dans la nature furent détruits. L’homme lui-même ressentit les effets de cette catastrophe. Le lien puissant et doux de la sympathie, qui enchaînait étroitement les hommes entre eux, se relâcha; des besoins nouveaux, des passions jusqu’alors inconnues s’éveillèrent. La propriété s’établit ; le faible eut besoin de se défendre contre le fort. L’organe moral n’était plus assez puissant pour pousser l’homme au bien et le détourner du mal. Il fallut des gouvernements et des lois. La société actuelle naquit. Cette description , que nous résumons ici, et où des souvenirs de poésie et de philosophie ancienne se mêlent à des observations de science et d’astronomie modernes; où les fictions de Platon et d’Ovide sont commentées par les découvertes de Newton et de Kepler, est tout à fait dans le goût du dix-huitième siècle, à la fois positif et chimérique. Rousseau l’eût goûtée à coup sûr. Jacobi, le Rousseau de l’Allemagne, l’ami, l’admirateur d’Hemsterhuis, voulut faire partager son admiration à ses compatriotes. Il traduisit Y Alexis, qu’il regardait comme le chef-d’œuvre de son ami 1. • Nous ne voulons pas chicaner Jacobi sur son admiration pour un genre de beautés auquel nous sommes moins sensibles aujourd’hui qu’on ne l’était il y a cent ans. Constatons Seulement ce qui ressort pour nous du tableau allégorique dont nous venons de donner une idée : c’est que la société actuelle n’est pas le résultat du développement libre et naturel de nos instincts et de nos facultés, mais l’effet d’une perturbation qui s’est produite dans la nature humaine ; quelle est une création artificielle de l’homme, et non pas un fruit de la nature ; une imperfection et non pas un progrès. Le bien se faisait librement, naturellement sous l’impulsion irrésistible de l’organe moral. Dans la société actuelle au contraire, la loi, l’œuvre artificielle de la volonté humaine, essaye par des moyens extérieurs et matériels de suppléer à l’insuffisance de l’organe moral affaibli et corrompu. C’est une nécessité sans doute, que la condition actuelle'de l'humanité a rendue inévitable, mais c’est en même temps une contrainte humiliante pour la dignité de l’homme. « L’homme né libre, s’écrie Hemsterhuis avec tris— tesse, est esclave de la législation 1. » Pour le commun des hommes, dont le sens moral est émoussé, cette contrainte des lois offre peu d’inconvénients. Elle a même ses avantages. La loi commande le bien, qui sans elle ne se ferait pas ; elle empêche le mal, qui sans elle se ferait. Mais les âmes hautes et généreuses, chez qui les facultés morales ont conservé quelque chose de leur pureté primitive, protestent contre cette tyrannie des lois, qui les gêne et les humilie. IJ y a lutte entre la loi sociale et la conscience individuelle, et dans cette lutte, Hemsterhuis (sa morale nous l’a déjà appris) prend partie pour la conscience individuelle contre les lois. Il absout, il glorifie même toutes les actions oii se marque avec éclat cette opposition. Un autre vice de la société actuelle, selon notre auteur, c’est que l’intérêt et la lin de l’État ne sont pas les mêmes que ceux de l’individu. La fin de l’État est toute terrestre, la fin de l’individu va au delà de ce monde et de cette vie. Cet antagonisme devient d’autant plus funeste, que l’État a besoin de l’activité, du dévouement, du courage, de toutes les vertus morales pour se soutenir et se défendre. Il est obligé d’empiéter sans cesse sur le domaine sacré de la conscience morale. Il se sert de moyens extérieurs et matériels, de l’argent, des honneurs, des récompenses, pour entretenir ces vertus. Il flatte la cupidité, l’ambition, la vanité. La religion même devient entre ses mains un instrument politique dont il se sert pour assurer la fidélité du serment. Il suppose des révélations , il crée un culte ; en un mot il tourne à son avantage et s’approprie en quelque sorte les facultés morales dont l’individu devrait avoir la libre disposition. Il scinde l’homme en deux. Voilà, selon Hemsterhuis, le vice inhérent à la société actuelle, quelles que soient d’ailleurs les formes diverses quelle présente. « La religion n’avait rien de précis chez les Grecs ; le polythéisme en faisait un objet de cérémonie et de parade. La vertu civile était donc la seule chose qu’on eût à perfectionner. « L’individu devint partie intégrante de l’État. Son bien particulier coïncidait avec celui de l’État ; et se voyant soi-même l’image de l’État, toutes ses facultés se multiplièrent, ce qui produisit l’activité, l’industrie, l’ambition et, ce qui plus est, ce vivifiant amour de la patrie 1 . » Cette admiration de l’antiquité, qui est générale au dix-huitième siècle, et ce dédain de la société moderne ne paraissent pas conséquents avec le principe même de la morale et de la politique de notre auteur. Lui qui réclame la liberté absolue pour la conscience individuelle, et qui lui sacrifie les lois, l’opinion publique, comment n’a-t-il pas vu que cette société antique, dont la belle unité l’enchante, est au fond la plus despotique de toutes , car elle absorbe l’individu tout entier, tandis que la société moderne laisse au développement libre de l’individu une plus large part ? Il est facile de démêler la vraie raison de cette préférence. Hemsterhuis partage les préventions et l’antipathie de son siècle contre l’autorité religieuse. Or, dans la société antique, il l’a dit, la religion 'Lettre sur les désirs, p. 63. n’était rien ; elle laissait à la pensée, à l’activité individuelle sa plus complète liberté, elle ne songeait ni à l’attaquer ni à l’opprimer. Dans la société moderne au contraire, il voit à côté et quelquefois audessus de l’État, l’Église, qui s’empare du gouvernement des âmes, et c’est là sans doute ce qui fait pour lui l’infériorité de la société moderne, surtout parce que le législateur lui-même est obligé de se servir de la religion pour fortifier la vertu civile : «Avec le christianisme, l’individu se partage en quelque sorte entre la terre et le ciel, et la vertu civile s’affaiblit. Le législateur voulut la fortifier en y mêlant la religion. La société, qui n’a de droit que sur les actions extérieures de l’individu, entama ses intentions, ses méditations et tout ce qui appartient uniquement à son rapport avec Dieu. « L’individu de son côté ne vit plus que lui-même et ne se considéra plus comme lié à la société. La religion et la vertu civile, qui auraient dû rester séparées,, s’affaiblirent réciproquement et de là, l’inactivité et l’abrutissement 1 . » L’admiration de la société antique et la chimère de l’égalit# emportent même le judicieux Hemsterhuis jusqu’à une singulière et extravagante imagination. Il ose proposer sérieusement, pour revenir à cette belle simplicité qui lui paraît être la perfection, Lettre sur les désirs, p. 64. de rétablir l’esclavage, afin de diminuer le nombre des citoyens et d’augmenter ainsi les chances d’égalité entre un petit nombre de privilégiés 1 . Ces exagérations ne sont pas rares chez les politiques spéculatifs du dix-huitième siècle, qui se laissent égarer à la fois par l’utopie et par la logique abstraite. Rousseau en offre plus d’un exemple. Hemsterhuis est de son siècle et il avait lu Rousseau. En effet, cette conception chimérique d’une société parfaite, dont la nôtre n’est qu’une corruption ; cette obstination à ne voir dans les institutions sociales et religieuses que des créations artificielles d’une politique ambitieuse ; enfin cet engouement irréfléchi pour l’antiquité, tout cela vient sans doute de l’étude des anciens, et de Platon, mais surtout de l’esprit général du dix-huitième siècle et de la lecture du Contrat social . Il est cependant un point où Hemsterhuis se sépare de Rousseau et même de son siècle, et où il est vraiment original. En effet, Rousseau et beaucoup d’autres avec lui, cherchant la meilleure forme du gouvernement, trompés à la fois par leurs souvenirs d’antiquité, et par la rigueur apparente de leurs déductions logiques, avaient imaginé une société qui, sous les apparences et le nom de la Démocratie, était un véritable despotisme. 1 Lettre sur l’homme et ses rapports, p‘. ISO. Hemsterhuis au contraire, malgré l’admiration qu’il professe pour l’antiquité, reste fidèle au principe qui domine toute sa philosophie, et dont nous avons vu dans sa morale les applications souvent excessives et périlleuses. Ce principe c’est l’indépendance absolue de la conscience individuelle. Si nous réunissons les différents passages que nous avons cités tout à l’heure, nous verrons qu’au fond le but de la politique de notre auteur n’est pas de rendre l’Etat plus fort, mais l’individu plus libre ; qu’il veut restreindre le plus possible l’autorité de l’État, ne lui abandonner que les actions extérieures des citoyens ; ne lui demander que la protection et la sûreté matérielles, en attendant que se réalise cette société parfaite et heureuse qu’il a placée au début de l’humanité et dont il entrevoit le retour dans l’avenir comme dans un beau rêve 1 . Sans doute, Hemsterhuis n’a pas approfondi cette opinion aujourd’hui fort débattue, et qui chaque jour cependant gagne de nouveaux partisans. Il ne s’est pas attaché à marquer les limites entre les droits et l’action de l’État et ceux de l’individu. Nous trouvons ici comme ailleurs, chez lui, une aspiration plutôt qu’une idée, une protestation du sentiment contre tout ce qui gêne la liberté, humilie la dignité morale de l’homme, plutôt qu’une doctrine précise, appuyée * Voy. Alexis ou l’Age d'or. sur des faits et rattachée à des principes. Mais, tout incomplète qu’elle est, cette idée mérite d’être recueillie , car elle n’est pas commune au dix-huitième siècle, et il est juste d’en faire honneur à l’ingénieuse pénétration d’Hemsterhuis et à la vérité du principe même qui domine toute sa philosophie. CHAPITRE IX. Le beau et l’art. Le problème du beau, sur lequel le génie antique avait répandu de vives lumières, que la scolastique avait complètement négligé, et que la philosophie cartésienne avait à peine entrevu, préoccupe beaucoup la philosophie du dix-huitième siècle. En France, en Angleterre, en Écosse, en Allemagne on s’y intéresse également. Les penseurs les plus éloignés les uns des autres, et les plus opposés, se rencontrent dans cette étude intéressante et presque nouvelle. Elle occupe Montesquieu et Herder, Hutcheson et Lessing, Diderot et Kant. Hemsterhuis rencontrait donc partout autour de lui le problème du beau, et il n’est pas étonnant qu’il s’y soit intéressé à son tour. Mais son inclination et son goût personnels le portaient vers le beau et vers l’art, autant que le goût général de son époque. Hemsterhuis est artiste autant et plus encore peut-être qu’il n’est philosophe. L’admiration de l’antiquité, l’étude de Platon, avaient développé en lui l’amour du beau et le goût des arts, que l’éducation de la maison paternelle avait éveillé de bonne heure déjà. Tibère Hemsterhuis, le père de notre philosophe, était un savant dans la plus large acception du mot. Il faisait servir à l’interprétation des écrivains de l’antiquité,, non-seulement la grammaire et la linguistique, mais les monuments, les oeuvres d’art, toutes les formes de la vie et du génie antiques. Sa maison était pleine de médailles , de bas-reliefs, d’œuvres d’art 1 , et François put se pénétrer de bonne heure, et comme en se jouant, des formes pures de l’art grec. De là sans doute aussi ce goût des pierres antiques qui fut une des passions de sa vie. Sa collection, enrichie avec amour et patience, devint bientôt une des plus riches et des plus célèbres 2 . A cette passion pour les œuvres d’art Hemsterhuis joignait un talent distingué de dessinateur. Les dessins qui accompagnent la Lettre sur la sculpture et la Lettre sur les désirs 3 et les vignettes symboliques placées en tête de ses principaux dialogues sont de sa main 3. 1 Voy. Vie d’Hemsterhuis , chap. II. * Goethe en parle avec admiration (voy. Œuvres, t. XXX). 3 On lui doit aussi un portrait de Jacobi d’une finesse de touche remarquable et d’une parfaite ressemblance. Nous possédons nous-même une épreuve de ce portrait que nous devons à la complaisance de M. Jacobi, petit-fils de l’illustre philosophe et officier supérieur dans l’armée prussienne. Ce sont deux écrits sur des matières d’art qui firent connaître le nom d’Hemsterhuis au monde philosophique. La Lettre sur une pierre antique et la Lettre sur la sculpture furent ses premiers ouvrages. La première n’offre aucun intérêt philosophique. Elle est d’un simple amateur , qui ne s’élève pas audessus des considérations techniques et des observations de détail. Dans la Lettre sur la sculpture Hemsterhuis prend la question de plus haut. Il cherche à déterminer la nature propre de la sculpture, et il tente une définition générale du beau. Dans le dialogue Simon publié vingt ans plus tard, en 1787, les idées sur l’art et sur la sculpture, assez faiblement indiquées dans les premiers écrits, sont reprises avec plus de précision et de force. Winckelmann et Lessing avaient paru dans cet intervalle. Examinons d’abord l’idée qu’Hemsterhuis se fait du beau et la définition qu’il en donne. Nous recueillerons ensuite ses observations et ses réflexions sur l’art^ et particulièrement sur la sculpture. Fidèle aux habitudes d’analyse et d’observation qu’il tenait à la fois de son temps et des traditions socratiques., Hemsterhuis commence par étudier ce qui se passe en nous lorsque nous sommes en présence des objets que nous jugeons beaux. Ensuite seule ment il arrive à la définition du beau lui-même. Cette méthode, trop souvent négligée, est certainement la plus sûre, mais à condition qu’elle soit appliquée avec rigueur et qu’elle sache distinguer dans les phénomènes variés et complexes qui se produisent dans l’âme du spectateur en présence du beau, ce qui appartient à l’essence absolue et immuable de la beauté elle-même, et ce qui tient aux dispositions variables de notre individualité. Nous verrons si Hemsterhuis a su éviter cet écueil dans le cours de son analyse. Il nous place tout d’abord en présence d’un objet quelconque, d’une statue par exemple : Notre œil, dit-il, pour arriver à la connaissance totale de l’objet, est obligé de parcourir successivement tous les points qui en forment le contour, et de les relier ensuite entre eux pour former l’image du tout. Lorsque cette opération de l’esprit se fait rapidement et facilement ; lorsque l’œil et l’intelligence ne sont arrêtés par aucun obstacle, l’âme éprouve un sentiment de satisfaction et de plaisir. Ce plaisir vient, assure Hemsterhuis, de ce quelle a eu en très-peu de temps un grand nombre d’idées. objet, elle est contente, et cette satisfaction constitue précisément pour Hemsterhuis le sentiment du beau. Nous n’examinons pas encore si notre auteur a raison de prendre cette satisfaction de l’intelligence pour le sentiment même du beau, et si sa définition par conséquent est parfaitement juste. Mais nous constatons quelle repose au moins sur un fait psychologique exact, et nous ajoutons qu’elle n’est pas sans analogie, malgré sa forme originale, avec quelquesunes des plus célèbres définitions du beau que le dixhuitième siècle a produites. Ainsi Marmontel et Grousaz, qui ont placé le beau dans la proportion et l’harmonie, ont dit à peu près la même chose qu’Hemsterhuis ; car c’est précisément la proportion et l’harmonie que l’intelligence rencontre dans les choses qui lui permettent de voir beaucoup en peu de temps. D’autre part la multiplicité des rapports qui, selon Diderot, constitue le beau, d’où résulte-t-elle, sinon de la possibilité de faire coexister beaucoup d’idées dans un instant? Et enfin l’unité et la variété qu’Hutclieson, après saint Augustin, proclame comme l’essence même du beau, répondent assez bien à ce besoin de l’âme, de réunir dans l’unité d’un moment presque indivisible une grande variété d’idées. La définition d’Hemsterhuis qu’on a quelquefois rejetée du premier coup comme absurde et ridicule 4 , est donc au fond aussi raisonnable cpie celles qu’on adopte ou qu’on discute sérieusement. Mais cela ne veut pas dire qu’elle soit plus complète et plus vraie. Elle soulève plus d’une objection. Hemsterhuis fait reposer le beau sur deux points : Un maximum d’idées concentré dans un minimum de temps. Remarquons qu’il ne détermine pas la nature de ces idées, leur contenu. Le nombre seul importe. Mais n’y a-t-il pas nombre d’objets qui font naître en nous le même nombre d’idées, et que nous jugeons certainement plus beaux les uns que les autres, quand cependant, d’après notre définition, ils devraient être également beaux ou également laids ? Il ne faut assurément pas plus de temps à l’œil pour embrasser un carré qu’une ellipse, et cependant la forme gracieusement arrondie de l’ellipse est plus belle que la forme raide et anguleuse du carré. Me 1 Tœpfer, Menus propos d’un peintre genevois. « L’âme, dit le Hollandais Hemsterhuis (c’est Tœpfer qui parle) juge le plus beau, ce dont elle peut se faire une idée dans le plus court espace de temps. voici en présence de deux visages : je les suppose tous deux également réguliers ; il ne me faut certainement pas plus de temps pour saisir l’un que l’autre. Pourquoi se fait-il que l’un soit jugé par moi plus beau que l’autre ? Hemsterhuis pourrait m’objecter que l’une des deux figures me donne, outre l’idée même des traits qui la composent, l’idée de la grâce, de la candeur, de l’intelligence. Mais l’autre figure pourra me donner de la même manière, l’idée de la ruse, de la fausseté, de la sottise. Voilà autant d’idées que tout à l’heure, et cependant je persiste à regarder la première figure comme infiniment plus belle que la seconde. Ne serait-ce pas, parce que ce n’est pas seulement le nombre d’idées et le temps dans lequel on les reçoit, mais leur nature,.leur objet propre, qui font naître en nous l’idée et le sentiment de la beauté? En outre, dans le nombre d’idées que fait naître en nous un objet on doit compter non-seulement celles qui constituent l’objet lui-même, mais encore celles que l’association, le souvenir peuvent réveiller en nous. Un objet insignifiant peut ainsi réveiller en moi beaucoup plus d’idées que le plus beau chefd’œuvre de l’art ou de la nature ; il faudrait en conclure alors qu’il est réellement plus beau. Quand Bonaparte montrait à ses soldats .les Pyramides du haut desquelles quarante siècles les contem plaient, la vue de ces monuments pouvait faire naître chez eux plus d’idées que n’aurait fait le Parthénon ou la coupole de Saint-Pierre. En faut-il conclure que réellement ils auraient jugé les Pyramides plus belles, s’ils avaient pu faire la comparaison? Hemsterhuis paraît le croire, car passant de la théorie aux exemples il dit : « Lorsqu’un homme échappé du naufrage voit le tableau d’un naufrage, il est plus affecté que les autres. Lorsque Cicéron défend Ligarius, tout le monde l’admire, mais c’est César qui pâlit, qui frissonne, marque certaine qu’aux mots de Pompée et de Pharsale il avait plus d’idées concentrées et coexistantes1. 1. » Mais les exemples cités ici ne sont pas favorables à la théorie que nous discutons. L’émotion qu’éprouve un homme échappé au naufragé à la vue d’un naufrage est indépendante du plaisir artistique que cette vue peut lui donner. l’admiration toute littéraire que lui inspire l’éloquence du grand orateur. Un orateur médiocre aurait pu réveiller les mêmes souvenirs sans produire le même effet. Si la théorie d’Hemsterhuis était vraie, l’objet beau ne serait plus qu’un signe destitué de toute valeur propre, et destiné seulement à réveiller par association un certain nombre d’idées en nous. Le symbolisme serait le dernier mot de l’art. Ce n’est pas tout. La rapidité avec laquelle nous saisissons un grand nombre d'idées en peu de temps, dépend moins encore des choses que de nous, elle tient à la rapidité ou à la lenteur de notre intelligence. Dans l’hypothèse d’Hemsterhuis, le même objet, aperçu par plusieurs personnes, leur paraîtra successivement beau ou laid suivant qu’elles l’auront plus vite ou plus lentement saisi. Sans doute nous savons qu’il faut tenir compte des qualités, des aptitudes, des dispositions particulières de chaque homme dans les jugements qu’on porte sur le beau. Mais il y a aussi dans le beau et dans l’action qu’il exerce sur nous,, quelque chose d’absolu, d’universel, et qui est indépendant de ce qui en nous tient de l’individu et des circonstances. Mais poursuivons notre discussion. J’ai sous les yeux un dessin, dont les contours irréguliers, les lignes incohérentes, qui se croisent et s’enchevêtrent, fatiguent mon esprit et ne lui permettent que lentement et difficilement de s’en faire une idée. Cette figure sera incontestablement laide, la définition d’Hemsterhuis la condamne. Mais cette difficulté de saisir l’ensemble et les détails de ce dessin et qui est le signe de la laideur, diminue nécessairement par l’habitude. Plus je regarderai l’objet et moins il me faudra de temps pour l’embrasser. Il viendra un moment où j’aurai dans très-peu de temps, dans le moins de temps possible, toutes les idées que cet objet peut me donner, et le même objet que j’aurai d’abord jugé laid en vertu de la définition d’Hemsterhuis, sera maintenant beau en vertu de la même définition. La différence entre le beau et le laid ne sera donc qu’une différence de degré. La limite qui les sépare sera toujours flottante et ne sera déterminée que par les dispositions et les aptitudes toujours variables des spectateurs. Faudra-t-il pour cela rejeter cette définition? Assurément non. 12 La définition d’Hemsterhuis offre aussi beaucoup d’analogie avec celle cpie Kant développa quelques années plus tard dans sa Critique du jugement , et d’après laquelle il place le beau -dans l’union libre de l’imagination et de la raison. En effet, la raison représente assez bien l’unité de temps dans laquelle se concentre la variété des éléments fournis par l’imagination. Cette coïncidence n’a*rien qui nous étonne. Ailleurs déjà nous avons rencontré dans notre auteur les germes de quelques-unes des idées de Kant. Il ne nous paraît nullement invraisemblable que Kant, qui faisait cas d’Hemsterhuis et de ses ouvrages, ait été frappé de cette définition du beau, et qu’il s’en soit souvenu en composant sa Critique du jugement. Quoi qu’il en soit, le défaut principal de cette théorie ingénieuse, comme aussi de celles de Goethe et de Kant, c’est de confondre le sentiment du beau avec l’idée et le jugement du beau; l’élément intime, individuel et variable, et l’élément absolu et universel. Elle e^t toute subjective; elle enlève toute réalité esthétique aux choses pour la transporter en nous. Hemsterhuis, du reste, ne le dissimule pas, car il dit en propres termes, comme pour résumer sa théorie : « Changez les choses, la nature de nos idées du beau restera la même ; mais si vous changez l’essence de nos organes, toutes nos idées présentes de la beauté LE BEAU ET L’ART. 17D rentreront aussitôt dans le néant. Le beau n’a aucune réalité en soi-même 1. » Toutefois cette définition du beau, telle que nous l’avons comprise et discutée, et telle quelle s’explique d’elle-même en quelque sorte, n’est pas le dernier mot d’Hemsterhuis. Rappelons-nous la théorie platonicienne de notre auteur sur la connaissance. Si nous la rapprochons de sa définition du beau, nous verrons cette définition changer de sens et de portée, s’agrandir et s’élever. L’âme est une substance divine et immortelle, mais soumise aux lois de la nature matérielle à laquelle elle est associée. Si l’âme n’obéissait qu’à ses propres lois, si elle ne relevait que d’elle-même, elle serait en dehors du temps et de l’espace. Aimer, connaître, pour elle, ce serait s’unir dans un moment indivisible avec l’objjet de son désir, se confondre entièrement, ne faire qu’un avec lui. Mais comme elle est enfermée dans un corps, cette union complète, absolue, immédiate, lui est interdite. son existence actuelle, comme une répugnance pour tout ce qui est succession et durée. Ne pouvant pas s’unir dans un moment indivisible avec l’objet de son désir, le saisir sans intermédiaire, sans obstacle, dans une intuition immédiate et instantanée, elle cherche du moins à s’approcher le plus près qu’elle peut de cette union idéale, de ce bonheur divin. En un mot, elle cherche à avoir dans le moindre temps le plus d’idées possible. Or, parmi les êtres avec lesquels l’âme peut s’unir, quels sont ceux qui lui promettent l’union la plus facile, la plus rapide, la plus complète; qui peuvent lui donner dans le minimum du temps le maximum d’idées ? Ce sont évidemment les êtres dont la nature est semblable à la sienne, les êtres spirituels, les âmes. Les objets matériels la rebutent bien vite, car elle reconnaît aussitôt l’impossibilité de l’union quelle cherche. Mais l’union même avec les âmes est incomplète encore, car les âmes sont enfermées dans des corps. Il n’y a qu’un seul être, dans le monde des êtres immatériels, avec lequel elle puisse s’unir aussi complètement et aussi rapidement que le permette sa terrestre condition ; un seul être qui lui donne le plus d’idées dans le moindre temps, et cet être, c’est Dieu. Dieu sera donc pour l’âme le suprême objet d’amour et de désir. Il sera en même temps la suprême beauté, et les autres êtres seront plus ou moins beaux selon qu’ils participent davantage de la nature divine et moins de la nature matérielle l . La question, on le voit, change tout d’un coup d’aspect, et de cette définition du beau, qui nous avait paru d’abord étroite et incomplète, nous voyons sortir une théorie large et profonde et dont on reV connaît de suite l’origine. Nous sommes en ce moment bien loin de l’empirisme et du sensualisme modernes ; nous sommes sur les hauteurs de l’idéalisme, près de Platon et plus près encore de Plotin. Hemsterhuis dépasse ici de beaucoup ses contemporains. Il semble annoncer les grandes doctrines métaphysiques et idéalistes, qui, à la fin du dernier siècle, ont renouvelé la science du beau et la théorie des arts. Le beau ne résulte plus maintenant des dispositions toutes personnelles du spectateur : il a une réalité objective, indépendante de nous; il se confond avec l’être absolu lui-même. Mais en même temps un lien étroit rattache l’ame au beau ; car, étant elle-même divine, elle aspire au beau comme à sa source. En contemplant le beau, elle se détache de la matière, 1 Lettre sur les désirs, p. 54. elle se reconnaît et se retrouve elle-même, acquiert une conscience plus nette, un sentiment plus vif de son immortelle nature. Assurément cette partie métaphysique de la théorie d’Hemsterhuis n’est qu’indiquée chez lui, et n’a pas la précision que nous lui donnons ici. Il ne s’est pas attaché non plus à la mettre d’accord avec celle que nous avons exposée d’abord; il n’a pas cherché h les fondre ensemble. Mais ce désaccord même est tout à fait conforme au caractère de sa doctrine, que nous voyons, ici comme ailleurs, flotter entre l’empirisme de l’école sensualiste, et les aspirations mystiques de la philosophie platonicienne. De l’art. L’idée qu’Hemsterhuis se fait de l’art découle naturellement de la définition même qu’il donne du beau. Puisque le beau est ce qui nous donne le plus d’idées dans le moins de temps, l’art ne sera pas une simple imitation de la nature, car ce n’est que par l’effet d’un hasard qui ne se rencontre pas souvent que les choses sont naturellement disposées pour la perception du beau, c’est-à-dire pour nous donner dans le plus court instant le plus grand nombre d’idées possible. L’artiste ne peut donc pas se contenter d’imiter la nature. Il doit « renchérir sur la nature et produire ainsi ce que la nature ne produit que rarement et difficilement 1 ,» Cette théorie est supérieure sans doute à celle de Yimitation qu’on rencontre partout au dix-huitième siècle. Mais elle ne va pas au delà de Y embellissement de la nature. Nous la trouvons développée dans la Lettre sur la sculpture. Elle ne paraît cependant pas être le dernier mot d’Hemlterhuis. Nous avons montré déjà que sous la définition du beau qu’il a donnée, se cache une théorie plus sérieuse et plus profonde ; et quoiqu’il n’en ait pas tiré toutes les conséquences et toutes les applications quelle renferme, et qu’il n’ait pas reconnu dans l’art une création personnelle, dont le modèle est dans l’âme inspirée de l’artiste, plutôt que dans les objets mêmes qui sont sous ses yeux, on trouve cependant chez lui quelques vues supérieures et qui le rapprochent des idées de notre temps. Il parle quelque part du déplaisir qu’éprouve l’artiste à voir son idée perdre quelque chose de sa pureté, en se produisant au dehors, en entrant dans une forme matérielle. Il constate que l’œuvre complète, réalisée, est bien au-dessous de la splendeur divine de la première idée 2 . Cette expression toute 1 Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 31. * Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 26. platonicienne ou plutôt plotinienne, ainsi que quelques idées originales sur la sculpture et la poésie que nous exposerons plus loin et où il se rencontre avec Lessing, prouvent qu’ici encore il a vu quelquefois plus haut et plus loin que beaucoup de ses contemporains. Nous le retrouvons cependant fidèle aux idées alors dominantes, quand il confond à peu près l’art avec le jeu et le métier et lui donne pour fin l’utilité et l’agrément. Il distingue, il est vrai, parmi les arts ceux qui ont pour objet fâme, et non le corps luimême, mais il ne paraît pas comprendre la véritable nature et la véritable fin de l’art, qui n’ont été comprises complètement que depuis que l’étude du beau a été rattachée à l’étude métaphysique des principes premiers. Alors seulement on a reconnu que l’art est absolument désintéressé, étranger à toute idée de métier et d’utilité, et qu’il ne vise pas tant à plaire qu’à nous montrer à travers les splendeurs du beau, la vérité absolue elle-même 1. Mais, à défaut de pénétration métaphysique, son instinct d’artiste et son imagination de poète devaient faire entrevoir à Hemsterhuis l’origine divine et la noble fin de l’art. Il exprime son idée dans un passage bizarre mais ingénieux : 1 Voy. sur le Beau et sur les Arts les belles leçons de M. Cousin, dans son livre aujourd’hui classique : Du Vrai, du Beau, du Bien. Paris, Didier. — Voy. aussi La Science du Beau, par Charles Levêque. Paris 1861. I «Tout art est l’enfant bâtard d’un Dieu. Vous savez que les dieux quittent souvent l’Olympe, le fond des mers et le Tartare pour se mêler corporellement avec les corps humains qui leur plaisent, d’où sont nés Hercule, Persée, les Tyndarides et nombre de héros et de demi-dieux qui sont devenus l’objet de notre culte. Mais sachez que les âmes des dieux se plaisent plus souvent encore à s’unir avec les âmes humaines dont la beauté les attire, et c’est de ce mélange que naissent les arts. Celui de la législation et de la politique est enfant de l’âme de Jupiter et de celle de Minos, de Solon ou de Lycurgue; la poésie sublime est née de lame d’Apollon et de celle d’Homère , d’Hésiode ou d’Orphée. La sculpture et la peinture ont pour père Yulcain et pour mères les âmes de Dédale, de Dipœnus ou de votre Phidias 1. tait entre les mains du législateur comme un instrument d’éducation. Mais ce qui est surtout ’dans le ,goût du temps, c’est que la tirade que nous venons de citer est mise dans la bouche d’un Scythe, d’un de ces barbares philosophes que l’école de Rousseau avait mis à la mode, et qu’on se plaisait à orner de toutes les vertus naturelles pour le placer ensuite comme un contraste humiliant, comme un repoussoir, en face de la société corrompue par la civilisation. Parmi les beaux-arts, la sculpture attire surtout Hemsterhuis. Il y rattache toutes ses observations sur le beau. Il parle peu de la peinture et ne dit rien de la musique. La sculpture en effet est celui de tous les beaux-arts dans lequel le génie artistique de l’antiquité a trouvé son expression la plus complète. La peinture et la musique sont pour ainsi dire des arts plus chrétiens que païens. Du moins c’est dans le monde moderne, pénétré de l’influence du christianisme, qu’ils sont développés avec le plus de puissance et d’éclat. On comprendra donc qu’ils aient moins préoccupé que la sculpture ce fervent admirateur de l’antiquité païenne, imbu en outre des préjugés de son époque à l’endroit du christianisme et de la civilisation qui en est sortie. Ce sera donc de la sculpture qu’Hemsterhuis parlera de préférence. Non-seulement la sculpture est à ses yeux le plus parfait des arts d’imitation; il veut aussi que la sculpture soit antérieure aux autres arts et il donne ingénieusement, quoiqu’un peu spécieusement, les raisons de son opinion : Il lui semble naturel que lorsque l’on a commencé à imiter les objets extérieurs, on a dû d’abord les imiter en bloc, plutôt que d’en reproduire seulement la surface colorée et les ombres. Cette imitation plus savante demande déjà un certain effort d’abstraction. Le dessin et la peinture supposent en effet les idées tout abstraites de ligne et de couleur, qui ne ê peuvent s’acquérir qu’à la suite d’un exercice assez développé de la vue 1. Mais de tous les sens le tact paraît être celui qui se développe le plus vite et se perfectionne le plus tôt. On a donc dû se servir pour les premières imitations des idées que nous donne le tact, plutôt que de celles que nous donne la vue. Hemsterhuis en véritable connaisseur ne s’arrête pas seulement devant les chefs-d’œuvre de l’art grec : il admire aussi l’art étrusque, et s’attache à marquer les caractères qui le distinguent de l’art grec. Il trouve d’autre part une grande ressemblance entre l’art des Étrusques et l’art des Égyptiens et il en conclut que les Étrusques ont copié les Égyptiens. Mais il se contente d’affirmer cette parenté sans se donner la peine de la prouver 1 ; et cependant on se demande à quelle époque et par quels moyens les Étrusques ont eu connaissance des monuments de l’art égyptien dont ils.ont été les copistes. Les Grecs, les seuls qui eussent pu leur servir d’intermédiaires, n’ayant en aucune façon, selon Hemsterhuis lui-même, subi l’influence égyptienne! Quoi qu’il en soit, les travaux récents et approfondis sur l’art étrusque n’ont pas, que nous sachions, confirmé cette hypothèse de notre auteur ; ils s’abstiennent faute de documents suffisants de rien affirmer de positif sur l’origine de l’art étrusque 2 . Nous l’avons déjà dit : il ne faut pas s’attendre à trouver chez un philosophe tout plein de l’antiquité, et pénétré en outre de l’esprit du dix-huitième siècle, le sentiment vrai des beautés de l’art chrétien. Le moyen âge est pour lui une époque de bar1 Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 39. * Voy. Denys, Researches on tuscan arts. London (Longman). barie; l’art gothique un essai informe et grossier, semblable « au dessin d’un enfant dont l’œil et l’intelligence ne sont point exercés encore à saisir dans les choses les rapports exacts des lignes et des surfaces i . » Pour ce qui est de la sculpture, Hemsterhuis est entièrement dans le vrai quand il dit qu’elle avait disparu avec le monde ancien. Mais la manière même dont il justifie son opinion montre, ce nous semble, qu’il ne comprend pas la vraie beauté du christianisme et qu’il ne soupçonne pas les trésors de poésie et d’inspiration qu’il porte en lui. « Les peuples qui venaient de dévaster l’Europe n’avaient rien, ni dans leur caractère ni dans leur état politique ni dans leur religion, qui dût les mener rapidement à la culture des beaux-arts. La religion chrétienne demandait des temples et des images ; mais ce n’était plus des Apollons, des Bacchus ou des Vénus qu’on avait à représenter ; c’étaient des morts en purgatoire, des saints à la torture, des pénitents ou des martyrs 2 . » « L’artiste grec, pour faire un Apollon, passa par le beau idéal les bornes de la nature, et représenta réellement des dieux qui, selon ses idées, étaient représentables ; mais l’artiste chrétien avait une idée si abstraite et si dégagée des sens, de ces êtres divins ' Lettre sur la sculpture, p. 40. * Ibid., p. 42. qu’il devait représenter, que toute imitation réelle était absurde, et par conséquent il ne lui restait que de les représenter comme ils avaient été autrefois visibles sur la terre. Ce qui empêchait encore plus l’artiste d’arriver seulement à la beauté de la nature, c’était l’esprit d’humilité chrétienne, qui le mena non à la vérité simple, mais à la vérité basse et populaire; et comme il n’avait à tout moment qu a représenter des passions pour faire des martyrs, des pénitents et des mourants, il avait besoin d’une connaissance plus ou moins exacte de l’effet des muscles. Des mendiants affamés lui servirent de modèles, et s’accoutumant à étudier ces corps décharnés pour en faire ses saints et des martyrs, la proportion générale de ces figures devint excessivement longue et le style de son travail sec 1. » Voilà aussi, s’il faut en croire notre auteur, la raison de la ressemblance qu’on remarque entre les bons ouvrages étrusques et ceux des premiers temps de la Renaissance des arts. Mais revenons à la sculpture. L’unité et la simplicité sont les conditions qui sont * imposées à la sculpture. Le repos et la majesté lui conviennent particulièrement. Elle doit se borner à une seule figure ; tout au plus peut-elle s’étendre jusqu’au groupe. Mais ce n’est pas seulement, comme le pense notre auteur, le prix de la matière qu’em ploie l’artiste et la difficulté qu’il trouve à la mettre en œuvre, qui forcent la sculpture à se borner le plus souvent à la représentation d’une seule figure. La nécessité où est l’artiste de mettre toutes ses figures sur le même plan, ce qui rend impossible la perception de la profondeur, et ne permet pas la représentation d’actions un peu compliquées ; en outre l’absence d’un fond sur lequel les figures se détachent et qui les rqlie entre elles : — voilà des raisons plus sérieuses, qui condamnent la sculpture à la représentation de figures isolées, et qui la bornent à défaut d’actions, à la reproduction des sentiments et des passions qui se révèlent dans les attitudes du corps humain. Les conseils qui suivent sont d’un fin connaisseur : « Si donc l’unité ou la simplicité du sujet, et la qualité facile et déliée du contour total, sont des principes fondamentaux en sculpture, il faudra que le sculpteur, lorsqu’il veut parvenir le plus facilement à la plus grande perfection dans son art, ne représente qu’une seule figure. Il faudra qu’elle soit belle, presqu’en repos, dans une attitude naturelle ; quelle se présente avec grâce ; qu’elle soit tournée de façon que je voie partout autant de différentes parties de son corps qu’il est possible en même temps; qu’il enlre un peu de draperie dans cette composition, qui serve à la rendre décente et dont les plis, noblement ordonnés, contribuent à augmenter le nombre de mes 13 idées, et à contraster avec le contour arrondi de la chair... « Si l’artiste veut donner dans le groupe, qu’il choisisse un sujet qui en impose et qui ait de la majesté et de la grandeur; que ses figures, autant qu’il est possible, diffèrent en âge, en sexe et en proportion; que l’action soit une et simple, et que toutes les parties du groupe aident à la renforcer ; que dans tous les profils je voie autant de, membres ou de pièces saillantes dans une attitude naturelle, qu’il est possible. S’il veut exciter de l’horreur ou de la terreur, il faut qu’il la tempère par la beauté de quelque figure piquante qui m’attache et que jamais le dégoûtant ne fasse parti de son sujet... La peinture peut se servir quelquefois du dégoûtant pour augmenter l’horreur, puisque ses compositions sont assez étendues pour le mitiger autre part, mais dans les bornes d’un groupe de sculpture, il s’empare de tout 1 » Parmi les idées d’Hemsterhuis sur la sculpture il en est une qui paraît mériter quelqu’attention parce quelle touche à un des points les plus importants de la théorie des beaux-arts : à la question de la vraisemblance dans l’imitation. Dans le dialogue Simon, Socrate, qui n’est pas un juge incompétent en pareille matière, accorde que l’objet de la sculpture est d’exprimer par les formes, les attitudes du corps, les passions et les sentiments de l’âme ; mais seulement les passions et les sentiments qui se sont produits au dehors et sont devenus visibles. Quant à ceux que l’âme veut cacher, ils échappent à l’artiste, comme ils ont échappé à tous les hommes. Rien n’est plus vrai assurément, et cette opinion si incontestable ne mériterait guère qu’on s’y arrête, si Hemsterhuis n’en tirait pas une conséquence qui touche, comme nous venons de le dire, à la question souvent controversée de la vraisemblance dans les arts. « L’artiste, dit-il, qui veut représenter, par exemple, Oreste au moment où il se trouve en face d’Égisthe et de Glytemnestre, ne doit pas montrer sur la figure d’Oreste la pensée du crime qu’il médite ; car dans le moment choisi par l’artiste, Oreste dissimule avec soin son projet criminel, et il serait absurde que le spectateur aperçût ce que n’ont aperçu ni Égisthe ni Glytemnestre. «Croyez-vous, continue Socrate, développant son opinion, que si Damon, le musicien, voulait imiter le doux concert des Sirènes, il pourrait vous y faire sentir la cruauté vorace de ces monstres ? Alors le prudent Ulysse n’eût pas eu besoin de se faire lier 1. » Hemsterhuis se trompe. Il n’importe en aucune façon pour le dessein que se propose l’artiste, qu’Égisthe ou Clytemnestre aperçoivent sur la figure d’Oreste la pensée du meurtre dont ils seront victimes , ou qu’Ulysse dans le chant des Sirènes découvre les dangers qui le menacent. Ce n’est pas à ces personnages, c’est à nous spectateurs que songent le sculpteur et le musicien. L’art repose sur une illusion sans laquelle il n’existerait point, et la vraisemblance artistique n’a rien à démêler avec la vraisemblance réelle. Quel que soit le moment choisi par l’artiste, il doit y concentrer en quelque sorte le personnage et le drame tout entiers, et dans le présent nous laisser deviner l’avenir. Ainsi du moins, l’ont entendu les maîtres de l’art, et à Damon le musicien, à qui Hemsterhuis sous peine d’absurdité, défend de laisser deviner la cruauté des Sirènes dans la douceur perfide de leurs chants, nous opposerons le plus grand musicien de tous les temps, Mozart, qui, dans son immortel chef-d’œuvre, faisant chanter Don Juan sous le balcon d’Elvire, nous avertit par l’accompagnement railleur et malin de l’orchestre, entendu cependant par Elvire en même temps que la sérénade, que ce chant d’amour n’est que mensonge. Vous souvient-il lecteur de cette sérénade, Que Don Juan déguisé chante sous un balcon? Une mélancolique et piteuse chanson, Respirant la douleur, l’amour et la tristesse. Mais l’accompagnement parle d’un autre ton.
| 46,046 |
7612986_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1 | 7 |
AFFIRMED.
| 45,643 |
https://github.com/chrisromito/cabin-iot-board/blob/master/src/components/camera.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
cabin-iot-board
|
chrisromito
|
Python
|
Code
| 973 | 2,325 |
"""
Adapted from Adafruit's Raspberry Pi interface
Source: https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit-VC0706-Serial-Camera-Library/blob/master/raspi_camera.py
"""
from micropython import const
from machine import UART
from constants import ZERO, ONE
from typing import List, Optional, Union, Any
from .shared import Buses
FIVE = const(5)
INC = const(8192)
BAUD = const(38400)
# this is the port on the Raspberry Pi; it will be different for serial ports on other systems.
PORT = "/dev/ttyAMA0"
TIMEOUT = 0.5 # I needed a longer timeout than ladyada's 0.2 value
SERIAL_NUM = ZERO # start with 0, each camera should have a unique ID.
SEND = const(0x56)
REPLY = const(0x76)
END = ZERO
RESET = const(0x26)
TAKE_PHOTO = const(0x36)
READ_BUFF = const(0x32)
GET_BUFF_LEN = const(0x34)
FBUF_CURRENT_FRAME = ZERO
FBUF_NEXT_FRAME = ONE
FBUF_STOP_CURRENT_FRAME = ZERO
reset_command = [SEND, SERIAL_NUM, RESET, END]
take_photo_command = [SEND, SERIAL_NUM, TAKE_PHOTO, ONE, FBUF_STOP_CURRENT_FRAME]
get_buffer_len_command = [SEND, SERIAL_NUM, GET_BUFF_LEN, ONE, FBUF_CURRENT_FRAME]
read_photo_command = [SEND, SERIAL_NUM, READ_BUFF, 0x0c, FBUF_CURRENT_FRAME, 0x0a]
class Camera:
def __init__(self, buses: Buses):
self.serial = buses.uart
self.is_ready = False
async def setup(self):
self.is_ready = True
return True
def take_photo(self):
self.write(take_photo_command)
reply: List[int] = list(self.read(5))
return check_reply(reply, TAKE_PHOTO) and reply[3] == chr(0x0)
def read_photo_from_buffer(self):
return self.read_buffer(
self.get_buffer_length()
)
def read_buffer(self, buffer_length: int) -> Optional[List[int]]:
addr = 0 # the initial offset into the frame buffer
photo: list[Any] = []
# bytes to read each time (must be a multiple of 4)
inc = INC
while addr < buffer_length:
# on the last read, we may need to read fewer bytes.
chunk = min(buffer_length - addr, inc)
# append 4 bytes that specify the offset into the frame buffer
offset = [(addr >> 24) & 0xff,
(addr >> 16) & 0xff,
(addr >> 8) & 0xff,
addr & 0xff]
data_to_read = [(chunk >> 24) & 0xff,
(chunk >> 16) & 0xff,
(chunk >> 8) & 0xff,
chunk & 0xff]
# Piece it all together & write back
self.write(
read_photo_command + offset + data_to_read + [ONE, ZERO]
)
# the reply is a 5-byte header, followed by the image data
# followed by the 5-byte header again.
reply = list(self.read(FIVE + chunk + FIVE))
if len(reply) != FIVE + chunk + FIVE:
# retry the read if we didn't get enough bytes back.
continue
if not check_reply(reply, READ_BUFF):
print('ERROR READING PHOTO =(')
return None
# append the data between the header data to photo
photo += reply[FIVE:chunk + FIVE]
# advance the offset into the frame buffer
addr += chunk
return photo
def reset(self)-> bool:
try:
self.write(reset_command)
return check_reply(
list(self.read(100)),
RESET
)
except:
print('Camera reset failed silently')
return False
def get_buffer_length(self) -> int:
self.write(get_buffer_len_command)
reply: List[int] = list(self.read(9))
if check_reply(reply, GET_BUFF_LEN) and reply[4] == chr(0x4):
target_bytes = (reply[6], reply[7], reply[8])
buffer_len = reply[5]
for target_byte in target_bytes:
buffer_len <<= 8
buffer_len += target_byte
return buffer_len
return 0
def write(self, command: List[int]) -> Optional[int]:
return self.serial.write(
bytearray(command)
)
def read(self, n_bytes=5) -> Optional[bytes]:
return self.serial.read(n_bytes)
def check_reply(reply: List[int], byte_num: int) -> bool:
return (
REPLY == reply[0]
and SERIAL_NUM == reply[1]
and byte_num == reply[2]
and 0x00 == reply[3]
)
# def reset():
# cmd = ''.join(map(chr, reset_command))
# s.write(cmd)
# reply = s.read(100)
# r = list(reply)
# if checkreply(r, RESET):
# return True
# return False
#
# def takephoto():
# cmd = ''.join(map(chr, take_photo_command))
# s.write(cmd)
# reply = s.read(5)
# r = list(reply)
# if (checkreply(r, TAKE_PHOTO) and r[3] == chr(0x0)):
# return True
# return False
#
# def getbufferlength():
# cmd = ''.join(map(chr, get_buffer_len_command))
# s.write(cmd)
# reply = s.read(9)
# r = list(reply)
# if (checkreply(r, GET_BUFF_LEN) and r[4] == chr(0x4)):
# l = ord(r[5])
# l <<= 8
# l += ord(r[6])
# l <<= 8
# l += ord(r[7])
# l <<= 8
# l += ord(r[8])
# return l
# return 0
#
# def read_buffer(buffer_bytes):
# addr = 0 # the initial offset into the frame buffer
# photo = []
# # bytes to read each time (must be a multiple of 4)
# inc = 8192
# while addr < buffer_bytes:
# # on the last read, we may need to read fewer bytes.
# chunk = min(buffer_bytes - addr, inc)
# # append 4 bytes that specify the offset into the frame buffer
# command = read_photo_command + [(addr >> 24) & 0xff,
# (addr >> 16) & 0xff,
# (addr >> 8) & 0xff,
# addr & 0xff]
#
# # append 4 bytes that specify the data length to read
# command += [(chunk >> 24) & 0xff,
# (chunk >> 16) & 0xff,
# (chunk >> 8) & 0xff,
# chunk & 0xff]
#
# # append the delay
# command += [1, 0]
# # make a string out of the command bytes.
# cmd = ''.join(map(chr, command))
# s.write(cmd)
#
# # the reply is a 5-byte header, followed by the image data
# # followed by the 5-byte header again.
# reply = s.read(5 + chunk + 5)
#
# # convert the tuple reply into a list
# r = list(reply)
# if len(r) != 5 + chunk + 5:
# # retry the read if we didn't get enough bytes back.
# continue
# if not checkreply(r, READ_BUFF):
# return
# # append the data between the header data to photo
# photo += r[5:chunk + 5]
# # advance the offset into the frame buffer
# addr += chunk
# return photo
"""
Adafruit's license:
============================
This is a library for the Adafruit TTL JPEG Camera (VC0706 chipset)
Pick one up today in the adafruit shop!
------> http://www.adafruit.com/products/397
These displays use Serial to communicate, 2 pins are required to interface
Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code,
please support Adafruit and open-source hardware by purchasing
products from Adafruit!
Written by Limor Fried/Ladyada for Adafruit Industries.
BSD license, all text above must be included in any redistribution
==========================================
"""
| 20,122 |
4594116_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 754 | 990 |
CHESAPEAKE & VIRGINIAN COAL CO., INC., PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Chesapeake & Virginian Coal Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 11319.United States Board of Tax Appeals15 B.T.A. 1052; 1929 BTA LEXIS 2735; March 25, 1929, Promulgated *2735 The petitioner filed its income and profits-tax return for the calendar year 1918 on June 16, 1919. On February 6, 1924, the petitioner and the Commissioner executed a consent pursuant to the provisions of section 250(d) of the Revenue Act of 1921, whereby the petitioner consented to a determination, assessment, and collection of the amount of income, excess-profits, and war-profits taxes for the year 1918, the consent to remain in effect for a period of one year after the expiration of such statutory period as extended by consents already on file in the Commissioner's office. This consent extended the statute of limitations to June 16, 1925. Prior thereto and on June 6, 1925, the petitioner and the Commissioner executed a second consent, which provided that the time for making assessment against the petitioner should remain in effect until December 31, 1925. Notice of a deficiency in tax for 1918 was mailed to the petitioner by the Commissioner on December 2, 1925, and within 60 days thereafter the petitioner appealed to this Board for a redetermination of the deficiency. Held, that assessment and collection of the deficiency is not barred by any statute of limitation. *2736 Dean H. Stanley, Esq., for the petitioner. Harold Allen, Esq., and W. R. Lansford, Esq., for the respondent. SMITH *1052 This is a proceeding for the redetermination of a deficiency in income and profits tax for 1918 in the amount of $31,680. It is supplemental to a proceeding, 13 B.T.A. 323">13 B.T.A. 323, in which the petitioner was denied personal service corporation classification for 1918. The only issue in the present proceeding is whether assessment and collection of a deficiency for 1918 are barred by the statute of limitations. FINDINGS OF FACT. The petitioner filed its income and profits-tax return for 1918 on June 16, 1919. On February 6, 1924, the petitioner and the Commissioner executed an income and profits-tax consent wherein the petitioner and the Commissioner consented to a determination, assessment and collection of the amount of income, excess-profits, and war-profits tax for 1918 at a period beyond the five-year period prescribed by the statute. The consent was to remain in effect for a period of one year after the expiration of the statutory period of limitations or such statutory period as extended by similar consents. *2737 The evidence does not show the filing of any consent prior to that of February 6, 1924. Thereafter, on June 6, 1925, the petitioner and the Commissioner executed another consent which provided that the time for making assessment of an additional tax for 1918, if any *1053 were determined to be due, should remain in effect until December 31, 1925. Under date of December 2, 1925, the Commissioner sent a notice of deficiency in income and profits tax for 1918 in the amount of $31,680, from which an appeal was taken to this Board on January 26, 1926. OPINION. SMITH: In this proceeding the petitioner contends that the consent filed by it on June 6, 1925, did not provide for an extension of the time within which the Commissioner might institute suits or proceedings to collect an additional tax for 1918; that at the time the deficiency notice was mailed on December 2, 1925, the time within which suits or proceedings might have been instituted to secure the collection of the taxes had long since expired; and that no consent at the time within which suits or proceedings for the collection of those taxes could be instituted had been executed by the petitioner prior to or subsequent*2738 to the expiration of the time for instituting such suits or proceedings prescribed in the consent of February 6, 1924. The facts in this proceeding are substantially the same as those which obtained in Sunshine Cloak & Suit Co.,10 B.T.A. 971">10 B.T.A. 971. No contention is made that the consent filed on February 6, 1924, was not a valid consent. It clearly extended the time within which the respondent might assess a deficiency in income and profits tax for 1918 to June 16, 1925. Prior to that date, namely, June 2, 1924, the Revenue Act of 1924 had become effective. Sections 277 and 278 of that Act prescribed the period of limitation upon assessment and collection of tax under the Revenue Act of 1921 and prior acts.
| 43,154 |
https://github.com/soonhokong/lean/blob/master/tests/lean/run/blast3.lean
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
lean
|
soonhokong
|
Lean
|
Code
| 236 | 353 |
-- TODO(Leo): use better strategy
set_option blast.strategy "constructor"
example (a b c : Prop) : b → c → b ∧ c :=
by blast
example (a b c : Prop) : b → c → c ∧ b :=
by blast
example (a b : Prop) : a → a ∨ b :=
by blast
example (a b : Prop) : b → a ∨ b :=
by blast
example (a b : Prop) : b → a ∨ a ∨ b :=
by blast
example (a b c : Prop) : b → c → a ∨ a ∨ (b ∧ c) :=
by blast
example (p q : nat → Prop) (a b : nat) : p a → q b → ∃ x, p x :=
by blast
example {A : Type} (p q : A → Prop) (a b : A) : q a → p b → ∃ x, p x :=
by blast
lemma foo₁ {A : Type} (p q : A → Prop) (a b : A) : q a → p b → ∃ x, (p x ∧ x = b) ∨ q x :=
by blast
lemma foo₂ {A : Type} (p q : A → Prop) (a b : A) : p b → ∃ x, q x ∨ (p x ∧ x = b) :=
by blast
reveal foo₁ foo₂
print foo₁
print foo₂
| 17,025 |
contemporaryrev26unkngoog_55
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,866 |
The contemporary review
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,506 | 9,791 |
810 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, patients. But which of all the biologists and doctors who hite glorified iPasteur has taken the trouble so much as to read the evidence in favour of these harmless methods of treatment, etren when, as in the case of the Buisson baths, they have been largely advejrtijBed at the cost of non-modical benevolent persons, and offered gratuitously to needy patients ? When Mr. Walter ^IcLaren, in April last, begged the Home Secretary to issue another Commission to examine into the results of the Buisson treatment, the suggestion was at once negatived. None save a few unscientific people, who cared merely for saving men and animals, exliibitcd the least interest in the subject. And what, we now seriously ask, has been the outcome of tlic monstrous claijne which has hailed Pasteur as a *' Benefactor of Humanity?" Has he saved life, or been responsible for the losi of it? The statistics of hydrophobia in France have been of late so manipulated in the interests of Pasteur that it is not ea«y to clear up the first question. It appears, however, that the average number of deaths from the disease throughout France was 3<) per annum from 1850 to 1872. Tardieu calculated them at 2-1- or 25, and after giving his reasons, added the significant remark that *' if these figures did not represent the exact truth tliey Mere certainly not far from it," and that " the public mind should not be frightened with larger ones." Previously, in 18G3, Boudin had presented to the Acitdentif dc Mtdecine a table in which he estimated the. annual deaths in ('ranee from hydrophobia at fiO.^ If, then, we assume thi* to be a fair average, perhaps to be somewhat raised of later years, we ask : What hasM. Pasteur achieved in the way of lowering it? We find that in 1886 the deaths in France from hydrophobia were 30 ! Of these 22 were of persons inoculated by Pasteur, and 17 of others not inoculated. Thus Pasteur had the opportunity of diminishing the mortality by more than half had his method been effectual. lustead of this we find that the total of deaths exceeded the average by U ! Taking the rest of the world into view, we have not materials for judging of the average of former years to compare it with the last ; but we know that of Pasteur's patients — that is, of persons inoculated in Paris, or by those who are carrying out his system imder his direction elsewhere — the number of deaths up to May« 188", has been 79. On the other hand. How many lives has the Pasteurian delusios actually cost ? For how many deaths are Pasteur and his supporters • Se« this qucBtion discuracd by Dr. LutMid, M. Pasttuy ct la Rage, chi^J. xad.; aadl^ Dr. ConatAotia J*niea, M, Paattvr $a nouveiU mHltodt, &c., p. I (>'. FAITH HEALING AND FEAR KILLING. 811 [ I I I * ^ responsible? He has failed to ttave more patients than would have been saved, judging by averages, in the natural order of things. Of how many has he caused the death ? It would seem clear that he has had two classes of victims : 1st, Those who have died of the "intensive inoculations," which have created the new disease signalized by Dr. Peter before the Academic des Sciences last January, and named ominously Rac/e de Laboraioire — or Raye Parahjtique ; the sufferers dying (like the rabbits from which they were immediately inoculated) of paralysis, instead of the ordinaiy forms of hydrophobia, and feeling pain at the places of inoculation, not of the original bite. Of this disease 11 persons perished in three months after the introduction of the methode intensive, and 13 iip to date.* 3. Tbose (with whom we are more properly concerned in treating of Pear Killing), whose deaths are due to the panic which has been created to bolster up Pasteurism in Europe and America. How much deadly mischief has been done in this way will never be known, but may be guessed. Before the Pasteurian craze, grooms, gamekeepers, sportsmen, country ladies and gentlemen were bitten perpetually by dogs and cats, and sometimes by ferrets and stoats and rats, and thought no more of it than a hedger does of a scratch of a blackthorn. But now that the scare has prevailed everywhere, there is a panic every time a frightened beast uses its natural weapons. If the accident occur in London and to a police- man, the stalwart ofiicial marches to Scotland Yard, and solemnly reports at headquarters that his well-gloved fingera have been pinched by a puppy. To estimate the mischief done in the ease of hydrophobia by such a panic as this it is only needful to read the statements and opinions of the writers who have treated of the disease, and who, without exception, connect its development with nervous alarm. Dr. Bar- thelemy, who cured himself of an attack by sheer resolution, held that the disease was "mainly due to the imagination and irri- tability of the patient." Professor Fleming says : — '' The inlluence of mental emotions on the development of hydrophobia would appear to be almost unquestionable, and there is every reason to inquire whether the preuter mortality resiiJting from the bites of rabid animals in adult than in young persona may not be attributable, to some extent at least, to this cause. The diseased mind may favour the generation and expedite the recrudescence of the mortal malady." j " If it were understood," saya Dr. Spitzka, *• that fear and expectant attention may not only develop serious nervous symptoms, but actually cause death, many who are threatened with hydrophobia would cultivate healthful * Namely, Rouyer, Edveillac, Sodiiii, N^ Wilde, Goffi, Gerard, Letang, Goriot, Foolap, Albert, Alfand, uod Bey^. + Rabu4 arul I/ijdrophobia, p. 344. 812 THE CONTEMPORARY RE VIE m self-control. The moral management of persons bitten by auspicious dogs a a most important matter. A number of cases are on record in which p&Uents suffering from the most agonizing symptoms of ' rabies ' recovered on bearing that the dog which bit them was alive and well," The " best authorities to-day," says the same -writer, " incliae to regard the majority of cases of reputed rabies in man as spurious. They believe that manj of the suflFerers who develop the imaginary disease were bitten by animak Bufior- ing, not from rabies, but from epilepsy or from gastro-intestinal disease— i even by healthy dogs. That the serious and ofttimes fatal influence of terrer expectant attention, fostered by popular alarm, is attended by other epidi of imitative nervous disorder, is a familiar fact to those who have stadi«d influence of the mind on the body. From the flfteenth century, vrhem Al^twi peasants imagined they were changed into wolves, and ran on all fours, howling and tearing chUdren to pieces, down to the present day, when those dreading hydrophobia bark like dogs and mew like cats, the records of hydrophobia are replete to overflowing with delusion, superstition, hysteria, and unco^isciom simulation. The tragi-comical c^se of a number of persona dying in tJbe sixteenth century after having eaten of a pig that had been bitten by a dog, which in its turn had been bitten by another and rnbid one, found its counterpart a few weeks ago in Russia, where a medical editor, a follower of Pasteur, suggested the treating of a number of persons in the Pasteur Itistitute at Odessa for no better reason thau that they had partaken of mUk from a cow bitten by a rabid dog." * The Pasteur Craze and the Hydropliobia Bugbear will soon be things of the past ; but it will be well to remember for a long time to come that, so far as Biological Science has a voice in England, it •wai raised in hosannas to the French savant. Either they were not clever enough, or they were not honest and single-minded enough, to discern the unscientific and delusive cha- racter of a method which, once it has been exposed in plain language, appears the very climax of charlatanism.f Not one English viviaector charged his French colleague with useless cruelty, and the Com mis- sion, headed by Sir H. lloscoe, which was sent from England last summer to inquire into the method, forbore for nine months to give its Report, or warn the nation that it was being deceived into sending imperilled men and children to undergo a delusive and perhaps dangerous operation ! This was all that Science did for us, in the face of this huge Medical Bubble. Those unscientific people who could only apply common sense to the subject and who revolted from the monstrous character of the method, or relied on their • The Forum, April 1887, p. 170-180. + " The ncntralizatioQ of &□ oireiuly received rabic virus, by tiiccenive inoeiilatioM) not of on untiiiote but of r&bic rinu of progreasire Tini]cnoe,*ftQ<i this uuaeeonitMoivd by the very unollcst morbid Fj'mptom — sucB is the great mystery of the new raltfiMUL** —J/. Piuteur tt III Hatje, by I'r. Lutaud, p. G7. FAITH HEALING AND FEAR KILLING. 8ia k religious conviction that by no such barbarous means could real goad come to humanity — these people, deafened as they were a year ago by the " Great is Diana " chorus of the biologists, and insultingly challenged in every newspaper to bow at last at the shrine of beneficent Vivisection — these, after all, prove to have been right. "When next there is question of condoning cruelty on the plea of benefiting humanity, it is to be hoped that this instructive history will not be forgotten. Of the moral injury done to the community by sanctioning cruelty there can be no question at all. Of the physical advantages to be purchased by it we have a sample in Pasteiirism. An " infinite number " of miserable animals have died in the un- utterable agonies of artificially produced rabies : an aggravated form of that awful disease which May hew tells us amounts to being injfamed all over. jVnd the result of this bumt-ofl'ering in the temple of the Rue d'Ulm has been the death of seventy-nine patients, of whom at least a dozen have died unquestionably of their inoculaiiotis ! Old Scldcn says in his " Table Talk," " To preach long, loud, and damnation ia the way to be cried up. Men love the man who damns them, and run after him to save them." The secret has, I fear, been bequeathed to our modern priests the doctors. It is right and proper for them to warn us in moderation ; but they do it beyo».d all reason. " Touch not ! Taste not ! Handle not ! There is Death in the Pot. 'Ware Microbes here ! 'Ware Bacilli there ! All the world's a Hospital, and all the men and women merely patients.'^ There is no end to the " host of spectres pale " which beleaguer us, summoned by their spells and clothed with double terrors by their alarming new scientific titles. But there should be some limits to this perpetual cry of "AVolfl W^olfF' \Vc must all die sooner or later, whether with scientific advisers or without them ; and it would, after all, be better to die sooner, pursuing noble objects, performing natural duties, and even eujoyiug innocent pleasures, than a little later, amid pitiful anxieties and odious messes aud inoculations of filth, leading the lives of Moliere's " Malade Imaginairc." Perhaps we may never, alas ! discover the secret of '* Faith Healing ; " but at least we can avoid " Fear Killing " — dying by inches of sheer anxiety to live, and being slain at last by the very dread of Death. Frances Power Cobbk, IN a former article I spoke of some of the changes which one who has come back to Oxford after a considerable time absence, of some of the outward and social changes, of changes the relations between the University and the colleges, of changes the relations between different classes of teachers, and speciallj the waj in which the colleges and the professors seem to Lave beea looked at by the last Commission. But I said nothing directly oq s matter perhaps more important sdll, the changes made daring the same time in the subjects of study and examination. On these points I now propose to make some further remarks. In the subjects and methods of study in the Unirersitr, are now and as they were forty years back, there ia change ii What first strikes one is the wonderful way in which the Unit seems to be cut up into little sects, each devoted to some branch of knowledge, and seemingly knowing or caring nothing aboat any other. It is like *' I am of Paul," and " I of Apollos." Here is a " Greats man ; " here is a " Mods man/' I never heard of a *' Smalls man ; ** indeed that name seems now to be forgotten. Bert there is the " History man/' and the " Law man," and the '* Natural Science man," or rather there are as many kinds of " Natural Science man " aa there are new " ologies " coming into being crcfy year. The " History man/' like the " Greats man," ia a more distinct figure. But the " Greats man " reads history as well aa the ''Histdfj man ; " how then are they to be distinguished ? I once was inclined to define the two by saying that the " Greats man " hnd read hii Thucydides, but that the *' History man " had not. Late may perhaps somewhat modify the first definition. It seems ns if " Greats man " is one who has indeed read his Thncydides, hot grudges that either himself or any one else should read any OXFORD AFTER FORTY YEARS. 815 Now all these various classes, " Greats men," *' Mods men/* ?* History men/' " Law men/' kc. &c., with the examinations and "studies in which they are severally interested, " Greats/' " Mods/' "Group A" " Preliminary B" — the mind gets dizzy at the endless varieties, endlessly shifting — seem to be like religious or political sects, or perhaps more like jealous neighbours, each maintaining his own right against all comers. The ditFcrent branches of study seem to be treated as if they were enemies. One branch gets what is called ''relief" — that is commonly relief from knowing something — and another branch cries out for the like " relief/' Oae hears a great deal more about the interests of this or that school or division of a school than of the interests of sound learning. It would really seem as if many look at schools and examinations as an end in themselves, which it is a good work to multiply. All this division, all this strange rivalry, seem very wonderful to the man of forty years past. Those who have grown up under this complicated system probably understand it ; with some indeed it seems to occupy their whole thoughts. One un- used to it may be pardoned for thinking that, unless it does occupy a man's whole thouglits, he has no chance of understanding it. The system, be it observed, changes almost daily ; every term sees two or three new statutes passed to create some new kind of examination, or to make some change in an existing one. And each is discussed, not with regard to the effect which it is likely to have upon learning, but with regard to the interests or the " relief" of this or that school or subject. One change is for the law men, another for the natural science men ; another has something to do with " old classical moderations," a phrase which seems odd to those to whom " modera- tions "in any shape seem something new. 817 ^ » world in general should have some idea, as to what a degree or a class implies, what kind of studies the bearer of it has gone through, what kind of proficiency in them he has reached. Forty years ago it was pretty well known what an Oxford degree, what an Oxford first-class, meant. There was then no rivalry between one subject and another. We all learned much the same things ; even those who went in for mathematical honours had necessarily taken a pass, and had most com- monly taken a class, in the school of Literte Humaniores. There was therefore no such gap between " classical men " and " mathematical men" as there is between votaries of different subjects now. But now the Oxford degree, the Oxford first class, may be got in a hundred different ways, so that nobody knows what it means in the case of each particular man. And the number of subjects is ever growing. There seems to be a notion afloat that every subject which is worth any man's study at any time of his life is fit to be made, and ought to be made, at least an alternative subject of examination for the degree of bachelor of arts. Now surely there are many subjects which a man may most fitly stiuly, to which a man may even worthily devote his life, which still arc quite unfit to be even alternative subjects in an examination which is in its own nature rudi- mentary. I will give as an example, not a whole subject, but a part of a subject, because it is one which I can myself better understand. The man who has the greatest mastery of any living man of the Ji^nglish history of the seventeenth century, himself an Oxford examiner, has deliberately put on record his judgement that the English history of the seventeenth century is not a fit subject for examination for the bachelor's degree. I have long thought so, but I might not have ventured to say so. The historian of the Stewart reigns has a right to say so, and he has said so. How worthy a subject for mature study that period is none has shown better than himself; but he has discernment enough to see that the period of history which he loves best for his own mature study and mature teaching is not a period suited for an examination which is in its own nature immature. But, among this multiplication of schools and subjects, the worst error of all is to give this immature examination, this examination for a first and imperfect degree, the character of an examination in a man's future profession. First of all, the whole system and theory of degrees and faculties is trampled under foot. It is strange indeed that the degree in arts, the class in arts, may be got by passing examinations which would seem to belong to the higher professional degrees. The University has a faculty of Divinity, a faculty of Law, a faculty of Medicine, with degrees in each, with practical examinations in two of them. Yet the degree in arts is most strangely to be had by examinations in divinity and in law ; I will not venture to say that it can or cannot be had by m 818 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. an examination in medicine; for no ontsider will presume to defiae the exact bouudaries between medicine and natural science. It i» surely objection enough that the system of faculties is destroyed by giving a degree in one faculty after an examination in another. But far more important than this is the essential objcctioii bringing in anything of a professional kind into the examinatioii the first degree in the lowest faculty, the degree of bachelor of art*. The old theory was that the first faculty, the faculty of arts, in those subjects which had nothing to do with any walk of life, but which were held to be good for a man whateiff his walk of life was likely to be. What those subjects may be is i point on which different generations will hare different opinions; these first and necessary subjects have often been changed, and may very likely be changed again ; but the principle has never changed; the arts course always was that course which in any particular age was thought to be good for all those who entered the University at all. By proficiency in that coarse men got the arts degree, the first and general degree; with that degree a man might remain satisfied, or he might go on to one of tbe higher professional degrees in Divinity, Law, or Medicine, To these last the arts degree — latterly it would be more correct to say the arts examination — was the only path«* A man first shoved hb proficiency in those subjects which were held to be good for htn in any line of life; till he had done so he did not enter on tbe subjects specially belonging to one particular line of life. Sadi was the theory ; the evil was that, while the examination for the lower degree became more and more real, the exercises for higher degrees became more and more nominaL In my time Civil Law degree could practically be taken by any master arts ; the Divinity degree could be taken by any clerical master dL arts. In medicine there was an examination ; as to its depth or valne of course an outsider can say nothing. As things stood forty years back the bachelor's degree in arts practically involved two examinations, though the former of them was not known by that name. Before the bachelor's degree came Hie gtatuB, not exactly a degree, of Generaiis Sopkista, a name whidi seems now to be quite forgotten in Oxford, though there are traces of it both at Dablin and in America, and I fanc^ at Cambridge also. This statu* was gained by the exercise called Responsicms, commonly known in my day by the names of LittU-go and Smailt. Though not called an examination, it really was one, but one of a trilling kind, which he * I Mj Uuf, bccanue, by » cbABM oUer tKaa mj tinwi thf rffinmu (a Law ml MadMM*««aUWt>kta withoot tdkng th« art* dcpwi. Bvt tfae^actt ecwMMi^B l^d to b» pMnd, u well m whatever was r«i«i»«l for i^ jiijhtr AigrMf, Tlgm to ilxM* d«7« mea foctjal^y ^ 6egnea ia dhrmitjr utd law by mMuait «»— J-ilJaa MMte;»owtkqrge>sd^gpWMi«rt»by pMiigm «wm— Hoala di^MJ^ or law. OXFORD AFTER FORTY YEARS. 819- "who aimed at a class in the final examination felt rather irksome. Later came the " Public Examination " for the bachelor's degree, prac- tically for the m aster's degree also, as no further examination or exercise was required for the higher rank. Setting aside the somewhat vexatious " Little-go," the examination lystem, as it stood in my day, has always seemed to me to be excellent in what it did, but faulty in what it left undone. Modern improve- ments have, to my mind, greatly destroyed its excellence, while all that was faulty has been untouched. As I just now said, the [bachelor's examination in arts was an examination in those subjects hich any given age^ the thirteenth or the nineteenth, thought de- sirable for all who entered the University. Now if I were to say that he theory of the first half of the nineteenth century was that the subjects best suited for that purpose were "classics/* with the necessary addition of logic and the optional addition of mathematics, I should Pbe saying what would be liable to mislead. The main subject of our [work was certainly the study of Latin and Greek writings ; but it was something very different from the vulgar conception of " classics." We did something vastly better than that stylo of scholarship which Consists in quoting Horace and making Latin verses. The Oxford class of those days was got by taking up, in Greek and Latin writers, enough of several subjects to give every man the best possible start I in any one of them which he might choose to take up as the work of his future life. The system did not profess to turn out, at the age when men take their first degree, finished historians, finished philolo- gcrs, finished mental philosophers. A man was a fool if he fancied that he came out of the schools any one of those three. But though he did not come out any one of the three, he had gone through the beat pos- sible discipline towards some day making him any one of the three that he might most wish to be. He had learned enough of at least three subjects to enable him to choose among them, and the time that he bad given to the two which he did not choose was anything but thrown away. I have never carried mental philosophy further than was necessary in the schools. But I am thankful to have gone through a course which made me read Aristotle's Ethics and Butler's Sermons. Nay, I have felt the use even of the three books of Euclid that I took in for my Little-go. For they all helped to clear my mind, to give me the power of comparing and distinguishing, of seeing what is proof and what is not. As a preliminary course, a course leading to an imper- fect degree, the system was admirable. It may have needed a certain amount of expansion, bat it needed expansion only on its own linea. There was no need to sweep away a system which was really wide, really liberal, really leading to the highest culture, and to put in its stead every vagary of a narrow and deadening " specialism*" Still the system had its faults. It had two main faults. Admir- 820 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. able a« au examination for a first and imperfect degree, it wm made to be, what it was not suited to be, an examination for a secood and complete de^ee. That is to soy, it was not followed by any farther examination or other exercise for the degree of master of arts. This was one fault; the other was the existence of class-lists. To bavt class-lists, to make separate " honour *' schools, ia a confessioa tlut the mere degree is worth very little. In truth the standard for the ordinary degree was then, and I believe is now, pitched mo low that the mere degree is worth very little. But no academical degree ought to be worth very little ; the degree itself should be au Iuumhb; a sign of real proficiency. No one of course would propose that the standard for the ordinary degree should be pitched at the level of a first or even a second class. Eut it should be pitched r^rj mudi higher than it is now, high enough to make the mere winning of the degree a certain distinction. Thus the mischievoua excitemeet of class-lists might be got rid of, while the men who nowadays get the first classes might have another and more wholesotoe opportunity of distinguishing themselves. It is monshrooa that the degree of master of arts, with all the powers which it still confers, should be given at random to every one who can pass the lowest form of the examination for the bachelor's degree. The com- plete degree should have its own exercise in some shape or another; something, I should say, like the dissertations for the corresponding degree in Germany, the doctorate in philosophy. Here specialtHB might fairly come in ; let the choice of subjects be as wide m possible, consistent with their not being professional subjects. Histoiy^ language, mental science, mathematics, such branches of natural science as astronomy and geology, and any others which do not come too nearly to a professional character, would all be in pi Let real proficiency in any of them obtain the master's degree ; let no man receive it who cannot treat some subject or other in a scholarlike fashion. Of the endless changes of forty years, how the last traces of old system gradually gave way before the advancing tide of s(>ecialtsi it might be both profitable and interesting to trace the course ; bat so to do in detail would need a volume. I can here speak of a few main points only. The two great changes of the aystcm which OXFORD AFTER FORTY YEARS. Btl came into operation in 1853 were the division of the Public Exami* nation in the two schools of Literae Humaniores and Mathematics into a first and second examination, to be passed at two different times, and the addition of two new " final " schools, those of Natural Science and Law and Modern History. As Responsions were left, and as every man had to pass two " final " schools, each man had really to be examined four times. But by some singular arithmetic, Responsions not being counted, the second examination was called the first, and the third and fourth were both called the second. Moreover, as those who examined in Responsions were not called Examiners but Masters of the Schools, so those who examined in the first [second] examination were called, not Examiners but J/ocf^raiff/rs. It was "the First Public Examination before Moderators/' As no human creature could be ex- pected to use such a name in ordinary talk, this examination took from the officers engaged in it the slang name of " Moderations/' which, it is needless to say, is absolutely meaningless- But so necessary was some name that " Moderations '* has ceased to be slang, and is now used by the gravest speakers on the gravest occasions. In ordinary talk " Moderations " has become " Mods ; " but " Mods " is still thought beneath the dignity of debates in Congregation. I have known an orator speak of "Mods" and correct himself into "Modera- tions," as if " Moderations '' was not in itself just as much slang as " Mods." But the thing is more important than the name. The " First Public Examination," alias " Moderations," alias "Mods," is an exami- nation in Greek and Latin Literature; there are also Mathematical Moderations, with which I am not concerned. Here comes in the distinction between "Mods'* and "Greats." *' Greats/' so far as the name existed in my time, meant the Public Examination, as dis- tinguished from Responsions, Little-go, or Smalls ; now it seems, rather oddly, to mean the final school in Litem- Humaniores, as distinguished from the other final schools. The two new '* final " schools were those of Natural Science al Law and Modern History. But I fancy that not many people remem the form in which the fourth school was first proposed to Convocatioi The elder studies, it will be remembered, were mainly confined subjects studied in Greek and Latin authors, among which G history took a leading part. The course might very well have been expanded ; a wider choice of authors and periods might have beeu allowed ; something might have been done to break down the super- stition which with so many confines the study of the history and languages of Greece and Italy to a few arbitrarily chosen centuries of each. But in this direction nothing was done. Instead of it^ "Mod History " was set up as something distinct from " ancient/' aim hostile to " ancient.'' That " modern " history needed to be atudi in original authorities in exactly the same way and with quite much labour as ** ancient " did not come into the heads of the devi of the change. Their notion was to make an " easy " school for ricl men; "modern " history was an *' easy " study, which did uot no any Latin and Greek; modem books in English, or at most in Frenchj would be quite enough. But it was uot only " mode history." The school, in its first form, was one of " Modern Histo and the Cognate Sciences," the " cognate sciences " being pretty well any subject, not distinctly mathematical or physical, provided it was not studied in Greek or Latin writers. The school was a schoi of odds and ends, thrown together in a heap, because it was too mu book, was part of Liter a Human tores ; if studied in an English boo! trouble to classify them. Mental science, if studied in a Greei it was a " cognate science "" to " modem '' history. This schemod never took effect ; it was too much for the common sense of Convi cation. And I can truly say, when I look back on my legal colleagues in past times^ that the effect of their presence was much oftener good than bad. It waa bad with the gentleman who made the men say that William the Conqueror brought in the Feudal System at the Council of Salisbury ; it was good in the hands, to mention one only, ^of such a mail as Mr. Kenelm Digby, one of the foremost in a band ^■dost worthy of honour, those lawyers who are showing that the study ^K>f law may be made tlie best friend, instead of the worst enemy, of ^Pthe study of history. There is something to be said on both sides ; I but on the whole I rather regret the separation between the two which was made at a later time, because it has led to what I look on as the great mistake of setting np a professional school of law as one of the alternative paths to the B.A. degree. History constantly needs the help of law, often the help of the professional lawyer ; but law, as a subject for the B.A. degree, should be, as law from one side is, a branch of history. Of the other new school that was set up at the same time, that i^of Natural Science, I can say nothing, except that some branches ^■of what is called Natural Science are so closely connected with ^^ History that I should be well pleased to find some means of uniting ^^the two. Geology, Palseontology, Natural History in some of its ^■aspects, are distinctly historical studies, more nearly akin surely to (^History than to some other studies which go under the same name »fts themselves. In any case, both schools were new, and both had to •tmggle against the disadvantages of novelty ; the Law and History school had to struggle against the further disadvantage of being thought easy. But one very odd thing was that the new schools were often trotted out before the world as "lay studies," as opposed to the older schools of Litertv Humaniorcs and Mathematics. These last seem to have been looked on as specially clerical. How a school which was largely devoted to the doings of saints, popes, bishops, and heretics, was more " lay " than a school which had to deal almost wholly witli pagan matters, was somewhat mysterious. But 80 it was; the Examiners, lay or clerical, in the school of Litera Htimaniorea were trusted to examine in what was then called ** divinity ;" the Examiners in the school of Law and Modem History were not. But this first stage of change^ while it brought in new studies and new schools, did not make an .utter severance between them and the old. When the system of four schools first came in, 3k 2 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, trtxj man bad to pm in at least two, that of Littrit H\ and one other, Matbematics, Natanl Science, Lav and Modcra Hiatofjr. at pieassre. It waa a mott fatal chaoge when this pie- eoiineace of the achool of jLiier« HmmamoreB vas taken aw«j. I ksd myself^ in Kv^eral examiiieTshtps in the achocd of Law and Modcsa Hntoiy, the bcstopportanitiea of maxUog its effects. In the fir»t daji of the new achooh, the man who had taken the most triumphant 6at ciaaa in Liters Hmmamicrts had still at least to pass in one of the other three schools. Haring to paa% he retj oA«n pirefeiTed to rend far a daas im hia seocmd school Hence in thoae daja the most brilfiaat men in the Uairersitj eoQatantlj {bond their waj into tlve adkool of Law and Modem Histoej, to the great adrantage of the achool and of themadTe*. In the achool of Liters Huauouotes thej had gained a raioable amoaut of positive knowledge, and they had aho learned aomething of the art of using such knowledge as tbey had ; they had learned, what in an age of examinations is not to be despised, the art of being examined. There was all the difference in the world betwceu the men who came into the ModerQ History school from the hoooor school of Lit<r* Bmmmnwret and the men who had merdy passed in it. The former class were sometimes tempted to treat their Modem History work too much, as a Greek woald hare said, fr -wQpipy^t u ^ mere appendage to work which they dceaied more important, while with the latter their Modem Uiator7 woik was their chief object. Still the men who had gone *hry»gh whatever remnaots " Greats'' and "Mods" had kept of the •ooal discipline of the old schools were always the best And what waa more important than all, they did aomething of their ova aecord to remedy the frightful mistake of the system, that of making " Modem " HiMory a distinct business from *^ Anoeot." 8o it was in 1857-B and in 18G3-4. In 1873 I was Examiner again for • aingle tnm. 825 ^ » f Liters Humaniores, no longer obliged to pas« in a second school, seldom cared to go in for a class in a second school. The classmen in Alodern History were now almost wholly men who had not gone through the training of the elder school, and who did not bring with them the amouDt of historical knowledge which the elder school required. Up to that time the good sense of the men themselves had done something to lessen the evil of the fatal distinc- tion between " ancient'' and " modern" implied in the arrangement of the schools. Now there waa nothing to check it. The man who had got his class in LitcrfP Ilumaniores — the '' (J reals man ^' — bad no longer the same temptation as before to carry ou his historical studies further. The man who aimed at a class in the Modern History school — the "History man" — had no longer the same temptation as before to begin his historical studies earlier. From 185" to 1861 the ** Greats man" and the " History man" — I do not think the names were known then — were very largely the same person. In 1873 I found they had become distinct. So it is still. The " Greats man " is a inun who has read his Thncydides ; the " History man " is too often one who has not. The time that I examined in 1873, along with the present Bishop of Chester and Mr. Boase, was the last time when passmen and dassmen were examined at the same time and by the same Examiners. Why a change was made I never could imderstand. The pa.«8men have, I believe, vanished into the wonderful '* Groups" for which no names can be found, but ivhich have to be marked by letters. As for the classmen, in 1873 the Examiners still examined freely. Now there is a Board, and the Board has provided them with an elaborate system of" periods," " subjects," "books." what not, which makes the brain dizzy to look at it. The practical upshot of it all is that,in 1857-74, the tendency of the school was to the study of the earlier parts of so- called "Modern" history; men did build something as near to a founda- tion as the sad gap between "ancient" and "modern" would let them. Now the fashion is to run ofl' to the very latest times, to the French Revolution and times since the French Revolution. To say nothing of the impossibility of really understanding these late times without a grasp of the times before them, these late times, in themselves as im- portant, as worthy of deep and mature study, as any times that went before them, arc unfit for University study and examination. They are unfit, because of the lack of original authorities in the shape of books. For the French Revolution there is no Thucydides, no Procopius, no Matthew Paris. But so it is ; the Professor may gather round him a chosen few devoted to more solid work, and may do good work with them. But for the mass of " History men" he preaches in the wilderness. Those to whom the real teaching power of the Univer- sity has passed have settled matters otherwise. 826 THE CONTEMPORARY REVJEIV. Law and Modern History had been parted asunder before 1873. Since then the tendency has been more and more to what is called " specialism/' to divisions upon divisious, to multiplied schools and ex- aminations, to everything that can more and more split up the University into sections with different objects and studies, to everything that cstt more and more give the B.A. examination a special and professional cha- racter, to evcrytliing that can more and more take from it its old aad healthy nature as an examination in subjects good for men of all sorts. Every man who has a pet subject wishes for a separate scl for his pet subject. Every one who has a profession wishes to hi something specially done for his own profession. Every day a neiT -ology asks for a new school and new Examiners. As nobody but the particular -olo^t knows the meaning of the particular -ology, as of course " omne ignotum pro magnifico/' everybody is afraid to refua they might be called obscurantists or reactionaries, if they did ; thouj to the outsider it sometimes sounds as if we were asked to supply specialExaminers in Sicilian coins or in Proven9al commonwealths. Or day we arc asked to create a mysterious being called a master in si gery, another day we are asked to do something for solicitors who not care to learn Greek. Divide,dividc, is the cry; specialize, speciaJi^ let there be no time for general culture, for common study of kind ; lawyers, physicians, divines, none of them can wait to b» up the special learning of their several callings upon a gc common foundation ; they must rush at the business of their q\ callings from the very first. It is forgotten that the real business a first degree, an imperfect degree, is to be the badge, not so nnich o\ having learned this or that particular subject, as of having gone through a course of discipline which Mill stand a man in good stead ia the more mature study of any subject. And amid this rush aft professional studies, the older studies theriiselvcs are becoming pi iessional. I have heard the words "tutorial profession" — very ominoi words indeed. 827 whisper a doubt whether the University wanta men who come merely to work at their own professions, and not to seek general culture of any kind. It must be only in the same whisper that one cau venture to hint that the old distinction of Greek and barbarian is not yet worn out, and that the knowledge of the most perfect form of human speech is still the test which parts off the cultured man from the uncultured. It may be less dangerous to call atten- tion to the fact that the average age of admission to the University has advanced a year since my day, and full two years since the beginning of the century. I am sure this is no gain in any point of view. It is said to be somehow in the interests of schools and schoolmasters. And that is a very great and formidable interest. Ever and anon one hears of a synod of school masters, who seem to meet to teach, not only the Universities but all mankind, how they ought to behave. A year or two back I read a most wonderful paper signed by eight schoolmasters. It took for granted, as a physical law of the Universe, that no one could enter the University till he was nineteen. It deplored the sad fate of certain youths, who by some unhappy chance got scholarships before they were eighteen.
| 22,190 |
https://github.com/larowlan/dogit/blob/master/src/Listeners/PatchToBranch/Filter/ByLastOption.php
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
dogit
|
larowlan
|
PHP
|
Code
| 83 | 319 |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace dogit\Listeners\PatchToBranch\Filter;
use dogit\DrupalOrg\Objects\DrupalOrgPatch;
use dogit\Events\PatchToBranch\FilterEvent;
/**
* Removes all previously filtered patches leaving only the last patch.
*/
final class ByLastOption
{
public function __invoke(FilterEvent $event): void
{
if (!$event->options->onlyLastPatch) {
return;
}
$event->logger->info('Removing all patches except the last.');
$patches = $event->getPatches();
if (count($patches) <= 1) {
return;
}
$lastPatch = array_pop($patches);
$event->setPatches([$lastPatch]);
$removedCommentIds = array_map(fn (DrupalOrgPatch $patch): int => $patch->getParent()->getSequence(), $patches);
$event->logger->info(sprintf(
'Filtered patches for comments %s leaving patch for comment %d.',
implode(', ', $removedCommentIds),
$lastPatch->getParent()->getSequence(),
));
}
}
| 32,982 |
US-201515126621-A_3
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,318 | 11,795 |
<Average Height and Average Base Diameter of Convex Part>
In a SEM image obtained by photographing the resin particle at a magnification ratio of not less than 10,000 using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and connected with a line segment were two points at which the convex part boundary in the peripheral part and the spherical part boundary intersected with each other in the resin particle. The distance between the line segment and a top convex part of the convex part was defined as a height, and the length of the line segment (the distance between the two points at which the convex part boundary and the spherical part boundary intersected with each other) was measured as a base diameter. The heights and base diameters of 50 convex parts were measured per one kind of resin particle, and averaged to obtain the average height and average base diameter of the convex part of the resin particle.
<Number of Convex Part>
The number of the convex part on the resin particle was measured by photographing the resin particle at a magnification ratio of not less than 3,000 using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The number of the convex part of five resin particles per one kind of resin particle was measured, averaged, and doubled to obtain the number of the convex part per one resin particle.
<Number Density of Convex Part>
A scanning electron microscope photograph obtained at a magnification ratio of not less than 10,000 was used, and a caliper diameter calculation tool provided with the device was used. The diameter of the spherical part or the diameter including the spherical part and a peripheral layer was calculated. The number density of the convex part was calculated by dividing the number of the convex part per one resin particle by the surface area of the spherical part (the square of 4×π×the radius of the spherical part) or the surface area of the peripheral layer (the square of 4×π×(the total of the radius of the spherical part and thickness of the peripheral layer)).
<Variation Index of Convex Part Between Particles>
Regarding five resin particles, the number of the convex part per one particle was calculated to derive the standard deviation between them, thereby obtaining the variation index of the convex part between particles according to the following formula. Variation index of protrusion between particles=(standard deviation of number of convex part for five particles)/(average number of convex part per one resin particle) <Variation Index of Convex Part on Single Particle>
When a particle was viewed on an orthographic protrusion plane, two lines normal to each other at the center of the particle were drawn, to divide the particle into four divisions. The number of the convex part was measured for each division, and the standard deviation of the number of the protrusion in one particle was calculated. For one kind of resin particle, the number of the convex part of five resin particles was measured, and the average value of the standard deviations was calculated. The variation index of protrusion on the single particle was calculated according to the following formula. Variation index of protrusion on single particle=(standard deviation of convex part per one resin particle)/(average number of convex part per one resin particle) <Contact Angle when Convex Part is Assumed to be Droplet with Respect to Spherical Part>
The cross-section of the resin particle was photographed at a magnification ratio of not less than 10,000 using a scanning transmission electron microscope, and the angle between the convex part boundary and the spherical part boundary was defined as a contact angle. Furthermore, the contact angles of 10 or more convex parts for one kind of resin particle were measured and averaged, and the averaged value was defined as a contact angle when the convex part of the resin particle was assumed to be a droplet with respect to the spherical part.
<Protrusion Falling Test>
Toluene (25 parts) was added to 1 part of resin particles, and 250 parts of zirconia beads having a diameter of 1 mm were further added. Dispersion was performed for 10 minutes at 200 rpm using two stainless steel stirring blades. After the dispersion treatment, the dispersion liquid was made to pass through a metal sieve having a mesh size of 500 μm to remove the zirconia beads. The resin particle was taken out by filtering using a membrane filter (3.0 μm; manufactured by ADVANTEC Co., Ltd.), and dried.
The obtained particles were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the number of protrusion was calculated for the five particles. The falling property of the protrusion was determined according to the following criteria from the average number of protrusion per particle after and before the treatment.
The case where the value of (average number of protrusion per particle after treatment)/(average number of protrusion per particle before treatment) exceeded 0.9 was evaluated as “◯”, and the case where the value was not more than 0.9 was evaluated as “x”.
<Melting Point Measuring Method>
A glass plate on which particles were sprayed was placed in a heating furnace that is heated to a predetermined temperature, and heat-treated for 60 minutes. The particle after and before the heat treatment was observed by SEM, and a temperature was defined as the melting point of the peripheral part at which the shape of the contact point of the particle and glass plate was changed.
<Number Average Particle Diameter of Conductive Microparticle and Film Thickness of Conductive Metal Layer>
The number average particle diameter X (μm) of 3000 substrate particles (resin particles) and the number average particle diameter Y (μm) of 3000 conductive microparticles were measured using a flow type particle image analyzer (“FPIA (registered trademark)-3000” manufactured by Sysmex Corporation). The measurement was performed after 17.5 parts of a 1.4% aqueous solution of polyoxy ethylene oleyl ether (“Emulgen (registered trademark) 430” manufactured by Kao Corporation) as an emulsifier was added to 0.25 parts of the particles, and the particles were ultrasonically dispersed for 10 minutes. The film thickness of the conductive metal layer was calculated according to the following formula. Film thickness of conductive metal layer (μm)=(Y−X)/2 <Conductivity Evaluation>
Using the conductive microparticles obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples, anisotropic conductive materials (anisotropic conductive pastes) were produced by the following method. The presence or absence of indentation formation and an initial resistance value were evaluated by the following method. The evaluation results of the initial resistance value and indentation are shown in Table 5.
That is, using a rotation revolution type stirrer, 100 parts of an epoxy resin (“STRUCT BOND (registered trademark) XN-5A” manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.) as a binder resin were added to 2.0 parts of conductive microparticles, and the conductive microparticles were stirred and dispersed for 10 minutes, to obtain a conductive paste.
The obtained anisotropic conductive paste was sandwiched between a glass substrate on which ITO electrodes were formed at pitches of 100 μm and a glass substrate on which aluminum patterns were formed at pitches of 100 μm. The glass substrates were thermocompression-bonded under pressure bonding conditions of 2 MPa and 150° C., and the binder resin was allowed to cure to obtain a connection structure.
The initial resistance value between the electrodes of the obtained connection structure was measured. The case where the initial resistance value was less than 5Ω was evaluated as “very good”; the case where the initial resistance value was not less than 5Ω and less than 10Ω was evaluated as “good”; the case where the initial resistance value was not less than 10Ω and less than 15Ω was evaluated as “average”; and the case where the initial resistance value was not less than 15Ω was evaluated as “poor”.
2. Production of Resin Particle
The abbreviations and solubility parameters of monomers used to produce the resin particle are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Solubility Parameter compound name abbreviations ((cal/cm³)^(1/2)) 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane MPTMS 8.89 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane APTMS 8.89 vinyltrimethoxysilane VTMS 7.50 n-butyl methacrylate nBMA 9.15 methyl methacrylate MMA 9.41 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate HEMA 12.47 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate 16HXA 10.03 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate 16HX 9.89 cyclohexyl methacrylate CHMA 9.93 stylene St 9.24 divinylbenzene DVB 9.28 neopentylglycol dimethacrylate NPGDMA 9.78 methacrylic acid MAA 10.73 2-1. Production of Core Particle
Synthetic Example 1
In a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port placed were 1000 parts of ion exchange water, 3 parts of 25% ammonia water, and 600 parts of methanol. MPTMS (“KBM503” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) (100 parts) was added as a core monomer component (core silane monomer) from the dripping port under stirring to subject MPTMS to a hydrolysis and condensation reactions, thereby preparing an emulsion containing a polysiloxane particle (polymerizable polysiloxane particle) as a seed particle having a methacryloyl group. The obtained emulsion containing the polysiloxane particle was sampled after 2 hours had elapsed since the initiation of the reaction, and the particle diameter was measured. The volume average particle diameter was 6.06 μm.
Then, to a solution obtained by dissolving 50 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt (“Hitenol (registered trademark) NF-08” manufactured by Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) as an emulsifier in 2000 parts of ion exchange water, a solution obtained by dissolving 850 parts of nBMA, 850 parts of MMA, 150 parts of HEMA, and 150 parts of 16HXA as a core monomer component (core vinyl monomer), and 42 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (“V-65” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were added for emulsification and dispersion, to prepare an emulsified liquid containing the core monomer component (core vinyl monomer).
The obtained emulsified liquid was added to the emulsion containing the polysiloxane particle, and these were stirred for 1 hour. Then 840 parts of 10% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol and 2000 parts of ion exchange water were further added to prepare a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 65° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and held for 2 hours, to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization. The emulsion after the radical polymerization was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a cake. The obtained cake was washed with ion exchange water and methanol, and then vacuum-dried at 40° C. for 12 hours to obtain a core particle 1. The particle diameter, variation coefficient (CV value), and degree of crosslinking of the core particle 1 were shown in Table 2.
Synthetic Examples 2 to 9
Core particles 2 to 9 were obtained in the same manner as in Synthetic Example 1 except that the amounts of a core silane monomer, ion exchange water, methanol, and ammonia water were appropriately changed to produce polysiloxane particles (seed particles) having an average particle diameter according to volumetric basis as shown in Table 2, and the kind and use amount of the core vinyl monomer were changed as shown in Table 2. The particle diameters, variation coefficients (CV values), and degrees of crosslinking of the core particles 2 to 9 were shown in Table 2.
Synthetic Example 10
To a solution obtained by dissolving 50 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt (“Hitenol (registered trademark) NF-08” manufactured by Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) as an emulsifier in 2000 parts of ion exchange water in a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port, a solution obtained by dissolving 100 parts of MPTMS, 850 parts of nBMA, and 850 parts of MMA, 150 parts of HEMA, 150 parts of 16HXA as a core monomer composition (a core vinyl monomer and a core silane monomer), and 42 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (“V-65” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added for suspension, to prepare an suspension liquid containing a monomer component.
Further, 840 parts of a 10% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol and 6000 parts of ion exchange water were added to produce a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 65° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 2 hours, to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization. The suspension after the radical polymerization was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a cake. The obtained cake was washed with ion exchange water and methanol, and then vacuum-dried at 40° C. for 12 hours to obtain a core particle 10. Furthermore, classification was performed using meshes having mesh sizes of 17 μm and 24 μm to obtain a core particle 11. The particle diameters, variation coefficients (CV value), and degrees of crosslinking of the core particles 10 and 11 were shown in Table 2.
Synthetic Example 11
A core particle 12 was obtained in the same manner as in Synthetic Example 10 (core particle 10) except that the kind and use amount of a core monomer composition were changed as shown in Table 2. Furthermore, classification was performed using meshes having mesh sizes of 8 μm and 15 μm to obtain a core particle 13. The particle diameters, variation coefficients (CV value), and degrees of crosslinking of the core particles 12 and 13 were shown in Table 2. The particle diameter before the classification was 12.84 μm, and the variation coefficient (CV value) was 30.7%.
Synthetic Example 12
A core particle 14 was obtained in the same manner as in Synthetic Example 1 except that the amounts of a core silane monomer, ion exchange water, methanol, and ammonia water were appropriately changed to produce a polysiloxane particle (seed particle), and the kind and use amount of the core vinyl monomer were changed as shown in Table 2. The core particle 14 was as shown in Table 2.
Synthetic Example 13
In a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port placed were 1000 parts of ion exchange water, 3 parts of 25% ammonia water, and 600 parts of methanol. MPTMS (“KBM503” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)(40.7 parts) and 59.3 parts of VTMS (“KBM1003” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a core monomer component (core silane monomer) were added from the dripping port under stirring, and MPTMS and VTMS were subjected to a hydrolysis and condensation reactions, thereby preparing an emulsion containing a polysiloxane particle (polymerizable polysiloxane particle) as a seed particle having a methacryloyl group and a vinyl group. The obtained emulsion containing the polysiloxane particle was sampled after 2 hours had elapsed since the initiation of the reaction, and the particle diameter was measured. The volume average particle diameter was 2.36 μm.
Then, to a solution obtained by dissolving 2.5 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt (“Hitenol (registered trademark) NF-08” manufactured by Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) as an emulsifier in 50 parts of ion exchange water, a solution obtained by dissolving 50 parts of DVB (“DVB960” manufactured by NIPPON STEEL & SUMIKIN CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) as a core monomer component (core vinyl monomer) and 1.6 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (“V-65” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added for emulsification and dispersion, to prepare an emulsified liquid A containing the core monomer component (core vinyl monomer).
Then, to a solution obtained by dissolving 0.4 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt (“Hitenol (registered trademark) NF-08” manufactured by Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) as an emulsifier in 15 parts of ion exchange water, 15 parts of CHMA as a core monomer component (core vinyl monomer) was added for emulsification and dispersion, to prepare an emulsified liquid B containing the core monomer component (core vinyl monomer).
The obtained emulsified liquid A was added to the emulsion containing the polysiloxane particle, and these were stirred for 1 hour. Then 8.3 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt (“Hitenol (registered trademark) NF-08” manufactured by Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) was further added to produce a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 65° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 1 hour, and an emulsified liquid B was then added to prepare a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 65° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 2 hours to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization.
The emulsion after the radical polymerization was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a cake. The obtained cake was washed with ion exchange water and methanol, and then vacuum-dried at 120° C. for 2 hours to obtain a core particle 15. The volume average particle diameter, variation coefficient (CV value), and degree of crosslinking of the core particle 15 were shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 core monomer composition core particle core core degree of core silane monomer core vinyl monomer diameter CV value crosslinking No. (parts by mass) (parts by mass) (μm) (%) (%) Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/MMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 18.34 2.8 11.9 Example 1 particle 1 850/850/150/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/MMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 9.30 3.3 11.9 Example 2 particle 2 850/850/150/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 St/DVB = 20.41 2.4 26.7 Example 3 particle 3 440/60 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 19.33 3.4 40.5 Example 4 particle 4 1100/750/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/MMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 19.24 6.2 11.9 Example 5 particle 5 850/850/150/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 20.01 4.1 13.6 Example 6 particle 6 1665/185/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 18.50 3.4 59.5 Example 7 particle 7 700/1150/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/MMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 4.37 5.2 11.9 Example 8 particle 8 850/850/150/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 CHMA/1.6HX/HEMA = 19.75 8.1 13.6 Example 9 particle 9 1665/185/150 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 nBMA/MMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 21.81 47.7 11.9 Example 10 particle 10 850/850/150/150 core 20.52 7.5 11.9 particle 11 Synthetic core 0 nBMA/MMA/1.6HXA/HEMA = 12.84 30.7 7.5 Example 11 particle 12 850/850/150/150 core 11.82 6.2 7.5 particle 13 Synthetic core MPTMS = 100 CHMA/1.6HX/HEMA = 2.97 3.9 66.7 Example 12 particle 14 59.2/33.3/7.5 Synthetic core MPTMS/ DVB/CHMA = 50/15 3.01 2.6 90.9 Example 13 particle 15 VTMS = 40.7/59.3 2-2. Production of Resin Particle
Production Example 1
In a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port mixed were 525 parts of methanol, 1050 parts of ion exchange water, 1.4 parts of a 25% ammonia water, 17.5 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt, and core particles 1 (70 parts) were dispersed. MPTMS (7.0 parts) was then added as a shell monomer component (shell silane monomer), and these were stirred for 2 hours, to prepare a core particle dispersion liquid. Production Examples 2 to 8, 10 to 13, 16, 17, 19 to 25
As shown in Table 3 or 4, resin particles (2) to (8), (10) to (13), (16), (17), and (19) to (25) were obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1 except that a core particle, a shell silane monomer, a shell vinyl monomer, a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt used for an emulsified liquid containing a shell monomer component (shell vinyl monomer) (described as a “surfactant aqueous solution” in Table), and Kayanol Milling 4GW were used.
Production Example 9
In a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port, mixed were 525 parts of methanol, 1050 parts of ion exchange water, 1.4 parts of 25% ammonia water, and 17.5 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt. After core particles 3 (70 parts) were dispersed, VTMS (14.0 parts) was then added as a shell monomer component (shell silane monomer), and these were stirred for 2 hours, to prepare a core particle dispersion liquid. A solution obtained by dissolving 0.4 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (“V-65” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in 4 parts of methanol was added to produce a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 65° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 2 hours, to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization. The emulsion after the radical polymerization was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a cake. The obtained cake was washed with ion exchange water and methanol, and then vacuum-dried at 40° C. for 12 hours to obtain a resin particle (9).
Production Examples 14, 15, and 18
Resin particles (14), (15), and (18) were obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 9 except that a core particle as shown in Table 3 was used, and a monomer kind as shown in Table 3 was used as a shell silane monomer with the use amount as shown in Table 3.
Production Example 26
In a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port, mixed were 80 parts of ethanol, 30 parts of ion exchange water, and 3.6 parts of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (“PVP K-30” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and core particles 2 (30 parts) were dispersed. A solution obtained by mixing 0.03 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) (“V-59” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), 0.6 parts of NPGDMA, and 2.4 parts of St was then added to produce a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 70° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 5 hours, to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization. The emulsion after the radical polymerization was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a cake. The obtained cake was washed with ion exchange water and methanol, and then vacuum-dried at 40° C. for 12 hours to obtain a resin particle (26).
Production Example 27
A resin particle (27) was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 26 except that a core particle as shown in Table 4 was used.
Production Example 28
The temperature of a solution obtained by adding 1000 parts of ion exchange water, 95 parts of St, and 5 parts of MAA in a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port, and mixing these was increased to 70° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution obtained by mixing 0.8 parts of ammonium persulfate and 100 parts of ion exchange water was then introduced, to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization for 8 hours. The emulsion after the radical polymerization was powderized by spray dry, to obtain a 300-nm small particle. The obtained small particle (10 parts) and 9100 parts of a core particle were composited by hybridization, to obtain a resin particle (28).
Production Example 29
In a 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a thermometer, and a dripping port mixed were 364 parts of methanol, 1456 parts of ion exchange water, 4.4 parts of 25% ammonia water, and 17.5 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt. After core particles 14 (70 parts) were dispersed, 14.0 parts of MPTMS was added as a shell monomer component (shell silane monomer), and these were stirred for 2 hours, to prepare a core particle dispersion liquid. To a solution obtained by dissolving 0.2 parts of the 20% aqueous solution of a polyoxy ethylene styrenated phenyl ether sulfate ester ammonium salt in 100 parts of ion exchange water, a solution obtained by dissolving 7.0 parts of DVB (“DVB960” manufactured by NIPPON STEEL & SUMIKIN CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) as a shell monomer component (shell vinyl monomer) and 2.1 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (“V-65” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added. An emulsified liquid containing the emulsified and dispersed shell monomer component (shell vinyl monomer) was added to the core particle dispersion liquid, and these were stirred for 1 hour. Then, 21.0 parts of a 10% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol was added to produce a reaction liquid. The temperature of the reaction liquid was increased to 65° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 2 hours, to subject the monomer component to radical polymerization. The emulsion after the radical polymerization was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a cake. The obtained cake was washed with ion exchange water and methanol, and then vacuum-dried at 80° C. for 4 hours to obtain a resin particle (29).
Production Example 30
A resin particle (30) was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 29 except that a core particle as shown in Table 4 was used; the use amount of a monomer kind as shown in Table 4 was used as a shell silane monomer; the use amount of a monomer kind as shown in Table 4 was used as a shell vinyl monomer; and drying treatment was changed to a firing treatment for 1 hour at 280° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere.
A mass ratio between the core monomer composition and the shell silane monomer (shell silane monomer/core monomer composition), a mass ratio between the shell vinyl monomer and the shell silane monomer (shell vinyl monomer/shell silane monomer), the solubility parameter SP_(core) of the core monomer composition, the difference ΔSP between the solubility parameter of the shell silane monomer and the solubility parameter of the core monomer composition (shell silane monomer−core monomer composition) in Production Examples 1 to 30 are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Regarding each of the obtained resin particles (1) to (30), the results of the volume average particle diameter, variation coefficient (CV value), number density of the convex part, average height of the convex part, average base diameter of the convex part, ratio between the height of the convex part and the base (height/base), ratio between the height of the convex part and the volume average particle diameter of the resin particle (height/resin particle diameter), product of the height of the convex part and base of the convex part (height×base), number of the convex part per one resin particle, number (convex part density) of the convex part per surface area of 1 μm² of the spherical part, surface area of the spherical part (spherical part surface area), contact angle (contact angle) when the convex part is assumed to be a droplet with respect to the spherical part, protrusion falling test, and melting point measurement of the peripheral part are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
TABLE 3 production example 1 2 3 4 5 resin particle No. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) core core particle No. 1 2 SP_(CORE) (cal/cm³)^(1/2) 9.54 9.54 shell composition silane MPTMS parts 7 14 35 5.4 5.4 monomer APTMS parts VTMS parts vinyl MAA parts monomer CHMA parts NPGDMA parts 16HXA parts St parts 30.8 61.6 154.0 23.7 47.4 DVB parts 4.2 8.4 21.0 3.2 6.5 additives aqueous solution of surfactant parts 0.9 1.8 4.4 0.7 1.3 dispersing auxiliary agent parts 0.04 0.08 0.21 0.03 0.06 ratio shell silane monomer/core 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.08 0.08 monomer composition shell vinyl monomer/shell 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 silane monomer ΔSP (cal/cm³)^(1/2) −0.65 −0.65 −0.65 −0.65 −0.65 resin average diameter μm 20.90 23.06 26.40 10.57 11.45 particle CV value % 6.6 2.5 3.8 3.7 3.1 spherical part surface area μm² 1056 1056 1056 272 272 peripheral part convex average height μm 0.14 0.69 2.07 0.06 0.14 part average base diameter μm 0.29 1.25 4.04 0.18 0.38 average height/average 0.480 0.550 0.510 0.330 0.370 base diameter average height/resin 0.007 0.030 0.078 0.006 0.012 particle diameter average height * μm² 0.04 0.87 8.35 0.01 0.05 average base diameter contact angle ° 68 79 57 63 60 number per one resin particle number/ 2907 883 83 1552 1712 one particle number density numer/μm² 2.75 0.84 0.08 5.71 6.30 variation index (between particles) 4.7 3.0 10.3 3.1 1.0 vatiation index (on single particle) 0.3 0.8 2.0 0.8 0.6 melting point ° C. 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ result of protrusion falling test ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ production example 6 7 8 9 10 resin particle No. (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) core core particle No. 2 3 4 SP_(CORE) (cal/cm³)^(1/2) 9.54 9.22 9.68 shell composition silane MPTMS parts 5.4 5.4 14 14 monomer APTMS parts VTMS parts 14 vinyl MAA parts — monomer CHMA parts — NPGDMA parts — 16HXA parts — St parts 66.4 99.6 61.6 — 61.6 DVB parts 9.1 13.6 8.4 — 8.4 additives aqueous solution of surfactant parts 1.9 2.8 1.8 — 1.8 dispersing auxiliary agent parts 0.08 0.12 0.08 — 0.08 ratio shell silane monomer/core 0.08 0.08 0.20 0.20 0.20 monomer composition shell vinyl monomer/shell 14.0 21.0 5.0 — 5.0 silane monomer ΔSP (cal/cm³)^(1/2) −0.65 −0.65 −0.33 −1.72 −0.79 resin average diameter μm 12.06 12.92 23.13 20.63 22.78 particle CV value % 3.6 4.2 7.2 1.5 8.2 spherical part surface area μm² 272 272 — 1308 1173 peripheral part convex average height μm 0.40 1.18 — 0.55 2.93 part average base diameter μm 1.97 5.84 — 1.53 7.95 average height/average 0.200 0.200 — 0.360 0.370 base diameter average height/resin 0.033 0.091 — 0.027 0.128 particle diameter average height * μm² 0.79 6.89 — 0.84 23.25 average base diameter contact angle ° 29 17 — 54 41 number per one resin particle number/ 51 10 — 444 29 one particle number density numer/μm² 0.19 0.04 — 0.34 0.02 variation index (between particles) 9.7 9.8 — 9.3 13.7 vatiation index (on single particle) 1.8 3.5 — 1.5 6.2 melting point ° C. 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ result of protrusion falling test ◯ ◯ — ◯ ◯ production example 11 12 13 14 15 resin particle No. (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) core core particle No. 4 5 SP_(CORE) (cal/cm³)^(1/2) 9.68 9.54 shell composition silane MPTMS parts 7 14 14 14 14 monomer APTMS parts VTMS parts vinyl MAA parts — — monomer CHMA parts 61.6 — — NPGDMA parts — — 16HXA parts 8.4 — — St parts 30.8 — — DVB parts 4.2 70.0 — — additives aqueous solution of surfactant parts 0.9 1.8 1.8 — — dispersing auxiliary agent parts 0.04 0 0 — — ratio shell silane monomer/core 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 monomer composition shell vinyl monomer/shell 5.0 5.0 5.0 — — silane monomer ΔSP (cal/cm³)^(1/2) −0.79 −0.79 −0.79 −0.79 −0.65 resin average diameter μm 21.65 21.85 22.05 19.68 19.27 particle CV value % 7.6 8.8 3.8 3.1 3.6 spherical part surface area μm² 1173 1173 1173 1173 1162 peripheral part convex average height μm 1.30 2.79 3.61 0.57 0.28 part average base diameter μm 4.65 6.10 7.24 1.07 0.65 average height/average 0.280 0.460 0.500 0.530 0.430 base diameter average height/resin 0.060 0.128 0.164 0.029 0.015 particle diameter average height * μm² 6.04 17.00 26.10 0.60 0.18 average base diameter contact angle ° 38 58 57 80 70 number per one resin particle number/ 80 35 20 752 1323 one particle number density numer/μm² 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.64 1.14 variation index (between particles) 8.1 12.3 19.1 1.1 13.8 vatiation index (on single particle) 1.8 2.5 2.8 0.7 2.4 melting point ° C. 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ result of protrusion falling test ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
TABLE 4 production example 16 17 18 19 20 21 resin particle No. (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) core core particle No. 6 7 8 9 SP_(CORE) (cal/cm³)^(1/2) 9.47 9.86 9.54 10.04 shell composition silane MPTMS parts 14 14 14 2.1 1.4 monomer APTMS parts VTMS parts 14 vinyl MAA parts — monomer CHMA parts — NPGDMA parts — 16HXA parts — St parts 61.6 61.6 — 61.6 9.2 6.2 DVB parts 8.4 8.4 — 8.4 1.3 0.8 additives aqueous solution of surfactant parts 1.8 1.8 — 1.8 0.3 0.2 dispersing auxiliary agent parts 0.08 0.08 — 0.08 0.01 0.01 ratio shell silane monomer/core 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.03 0.02 monomer composition shell vinyl monomer/shell 5.0 5.0 — 5.0 5.0 5.0 silane monomer ΔSP (cal/cm³)^(1/2) −0.58 −0.97 −2.36 −0.65 −2.54 −2.54 resin average diameter μm 24.92 22.09 18.50 5.48 20.32 20.12 particle CV value % 2.6 7.4 4.1 3.8 6.8 6.2 spherical part surface area μm² 1257 1075 1075 60 1225 — peripheral part convex average height μm 0.43 3.89 0.23 0.50 0.16 — part average base diameter μm 1.28 6.94 0.49 1.50 0.53 — average height/average 0.340 0.560 0.470 0.340 0.300 — base diameter average height/resin 0.017 0.176 0.012 0.092 0.008 — particle diameter average height * μm² 0.55 27.00 0.11 0.76 0.08 — average base diameter contact angle ° 60 65 84 44 65 — number per one number/ 697 24 2050 36 1945 — resin particle one particle number density numer/μm² 0.55 0.02 1.91 0.59 1.59 — variation index 13.6 15.8 9.5 11.2 5.0 — (between particles) vatiation index 3.8 5.2 0.4 2.5 0.6 — (on single particle) melting point ° C. 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ result of protrusion falling test ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ — production example 22 23 24 25 26 resin particle No. (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) core core particle No. 10 11 12 13 2 SP_(CORE) (cal/cm³)^(1/2) 9.54 9.54 9.56 9.56 9.54 shell composition silane MPTMS parts 14 14 14 14 monomer APTMS parts VTMS parts vinyl MAA parts monomer CHMA parts NPGDMA parts 10.0 16HXA parts St parts 61.6 61.6 61.6 61.6 40.0 DVB parts 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 additives aqueous solution of surfactant parts 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 — dispersing auxiliary agent parts 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 — ratio shell silane monomer/core 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 — monomer composition shell vinyl monomer/shell 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 — silane monomer ΔSP (cal/cm³)^(1/2) −0.65 −0.65 −0.67 −0.67 — resin average diameter μm 27.79 25.50 16.65 15.42 9.62 particle CV value % 40.2 7.3 31.1 6.6 2.4 spherical surface area μm² 1494 1322 518 439 272 part peripheral convex average height μm 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.08 part part average base diameter μm 0.87 0.81 0.45 0.39 0.08 average height/average 0.300 0.270 0.470 0.490 1.000 base diameter average height/resin 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.012 0.008 particle diameter average height * μm² 0.23 0.18 0.09 0.07 0.01 average base diameter contact angle ° 57 53 83 80 175 number per one resin particle number/ 1563 1542 3009 2967 2 one particle number density numer/μm² 1.05 1.17 5.81 6.76 0.01 variation index 2.0 1.9 8.7 8.9 43.5 (between particles) vatiation index — — — — 15.0 (on single particle) melting point ° C. 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ result of protrusion falling test ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ X production example 27 28 29 30 resin particle No. (27) (28) (29) (30) core core particle No. 9 14 15 SP_(CORE) (cal/cm³)^(1/2) 10.04 10.03 9.81 shell composition silane MPTMS parts 14 monomer APTMS parts 14 VTMS parts vinyl MAA parts 10.0 monomer CHMA parts NPGDMA parts 10.0 16HXA parts St parts 40.0 90.0 DVB parts 7.0 7.0 additives aqueous solution of surfactant parts — — 0.2 0.2 dispersing auxiliary agent parts — — — — ratio shell silane monomer/core — — 0.20 0.20 monomer composition shell vinyl monomer/shell — — 0.5 0.5 silane monomer ΔSP (cal/cm³)^(1/2) — — −1.15 −0.92 resin average diameter μm 20.35 20.20 3.16 3.16 particle CV value % 4.6 6.7 4.2 2.3 spherical part surface area μm² 1225 1225 28 28 peripheral part convex average height μm 0.12 0.30 0.50 0.39 part average base diameter μm 0.12 0.30 1.37 1.33 average height/average 1.000 1.000 0.360 0.290 base diameter average height/resin 0.006 0.015 0.158 0.123 particle diameter average height * μm² 0.01 0.09 0.69 0.52 average base diameter contact angle ° 172 178 36 31 number per one resin particle number/ 4 15 24 23 one particle number density numer/μm² 0.00 0.01 0.87 0.81 variation index (between particles) 35.2 38.4 11.8 6.7 vatiation index (on single particle) 16.5 18.9 6.0 4.8 melting point ° C. 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ 250≦ result of protrusion falling test X X ◯ ◯
As a result of the scanning transmission electron microscope observation, the resin particles obtained in Production Examples 1 to 7, 9 to 20, 22 to 25, 29 and 30 found to have a spherical part and a plurality of convex part formed on the surface of the spherical part, and the boundary between the convex and the spherical parts was swollen to the convex part side, which was resistant to the detachment of the convex part. The spherical part boundary was continuous without having an inflection point regardless of the presence or absence of the convex part. The contact angle when the convex part was assumed to be the droplet with respect to the spherical part was about 17 degrees to about 84 degrees. Furthermore, as apparent from FIGS. Examples 1 to 23 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5
A palladium nucleus was formed by a method including subjecting a resin particle as a substrate to an etching treatment using sodium hydroxide, thereafter bringing the resin particle into contact with a tin dichloride solution to perform sensitizing, and then immersing the resin particle in a palladium dichloride solution to perform activating (sensitizing-activation method). Next, 2 parts of the resin particle on which the palladium nucleus was formed were added to 400 parts of ion exchange water, and the ion exchange water was subjected to an ultrasonic dispersion treatment to obtain a resin particle suspension. The obtained resin particle suspension was warmed at 70° C. in a hot bath. By separately adding 600 parts of an electroless plating liquid (“SUMMER 5680” manufactured by Japan Kanigen Co., Ltd.) warmed to 70° C. to the suspension in a state where the suspension was warmed thus, an electroless nickel plating reaction was produced. After the generation completion of hydrogen gas was confirmed, solid-liquid separation was performed. The obtained solid was washed with ion exchange water and methanol in this order, and then vacuum-dried at 100° C. for 2 hours to obtain a particle to which a nickel plating was applied. Then, the obtained nickel plated particle was added to a substitution gold plating liquid containing gold cyanide potassium, and a gold plating was further applied to the surface of a nickel layer to obtain a conductive microparticle.
The results of the contact angle of the convex part of the substrate particle (resin particle), film thickness of the conductive metal layer, and conductive evaluation of each of the obtained conductive microparticles were shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5 resin contact angle thickness of particle of convex part conductive metal conductivity No. (°) layer (nm) evaluation Example 1 (1) 68 100 very good Example 2 (2) 79 100 verygood Example 3 (3) 57 100 verygood Example 4 (4) 63 100 very good Example 5 (5) 60 100 verygood Example 6 (6) 29 100 average Example 7 (7) 17 100 average Comparative (8) — 100 poor Example 1 Example 8 (9) 54 100 very good Example 9 (10) 41 100 good Example 10 (11) 38 100 good Example 11 (12) 58 100 very good Example 12 (13) 57 100 very good Example 13 (14) 80 100 very good Example 14 (15) 70 100 very good Example 15 (16) 60 100 very good Example 16 (17) 65 100 very good Example 17 (18) 84 100 very good Example 18 (19) 44 100 good Example 19 (20) 65 100 very good Comparative (21) — 100 poor Example 2 Example 20 (23) 53 100 very good Example 21 (25) 80 100 very good Comparative (26) 175 100 poor Example 3 Comparative (27) 172 100 poor Example 4 Comparative (28) 178 100 poor Example 5 Example 22 (29) 36 100 very good Example 23 (30) 31 100 very good
The substrate particle (resin particle) had a plurality of convex part, and the conductive microparticle of each of Examples 1 to 23 had excellent conductivity when the conductive microparticle was made of an anisotropic conductive material. As the contact angle of the convex part increased in the range of not more than 90 degrees, the conductivity tended to be excellent. On the other hand, Comparative Examples 1 and 2 using the substrate particle (resin particle) having no convex part and Comparative Examples 3 to 5 in which the curvature center of the boundary between the peripheral and the spherical parts did not exist in the spherical part tended to cause the detachment of the convex part when the conductive microparticle was made of the anisotropic conductive material, and the conductivity were poor.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
Since a resin particle of the present invention has a convex part having a uniform size and a uniform protrusion density, and is resistant to the detachment of the convex part, the resin particle is useful for extensive uses such as resin additive (an anti-blocking agent and a light diffusion agent), additive agents for decorative sheets, bulking agents for cosmetics, and substrates of conductive microparticles. Furthermore, since a conductive microparticle of the present invention contains a resin particle having a plurality of convex part on the surface of the resin particle and a conductive metal layer covering the resin particle along the shape of the convex part, the conductive microparticle with resistance to the convex part detachment becomes able to be obtained regardless of plating conditions. For this reason, the conductive microparticle is extremely useful for anisotropic conductive materials such as an anisotropic conductive film, an anisotropic conductive paste, an anisotropic conductive adhesive, and an anisotropic conductive ink.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
- - 1 a spherical part - 2 a a peripheral part - 2 b a peripheral layer - 3 a convex part - 4 a triangle - 5 a base of a triangle - 6 a, 6 b a starting point of a convex part - 8 a top part of a convex part - 9 a a tangent with respect to a surface of a convex part - 9 b a tangent with respect to a surface of a peripheral part - 10 a boundary
The invention claimed is:
1. A resin particle comprising: a spherical part and a peripheral part having a plurality of convex parts formed on the surface of the spherical part, wherein the spherical part and the peripheral part comprise a vinyl polymer and/or a polysiloxane component, the spherical part and the peripheral part are different in the composition, the melting point of the peripheral part is not less than 200° C., and the curvature center of the boundary between the peripheral part and the spherical part determined by a transmission electron microscope observation of the cross-section of the resin particle exists in the spherical part.
2. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the average height of the convex part is not less than 0.05 μm and not more than 5 μm.
3. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the average diameter of the convex part base is not less than 0.1 μm and not more than 10 μm.
4. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the number density of the convex part is not less than 0.01 μm⁻² and not more than 10 μm⁻².
5. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the volume average particle diameter is not less than 1 μm and not more than 50 μm.
6. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the number of the convex part per one resin particle is not less than 5 and not more than
5000. 7. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the contact angle of the convex part is not more than 90°.
8. The resin particle according to claim 1, wherein the resin particle has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a shell, the core includes the spherical part and the shell includes the peripheral part.
9. A conductive microparticle comprising the resin particle according to claim 1 and a conductive metal layer covering the surface convex part of the resin particle along the shape of the convex part.
10. An anisotropic conductive material comprising the conductive microparticle according to claim
9..
| 30,740 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61301789
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Сан Антонио
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 94 | 344 |
Сан Антонио
Сан Антонио држава Мексико
Сан Антонио INEGI ID места 250020097
Сан Антонио географске координате
Сан Антонио управно-територијална јединица Синалоа
Сан Антонио управно-територијална јединица Општина Ангостура
সান আন্তোনিও
সান আন্তোনিও দেশ মেক্সিকো
সান আন্তোনিও অবস্থানের স্থানাঙ্ক
সান আন্তোনিও যে প্রশাসনিক অঞ্চলে অবস্থিত সিনালোয়া
সান আন্তোনিও যে প্রশাসনিক অঞ্চলে অবস্থিত আঙ্গোস্তুরা পৌরসভা
San Antonio
San Antonio país México
San Antonio código de localidades del INEGI 250020097
San Antonio coordenadas
San Antonio situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Sinaloa
San Antonio situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Angostura
San Antonio instancia de localidad de México
| 22,700 |
https://github.com/index-io/google/blob/master/tests/CalendarTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
google
|
index-io
|
PHP
|
Code
| 31 | 89 |
<?php namespace IndexIO\Google\Test;
use PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase;
use IndexIO\Google\Calendar;
use IndexIO\Google\Google;
class CalendarTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
/**
* Test that true does in fact equal true
*/
public function testTrueIsTrue()
{
}
}
| 14,285 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/78062673
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| null |
Stack Exchange
|
Tim Williams, https://stackoverflow.com/users/22192445, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23263912, https://stackoverflow.com/users/478884, smAC, taller
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,818 | 3,460 |
Build html table from filtered Excel table
I need a little help as I'm trying to insert a filtered Excel table in a open Outlook email message.
I've managed to do that using a function I found online (ExcelRangeToOutlookEmailBody), but that replaces the message I had before pasting the table and I'm also unable to add any text above or below the table, so now I'm trying to write a sub that dynamically creates a html table, as this seems easier to manipulate in order to insert text before and after the table.
I have a table with a number of projects attributed to a number of persons, and I want to filter the table by each person, copy the visible rows and paste it to an open e-mail message. I want to just press a button to Excel create several (usually less than 10) email messages with the filtered table.
The code I have is a mix of things I found online plus some tweaking of mine, and it builds the html table dynamically. However, it only works for the first person and it fails to build the html table from then on - it just repeats the first filtered table. To simplify things, the code below it's just the html table builder, the rest I got figured out (or so I believe).
Sub HtmlTableBuilder()
Dim Wb As Workbook
Dim ws As Worksheet
Dim wsBD As Worksheet
Dim Table As ListObject
Dim TableMail As ListObject
Dim Col As Range
Dim count As Integer
Dim finalTable As Range
Dim result As Variant
Dim values As Variant
Dim dic As Scripting.Dictionary
Dim valCounter As Long
Dim rngHdr As Range
Dim rngDat As Range
Set Wb = Workbooks("MyWorkbook.xlsb")
Set ws = Wb.Worksheets("FL")
Set wsBD = Wb.Worksheets("BD") 'Person database
Set Table = ws.ListObjects("TabMail") 'Table to be filtered, copied and pasted to email
Set TableMail = wsBD.ListObjects("People") 'Table with names, ID and emails of each person
Set Col = Range("TabMail[PersonID]") 'Column with the IDs
Set dic = New Scripting.Dictionary ' Add reference to MS Scripting Runtime
'Extract all person names from an array
values = ws.Range("G5:G1000").Value2 'Value2 is faster than Value
dic.CompareMode = BinaryCompare 'Set the comparison mode to case-sensitive
For valCounter = LBound(values) To UBound(values) 'Loop to extract name of persons
If Not dic.Exists(values(valCounter, 1)) Then 'Check if the name is already in the dictionary
dic.Add values(valCounter, 1), 0 'Add the new name as key, with a dummy value of 0
End If
Next valCounter
result = dic.Keys 'Extract the dictionary's keys as a 1D array
count = UBound(result) 'number of persons
'Filter a table by a person name a build a html table with the visible data to send via email
i = 0
Do While i <= count - 1
With Range("A4") 'table first cell is A4; count = number of persons
Col.AutoFilter Field:=7, Criteria1:=result(i) 'filters table by person i
Set rng = Table.HeaderRowRange 'gets the table header
Set rngHdr = rng.Resize(, 6) 'discards last column
Set rng = Table.DataBodyRange.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeVisible) 'gets table visible celss
Set rngDat = rng.Resize(, 6) 'discards last column
Set finalTable = Union(rngHdr, rngDat) 'joins header and body
'loop to build html tables
R = 0 'initializes row counter
If finalTable.Rows.count > 1 Then 'condition to check if filtered table isn't empty
htmlstr = "<table border=1 style='border-collapse: collapse'>" 'html string start
For Each rngrow In finalTable.Rows 'loop rows
c = 0: R = R + 1 'Initializes row & column counter
htmlstr = htmlstr & "<tr>" 'html string row beginning
For Each rngcol In finalTable.Columns 'loop columns to each row
c = c + 1
rngvalue = finalTable(R, c).Value
If R = 1 Then 'checks if is first row to format as header
htmlstr = htmlstr & "<th>" & rngvalue & "</th>"
Else 'formats as body row
htmlstr = htmlstr & "<td>" & rngvalue & "</td>"
End If
Next rngcol
htmlstr = htmlstr & "</tr>" 'html string row ending
Next rngrow
htmlstr = htmlstr & "</table>" 'html string table ending
End If
Debug.Print htmlstr 'Debug to output results to immediate window
End With
i = i + 1
Loop
End Sub
Below is the table (TableMail) that I need to filter by person ID. Note that this table is linked to another table in another worksheet where it gets all it's values except the deadline, which the user needs to enter.
Blank cells in the last three rows are not really empty, they contain the same formulas as the other cells, I just have some conditional formatting on blank cells. The formulas are similar to this one: =IF(MyWorkbook.xlsb!TabMail[@[Project_ID]]="";"";"All")
| Table | Project_ID | Task Assigned | Qtty 1 | Qyy2 | Deadline | PersonID |
|---------- |------------ |--------------- |-------- |------ |----------------- |---------- |
| Project2 | 790403 | All | 20 | 30 | 06/01/24 13:00 | 104 |
| Project2 | 790536 | All | 40 | 50 | 06/01/24 13:00 | 104 |
| Project1 | 790539 | All | 2 | 0 | 06/01/24 13:00 | 104 |
| Project2 | 790661 | All | 224 | 1,2 | 09/02/24 13:00 | 104 |
| Project1 | 790685 | All | 1 | 0 | 09/02/24 13:00 | 103 |
| Project1 | 790977 | All | 0 | 19,8 | 09/02/24 13:00 | 103 |
| Project2 | 799103 | All | 299 | 4,8 | 09/02/24 13:00 | 103 |
| Project1 | 799372 | All | 35 | 0,6 | 06/01/24 13:00 | 102 |
| Project1 | 799420 | All | 0 | 87 | 06/01/24 13:00 | 102 |
| Project1 | 790691 | All | 56 | 40,2 | 06/01/24 13:00 | 101 |
| Project1 | 790864 | All | 15 | 0,6 | 09/02/24 13:00 | 101 |
| Project1 | 790907 | All | 267 | 3,6 | 09/02/24 13:00 | 101 |
| | | | | | xx/xx/24 13:00 | |
| | | | | | xx/xx/24 13:00 | |
| | | | | | xx/xx/24 13:00 | |
There is also a second table mentioned in the code (People):
| PersonID | Name | MAIL | Step1 | Step2 |
|---------- |---------- |------------------------------------- |------- |------- |
| 95 | Bart | blablablabla@gmail.com | ide3 | idv2 |
| 96 | Maggie | dummy.dummy@gmail.com | ide4 | idv3 |
| 97 | Lisa | fake_fake@gmail.com | ide8 | idv1 |
| 98 | Homer | placeholder@gmail.com | ide3 | idv5 |
| 99 | Marge | notimportant@outlook.com | ide5 | idv4 |
| 100 | Flanders | noneofyoubusiness@iol.com | ide2 | |
| 101 | Peter | nomorefunnynames@gmail | ide1 | |
| 102 | Lois | ranoutofjokes@outlook.com | ide11 | |
| 103 | Meg | wastingtoomuchtimewiththis@gmai.com | ide9 | |
| 104 | Chris | lackingimagination@gmail.com | ide6 | |
| 105 | Brian | gladitsover@gmail.com | ide7 | |
Here's the output of the above code
I have IDs of 4 persons, but this loop always outputs this same table, instead of one table for each person:
| Project | Project_ID | Task Assigned | Qtty 1 | Qtty 2 | Deadline |
|---------- |------------ |--------------- |-------- |-------- |------------------- |
| Project2 | 790403 | All | 20 | 30 | 06/01/24 13:00:00 |
| Project2 | 790536 | All | 40 | 50 | 06/01/24 13:00:00 |
| Project1 | 790539 | All | 2 | 0 | 06/01/24 13:00:00 |
| Project2 | 790661 | All | 224 | 1,2 | 09/02/24 13:00:00 |
The problem seems to be when I assemble the header and the body of the table:
Set finalTable = Union(rngHdr, rngDat)
I've checked and both rngHdr and rngDat seem OK, but finalTable only seems to contain the header which is strange because it outputs the previous person projects.
I am now stuck here not really understanding why the loop only works on its first pass.
The rest of the code seems to work fine, it does filter the TableMail sequentially by each Person ID and with my complete code I do get the information I need from the second People table and am able to open 4 new email messages, each with the right recipient, subject and salutation, and I am also able to concatenate the table with the rest of the email text. I just don't understand why it keeps pasting the same first filtered table.
Why should I not upload images of code/data/errors? Please create MD table with online tool Table Generator.
If finalTable.Rows.count > 1 Then this test only returns true if the first Area of finalTable has >1 row. Since you don't clear htmlstr between iterations, you always get the one table for which the test passes.
Try instead using If finalTable.Cells.Count > finalTable.Rows(1).Cells.Count Then
Using a single table to illustrate and breaking down the functionality into separate methods where I think it makes sense:
Sub HtmlTableBuilder()
Dim Wb As Workbook, ws As Worksheet
Dim Table As ListObject, Col As ListColumn, html As String
Dim dic As Object, rngDat As Range, rngVis As Range, k
Set Wb = ThisWorkbook 'Workbooks("MyWorkbook.xlsb")
Set ws = Wb.Worksheets("FL")
Set Table = ws.ListObjects("TabMail") 'Table to be filtered
Set Col = Table.ListColumns("PersonID") 'Column with the IDs
Set dic = UniquesFromRange(Col.DataBodyRange) 'get unique values
For Each k In dic.Keys 'loop over dictionary keys
Table.Range.AutoFilter Field:=Col.Index, Criteria1:=k
Set rngVis = Table.Range.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeVisible)
html = AsHtmlTable(rngVis)
If Len(html) > 0 Then
Debug.Print html
Debug.Print "---------------------"
Else
Debug.Print "No rows for " & k 'should never happen....
End If
Next k
Table.AutoFilter.ShowAllData
End Sub
'Convert a range `rng` to html
' `rng` should include headers on row#1: if only one row then no html is created
Function AsHtmlTable(rng As Range) As String
Dim html As String, rw As Range, c As Range, tag As String
If rng.Cells.count = rng.Rows(1).Cells.count Then Exit Function 'nothing to build...
html = "<table border=1 style='border-collapse: collapse'>"
tag = "th" 'headers to start....
For Each rw In rng.Rows
html = html & " <tr>"
For Each c In rw.Cells
html = html & "<" & tag & ">" & c.Value & "</" & tag & ">"
Next c
html = html & "</tr>" & vbLf
tag = "td" 'regular td for rest of rows
Next rw
AsHtmlTable = html & "</table>"
End Function
'return a dictionary object with all unique values from `rng`
Function UniquesFromRange(rng As Range) As Object
Dim c As Range, tmp
Set UniquesFromRange = CreateObject("scripting.dictionary")
UniquesFromRange.CompareMode = 0 'vbBinaryCompare: case-insensitive
For Each c In rng.Cells
tmp = Trim(c.Value)
If Len(tmp) > 0 Then
If Not UniquesFromRange.Exists(tmp) Then UniquesFromRange.Add tmp, 1
End If
Next c
End Function
This works perfectly, although I don't want the final column PersonID in the html table, so I added two lines to achieve this Columns("G").Hidden = True and Columns("G").Hidden = False
There are probably more elegant and optimal solutions to achieve this, but it does work
| 48,058 |
sn84035804_1855-01-20_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,233 | 10,149 |
DAILY PIONEER. The Pioneer is printed by Steam on Taylor’s l>ar{fo Cylinder Power Press* The use of steam power in our estab lishment, enables us to exeeute Book and Job Printing with Increased des patch, and at redueed prices. SAINT PAUL: Saturday morning, January 20,1855. K. S. GOODRICH, Proprietor and Editor THE DAILYPIOXEEH. is published every unek-day mor nir.’h at the Office, Third, earner af Jocks, ni Stmt. Saint Haul. Minnesota, and is fumishetl to Mail SuUcril. rs for Six Hollars a Year, in Ad nance. City Subscribers, Fifteen Cents a Week, payable to the Carrier THE WEEKLY PIONEER, printed at the same office, is Seta to Mail Subscribers at the./Mousing rates: Single Copy, Juxt Dollars; Fice Copies. Eight Hollars; Eight Copies. Jht Hollars; Iwelcc Copies, Twelve Dollars. To take advantage of he Club rates, hmoet'er, the subscription price must bepaid in r triiibly in Advance. TO C!JRJt£sroXDEXTS — I rumymrms communications will receive no attention. All articles professing to state facts, mast to- accompanied by the Author's name, not for puMica ion tut as a guarantee of the. truth of the statements made. ViJ.intary Correspondence, containing important news, or slatistu's of the condition and growth of towns and settlements throughout the Sorthwest, is solicited. Bjr Jwraisox FauuMt, Esq , i« an authorized Agent for Tuk Pio.vkek at Catena, to procure subscribers and ail vertisemeuts. Hi* receipts will be regarded as payments HiT See third page, under Commercial bead, for rate «>r Money and Exchange. St. Caul and Galena Markets, and miscellaneous items. AW Printers in Minnesota and Northwestern Wiscon sin are respectfully informed that we have on hand at the Pioneer office a large a-sortmentof I.IGHTBODY'3 SU PERIOR PRINTIN’*; INKS, which we will sell at Manufac turer's Prices, adding transportation. This Ink is used iu this establishment. A memorial to Congress. We publish below a Memorial to Congress, introduced into the House by Dr. Andross, of Cass County, asking the negotiation of the Charter of the Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Company. We have already discussed this subject so fully in our columns that we cannot now realize the necessity for lengthy comment. The passage of the memorial, in the shape it was introduced by Dr. Andross, is due the people, in vindication of their honor and interests; and we trust it may be acted on properly and promptly. A Memorial To Congress, asking a disapproval of the Act of the Legislative Assembly of Minnesota, passed March 4, 1854, incorporating the M. A. N. W. R. R. Co. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the United States: The memorial of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Minnesota respectfully represents, that on the last day of the last session of the Legislative Assembly of the aforesaid Territory, to wit, on the fourth day of March, 1854; said body then passed and enacted as a law a certain bill entitled “A bill to incorporate the Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Company;” that the passage of said bill was procured by misrepresentations on the part of its advocates, and that the powers and franchises therein granted to the said Company, are considered by your memorialists as inconsistent with, and dangerous to the best interests of our growing and prosperous Territory. Your memorialists would further state that at the time the said bill or charter was passed by the Legislative Assembly, it was represented, and believed, that the said Company was composed of honorable and responsible business men, who were willing and anxious to invest their capital for the improvements contemplated by the aforesaid charter; but since that time it has been ascertained (satisfactorily to its) that this opinion was falsely grounded, and that the action of the individuals who claim the benefit of this charter, in fraudulently procuring the alteration of the act of Congress, approved June 29th, 1854, entitled “An act to aid the Territory of Minnesota in the construction of a Railroad,” after its passage by the House of Representatives, and their subsequent endeavors to avail themselves of the benefit of the forgery, by legal technicalities, are alike insulting to your honorable bodies and to the people of this Territory, and are deserving of “the severest censure.” Your memorialists are therefore convinced that public policy and justice require that the technical hold which said Company now claim either under, or by reason of the charter aforesaid, or by the act of Congress approved June 29th, 1854, entitled “An act to aid the Territory of Minnesota in the construction of a Railroad,” be dissolved by the action of Congress; acting under the authority reserved to your honorable bodies by the sixth (6th) section of the act organizing the said Territory of Minnesota, approved March 3rd, 1849. Therefore, your memorialists would respectfully ask that your honorable bodies will, by the exercise of the prerogative reserved in the said organic act, relieve the Territory of Minnesota from further annoyance by reason of the charter claimed by the afore said Minnesota and North Western Railroad Company. And your memorialists absolving themselves and their constituents from all sympathy with the unprincipled forgers, their advisers and abettors, would ask as an act of justice, that the sins of the guilty lie not visited upon the innocent, and that the people of Minnesota suffer not for an act in which they had no participation; and that your honorable bodies would, in the act disapproving the aforesaid charter, repeal the act repealing the grant, and reinstate the act of June 29th, 1854, with the third section thereof as it passed the U. S. House of Representatives, before the alteration of the word “or” to the word “and.” We trust our readers will bear in mind that the Cotillon Party at the house of H. Bruce, Esq., Meudota, comes off on Monday evening, 22nd inst., without fail. We call attention to the advertisement of Capt. Feistenson, in today’s paper inviting proposals for the opening and constructing of the Point Douglas and St. Louis River Road, between mile post 78 and the mouth of the St. Louis River.— Proposals will be received for both ends of the Road. Office, Winslow House. The Accident. —The name of the man who was killed on Wednesday last, by the fall of a dead limb of a tree which he was selling on the flat opposite the city, was Timothy Coffee. His head was literally crushed, and before his death ensued, large pieces of the skull were removed by the physicians called to render him aid. A Man Frozen. —We learn that two or three days since, a dealer in live stock who was removing some cattle to Wisconsin to winter them, lost his way, and is now lying at Farribault’s with both his legs so badly frozen that it is feared that amputation must be resorted to. Doctors Morton and Goodrich left town yesterday morning, to give their professional services in his aid. Supper in Honor of the Illustrious Dead. This affair came off on Thursday evening, 18th inst., at the Winslow House in this city. The guests were assembled at an early hour, and amongst the rest we noticed quite a large delegation in attendance from St. Anthony. A full representation of ladies were present to enliven with their smiles and grace with their fair faces the festivities of the occasion. The table was well supplied with the choicest violets that our city affords. Gov. Gorman presided in his usual happy manner. A fine band of music “discoursed sweet sounds” during the ceremonies. After the removal of the cloth, A. D. Mcnson, Esq., Toast Master, announced as the first thing in order, a Poem, written by Capt. Sam. Whiting, in honor of Daniel Webster, which was read and received with hearty applause by the audience. It was a beautiful eulogy upon the great “Expounder of the Constitution.” The regular toasts were then read as follows: 1. Daniel Webster.—Responded to by W. M. Hayward, Esq. Andrew Jackson. — Response by George A. Nourse, Esq., of St. Anthony. Henry Clay.—Responded to by E. H. Packard, Esq. John C. Calhoun. —J. B. Sanborn, Esq., responded. C. Silas Wright.—It was expected that this toast would be responded to by J. J. Noah, Esq., but he was not present. William Henry Harrison.—Response by Mr. McMullen. James Freeman Cooper.—This toast was responded to by Dr. T. T. Mann: The Judiciary of our Country.—Hon. Moses Sherburne replied to this sentiment. The Executive of the United States.—His Excellency, W. A. Gorman responded. The Army and Navy.—Capt. Simpson spoke to this sentiment. The Executive of Minnesota.—Responded to by Capt. Alex. Wilkin. The Press.—Mr. Atwater of St. Anthony, entertained in reply to this sentiment. The Women of America —The last on our list—the first in our affections. Gov. Gorman spoke briefly in reply to this sentiment. The company then adjourned to the ladies’ parlor, for the purpose of engaging in the Terpsichorean Art, and when we left, they seemed to be enjoying it highly. We would like to have given a full report of all the speeches, but our space this morning forbids. Suffice it to say that everything passed off in the best possible manner and all retired, apparently well satisfied with themselves and the “rest of mankind.” Following eloquent extract from a speech delivered by Dr. Bethel, at the Festival of the St. Nicholas Society in New York, will meet with a warm response from every true lover of his country: “Sir, I love New York well; it is my birthplace, and I am thankful that I was born nowhere else; but I hold him to be no true man who does not love every part of our country, and our whole country. It is not that I love New York less, but that I love my country more. Yes, sir, there is a better name than New Yorker, or New Englander, Northerner or Southerner; it is the name by which our nation is known, the name American. This is the name we love to hear and own when abroad; the name which is symbolized by the flag which protects us. In our union is our safety and our strength; and the Constitution that binds our States together, should unite our hearts in a communion never to be broken by sectional jealousies. Nor do I hesitate to say, that should (which God forbid!) a day come when our Union shall be disrupted, I shall, go with that section, be it North or be it South, which stands by the Constitution. [The company answered this with long and loud applause.] Of course our readers, Whigs as well as Democrats, will not Question for a moment the truth of the account given below, nor the language used in a scene between Col. Forney, Secretary Guthrie, and President Pierce. The correspondent of the National Democrat should not have stopped here. He should have introduced the Secretary of the Navy in tarpaulin and jacket, crying “shiver ray timbers but it shall be done!—avast there, ye lubbers,” etc., and those other sailor phrases, expressed with the juice of imaginary quids, by gallant tars in nautical dramas. The introduction of Judge Campbell with a shillelagh, and of the head of the Indian bureau with tomahawk and war paint, sounding the whoop through the white house, would have had a good effect. These Washington correspondents do not half do their work. The letter writers of the Herald and Democrat should unite their capacities, and give us a Christmas pantomime, in which all their harlequinism, buffoonry, somersaults, and wonderful transmutations might be set off with the racy and witty dialogue which they occasionally give us, in single scenes like the above. — Albany Argus. SIXTH SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE OF MINNESOTA. COUNCIL. Friday, Jan. 19, 1855. Council met pursuant to adjournment. Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Riheldaffer. The reading of yesterday’s Journal was dispensed with. Mr. Freeborn gave notice that on some future day he, he should ask leave to introduce a bill chartering a ferry across the Mississippi at or near Red Wing. Mr. Brown stated that there was an error in the Journal, which on motion, was corrected. Mr. Brown offered the following resolutions, as follows: Resolved, That the Secretary of the Council be and It is hereby authorized to procure one hundred stamped envelopes, and five hundred newspaper stamps for each member and officer of the Council, to be paid for out of the monies appropriated to pay the expenses of the Legislative Assembly. The resolution was adopted. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Council be instructed to procure the printing of 1000 copies of the Governor’s message in English, 500 in German, and 500 in French, for the use of the Council; and that he be further instructed to procure the translation of the message in French and German, and deliver said translation to the public printers. Mr. Mower objected to printing the message in foreign languages, and moved an amendment striking out all after the portion requiring 1000 copies in English. On motion of Mr. Murray, the resolution was laid on the table. Mr. Stearns presented a report from the Board of Regents of the University, which was laid on the table and 500 copies ordered to be printed for the use of the Council. Mr. Brown moved to take up the bill incorporating the town of Henderson, which was done; and an amendment, inserting the title of a certain act of Congress, carried. On motion, the rule requiring the engrossment of a bill before its third reading, was dispensed with; also the rule requiring a bill to be read in extenso, and the bill was read a third time by its title; whereupon the bill passed. Mr. Brown moved that the Council resolve itself into committee of the whole, for the consideration of a memorial to Congress for an appropriation to complete the Government works at Fort Ridgely, and a memorial for the construction of a military road; which was carried. Mr. Murray in the chair. The committee of the whole reported back to the Council the memorials; which report was accepted, and the amendments made therein, concurred in; and the memorials were ordered to be engrossed. Ed for a third reading. The President gave notice that at some future day, he should introduce a bill for chartering a ferry across the Mississippi near the mouth of Crow River. On motion of Mr. Murray, the Council adjourned till Monday morning next, at 10 1-2 o'clock. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Monday, Jan. 14, 1855. The House met pursuant to adjournment. — The Speaker in the chair. The roll having been called, prayer by the Chaplain. The Journal of yesterday was read and approved. Mr. Thompson, on leave, unanimously granted, introduced A bill for the establishment of additional Council Districts, and to provide for taking the census of the Territory of Minnesota, and to authorize the three Territorial Judges to apportion the members of the Council and House of Representatives. This bill divides a portion of the representation of the Territory in the Legislature as follows: The counties of Rice, LeSueur, Sibley, Nicollet and Pierce shall constitute the 4th Council District. The county of Hennepin the 6th Council District. The counties of Dakota and Scott, the 8th Council District. The counties of Goodhue and Wabasha the 9th Council District. The counties of Winona, and Fillmore the 10th Council District. The county of Houston the 11th Council District. The Sheriffs of the several counties are required to cause to be taken by competent deputies, a census of the inhabitants of the Territory, omitting Indians and officers and soldiers of the U. S. army. The duty to be entered upon by the 1st of June next, and completed in fifty days thereafter. The enumeration to set forth the residents in each county, according to the townships precincts or districts comprised therein. The Sheriffs of the various counties to make a return of such enumeration to the Secretary of the Territory, and to the Register of Deeds of each county, by the 1st of August next. The Secretary of the Territory shall furnish a certified copy of said returns to the three Judges of the Territory. The Judges shall appoint the 14 members of the Council, and 20 members of the House as soon as may be after the reception of the certified copy of the census as follows: The whole number of representative population, excluding Indians and soldiers, to be divided by the number 56; the whole number of units of the representation in the whole Legislative Assembly—the quotient shall be the ratio, or the number of population entitled to a unit of representation. The representative population of each Council District shall be divided by said ratio. The quotients shall be the units of representation in the whole Legislative Assembly assigned to such District, and the remainder shall be the fraction. The difference between the sum of the quotients, and fifty-six, shall be made of the fractions, having regard to the size of the fractions, and one unit of representation shall be assigned to the District entitled thereto, for each fraction so taken, until the whole number of 56 is complete. . In dividing the whole representation of the several Council Districts between the two branches of the Legislative Assembly, every District shall be secured at least one Representative in each branch. From the whole number of units assigned to each District, one unit shall be taken for each member of the House of Representatives and two units for each member of the Council, apportioned to such Districts, until nothing remains in their apportioning. The weight of representation of every District in the Legislative Assembly shall be divided as may be between the two branches. The apportionment so made shall be declared by proclamation of the three Judges at least 30 days next preceding the annual election to be held in November next. In the 4th Council District, Nicollet county is to be deemed the senior county; in the 8th, Dakota; in the 9th, Goodhue; in the 10th, Winona. The 7th Council District not to be disturbed by this act. Mr. Hanson gave notice of intention to introduce a bill to lay out certain Territorial Roads. Also, a bill to grant to Mr. Stone and others the right to establish and maintain a Ferry on the St. Croix, at a point at or near Stillwater; also a bill to amend the Charter of the Minnesota and North Western Railroad Company. On motion of Mr. Haus it was ordered that 500 copies in English, and 500 copies in German of the Annual Message of the Governor of the Territory, be printed for the use of members, and that the Chief Clerk be directed to have the work performed. Mr. Lemay presented the petitions of James R. Brewster and 425 other citizens of Saint Paul, and of Trueman M. Smith and 262 other citizens of Saint Paul, praying that the time limited to the Minnesota and N.W. R.R. Company may be extended. On his motion, the petitions were ordered to be printed and referred to the Committee on Internal Improvements. Mr. Rolette moved that the House adjourn until Monday at 2 P.M., Lost, by the casting vote of the Speaker. Mr. Hanson called up for reading a memorial of Rice, Hollinshead & Becker, Irwin & Jones, and Masterson & Simons, Attorneys in a certain case where they are counsel for the plaintiffs against Curran & Lawler, recently dealers in merchandise in St. Paul, etc., said remonstrance being against the consideration by the House, of a bill introduced by Mr. Davis for the abolition of imprisonment for debt in this Territory. Mr. Cave Apposed the reading of the memorial on the ground that it contained a reflection upon the conduct of a member of the House, (Mr. Davis.) and of the Council, (Mr. Van Etten.) He moved that the reading of the memorial be indefinitely postponed. Mr. Hanson warmly opposed the motion.—Mr. Sibley as warmly advocated it, and quoted from Jefferson's Manual to prove the correctness of the motion. Mr. Hanson in reply to some remarks by Mr. Cave, stated that previous to its being offered, he had no knowledge that it contained anything reflecting upon any member of the Legislature. At the further suggestion Mr. Hanson withdrew his motion to postpone and thereupon Mr. Hanson moved the reference of the report without further reading, to the committee on the Judiciary. Which was adopted by the following vote: Yeas—Amlros, Beattie, Dixon, Davis, Fridley, Grant, Nelson, Lemay, Regester, Rolette, Thompson, Speaker —12. Nays—Brawley, Cave, Grant, Sibley, Stinchfield Willin—6. Messages from Council by its chief clerk, Andrew Jackson Morgan, Esq., informed the House that Council had passed a bill to incorporate the town of Henderson. Also, that the report of the Regents of the University had been laid before it, and 500 copies ordered to be printed for the use of both Houses. Mr. Willim gave notice of intention to introduce a bill to provide for the election of a Superintendent of common schools in each of the organized counties. Also, to establish a Ferry across the St. Croix at Stillwater. On motion of Mr. Cave, the chief clerk was directed to make arrangements for the payment of postage on mail matter sent by members of the House. On motion of Mr. Rolette, the House adjourned until Monday morning next, at 10 1-2 o’clock. Thompson’s Reporter to Counterfeit Detector. — We are indebted to Howitz & Co. for the latest number of this valuable and reliable periodical. They receive it regularly. The First Baby in a New City. — In a letter from Kansas, dated Lawrence, Nov. 25th, it is stated that at a meeting of the Association, a few evenings since, it was voted to present to the child of Mr. and Mrs. Carter a first-class city lot, the Association to have the privilege of naming the first child born in Lawrence. It was also voted to name him Lawrence, and his name now stands “Lawrence Carter.” Say A youth from the interior, who was in the city a short time since, visited the Museum one evening—and in order to preserve his brand new hat from being damaged, set it upon a seat directly in front of him, a lady of much obesity entered, and without taking heed set herself plump upon the “castor.” Whereupon, up started the proprietor of the “tile,” and tapping the stout lady upon the shoulder said, “Madame, that article was not made or fitted for that institution.—Boston Herald. “I say boy stop that ox!” “I haven't got a stopper.” “Well, head him, then.” “He’s already headed, sir.” “Confound your impertinence, turn him.” “He’s right side out already, sir.” “Good morning, Mr. Ox.” Look OUT FOR BROKEN BANKS. Great excitement in the money market! But the undersigned, successor to F. H. Griffin, would respectfully inform the citizens of Minnesota and the rest of the world in general, that he is ready to do any and all kinds of Blacksmithing, Horseshoeing, &c., in all their Various branches. Also, all kinds of edge tools, made to order. Horseshoeing and all kinds of job work done at the establishment, or monthly, to suit customers. All work done at this stand warranted. J. B. PERRIN. Nov. 25, 1854 w3m 1855. HEAVY, A RELIABLE 1855’ OF THE Multum in Parvo. I HAVE now no interest in the Drug Store recently owned by me, in the World’s Fair Block, on Third Street, having disposed of the stock and fixtures to Dr. L. C. Kinney, I have removed to my old place of business. The well-known “Multum in Parvo,” which is newly fitted up with a complete and fresh stock of Drugs, Medicines, &c., to which the attention of buyers—and especially my old customers—is respectfully invited Jan. 1. W. H. JARVIS, Multum in Parvo Drug Store, On Fifth, between Jackson & Roberts streets SALE OF FLOUR. I WILL be sold at public sale at Fort Snelling, Minn. Term., on THURSDAY, the 1st day of February next, 100 BARREL OF SUPERFINE FLOUR, J. K. Walsh. Union Steam Mills, St. Louis, Mo. The flour will be sold in lots of ten barrels each— purchaser having the privilege of taking 50 barrels. O. T. WHITE. Ft. Spelling, Jan. 18, 1855. janl9dlwltw A. A. C. S. A, DESKS. LARGE and elegant assortment just received by Express, and for sale cheap at Nov. 30, 1854-dtf DAHL’S Book Store. SELLING OFF THE subscriber will sell his entire stock of books and stationery at reduced prices from this date until the opening of navigation. Persons in want of articles in his line will do well to call early, as he intends to start east by the 10th. The 6th of March, and wishes to close out his stock before his new goods arrive. Don't forget the Cheap Bookstore of WM. DAHL, Jan. 19, 1855-tf No. 22 Robert Street, St. Paul. Boat Contracts. POINT DOUGLAS AND SAINT LOUIS RIVER ROAD CONTRACTS. SEALED PROPOSALS will be received by the undersigned, through the Post Office, till 10 o'clock, A.M., on the 22nd February next, for the construction of "so much of the POINT DOUGLAS AND SAINT LOUIS RIVER ROAD" Between mile post 78 and the mouth of St. Louis River as may be designated by the engineer or agent in charge on the part of the United States. 1. Said road to be cleared and grubbed to such a width (probably 18 feet) as may be required. 2. The roadway in places requiring it to be embanked to such a height as may be ordered, and to be 18 feet wide on top. In places where ordered, these embankments to have a foundation of logs laid close together and extending 18 feet across the road. 3. Besides the side ditches, there will be leading-off ditches wherever necessary. 4. The hills to be reduced to such a grade as may be required. 5. Bridges to be made wherever required and to be constructed as follows:—The abutments to be composed of round timbers, at least one foot in diameter, disposed as follows: One timber of such length as may be required, probably 1.5 feet long, to be laid across the road. On this for wing-walls, at each of its extremities, a log to be notched and to extend back as far as may be required, I generally, probably, about 6 feet. On these wing-wall timbers, another log to extend across the roadway, and to be notched on said wing-wall timbers, and then on this second cross timber, a second set of wing-wall timbers to be notched, and so on to the required height. The stringers to be 4 in number, to be at least 14 inches in diameter, or larger wherever required, and to be flatted sufficiently to make them lie solid and to sustain properly the flooring. The roadway of the bridges to be 12 feet wide, and to be made of puncheons of split or hewn stuff, at least three inches thick. The wheel-guards to be of logs flatted on the lower side and so effectually pinned down as to keep the flooring in place. In cases where piers will be necessary, they will be simple bents, or trestles, composed of a sill, 2 posts, a cap, and 2 braces, and if required, an inclined ice flue or beam, let into the sill and the posts. The sill must be flatted, at least on its lower side. All the other pieces may lie of round timber, chipped, however, to a degree necessary to make the joints true, and the flooring lie even. Where required, a railing 4 by 4 inches, will be made, suitably supported and braced. Culverts will be made wherever required. They will extend 18 feet across the road, and will be made of logs at least 12 inches in diameter, and sufficiently flatted to lie on one another. The flooring will be of split or flatted stuff, at least 3 inches thick, and will rest on and be secured to six stringers, to be sunk into the abutment logs. The kind of timber and other stuff to be used in the bridges, and culverts will be the best which the locality will afford, and which the engineer or agent in charge will specify. The whole construction to be under the direction of the engineer or agent in charge on the part of the United States, and to be subject to such alterations and modifications by him as the case in his judgment may require. The whole work will be divided into TWO SECTIONS, One to be called the Northern Section, the other the Southern Section. The northern section will extend from the mouth of the St. Louis River or north end of the road towards the south. End. The southern section will extend from the 78th mile post, 22 miles above Taylor’s Falls, towards the north end of the road. The whole amount of money to be expended on each section will be, as near as may be, $7,500, with the option on the part of the United States, to expend the remaining balance of the appropriation either upon the continuation of the road under either contract or both, or to apply it to the bridge over Kettle River or over Snake River or both, under another letting, as may be deemed most advantageous to the United States. Proposers will bid as follows for each section separately and will be careful to specify the particular section for which they bid: 1. For the clearing and grubbing the road, including the filling up of the small holes and leveling off the hill locks or small knobs, by the acre. 2. For the cutting the trees, brush, etc., even with the ground in the roadway and clearing the same, inclusive of filling up the small holes and leveling off the hillocks or small knobs by the acre. 3. The earthwork (to be paid for but once, either as a measurement or excavation, as may be deemed most equitable by the cubic yard, as follows: 1st. Supposing it to be thrown immediately up and properly leveled on the road. 2nd. The increase upon said bid, for every 100 feet of haul. 4. The corduroying or logging of the causeways by the rod of 10 feet lengthwise of the road. The timber in the bridges and culverts by the foot in length of each piece: The flooring by the square surface foot: the railing by the foot in length of the rails, posts and braces, all measured in the structures. The light is reserved to the United States of refusing either or accepting both bids under heads 1 and 2, in reference to clearing, grubbing and cutting down even with the ground, as specified under said heads, the object being to require one or both, as may be found must advantageous to the public. Each section will be completed, under the contract, by the 31st day of July next, and in case more than $7,500 shall be expended, then an extension of time proportioned to the additional amount to be expended on each section will be allowed. The work to commence immediately after the awarding of the contracts. The contract will be given to the lowest responsible bidder on each section, and in case he should decline or fail to sign the contract, after due notice that his bid has been accepted, the right is reserved of granting the contract to the next lowest responsible bidder, or to re-advertise for proposals. The contract will be subject to the approval of the Secretary of War. Persons desiring to bid are referred to the office of the undersigned for any further information. The proposals should be endorsed, “Proposals for St. Louis and St. Louis River Road.” J. H. SIMPSON, Cap. Corps Top’l Eng’rs. office Gen’l Gov’t Roads Winslow House, St. Paul. Minn. Terr., Jan. 17, 1855. BY EXPRESS. The late novels just received per Express at Nov. 30, 1854-dlf DAHL'S. GORDON SHERRY, AND South Side Madeira Wine, Holland Gin, Jamaica Rum and Schuylkill Schnapps, all warranted pure and good. These liquors, of course, cost more, but are just what every family wants. We have cheaper qualities if desired. Call immediately on scpJfi dwtf BOND & KELLOGG, Upper Town NOTICE. THE Cotillon Party at Mendota will come off on Monday evening, 22d instead of the 23d, as before stated. Jan. 19 2td CUTLERY. A LARGE and beautiful assortment for sale low by Nov. 30, 1854-dtf DAHL. Select Party, AT THE ST. LOUIS HOTEL, Monday Evening, January 29, 1855. If O'NONE HIT STRIDGER.S AUCTIONEER. Nuacnis. J. C. Ramsey, Saint Paul. J. L. Stevens, Minneapolis. James Bruce, Mendota. Robert Kennedy, Shakopee. January 13, 1855. d3t IN A FEW DAYS: I SHALL leave for the East to make arrangements for my spring stock. I shall be pleased to attend to any orders I may be favored with, from either ladies or gentlemen, for articles of dress goods, trimmings, etc. Send along your orders. My stock of clothing, consisting of coats, pants, and vests. I will dispose of on very reasonable terms. Or in exchange for real estate. Jan. 19, 1855. CHARLES D. ELKINS. bells: bells: FOR Churches, Academies, Factories, Steamboats. Plantations, etc., made by the subscribers, and a large assortment kept constantly on hand, mounted with their newly improved Iron Yoke, which by a detached plate permits the Bell, without taking it from the yoke, to be turned on its vertical axis any distance however small or completely round, thus lessening the danger of a fracture from repeated blows of the Clapper in one place. The Yoke also combines the moveable arm by which the Bell may be raised or lowered in its bearing if desired, thus increasing or diminishing the force of the blow. The recent adaptation of Iron Cases, (in which they mount all sizes) increases their working facilities, and also enhances the quality of the casting; which improvements, with those of 30 years during which the establishment has been in operation, have gained for their Bells an unequalled celebrity for volume of sound and quality of tone, and for which they have just received, Jan. 1854, the First Premium at the World’s Fair, many of this country and Europe being in competition, and which is the 19th Medal they have received. Being located at the junction of Railroad, Canal and River routes, they can ship in any direction at a moment's notice. For further information apply for circular. Address A. MENEELY'S SONS. West Troy, Albany Co., New York. novll’s4dkwly THE CHEAP STORE. JW. BASS having purchased the entire stock of a Cheap Clothing and Dry Goods of S. Greeve, would respectfully inform the citizens of St. Paul and surrounding country, that he will continue to sell goods at the same cheap rates, and some at still greater bargains. Call and see, as there is no charge for showing goods. The stock being large, country merchants will find a fine stock to replenish from, at New York prices. Remember the stand of S. Greeve, opposite the Empire Hotel, St. Paul. Nov. 9, 1854-dAwtf SEGARB AND TOBACCO. THE best brands of Havana Segars; Carmelias and Londres, and a large variety of domestic Segars. The best Virginia Leaf Twist Chewing Tobacco; also, a first-rate article Scrafalatti Smoking Tobacco. For sale by HENRY WEBER, Dec. 9, 1854-dAwlm Opposite Riga House TOBACCO. SWEET and delicious. Virginia, Gold Leaf, Necia, Oronoco, Fine cut. Yellow Bank, and Smoking do at BOND & KELLOGG’S, Nov. 9, Old Brown Drug Store. BALL DRESSES FOR sale—a splendid stock of goods suitable for Ladies, at the Dec. 8-dlf WORLD’S FAIR. SAN FRANCISCO. CAPT. FOSTER is now prepared to give bargains in building lots in the above town. Call soon, or they may be gone. Dec. 8 ST. PA UL TEMPERANCE HOUSE, Jackson Street, between Third and Fourth, LOTT MOFFETT, Proprietor. GOOD BOARDING, by the day or week, or month, on easy terms. I have kept hotel in St. Paul for five years, and consequently understand the wants of all who are compelled to board. Sign— "care and Commission." CASH, paid for all kinds of Produce. Jan. 1, 1855. W. H. JARVIS. RIPLE extracts of Vanilla, Lemon, Ac., Ac., Hops growth of 1854, at 50 cents per lb. Isinglass, Gels, fine, Irish Moss, and all kinds of spires, fresh prepared and pure, at the “Mullum in Parvo.” Jan. 1. CHEAP GROCERY STORE. IN addition to our well furnished Drugstore, we have a large supply of Fresh and Cheap Groceries, comprising in part, 2000 lbs Canvassed Hams, 4000 lbs Extra good Butter, cheap, 5 bbls Sugar House Molasses, 5 do Plantation do 30 Jars Superior Lard, Choice Teas and Coffees, 5 bbls Mess Pork, 30 boxes St. Louis mould candles, extra, 20 do do Sperm do do 10 bbls Lard Oil, retails at $1.10 per gallon, Burning Fluid, Lamp Wicks, Chimneys, White Lead, Linseed Oil, Turpentine, White Fish, dried Cod Fish. Jan- 1. At the “Mullum in Parvo.” TURKEYS. THERE was an awful “rush in” after the Turkey, and “foul” play made of the Chickens. A few more left at the “Mullum in Parvo” Drug and Grocery Store. CITIZENS, you can effect a saving of 20 percent on all goods bought at the Drug and Grocery Store of Jan ’J_ W. H. JARVIS. GARDEN SEEDS HAVE just arrived by express, put up in fine order fresh, etc. Of the growth of 1854. “Multum in Parvo” Drug Store, Big Mortar on top of the house. GOLD PENS AND PENCILS, OF every quality and price, for sale at Nov. 30, 1854-dtf DAHL’S DANCING Moots. A FEW dozen pairs of gentlemen’s fashionable dancing Boots, for sale cheap by Dec. 8 dtf HBENAN. TRANK COLLINS has received a line lot of Ladies' Rubberbers, which he is selling off at 50 cents a pair. Those who want to buy had better call at once as they will soon be gone. Dec. 10, 1858. Pork, Pork, Ofk BBLS. chime Pork on hand and for sale by Dec. 10, 1858. ALEX. KEY, S. BELCHER & Co., (LATE VAN HOOKEN & BELCHER,) WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, AND DEALERS IN PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, DYES, ETC., MAIN STREET, (Between Third and Fourth,) DUBUQUE, IOWA. Our Stock comprises Choice Skillets of the following: OILS, BRUSHES, CHEMICALS, VARNISHES, PERFUMERY, DYE WOODS, FANCY ARTICLES, EASTERN DRUGS, MEDICINAL LIQUORS, PATENT MEDICINES, DRUGGISTS GLASS WARE, PAINTS, DRY and IN OIL, SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. Which we offer to the Merchants of Minnesota at VERY LOW PRICES FOR CASH OR SHORT TIME! Having been engaged in the Drug Business in New York for many years, we can assure our patrons that we possess facilities for purchasing goods, which enables us to Sell PURE DRUGS AT LOW PRICES. Give us a call. ALL ARTICLES WARRANTED. C. S. BELCHER. GEO. VAN DOKEN. EDWARD F. CHAPMAN ST. PAUL NURSERY’ AND COMMERCIAL GARDEN. The Proprietors of this establishment, take pleasure in informing the citizens of St. Paul and the surrounding country, that they are now receiving an extensive assortment of Trees, Shrubbery, etc., from cistern nurseries; which together with the stock grown upon their own grounds will enable them to supply quite an extensive demand. Their stock consists of all the really desirable varieties of Apples, Pears, both Standards and Dwarfs, Cherries, Plums, Peaches, Grapes, Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Strawberries, Victoria Pie Plums, Asparagus, etc. Also, Ornamental Trees and Shrubbery; including Mountain Ash, Balsam Fir, Red Cedar, Arbor Vile, Norway Spruce, Snow Ball, Lilacs, Choice Roses, etc. Also, Dahlias, Lilacs, Peonies, Phloxes, Gladiolus, etc. Those desiring to ornament their grounds, or supply their gardens or fields with fruit are invited to call and examine our stock. Our grounds are about 2 miles southwest of the city. MERRIFIELD A NEWTON. April 11th, 1854. s2—4t CHESS AND CHECKER BOARDS. A LARGE assortment for sale by Nov. 30, 1854-dlf DAIIL. J. A. IW. HOSTINGTON. TYOOK-BINDER, third story of H. Presley’s Brick House. Third street, will attend to all business in his line with which he may be entrusted. Books, Magazines and Periodicals bound in any style, or Books rebound and Music bound in QUICK time, for the Ladies. Saint Paul, Oct. 2. ActSJtf GREAT EXCITEMENT AT THE CAPITOL!! war in Nebraska: And YET WILLIAM CONSTANT visited the East and purchased an extensive stock of Groceries and is prepared to deal them out at Wholesale or Retail, somewhat cheaper than the cheapest, and if you will only take the trouble to call at his store-house, under the Hill, Lower Levee, you can save at least from ten to twenty percent. Come, if you do not wish to purchase, and examine my stock, in which will be found the following, viz: 10 casks superior Hams, Dairy Salt 8 “ Shoulders, Spices and fine Ky. Mustard 50 bbls. Mess Pork, Ohio Oil, 30 “ Prime “ Star and M Candles, 60 “ Ex War Eagle Flour Cigars, Tobacco and Pipes, 30 “ “ Corn Meal, white Starch, Indigo and Medder, and yellow, Some Mrs. S. G. M. Fine Butter and Soda Crackers, “Extra” Tobacco, N. O. A, B and C Sugar, Nails, Glass, Crushed, Powder and Loaf do Holland Gin, Coffee, Mocha, Java and Rio, C. Brandy, Teas of a superior quality, P. “ Dried Apples and Peaches, Madeira, Basins, fresh and pure, 12 boxes Old Port. Rice, by box or bbl., 12 “ Champagne, Molasses, S. H. A C. P., Irish and Scotch Whiskey, Golden Syrup, Bourbon “ Mackeral By 1-2 or 1-2 for Cincinnati. And everything belonging to a Grocery or Provision Store. Don't forget to call at the old Randall stand, Levee, Lower Town, where you will be sure to get a cheap bargain of W. CONSTANS. St. Paul, April 14th, 1854. I—3t BUTTER!! BUTTER!! A superior article of Butter, nice, fresh and delicious, for sale. Call at L. H. Griffin's shop. Jan. 9, dim J. B. FERRIN GEORGE A. NORRINE, Attorney at law, office—opposite Spooner’s new building. Lower Town, St. Anthony, Minnesota. References. —Prof. Parsons, Law school. Cambridge; Prof. Parker, do; Hon. E. G. Loring, do; Chief Justice Shaw, Boston; Hon. C. G. Loring, do; T.J. D. Fuller. Cabas, Me; E. B. Washburne, Galena, III.; Duttou, Richardson & Co., Boston; Batchclder, Mann & Co., do; Stephen Brown & Sons, do; R. P. Ipton, Esq., St. Anthony, M. T. BRISTOL A U HEELOUK, COLLECTORS OF DEBTS AND GENERAL AGENTS Will attend to the collection of Debts throughout the Territory. Buying and selling Real Estate, Paying taxes, locating land Warrants, entering lands and the transaction of any business requiring the union of legal information or professional service—with a practical knowledge of the details of business and the important advantages acquired by a long residence and extensive acquaintance in the Territory. Our arrangements encompass the most ample facilities for the speedy collection of debts in distant parts of the Territory. Office on Third street, two doors above M. Whitney’s Gallery. SAFE INVESTMENT. ONE FIRE KING SAFE, weight 2000 lbs, for sale for cash, or in exchange for a good horse or buggy. Inquire at this office. January 1. IFTY BARRELS of Cranberries, fresh and well packed just received, and for sale at DAVID FULLER'S STORE, Upper Landing. JUST received, a large assortment of Toys suitable for Christmas and New Year's Presents, and for sale by HENRY WEBER, Dec. 9,1854-dAwlm Opposite Rice House.
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US-201715842966-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,017 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,907 | 4,605 |
Method and device for inputting an access code in an electronic combination lock
ABSTRACT
A method and system of gaining authorized entry into a secure location is provided. The method includes providing an electronic lock having a dial, the lock operably coupled to a microprocessor having memory for storing a user input code and a valid code. The user rotates the dial to activate power to the lock and a first random character is generated. The user again rotates the dial until a first user input character displays in the display. The first user input character is stored in memory and a second random character is generated. After the user has entered all characters of the access code, the microprocessor compares the user input characters with the valid access code stored in memory and if it is an authorized code, an indicia is generated on the display to visually indicate to a user that the lock is capable of moving to the opened position.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/708,759, filed May 11, 2015; which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/144,563, filed on Apr. 8, 2015; the entireties of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to locks having electronic input means and methods of inputting lock combinations, primarily for safes and other secure containers.
2. Description of the Related Art
Safes and other secure containers have traditionally used combination locks for controlling and authorizing entry. Locks had been mechanical and relied on a person dialing a correct combination on a rotating dial. The rotation positioned mechanical elements within the lock such that dialing the correct combination allowed a locking bolt to release the container door. For example, traditional mechanical locks, such as Gartner, U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,667 (1976), rely on a dial rotating tumblers. Proper dial rotation aligns gates in the tumblers. Once the gates are aligned, a fence on a fence lever can enter the aligned gates. Continued rotation of the dial and tumblers pulls the fence lever and withdraws the bolt.
Electronics have replaced mechanical structures in many locks. Electronic locks can use electronics rather than aligned tumbler wheels to sense entry of the correct combination. The electronics can sense the rotary position of a combination lock dial, or a keypad can replace the combination dial. Consequently, instead of dialing a number, e.g., “72,” the user would first push the “7” and then the “2” keys for the same result. Uyeda, U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,870 (1992) and Gartner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,870 (1992) are examples of a keypad entry system for a safe and door lock, respectively.
When the lock is used to secure entry to a container, the electronic components are typically mounted on a housing inside the container door. The housing contains a battery and a circuit board, which contains the electronic circuitry controlling the lock. The keypad is on the outside of the housing so as to be accessible to the user. A cable typically extends between the keypad and the circuit board for transmitting signals between the two components.
Traditional electronic keypads generally include ten keys that correspond with the numbers “0” through “9.” One drawback of this type of traditional keypad design arises from the fact that as users repeatedly enter the correct, authorized access combination on the keypad, the keys representing correct numbers in the combination begin to show signs of visible wear. As a result, an unauthorized individual may figure out the correct access combination. To prevent this, the combination must periodically be changed such that each of the keys on the keypad are used at some point in time and, as a result, all keys show signs of wear. However, having to periodically change the correct, authorized access combination may create confusion for authorized users who must repeatedly remember new combinations.
Another drawback to traditional electronic locks having a display is that as the user enters the correct, authorized access combination, the access code may be visible to unauthorized users who thereafter may access the safe.
Thus, there is a need for an improved access combination system and method that may be accessed by a user while preventing unauthorized entry and maintaining a high level of security.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention solves the foregoing problems by providing a method of inputting a user access combination in order to gain authorized entry into a secure location. The present invention provides an electronic lock assembly comprising a housing, an input dial, and a microprocessor in communication with the input dial. The housing includes a front wall, a rear wall, and a generally cylindrical side wall disposed between the front and rear walls. The rear wall of the housing is attachable to a secure container. The dial is attachable to the front wall of the housing. The lock also includes a top-reading display. The display displays user input characters and randomly generated characters. The microprocessor has memory for storing the user input characters and the randomly generated characters. The microprocessor may also be configured to control operation of a latch mechanism, wherein the latch mechanism is movable from a locked position to an unlocked position upon the microprocessor determining that a valid or correct access combination has been input through the dial.
A method of inputting an authorized access code is also provided. In one aspect of the inventive method, the sequence begins when the rotatable dial is turned in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. If the super capacitor is fully charged it activates and turns on the display. As a result, a randomly generated number or other symbol is shown on the display.
Next, the user rotates dial in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction in order to change the numerical value displayed in display to the first character or number of the user input code.
During a pre-determined period of time, typically one to four seconds, the user input character is stored in RAM, the display blinks and a second random character is generated and displayed in display. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the user does not have the option of changing the first user input character to select a different character after the random character is generated.
The method continues when the user again rotates dial clockwise or counter-clockwise until the second user input number is displayed in display. The process discussed above is repeated during the pre-determined period of time, typically one to four seconds, while the second character input by the user is stored in RAM and a third random character is generated and displayed in display.
This process is repeated until the entire user input code is input into the lock. Typically this will be three characters. However, while a two-digit code is used here for purposes of illustration, those of skill in the art will appreciate that an access code may comprise three integers or digits or may comprise any number of digits. After all user input characters are inputted, the microprocessor compares the user inputted access code stored in RAM with the valid access code stored in ROM to determine if the codes match. If the user inputted access code matches the correct stored access code, the display provides a visual indication to the user, such as “OP” or “+” to indicate that the lock is ready to be opened. In addition, and depending on the lock being used the microprocessor may send a signal to a latch or bolt drive indicating that authorized entry has been confirmed, thereby allowing the latch or other bolt to be retracted into to the open position by a user. The user will then turn the dial to the right to cause the latch or bolt to disengage from the container or safe door. In another aspect of the invention, the display may provide a visual indication to the user, such as “NOP” or “−” or “00” indicating that the correct access code has not been entered and the lock is not opened. If a valid access code has not been input by the user the device powers off.
These and other aspects of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying Figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electronic lock according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of the electronic lock according to the invention showing the top reading display showing a first character having been entered by a user.
FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the electronic lock according to the invention showing the top reading display showing a randomly generated character generated by the lock.
FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the electronic lock according to the invention showing the top reading display showing a visual indicia that the lock is open after a valid access code has been verified.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of various components of an electronic lock in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B is a flowchart of one embodiment of an input method for an electronic lock according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings and as best seen in FIG. 1, a device 10 for preventing unwanted opening of a locked enclosure according to a preferred embodiment of this invention has an external user-accessible housing 12 conveniently provided with a display 14 and a manually rotatable input knob or dial 16 for dialing the access code. Housing 12 is attached to the casing 18 by means known to those of skill in the art. Housing 12 is shown as being generally cylindrical in shape, although numerous other shapes are also contemplated. Typically, casing 18 is attached to the back side of a door 19 disposed between the housing 12 and the casing 18 while the housing 12 is mounted on the outside of the door for easy access for a user. The door 19 of the container or safe typically will include a door handle (not shown), which may be grasped and turned for opening the safe when a locking latch mechanism or similar device is retracted from a closed position to an open position as will be explained in more detail to follow.
Display 14 is shown as being flush with housing 12 but in other embodiments it may be recessed in housing 12. The display 14 functions to display first, second, and third (or more) characters. The display may be configured to display, for example, numerical values between “0” and “9.” In other embodiments, display 14 may be configured to display two digit numerical values. For example as shown in FIG. 2 display 14 is displaying the number “25,” while in FIG. 3 the display 14 is displaying the number “44.” In other embodiments, the display may be configured to display letters, symbols, or many other types of characters. For example, in FIG. 4 display 14 displays letters “OP” indicating that the correct access code has been entered and the lock is now ready to be opened by a user. Those of skill in the art will appreciate however that symbols, such as “+”, may also be used to provide a visual indication to a user that the correct access code has been entered. Similarly, if an incorrect access code has been entered a symbol such as “−” may be displayed or the letters “NO” or “NOP” may be displayed or the numbers “00” may be displayed.
Housing 14 of electronic lock 10 may be constructed from numerous materials. However, the material will typically be a metal, such as brass or stainless steel, but can also be plastic. Furthermore, the outer surfaces of housing 14 may be chrome-plated or painted, or the unplated metal surface can be polished or brushed for aesthetics. Casting may be a preferred way of forming the housing.
FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of electronic lock 10 detailing various control components and the data communication between those components. In particular, as shown in FIG. 6, electronic lock 10 is controlled by electronic logic circuit 50, which is powered by super capacitor 52. Logic circuit 50 generally includes microprocessor 54, read only memory (ROM) 56, random access memory (RAM) 58, interface unit 59, latch driver 60, and solenoid 62. Logic circuit 50 is responsive to a coded input signal entered via input dial 16 mounted to housing 12 as the dial in rotated to a correct access number. In particular, logic circuit 50 causes a solenoid plunger or latch 64 to move between closed and open positions when the coded input signal is received via a user entering a correct access code from dial 16.
The ROM 56 has at least one correct access code stored therein which must be retrieved for comparison purposes with the access code entered by the user via dial 16. The RAM 58 is coupled between microprocessor 54 and interface unit 59 via a common data bus 66, and is configured for receiving and storing the user input access code.
In order to enable microprocessor 54 to control operation of latch or bolt 64, latch driver 60 is coupled between microprocessor 54 and solenoid 62. Solenoid 62 is configured to move latch 64 between closed and open positions whenever microprocessor 54 sends an actuation signal to latch driver 60. The operation of latch driver 60 and solenoid 62 is known to those skilled in the art and such operation will not be described in greater detail. In one embodiment, latch driver 60 is a solenoid driver. However, it is contemplated that other types and kinds of driver, such as a motor driver, may be employed.
In one aspect of the electronic lock 10 in accordance with the invention, whenever the user enters the correct access code, microprocessor 54 will generate a pulsed correct indication signal on conductor path 68 that causes an access indicator 70 to indicate that the correct access code has been entered. Similarly, whenever the user enters an incorrect access code via dial 16, microprocessor 54 will generate an incorrect indication signal on conduction path 68 that causes access indicator 70 to indicate that an incorrect access code has been entered. It is contemplated that access indicator 70 is operably coupled to display 14 to display a visual indication that the correct (or incorrect) access code has been entered. In other embodiments, the electronic lock 10 does not include a display 14 or an access indicator 70, and the user simply attempts to open door 19 after entering the access code. In that case, when the user enters the correct access code, latch 64 will retract to the open position providing an audible signal to the user, thereby allowing the user to open door 19. However, if the user input access code does not match the correct access code, latch 64 will remain in the closed position, and the user will be unable to open door 14.
In another aspect of the invention, whenever the user enters a correct number that is part of the correct access code, microprocessor 54 will generate a correct indication signal on conductor path 68 that causes an access indicator 70 to indicate that the correct number of the access code has been entered. This may be displayed on display 14 or no symbols or letters are displayed until the entire correct access code is entered.
In one embodiment of device 10, when latch 64 is actuated to the open position, latch 64 remains retracted for a sufficient period of time to permit the user to open door 14 but not a sufficient period of time to permit the user to lock door 14 once it has been opened. In that case, the user must reenter the correct access code to enable door 14 to be once again locked in a closed position. However, in other embodiments, the above-mentioned period of time may be adjusted such that opening and closing door 14 may be accomplished by entering the correct access code only once.
It is also contemplated that latch 64 may be in a normally open position instead of a normally closed position. Thus, the operation to cause latch 64 to be extended to the closed position for locking door 14 may be accomplished in substantially the same manner as described above for causing latch 64 to be retracted to the open position for unlocking door 14.
The present invention has been described as having a latch 64 for locking door 14. However, those of skill in the art will appreciate that rotary bolts and other types of latching means may be substituted and are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention.
Now that a brief description of the electronic lock in accordance with the invention has been provided, a method of input for the lock according to the present invention will be described in detail. In particular, FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a sample control logic sequence of an input method 100 according to the present invention. In particular, input method 100 will be described with reference to lock 10.
The sequence begins at step 102 when dial 16 is turned in the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction to power-up electronic lock 10. The microprocessor senses the voltage of the super capacitor at step 104. If the super capacitor is fully charged, the lock 10 is activated and display 14 powers on in step 106. As a result, a randomly generated two-digit number or other symbol is shown on display 14.
Next, in steps 108, 110, the user rotates dial 16 in either the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction in order to change the numerical value displayed in display 14 to the first number in the access code being input by the user. During a two to four second delay 111, the microprocessor stores the first two-digit number entered by the user in RAM 58. After storing the number in RAM 58, the display will generate a symbol or blink once or twice indicating to the user that the number has been stored at step 112. As a result a second random two-digit number will be displayed on the display 14.
The method continues at steps 114, 116 where the user again rotates dial 14 in the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction until the second two-digit number in the access code being input by the user is displayed on display 14. The user then stops turning the dial 16 and during a two to four second delay the microprocessor stores the second two-digit number input by the user into RAM 58, the display blinks once or twice and then generates a third random two digit number which displays in the display 14.
The method continues at steps 122, 124 where the user again rotates dial 14 in the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction until the third two-digit number in the access code being input by the user is displayed on display 14. The user then stops turning the dial 16 and during a two to four second delay 126 the microprocessor stores the third two-digit number input by the user into RAM 58, the display blinks once or twice at step 128.
At step 130, microprocessor 54 compares the user input access code stored in RAM 58 with the correct access code stored in ROM 56 to determine if the codes match. If the user input access code matches the valid access code in ROM 56, the display 14 provides a visual indication to the user, such as “OP” or “+” to indicate that the lock 10 is open with a right arrow in the display indicating that the user may turn the dial to the right to open the lock. Depending on the type of lock or bolt involved microprocessor 54 may also a signal to latch drive 60 indicating that authorized entry has been confirmed, thereby retracting or otherwise moving latch 64 to the open position in order to allow the user to open door 14.
Although method 100 has been described with reference to a display configured to display a two digit number, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the input method according to the present invention may be modified for use with a display that may be configured to display any quantity of numbers, letters, symbols, or other characters. In one aspect of the invention, the correct access code is formed by three two-digit numbers. In other aspects of the invention, the correct access code is formed by more than three numbers and those numbers may be single digits. Furthermore, the total quantity of numbers that form the correct access code may be either odd or even.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first, second and third user input characters and said first, second and third randomly generated characters are alphanumeric characters.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the alphanumeric characters are integers.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the integers are two digit integers.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the integers are in a range from 0 to
9. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of moving the lock mechanism from the locked position to the unlocked position upon confirming that the user input code matches the valid access code.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the valid access code comprises a three digit code.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating an indicia on the display to visually indicate to a user that the user inputted code does not match the valid access code stored in memory if the microprocessor determines that the user input code does not match the valid access code stored in memory.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising preventing the lock from moving to the unlocked position.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising automatically powering down the device if the user inputted code does not match the valid access code stored in memory.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the valid access code comprises a three character code, each character including two digits.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the pre-determined period of time is 2 to 4 seconds.
13. 14. The electronic lock of claim 13, wherein the first inputted character and the second randomly generated characters are alphanumeric characters.
15. The electronic lock of claim 14, wherein the alphanumeric characters are integers.
16. The electronic lock of claim 15, wherein the integers are in a range from 0 through
9. 17. The electronic lock of claim 15, wherein the integers are two-digit integers.
18. The electronic lock of claim 13 wherein the valid access code comprises a three character code, each character including two digits.
19. The electronic lock of claim 13 wherein the pre-programmed period of time is 2 to 4 seconds..
| 28,877 |
https://github.com/nt-michael/foubs/blob/master/process.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
foubs
|
nt-michael
|
PHP
|
Code
| 132 | 664 |
<?php
session_start();
?>
<?php
if(isset($_POST["q70"]) && isset($_POST["q71"]) && isset($_POST["q72"] ) && isset($_POST["q73"]) && isset($_POST["q74"])){
$test12 = $_POST["q70"] + $_POST["q71"] + $_POST["q72"] + $_POST["q73"] + $_POST["q74"];
echo $test12;
echo "<br/>";
echo $_SESSION["test11"];
$test11 = $_SESSION["test11"];
$test11_12 = $test12 + $test11;
$_SESSION["test11_12"] = "$test11_12";
echo "<br/>";
echo $_SESSION["test11_12"];
}
?>
<?php
$r1 = $_SESSION["test1_2"];
$r2 = $_SESSION["test3_4"];
$r3 = $_SESSION["test5_6"];
$r4 = $_SESSION["test7_8"];
$r5 = $_SESSION["test9_10"];
$r6 = $_SESSION["test11_12"];
if(max($r1,$r2,$r3,$r4,$r5,$r6)==$r1){
$r1_text = "REALISTIC - Doer";
echo $r1_text;
} elseif (max($r1,$r2,$r3,$r4,$r5,$r6)==$r2) {
$r2_text = "INVESTIGATIVE - Thinkers";
echo $r2_text;
} elseif (max($r1,$r2,$r3,$r4,$r5,$r6)==$r3) {
$r3_text = "ARTISTIC - Creators";
echo $r3_text;
} elseif (max($r1,$r2,$r3,$r4,$r5,$r6)==$r4) {
$r4_text = "SOCIAL - Helpers";
echo $r4_text;
} elseif (max($r1,$r2,$r3,$r4,$r5,$r6)==$r5) {
$r5_text = "INTREPRISING - Persuaders";
echo $r5_text;
} elseif (max($r1,$r2,$r3,$r4,$r5,$r6)==$r6) {
$r6_text = "CONVENTIONAL - Organizers";
echo $r6_text;
}
?>
| 7,358 |
https://github.com/Alladin9393/Pattern-recognition/blob/master/cli/entrypoint.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Pattern-recognition
|
Alladin9393
|
Python
|
Code
| 33 | 74 |
"""
Provide implementation of the command line interface for pattern recognition by interacting with the server.
"""
import click
@click.group()
@click.version_option()
@click.help_option()
def cli():
"""
Command-line interface to interact with server.
"""
pass
| 14,131 |
US-201917281526-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,934 | 7,114 |
Bush
ABSTRACT
A tuning element that can be integrally formed with a resilient body of a bush and configured to reduce dynamic stiffness increases associated with eigenmodes of the resilient body within a predetermined operational vibration frequency range. The tuning element may resemble an upstanding wall or wing on an outer surface of the resilient body. The resilient body may comprise a plurality of radial arms having axial passageways therebetween. The tuning element may bridge the passageways. A bush configured in this way may be particular suitable for use in scenario where the operational vibration frequency range comprises high frequency, such as an engine mount for an electric vehicle.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a National Phase application of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/076458, filed Sep. 30, 2019, which claims the benefit of British Application GB 1815999.6, filed on Oct. 1, 2018, both of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a bush for resisting vibrations between two components, such as the engine and chassis of a vehicle.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Typically a bush for resisting vibration comprises two anchor parts that are connected by resilient material, such as rubber. One anchor part is attached to one component of the vibrating machinery, and the other anchor part attached to another component. As the two components vibrate relative to each other, the resilient material to provide isolation between vibrating component and anchor. Such bushes thus permit some relative movement, but act to prevent excessive movement between components.
GB 2 364 558 discloses an example of a bush, in which the anchor part for one component of the vibrating machinery is in the form of a hollow sleeve and the other anchor part in the form of a rod or tube extending approximately centrally and coaxially of the sleeve. A resilient body, e.g. of rubber or other suitable elastomeric material, is disposed within an annular volume between the sleeve and the rod. The resilient body can be secured in place, e.g. by radial crimping of the sleeve towards the rod.
The resilient body between the sleeve and the rod represents a spring element for isolating vibration. The dynamic stiffness of this spring element varies with vibration frequency depending on a number of factors, including the resilient material used, and the shape and configuration of the connection between the sleeve and rod. However, in any given arrangement, the resilient body will exhibit one or more eigenmodes where the dynamic stiffness increases and the vibrational isolation between the interconnected components is reduced.
It is desirable for dynamic stiffness increases due to eigenmodes of the resilient body to be reduced within a frequency range associated with normal operation of the two components to be interconnected (e.g. engine and chassis in a vehicle).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
At its most general, the present invention provides a tuning element that can be integrally formed with a resilient body of a bush and configured to reduce dynamic stiffness increases associated with eigenmodes of the resilient body within a predetermined operational vibration frequency range. The tuning element may resemble an upstanding wall or wing on an outer surface of the resilient body. A bush configured in this way may be particular suitable for use in scenario where the operational vibration frequency range comprises high frequency, such as an engine mount for an electric vehicle. The predetermined operational frequency range may be a sensitive vibration frequency range, e.g. associated with vibration frequency that may be expected to occur regularly or for extended periods during operation. For example, where the bush is connected in a vehicle, the predetermined operation vibration frequency range may be associated with motor vibrations associated with cruising across a range of conventional speeds.
According to the present invention, there may be provided a bush for isolating vibrations, the bush comprising: a first anchor part that defines a longitudinal axis; a second anchor part spaced from the first anchor part; a resilient body extending between the first anchor part and the second anchor part and operably engaged with the first anchor part and the second anchor part to isolate vibrations therebetween; and a tuning element operably coupled to an outer surface of the resilient body, wherein the tuning element comprises an upstanding wall on the outer surface of the resilient body, and wherein the tuning element is configured to reduce dynamic stiffness increases associated with eigenmodes of the resilient body within a predetermined operational vibration frequency range. The tuning element preferably comprises an annular wall or wing that encircles the longitudinal axis and protrudes from the outer surface of the resilient body.
The term “resilient” is used herein to indicate generally the ability to recoil or spring back, e.g. in an elastic manner, after application of a deforming force.
The tuning element may be integrally formed with the resilient body. In other words both the resilient body and the tuning element may be made from the same resilient deformable material, e.g. natural rubber or the like. However, in other examples, the tuning element may be a separate entity that is bonded or otherwise secured to the resilient body.
The tuning element may comprise a plurality of annular walls. Each annular wall may be coaxial with the longitudinal axis.
The outer surface of the resilient body may be any exposed surface of the resilient body from which the tuning element can extend without interfering with operation of the bush. For example, the tuning elements may comprises protrusions on axially-facing surfaces or radially-facing surfaces of the resilient body. As mentioned above, the tuning element may comprise annular elements, e.g. in the form or a wall or wing that projects from a surface of the resilient body. The annular wall or wing may project in any direction relative to the longitudinal axis. For example, it may extend in a direction parallel or normal to the longitudinal axis. Or it may be angled relative to the longitudinal axis.
In one embodiment, the second anchor part may be disposed coaxially with respect to the first anchor part. The resilient body may thus extend radially between the first anchor part and the second anchor part. In this example, the upstanding wall may be on an axial end surface of the resilient body. The upstanding wall may be an annular wall having a height extending in the axial direction. For example, the tuning element may comprise an upper annular wall protruding from an upper axial end surface of the resilient body, and a lower annular wall protruding from a lower axial end surface of the resilient body. In some examples there may be multiple annular walls on one or both axial end surfaces.
Each annular wall may have a maximum radial thickness that is less than half, preferably less than a third or a quarter, of the radial length of the axial end surface. Each annular wall may have a substantially uniform radial thickness along its axial length.
The resilient body may comprise a plurality of radial arms spaced apart around the longitudinal axis, and wherein each pair of adjacent arms are separated by a longitudinally extending passageway. The upstanding wall may be formed only on the radial arms, i.e. it may extend in separate discrete element around the longitudinal axis. Preferably, however, the upstanding wall bridges across each longitudinally extending passageway so that it encircles the longitudinal axis in a continuous manner.
In one example, the first anchor part may be a rod extending along the longitudinal axis. The second anchor part may comprise a sleeve surrounding the rod and defining an annular space therebetween. The resilient body may extend radially between an outer surface of the rod and an inner surface of the sleeve. The resilient body may be a solid resilient member that fills the annular volume between the rod and the sleeve, or may be a moulded resilient member having passages or cavities therein to facilitate relative movement between the first anchor part and the second anchor part during vibration.
The resilient body may comprise an upper lobe that extends radially between the first anchor part and second anchor part and a lower lobe that extends radially between the first anchor part and second anchor part. The upper lobe and lower lobe may be separated by an annular space. The upper axial end surface may be on the upper lobe and the lower axial end surface may be on the lower lobe.
The resilient body may comprise a snub portion in the annular space. The snub portion may be configured to limit radial travel of the first anchor part relative to the second anchor part.
Preferably the resilient body is formed by injection moulding.
Preferably the first anchor part is connectable to a first machine component and the second anchor part is connectable to a second machine component, whereby the bush is operable to isolate vibrations between the first machine component and second machine component. For example, the first machine component may be an electric motor. Alternatively, the first machine component and the second machine component are the engine and chassis of a vehicle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a known type of bush;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a bush that is an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cut-away perspective view of the bush of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing dynamic stiffness against frequency for the conventional bush of FIG. 1 and the bush of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5A is a plan view of a bush that is another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the bush of FIG. 5A taken along the line B-B;
FIG. 5C is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the bush of FIG. 5A taken along the line D-D;
FIG. 6A is a plan view of a bush that is yet another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the bush of FIG. 6A taken along the line B-B;
FIG. 6C is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the bush of FIG. 6A taken along the line D-D;
FIG. 7A is a plan view of a bush that is yet another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the bush of FIG. 7A taken along the line B-B; and
FIG. 7C is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the bush of FIG. 7A taken along the line D-D.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION; FURTHER OPTIONS AND PREFERENCES
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a known type of bush 100 that is described here to facilitate understanding of the invention. The bush 100 has a generally cylindrical configuration that exhibits rotation symmetry about a longitudinal axis. The cross-sectional side view shown in FIG. 1 is taken parallel to the longitudinal axis 101.
The bush 100 comprises a first anchor part 110 and a second anchor part 112. The second anchor part 112 is spaced from the first anchor part 110 by a resilient body 114 which extends between them.
The first anchor part 110 comprises a rigid rod, which may be a hollow tube, made from any suitable material, e.g. a metal such as aluminium or steel. In some embodiments, the first anchor part 110 may be formed of two or more components. For example, the first anchor part 110 may have a core component, such as a hollow metal tube, surround by an annular plastic component (e.g. formed by injection moulding) which connects the core to the resilient body 114.
The first anchor part 110 is configured to be attached to a first component of vibrating machinery (not shown) in any conventional manner.
The second anchor part 112 comprises a rigid sleeve, e.g. formed from plastic or metal, disposed coaxially with the first anchor part 110 to define an annular space therebetween. The second anchor part 112 may configured to be attached to a second component of vibrating machinery (not shown). The second anchor part 112 may comprise a metal (e.g. extruded aluminium) housing or canister that contains the resilient body 114. The metal housing may have a protective coating (not shown) on its outer surface, e.g. made from vulcanised rubber or the like.
For example, the first component may be an engine or motor and the second component may be the chassis of a vehicle. The bush 100 may be particularly suitable for use between the drive unit, such as the motor, and chassis in an electric vehicle.
In the annular space between the first anchor part 110 and the second anchor part 112, a resilient body 114 is provided. The resilient body 114 may be formed from a resiliently deformable material such as rubber. For example, the resilient material may be rubber having a hardness of between 45 and 50 as measured with a Shore A durometer. The resilient body 114 could either have voids/passageways or be solid rubber, as required by the desired stiffness characteristic.
In some examples, the resilient body 114 may be bonded to one or both of the first anchor part 110 and the second anchor part 112. For example, the resilient body 114 may be bonded to the first anchor part 110 and this arrangement may be push-fitted into the second anchor part 112 to increase durability. The increase in durability comes from pre-compressing the rubber to remove residual stresses caused by the rubber shrinking during moulding.
The resilient body 114 extends radially between an outer surface of the first anchor part 110 and an inner surface of the second anchor part 112. The second anchor part 112 may comprise an upper ring element 116 and a lower ring element 118 which are affixed to respective upper and lower lobes 115, 117 of the resilient body 114. The upper ring element 116 and the lower ring element 118 may be formed from a suitably rigid plastic material, e.g. by injection moulding. The material may be selected to provide a robust connection to the material of the resilient deformable material.
The second anchor part 112 may include a radially inwardly protruding portion 120 disposed between the upper ring element 116 and the lower ring element 118. The radially inwardly protruding portion 120 may be arranged to limit the radial travel of a snub portion 122 on the resilient body. In this example, the snub portion 122 is a circumferential rib that protrudes outwardly from an outer surface of the first anchor part 110. The radially inwardly protruding portion 120 may be integrally formed with the second anchor part 112 or may be a separate moulded component, e.g. injection moulded, that is retained by the second anchor part 112. The upper ring element 116 and lower ring element may be secured to the radially inwardly protruding portion 120, e.g. around axial ends thereof.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a bush 200 that is an embodiment of the invention. Features in common with the bush 100 of FIG. 1 are given the same reference number and are not described again.
The bush 200 of the invention differs from the bush 100 of FIG. 1 in the provision of tuning elements 202, 204 operably connected to the resilient body 114. In this example, the tuning elements 202, 204 are coupled respectively to an upper surface 206 of the upper lobe 115 of the resilient body and a lower surface 208 of the lower lobe 117 of the resilient body. In principle the tuning elements 202, 204 can be coupled to other regions of the resilient body 114, but these locations may be advantageous because they do not interfere with operation of the movement limiter formed by the snub portion 122 and radially inwardly projecting surface 120.
It may be desirable to provide a tuning elements 202, 204 on both the upper surface 206 and the lower surface 208 as shown in FIG. 2. Where the bush is symmetrical (i.e. the upper and lower lobes 115, 117 are the same), the tuning elements 202, 204 may have the same configuration. More generally, any number of tuning elements may be provided on the upper and lower surfaces 206, 208 in order to provide a smooth dynamic stiffness response across the operational vibration frequency range.
In this example, the tuning elements 202, 204 each comprise an extension of the resilient body 114 in the form of an axially extending annular wall or wing that encircles (e.g. is coaxial with) the longitudinal axis 101. The tuning elements 202, 204 may be integrally formed with the resilient body 114, i.e. may be formed of the same resilient deformable material. However, in other embodiments, the tuning elements may be formed separately and bonded or otherwise secured to the resilient body 114.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, each tuning element 202, 204 comprises a single upstanding annular wing that extends in the axial direction. In other example, each tuning element may comprise a plurality of spaced annular wings, and/or each wing may extend at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis. Each wing may have a radial thickness that is much less than the radial extent (e.g. width) of the resilient body. This has the effect of controlling the position on the resilient body where the additional mass of the tuning element is effective.
The tuning elements 202, 204 operate as mass dampers for the purpose of damping resonances of the bush, so that the bush exhibits a low dynamic stiffness across a desired vibration frequency range. In this case, it has been found that the tuning elements 202, 204 are particular useful in damping resonance across a vibration frequency range associated with the normal operation of an electric motor, e.g. in an electric or hybrid motor vehicle. This vibration frequency range may be higher than that associated with conventional internal combustion engines. The desired vibration frequency range in which the tuning elements 202, 204 cause damping may be 500-2500 Hz, for example.
In use, the resilient body 114 and the tuning elements 202, 204 operate together to isolate vibrations between the first anchor part 110 and the second anchor part 112. In this way, a first component may be isolated from vibrations of a second component, and vice versa, by interconnecting the two components using the bush 200. As the two components affixed to the bush 200 vibrate relative to each other, the resilient body 114 and the tuning elements 202, 204 deform to isolate the vibration. The resilient body 114 may have one or more eigenmodes at which the dynamic stiffness of the resilient material increases, tending to reduce vibrational isolation between the two interconnected components. As explained above, the provision of the tuning elements 202, 204 serves to reduce these stiffness increases at the eigenmodes, ensuring that two components are isolated from relative vibration at all operating frequencies.
Properties of the resilient body 114 and tuning elements 202, 204 may be selected to isolate vibrations across the operating frequency range of the two components. In particular, the properties and dimensions of the tuning elements 202, 204 may be selected so as to isolate the first anchor part 110 and second anchor part 112 from dynamic stiffness increases associated with eigenmodes of the resilient body 114. The shape, material and configuration of the tuning elements 202, 204 may be selected so that the bush exhibits a desirable dynamic stiffness characteristic, as discussed below. For example, the tuning elements 202, 204 116 b may be manufactured from a resilient material having a desired stiffness and/or hardness, or any other material property. The tuning elements 202, 204 may also be tuned to ensure that they isolate dynamic stiffness increases at the eigenmodes of the resilient body 114.
FIG. 3 is a cut-away perspective view of the bush 200 provided to show the three-dimensional nature of the features in more detail. Features discussed above are given the same reference number and are not discussed again.
FIG. 4 shows a graph of dynamic stiffness against frequency for a known bush such as the bush 100 shown in FIG. 1 and a bush according to the present invention, such as the bush 200 shown in FIG. 2.
As can be seen in FIG. 4, a dynamic stiffness characteristic 300 for a known bush exhibits stiffness peaks 302, 304 corresponding to eigenmodes at approximately 600 and 1200 Hz. These peaks represent reduced vibrational isolation between two components interconnected by the bush. For example, where the bush is used to mount an engine or motor to the chassis of a vehicle, this may result in unwanted noise. It is therefore desirable to reduce or eliminate the stiffness increases in the bush at these frequencies.
A bush such as that shown in FIG. 2 may have a dynamic stiffness characteristic 310 in which dynamic stiffness peaks at approximately 600 and 1200 Hz are reduced or eliminated. Eigenmodes of the bush are dependent on the size or material of the resilient body 114. Therefore, by suitable configuration of the tuning element 202, 204, the damping effect at these frequencies may be adjusted, and the frequencies of the damping effect may be ‘tuned’ to more closely match the eigenmodes of the resilient body 114. By providing the tuning element 202, 204 in this way, it can be seen in FIG. 4 that the dynamic stiffness peaks are much reduced, meaning that two components which are connected by bush are isolated from relative vibration across the desired range of operating frequencies.
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C show various views of a bush 400 that is another embodiment of the invention. Features in common with the bushes 100, 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are given the same reference number and are not described again.
FIG. 5A shows a top view of the bush 400. Similarly to the bush 200 shown in FIG. 2, the bush 400 includes a tuning element 402 coupled to an upper surface of resilient body 404. In this example, the resilient body 404 is formed with a plurality of axial passageways 408 therethrough, such that it comprises a plurality of radial arms that extend between the anchor parts 110, 112. The passageways 408 are disposed regularly around the axis 101 of the bush. In this example there are four passageways 408, but the invention need not be limited to this number of configuration.
Each passageway 408 is defined by an aperture 406 through in the upper surface of the resilient body 404. The passageway 408 preferably extends completely through the resilient body in the axial direction. In FIG. 5A the snub portion 122 and radially inwardly projecting surface 120 within the bush are visible when looking down through the aperture 406. However, in other examples the passageway 508 may be closed, e.g. at the lower surface of the upper lobe 410 and/or the upper surface of the lower lobe 412. In such an example, the passageway 408 may resemble a pocket or blind channel formed in the respective lobe of the resilient body 404. The passageway 408 may be closed by a web or skin of resilient material that spans across the passageway 408 within the resilient body 404. The web may be integrally formed with the resilient body 404.
The passageways 408 provide gaps in the circumferential extent of the resilient body 404. Such gaps may improve the performance of the bush for dampening high frequency vibrations between the anchor parts 110, 112 compared with a configuration having an unbroken circumferential resilient body.
As shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C, the resilient body 404 in the bush 400 has both an upper lobe 410 and a lower lobe 412. Passageways 408 are provided in both the upper lobe 410 and the lower lobe 412 in an aligned manner, i.e. in which each passageway in the upper lobe has a corresponding passageways in the lower lobe aligned therewith in an axial direction.
In the bush 400 shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C, a tuning element 402 is coupled to each portion of the resilient body 404 that extends between adjacent passageways 408. Similarly to the bush 200 shown in FIG. 2, each tuning element 402 is an upstanding wing that extends in the axial direction. Corresponding tuning elements 414 are provided on the lower surface of the lower lobe 412, such that the bush is symmetrical about a lateral mid plane.
FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C show various views of a bush 500 that is another embodiment of the invention. Features in common with the bushes 100, 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are given the same reference number and are not described again.
FIG. 6A shows a top view of the bush 500. Similarly to the bush 400 shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C, the bush 500 has a resilient body 504 that is formed with a plurality of axial passageways 508 therethrough. The passageways 508 are disposed regularly around the axis 101 of the bush. In this example there are four passageways 508, but the invention need not be limited to this number of configuration.
Each passageway 508 is defined by an aperture 506 through in the upper surface of the resilient body 504. The passageway 508 preferably extends completely through the resilient body in the axial direction. In FIG. 6A the snub portion 122 and radially inwardly projecting surface 120 within the bush are visible when looking down through the aperture 506. However, in other examples the passageway 508 may be closed, e.g. at the lower surface of the upper lobe 510 and/or the upper surface of the lower lobe 512, as discussed above.
The passageways 508 provide gaps in the circumferential extent of the resilient body 504. Such gaps may improve the performance of the bush for dampening high frequency vibrations between the anchor parts 110, 112 compared with a configuration having an unbroken circumferential resilient body.
As shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C, the resilient body 504 in the bush 500 has both an upper lobe 510 and a lower lobe 512. Passageways 508 are provided in both the upper lobe 510 and the lower lobe 512 in an aligned manner, i.e. in which each passageway in the upper lobe has a corresponding passageways in the lower lobe aligned therewith in an axial direction.
In the bush 500 shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C, a tuning element 502 is coupled to each portion of the resilient body 504 that extends between adjacent passageways 508. Similarly to the bush 200 shown in FIG. 2, each tuning element 502 is an upstanding wing that extends in the axial direction. Corresponding tuning elements 514 are provided on the lower surface of the lower lobe 512, such that the bush is symmetrical about a lateral mid plane.
Unlike the bush 400, however, where the tuning element 402, 414 are confined to the surface of the resilient body 404, in the bush 500, each tuning element 502 has a portion 516 that extends over the boundary of the aperture 506 to protrude into the passageway 508. The extent and direction in which the portion 516 protrudes into the passageway 508 may be selected to assisting tuning of the bush's performance. FIG. 6B shows that the portion 516 protrudes along the whole length of the respective lobe of the resilient body, but this need not be essential.
FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C show various views of a bush 600 that is another embodiment of the invention. Features in common with the bushes 100, 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are given the same reference number and are not described again.
FIG. 7A shows a top view of the bush 600. Similarly to the bush 400 shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C, the bush 600 has a resilient body 604 that is formed with a plurality of axial passageways 608 therethrough. The passageways 608 are disposed regularly around the axis 101 of the bush. In this example there are four passageways 608, but the invention need not be limited to this number of configuration.
Each passageway 608 is defined by an aperture 606 through in the upper surface of the resilient body 604. The passageway 608 preferably extends completely through the resilient body in the axial direction. In FIG. 7A the snub portion 122 and radially inwardly projecting surface 120 within the bush are visible when looking down through the aperture 606. However, in other examples the passageway 608 may be closed, e.g. at the lower surface of the upper lobe 610 and/or the upper surface of the lower lobe 612, as discussed above.
The passageways 608 provide gaps in the circumferential extent of the resilient body 604. Such gaps may improve the performance of the bush for dampening high frequency vibrations between the anchor parts 110, 112 compared with a configuration having an unbroken circumferential resilient body.
As shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C, the resilient body 604 in the bush 600 has both an upper lobe 610 and a lower lobe 612. Passageways 608 are provided in both the upper lobe 610 and the lower lobe 612 in an aligned manner, i.e. in which each passageway in the upper lobe has a corresponding passageways in the lower lobe aligned therewith in an axial direction.
In the bush 600 shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C, a tuning element 602 is coupled to a top surface of the upper lobe 610 of the resilient body 604. However, unlike the arrangement discussed above in which a separate tuning element was provided on each portion of the resilient body between the passageways, in this embodiment the tuning element 602 is a continuous entity that encircles the axis 101. The tuning element 602 is coupled to each portion of the resilient body 604 that extends between adjacent passageways 608. But rather than terminating at or in the passageways 608, the tuning element 602 bridges between opposite sides of passageway 608. FIG. 7B shows that the bridging portion (i.e. the part of the tuning element within the passageways) extends down the whole axial length of the respective lobe of the resilient body. However, this arrangement need not be essential. For example, the bridging portion may pass only over the top of the passageway 608.
As shown in FIG. 7A, the tuning element 602 is in the form of a circle centred on the axis 101. However, other geometries (e.g. elliptical or irregular) may be used. Similarly to the bush 200 shown in FIG. 2, the tuning element 602 is an upstanding annular wing that extends in the axial direction. A corresponding tuning elements 614 is provided on the lower surface of the lower lobe 612, such that the bush is symmetrical about a lateral mid plane.
The inventors have found that the combination of passageways through the resilient body in conjunction with a continuous wing or blade shaped tuning element that connects the “legs” of the resilient body that are separated by the passageways leads to a bush with improved high frequency performance, especially in a frequency range from 500-2500 Hz. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the continuous tuning element has different vibrational modes compared with separate tuning structure that ensures that the overall system does not exhibit a vibrational eigenmode in the high frequency range.
1. A bush for isolating vibrations, the bush comprising: a first anchor part that defines a longitudinal axis; a second anchor part spaced from the first anchor part; a resilient body extending between the first anchor part and the second anchor part and operably engaged with the first anchor part and the second anchor part to isolate vibrations therebetween; and a tuning element operably coupled to an outer surface of the resilient body, wherein the tuning element comprises an upstanding wall on the outer surface of the resilient body, and wherein the tuning element is configured to reduce dynamic stiffness increases associated with eigenmodes of the resilient body within a predetermined operational vibration frequency range.
2. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the tuning element is integrally formed with the resilient body.
3. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the upstanding wall extends along a circumferential path that is coaxial with the longitudinal axis.
4. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the second anchor part is disposed coaxially with respect to the first anchor part, and the resilient body extends radially between the first anchor part and the second anchor part.
5. A bush according to claim 4, wherein the upstanding wall is on an axial end surface of the resilient body.
6. A bush according to claim 4, wherein the upstanding wall is an annular wall having a height extending in the axial direction.
7. A bush according to claim 6, wherein the upstanding wall has a maximum radial thickness that is less than half of the radial length of the axial end surface.
8. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the resilient body comprises a plurality of radial arms spaced apart around the longitudinal axis, and wherein each pair of adjacent arms are separated by a longitudinally extending passageway.
9. A bush according to claim 8, wherein the upstanding wall bridges across each longitudinally extending passageway.
10. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the upstanding wall encircles the longitudinal axis.
11. A bush according to claim 4, wherein the tuning element comprising an upper annular wall protruding from an upper axial end surface of the resilient body, and a lower annular wall protruding from a lower axial end surface of the resilient body.
12. A bush according to claim 11, wherein the resilient body comprising an upper lobe that extends radially between the first anchor part and second anchor part and a lower lobe that extends radially between the first anchor part and second anchor part, wherein the upper lobe and lower lobe are separated by an annular space, and wherein the upper axial end surface is on the upper lobe and the lower axial end surface is on the lower lobe.
13. A bush according to claim 12, wherein the resilient body comprises a snub portion in the annular space, the snub portion being configured to limit radial travel of the first anchor part relative to the second anchor part.
14. A bush according to claim 4, wherein the first anchor part is a rod extending along the longitudinal axis, and wherein the second anchor part is a sleeve surrounding the rod.
15. A bush according to claim 14, wherein the resilient body extends radially between an outer surface of the rod and an inner surface of the sleeve.
16. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the resilient body is formed by injection moulding.
17. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the resilient material is natural rubber.
18. A bush according to claim 1, wherein the first anchor part is connectable to a first machine component and the second anchor part is connectable to a second machine component, whereby the bush is operable to isolate vibrations between the first machine component and second machine component.
19. A bush according to claim 18, wherein the first machine component is an electric motor.
20. A bush according to claim 18, wherein the first machine component and second machine component are the engine and chassis of a vehicle..
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49846167
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Bancas Point
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 47 | 82 |
Bancas Point
Bancas Point
cape in Alaska, United States of America
Bancas Point GeoNames ID 5846455
Bancas Point coordinate location
Bancas Point instance of cape
Bancas Point GNIS Feature ID 1420220
Bancas Point country United States of America
Bancas Point located in the administrative territorial entity Alaska
| 10,219 |
bpt6k582093q_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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L'Ouest-Éclair
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,533 | 12,149 |
Contre les traîtres • ̃ 7e»'>>»i ̃ ̃ ̃ Plusieurs journaux, 'dont le Temps parait tiré, si l'on peut dire, le maltre de chœur, nous font entendre, depuis quelques jours, une psalmodie plaintive. Ils s'attristent et même ils s'inquiètent de tout le bruit qui se fait autour de NI Bolo, de M. Turmel et des compagnons du Bonnet Rouge. Ils ont peur que ce bruit ne témoigne d'un goût malsain de l'opinion publique pour les spectacles faisandés. Si leur crainte était justifiée, il faudrait assurément la prendre en considération. Et c'est bien pourquoi nous avons nous-mêmes demandé qu'il ne soit pas permis à la presse française de transformer en une sorte de roman-feuilleton le reportage de ces dégoùtantes affaires. Quand les Allemands sont encore à Saint-Quentin, ce n'est pas le moment de se complaire dans la description de certaines pourritures, et je tombe d'accord avec le Temps qu'à l'heure où l'ennemi fau:he, sur le front, tant de vies précieuses, si pures, si nobles, et je serais tenté d'écrire si irremplaçables, l'on ne saurait avoir trop de souci, de la moralité, de la dignité, de la bonne tenue de l'arrière. Si l'arrière se tient mal, il fait injure aux héros dont le sang chaque jour répandu assure sa sécurité. Et pour le dire en passant, ceux de nos confrères qui nous adressent, à l'occasion des derniers scandales, de si sages et si vertueuses exhortations, auraient pu s'apercevoir plus tôt du péril qu'ils viennent seulement de dénoncer et qui n'est pas, croyonsnous, là où ils le montrent, mais qui, néanmoins, existe et contre lequel il ne serait peut-être pas inutile de nous mettre en garde. Nous avons eu la Il reprise des affaires », et c'était fort bien en même temps, s'est produite la « reprise des plaisirs », et ce fut moins heureux. Pendant qu'on se bat sur l'Aisne et sur la Meuse, trop de gens s'amusent et mènent joyeuse vie sans se soucier du sacrifice permanent dont se paie leur tranquillité. Là-dessus, il y aurait beaucoup à dire. Il ne s'agit pas de faire de la France une immense Trappe où l'on rivaliserait de mortifications il s'agit simplement de ne point laisser s'établir un contraste trop .violent entre les angoisses et les douleurs du plus grand nombre et les distractions trop souvent excessives de quelques-uns. De même, l'on ne demande pas que les théâtres suicnt fermés, niais l'on s'étonne d'y voir représenter certaines œuvres dont les tendances au moins équivoques, quand elles ne sont pas franchement immorales, jurent odieusement avec les émotions si cruelles du temps de guerre. Je ne me souviens pas que les journaux qui se plaignent en ce moment de la publicité donnée à l'affaire Bolo ou à celle du Bonnet Rouge, se soient sérieusement préoccupés de cet autre danger de corruption mais je me souviens très bien d'avoir entendu sur ce sujet les doléances indignées de combattants qui jugeaient avec la même sévérité ces spectacles dissulvanls, les critiques indulgents qui les tolèrent et le public dévoyé qui en fait sa pâture. Puisque le Temps se sent en veine de morigéner, qu'il pousse donc son enquête' dans cette direction Je lui promets la matière d'une belle philippique. En attendant et tout bien considéré, je ne pense pas que l'intérêt passionné avec lequel l'opinion française suit les développe ments de l'instructiun judiciaire ouverte contre Bolo et consorts, puisse être interprété comme le signe d'un état d'esprit regrettable. Car, en tout ceci, ce qui est attristant, ce n'est pas la divulgation de la trahison ni l'indignation des patriotes, mais la trahisun elle-mème.N'exagérons rien et gardons-nous, pour nous conformer aux conseils du 7'entps, des généralisations imprudentes. Mais n'essayons pas d'envisager une semblable affaire comme nous ferions d'un fait-divers quelconque. Ce « fait-divers » dont notre confrère nous raconte les péripéties à sa troisième page, et immédiatement au-dessous de son bulletin météorologique, c'est toute l'entreprise des agents de l'Allemagne en France et chez nos alliés. Quoiqu'il en dise, j'ose prétendre que cela vaut bicn une « manchette n. L'Allemagne fait la guerre totale n, et l'un des aspects de cette guerre, c'est l'espionnage ct l'organisation méthodique de la trahison.,Si donc il faut lutter contre notre ennemi, non pas seulement sur le front,mais ü l'arrière, et s'il faut. pendant que nos soldats se battent contre les siens, nous défendre par surcroît contre les traîtres nn'il entretient parmi nous, c'est-à-dire les découvrir et les exécuteur, l'on conçoit sans peine qu'un semblable effort ne puisse nous laisser indifférentes et que la presse en fasse connaître nu pays les résultats. Nous enregistrons avec fierlé les communiqués du général Pétain toutes proportions hardées, les Il communiqués '1. du capitaine Bouchardon méritent, eux aussi, d'être publiés, car tout. progrès réalisé par celui-ri dans son onq'jête, est une défaite pour ]ps Boch^. Encore une fois, c'est ln guerre totale est il la faut. pnen^r totalement. <1 fis sions-nous pour y parvenir chausser des bottes d'égoutier. Quant à la question de savoir si tel ou tel personnage politique ou telle ou telle coterie influente auront à souffrir des investigations et des découvertes de la justice, c'est un point de vue auquel nous ne nous placerons point. Autant il serait déloyal et lâche d'exploiter les nécessités de la défense nationale dans un intérêt de parti, autant, sous le prétexte de sauvegarder ce même intérêt, il serait criminel d'épargner des coupables, si haut placés qu'ils puissent être. Depuis le 1er août 1914, il ne peut plus y avoir de « République des camarades » il n'y a que la France, la France envahie qu'il faut délivrer et ses fils massacrés qu'il faut venger. Nous avons sous les yeux l'horrible chancre de la trahison qu'on y mette résolument le fer rouge et qu'il ne reste pas la moindre trace de cette pourriture On n'a que trop différé cette opération de salut. C'est une raison de plus de la faire brutale et complète. Ceux qui craignent ou font mine de craindre que la révélation des méfaits de Bolo, de Turmel et des grcdins du non net Rouge, n'exerce dans le pays une influence déprimante, font bien peu d'honneur au caractère français. Il n'y a qu'une chose qui pourrait décourager et démoraliser l'opinion, et ce serait un avortement partiel de l'oeuvre de salut public assumée par le gouvernement et la justice militaire. Le patriotisme et la haute conscience de M. Painlevé et de son garde des sceaux, M. Baoul Pÿret, nous sont garants que cela n'arrivera pas. Emmanuel Desgrées du Loû. LA NUIT DU 6 OCTOBRE. nous reviendrons I heure en arrière PARIS. 3 octobre. Le ministère des transports nous commuique la note suivante Le décret du 20 mars 1917, pris en exécution de la loi du 19 du même mois, ayant pour objet d'avancer l'heure légale pendant la période d'été, spécifie que l'heure normale sera rétablie le 7 octobre. Les Compagnies de chemin de fer ont prévu les mesures nécessaires pour le retour à l'heure normale. Dans la nuit du 6 au 7 octobre, à une heure, les aiguilles des horloges seront retardées d'une heure, c'est-à-dire mises à 0 heure, minuit, d'une façon générale. Les trains de grandes lignes seront arrêtés entre 24 heures et 1 heure dans une gare ouverte au service où ils stationneront le temps nécessaire pour reprendre leur horaire normal. Dans le nouveau service, les trains, dont l'arrivée au point terminus doit avoir lieu entre 24 heures et 1 heure continueront leur marche jusqu'à destination. Pour quelques trains partant peu avant minuit, le départ sera retardé d'une heure afln d'éviter un stationnement à proximité du point de départ. Le public sera d'ailleurs prévenu par des affiches des mesures prises en ce qui concerne les voyageurs. Le Pérou contre l'Allemagne Lima (sans date). Le gouvernement du Pérou a ordonné d'occuper militairement les bateaux allemands Ithakotis, Anuhis. MarieLuxord, Sierra-Conrdoha. Maïpo, Oméga, Tellus, (:arda rt Hébé dans la crainte qu'ils puissent s'échapper. VOIR -EN DEUXIÈME PAGE Les protecteurs de Jiolo. Aurons-nous le sucre national ? DM LES FLANDRES ET SUR LA MEUSE De violentes actions semblent se préparer Les Allemands ont de nouveau montré de l'activité sur le front de Champagne. Ils avaient préparé une attaque dans la région à l'est de Reims, mais nos artilleurs veillaient, et les fantassins ennemis n'ont pu sortir de leurs tranchées. Prenant l'offensive à l'ouest de la ferme Navarin et aux alentours du Casque, nos soldats ont pénétré dans les lignes ennemies et ramené des prisonniers. Sur le front de Verdun, une violente lutte d'artillerie s'est livrée des deux côtés de la Meuse, particulièrement au nord de la cote non loin de Samogneux, et près de Beaumont, où les Allemands ont massé leurs meilleures troupes de choc, compostées de pionniers et de fantassins d'élite. On peut s'attendre de leur part à une prochaine et vigoureuse action d'infanterie. lis trouveront à qui parler. Les Anglais n'ont rien signaler sur leur front, à part l'activité des deux artilleries dans la région d'Ypres. Ia bataille des Flandres n'est pas finie, et même on peut .s'attendre à un développement méthodique et sûr des opérations. Bonne journée encore pour l'aviation française. Nos avions ont bombardé une série de gares et d'usines sur la frontière allemande et en Lorraine. Sept mille kilos de projectiles ont été lancés au cours de ces diverses opérations. En représailles du bombardement de Bar-le-Duc. deux de nos appareils sont allés jeter des bombes sur la ville de Baden. Pour la septième fois, en huit jours, les avions allemands ont survolé les côtes anglaises et la cité de Londres. On n'a pas entendu dire que la rapacité défensive britannique en soit le moins du monde amoindrie. Les Anglais auront quelque jour leur revanche. Parlant t Londres mardi soir, le docteur Adison, ministre de la reconstitution nationale, a déclaré à ce sujet a La production des aéroplanes s'est considérablement accrue et se développera encore beaucoup plus. De même que ce fut le cas avec toutes les autres atrocités qu'ils commirent, les Allemands soulevèrent l'indignation de l'humanité lorsqu'ils commencèrent à bombarder les villes ouvertes. Les peuples civilisés ne pouvaient pas plns admettre la destruction de navires par les sons-marins qu'ils ne pouvaient admettre cette nouvelle forme de barbarie aérienne. Mais je puis voa.s affirmer que nous sommes parvenus à écarter la menace sous-marine. nous avons abtenu de très bons résultats ces temps derniers et je suis convaincu que, de même que nous avons vaincu la menace sous-marine, nous obtiendrons également la m'Orne suprématie dans les airs, que ce soit au-dessus de l'Angleterre ou au-dessus de leur propre pays. Le but de l'ennemi est de rendre la populatinn civile nerveuse, car il sait très bien qu'il ne peut nous infliger aucun dommage de nature militaire Lrs karikaturistes boches amusent les Michpl et les Gretchen de là-bas, en bâtissant (car leur crayon a la légèreté de ceux des maçons) sur la peur qu'ils prêtent gratuitemrnt aux ménagères des villes Pt des campagnes anglaises. Rira bien qui rira le dernier Les Allemands quitteraient la Flandres et le Nord de la France New-York, 3 octobre. Il ressort de renseignements 'parvenus au département rI'Flat à Washington, que les Allemands s'apprêtent u rétrécir' leur front rn se retirant des Flandres orientale et occidentale et du nord de la France. A Tioubaix et Tourcoing, ils enlèvent tous les métiers et toute la machinerie des filatures, pour les expédier en Allemagne. l'out ce qui n'est pas transportable est brisé coups ut marteau et à coups de dynamite. Mûmes 7nesures adoptées (le Courtrai. Toutes les usines de Flandre ont reçu l'ordre de donner la liste de leurs machines, ce qui indiquerait que le système rie destruction inauguré dans le nord de la France sera étendu à la Flandre entière. Ce.s faits corroborent les dires des officiers américains récemment arrivés de France et qui déclarent que les Allemands se replient sur de nouvelles lignes dc défense pour s'y préparer ti l'offensive des Alliés attendue pour 1918. Gand, Zeebruge ont été bombardés Amsterdam, 3 octobre. On mande de la frontière an Telegraf. en date du 1er octobre, que les communications du chemin de fer de G-and ont été bombardées dimanche, à 11 /¡pures du soir, par des aéroplanes. ne graves dégâts ont été causés. Le trafic est désorganisé Zeebruge a été également bombardée par les avions dans les soirées de samedi et de dimanclic et dans l'après-midi de lundi. Une escadrille de vingt appareils a survolé les Flandres aujourd'hui. L'Ouest-Eclair a déjà signalé ces bombardements. Les succès de l'aviation alliée AMSTERDAV, 3 octobre, -Selon un télégramme de Saint-Louis, des aviateurs alliés ont bombardé l'aérodrome de Saint-Denis-Vestrem dans la nuit de dimanche, détruisant quinze, appareils allemands. Une bombe est tombée sur le pont du chemin de fer de Meppejuste, avant l'arrivée d'un convoi militaire composté de deux locomotives et de quarante-cinq wagons transportant des soldats en congé reveliant au front. La bombe fit une grande excavation sur la voie, dans laqnellP la première locomotive tomba, faisant ainsi dérailler le train qui fut ensuite bombardé. On compte plusienrs victimes. La lutte pour le bois de la Chaume Front français, 3 octobre. Dans la région de Bezonvaux, sur la rive droite de la Meuse, les Allemands semblent vouloir reprendre à tout prix le bnis de la Chaume que nous avons brillamment enlevée le 8 septembre dernier, en faisant plus de prisonniers. Dans les journées des et septembre, ils ont contre-attaqué avec acharnement, subissant de lourdes pertes sans pouvoir prononcer la moindre avance. Des renseignements précis indiquent l'importance que le haut commandement allemand attache la renrise de cette position. Avant l'nttaque du 24 septembre, faite par la division de réserve, le général von Soden, commandant le groupement de l'est de la Meuse, a fait la déclaration suivante « L'ancienne position allemande doit être enlevée coûte que coûte, et il faudra s'y maintenir. La position actuelle n'est pas tenable sans les hauteurs de la Croix de Vaux. Haranguant cette même 13e division, avant l'attaque, le général von Khun disait encore Il est nécessaire de se sacrifier. La hauteur doit être enlevée avant tout, pour prévenir des attaques ennemies. Malgré les deux sanglants échecs subis par les Allemands au cours de leurs deux contreattaques. ils ne renoncent pas il leur projet. Une émouvante cérémonie A LOR1ENT Le Président de la République décore les héros du trois-mâts Kléber u LoniEvr, octobre. (De l'envoyé spécial de l'Ouest-Eclair). C'est sous un ciel gris, tout voilé de tristesse, que MM.' Poincaré et Chaumet sont venus aujourd'hui, au nom du pays, saluer la marine française, au milieu de cet arsenal de guerre à l'aspect si sévère, en cette Bretagne qui fournit à notre flotte national un si beau contingent d'hommes admirables. Nul cadre ne pouvait mieux convenir une cérémonie de cette nature. Nos marins, en effet le Président l'a fort bien dit sont de braves gens qui tous les jours dans le silence, sans que l'on s'en doute, sans avoir à espérer la consolation de la nrloire, bravent tous les dangers, exposent leur vie à tout instant, pour ravitailler les vaillantes troupes qui dans la tranchée tiennent tète à l'ennemi avec tant de ténacité; pour permettre à ceux de l'arrière de tenir jusqu'à la dernière minute. Leur modestie ne se serait nullement accommodée d'une brillante parade au milieu des Meurs et de la verdure, sous un soleil rayonnant. Demandez plutôt à l'équipage du trois-mats cancalais Kléber dont l'on se plait aujourd'hui, et a si juste titre, célébrer les magnifiques exploits. Les exploits du Kléber Ils étaient douze à bord de ce voilier. Ils venaient d'dngleterre avec un chargement de charbon destiné à un port français. I,e 7 septembre, ils rencontrent au large de (Srolx un sous-marin allemand qui tire sur cux immédiatement. Par bonheur ils ne sont pas atteints. ils ont le temps de vréparer la. résistance. Ils l'organisent sans précipitation. mais aaec sang-froid et avec énergie, sous l'habile direction du capitaine Lefauve, de Granville. Le canonnier Jain, servi par le mateiot Basile, pointe l'unique pièce de 47 et fait /eu sur le pirate qui s'empresse de disparaitre. Mais le capitaine Lefauve est tué Il son poste le second, l'iessis, de Uinard, prenant aussitôt le commandement, a une idée ingénieuse il va jouer de ruse nucc l'ennemi les canonniers vont se coucher près de leur pièce ;'le reste de l'équtipuge va mettre les embarcations à la vier, et y descendre pour faire croire ti l'abandon du navire. Il n'a que le temps de donner cet ordre un obus vient le frapper mortellement. C'est au tour du maître d'équipage :.1onnier vn gars de A'oirmoutier, de le remplacer. Avec une énergie toute simple, toute naturelle, Monnier fait exécuter l'ordre donné. Dans les canots, sept hommes s'éloignent du Kléber. Le sous-mnrin, qui ne cesse de le canonner les aperçoit et s'approche. Il les oblige à monter à son bord, tes interroge et apprend de leur bouche qu'il n'y a plus quc des morts sur le trois-mâts français. Fn réalité, il reste la trois rudes gars bien décidés ti lutter jusqu'à la mort s'il le faut Monnier, Jain et Basile. l1rusquement les voici qai bondissent la pièce et font feu. Le pirate est atteint. Il doigt plonger avec une telle précipitation qu'un de ses hommes est obligé de se jeter ri Veau et de gagner avec les sept Français les embarcations du voilier. Basile est gravement blessé, Jai est aveuglé par le sang qui lui coule des oreilles. Monnier. tout seul, alimente et fait fonctionner la pièce, surveille le boche, le canonne chaque fois qu'il se montre et cherche à mitrailler le Kléber. Mais voici la nuit. C'est la fin du combat, qui dure depuis quatre heures. Il était lemps. l.e voilier avait perdit la hausse de son canon, emportée par un éclat d'ubus, blais le sous-marin (il mesure 110 mètres de long), est lui aussi dans un état lamentable. Ayant repris ceLui de ses hommes qui lui manquait, il s'éloigne, mais sans pouvoir s'immerner et après avoir laissé derrière lui une torte odeur de pétrole. il est blessé! cruellement et doit procéder à des réparations qui sans doute exigeront de longues heures. Pendant ce temps, le Kléber, rallié, par les sept matelots qui anaient simulé l'abandon, gagne la terre au ptus rife, habilement dirigé par le maître d'équipage. A minuit et demi, il entrail dans les courreaux de Crois. Sept heures pfus lard, on le conduisait à Port-Louis. Une si belle résistance méritait bien, n'estce pas, d'être glorifiée devant le pays. La revue Il est 8 h. 1/2 du matin quand le train spécial entre en gare. f.e président de la République et le ministre de la marine sont accompadu général Duparge, secrétaire militaire de la présidence. Sur le quai. MM. l'amiral Favereau, préfet maritime Guilloteau, sénateur Nail, Lamy, Le Honzic. députés Grimaud, préfet du Morbihan Esvelin, maire de Lorient Mony, sous-préfet. Une compagnie de fusiliers-marins rend les honneurs. Aussitôt on monte en automobile et entre une double haie de saldats on se dirige vers l'arsenal. Sur tout le parcours, bien que la presse ait reçu défense d'annoncer le voyage officiel, se presse une foule respectueuse. Sur la place d'armes des marins, puis des artilleurs appartenant au iiï3, au 111e régiments et au l'r colonial, forment le carré. Au milieu, l'équipage du « Kléber et tous ceux qui vont tout à l'heure recevoir des mains du président la récompense qu'ils ont si bien méritée. Tout autour, ainsi que sur les Quinconces, des spectateurs sont massés, avides d'apporter le témoignage de leur sympathie émue IL ces hommes de la mer qui sont des leurs, qui les touchent de si près. Une sonnerie de clairon. Le cortège officiel pénètre dans l'enceinte de l'arsenal. Les chefs de service leur ayant été présentés, MM. Poincaré et Chaumet passent sur le front des troupe^, Puis le président prononre lo discours suivant qui est vivement applaudi. Le discours du Président Messieurs, L'un des devoirs les plus doux et les plus sacrés qui puissent incomber ait président de la République, est d'exprimer à tous les dédit pays la reconnaissance nationale. D,rpuis que l'Allemagne impériale a entrepris contre des peuples innocents et pacifiques, cette horrible guerre de conquêtes et de, domination, je nie suis rendu le plus souvent possible, trop rarement encore à mon gré, au milieu de nos armées de terre. J'ai visité leurs cantonnements et leurs tranchées. J'ai vécu familièrement auprès des troupes et leur ai ainsi donné un. témoignage presque permanent de la sollicitude et de L'admiration des pouvoirs publies. Combien de fois n'ai-je pas regretté de ne pas trouver aussi facilement l'occasion d'offrir notre armée navale et notre marine de commerce, le tribut d'hommages qu'elles n'ont cessé de mériter. Si i'ai envoyé de loin ri nos escadres, Irs félicitations de la France et de ses alliés, si j'ai vu Vcruvre. dans les dunes de Belgique, l'héroïque phalange des fusiliers-marins, j'ai eu la tristesse de n'avoir pas, et rlcpuis le début des hostilités, partagé la l'ie de nas équipages. Le dernier souvenir que m'ait laissé la 1réquentation de uns marins, remonte ri la veille de la guerre. J'étais sur 10 Baltique, Ii bord d'un mirasse, lorsque l'Autriche remettait son ultimatum ri la Serbie et que Lec empires du centre nouaient les suprêmes intrigues pour /nire avorter dan.s les chancelleries eu.ropéennes, tous les efforts de conciliation. Aux vagues échos que la télégraphie sans fh nous apportait de, la terre, j'ai senti en ces heures mortelle» vibrer le cœur des officiers ci dr.s matelots. Depuis lors, l'espace nous a séparés, nrais maphisée est restée constammeni auprès d'eux. Comment, en effet, ne pa.s songer sans cessé à la tâche ingrate et sublime que sur les petite marchands comme sur les navires de querre, ils nccom/ilisscnt tous au service île la France noble impatiente des grands bâtiments ri qui pèse l'immobilité dss stations prolongées et gui réclament vainement jusqu'ici l'honneur drs combats attention perpétuellcmnt tendue des (les (les patrouilleurs (le foules sortes qui protègent contre les écumeurs de la i)er les transports de nos troupes et le ravitaillement <lcs nations alliées audace il? nns sous-jnarins qai vont chercher nu fond de ses rades l'ennemi nui s'g dérobe ,̃ magni/iqur courage (le tant de braves gens qui exposrat leur vie tout instant sans avoir Ii espépos de la tombe. Quel mépris tin danger, quelle /nrce de dévouement, quel, esprit de sacrifice n'exige pas chez nos marins celle lutte de tons les jours et de tontes les nuits, contre les pira. tes dc la. Métliterrannée. et de l'Océan Un splendide exemple de ces hautes verlui a été donné le 7 septembre dernier, par l'équipai/c dit troisimits Kléber. île Les braves qui montaient celle goélette bretonne se sont montrés ilii/nes du grand général alsacien dont elle porte le nom. nlorieux le capitaine Lefauve rl le second Plessix, tués par les proje(tilrs ennemis, Ir.s servant de la pièce de 47 qui armait le le maître timonier qui ayant ordonné une évacuation simulée, est resté bord nvec un seul homme valide, deux blessés et deux morts, pour attendre le sousmarin et ouvrir le feu sur lui, tous se sont conduits en valeureux enfants de la Franre. J'envoie itn pieux souvenir ti ceux qui ont payé de leur vic ce bel exploit maritime. J'adresse aux survivants mes félicitations chaleu reuses. La Bretagne peut être fière de ses fils. Une fois de plus, ils ont bien mérité de la prrtrie. F.n leur apportant aujourd'hui l'assurance de la gratitude du pays, je ne les sépare pas ce leurs camarades. C'est tuute la marine d-t guerre c'est toute la marine de commerce <,ur j'ai tenu, messieurs, venir saluer en vous ..Honneur ti vous et à tous les marins fran> çais Les décorations M. Poincaré décerne ensuite des récompeiJses aux braves du trois-mâts Kléber, dont nous avons conté les exploits. Mme Lefauve, veuve du capitaine de ce voilier, qui est accompagnée de son fils. Marcel, 16 ans, reçoit ki croix de guerre avec palme. Puis les distinctions suivantes sont remises aux survivants du voilier. Médaille militaire et croix de guerre. [.M matelots .Tain, de Castres Paul Basile, de Saint-WasMa-FIongue Augustin Ouillo, de Saint-Quay-Portrieiix Eugène des environs de Saint-Malo Paul Chapelain, dt Tréguier. Croix de guerre avec palme. i.ps matelots Noiiry, de Plouer et Prosper f.e Touzé, de Bpcrnéville. Le président de la République remet ensuiteles décorations suivantes décernées pour faits de guerm et services exceptionnels Officier de la Légion d'honneur. M. Haarhlrirhrr, ingénieur de lre classe Mnreau de Montcheufl. commissaire en chef de 1™ classe M. Mabille, de Chrsnr, capitaine de frégate Anne, ingénipur principal. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. M. Rosier, officier d'administration principal Bécam, officier principal des directions de travaux Fournier, médecin de. 1ro classe Vidal, capitaine au 111° d'artillerie lourde Badourès, capitaine au 111' lourde Bouvet, ça-. nitaine au 111e lourde Moge, capitaine d'artillerie coloniale Surleau. officier de classe d'artillerie navale Colas, lieutenant du d'artillerie coloniale. Médaille militaire. Le GoC, second-maître fusilier à l'école des mécaniciens Beuset.second-maître canonnier au 3" dépôt Le Golf, ^uartier-inaître chauffeur du Hiérax Lesnier, adjudant au d'artillerie coloniale Fellior, adjudant au 62' d'infanterie Nevel, maréchal-des-logis-chef de la gendarmerie départementale à Lorient Kerguen, gendarme Fromentier, cavalier au 4e cuirassiers. Croix de guerre. Rocher, soldat au 134' territorial Doligniêro, maître-pointeur Degiay, clairon au d'infanterie. A l'hôpital maritime La prise d'armes est terminée. Le corlcgo officiel se rend il. l'hôpital maritime. Dans la première salle qu'il visite, M. Poincaré remet la médaillé niilitnirc et la croix de guerre à deux marins du Klébcr, assez grièvement blessés Francis Travers, de Cherbourg et Eugène Massait, de Saint-Malo. Le président et le ministre s'arrêtent ensuite devant les officiers, sous-officiers et mat vins de r.iiniée navale ou do. l'année de taire, Messes (levant l'ennonii. On leur présente Mme Peny dont le mari, administrateur colonial, fut tué bord du Xiémcn, torpillé par ]'ennemi et qui fut olle-mème atteinte à la têto par un éclat d'ubus. A travers l'arsenal Au dépôt d«s équipages de la flotte, voici 80 jaunes Alsaciens, tous enfants de Thann,commandés par In capitaine Bornocquo, originaide, lui-mOme, de Thami. Ils suivent avec beaucoup de /Me, les cours do l'écolo des mécaniciens de la in-ii i no. MM. Puincaré et Chaumet s'entretiennent longuement avec eux. Il les félicite de leur assiduité. Le cortège visite ensuila les constructions navales et la station des hydravions. En passant, le président monte il bord dn voilier Klébcr et, jo décore, de la croix de guerre pour la vaillaiK n dont son équipage a fait preuve en repoussant il armes inégales une attaque, de sous marin cl «ai sauvant le hâtiment A midi. le président a déjeuné en son train spécial. Avaient été invités les parlementaires présents Ù l,orj<-nt, et les princiiwiles personnalités.Dans l'après-midi, il assisté au volyrone de Ci&vros il d'intéressantes expériûhros. A heures cl donne, le train spécial parlait TKmr P;hïp. Au ciel tuujour; des nuages et pas un rayon n'est venu éclairer cette belle journée tout entière consacrée l'honneur de la i'i:ivine française. J. Rampé. Un don de N. Poincaré M. Poincnrii a fait rfonettre M. ic M:;iio *1e renient l.fKHi Jrancs pour les a;ii»i'.îR da guerre de la ville, il a remis également francs il M. le Directeur du Service de Santé et 500 francs pour l'école des mécaniciens. LA SITUATION EN RUSSIE 0n a donné de Peti^rad aux journaux hançais de bonnes nouvelles de la Russie. Suivant l'informateur, une série de faits nouveaux encourageants ppi'inettiut d'envisager l'avenir politique et militaire du pavs avec plus de confiance. Les tendances de la province sont beaucoup plus modérées que celles de Petrograd. la capitale russe n'est point toute la Russie. C'est ainsi que s'explique le fait que les socialistes modérés Tchcidze, Tseretelli et quelques autres ont dû démissionner du bureau du Soviet tle l'etrugrad, mais restent en tête du comité central des Soviets de toute la Russir. 1:'est sur la province également, sur les éléments puissants et sains de la masse paysanne* groupée en sociétés, coopératives, soviets, etc.. que s'appuient, dans le parti socialiste révolutionnaire, les adversaires de l'extrémiste Tchernoff. partisans d'un ministère de roalition. Enfin, l'attitude favorable des milieux démocratiques envers le programme militaire du miuistre de la guerre, le général Yerkliovsky, est regardé romme un symptôme favorable. Le général Vcrkhovsky se préoccupe de créer une ;tnnée homogène d'ufficiers et de soldats animés d'une confiance mutuelle il veut rendre iL l'armée son esprit combatif. Ce sont l;i, en effet, des symptômes rassurants. Mais voici l'jiutro son de cloche. Le correspondant de la Gazelle de Cologne :1 Stockholm donne iL son juurnal, la date du 28 septembre, des renseignements sur la situation en Russie qu'il peut être intéressant de relever « Stockholm est encombré de gens et surtout d'Anglais qui quittent l'étrograd sur le conseil de l'ambassadeur d'Angleterre. On vivait, dans la capitale russe. <lans l'attente anxieuse de désordres très graves qui seraient provoqués par les itolchcviki pour faire tomber Kerensky. Etant donné les décisions contradic:oires et les hésitations constantes du Comité des Ouvriers et Soldats, il est impossible de prédire si les efforts des Bolcheviki aboutiront. Ceux-ci s'efforcent visiblement de prolonger la révolution de façon it déchaîner la lutte du prolétariat international contre l'impérialisme tlans tous les peys. Le correspondant de la Gazette de Cologne considère que les partisans de Kerensky ont rompu tous les ponts du côté des gauches, sans réussir à établir une liaison avec la droite, de telle sorte que la situation de Kerensky semble tout à fait incertaine. La Conférence démocratique tient toujours séance. Aux dernières nouvelles, la plupart des orateurs y exposaient avec des détails leurs vœux et leurs revendications professionnelles, 'dont la réalisation est estimée nécessaire pour atténuer la grande crise économique et politique dans laquelle se débat le pays. Il faut attendre la fin des séances de la Conférence pour porter un jugement valable sur la situation russe. A la conférence démocratique Petrograd, 2 octobre (retardée). La liste 1 des orateurs étant épuisée, le président 1 Tcheidze fait connaître que l'assemblée aura à voter d'abord sur une formule pour ou contre la coalition avec les éléments bourgcois. Dans le premier cas, elle aura a voter ensuite sur deux autres formules, la première relative il la coalition avec le parti des Cadets, la seconde relative il la coalition seulement avec les hommes d'affaires du parti des Cadets. La conférence décide par 660 voix contre ,ni que le vote aura lieu par appel nominal. L'armée votera-t-elle ? Pethogkad, 3 octobre (retardée). La Gazelle de la lloursc annonce qu'une cummission composée des ministres de la guerre, de la marine et do la justice, a été créée pour décider dans un délai de trois jours si l'année doit participer aux élections de la Constituante. Le communiqué officiel FRANÇAIS 1.158° jour de la guerre l'ARIS, 3 octobre. Communiqué officiel de heures A l'ect de Reims, nos batteries ont efficacement contre-battu l'artillerie ennemie et fait avorter une attaque en préparation dans les tranchées adverses. A l'ouest de la ferme Navarin, nos détachements ont pénétré dans les lignes ennemies, fait sauter plusieurs abris et ramené des prisonniers. Une autre incursion dans la région du Casque, nous a donné de bons résultats SUR LE FRONT DE VERDUN, LA NUIT A ÉTÉ MARQUEE PAR UNE VIOLENTE LUTTE D'ARTILLERIE SUR LES DEUX RIVES DE LA MEUSE, PARTICULIEREMENT AU NORD DE LA COTE 344, OU ONT EU LIEU DE VIFS ENGAGEMENTS DE PATROUILLES. Nuit calme partout ailleurs. Nos avions ont bombardé dans la nuit du 1«r au 2 octobre et dans la journée du 2, la gare de FRIBOURG, les usines de VOLKLIN. CEN et d'OFFENBACH, les gares de BRIEULLES, LONGUYON. METZ, WOIPPY, ARNAVILLE, MAIZIERES-LES-METZ, THIONVILLE, SARREBOURG. SEPT MILLE KILOS DE PROJECTILES ont été lancés au cours de ces diverses expéditions. En représailles du bombardement de Bar-le. Duc, deux de nos appareils ont jeté plusieurs bombes sur la ville de BADEN. Communiqué officiel anglais LONDRES, 3 octobre (après-midi). Communiqué de sir Douglas Haig Aucun événement important à signaler en dehors de l'activité des deux artilleries au cours de la nuit à l'est d'Ypres. Communiqué officiel italien Rome, 3 octobre. Communiqué du Conv mandement suprême Hier, à l'aube, l'ennemi a attaqué nos positions sur les pentes occidentales du Mont SanGabriele. L'attaque a complètement échoué. Unc compagnie d'assaut a été anéantie et te bataillon qui la suivait pris à son tour sous le /eu de nos batteries et contre-attaqué par nos détachements, a été dispersé. Nous avons /ait 80 prisonniers, dont un officier. Sur le rcste du /ront du plateau de liainsizza, par des actions réussies de palrouillcs.nous avons capturé quelques autres prisonniers et trois mitrailleuses. L'activité aérienne a été assez vive pendant la journée. Une de nos escadrillcs a exécuté le bombardement de ta gare de Gravoho. Pendant la nuit dernière, au cours de deux incursiuns successives, les objectifs militaires de Pola ont été atteints et fortement endommagés par quatre tonnes de projectiles, Deux avions ennemis, abattus par nos aviateurs, sont tombés au nord d'Auzza et près de Podmelec. LES PROTECTEURS DE BOLO L'affaire Bolo prend des proportions que nous n'oserions qualifier d'inattendues. Il n'est pas douteux qu'on se trouve en présence d'un complot gigantesque, ayant des ramifications dans le monde entier et consistant à servir l'Allemagne, dans tous les pays, par tous les moyens. Comme l'Ouest-Eclair l'a annoncé hier dans ses dernières éditions, parmi les bénéficiaires des fonds octroyés par l'Allemagne, figurerait une « haute personnalité dont le nom serait prochainement révélé. Le capitaine Bouchardon aurait déliyré une commission rogatoire visant ce haut personnage. Le nouveau gouvernement tient sa promesse et son programme s'exécute La justice suivra son cours, sans hésitation, sans faiblesse, sans qu'il soit tenu compte d'aucune considération de personnes », avait déclaré, le 18 septembre, le président du conseil. Il semble bien qu'en effet personne ne cherche à circonscrire le champ des divulgations nécessaires. S'il faut aller jusqu'à la HauteCour, ch bien, qu'on aille jusqu'à la HauteCour Il s'agit d'une rcuvre d'assainissement et de sécurité nationale. Cette œuvre, le garde des sceaux, pour sa part, manifeste sa volonté de la mener à bien. Dans une circulaire qu'il vient d'adresser aux procureurs généraux, il montre avec la plus vive précision les progrès incessants de la propagande allemande et la nécessité de l'interiompro par des moyens prompts et violents. Le ministre tient spécialement 11 ce que toutes les informations ouvertes en vertu des lois du 5 août (indiscrétions commises par la voie de la presse) et du 5 avril 1915 (commerce avec l'ennemi) soient conduites avec le plus grand soin, comme aussi avec toute la célérité compatible avoc l'observation des garanties légales. Dans les affaires de cette nature, lo magistrat instructeur devra rechercher s'il s'agit de faits isolés ou si, au contraire, on se trouve en présence d'actes de propagande concertée et d'une véritable organisation ennemie. S'il apparaît v l'autorité judiciaire que Ics propagateurs de fausses nouvelles ou de bruits tendancieux peuêtre soupçonnés d'intelligence avec l'ennemi, les magistrats ne devront pas hésiter il saisir immédiatement l'autorité militaire compétente. Les sujets des puissances neutres résidant en France seront l'objet d'une surveillance discrète, mais continue. Ces mesures sont excellentes. Leur application contribuera sûrement à la découverte des innombrables complices de l'ennemi. Le cas du Rappel. s On a appris que Bolo s'était proposé d'acheter le Figaro. Il fut éconduit. M. Clemenceau fait savoir que le pacha lui avait aussi fait l'honneur de penser il l'Homme Enchaîne il ne réussit qu'à déchaîner la colère du Tigre. Parmi les bénéficiaires des largesses de Bolo, le câblogramme d'Amérique citait le propriétaire directeur d'un journal républicain, qui s'est signalé par une campagne d'un patriotisme ardent, pour la somme de 170.000 francs, ri s'agit iiu Uappel, et la campagne patriotique est celle dite de « la rive gauche du Rhin ». Le Uappel met au point l'information américaine en faisant connaitre que la société anonyme dont il était la propriété ayant décidé, le 10 avril 1915, une augmentation de capital de 300.000 francs, Paul Bolo s'offrit iL souscrire actions de 100 francs. Avant d'accepter cette souscription, le Conseil d'Administration eut le scrupule et la précaution de se renseigner de la façon la plus minutieuse sur la personnalité du nouveau souscripteur. n 11 savait que Paul Bolo avait comme garant une des sommités les plus considérables et les plus respectées du monde judiciaire. Bien plus, il prit soin de s'adresser, en outre, ans autorités gouvernementales et administratives les plus qualifiées pour savoir si un grief ou même une réserve pouvaient être formulés contre Paul Bolo. « Les renseignements reçus furent formels, et unanimement favorables. « Ayant pris toutes les précautions imaginables qui dépassent de beaucoup toutes celles en usage dans la constitution des sociétés anonymes le Conseil d'Administration acccpta la souscription de Paul Bolo ». Le Rappet termine par la judicieuse réflexion snivante « Si Paul Bolo, aujourd'hui inculpé, est demain reconnu coupable d'intelligence avec l'ennemi, comment expliquera-f-on qu'il ait pu conserver si longtemps do si rassurants parrainages, et qu'il ait pu abuser ce point les Pouvoirs Publics qui avaient la charge de le surveiller, et de nous prémunir ? » Oui, en effet, comment l'expliquera-t-on ? Solo au ministère de la guerre en 1914 Le Gaulois pose les questions que voici Est-il vrai qu'au début de la guerre Bolo était attaché au cabinet du ministre de la guerre ? Est-il vrai qu'il disposait du fil télégraphique spécial reliant ce ministère avec la province ? Est-il vrai qu'il l'utilisait fréquemment pour communiquer avec des membres de sa famille installés à Biarritz 7 Est-il vrai qu'au moment où M. Messimy quitta le ministère de la guerre, vers le 26 août 1914, Bolo se rendit immédiatement à Biarritz Est-il vrai qu'à peine arrivé dans cette ville, il a tenu devant deux personnalités les propos les plus décourageants Est-il vrai qu'il a dit notamment que tout était fini maintenant », que la défaite de Charleroi était décisive que les Allemands allaient être dans quelques jours à Paris et enfin qu' « il faudrait signer la paix: etc. solo va mieux Paris, 3 octobre. De notre rédnction parisienne. Le capitaine rapporteur Bouclierdon a reçu ce matin des nouvelles de plus en plus satisfaisantes sur l'état de santé de BoloPacha. La santé de celui-ci semble s'améliorer d'une façon rapide. il est probablj que si cette amélioration continue, Bolo sera ramené d'ici peu il l'infirmerie de la prison de la Santé. A heures, le capitaine rapporteur se undia il Fresnes, où il procédera à l'interrogatoire de Bolo en présence de son avocat, Me Jacques Bonzon. En attendant lts révélations sensationnelles dont Bolo nous menace, on se contente de vagues insinuations, qu'il convint d'enregistrer sous les réserves d'usage. C'est le samedi 29 septembre que Bolo-Pacha fut mis en état d'arrestation. Le cablogramme qui provoqua cette arrestation fut reçu aux affaires étrangères le 26 septembre, en deux parties, ce qui fit dire d'abord qu'il y avait deux câblogrammes. En réalité, il n'y en avait qu'un. Ce câblogramme donne le chiffre des sommes versées il. trois personnes une personnalité dont on a beaucoup parlé ces jours derniers, ce que l'« Ouest-Eclair b a signalé dans sa dernière édition un directeur de journal dont le nom fut prononcé dans une affaire retentissante avant la guerre et un conférencier. Les sommes distribuées sont les suivantes un million pour le premier, million qui est resté en Amérique iL la Banque Morgan, sur la demande même du bénéficiairefrancs pour le second et enfin 25.000 francs pour le troisième. En présence de ces informations sybillines, on ne peut que se poser les questions familières aux feuilletonnistes Quelle est donc cette main ? Quelle est donc cette tête ? » Peut être, cet après-midi même, Bolo consentira-t-il .à éclaircir le mystère. Le Pacha est, dit-on, décidé iL « se mettrc à table ». C'est l'expression dont se servent couramment dans le langage spécial des prisons, les inculpés résolues ù entrer dans la voie des aveux. Le cas Routier Sur mandat de M. Bouchardon, M. Faralicq, commissaire aux délégations judiciaires, a procédé ce matin à différentes perquisitions à l'ancien domicile de Gaston Routier et chez une dame que celui-ci fréquentait assidument avant sa fuite en Espagne On ne connaît pas encore les résultats de ces perquisitions. L'interrogatoire Landau M. Jacques Landau, interrogé par le capitaine Bouchardon, s'est expliqué sur sa vie de publiciste, sur ses étranges campagnes de presse, sur les relations qu'il entretint avec Duval et autres, ainsi que sur sa collaboration avec Goldsky comme directeur de la Tranchée républicaine j. Des preuves de culpabilité s'accumulent contre Duval. Il est d'ores et déjà établi qu'il n. touché plus de francs d'argent boche, alors que selon lui il n'en aurait reçu que 500.000. On dit que le capitaine Bouchardon songe à s'inquiéter du sort d'un collaborateur du Bonnet Rouge nommé Decaux, qui collabora aussi la « Tranchée républicaine et était auxiliaire O Paris. Il a été, nous dit-on. brusquement envoyé au Mans. du Mans il Marseille, de Marseille iL Gabès et de Gabès dans l'extrêmc-sud. Cette promenade est bizarre. Il serait intéressant de savoir qui a fait obtenir le sursis il cet individu dont le casier judiciaire s'orne de cinq condamnations pour délits de droit commun. Le non-lieu Cousin L'instruction a chômé aujourd'hui en ce qui concerne les affaires Turmel. M. Gilbert, juge d'instruction, ayant communiqué ses dossiers au procureur de la République, aux fins de réquisition. L'enquête ouverte sur la plainte du député de Guingamp contre l'huissier Cousin, est terminée. et un non-lieu contre lequel M. Turmel a, dit-on, l'intention de se pourvoir, va intervenir Incessamment. Aucune date n'est fixée pour le prochain interrogatoire de M. Turmel. Ajoutons qu'on a parlé d'une créante de 20.000 fr. que M. Tunnel fut mis en demeuré de rembourser à la femme du maire de Cha LA SITUATION NOTRE AVIATIONLA mémoire de feu Guynemer va saris L doule être consacrée par une inscriplion au Panthéon. C'est fort bien, mafi la meilleure manière d'honorer le grand mort ne serait-elle pas de lui donner dix, vingt., cent remplaçants volant ti tire d'ailes sur ses traces puisqu'on nous affirme que l'aviation doft, finalement, dire le dernier mot dans cette guerre. Il importe de savoir si tous les efforts seront faits pour que ce mot soit dit en notre faveur. La supériorité, en aviation comme en toute autre arme, tient ti trois éléments la supériofité des appareils, la rapidité de leur construction et la valeur de ceux qui les utilisent. Pour la supériorité des appareils, il faut malheureusement se résoudre à la voir passer alternativement d'un camp il l'autre chaque fois qu'u,n des partis trouve un perfectionnement. L'autre ne larde pas le connaitre par la force même des choses cl ri Ie perfectionner son tour. Pendant quc le premier construit des appareils du dernier typc inventé, a'aulre en met en chantier d'un type un peu supérieur. Le premier a l'avantage pendant quelques jours ou quelques semaines. après quoi apparaissent les nauveau2 appareils du second qui modifient la situatinn pour quelques autres semaines. Alors tout est à recommencer. Donc il faut que le génie inventif toujours en éveil, toujours en action, soit secondé par la rapidité de la construction. (Un très long passage et la fin entièrement censurés). P. 0. DOLBERT. teaudun c'est Chat«aulin (Finistère), qu'il faut lire. LE ROLE DE LA BANQUE PÉRIER Nous avons longuement parlé l'autro joui* du rôle de la banque Périer. La Dlupart des journaux ne lu ont accordé qu'une importance secondaire. L'avenir dira s'ils ont eu raison et si comme le déclare l'administration de cetto maison, ios opérations financières qu'elle a faites avec ou pour le compte de Bolo pacha n'ont aucun rapport avec l'affaire actuelle. Quoi qu'il en soit, voici au sujet de la banque dont il s'agit, quelques renseignements fournis par le fondateur luimême, M. Edmond Périer, lequel, d'ailleurs, n'a plus aucune part dans la gestion de cet établissement. Actuellement, l'iime do la maison est M. Bauer, né en Alsace, vers M. Bauer a su se faire naturaliser uux environs de Bolo pacha était non seulement un client, mais aussi un chargé de missions de la banque. C'est lui qui est allé il. Constantinople négocier les conditions de la fameuse émission de bons ottomans qui a donné lien a un procès avec le fisc, émission sur Jaqnelle il y aurait beaucoup à dire il de nombreux points de vue et qui eut lieu en' décembre 1913. iL Caillaux était alors ministre des finances. Quant la banque Périer a nbtenu la remise de la célèbre amende de francs, en février elle adressa à Holo pacha, qui était alors en Amérique, un long télégramme pour lui annoncer le gain du procès. Un des points qu'il serait intéressant d'éclaircir est le suivant c La banque devait avoir en 1914, une provision de 20 millions de francs appartenant ci. la Turquie et destiné air son ire dc.sintnrêls et du remboursement drs bons ottomans Que son.t deremm ces 20 millions ? Où ont-ils été séquestrés ? Si non, pourquoi ne l'imt-ils pas été 7 Comme l'indique M. Edmond Pirier, c'est un des points qu'il faudrait éclaircir, mais il y en a beaucoup d'autres encore. On ne connaît pas encore los nersonnages dont M. Bouchardon compte invoquer le témoignage. L'Intransigeant en annonce un que la censure ne lui a permis de désigner que par ces simples phrases, le reste de l'article ayant été fortement blanciri a Un de ses fils vient de tomber au champ d'honneur. Il déclare avoir des faits très graves révéler au juge. Il en communiquera nno partie au sénateur Clemenceau. Encore un mystère à éclaircir. » Henry Coutamt.
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US-10755687-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,987 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 5,376 | 6,110 |
Cylinder for combine
ABSTRACT
A rotating solid cylinder is used with a complementary concave in a combine to separate grain from the leafy portion of the plant. The solid cylinder has a plurality of raspbars spaced about its periphery and extending the length thereof, while the fixed concave similarly has a plurality of spaced, lengthwise bars in spaced relation from the raspbars of the cylinder as it rotates. The raspbars are positioned outward from and parallel to the convex surface of the cylinder such that the cylinder assembly has a generally star-shaped cross section with the raspbars located at the tips of the star. A curved filler plate coupled to each of the raspbars substantially fills in the gap between adjacent raspbars. The increased mass and inertia of the solid cylinder requires less power to maintain its rotation and allows the cylinder to be rotated more slowly resulting in less damage to the grain. The cylinder's solid structure also prevents soil and debris from entering the cylinder in avoiding out of balance operation of the cylinder, while the curved filler plates provide improved grain engagement and displacement thus increasing the combine's grain handling capacity. In another embodiment, the cylinder is comprised of a plurality of star-shaped hubs in spaced relation along its length and further includes a plurality of raspbars disposed about and mounted to each hub at the tips of each of the stars with a filler plate disposed between adjacent raspbars.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to agricultural combines used in the harvesting of crops and is particularly directed to a cylinder for use in a combine in separating grain from plant residue.
A combine is an agricultural vehicle used in the harvesting of crops. The combine is typically self-propelled and is comprised of a forward header assembly and an aft drive and processing section. The header assembly typically is substantially wider than the aft portion of the combine and includes a plurality of spaced corn or row crop heads which are adapted for engaging the crops in removing the grain therefrom. The thus removed grain, in combination with crop residue such as husks in the case of corn harvesting, are then automatically delivered to the aft processing and drive portion of the combine. In addition to housing the source of propulsion, such as a diesel engine, and operator controls, the aft portion of the combine also includes a complicated threshing system for further separating the grain from the crop residue and for off-loading the thus separated grain from the combine into a transport vehicle such as a truck. The crop residue is then exhausted from an aft portion of the combine and deposited in the field being harvested.
Combines typically make use of a rotating cylinder in the early stages of grain-crop residue separation. The cylinder is typically oriented horizontally and transversely to the direction of combine travel and is adapted to receive that portion of the crop which is separated from the plant by the forward header assembly. The rotating cylinder operates in cooperation with a concave structure positioned adjacent to and below the cylinder. The cylinder-concave combination operates to separate the grain from the husk or leafy portion of the plant. The cylinder includes a first plurality of spaced raspbars around the periphery and extending the length thereof, while the concave includes a second plurality of spaced bars generally parallel to the raspbars. The crop is directed to the space between the rotating cylinder and the concave and the action of the rotating cylinder upon the crop as it is engaged by both the rotating cylinder and concave causes the grain bearing portion of the plant, i.e., the cob in corn harvesting, to become separated from the remaining portion of the plant, i.e., the leafy portion. The grain is then subjected to additional processing for further separation, while the crop residue is exhausted from the combine.
In the prior art, various problems have been encountered as the grain transits the cylinder-concave portion of the combine. For example, the impact of the cylinder upon the plant frequently results in cracking of the grain making the grain more susceptible to deterioration by moisture and attack by pests such as insects. In addition, debris such as crop residue and soil ingested by the combine is frequently deposited in and retained by the rotating cylinder. As the mass of this debris increases, out of balance operation of the cylinder occurs resulting in irregular engagement of the crop by the cylinder and degraded grain separation. Rotation of the cylinder in this out of balance condition also requires the combine operator to interrupt operation and clean out the debris within the cylinder. This condition also causes increased wear on the cylinder's bearings resulting in reduced combine reliability.
The present invention overcomes these and other limitations of the prior art by providing a solid cylinder in one embodiment, and a substantially solid, continuous cylinder in another embodiment, for use in a combine in separating grain from the remaining portion of the plant which reduces grain damage arising from impact with the cylinder, prevents cylinder out of balance operation, affords more reliable combine operation and provides increased grain handling capacity.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved cylinder for use in a combine in separating grain from plant residue.
It is another object of the present invention to increase the fuel efficiency of a combine by facilitating the rotation of a cylinder used for separating grain from the remaining portion of the plant in the combine.
Another object of the present invention is to reduce grain damage in a combine by operating a rotating grain separating cylinder at reduced speed.
A further object of the present invention is to eliminate interruptions in the operation of a combine arising from the accumulation of debris in the combine's grain separating cylinder.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide increased operating reliability and grain separating capacity in a combine.
This invention contemplates a rotating cylinder for use in combination with a complementary concave in a combine which provides improved separation of grain from the leafy portion of the plant during harvesting. The rotating cylinder of the present invention includes a plurality of spaced raspbars around the periphery of the cylinder which extend substantially the length thereof. Disposed between adjacent raspbars and mounted to one of the adjacent raspbars is a curved filler plate. Each of the curved filler plates is concave in a direction outward from the cylinder and is positioned in front of the raspbar to which it is connected as the cylinder is rotationally displaced. Each of the curved filler plates substantially fills the gap between adjacent raspbars which, in combination with the curved shape of the filler plates, prevents crop residue and soil from entering the cylinder and causing it to operate in an out of balance condition. The filler plates also provide improved grain engagement and displacement thus increasing the combine's grain handling capacity. In one embodiment, the cylinder assembly includes a solid cylinder wherein the raspbar/filler plate combinations are disposed in a spaced manner about the circumference of the solid cylinder. The cylinder's solid structure also prevents soil and plant debris from entering the cylinder in avoiding out of balance operation of the cylinder, while the increased mass and inertia of the solid cylinder requires less power to maintain its rotation imposing less of a load on the combine and allows the cylinder to be rotated more slowly resulting in less damage in the form of cracking to the separated grain.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The appended claims set forth those novel features which characterize the invention. However, the invention itself, as well as further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like reference characters identify like elements throughout the various figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a combine illustrating the manner in which the improved cylinder of the present invention is intended for use in a conventional combine;
FIG. 2 is a planar view of a prior art cylinder;
FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of the prior art combine cylinder illustrated in FIG. 2 taken along sight line 3--3 therein;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a cylinder for use in a combine in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view of the combine cylinder illustrated in FIG. 4 taken along the cylinder's longitudinal axis;
FIG. 6 is a partially cutaway planar view of another embodiment of a combine cylinder employing curved filler plates in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the combine cylinder illustrated in FIG. 6 taken along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder; and
FIG. 8 is a partial sectional view of the combine cylinder shown in FIG. 7 illustrating additional details thereof and the manner in which the cylinder cooperates with the combine's concave in the grain separation process.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a partially cutaway perspective view of a typical combine 40 which incorporates a prior art cylinder 60. The combine 40 is comprised primarily of an aft separator/drive section 42 and a forward header assembly 50 attached to a forward portion of the separator/drive section. The separator/drive section 42 includes a cab 44 in which an operator sits and in which are positioned various operating controls for the combine. The separator/drive section 42 effects separation of the grain from the crop residue and includes a plurality of wheels 46 as well as a means for propulsion (typically a diesel engine which is not shown for simplicity) for moving the combine 40 through a field in harvesting the crops. The separator/drive section 42 includes an aft or exhaust end 42a from which the crop residue, after the grain is separated therefrom, is exhausted from the combine 40 and deposited in the field being harvested.
The header assembly 50 mounted to a forward portion of the separator/drive section 42 is wider than the separator/drive section and includes a plurality of head units extending along the length thereof, such as the corn heads 52 illustrated in FIG. 1. The header assembly 50 may also be provided with a plurality of spaced row crop heads along the length thereof for harvesting soybeans, wheat, milo or rice. The corn heads 52 are adapted to separate and remove the ears of corn from the plant stalk. The grain and the plant residue is then delivered to an aft portion of the header assembly 50 and is directed to the center thereof by means of a left- and right-hand spiraled auger 54. From the center, aft portion of the header assembly 50, the grain and residue mixture is delivered to a feeder house 56 which transports the mixture to the combination of a rotating cylinder drum 60 and a concave screen 62. The cylinder drum 60 includes a plurality of spaced raspbars extending along the length and spaced around the periphery thereof. Rotation of the cylinder drum 60 causes the raspbars to engage the corn husks and separate the cob from the leafy portion of the plant. A beater assembly, which is not shown in the figure, is typically positioned immediately aft of the cylinder drum 60 and concave screen 62 combination for further carrying out the separation process. The beater assembly deposits the reduced mixture upon an elongated walker assembly 64 which is comprised of a plurality of vibrating sieves. The separated grain is allowed to fall through the vibrating sieves of the walker assembly 64, while the unwanted plant residue is retained on an upper portion of the walker assembly and displaced toward the rear of the combine. The thus separated grain which falls through the vibrating sieves of the walker assembly 64 is deposited upon a cleaning shoe 68 positioned below the walker assembly and comprised of a grate structure for further separating the grain from any crop residue remaining in the mixture. As the grain and residue mixture falls upon the cleaning shoe 68, a blower 66 directs an air stream on the falling mixture to remove chaff therefrom. The clean grain auger 70 is coupled to and continuous with a generally vertically oriented grain elevator 80. The grain elevator 80 includes a housing 82 within which is positioned a plurality of paddle 84 attached to a moving endless chain 86. The grain elevator 80 lifts individual portions of grain upward where the grain 90 is then displaced by a loading auger 88 into a storage bin or tank 92. One end of an off-loading grain drill 94 may be positioned within the storage tank 92 for removing the grain positioned therein from the combine 40.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a planar view of a prior art cylinder 60 which the present invention is intended to replace. FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of the prior art cylinder 60 illustrated in FIG. 2 taken along sight line 3--3 therein. The prior art cylinder 60 includes a plurality of spaced hubs, or spiders, 61 disposed along its length. Each of the hubs 61 includes a plurality of upraised and recessed peripheral portions which are disposed in an alternating manner around the periphery of the hub. Each of the hubs 61 further includes an aperture in its center through which an axle, or support shaft, 63 extends. The axle 63 interconnects all of the spaced hubs 61 so as to form a unitary structure in which all of the hubs rotate about the axle in unison. Also coupled to each of the hubs 61 along the length of the cylinder 60 are a plurality of spaced raspbars 65. Each of the raspbars 65 is securely mounted to an upraised portion on the periphery of the hubs 61 along the length of the cylinder 60. A respective mounting bracket 71 couples each of the raspbars 65 to an upraised portion on the periphery of each of the hubs 61. As the cylinder 60 rotates in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 3, the crop being harvested is engaged by the rotating raspbars 61 of the cylinder 60 and is thus directed into the concave, which is not shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 for simplicity. Engagement of the crop material between the rotating raspbars 65 and the concave causes the grain bearing portion of the plant to be separated from the husk portion thereof.
Disposed between each of the raspbars 65 is a filler plate 69. Each of the filler plates 69 is mounted to an adjacent mounting bracket 71 by means of a respective mounting bolt 67. The filler plates 69 disposed between adjacent raspbars 65 fill up a portion of the gap between adjacent raspbars along the length of the cylinder 60. Each of the filler plates 69 is provided with a substantially flat, upraised portion which bridges most of the space between adjacent raspbars 65. However, there is a gap 72 between each filler plate 69 and an adjacent raspbar 65. This gap 72 is on the order of 11/4" in prior art cylinders. The rotating action of the cylinder 60 causes debris such as soil and plant residue ingested by the combine to pass through these inter-raspbar/filler plate gaps 72 and to accumulate within the cylinder. Over a period of time, accumulation of this residue within the cylinder 60 results in an unbalanced condition in the cylinder as it rotates causing excessive wear to bearings (not shown) which support the cylinder's axle 63 and reducing combine reliability. When this condition becomes too severe, the combine operator must interrupt operation, gain access to the cylinder which is positioned within the combine, and attempt to empty the cylinder of this residue. This is a time consuming and tedious task which substantially reduces harvesting efficiency.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a perspective view of an improved cylinder 100 in accordance with the principles of the present invention. A partial sectional view of the cylinder 100 is illustrated in FIG. 5. The cylinder 100 is illustrated in FIG. 4 in combination with a concave 62 positioned immediately below the cylinder and comprised of a pair of curved end brackets 101 (only one of which is shown in FIG. 4 for simplicity) and a plurality of spaced bars 102 extending along the length thereof. As previously described, the combination of the rotating cylinder 100 and the concave 62 effects separation of the grain from the leafy, or husk, portion of the plant. Disposed immediately forward of the cylinder 100 is a conveyor-type feeder assembly 56 which delivers the crop directly between the cylinder 100 and the open-mouth concave 62 as the cylinder rotates in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 4. Disposed immediately aft of the cylinder 100 is a rotating beater assembly 104 which displaces the grain and crop material from the cylinder/concave combination for further separation of the grain from the crop residue. An auger 106 disposed above and slightly forward of the cylinder 100 returns unthreshed grain which reaches the back of the cleaning area to the cylinder area for another pass between the cylinder 100 and the concave 62.
The improved cylinder 100 includes a plurality of hubs, or spiders, 112 disposed in a spaced manner along the length thereof and coupled by means of an axle, or support shaft, 110 inserted through a center of each of the hubs. Each of the hubs includes a plurality of spaced, upraised peripheral portions upon which are mounted raspbars 108 which extend substantially the entire length of the cylinder 100. The raspbars are illustrated in dotted line form in FIG. 5 for simplicity. Each of the raspbars 108 is securely mounted to an upraised peripheral portion of each of the hubs 112 in a spaced manner by conventional means such as mounting bolts or the combination of a mounting bracket and bolt, which are not shown for simplicity.
Positioned immediately adjacent to and attached to each of the raspbars 108 along the length thereof is a respective spacer or filler plate 114. Each of the filler plates 114 extends over a portion of the gap or space between adjacent raspbars 108 and is disposed over substantially the entire length of the cylinder 100 and has a curved cross section. The filler plates 114 may be securely coupled to each of the hubs 112 by conventional means such as bolts 118 as shown in FIG. 4. In a preferred embodiment, each of the filler plates 114 is further coupled to its immediately adjacent raspbar 108 by means of a plurality of welded mounting clips 120. The curvature of each of the filler plates 14 conforms with the recessed peripheral portion of the hubs 112 and the width of each of the filler plates is such as to extend only over a portion of the space between adjacent raspbars 108 leaving a gap 116 between each filler plate and the adjacent raspbar to which it is not attached. In a preferred embodiment, a three inch gap 116 is provided between each filler plate 114 and the adjacent raspbar 108 to which it is not attached.
The curvature of the filler plates 114 and the turbulence caused by their rotational displacement produces an area of reduced pressure positioned immediately adjacent to the concave outer surface of each of the filler plates. This area of reduced pressure cause the dust and debris from the soil and crop residue to be sucked out of the interior of the cylinder 18 preventing it from becoming unbalanced. The curved shape of the filler plates 114 also exerts a cupping action upon the grain providing the rotating cylinder 100 with an increased engagement of and retention capacity for the grain as the cylinder rotates. The improved cylinder 100 of the present invention is thus capable of transporting an increased volume of grain over that previously available. The curved shaped of the filler plates also causes the grain to be transported by and through the cylinder section more quickly, thus subjecting the grain to reduced impact with either the rotating cylinder or the concave 62. Reduced contact of the grain with the rotating cylinder 100 and the concave 62 results in a decrease in the crack or damage done to the grain during processing within the combine. The curved filler plates 114 of the present invention thus prevent the accumulation of debris within the rotating cylinder and eliminate the possibility of its out of balance operation, transport the grain more quickly with less contact through the combine's cylinder section causing less damage to the grain, and afford a greater grain tranport capacity.
Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a partially cutaway planar view of another embodiment of a cylinder 130 for use in a combine in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The cylinder 130 includes a solid cylindrical body 132 having a generally circular hub 131 on each end thereof. Each of the end hubs 131 has an aperture therein through which an axle 134 is inserted for supporting and permitting rotational displacement of the cylinder 130. A sectional view of the cylinder 130 illustrated in FIG. 6 taken along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder is shown in FIG. 7.
Disposed in a spaced manner around the circular circumference of the solid cylindrical body 132 and extending substantially the length thereof are a plurality of support brackets 138. A linear array of spaced support brackets 138 is coupled to and provides support for each of a plurality of elongated, linear raspbars 136 along the length of the cylindrical body 132. A plurality of raspbars 136 are thus disposed around the circumference of the solid cylindrical body 132 in a spaced manner and extend substantially the entire length of the cylinder 130. Coupled to each of the raspbars 136 is a curved filler plate 135. Each of the filler plates 135 includes a concave portion directed outward from the solid cylindrical body 132 and positioned forward of its associated raspbar 136 as the cylinder 130 rotates in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 7.
Referring to FIG. 8, there is illustrated a partial sectional view of the combination of the solid cylinder 130 and a complementary concave 142 illustrating additional details of the invention. As previously described, the concave 142 includes a plurality of bars 144 coupled to and extending between a plurality of curved brackets 146. In the arrangement of FIG. 8, each of the curved filler plates 135 is coupled in a conventional manner such as by welding to a respective support bracket 138 and to the outer surface of the cylindrical body 132. Each of the curved filler plates 135 is comprised of an outer bracket portion 137 and an inner bracket portion 140. The outer bracket portion 137 is securely affixed to the support bracket 138. The inner bracket portion 140 is continuous with the outer bracket portion 137 and is attached thereto by means of a mounting clip 141 and may also be welded or bolted to the cylindrical body's outer surface. A raspbar 136 is mounted to an outer bracket portion 137 of each curved filler plate 135 also by conventional means such as a nut and bolt combination 139. Each of the raspbar/filler plate combinations is disposed about the circumference of the solid cylindrical body 132 at 45° spaced intervals. In addition, there is an angle of at least 2° between the plane of the raspbar 136 represented by the line X--X in FIG. 8 and a plane tangent to the solid cylindrical body 132 adjacent to the position of the raspbar thereon indicated by the line Y--Y in the figure. Thus, the leading edge of the raspbar 136 is displaced further from the concave 142 than its trailing edge as the cylinder 130 rotates in the direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 8. It should also be noted in FIG. 8 that the rotating cylinder 130 and the concave 142 are off-center relative to one another such that as each raspbar 136 is displaced over the concave, the raspbar moves closer to the concave. Thus, displacement between each raspbar 136 and the concave 142 becomes progressively smaller as the raspbar is displaced over the concave. This affords gradual and increasing confinement and engagement of each corncob 148 as the raspbar 136 moves along the concave 142. As in the earlier embodiment described above, each of the curved filler plates 135 has a concave outer portion which exerts a cupping action upon the grain providing the rotating cylinder 130 with increased engagement of and retention capacity for the grain as the cylinder rotates. The cylinder 130 is thus capable of transporting the grain more quickly through the cylinder/concave section of the combine so as to increase grain processing capacity. The solid cylindrical body 132 of the cylinder 130 prevents grain, soil and plant residue from entering the cylinder and thus eliminates the possibility of the cylinder operating in an out of balance condition. Moreover, the increased mass of the solid cylindrical body 132 of the cylinder 130 over that of prior art cylinders provides the cylinder of the present invention with increased inertia allowing the cylinder to be rotated with less power than previously required. The increased inertia of the solid cylinder 130 of the present invention not only permits the cylinder to be operated more efficiently, but also, by eliminating the possibility of entry of debris into its interior, permits the cylinder to be operated more slowly than previously required. Reducing the rotational speed of the cylinder 130 substantially reduces damage to, or cracking of, the grain caused by high impact forces exerted by a rapidly rotating cylinder upon the grain.
There has thus been shown an improved rotating cylinder for use in separating grain from soil and plant residue in a combine. The cylinder includes a plurality of spaced raspbars around its periphery, to each of which is attached a curved filler plate. Each of the curved filler plates has a concave outer portion and is positioned immediately forward of its associated raspbar in the direction of rotation of the cylinder. With each of the raspbars and filler plates extending substantially the entire length of the cylinder and with each filler plate providing a gap between it and the adjacent raspbar to which it is not coupled, debris is prevented from accumulating within the rotating cylinder and the rotating cylinder is capable of transporting increased amounts of grain. In another embodiment, the cylinder includes a solid cylindrical body which also prevents entry of debris and crop residue into its interior and, because of its increased mass and inertia, permits the cylinder to be rotated with reduced power requirements and at slower speeds. Reducing the rotational displacement rate of the cylinder results in a corresponding reduction in the impact force imposed upon the grain by the rotating cylinder and substantially reduces damage to the grain in the form of cracking.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation. The actual scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.
I claim:
1. For use with a concave member in a combine for separating grain from the leafy portion of a plant, a cylinder comprising:a cylindrical-shaped member adapted for rotational displacement about a longitudinal axis thereof and positioned adjacent to the concave member; a plurality of linear, elongated bars affixed in a spaced manner about the circumference of said cylindrical-shaped member and extending substantially the entire length thereof, wherein each adjacent pair of bars includes a leading and a trailing bar relative to the direction of rotation of said cylindrical-shaped member; and a plurality of filler plates extending substantially the entire length of said cylindrical-shaped member, wherein each of said filler plates is disposed between adjacent bars and is attached to and continuous with its associated trailing bar and extends toward its associated leading bar so as to leave a gap between it and its associated leading bar, and wherein each of said filler plates includes a concave outer portion adapted to receive, engage and transport the grain between said cylindrical-shaped member and the concave member.
2. The cylinder of claim 1 wherein said cylindrical-shaped member includes a plurality of hubs disposed in a spaced manner along the length thereof and an axle coupled to each of said hubs for supporting and allowing the rotational displacement of said hubs.
3. The cylinder of claim 2 wherein each of said hubs includes a plurality of spaced upraised portions around the periphery thereof to which said bars are affixed.
4. The cylinder of claim 3 wherein each of said hubs further includes a plurality of recessed portions each disposed between adjacent upraised portions of each hub and coupled to a respective filler plate.
5. The cylinder of claim 4 wherein each of said recessed portions is concave and is adapted to engage a portion of a filler plater along the length thereof.
6. The cylinder of claim 1 wherein each of said bars includes a leading and a trailing edge relative to the direction of rotation of said cylindrical-shaped member and wherein the leading edge of each bar is positioned closer to the concave member than its trailing edge as the cylindrical-shaped member is rotationally displaced adjacent to the concave member.
7. The cylinder of claim 1 wherein said cylindrical-shaped body and said concave member are disposed relative to one another in an off-center arrangement such that each of said bars moves closer to the concave member as it is rotationally displaced adjacent to the concave member.
8. The cylinder of claim 1 wherein said cylindrical-shaped body comprises a closed cylinder with said bars disposed in a spaced manner around the circular outer surface and extending substantially the entire length thereof.
9. The cylinder of claim 8 wherein said closed cylinder includes a pair of hubs each positioned on a respective end thereof.
10. The cylinder of claim 9 further comprising an axle coupled to each of said hubs to provide support for and facilitate the rotational displacement of said closed cylinder.
11. The cylinder of claim 8 further comprising a plurality of spaced support brackets attached to the circular outer surface of said closed cylinder and coupled to said filler plates to provide support therefor.
12. The cylinder of claim 11 where each of said filler plates includes coupled outer and inner portions and wherein said outer portion is coupled to a support bracket and a bar and an inner portion is concave and is positioned in contact with the circular outer surface of said closed cylinder.
13. The cylinder of claim 12 wherein the inner portion of each of said filler plates is positioned forward of the outer portion thereof as said closed cylinder is rotationally displaced.
14. The cylinder of claim 8 wherein a leading edge of each of said bars is positioned closer to the concave member than a trailing edge of said bar as said closed cylinder is rotationally displaced.
15. The cylinder of claim 8 wherein said solid cylinder and the concave member are arranged in an off-center manner relative to each other such that each of said bars is displaced toward the concave member as they are rotationally displaced adjacent to the concave member..
| 6,648 |
lifelightforwoma06woma_29
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,873 |
Life and light for woman
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Woman's Board of Missions
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English
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Spoken
| 8,304 | 14,301 |
" The light of the ' Sunbeam' mission-circle has shone brighter than ever this year, reaching to India, China, and Japan. The ' Busy Bees ' have made progress in organization and efficient working during the year. The monthly meetings have been held with the utmost regularity, the little workers engaging in them with much spirit; and there has been an increasing desire to learn more of missionary effort in all parts of the world. The total contribution of the three societies is a $186.20." The society in Dedham reports three meetings during the year, with an average attendance of sixteen. The amount of money paid to the Woman's Board of Missions has been $110.00. The Dorchester auxiliary has held three meetings, at which missionary letters, and papers prepared by the members, have been read. The society supports Mrs. George D. Marsh in Turkey. The auxiliary in Village Church, Dorchester, reports the contributions for the year as $235.20, of which $95.00 was raised by the " Band of Faith " mission-circle. Notwithstanding an impor- tant home-work which has been carried on in the church, the members, by their untiring energy, have materially increased their donations. .Realizing that without knowledge there can be no abiding interest, reports of the quarterly meetings, with the papers read at them, have been circulated among those unable to be pres- ent, thus largely extending the influence of the meetings. 30 An auxiliary was organized in Great Barrington at a meet- ing in January, 1876, at which $35.00 were contributed. The members expect to increase the donations the coming year. The society in Greenwich (Conn.) reports a year of effective work, which has resulted in substantial growth. Special interest has been given to the monthly meetings by original papers, and by missionary intelligence brought by regularly appointed readers. A hundred dollars has been pledged for Armenia College, and various donations made outside the regular work of the society. In Haverhill, the auxiliary has paid for two scholarships and the salary of a Bible-reader during the year. The " Pentucket Mission-Circle " connected with it has worked with much energy and success, also sending the money for two scholarships. The Hinsdale auxiliary has met once in two months ; and the reading of " Romance of Missions " has been a pleasant feature of the meetings. The membership is forty-five ; and the contribu- tions, $79.61. In Jamaica Plain, by the removal of their president to another town, the members have learned not to depend so much on a leader ; and, through the necessity of mutual co-operation, the interest has become more general. One of the greatest encourage- ments in this church has been the success of the " Wide- Awakes " mission-circle. It has a membership of eighty-four, sixteen of which are honorary members. The active members, who pay a fee of ten cents, are from five to ten years of age : the honorary members are from twelve to fifteen, paying twenty-five cents. Contributions are taken on the first sabbath in every month in all the classes where the scholars are under twelve. A good degree of interest is shown by the members ; and many cases of self-denial have occurred, that more liberal gifts might be made. The society in Lawrence-street Church, Lawrence, has con- tinued its usual contributions, although the number of members has somewhat diminished on account of the depression in business. The principal stimulus received has been from the regular monthly concert. The Secretary of the Lee auxiliary reports increased attend- ance at the regular meetings, and larger subscriptions: one of the many instances where the cause, — more interesting meetings, — is followed by the effect, — more liberal gifts. The Young 31 Ladies' Mission- Circle in Lee is also a most efficient organiza- tion. The auxiliary in Lexington reports through its Secretary, " Our auxiliary of the Woman's Board, ever since its formation, in January, 1870, has been a branch of the home circle, the same offi- cers presiding over each ; and little has been clone for the foreign work, aside from the sums collected annually. At the last Annual Meeting the auxiliary withdrew from the circle, and chose a sep- arate board of officers. We hope by this new arrangement to hold meetings regularly, and to interest our ladies more in the work in foreign fields." The Lowell auxiliary has held regular quarterly meetings ; and the contributions have amounted to about $500.00, a portion of which has been paid for the support of Miss Sears of Mardin. Pleasant features of the work are two successful mission-circles, — the " Cheerful Workers " and " Merry Workers," — both of which have realized quite substantial sums from sales during the year. In Malden an increased interest in missions has been shown by the larger number who have attended the meetings, and the pleas- ure manifested in reading "Life and Light." The society has suffered from the loss of its President, of whom the Secretary says, " From the formation of the society (in 1870), she filled the office of President, and gave to it all the thought and energy that a true Christian heart could give. Owing to her household cares, she was often obliged to use the hours of night, that she might give to our meetings the clearest, choicest intelligence that it was possi- ble to obtain. During her last days, when her mind was wandering, she imagined herself at one of our meetings, and spoke of her joy at being able to be with us once more, and of the pleasure she had had in preparing for them." The Methuen auxiliary reports a membership of twenty, with a contribution of $34.00. One drawback in this society is the lack of those willing to " take part " in the meetings ; but " a few are determined, with the help of the Lord, to sustain them." The friends of the Board in Melrose feel much encouraged by the year's effort. The donations, which were larger than ever before, have been devoted to the support of a village school in Tur- key. At the monthly meetings each one is expected to report from some field previously assigned, and to leave something in the 32 contribution-box. The same plan is pursued with the mission- circle in this church, which numbers thirty-five busy workers. The auxiliary in Monterey is small; and a great proportion of the work is done by one of its officers. Its members are scattered ; and what has been accomplished has been by direct personal effort. The Secretary says, " We do not propose to sit down and do nothing, because we can do but little. We intend to keep working, hoping that our contribution may increase in the future." The Secretary of the auxiliary in Eliot Church, Newton, writes, " With the close of the year 1876 is completed the fifth year of the Ladies' Missionary Society, — a year of prosperity fully equal to, if not greater than, any previous year. When the society was first organized, it was voted to hold quarterly meetings ; and, during the first four years, these were deemed sufficient to sustain the interest of the members. When, at our last Annual Meeting, it was voted to hold them monthly, it was thought by some as scarcely wise to in- crease the number of meetings, when the attendance quarterly was so small, and it was so difficult to obtain missionary intelligence. But the result of the experiment has justified the wisdom of those who favored the change. The meetings have averaged a larger attendance than those held quarterly. We have had letters full of interest from our missionary, Mrs. Capron ; and there has been no lack of intelligence from all parts of the missionary field. The plan of canvassing the church, which was adopted last year, was again attempted, with equally satisfactory results. Our member- ship is now one hundred and ninety. At our Annual Meeting the wish was expressed, that the result of our labors might show the same advance as the previous year ; and while, owing to causes which must be apparent to all, this hope has not been real- ized, we are grateful that we have accomplished as much as before." The receipts for the year were $1,030.00. The interest in the Eliot Mission- Circle in this church continues ; and it is hoped it will increase in strength. The auxiliary in Newton Centre reports interesting meet- ings, and receipts amounting to $71.00, which is appropriated to the support of a school in Sivas. A mission-circle was organized in April, which has been very prosperous, raising quite a sum of money. In North Adams the society has had much to contend with in 33 the loss of some of its officers, and by the depression in business, keenly felt in this manufacturing town. The contributions for the year, which have been small, have taken the form of strictly volun- tary offerings. The Secretary writes, " Though a small and feeble band, we still hope to hold on our way, and bear some part in carrying Christ's gospel to the remotest lands." The Secretary of the North Somerville auxiliary writes, " Those who have been present regularly at our meetings are cer- tainly becoming more and more interested in missions ; and our only regret is, that this interest does not extend to all the ladies in the parish. For subjects of study we have taken European Turkey, — particularly the Constantinople Home, — Japan, and China. We try to become familiar with the country, its inhabitants, the mis- sionaries stationed there, taking these topics as systematically as possible. As a special effort to increase the contributions, an appeal to the congregation, prepared by two of our members, was read from the pulpit by the pastor, followed by the passing of the boxes. The amount collected was $30.00." The auxiliary in North Woburn was organized Jan. 12, since which time monthly meetings have been held, with an average attendance of twelve. The membership is twenty-six; and $25.00 have been raised. Pepperell reports an auxiliary started during the year, few in numbers, holding its meetings in connection with the ladies' sewing-circle. It is hoped a strong society will grow from these small beginnings. The Secretary of the auxiliary in Pittsfield writes, " The interest in our society deepens among its members. It has not largely increased in numbers; but there is more prayerful earnest- ness. Several ladies have prepared excellent papers on different missions, and have found their fields so fruitful and full of interest, that they have not known where to leave them." The society has assumed the support of Miss E. K. Ogden, M.D., recently gone to India. In the Second Church, Pittsfield, the meetings have not been quite so well attended as the previous year. About the same amount of money has been raised, which has been appropriated to the school in Ahmednuggur. The society in Reading has contributed $50.00, and hopes 34 "to make a better practical demonstration of love and care for Christ's kingdom another year." The Taunton auxiliary has suffered from the loss of two of the founders of the society, and most earnest workers in the cause. That much can be done by one active woman is shown by the fact that forty-nine names have been added to the list, since the last quarterly meeting, by one of the members. In Waltham, the auxiliary has held regular quarterly meet- ings, at two of which missionary ladies have been present. No special enthusiasm is reported, but better hopes for the future. The society in Waveely feels its weakness, but means " to struggle on, and hope and pray and labor for growth." Monthly meetings have been held ; and interest has been manifest in mis- sionary intelligence. The West Roxbury auxiliary reports " no increase in num- bers, but a growing interest in those who attend the monthly meetings for prayer." From Williamstown the Secretary writes, " We have twenty- five members, and send $50.00 to the treasury. While we deeply regret that the sum contributed is so small, we do feel that a step forward has been taken in the degree of actual inter- est in the cause. We have had, since the summer, larger numbers at our monthly meetings than ever before ; and we find the exper- iment of giving out sections of the missionary field for the ladies to study, quite gratifying in its results. Knowledge prepares the way for both prayer and effort ; and so we hope for greater pro- gress during the coming year." The Secretary of the Winchester auxiliary writes, " It is six years since our organization ; and our records show a steady increase of membership from year to year. During this time we have made thirty life-members. We count, the present year, sixty- seven members, and fifty-two subscribers to ' Life and Light.' Since January we have received eight letters from our missionary, Miss Powers, which have added greatly to the interest of our meetings. For her support the past year, the auxiliary has raised $180.00; while the children of our thriving little mission-circle, the ' Seek-and-Save Society,' have raised $200.00. Total, $380.00.' 35 SOCIETIES AUXILIARY TO THE W. B. M. Andover, Mass. : Miss Susan E. Jackson, Pres. ; Mrs. Hanna,h Fay, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Anna H. Swift, Sec'y and Treas. Auburndale, Mass. : Mrs. I. R. Worcester, Pres. ; Mrs. F. W. Pearson, Sec'y. Ayer, Mass. : Mrs. M. D. Waters, Pres. ; Mrs. E. H. Sawtell, Sec'y and Treas. Bedford, Mass. : Mrs. Edward Chase, Pres. ; Mrs. Charles Lunt, Sec'y and Treas. BrLLERiCA, Mass. : Mrs. R. K. Underhill, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Berkeley-street Church, Mrs. S. B. Pratt, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Central Church, Mrs. William S. Houghton, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Mt. Vernon Church, Mrs. B. F. Brown, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Park-street Church, Mrs. Charles H. Spring, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Old South Church, Miss Abby Walley, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Shawmut Church, Mrs. J. S. Ambrose, Sec'y and Treas. Boston, Mass. : Union Church, Miss Ella Stetson, Sec'y and Treas. Boston (Highlands), Mass. : Eliot Church, Mrs. Rufus Ander- son, Pres. ; Mrs. Dr. A. C. Thompson, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs* Mary E. Cummings, Sec'y; Miss E. E. Stone, Treas. Boston (Highlands), Mass. : Highland Church, Mrs. H. L. Howell, Pres. ; Mrs. Henry Basford, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Nellie Hall, Sec'y ; Mrs. S. N. Stockwell, Treas. Boston (Highlands), Mass : Walnut-avenue Church, Mrs. C. A. Aldrich, Pres. ; Miss M. C. Barry, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. A. W. Tufts, Sec'y and Treas. Boston (Highlands), Mass. : Vine-street Church, sabbath- school class of Mr. William Callander, Miss Mary J. Rowell, Sec'y and Treas. Boston (East), Mass. : Maverick Church, Mrs. J. M. Coles- worthy, Sec'y ; Miss E. Hammet, Treas.^ 36 Boston (South), Mass. : Phillips Church, Mrs. Calvin Shepard, Sec'y ; Mrs. Jeremy Drake, Treas. Boston (South), Mass. : E-street Church, Mrs. H. L. Bassett, Pres. ; Mrs. L. S. Hiskeli, Sec'y. ; Mrs. H. E. Putnam, Treas. Brookline, Mass. : Mrs. J. W. Tyler, Pres. ; Mrs. Langdon S. Ward, Sec'y ; Miss Susan E. Withington, Treas. Burlington, Mass. : Mrs. W. H. Walker, Pres. ; Miss Mary A. Butters, Sec'y ; Mrs. J. R. Woodman, Treas. Cambridge, Mass. (composed of three churches) : Directresses, Shepard Church, Mrs. Alexander McKenzie, Mrs. Henry Thayer; North Avenue Church, Mrs. D. O. Means, Mrs. Dawes ; East Cambridge Church, Mrs. Dr. Taylor, Mrs. Fletcher. Sec'y, Mrs. L. R. Pearson ; Treas., Mrs. Perley Morse. Cambridgeport, Mass. : Mrs. Sumner Albee, Pres. ; Mrs. Philip Greeley, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. George H. Rugg, Sec'y ; Mrs. L. A. Grover, Treas. Chelsea, Mass. : First Church, Miss Ellen M. Stone, Pres. ; Miss Sophia G. Noyes, Sec'y. Chelsea, Mass.: Broadway Church, Mrs. Edwin Carr, Sec'y and Treas. Cleveland, O. : First Congregational Church, Miss Sarah E. Sheldon, Sec'y ; Mrs. M. A. Loomis, Treas. Dalton, Mass. : Mrs. A. L. Brown, Pres. ; Mrs. P. Mitchell, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. J. B. Crane, Sec'y ; Mrs. J. D. Carson, Treas. Darien, Conn. : Miss E. H. Bell, Pres. ; Mrs. M. E. Mead, Sec'y ; Mrs. H. E. Gleason, Treas. Dedham, Mass. : Mibs M. C. Burgess, Pres. ; Mrs. Fred A. Taft, Sec'y ; Miss Emma Brown, Treas. Dorchester, Mass. ; Mrs. Frank Wood, Pres. : Miss M. B. Means, Sec'y ; Mrs. E. H. Preston, Treas. Dorchester, Mass. : Village Church, Miss Amanda Ruggles, Pres. ; Miss Josephine K. Wight, Sec'y ; Mrs. Reuben Swan, Treas. # Dunstable, Mass.: Mrs. F. D. Austin, Pres. ; Miss Jennie L. Taylor, Sec'y and Treas. East Somerville, Mass. : Mrs. William S. Hubbell, Pres. 37 Everett, Mass. : Mrs. Charles Atwood, Sec'y ; Miss E. Whit- temore, Treas. Fall River, Mass.: Mrs. Col. Richard Borden, Pres. ; Mrs. Dr. William Adams, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Carrie Borden, Cor. Sec'y ; Mrs. Frances J. Runnels, Treas. Foxborough, Mass. : Mrs. Erastus P. Carpenter, Pres. ; Mrs. Willard Pettee, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Sarah T. Cary, Sec'y ; Mrs. Ashael Dean, .Treas. Franklin, Mass. : Mrs. William M. Thayer, Sec'y and Treas. Grantville, Mass.: Mrs. M. L. Force, Pres.; Miss Sarah Batchelder, Sec'y and Treas. Great Barrington, Mass. : Mrs. Increase Sumner, Pres. ; Miss Abbie Russell, Vice-Pres.; Mrs. Frederic Sand- ford, Sec'y ; Miss Helen Bailey, Treas. Greenwich, Conn. : Mrs. L. P. Hubbard, Pres. ; Miss Amelia Mead, Sec'y ; Mrs. Charles R. Treat, Treas. Hinsdale, Mass : Mrs. S. A. Warriner, Pres. ; Mrs. C. J. Kit- tredge, Sec'y and Treas. Hyde Park, Mass. : Mrs. Perley B. Davis, Pres. ; Mrs. George L. Howard, Sec'y ; Mrs. E. M. Sturtevant, Treas. Jamaica Plain, Mass : Mrs. C. L. Mills, Pres. ; Mrs. Stedman, Vice-Pres. ; Miss K. R. Wendall, Sec'y ; Miss M. Davis, Treas. Lawrence, Mass. : Lawrence-street Church, Mrs. Joshua Coit, Pres. ; Mrs. J. L. Partridge, Sec'y and Treas. Lawrence, Mass. : Central Church, Mrs. A. J. French, Pres. Mrs. A. C. Fisher, Sec'y and Treas. Lee, Mass. : Mrs. Nahum Gale, Pres. ; Mrs. Harrison Garfield, Vice-Pres. ; Miss M. Eliza Gibbs, Sec'y : Mrs. Welling- ton Smith, Treas. Lexington, Mass. : Mrs. M. H. Merriam, Pres. ; Mrs. L. Pros- ser and Mrs. Darling, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Fannie E. Baker, Sec'y and Treas. Lisbon, Conn. : Mrs. R. K. Matthewson, Sec'y and Treas. Littleton, Mass. : Miss A. M. Manning, Pres. ; Mrs. James C Houghton, Sec'y and Treas. Lowell, Mass. : Mrs. Nathan Crosby, Pres. ; Mrs. Sullivan L. Ward, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. D. Hall Rice, Sec'y ; Mrs. O. A. Brigham, Treas. 38 Malden, Mass. : Mrs. Herbert Gleason, Pres. ; Mrs. J. B. Holm, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Martha Silvester, Sec'y and Treas. Medfield, Mass. : Mrs. Emily W. Cobb, Pres. ; Miss Mary Lovell, Sec'y ; Miss Mary Ellis, Treas. Medford, Mass. : Mrs. William Haskins, Pres. ; Mrs. J. T. Mc- Collom, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. B. E. Perry, Sec'y and Treas. Medway, Mass. : Mrs. A. P. Phillips, Pres. ; Mrs. S. J.Metcalf, Sec'y and Treas. Medway (West), Mass.: Mrs. S. W. Segur, Pres.; Miss Emma E. Hitchcock, Sec'y ; Mrs. Addison P. Thayer, Treas. Melrose, Mass. : Mrs. Albert J. Bale, Pres. ; Mrs. J. B. Leach, Sec'y and Treas. Methuen, Mass. : Mrs. L. H. Blake, Pres. ; Mrs. J. A. Towns, Sec'y and Treas. Monterey, Mass.: Mrs. James A. Clark, Pres.; Miss M. J. Twing, Sec'y and Treas. Newton, Mass. : Eliot Church, Mrs. Dr. L. S. Warner, Pres. ; Miss Martha C. Howe, Sec'y; Miss Mary P. Jones, Treas. Newton Centre, Mass. : Mrs. A. R,. Bishop, Pres. ; Mrs. Nelson Curtis, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. C. B. Richardson, Sec'y and Treas. Newtonville, Mass. : Miss Eliza A. Goodell, Sec'y. North Adams, Mass. : Mrs. Shepard Thayer, Pres. ; Mrs. William P. Porter, Sec'y. North Haverhill, N.H. : Mrs. Calvin Terry, Pres. ; Miss Harriet M. Terry, Sec'y ; Mrs. Moses Kimball, Treas. North Somerville, Mass. : Mrs. Lemuel Gulliver, Pres. ; Mrs. Ellen F. Jones, Sec'y ; Mrs. J. L. Whitaker, Treas. North Woburn, Mass. : Mrs. J. P. T.yler, Pres. ; Mrs. Charles Anderson, Sec'y and Treas. Norton, Mass. ; Wheaton Female Seminary, Mrs. C. C. Met- calf, Sec'y and Treas. Pepperell, Mass. : Mrs. L. B. Oliver, Pres. ; Miss L. A. Boyn- ton, Sec'y. Pittsfield, Mass. : Mrs. Henry L. Dawes, Pres. ; Mrs. Morley, Mrs. J. C. West, Mrs. H. G. Davis, and Mrs. Bailey, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Henry Chickering, Sec'y ; Mrs. Thomas Colt, Treas. 39 Pittsfield, Mass. : South Church, Mrs. Henrietta Lamberson, Pres.; Misses Lucy Dunham, E. Parish, and Hattie Pierson, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. C. A. Tolnian, Sec'y ; Mrs. A. W. Crossman, Treas. Reading, Mass. : Mrs. M. M. Temple, Pres. ; Miss Mary E. Pratt, Sec'y ; Mrs. J. B. Leathe, Treas. South Egremont, Mass. : Mrs. A. G. Dickinson, Pres. ; Miss Mary E. U. Benjamin, Sec'y; Mrs. David Dalzell, Treas. Taunton, Mass. ; Mrs. Harrison Tweed, Pres. ; Mrs. James H. Deane, Sec'y ; Mrs. Andrew S. Briggs, Treas. Townsend, Mass. : Miss Harriet JST. Spaulding, Pres. ; Miss Caroline Fay, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. E. D. Lowrie, Sec'y and Treas. Wakefield, Mass. : Mrs. C. R. Bliss, Pres. ; Mrs. C. E. McKay, Sec'y ; Mrs. G. H. Maddock, Treas. Waltham, Mass. : Mrs. E. E. Strong, Pres. ; Mrs. A. A. Morse, Mrs. J. Baker, Directresses ; Mrs. A. E. Marsh, Sec'y and Treas. Walpole, Mass. : Mrs. Loring Johnson, Pres. ; Mrs. Martha B. Lamson, Sec'y and Treas. Ware, Mass. : Mrs. AVilliam G. Tuttle, Pres. ; Mrs. George E. Winslow, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Lewis 'N. Gilbert, Sec'y ; Mrs. George G. Hall, Treas. Watertown, Mass. : Mrs. E. P. Wilson, Pres. ; Miss Caroline A. Green, Sec'y and Treas. Waverly, Mass. : Mrs. E. S. Ewell, Sec'y and Treas. West Roxbury, Mass. : Mrs. N. G. Clark, Pres. ; Mrs. George Smith, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. R. B. Smith, Sec'y and Treas. Whitinsville, Mass.: Mrs. John R. Thurston, Pres.; Mrs. Edward W. Wood, Sec'y and Treas. Williamstown, Mass. : Mrs. M. H. Hopkins, Pres. ; Miss Eliza- beth Pierce, Sec'y ; Mrs. E. S. Chadbourne, Acting Sec'y and Treas. Wilmington, Mass.: Mrs. Anna E. Mathews, Pres. ; Mrs. Mary A. Carter, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Rebecca Eames, Treas. Winchester, Mass. : Mrs. Harrison Parker, Pres. ; Mrs. Z. Abbott, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Julia M. Gage, Sec'y ; Miss Lizzie Chapin, Treas. Windham, O. : Miss Mary A. Clark, Sec'y and Treas. 40 MISSION-CIRCLES. Adams, Mass. : Little Folks' Mission-Circle. Auburndale, Mass. : Juvenile Missionary Society. Blackinton, Mass. : Busy Bees. Boston, Mass.: Four Circles (Central Church). " " Bartlett Mission-Circle (Old South Church). " " Young Ladies' Mission-Circle (Union Church). " " Shawmut Helpers. " " Shawmut Branch Circle. " " The Lamplighters (Berkeley-street Church). Boston Highlands : Little Star Circle. " " Anderson Circle. " " Ferguson Circle. Boston (East) : Zulu Helpers. " « Maverick Rill. Boston (South) : Willing Hands. " " Cheerful Workers." 11 " E-street Mission-Circle. Brookline, Mass. : Treasure- Seekers. " " Lilies-of-the-valley. " " Gleaners. " " Violets. " " Hope Circle. " " Buds of Promise. " " Cheerful Givers. « " Charity Circle. 11 " Moss-Roses. " " Orioles. " " Sparrows. u " Excelsior. " " Honey-Bees. " " Loch Stead. Brooklyn, N.Y. : Armstrong Mission-Circle. Cambridge, Mass. : Jewel-Seekers. " " Little Workers. " " Willing Helpers. Cambridge (North) : Rosebuds. 41 Cambridgeport, Mass. : Wiyuh Workers. " " Children's Mission-Circle. Chelsea, Mass. : Busy Bees. " " Pilgrim Band. Crown To int, N.Y. : Willing Hearts. Dalton, Mass. : Mission-Circle. Darien, Conn. : Busy Bees. " " Sunbeams. Dedham, Mass. : Broad Oak Helpers. Dorchester, Mass. : Village Church ; Band of Faith, East Taunton, Mass.: Mission-Circle. Everett, Mass. : Everett Crusaders. Fall River, Mass. : Willing Helpers. Falmouth, Mass . : Seaside Gleaners. Greenwich, Conn. : Banner of Light. Hatfield, Mass. : Hatfield Gleaners. Hinsdale, Mass. : Mountain Rill. Hyde Park, Mass. : Wayside Gleaners. Jamaica Plain, Mass. : Wide Awakes. Lawrence, Mass. : The Little Nightingale. Lee, Mass.: Young Ladies' Mission Circle. Lowell, Mass. : Cheerful Workers. " " Merry Workers. Malden, Mass. : Star Circle. Medfield, Mass. : Morning-Glories. Medway, Mass. : Medway Gleaners. Methuen, Mass. : Little Christian Workers. Newton, Mass. : Eliot Mission-Circle. Newton Centre, Mass. : Little People's Mission-Circle. North Adams, Mass. : Little Helpers. North Somerville, Mass. : Earnest Workers. Pittsfield, Mass. : Snowflakes. " " South Church Mission Circle. Putnam, Conn. : The Mission- Workers. Reading, Mass. : Reading Rill. " " Children's Missionary Society. Somerville, Mass. : Square Circle. Wakefield, Mass. : Willing Workers. Walpole, Mass. : Little Gleaners. 42 Wareham, Mass. : Merry Gleaners. West Hampton, Mass. : Mission- Circle. "West Medway, Mass. : Olive-Plants. Williamsburg, Mass. : Juvenile Mission-Circle. Winchester, Mass. : Seek-and-Save Society. Windham, 0. : Young Ladies' Mission-Circle. Woburn, Mass. : Woburn Workers. REPORT OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRANCH. OFFICERS. President. Mrs. Dr. Rat Palmer, 205 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Newark. "Vice-Presidents. Miss Anna P. Halset, Orange, N.J. Mrs. S. C. Pomeroy, Washington, D.C. Mrs. H. C. Lockwood, Baltimore, Md. Mrs. J. R. Danforth, Philadelphia. Mrs. Lyman Whiting, Philadelphia. Mrs. Nelson F. Evans, Philadelphia. Mrs. W. B. Brown, Newark, 1st Church. Mrs. Ray Palmer, Belle-avenue Church, Newark. Mrs. H. C. Reynolds, Jersey City, 1st Ch. Mrs. Cyrus Pickett, Jersey City Heights. Mrs, R. G. Greene, Orange, N.J. Mrs. W. G. Boyce, East Orange, N.J. Mrs. A. H. Bradford, Montclair, N.J. Mrs. Rose, Paterson, N.J. Mrs. J. L. Munn, Stanley, N.J. Mrs. J. B. Crane, Middletown, N.Y. Mrs. L. T. Burbank, Herndon, Va. Mrs. S. Lee Hillyer, Woodbridge, N.J. Mrs. Roberts, Plainfleld, N.J. Corresponding Secretaries. Miss E. L. Goodell, Preston Retreat, Philadelphia. Mrs. James H. Stewart, Newark, N.J. Miss Anna P. Halsey, Orange, N.J. Treasurer. Mrs. Austin W. Goodell, 2013 Mt. Vernon Street, Philadelphia. The Philadelphia branch, though the first-born of the Woman's Board, increases slowly, and its changes from year to year are so slight as hardly to require a new report ; yet here, in our sixth greeting, we are glad to record during the past twelvemonth the formation of one new auxiliary, that of Woodbridge, N.J. The money collected in 1876 was $1,652.43. These figures do not make any great show in the treasury ; for many of us, like 43 Peter, can say, " Silver and gold have I none ; " but they are the offerings of earnest, willing hearts : and, in looking back over the past year, we can see a steady growth and interest awakened and deepened in the missionary work. The monthly meetings have been held through " rain and sun- shine ; " and the little company gathered together have felt God's presence in their midst. When dear ones we support in Japan and Turkey write that they can afford to lose our money, but they cannot afford to lose our prayers, it has made us more con- stant and faithful in pleading for them at the mercy-seat ; and, while asking for blessings upon them and their schools, God has come very near, and blessed us also. The Annual Meeting, held in October last at Newark, was a very pleasant one. Letters from Miss Proctor of Aintab and Miss Gouldy of Osaka gave encouraging accounts of the progress of their respective schools ; and now, while the doors of Japan are flung wide open, all feel what a privilege it is to further educa- tion in those islands of the sea. One interesting feature of this meeting was the realization of work actually accomplished by the branch. Two girls in Turkey, educated and supported for four years by the " Ivy-Leaves," " Car- rier-Doves," and " Orange-Buds " Mission-Circles, have graduated with honor, — the one from the Constantinople Home, and the other from the Aintab School, — and have now gone out as teach- ers to impart their learning to others, and " be a light ninto them who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death." E. L. Goodell, Secretary. ASSOCIATE SOCIETIES. Plainfield, N.J. : Mrs. Roberts, Pres. ; Mrs. Peter Bogert, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 48. Woodbridge, N.J. : Mrs. S. Lee Hillyer, Pres. ; Miss Mary Cutter, Sec'y; Miss Annie Thompson, Treas.; members, 25. Stanley, N.Y. : Mrs. J. L. Munn, Pres. and Treas. ; Mrs. A. W. French, Rec. Sec'y ; Miss Nettie French, Cor. Sec'y ; members, 10. 44 Montclair, N.J. : Mrs. A. H. Bradford, Pres. ; Mrs. Edward Sweet, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Samuel Holmes, Sec'y ; Mrs. L. W. Rodman, Treas. Montclair : " Montclair Blossoms," Miss Hattie Brown, Pres. ; Miss Annie Bull, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Lizzie Weston, Directress ; Miss Lizzie Johnson, Sec'y ; Miss Sadie Van-Lennep, Treas. ; members, 31 ; honorary members, 3. Orange, N.J. : Mrs. R. G. Greene, Pres. ; Miss Anna P. Hal- sey, Sec'y ; Mrs. Dr. W. Pierson, Treas. ; members, 30. Orange, N.J. : Mission-Circle, Miss Adele Greene, Pres. ; Miss Sarah R. Adams, Sec'y ; Miss Annie E„ Quimby Treas. ; members, 44 ; honorary members, 6. Middletown, N.Y. : Mrs. J. B. Crane, Pres. ; Mrs. S. C. Conk- ling, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Emeline Moore, Sec'y ; Mrs. William C. McNish, Treas. Newark, N.J. : First Congregational Church, Mrs. William Brown, Pres. ; Mrs. E. F. S. Dougherty, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. S. P. Taft, Sec'y ; Mrs. William Robotham, Treas. Newark, N. J. : "Workers for Jesus," Mrs. William Brown, Pres. ; Mrs. H. M. Dougherty, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Nellie Hobbs, Sec'y ; Miss Mamie Dickinson, Treas. Newark, N.J. : Belleville-avenue Church, Mrs. Ray Palmer, Pres.; Mrs. George M. Boynton, Sec'y; Miss Hattie Palmer, Treas. Newark, N.J. : Mission-Band, Miss Sarah Holmes, Pres. ; Miss Carrie Breath, Sec'y ; Miss Minnie W. Palmer, Treas. Paterson, N.J. : Mrs. Crosby, Pres. ; Mrs. S. Courter, Sec'y ; Mrs. S. P. Rose, Treas. Jersey City, N.J. : Missionary Auxiliary of First Congregation- al Church, Mrs. H. S. Reynolds, Pres. ; Mrs. George Clarke, Vice-Pres.; Mrs. J. W. Hunt, Sec'y; Mrs. M.M. Speers, Treas. ; members, 30. Jersey City, N.J. : " Earnest Workers " Mission-Circle, Mrs. Joseph Gopsill, Pres. ; Miss Emma Rose, Sec'y ; Miss Flora Houston, Treas. Jersey City, N.J. : Second Congregational Church, Mrs. C. Pickett, Pres. ; Mrs. E. Sheffield, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Anna Shore, Sec'y ; Miss Nettie French, Treas. Philadelphia: Mrs. Nelson F. E vans, Pres. ; Mrs. E. H. May- nard, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. A. W. Goodell, Sec'y and Treas. 45 Philadelphia : " Carrier-Doves," Miss E. L. Goodell, Pres. ; Miss Liddie B. Harper, Sec'y and Treas. Philadelphia : " Snowflakes." This mission-circle consists of the entire infant school of the Central Congregational Church; members, 56. Philadelphia : Plymouth Congregational Church, Mrs. L« Whiting, Pres. ; Mrs. L. Adams, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. A. E. Travis, Sec'y ; Miss Whiting, Treas. Washington, D.C. : Mrs. S. C. Pomeroy, Pres.; Mrs. J. W. Chickering, Sec'y; Mrs. D. C. Patterson, Treas. Washington, D.C. : " Ivy-Leaves," Miss Addie Smith, Pres. ; Miss Lizzie Coleman, Sec'y ; Miss Fannie Chickering, Treas. Baltimore : Mrs. H. C. Lockwood, Pres. ; Mrs. T. I. Holmes, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Martin Hawley, Sec'y ; Mrs. R. H. Hawley, Treas. Baltimore : " Baltimore Bees," Miss Lottie Martins, Pres. ? Miss Amelia Grimm, Sec'y ; Miss Mabel Latham, Treas. Herndon, Va. : Mrs. S. V. Burbank, Pres. ; Mrs. L. Sweetser, Sec'y ; Miss Laura Burton, Treas. LIFE-MEMBERS MADE THROUGH THE PHILADEL- PHIA BRANCH IN 1875. Denison, Mrs. J. H. I Miles, Mrs. E. D. W. REPORT OF THE NEW-HAVEN BRANCH. OFFICERS. President. Mrs. Bukdett Hakt, 261 Ferry Street. Honorary Vice-President. Mrs. 0. P. Hubbard, 65 West 19th Street, New York. 46 Mrs. F. A. Noble, 128 Temple Street. Mrs. T. D. Woolset, 250 Church Street. Mrs. G. P. Prudden, 43 Grove Street. Mrs. Wooster Hotchkiss, 124 . High Street. Mrs. J. J. Hough, Danbury, Fairfield Count}-. Mrs. G. B. Willcox, Stamford, Fairfleld County. "Vice-Presidents. Mrs. J. B. Bonar, New Milford, Litch- field County. Miss M. P. Hinsdale, West Winsted, Litchfield County. Mrs. B. A. Smith, Middletown, Middlesex County. Mrs. S. McCall,. East Haddam, Middle- sex County. Corresponding Secretary. Mrs. H. D. Hume, 15 Home Place. Home Secretaries. Mrs. D. Murdoch, 58 Trumbull Street. Mrs. J. N. Adam, 139 Elm Street. Recording Secretary. Mrs. Wtllts Peck, 113 College Street. Treasurer. Miss Julia Twining, 137 Elm Street. Assistant Secretaries. Mrs. W. H. Fairchild. Miss Fannie Walker. Auditor. Koger S. White, Esq., 69 Church Street. The New Haven branch completed its fifth year in May, 1876 ; and, if we look at its wonderful progress and growth in this short time, we can only say, " Surely it is the Lord's work. He has sown the seed and watered it, and has blessed it with the sun- beams of his favor." The monthly meetings throughout the year show unabated interest, the chapel used being always filled to its utmost capacity. Several county meetings have been held during the year, — two in Litchfield County, two in Fairfield County, and one in Middle- sex ; and they have invariably been productive of good results. We have found the co-operation of our six county vice-presidents very helpful indeed. They are in close and constant contact with the various auxiliaries in their districts ; they communicate frequently with the secretaries in New Haven ; and, once a year, they alternately attend a meeting of the executive committee. We celebrated the centennial year by bringing the number of our auxiliaries up to one hundred before our Annual Meeting: since then, we have added four more, making in all one hundred and four auxiliaries and fifty-nine mission-circles. 47 We support seven missionaries, sixteen Bible-readers, seventy- six girls in mission boarding-schools, three teachers, and three day schools. We have fitted up one more room in the Constantinople Home, making, in all, five rooms which we have furnished. We have given one thousand dollars in shares for the building of the new school at Marsovan ; and for this year we have pledged one thousand dollars for the Kioto Home, Japan. The receipts reported at the Annual Meeting in May were $14,908.52, showing an increase of $2,258.00 on the previous year. Is not this cause for true thankfulness ? and may we not go on our way nothing doubting? Mrs. J. N. Adam, Home Secretary. AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. Ansonta : Mrs. Mary Terry, Pres. ; Mrs. Theodore Terry, Vice- Pres. ; Mrs. Edward P. Payson, Sec'y ; Mrs. Charles L. Hill, Treas. Barkhamsted : Mrs. Horace Case, Pres. Bethel : Mrs. George F. Waters, Pres. ; Mrs. A. L. Benedict, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. F. W. Smith, Sec'y and Treas ; mem- bers, 40. Bethlehem: Mrs. Henry W. Peck, Pres.; Miss Mary Hum- phrey, Sec'y ; Mrs. Caroline H. Bird, Treas. ; members, 41. Birmingham : Mrs. G. W. Shelton, Pres. ; Mrs. Charles Brad- ley, Vice-Pres. ; Miss E. E. R. Hawley, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 82. Bridgeport : Mrs. C. R. Palmer, Pres. ; Mrs. Edwin Johnson, Mrs. J. G. Davenport, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Harriet A. Hawley, Sec'y ; Miss Mary J. Clarke, Treas. ; members, 300. Canaan : Mrs. L. H. Reid, Pres. ; Miss S. W. Adam, Sec'y ; Mrs. George Gillette, Treas. ; members, 27. Centrebrook : Mrs. Samuel Griswold, Pres. ; Mrs. E. E. Kel- sey, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. J. B. Stoddard, Sec'y ; Miss H S. Comstock, Treas.; members, 31. 48 Cheshire : Mrs. John M. Wollcott, Pres., Sec'y, and Treas. ; members, 35. Chester : Mrs. George M. Abbey, Pres. ; Mrs. Hiram H. Clark, Sec'y ; Mrs. William N. Clark, Treas. ; members, 24. Colchester: Mrs. S. G. Willard, Pres.; Mrs. W. S. Curtis, Cor. Sec'y; Mrs. Elijah Ransom, Rec. Sec'y; Mrs. J. B. Wheeler, Treas. Colebrook : Mrs. Henry A. Russell, Pres. Cornwall : Mrs. S. J. White, Pres. ; Mrs. H. C. Monson, Sec'y and Treas. Danbury : First Church, Mrs. J. J. Hough, Pres. ; Miss Caro- line Seeley, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Mary E. Stone, Cor. Sec'y ; Miss S. Eliza Talcott, Rec. Sec'y ; Mrs. George E. Ryder, Treas. ; members, 150. Deep River : Mrs. Sara Knausse, Pres. ; Mrs. Ellen Gladding, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Emma Pratt, Sec'y ; Mrs. Emma Southworth, Treas. Derby : Mrs. J. H. Vorce, Pres. ; Mrs. W. H. Sawyer, Sec'y ; Miss Anna M. Sperry, Treas. ; members, 52. East Haddam : Mrs. James Alexander, Pres. ; Mrs. Eugene W. Chaffee, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 27. East Hampton : First Church, Mrs. J. S. Ives, Pres. ; Mrs. H. V. Barton, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. M. A. Sexton, Sec'y ; Mrs. Philo Bevin, Treas. ; members, 25. East Hampton : Union Church, Mrs. J. B. Griswold, Pres. ; Miss Julia A. West, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. E. G. Cone, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 1 7. East Haven : Mrs. D. W. Havens, Pres. ; Mrs. Charles Wood- ward, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Albert Forbes, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 36. Easton : Mrs. Rufus Wheeler, Pres. ; Mrs. Martin Dudley, Sec'y; Mrs. Julia Edwards, Treas. ; members, 66. Ellsworth : Mrs. J. O. Stevenson, Pres. ; Miss J. H. Reed, Sec'y ; Miss E. C. Dunbar, Treas. ; members, 29. Fair Haven : Second Church, Mrs. Nelson Linsley, Pres. ; Mrs. Herbert Barnes, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. H. C. Hurd, Sec'y ; Mrs. Lester Mallory, Treas. Falls Village : Mrs. N. H. Miner, Pres. ; Mrs. S. J. Bonney, Sec'y ; Mrs. L. P. Dean, Treas. ; members, 14. 49 Georgetown : Mrs. Aaron Osborne, Pres. ; Mrs. Edwin Gilbert, Sec'y; Mrs. Sturges Bennett, Treas. ; members, 15. Goshen : Mrs. Timothy A. Hazen, Pres. ; Miss Sarah B. Norton, Sec'y ; Miss Maria Norton, Treas. ; members, 14. Haddam : Mrs. E. E. Lewis, Pres. ; Miss Mary Brainerd, Mrs. J. H. Odber, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Osmer Smith, Cor. Sec'y; Miss C. R. Kelsey, Rec. Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 25. Higganum : Mrs. Sylvester Hine, Pres. ; Mrs. J. M. Hull, Vice- Pres. ; Miss J. Usher, Sec'y ; Miss E. Price, Treas. ; members, 20. Kent: Mrs. John Hopson, Pres. ; Miss Sarah A. Pratt, Vice- Pres. ; Miss Mary A. Hopson, Sec'y ; Mrs. Charles Edwards, Treas. ; members, 28. Killingworth : Mrs. William Miller, Pres. ; Mrs. J. H. Lane, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 74. Litchfield : Mrs. G. C. Woodruff, Pres. ; Mrs. George Rich- ards, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 65. Madison : Mrs. J. T. Lee, Pres. ; Mrs. D. Tuttle, Cor. Sec'y ; Miss L. B. Lee, Rec. Sec'y; Mrs. Samuel Willard, Treas. ; members, 240. Meriden : First Church, Mrs. F. E. Hinman, Pres. ; Mrs. Levi Merriam, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Alfred H. Hall, Cor. Sec'y ; Mrs. John Billard, Rec. Sec'y; Mrs. Robert Spencer, Treas. ; members, 84. Meriden : Centre Church, Mrs. Edward Hungerford, Pres. ; Mrs. E. A. Winslow, Sec'y ; Mrs. Frank Ives, Treas. Middlefield : Mrs. A. C. Denison, Pres. ; Miss Mary E. Deni- son, Sec'y ; members, 13. Middle Haddam : Mrs. R. D. Tibbals, Pres. ; Miss Harriet Roberts, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Susan Strong, Cor. Sec'y ; Miss Fannie W. Norton, Rec. Sec'y and Treas. ; mem- bers, 27. Middletown : First Church, Miss Emily Tracy, Pres. ; Miss Sarah Sill, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Mary B. Hazen, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 63. Middletown : South Church ; Mrs. E. S. Hubbard, Pres. Miss Mary Baldwin, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. C. F. Browning, Sec'y ; Mrs. Nellie A. Douglas, Treas. ; members, 38. Milton : Mrs. George J. Harrison, Pres. ; Mrs. Gilbert Page, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 23. 50 Monroe : Mrs. William H. Curtiss, Pres. ; Mrs. Henry D. Burr, Cor. Sec'y ; Miss Rebecca S. Curtis, Home Sec'y ; Miss Harriet L. Beardsley, Treas. ; members, 41. Morris : Mrs. Silas Stockman, Pres. ; Mrs. William M. Ensign, Sec'y ; Miss Libbie Butler, Treas. ; members, 50. Mount Carmel : Mrs. James Ives, Pres. ; Mrs. George Miln, Mrs. A. H. Smith, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. D. H. Cooper, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 39. Naugatuck : Miss Ellen Spencer, Pres. ; Mrs. J. D. Brundage, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Eli Barnum, Secy ; Mrs. Amos Hills, Treas. ; Mrs. H. D. Patterson, Ass't Treas. ; members, 32. New Britain : First Church, Mrs. Isaac N. Lee, Pres. ; Mrs. Mortimer H. Stanley, Cor. Sec'y ; Miss Alice G. Stan- ley, Rec. Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 63. New Britain : South Church, Mrs. Samuel Rockwell, Pres. ; Mrs. Charles Peck, Cor. Sec'y; Mrs. J. Warren Tuck, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 50. New Haven : Centre Church, Mrs. F. A. Noble, Pres. ; Mrs. D. C. Collins, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Harriet J. Perry, Sec'y ; Miss Susan L. Bradley, Treas.; members, 128. New Haven : Church of the Redeemer, Mrs. Lewis Fitch, Pres. ; Mrs. G. P. Prudden, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. W. H. Fairchild, Sec'y and Treas. New Haven : College-street Church, Mrs. Luman Cowles, Pres. ; Mrs. William R. Guernsey, Sec'y and Treas. New Haven: Davenport Church, Mrs. I. C. Meserve, Pres.; Mrs. F. W. Pardee, Sec'y and Treas. New Haven : Dwight-place Church, Mrs. C. S. Fabrique, Pres. ; Mrs. E. N. Whittlesey, Sec'y ; Mrs. D. C. Pratt, Treas. New Haven: East Church, Mrs. Sarah A. Hibbard, Pres.; Mrs. Fanny E. Bartlett, Sec'y ; Mrs. Louisa M. Cole- man, Treas. New Haven : Fair Haven First Church, Mrs. Burdett Hart, Pres. ; Mrs. Willis Hemingway, Sec'y ; Miss Julia M. Williams, Treas. New Haven: Howard-avenue Church, Mrs. E. Force, Pres.; Miss Sarah B. Moffatt, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 48. New Haven : North Church, Mrs. Edward Hawes, Pres. ; Mrs. S. L. Cady, Sec'y ; Mrs. A. McAlister, Treas. ; mem- bers, 74. 51 New Haven : Temple-street Church, Mrs. M. A. Lathrop, Pres. members, 33. New Haven: Third Church, Mrs. S. R. Dennen, Pres.; Mrs. H. Beebe, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 58. New Haven : Yale-college Church, Mrs. T. D. Woolsey, Pres. ; Mrs. Cyrus Northrop, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 38. New Milford : Mrs. J. B. Bonar, Pres. ; Mrs. A. S. Rogers, Vice-Pres. ; Miss C. B. Bennett, Sec'y ; Miss Sophia Hine, Treas. ; members, 113. New Preston : Mrs. Samuel J. Averill, Pres. ; Mrs. H. P. Burn- ham, Sec'y ; Miss Ellen M. Averill, Treas., members, 73. Newtown : Mrs. Henry Fairchild, Pres. ; Mrs. J. P. Hoyt, Sec'y; Mrs. J. Wheeler, Treas. ; members, 27. Norfolk : Miss Sarah Curtis, Pres. ; Miss Alice Eldridge, Sec'y; and Treas. North Branford : Mrs. E. L. Clark, Pres. ; Miss Mary E. Wheadon, Sec'y ; Mrs. George H. Munger, Treas. ; mem- bers, 30. Northfield : Mrs. Laura H. Catlin, Pres. ; Mrs. A. M. Turner, Sec'y ; Mrs. James Smith, Treas. Northford : Mrs. George De F. Folsom, Pres. ; Mrs. Charles Foote, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. E. B. M. Page, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 50. North Haven : Mrs. William Reynolds, Pres. ; Mrs. S. F. Lins- ley, Yice-Pres. ; Miss A. E. Linsley, Sec'y ; Mrs. Anna E. Bishop, Treas. North Woodstock : Mrs. S. C. Morse, Pres. ; Miss S. R. Child, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 31. Norwalk : First Church, Mrs. L. J. Curtis, Pres. ; Mrs. J. A. Hamilton, Vice-Pres. ; Miss E. W. Brown, Rec. Sec'y ; Miss C. E. Raymond, Cor. Sec'y and Treas. Oxford : Mrs. John Churchill, Pres. ; Mrs. N. J. Wilcoxson, Sec'y; Mrs. William Clark, Treas. Plymouth : Mrs. A. D. Wells, Pres. ; Mrs. Horace Fenn, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 14. Prospect : Mrs. B. B. Brown, Pres. ; Mrs. B. Gillette, Vice- Pres. ; Mrs. Franklin Countryman, Sec'y and Treas. Redding : Mrs. S. G. Law, Pres. ; Mrs. H. Osborne, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Thomas Sanford, Sec'y ; Miss Abby Sanford, Treas. ; members, 14. 52 Ridgefield : Mrs. Calvin H. Kendall, Pres. ; Miss Sarah A. Keeler, Sec'y ; Miss Sarah Northrop, Treas. ; members, 26. Riverton : Mrs. Arba Alford, Pres. ; Miss Annie Alford, Sec'y and Treas.; members, 12. Roxbury : Miss Helen Blackman, Pres. ; Mrs. N. R. Smith, Vice-Pres. ; Miss H. E. Bradley, Sec'y ; Mrs. D. E. Jones, Treas. ; members, 73. Salisbury : Mrs. Mary E. Jewell, Pres. ; Mrs. A. H. Holley, Cor. Sec'y ; Mrs. B. S. Thompson, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 63. Saybrook : Mrs. F. N. Zabriskie, Pres. ; Mrs. Giles F. Ward, Vice-Pres. ; Miss Agnes A. Acton, Sec'y ; Miss Lucy B. Ward, Treas. Sharon : Mrs. H. B. Bullions, Pres. ; Miss Lina S. Roberts, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 16. Sherman : Mrs. E. P. Herrick, Pres. ; Mrs. Mason Pickett, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Maltby Gelston, Sec'y and Treas. South Britain : Mrs. D. Merwin Mitchell, Pres. ; Mrs. N. C. Baldwin, Sec'y ; Mrs. William Mitchell, Treas. Southbury : Mrs. S. M. Hartwell, Pres. ; Mrs. Sherman Tuttle, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 34. South Canaan : Mrs. Laura Kellogg, Pres. ; Mrs. E. E. Man- ley, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 25. Stamford : Mrs. G. B. Willcox, Pres. ; Mrs. Theodore Daven- port, Vice-Pres.; Mrs. John Davenport, Rec. Sec'y; Miss Rosalie B. Spalding, Cor. Sec'y; Mrs. A. P. Beales, Treas. ; members, 25. Thomaston : Mrs. J. W. Backus, Pres. ; Miss Abbie Potter, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 75. Torringford : Mrs. W. O. Barber, Pres. ; Mrs. A. V. Birge, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. A. E. Woodward, Sec'y and Treas. Trumbull : Mrs. N. T. Merwin, Pres. ; Mrs. C. Newell Brins- made, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 46. Warren: Mrs. Charles Hine, Sec'y and Treas.; members, 18. Washington : Mrs. J. L. Richards, Pres. ; Mrs. Willis S. Col- ton, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 42. Waterbury: First Church, Mrs. John Dutton, Pres.; Mrs. Theodore S. Buel, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. George Edwards, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 63. 53 Waterbury: Second Church, Mrs. Israel Holmes, Pres. ; Mrs. D. F. Maltby, Vice-Pres.; Mrs. S. C. Bartlett, Sec'y; Miss Gertrude E. Cooke, Treas. ; members, 70. Watertown; Mrs. Eli Curtiss, Pres.; Mrs. Dr. Hungerford, Sec'y ; Mrs. W. S. Munger, Treas. ; members, 63. Westbrook: Mrs. Reuben Stannard, Pres.; Mrs. Dana B. Page, Vice-Pres. and Sec'y; Miss Alice Dee, Treas.; members, 25. Westchester : Mrs. H. Bell, Pres. ; Mrs. Samuel Brown, Vice- Pres. ; Miss Almira West, Cor. Sec'y ; Mrs. Jerusha A. Adams, Rec. Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 23. West Haven : Mrs. James B. Reynolds, Pres. ; Mrs. L. H. Peet, Sec'y and Treas. West Haven : Oak Hill Seminary, Mrs. S. E. W. Atwater, Pres. Westport: Mrs. Thomas R. Lees, Pres.; Miss M. E. Coley, Vice-Pres.; Miss Eliza G. Burr, Sec'y; Mrs. B. L. Woodworth, Treas. ; members, 43. Westville : Mrs. J. L. Willard, Pres. ; Miss M. F. Benton, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 65. Whitneyville : Mrs. Austin Putnam, Pres. ; Mrs. Luthera C. Dayton, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Elias Dickerman, Sec'y ; Mrs. J. Tinkey, Treas. ; members, 40. Walton : Miss Miranda B. Merwin, Pres. ; Miss Amanda Jordan and Miss Kate DeForest, Vice-Pres.; Miss Jennie H. Olmstead, Sec'y and Treas.; members, 47. Winsted : Mrs. Normand Adams, Pres. ; Miss M. P. Hinsdale, Sec'y and Treas. Wolcottville : Mrs. A. E. Perrin, Pres. ; Miss Sarah C. Cal- houn, Sec'y ; Mrs. G. H. Welch, Treas. ; members, 25. Woodbury : North Church, Mrs. E. M. Hotchkiss, Pres. ; Mrs. John Ward, Vice-Pres. ; Mrs. Seth Hollister, Sec'y and Treas. ; members, 23. MISSION-CIRCLES. Colebrook : Laurel-Leaves. Cornwall : Hillside Workers. Derby : Mission- Workers, Blue Violets. 54 East Haddam : Willing Helpers. East Hampton : Earnest Mission-Helpers. East Haven : Young Workers. Fair Haven : Willing Workers. Georgetown : Buds of Promise. Haddam : Ladies' Mission-Band. Litchfield : Daisy Chain. Madison : Willing Hearts. Meriden: Cheerful Givers. Middle Haddam : Earnest Workers. New Britain : Centre Church, Little Givers. New Britain: South Church, Cheerful Givers. New Haven : Church of the Redeemer, Aurora, Faithful Work- ers, Morning-star Circle. New Haven : College-street Church, Cheerful Workers, Givers- on-Trust, Wide- Awakes. New Haven : Davenport Church, Little Workers. New Haven : East Church, Children's Missionary Aid Society. New Haven : Fair Haven First Church, Lilies-of-the- Valley, Pearl- Seekers. New Haven : North Church, Silver Bells, West End Institute (Mrs. Cady's School), Young Twigs. New Haven : Third Church, Mission-Band, Miss Lottie Chan- dler's Mission-Circle. New Milford : Golden Links, Star Circle. Norfolk : Home Jewels, Wide- Awakes. North Woodstock : Coral- Workers. Norwalk: Young Ladies' Mission-Band, Young Folks' Circle, Sunbeam Circle. Plymouth : Arbutus- Gleaners. Saybrook : Seaside Mission-Band. Sharon : Busy Bees. Somers : Willing Workers for Jesus. South Britain: Mite-Gleaners. South Norwalk : Young Ladies' Mission-Band. Stamford : Bippowam Mission -Circle. Thomaston : Free Givers, News' Bearers. Waterbury : First Church, Mission-Circle. Waterbury: Second Church, Youno; Ladies' Mission- Circle. 55 Waterbtjry : Five Brothers. Watertown : Earnest Workers, Little Gleaners, Juvenile Mis- sionary Association. Westbrook : Seaside Mission- Gleaners. West Haven : Missionary Helpers, Missionary Seed-Planters. Westville : Cosey Circle. Clinton : Centennial Band. SUNDAY SCHOOLS. Bridgeport : North Church Sunday School.
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charlesleversnov08leveiala_12
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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[Charles Lever's novels
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Lever, Charles James, 1806-1872
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English
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Spoken
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The ardent feeling which filled my heart on the approach of my first campaign, was now changed into a soldierly sense of duty, which, if less enthusiastic, was a steadier and more sustaining motive. I felt whatever distinctions it should be my lot to win must be gained in the camp, not in the court — that my place was rather where squadrons were charging, and squares were kneeling, than among the intrigues of the capital, its wiles and its plottings. In the one, I might win an honourable name — in the other, I should be but the dupe of more designing heads and less scrupulous hearts than my own. Early on the third morning, from the time of my leaving Paris, I reached Mayence. The garrisons which I visited on the road seldom detained me above half an hour. The few questions which I had to ask respecting the troops were soon and easily answered ; and, in most instances, tho officers in command had been apprised that their reports would be required, and came ready at once to afford the information. The disposable force at that time was not above eighty thousand new levies, the conscripts of the past year, who, although well drilled and equipped, had never undergone the fatigues of a campaign, nor met an enemy in tho Held. But beyond the frontier were the veteran legions of the Austrian campaign, who, while advancing on their return to France, were suddenly halted, and now only awaited the Emperor's orders whither they should carry their victorious standards. As at the outbreak of all Napoleon's wars, the greatest uncertainty prevailed regarding the direction of the army, and in what place and against what enemy the first blow was to be struck. The Russian army, defeated and routed at Austerlitz, A SUDDEN DEPABTUKE. 211 was said to be once more in the field, reorganized and strengthened. Austria, it was rumoured, was faltering in her fealty. But the military preparations of Prussia were no longer a secret ; and to many it seemed as if, as in the days of the Republic, France was about to contend, single-handed, against the whole of Europe. In Prussia the warlike enthusiasm of the people was carried to the very highest pitch. The Court, the aristocracy, but, more power- ful than either, the press, stimulated national courage, by recalling to their minds the famous deeds of the Great Frederick, and bidding them remember that " Rossbach " was won against an army of Frenchmen. The students — a powerful and an organized class — stood foremost in this patriotic movement. Their excited imaginations warmed by the spirit-stirring songs of Korner and Uhland, and glowing with the instincts of that chivalry which is a German's birthright, they spread over the country, calling upon their fellow-subjects to arise and defend the " Vater- land " against the aggression of the tyrant. So un- equivocally was this feeling expressed, that even before the negoitations had lost their pacific character, the youthful aristocracy of Berlin used to go and sharpen their swords at the door-sill of the French ambassador at Berlin. To the exalted tone of patriotic enthusiasm the beauti- ful Queen of Prussia most powerfully contributed. The crooked and tortuous windings of diplomatic intrigue found no sympathy in her frank and generous nature. Relying on the native energy of German character, she bade an open and a bold defiance to her country's enemy, and was content to stake all on the chances of a battle. The colder and less confident mind of the king was rather impelled by the current of popular opinion than induced by conviction to the adoption of this daring policy. But once engaged in it, he exhibited the rarest fortitude and the most unyielding courage. Such, in brief, was the condition of that people, such the warlike spirit they breathed, when in the autumn of 1806 the cry of war resounded from the shores of the Baltic to the frontiers of Bohemia. Never was the effective strength of the Prussian army p 2 -±-> lU.u BUttKE OV ''OURS." more conspicuous. Their cavahy, in number and equip- ment, was confessedly among the first, if not the very first, in Europe ; while the artillery maintained a reputa- tion which, since the days of Frederick, had proclaimed it the most perfect arm of the service. The Emperor knew these things well, and did not undervalue them ; and it was with a very different impression of his present enemy from that which filled his mind in the Austrian campaign, that he remarked to Soult, " We shall want the mattock in this war ; " thereby implying that, against such an adversary, field-works and intrenchments would be needed, as well as the dense array of squadrons, and the bristling walls of infautry. CHAPTER XXI. THE SUMMIT OF THE LANDGRAFESBERO. After a brief delay at Mayence, it was with sincere pleasure I received my orders to push forward to the advanced posts at Wetzlar, where General d'Auvergne was with his division. Already the battalions were crossing the Phine, and directing their steps to different rendezvous along the Prussian frontier; some, pressing on eastwards, where the Saxon territory joins the Prussian ; others, directly to the north, and taking up positions distant by a short day's march from each other. The same urgent haste which characterized the opening of the Austrian campaign a year before, was here conspi- cuous ; many of the corps being obliged to march seven and eight leagues in the day, and frequently whole com- panies being forwarded in waggons drawn by six or eight horses, in order to come up with the main body of their regiments. Every road eastward was covered with THE SUMMIT OF THE LANDGRAFENBERG. 213 some fragment of the army. Now an infantry corps of young conscripts, glowing with enthusiasm, and eager for the fray, would cheer the caleche in which I travelled, and which, as indicating a stafi' officer, was surmounted by a small flag with an eagle. Now, it was the hoarse challenge of an outpost, some veteran of Bernadotte's army, which occupied the whole line of country from Dusseldorf to Nuremberg. Pickets of dragoons, with troops of led horses for remounts, hurried on, and long lines of waggons crammed the road. At last I joined General d'Auvergne, who, with all the ardour of the youngest soldier, was preparing for the march. The hardy veteran, disdaining the use of a carriage, rode each day at the head of his column, and went through the most minute detail of regimental duty with the colonels under his command. From whatever cause proceeding I knew not, but it truck me as strange that he never alluded to my visit to Paris, nor once spoke to me of the countess ; and while this reserve on his part slightly wounded me, I felt relieved from the embarrassment the mere mention of her name would cause me, and was glad when our con- versation turned on the events of the war. Nor was he, save in this respect, less cordial than ever, manifesting the greatest pleasure at the prospect the war would open to my advancement, and kindly presaging for me a success I scarcely dared to hope for. " Nor is the hour distant," said he to me one morning in the latter end of September, as we rode side by side ; " the grand movement is begun." Augereau, with his powerful corps d'armee of twenty thousand, pressed on from Frankfort and Mayence ; Bernadotte moved up on his flank from Nuremberg and Bamberg ; Davoust hastened, by forced marches, from the Danube ; while Soult and Ney, with a strong force, remained in the south, and in observation on the Austrian frontier. Further to the north again were the new levies and the whole Imperial Guard, strengthened by four thousand additional men, which, together with Murat's cavalry, formed a vast line embracing the Prussian frontier on the west and south, and converging with 214 TOM BURKE OF " OURS." giant strides towards the veiy heart of the kingdom. Still — mid all the thunders of marching squadrons, and the din of advancing legions — diplomatists interchanged their respective assurances of a peaceful issue to their differences, and politely conveyed the most satisfactory sentiments of mutual esteem. On the 1st of September the Emperor left Paris ; but, even then, covering his designs by an affected hope of peace, he was accompanied by the Empress and her suite to Mayence, where all the splendour of a court was sud denly displayed amid the pomp and preparation of war. On the 6th, he started by daybreak ; relays of horses were in waiting along the road to Wetzlar, and with all speed he hastened forward to Bamberg, where he issued his grand proclamation to the army. With all his accustomed eloquence he repi'esented to the army the insulting demands of Prussia, and called on them, as at Austerlitz, to reply to such a menace by one tremendous blow of victory, which should close the cam- paign. " Soldiers ! " said he, " you were about to return to France, to enjoy the well-won repose after all your victories, but an enemy is in the field. The road to Paris is no longer open to you — neither you nor I can tread it, save under an arch of triumph." The day which succeeded the issue of this proclamation a cavalry affair occurred at the advanced posts, in which the Prussians were somewhat the victors. Two days later, a courier arrived at the imperial head-quarters with the account of another and more important action, between the grenadiers of Launes and a part of Suchet's corps, against the advanced guard of Prince Hohenlohc, com- manded by the most daring general in the Prussian service, Prince Louis. A cavalry combat, which lasted for near an hour, closed this brief but bloody encounter with the death of the brave prince, who, refusing to sur- render, was run through the body by the sabre of a quartermaster of the 10th Hussars. General d'Auvergne's brigade had no share in this memorable action, for on the 9th we were marched to Rudolstadt, some miles to the left of the scene of the THE SUMMIT OF THE LANDGRAFENBERG. 215 encounter ; but having made a demonsti'ation in that quarter, were speedily recalled, and ordered with all haste to cross the Saale, and move on to the eastward. It was now that Napoleon's manoeuvres became apparent. Thq same intrigue which succeeded at Ulm was again to be employed here : the enemy's flank was to be turned, the communication with his reinforcements cutoff, and a battle engaged, in which defeat must prove annihilation. Such, then, was the complete success of the Emperor's move- ments, that on the 12th the French army was posted with the rear upon the Elbe, while the Prussians occupied a line between them and the Rhine. Thia masterly movement at once compelled the enemy to fall back and concentrate his troops around Jena and Weimar, which, from that instant, Napoleon pronounced must be the scene of a great battle. All this detail I have been obliged to force on my reader, and now again return to my story. On the morning of the 13th, Murat appeared for the first time at our head-quarters, below Jena, and after a short consultation with the staff, our squadrons were formed and ordered to push on with haste towards Jena. Everything now showed that the decisive hour could not be distant : couriers passed and repassed ; messengers and orderlies met us at every step ; while, as is ever the case, the most contradictory rumours were circulated about the number and position of the enemy. As we neared Lausnitz, however, we learned that the whole Prussian army occupied the plateau of Jena, save a corps of twenty thousand men which were stationed at Auerstadt. From the elevated spot we occupied, the columns of Marshal Bernadotte's division could be seen marching to the east- ward. A halt was now commanded, and the troops pre- pared their bivouacs, when, as night was falling, a staff officer rode up, with orders from the Emperor himself to push on without delay for Jena. The road was much cut up by the passage of cavalry and waggons, and as the night was dark, our pace was occasionally impeded. I was riding with one of the leading squadrons, when General d'Auvergne directed me 216 TOM BURKE OP "OURS." to take an orderly with me, and proceed in advance to make arrangements for the quarters of the men at Jena. Selecting a German soldier as my guide, I dashed for- wards, and soon left the squadron out of hearing. We had not gone far, when I remarked, from the tramp of the horses, that we were upon an earthen road, and not on the pavement. I questioned my orderly? but he was positive there had been no turning since we started. I paid no more attention to the circumstance, but rode on, hard as ever. At last the clay became deeper and heavier, the sides of the way closer, and all the appearance, as well as the gloom would allow us to guess, rather those of a by-road than the regular chautsec. To return would have been hopeless ; the darkness gave no prospect of detecting at what precise spot we had left the main road, and so I determined to make my way straight onwards, at all hazards. After about an hour's fast trotting, the orderly, who rode some paces in advance, called out, "A light ! " and then, the moment after, he cried, " There are several lights yonder! " I reined in my horse at once, for the thought struck me that we had come down upon the Prussian lines. Giving my horse to the soldier, with orders to follow me noiselessly at a little distance, I walked on for above a mile, my eyes steadily fixed upon the lights, which moved from place to place, and showed, by their taper glare, that they were not watch-fires. At length I gained a little ridge of the ground, and could distinctly see that it was a line of guns and artillery waggons, endeavouring to force their way through a narrow ravine; a few minutes after, I heard the sounds of French, and, relieved of all apprehensions, I mounted my horse, and soon came up with them. They were four troops of Lannes's artillery, which, by a mistake similiar to my own, had left the high road, and entered one of the field-tracks, which thus led them astray ; and here they were, jammed up in a narrow gorge, unable to get back or forward. The officer in com- mand was a young colonel, who was completely over- whelmed by his misfortune; for he informed me that the whole artillery of the division was following him, and THE SUMMIT OF THE LANDGRAFENBERG. 217 would inevitably be involved in the same misbap. Tke poor fellow, who doubtless would have faced the enemy without a particle of fear, was now so horrified by the event, that he ran wildly from place to place, ordering and counter-ordering every instant, and actually increasing the confusion by his own excitement. Some of the leading trains were unharnessed, and efforts made to withdraw the guns from their position ; but the axles were, on both sides, embedded in the rock, and seemed to defy every effort to disengage them. At this moment, when the confusion had reached its height, and the horses were unharnessed from the guns, the men standing in groups around, or shouting wildly to each other, a sullen silence spread itself over the whole, and a loud, stern voice called out, — " Who commands this division ? " 11 General Latour," was the answer. "Where is he ? " said the first speaker, so close to my ear that I started round, and saw the short, square figure of a man in a great coat, holding a heavy whip in his hand. " With the main body at the rear." " Cannoniers, dismount ! " said the other. " Bring the torches to the front." Scarcely was the order obeyed, when the light of the firewood fell upon his features, and I saw it was the Emperor himself. In an instant the whole scene was changed. The park tools were taken out, working parties formed, and the ravine began to echo to the strong blows of the brawny arms ; while Napoleon, with a blazing torch in his hand, stood by to light their labours. Giving directions to the under-officers and the men, he never deigned a word to the officers, who now stood trem- bling around him, and were gradually joined by several more, who came up with the remainder of the train. I think still I can see that pale, unmoved face, which, as the light flickered upon it, gazed steadily at the work- ing party. Not a syllable escaped him, save once, when ho muttered half to himself, — " And this was the first battery to open its fire to- morrow ! " General Savary stood at his side, but never dared to 218 TOM BURKE OF " OURS." address hiin. Too well he knew that Lis deepest anger showed itself by silence. By degrees the granite wall gave way, the axles once more became free, and the horses were again harnessed. The gun-carriages moved slowly through the ravine ; nor did the Emperor quit the spot before the greater part of the train passed. Then mount- ing his horse, he turned towards Jena ; and, notwithstand- ing the utter darkness of the night, he rode at full speed. Following the clatter of the horse's hoofs, I rode on, and in less than an hour reached a small cluster of houses, where a cavalry picket was placed, and several large fires were lighted, beside which, at small tables, sat above a dozen staff officers busily writing despatches. The Emperor halted but for a second or two, and then dashed forward again ; and I soon perceived we were ascending a steep hill, covered with ferns and brushwood. We had not gone far, when a single aide-de-camp who accompanied him turned his horse's head and rode rapidly down the mountain again. Napoleon was now alone, some fifty paces in front. I could sec the faint outline through the darkness, my sight guided by my hearing to the spot. His pace, wherever the ground permitted, was rapid; but constantly he was obliged to hold in, and pick his steps among the stones and dwarf wood that covered the mountain. Never shall I cease to remember the strange sensations I felt as I fol- lowed him up that steep ascent. There was he, the greatest monarch of the universe, alone, wending his solitary way in darkness, his thoughts bent on the great event before him — the tremendous conflict in which thousands must fall. There was a sense of awe in the thought of being so near to one on whose slightest word the destiny of nations seemed to hang ; and I could not look on the dark object before me without a superstitious feeling, deeper than fear itself, for that mightiest of men. My thoughts permitted my taking no note of time, and I know not how long it was before we reached the crest of the hill, over whose bleak surface a cold, cutting wind was blowing. It seemed as if a great table-land extended now for some distance on every side, over which the Emperor took his way, as though accustomed to the ground. "While TIIE SUMMIT OF THE LANDGBAFENBERG. 219 I was wondering at the certainty with which he appeared to determine on his road, I remarked the feeble flickering of a light far away towards the horizon, and by which it was evident he guided his steps. As we rode on, several watch-fires could be seen towards the north-west, stretch- ing away to a great distance, and throwing a yellowish glare in the dark sky above them. Suddenly I perceived the Emperor halt and dismount, and as speedily again he was in the saddle ; but now his path took a different direction, and diverged considerably to the southward. Curious to learn what might have caused his change of direction, I rode up to the spot, and got off. It was the embers of a watch-fire; they were almost extinguished, but still, as the horse's hoof struck the wood, a few sparks were emitted. It was this, then, which altered his course ; and once more he pressed his horse to speed. A steep ascent of some hundred yards lay before us now, but, on gaining the top, a brilliant spectacle of a thousand watch- fires met the eye — so close did they seem, it looked like one great volcanic crater blazing on the mountain top ; while above, the lurid glow reddened the black sky, and melted away into the dai-kness in clouds of faint yellowish hue. Far, very far away, and to the north, stretched another much longer line of fires, but at great intervals apart, and occupying, as well as I might guess, about two leagues in extent. Several smaller fires dotted the plain, marking the outpost positions ; and it was not difficult to trace the different lines of either army even by these indications. While I yet looked, the Emperor had gained a short distance in advance of me, and suddenly I heard the hoarse challenge of a sentry, calling out, " Qui vive ? " Buried in his own thoughts — perhaps far too deeply lost in meditation to hear the cry — Napoleon never replied, nor slackened his speed. " Qui vive? " shouted the voice again ; and, before I could advance, the sharp bang of a musket-shot rang out ; another and another followed, and then a roll of fire swept along the plain, happily not in the direction of the Emperor : but already he had thrown himself from his horse, and lay flat upon the ground. Not a moment was now to bo lost. 1 dashed my spurs 220 TOil burke or " OUKS." into my jaded horse, and rode forwards, calling aloud, at the top of my voice — " The Emperor — the Emperor ! " Still, the panic overbore my words, and another discharge was given ; with ore bullet I was struck in the shoulder, another killed my horse ; but, springing to my legs in an instant, I rushed on, repeating my cry ; before I could do more than point to the spot, Napoleon came forward, leading his horse by the bridle. His step was slow and measured, and his face — for many a torchlight was now gathered to the place — was calm and tranquil. " Ye are well upon the alert, mes enfanls" said he, with a smile ; " see that ye be as ready with your fire to- morrow ! " A wild cheer answered these words, while he continued: "These are the new levies, lieutenant — the Guards would have had more patience. Where is the officer who followed me? " " Here, sire," said I, endeavouring to conceal the ap- pearance of being wounded. " Mount, sir, and accompany mo to head-quarters." " My horse is killed, sire." "Yes, parbleu/" said a young soldier, who had not learned much respect before his superiors ; " and he has a ball in his neck himself." " Are you wounded ? " said the Emperor, with a quick- ness in his manner. " A mere flesh-wound in the arm — of no consequence, sire." " Let the surgeon of the detachment see to this at once, lieutenant," said he to the officer of the party ; " and do you come to head-quarters when you are able." With tins, the Emperor mounted again, and, in a few seconds more, W&a lost to our sight. " Ventrebleul" said the old lieutenant, who had served without promotion from the first battles of the Republic, "you'll be a colonel for that scratch on your epaulette, if we only beat the Prussians to-morrow ; and here am I, with eight wounds from lead and steel, and the l'e;it Caporal never bade me visit him at his bivouac. Come, come, I don't wish to be unfriendly — it's not your fault, it's only my bad fortune. And here comes the Burgeon." THK SUMMIT OF THli LANUUKAF^NUiiKa. HZl The lieutenant was right — the epaulette had the worst of the adventure — and, in half an hour, I proceeded on my way to head- quarters. CHAPTER XXII. i/homme rouge. On my way to the Imperial quarters, I fell in with some squadrons of our dragoons, from whom I learned that General d'Auvergne had just received orders to repair to the Emperor's bivouac, to which several officers in com- mand were also summoned. As I saw, therefore, that I could have no prospect of meeting the Emperor, I resolved merely to hold myself in readiness, should he — which seemed little likely — think of me ; and accordingly I took up my post with some young under-officers of our brigade, at a huge fire, where a species of canteen had been established, and coffee and corn-brandy were served out to all comers. The recent escape of Napoleon at the outposts was already known far and near, and formed the great topic of conversation, in which, I felt hurt to remark, no mention of the part I took was ever made, although there were at least a dozen different versions of the accident. In one, his Majesty was represented to have rode down upon, and sabred, the advanced picket ; in another, it was the Prussians who fired, he having penetrated within their lines to reconnoitre — each agreeing in the one great fact, that the feat was something which no one, save himself, could have done or thought of. As for me, I felt it was not my part to speak of the incident at all, until his Majesty should first do so. I listened, therefore, with due 222 TOM BURKE OF " OURS." patience, and some amusement, to the various narratives about me, which served to show me, by one slight instance, the measure of that exaggeration with which the Em- peror's name was ever treated, and convinced me that it required not time nor distance to colour every incident of his life with the strongest hues of romance. The topic was a fruitful and favourite one, and certainly few subjects could with more propriety season the hours around a bivouac fire than the exploits of the Emperor Napoleon. Among those whose reminiscences went farthest back, was an old sergeant-major of infantry — a seared, and seamed, and weatherbeaten little fellow — who, from fatigues and privations, was dried up to a mass of ten- dons and fibres. This little man presented one of those strange mixtures with which the army abounded — the shrewdest common sense on all ordinary topics, with a most credulous faith in any story where Napoleon's name occurred. It seemed, indeed, as though that one element, occurring in any tale, dispensed at once with the rules which govern belief in common cases. The invulnerability of the Emperor was, with him, a fruitful theme ; and he teemed with anecdotes of the Egyptian and Italian campaigns, in which it was incon- testably shown that neither shot nor shell had any effect upon him. But of all the superstitions regarding Napo- leon, none had such complete hold on his imagination, nor was more implicitly believed by him, than the story of that little "Red Man," who, it was asserted, visited the Emperor the night before each great battle, and arranged with him the manoeuvres of the succeeding day. " L'Homme Rouge," as he was called, was an article of faith in the French army that few of the soldiers ever thought of disputing. Some, from pure credulity — some, from the force of example — and some, again, from indo- lence, believed in this famed personage ; but even the veriest scoffer on more solemn subjects would have hesi- tated ere he ventured to assail the almost universal belief in this supernatural agency. The Emperor's well-known habit of going out alone, to visit pickets and outposts, on l'homme rouge. 223 the eve of a battle, was a circumstance too favourable to this superstitiou not to be employed in its defence. Be- sides, it was well known that he spent hours by himself, when none even of the marshals had access to him ; and on these occasions it was said " L'Homme Rouge " was with him. Sentinels had been heard to declare that they could overhear angry words passing between the Emperor and his guest — that threats had been interchanged be- tween them ; and, on one occasion, it was said that the " Red Man " went so far as to declare that, if his advice were neglected, Napoleon should lose the battle, see his artillery fall into the hands of the enemy, and behold the " Guard " capitulate. " Mille tonnerrcs! what are you saying? " broke in the little man, to the grim old soldier who was relating this. " You know nothing of ' L'Homme Rouge ' — not a word — how should you? But I served in the 22nd of the Line — old Mongoton's corps — the ' Faubourg Devils,' as they were called. He knew him well. It was ' L'Homme Rouge ' had him shot for treason at Cairo. I was one of the company drawn for his execution ; and when he knelt down on the grass, he held up his hand this way, and cried out, — " ' Yoltigeurs of the Line, hear me ! You have all known me many years ; you have seen whether I could face the enemy like a man ; and you can tell whether I cared for the heaviest charge that ever shook a square. You know, also, whether I was true to our general. "Well, it is " L'Homme Rouge " who has brought me to this. And now — carry arms ! — all together — come, mes enfants, try it again — carry arms ! — ay, that's better — present arms ! fire!' " Morlleu! the word was not well out when he was dead, and there, through the smoke — as plain as I see you now — I saw the figure of a little fellow, dressed in scarlet — feather and boots all the same ! — he was standing over the corpse, and threatening it with his hands ; and that," said he, in a solemn voice, '' that was ' L'Homme Rouge.'" This anecdote was conclusive. There was no gainsaying the assertions of a man who had, with his own eyes, seen the celebrated "Red Man;" and from that instant he 224 TOM BURKE OF " OURS." enjoyed a decided monopoly of everything that concerned his private history. According to the sergeant-major's version — and who could venture to contradict him r1 — " L'Homme Rouge " was not the confidential adviser and friendly counsellor of the Emperor, but, on the contrary, his evil genius — per- petually employed in thwarting his plans and opposing his views. Each seemed to have his hour of triumph alter- nately. Now it was the Bed Man, now Napoleon, who stood in the ascendant. Fortune for a long period had been constant to the Emperor, and victory crowned every battle. This had, it seemed, greatly chagrined " L'Hommo Kouge," who, for years past, had not been seen nor heard of. The last tradition of him was a story told by one of the sentinels on guard at the general's quarters at Mont Tabor. It was midnight — all was still and silent in the camp. The soldiers slept as men sleep before a battle — when the old grenadier who walked his short post before General Bonaparte's tent heard a quick tread approaching him. ''Qui vive?" cried he; but there was no reply. — "Qui vivet" called the sentry once more ; but as he did so he leaped backwards and brought his musket to the charge, for, just then something brushed close by him and entered the tent. For a moment or two he doubted what should be done. Should he turn out the guard ? It was only to be laughed at — that would never do. But what if it really were somebody who had penetrated to the general's quarters ? As this thought struck him, he crept up close to the tent, and there, true enough, he heard the voices of two persons speaking. " Ah ! thou here ? " said Bonaparte. " I scarce ex- pected to see thee so far from France ! " " Alas ! " said the other, with a deep sigh, " what land is now open to me — or whither shall I fly to? I took refuge in Brussels — well, what should I see one morning, but the tall chakos of your grenadiers coming up the steep street. I fled to Holland — you were there the day after. Come,' thought I, 'he's moving northwards, I'll try the other extreme ; ' so I started for the Swiss. Sacrebleu ! the l'homme rouge. 225 roll of your coufounded drums resounded through every valley. I reached the banks of the Po — your troops were there the same evening. I pushed for Rome — they were preparing your quarters, which you occupied that night. Away, then, I start once more ; I cross mountains, and rivers, and seas, and gain the desert at last. I thank my fortune that there are a thousand leagues between us — and here you are now. For pity's sake, show me, on that map of the world, one little spot you don't want to conquer, and let me live there in peace, and be sure never to meet you more." Bonaparte did not speak for some minutes, and it seemed as though he were intently considering the request of " L'Homme Rouge." " There," said he at length, " there ; you see that island in the great sea, with nothing near it, thou mayest go there." " How is it called ? " said " L'Homme Rouge." " St. Helena," said the general. " It is not very large ; but I promise thee to be undisturbed there." " You'll never come there, then ? Is that a pledge ? " " Never ; I promise it. At least, if I do, thou shalt be the master, and I the slave." " Enough ! I go now. Adieu ! " said the little man, and the same instant the sentinel felt his arm brushed by some one passing close beside him ; and then all was silent in the tent once more. " Thus, you see," said the sergeant-major, " from that hour it was agreed on the Emperor should conquer the whole world and leave that one little spot for • L'Homme Rouge.' Parbleu ! he might well spare him that much." " How big might it be, that island ? " said an old grenadier, who listened with the deepest attention to the tale. " Nothing to speak of; about the size of one battalion drawn up in square." " Pardieu ! a small kingdom too ! " " Ah ! it would not do for the Emperor," said the sergeant-major, laughing; an emotion the others joined in at once ; and many a jest went round at the absurdity of such a thought. VOL. II. Q 226 TOM BUKKE OP " OURS." I sat beside the watch-fire, listening to the old cam- paigning stories, till, one by one, the speakers dropped off to sleep. The bronzed veteran and the boy conscript, the old soldier of the Sambre and the beardless youth, lay side by side ; to some of these it was the last time they should slumber on earth. As the night wore on, the sounds became hushed in the camp, and through the thin frosty air I could hear from a long distance off the tramp of the patrols and the challenge of the reliefs as the outposts were visited. The Prussian sentries were quite close to our advanced posts, and when the wind came from that quarter, I often heard the voices as they exchanged their signals. Through the entire night, officers came and went to and from the tent of the Emperor. To him, at least, it seemed no season of repose. At length, when nigh morning, wearied with watching, and tired out with expectancy, I leaned my head on my knees, and dropped into a half- sleep. Some vague sense of disappointment at being for- gotten by the Emperor was the last thought I had as I fell off", and in its sadness it coloured all my dreams. I remembered, with all the freshness of a recent event, the curse of the old hag on the morning I had quitted my home for ever ; her prayer that bad luck should track mo every step through life ; and in the shadowy uncertainty of my sleeping thoughts I believed I was predestined to misfortune. Almost every man has experienced the fact, that there are times in life when impressions, the slightest in their origin, will have an undue weight on the mind ; when, as it were, the clay of our natures become softened, and wo take the impress of passing events more easily. Some vague and shadowy conception, a doubt, a dream, is enough, at moments like these, to attain the whole force of a conviction ; and it is wonderful with what ingenuity we wind to our purpose every circumstance around us, and what pains we take to increase the toils of our self- deception. It would be a curious thing to trace out how much of our good or evil fortune in life had its source in these superstitions ; how far the frame of mind fashioned the events before it ; and to what extent our hopes and l'homme rouge. 227 fears were but the forerunners of destiny. My sleeping thoughts were of the saddest, and when I awoke, I could not shake them off". A heavy, dense fog clothed every object around, through which only the watch-fires were visible, as they flared with a yellow, hazy light of un- natural size. The position of these signals was only to mark the inequality of the ground ; and I now could perceive that we occupied the crest of a long and steep hill, down the sides and at the bottom of which fires were also burning ; while in front another mountain arose, whose summit, for a great distance, was marked out by watch- fires. This I conjectured, from its extent and position, to be the Prussian line. At the front of the Emperor's quarters several led horses were standing, whose ca- parison bespoke them as belonging to the staff"; and although not yet five o'clock, there was an appearance of movement which indicated preparation. The troops, however, were motionless ; the dense columns covered the ground like a garment, and stirred not. As I stood, uncertain what course to take, I heard the noise of voices and the heavy tramp of many feet near, and on turning perceived it was the Emperor, who came forth from his tent, followed by several of his staff. A large fire blazed in front of his bivouac, which threw its long light on the group, where, even in a fleeting glance, I recognized General Gazan, and Nansouty, the commander of the Cuirassiers of the Guard. " What hour is it ? " said the Emperor to Duroc, who stood near him. " Almost five o'clock, sire." " It is darker than it was an hour ago. Maison, where is Bernadotte by this ? — at Domberg, think you ? " " Not yet, sire ; he is no laggard if he reach it in three hours hence." " Ney would have been there now," was the quick reply of Napoleon. " Come, gentlemen, into the saddle, and let us move towards the front. Gazan, put your division under arms." The general waited not a second bidding, but wheeled his horse suddenly round, and, followed by his aide-de- camp, rode at full speed down the mountain. Q 2 228 TOM BURKE OF " OURS." " There is the first streak of day," said the Emperor, pointing to a faint grey light above the distant forest. " It breaks like Austerlitz." " May it set as gloriously," said old Nansouty, in his deep low voice. " And it will," said Napoleon. " What sayest thou, grognard ? " continued he, turning with an affected severity of manner to the grenadier who stood sentinel on the spot, and who, with a French soldier's easy indifference, leaned on the cross of his musket to listen to the conversation — • " what sayest thou ? art eager to be made corporal ? " " Parbleu /" growled out the rough soldier, "the grade is little to boast of; were I even a general of division, there might be something to hope for." " What then ? " said Napoleon, sharply — " what then ? " " King of Prussia, to be sure ; thou'lt give away the title before this hour to-morrow." The Emperor laughed aloud at the conceit. Its flattery had a charm for him no courtier's well-turned compliment could vie with ; and I could hear him still continuing to enjoy it as he rode slowly forward and disappeared in the gloom. 229 CHAPTER XXIII. JENA AND AUERSTADT. " He has forgotten me ! " said I, half aloud, as I watched the retiring figures of the Emperor and his staff till they were concealed by the mist — " he has forgotten me ! Now to find out my brigade. A great battle is before us, and there may still be a way to refresh his memory." With such thoughts I set forward in the direction of the picket- fires, full sure that I should meet some skirmishers of our cavalry there.
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germaniaviertel00strgoog_2
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Germania; Vierteljahrsschrift für deutsche alterthumskunde ..
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Franz Pfeiffer, K . Bartsch, O. Behaguel , J. Ströbl
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einen ausgelassenen Vers nachgetragen. Die Abschrift samt der Kollation ist so vorzüglich, daß ich mich ganz auf sie verlassen konnte. Ich habe in Köln die Handschrift in Augenschein genommen. Sie ist äußerlich nicht weiter von Bedeutung. Die Handschrift, Papier, Folio, zweispaltig geschrieben (meist 42 Zeilen auf der Spalte), ist nicht vollständig. Sie beginnt mit der Rückseite des ersten Blattes (Bl. 114 der ganzen Handschrift), in der Mitte der zweiten Spalte mit V. 85 und endet mit Zeile 9 der ersten Spalte von Bl. 38 (151). Die ersten Zeilen jeder Spalte sind eingerückt und rot ausgezeichnet. Öfter stehen zwei Verse, in einer Zeile. Die Sprache ist die niederrheinische des 15. Jahrhunderts. Es scheint nicht nötig, deren Lautstand darzulegen. Aus den Lesarten ist die Sprache und Schreibart hinlänglich zu erkennen. Ihr Wert für die Textherstellung ist hoch zu schätzen, wenn sie natürlich auch viele Modernisierungen aufweist. An vielen Stellen hat sie auch das Wort des Dichters bewahrt. An Flüchtigkeiten fehlt es freilich nicht, namentlich finden sich ungemein viele Auslassungen; auch ihr fehlen einzelne Verse: 1018, 1636, 2378–81, 5750. Trotz ihrer mannigfachen, nicht wegzuleugnenden Vorzüge tritt sie aber doch weit hinter F zurück. Darum ging es nicht anders: ich mußte doch den alten bekannten Text zur Richtschnur wählen. Hs. O ist von der Zeit des Dichten doch so weit entfernt, daß er mit der älteren und auch sprachlich dem Dichter näherstehenden Überlieferung nicht konkurrieren kann. Dieses Verbältnis habe ich erst bei näherer Prüfung erkannt; im Anfang war ich geneigt, Hs. O zu überschätzen. Wenn ich in meiner Ausgabe das Bekenntnis ablegte, dass ich wegen Unzulänglichkeit des Materials auf eine „in strengem Sinne“ kritische Ausgabe verzichten müsste, so habe ich doch damit nicht gesagt, dass ich meine Ausgabe überhaupt nicht für eine kritische halte und angesehen wissen will. Kinzel scheint der Unterschied zwischen einer streng kritischen und einer schlechthin kritischen Ausgabe nicht klar gewesen zu sein, sonst hätte er in seiner Anzeige (Z. f. d. Ph. IX, 240) nicht sagen können, indem er das nicht prägnant gemeinte, sondern nur von meiner. ANMERKUNGEN ZU HEINRICHS VON FREIBERG TRISTAN. Kinzel scheint den Begriff „Veröffentlichung“ gebrauchte Wort „Abdruck“ dahin mißverstanden oder absichtlich (böswillig?) verdreht, dass meine Ausgabe nur „den dritten Abdruck von Heinrichs Tristan biete. Er hätte ja nur einen Blick in Müllers Abdruck zu tun brauchen, um zu sehen, welche Bewandtnisse es mit meinem „Abdruck“ hat. Bei dem Übergewicht von F über O musste auch in kleinen Dingen die alte Lesart bewahrt werden. Das Verfahren, O zur Verbesserung des Textes heranzuziehen, konnte nur ein eklektisches sein, denn ein bestimmtes Abhängigkeits- oder Verwandtschaftsverhältnis ist nicht zu constatieren, trotzdem sich auch gemeinsame Fehler zeigen, wie in falschen Absätzen. Wo mir die Benutzung nicht notwendig schien, habe ich sie unterlassen, selbst auf die Gefahr hin, die echte Lesart verschmacht zu haben. Ich habe daher bei der Sammlung der Lesarten Öfter Gelegenheit genommen, auf die Möglichkeit, dass wir in O das Ursprüngliche besitzen, aufmerksam zu machen. Daß mir auch für die Versgeltung die Lesarten der Hs. O willkommen waren, brauche ich nur anzudeuten. Daß ich mit der vorsichtigen Aufnahme der Lesarten von O nicht immer das Richtige getroffen habe, dass ich vielmehr auch in solchen Fällen bei F hätte beharren sollen, will ich gerne zugeben. Materielle sprachliche Abweichungen der Hs. O von F waren natürlich nicht zu verzeichnen. Sobald aber diese äußerlichen Formen zugleich für die Metrik in Betracht gezogen werden können, mussten sie berücksichtigt werden. Die junge niederrheinische Hs. weicht öfter konsequent alten Wörtern aus (z. B. dem Worte knappe = knabe, fär welches sie jüngeling setzt). Das war nur im Anfang die Lesart zu geben. Die Partikel dt verschmäht sie durchaus und lässt sie in der Regel ganz hinweg, aber doch ersetzt sie sie manchmal durch andere Wendungen. Deshalb musste das Fehlen doch immer verzeichnet werden. Auf eine Alterthümlichkeit in O mag noch besonders hingewiesen sein. Das ist die Negation en- vor dem Verb um, die in F schon dem modernen Sprachgeiste fast immer zum Opfer gefallen ist. Dass dieses en-, durch welches sich meist zu Anfang des Verses doppelter Auftakt nötig macht, wirklich vom Dichter herrührt, zeigt seine vereinzelte Bewahrung in F. In V. 5998 z. B. findet sich in F die Negation: ich enkan tun nicht, wo seltsamerweise O nur das einfache Verb kan bietet. Ebenso V. 4132: so enhät si dar an zvnvel nicht F. so hat O. Auf einzelne Sprachformen, die als Lesarten in Betracht kommen, aber nicht Aufnahme finden können, muss noch ein für allemal hingewiesen werden. Gleich das erste Wort des Gedichtes erscheint in F in der modernen Form Wo. Auch wenn O das alte wa nicht bieten würde, müßte wd für den Dichter angenommen und eingeführt werden. Umgekehrt ist das alte do in F meist in da verwandelt, dann findet sich auch vereinzelt do für da. Hs. O ist hierin konservativer. Von V. d. Hagen hat das alte Verhältnis ein- und durchzuftlhren gesucht. Ich hat dasselbe, kann aber unmöglich, wenn nicht der Apparat ins Ungeheure angeschwollen werden soll, jede Lesart, von der ich abweiche, verzeichnen, sobald sie nftmlich außer Zweifel ist. Es finden sich aber recht viele Fälle, wo die Wahl zweifelhaft ist, die Überlieferungen auch auseinandergehen, und dann ist es allemal angemerkt. Der Dat. plur. des 2. Pron. lautet in F immer uch. Ich habe keinen Anstand genommen, dem Dichter die alte Form tu zuzuerkennen. Dasselbe gilt von den Korrelationen, die auch in der älteren Hs. F bis auf einen kleinen Rest verschwunden sind. Daß sie aber höchstwahrscheinlich in der Vorlage noch standen, beweist eben dieser kleine Rest. In V. 1073 steht richtig "sunden", während sich sonst immer "wunden" vorfindet. Aber auch ohne diesen Fingerzeig wäre für den Dichter das Bestehen der Korrelationen vorauszusetzen gewesen. Wo ich in der Ausgabe ein kursives "e" gesetzt habe zum Zeichen, dass es beiden Hss. fehlt, für den Vers aber notwendig ist, da ist ein in den Anmerkungen nicht wiederholt worden. Im Übrigen würde es für diese Vorbemerkungen zu weit führen, wollte ich auch auf mein Verfahren der sprachlichen Behandlung des Textes, über welche schon meine Einleitung (S. XXV ff.) das Nötigste beibrachte, nochmal und eingehender zu sprechen kommen, zumal ich dann auch genötigt wäre, mich mit Einzel, der in seiner Anzeige hinsichtlich der Sprache auf kleinem Raum eine Menge Unsinn produzierte, auseinanderzusetzen. Ich muss mir dies vorbehalten. Schließlich sei bemerkt, dass im Folgenden auch einzelne Berichtigungen zum Text gegeben sind, wobei ich die Besserungen und Änderungsvorschläge in der Anzeige Einzelns, in dem Aufsatz von Kraus und in der Recension von Hermann Paul (Jenaer Literaturzeitung 1873, Nr. 13) mit herangezogen habe. Die von mir schon in der Ausgabe (Einleitung S. XXX fg. Anm. und S. 338) veröffentlichten Berichtigungen brauchten in den folgenden Anmerkungen aber nicht wiederholt zu werden. ANMERKUNGEN ZU HEINRICHS VON FREIBERG TRISTAN. I-=-84 nur in F. 2 red F(H). 3 fielen gevar F: s. Anm, II dis mere F (diz mser' H), 13 red F(H). 20 sinnen F (sinne H). 28 red Fi(H). 31 schopfer F (schepfer H). 33 vroden F (broden M hat das Richtige getroffen; snooden H). 35 blünde F (blanden H). 39 (lebenden H). 40 sint daz er diz buch verlieb (berichtet F). V, d. Hagen bemerkt zu letzterem Worte unten am Rande: „hat spätere Hand zugeschrieben, sowie zur folgenden Zeile: vn tichtend; H löst auf: tichtender. 42. Das Häkchen ist aber nicht immer = er, sondern auch manchmal = e, analoge Wendungen (s. Anm.) sprechen auch für tichtende. 48 red F(H). 51 so lange lat F(H). H benutzte seine eigene Korredur nicht; es steht in F: ob er mich so lange lat leben, also das Speichen x x für Umstellung. 54 minen F (minem H). 61 vrowen F (frouwen H). 68 Paul will nach hat Punkt setzen; dann aber müßten 69 und 70 umgestellt werden, 73 kurteys F (kurtoys M\ ebenso H). 76 si man F (sin nam H). 11 er F (her H) : s. Anm. 81 rat F (rast H). Höchst wahrscheinlich hat sich schon der Schreiber von F verschrieben, denn r und t werden leicht verwechselt. Stünde tat, dann würde wohl H korrigiert haben. Sollte der Dichter wirklich rste beabsichtigt haben, dann würde ret, rete stehen. Synonyme Ausdrücke wie tat und werc liebt Henrich. 108 suilen F. (sulle H.) suilen O. 109 gelan O. 110 diz F. (H dis.) dusses O. erst O. 112 geborn F. 113 hat O. geflogen F. gepfloten O. 117 bedeuten O. 118 jequellisch O. 119 geblant O. 125 gnug F. genug O. 127 Wunde F. (Wunden H.) blüten O. bele O. van j. O. 128 (Phantom M.) infant O. 129 (selben H.) selbe O. 130 wunderte O. 131 herzlich O. 132 jequellisch O. 134 er fehlt O. 135 lies und gedachte, gedachte O. 137 zwei harten 138 Liebe O. 139 mich lieb O. 140 hat F. (hat H.) enthat da lieb O. 142 hat fehlt O. Der Schreiber wird pflicht verstanden haben = pflügelt. treiben F. (H.) herzlichen 0. 146 jaaa O. und fehlt O. 149 tragen O. trage doch sie F. (H.) 150 rechten F. (H.) vielleicht die echte Lesart, herz ein schmerzen O. 151 jequellliebe O. u. s. w. 153 herzenliebe F. (herzen liebe M.), herzlichen O. 154 Sprechen wort O. ebenso 318. 156 sinne F. (sinne H.). 157 ist O. (Ist O.) 158 ist O. (Ist O.) 159 jaaa O. und so fast immer, wann O. geschah F. (geschieht H.) 160 das zweite meine fehlt O. 163 blühenden O. 164 dine O. 166 triflos O. werde ich ein fehlender Mann O. 168 gedenken. 169 gedachte O. 170 euch fehlt O. sine O. 172 von j. O. 173 gedachte O. 174 dazu O. 176 oben O. 177 dich O. 178 werden O. 182 die Mäusern es O. die Müssigen O. 183 oben O. und so öfter. 185 was F. (Hy wohl) wohl Versehen. 187 euch nicht O. 188 verirrt F. (verirrt M.) verirrt O. 189 gedachte selbst O. 190 wer vert 0. 191 wer bin ich 0. 192 so 0. 194 jene 0. 197 gedacht F. gedachte 0. 198 sins 0. 199 blühende 0 u. s. w. 200 sine 0. 203 alle F. (H) alle (zweite) fehlt 0. 204 gedachte 0 m. 206 ich F(H). 207 ohnes 0. 213 zehnmal 0. zehn 0. 214 will fehlen 0. flehen 0. 216 ihre F (H), bei H niemals (die Flexion): s. Anm. 217 sinen 0. 223 könne 0. 229 ihren a. 0. 230 ihren Lauf 0. spähen 0. (sphären H.) Das mhd. Wb' gibt unsere Stelle nach v. d. Hagen, sonst meist spähen, spären, einmal sphere; ebenso das mhd. Handb. in den nachgetragenen Stellen nur sp... 233 an der s. 0. an der Mauer 0. 234 Abliebte 0. 238 Eklips F. (Eklips H.) 242 ihr Fläche. 245 während 0. 246 möge wir 0. 247 anders Himmelssterne 0. 248 während euch enthüllt 0. 249 ihr zweimal 0. 252 mochte F(H). Sterne 0. 253 Gemeine 0. 254 Erstrahlen 0. 257 Gebrügelt 0. 260 mach F(H). Sinn 0. 262 wund 0. reden 0. 265 der Konst werden ich im Gedanken 0. 268 er vaste 0. 269 wund 0. 272 in dir syme Herzen 0. 276 da F (H) richte geändert in do. 277 ihren 1. 0. 278 ihre O. 280 dann 0. 281 Die blühende 0. 283 in (uch F) fehlt 0. lebendigen F. 285 dicker 0. 286 Vrolbe 0. 287 wissen ihr 0. 289 wundert. 293 ruf F(H). 295 verlosche 0. 297 meine drang ihre 0. 298 hat bei wart 0. 300 zeigt ihre 0. 301 ihren 0. 303 lassen wir 0. 305 der fehlt 0. 308 mynästlichen bot 0. 309 Öffentlich 0. 315 Blanzemana 0. 314 du 0: 4. deutete Lesart hübscher als gnuoc dei Ha. F gnuoc bei Heimehr ein sehr häufig im Bezug angewandtes Wort. ANMERKUNGEN ZU HEINRICH VON FREIBERG TRISTAN. 13 wm Schreiber von 0 aU zu gewöhnlich erfunden und dann gelöst 315. 16 erscheyte: myte und meyte 0. 319 hertzelieb 0. 321 jene F. (jene M.) je 0, ebenso 323. 326 kein Absatz in F und 0. Ein Absatz aber empfiehlt sich, weil etwas Neues beginnt. 327 genog 0. (genug H.) 328 (magete Mj magede H.) mede 0. 329 gedacht F. gedachte 0. 331 sagte F(B). 80 sagte 0. 332 was 0. 333 tristane F(H). 334 heimliche 0. 335 willenkur 0. 336 sins 0. 338 diz (die H) wertes F. 340 for-Btendichen 0, 341 eilenden 0. Die jüngere Form endete der Hs. F das Mitteldeutsche charakteristisch; weitere Stellen s. Anm. 342 meist 0. 343 oder fehlt 0. 344 eines F(H). 345 ant-worte 0. 346 sprach 0. mac F (mak //). 349 Blanzemanes 0. 352 lit alle 0. 353 gehwerk F. (gehawer M, gehuwer H.) gehare 0. 354 Stiwer F. (Stuwer H), Sture 0. 356 bi dir 0. belibe 0(H). 358 jrs 0. 362 wille 0. 364 vor F(H), mägede 0(J?). 367 do 0, ernst (ernst ^) sach F(H). 368 sinniglich nachdem Hss.; besser wäre: sinniglichen. 369 und fehlt 0. 370 der fehl 0. 371 ich lege dins 0. 373 und euch 0. 376 sie dir euch nicht ist F(H). 377 fehlt 0. 378 mit 0. 381 so zu hant 0. 384 spotten 0. 386 lachend F(£0. 388 schöner 0. 389 meine 0. sitzi F. 389 ein wenige F. "Wenig, H." Etwenig, O. 390 Minuten, minen, F. meine, O. 392 Vrouw, F. Frau, O. 393 Ohr, O. 394 Red, F. (Rede, H.) Der, reden, O. 395 Vor, (noeimaß) O. 396 Sine, mut, fro, O. 398 Sprach, O. uns, O. 400 Er, (H. her) Gefällt, O. 401 Gesandt, (fi). O. 402 Des, (es H) worden, O. 403 (Genade H unnötig). O. 406 (Belieb, H gleichfalls). O. 408 Mehr, O. Vrouwen, F. Vrowten, F. Freuwet, O. 409 Herzog, O. u. so öfter, (Herzöge 427). O. 412 Zu, O. Wann, O. Red, F(H). O. 415 Lieber, mehr, O. Ditz, F. (Dis, M, H). O. 417 Welch, sie, F(H). O. 418 Gen, O. Duser, O. 420 Radens, O. Sint Br, mir, O. 423 Do, sollte, wir, O. 424 Sie, geben, O. 426 Witz, Art, O. 430 Selektive, O. 432 Zur Beratung, O. 434 Red, F. O. 435 Als, F(H). O. 436 Bald, O. Beredt, O. 438 Freunde, O. 439 Stände, O. Wissengehandel, O. Die, Legarant, O. Sich, besser; O. Aber, der Acc. des femin. Adj., schon in starker Form auftritt, O. Auch im Beim (F u. O.), O. Um die ältere Überlieferung nicht zu ändern, O. Tristand die häufigere Form für den Dativ hat. O. 441 Der, Rede, O. 442 Begert, hatten, O. 445 Sucht, F. (Zügeln, A.), wohl aus Zuschauen vermutet, USTOWK.F. Die Herzogin K., O. 450 Leitfaden, O. 453 Frachten, O. 454 Oder, O. 455 Hem, F(H), O. 456 Einem, fehlt, O. S. Anm. 14. R. BECHSTEIN 457. Blankemans O, 463. (wohl von M ausgelassen; in F nach 1. Correctur am Rande nachgetragen, trotzdem nicht in der Ausgabe verwerthet. Die Lesart wird durch 0 bestätigt), 464. Saite O, sind unsere Bedrohung. 465. Sprecher F(H), sprach O (= sprach); offenbar die rechte Lesart. 467. und der 1. zu F(H); durch und wird aber der Vers zu landen lieber O. 468. in weder Streit O. 470. wartet und so öfter. 471. hatte allein O. 472. wartet euch statt O. 476. was F (was H). 478. viel lieber O. 479. wurde bot O. 480. schonte O. 483. hieß O. 485. sahen O. 486. an der Zeit O. 488. um die Sache O. 489. hat (if). bettet O. 490. Gnade O. wartet F(H). 492. zu keinem Wille O. 493. in O. 496. sollen. 497. wie kommen F (willkommen H). willkommen O. 500. wir haben O. 502. heiliges O. 503. habt gestellt O. 506. joten wolle O. 507. seine Liebe F (seine Liebe H). zu seine Übe O. 511. bekriegt O. 513. 14. Früsten: Ringosten O. 517. braucht O. 518. Morgen. 521. Solt O. 524. Nun O. 526. etc. in die Rechte F(if). 528. wünscht F (wünsche H) wünschte O. 529. edler O. 532. unausgebrochen O. 534. stockt (ocM öfter) fehlt O. 536. mangen/eilfertig O. 538. stockt jetzt. 543. hochzeit F(if). 544. zittert O. 549. was F(MH) was), herliche Seiten O. Anm. 550. hochzeit F(H), 551. da F (da richtig con de). 553. hochzeit O. 554. manche Gesellschaft O. 555. Ritter O. 557. ritterlicher O. 559. 60. gefesselter: geteert O. 563 Da F(fl Do). 566 nüme mocht gehan O. gehan bei die Verbum zweitem Anomalie vielleicht die echte Lesart; doch begegnet auch der einfache Infinitiv in beiden Hss, z. B. 570, darum war die Lesart der Ifs, F Leizubhalten. 569 pelle O. euch fehlt O, 572 augenweide und immer. 573 hus f. 576 mflst O. 577 all wis O. 5' min hin H) in der Frau p. F. hin fehlt O. 584 duse Kriegerie O. dicke O. 586 ein F = fl (sin J/). jungeling O (und so sehr oft), wen (wan H). 588 knappe Inter F (ruter M, fn'iter 77). jungeling unter O. 592 O fehlt O. 599 oben O. 604 do w. O. 607 do w. n. O. 611 wunderlich O. 612 d /fÄ/f F(H), 614 w. bericht spisen genug O. 615 schenkten O. 617 oben ich is mache O. 618 man geaß O. 619 dann O. 622 hi /«Aä F: die Wiederholung von hiez zwar nicht geboten, aber natürlich und wegen der Bevorzugung des jambischen Rhythmus empfehlenswert. 624 reicher O. 626 Tantz F (Tanze H). hörte F(H). 629 Tantz (Tanze H). 630 Ritter O, während sonst O Rittere bevorzugt, 631 d alten zuchtenclioh vD die j. O. 632 gemächlich zu Dantie. Tantz jP (Tanze H). ANMERKUNGEN Zu HEINRICHS VON FREIBERO TRISTAN. 15 634 lies umbe (um F^ um O). 635 irren des F. jo des O (innen des H). 636 ichs O. 638 heiß hat er F(H). hatter O (und so öfter hatte). Der Praeter, von hän (in Krauß' Untersuchung nicht berücksichtigt), erscheint im Reim als het: Antret 4476; ferner nicht ganz streng beweisend im Reim mit tet 2607. Der Conj. in doppelter Form het: tet und.) 3444 und hatte: igte 5993. 642 sorge O. 643 fürte si O. 646 magde F (magede H). megede O; ebenso 672. 651 zwischen F (wischen H). tussche /; 655 ire F. ir O, 656 saissen O. 657 entfnt O. 658 brach F (bracht H). 660 Tristan O. 662 entwede O. 663 leit F (för H). 664 Isote F (H). wundermalich O (H). 666 freudlichen F (fröulichen H). den freudiger O. 667 in F (ir F). 670 Tristande O. arme O. 671 liebe O. 677 an O. 678 euch O (date). 679. 80 vor : dar O. 682 dar vor O. 685 sein F (H). 686 neue F. neue O. 688 besorgt O (ir O). 689 jrene O. 690 jre O. magetum F; doppeltes t schreibt F öfter, dauch magetum 836. Da diese Schreibart sonst die gewöhnliche ist, auch in O, habe ich sie für den Text gewählt. 691 zwo oben O (kertze Br O). 693 W. m. der Schönheit nach gleich O. 695 gedenkt O. 697 hermelin O. 698 feite O. 699 wisse O. ir F(n). 701 barb F (H). war O. 703 jrs O. 704 Tristan ern F (Tristan ernem A/y Tristand' ernem H). 706 bacheln O. 707 Haupt wiss Z. \b, 253 lesen wunderlich; s. Anm. 711. 12 schrenkete : lenkete O. 712 sie F (sie H). sie O. 713 druckte O. eyne glasstel O. 721 desse F (dester Fy H). desse O. desto O: dester t £>äre ntcAe zu vermeiden, wenn das Wort ausgeschrieben wäre. 724 in eine O. 725 zu samen O. Die Form samen der Hs. F wie zusammen aus sammen. 727 magetl. 0. 728 hette jre 0. 729 gegen die Hs. schreibt H gebouwet, ohne Grund. 730 gezogen 0. 732 elleboge FH. Diese Form hätte bewahrt werden sollen, wenn sie auch selten ist; aus ihr ist das neue Ellbogen Elbogen erwachsen. Gegründet ist sie auf der Assimilation von nl zu n: eine, eile. 734 besten 0. 735 heimde F (hemde H), 737 vernet 0; s. Anm. 738 dazu ist 0. dazu sind halt n. i. m. F(E.). Die Vorlage war wohl Halt, aus der der Schreiber halt machte, 740 und entrant 0. 742 und 1. s. zu der m. 0. 743 kerte 0. 744 alle 0 und so öfter. 745 sind syn 0. 747 nach 0. smficketer 0. 749 die maget 0. 753 besser zu lesen: begonnt mit zweisilbigem Auftakt. nach ir 0. 754 arme 0. suchen 0. 755 lecht 0. 756 dacht 0. 759 meistlich über (meistlich H). 760 dem fehlt F(H). 761 lost 0. 765 er g. ir ue begertete F(H). er begertete ir si begertete 0. also Wechsel in F. 16 R. BECHSTEIN Einheitlichkeit in O. Das Metrum weist auch an zweiter Stelle auf gert hin. 766 außerdem hat er 0. 768 etwas 0. 771. 72 in umgekehrter Forderung in O. 771 erbebete 0. 772 berührte erschütterte 0. 774 rechtfertigt F(H). IIb war um 0. lac F(H). lebende F (lebende H); lebender durch 0 heeltübigt. 776 jene 0. 777 Cumöwale O. 778 das fehlt O. 780 da F(H). 784 bis d. k. 0 Zur Änderung der Lesart mit in F lag kein zwingender Grund vor, doch spricht für bf O. Trist, F. 18241 ^J^» daz Tristan und din königtn bt einander selten sind. 787 bei FC F, 786 morgenrot. ISls. Anm. 788 Tristande O. 791. 92 F wechselt zwischen stürm und stormerinne, 0 beidemal storm. Ich habe wie v. d. Hagen den hochdeutschen Laut als den maßgebenden betrachtet und deshalb stürmerinne geschrieben. 792 Irm F. 793 Jrem O. 796 Kamere O. 797. 801 Leite O. 798 Rechte O. Jnre O. 800 Do O. 803 Da s. g. O. Leben F (lebens ff). 805 Li bele F(H). 807 Arm F (arme ff), arme O. 807 Dichte O. 810 Des nicht m. d. enpligtet O. 812 Künde O. 814 Jet fragete O. 815 Dusen O. 816 Unglück O. 817 Gibt mich O. 821 Will F(H). 822 Gedenke O; ebenso 835. 913. Ati« Lesart und der aufgenommen von F könnte sich für den Dichter gedanke ergeben; doch war gedanke zu bewahren, da diese schwache Form auch sonst im Md. vorkommt, wie im Allgemeinen schon zu G. Tristan 3594 erwähnt, z. B. in Mathias' von Beheim Evangelienbuch, s, Glossar; bei Weinhold, nicht mit genannt in §. 459. 824 Do O. 825 Meiste O. 826 Dachte O. 827 Vil fehlt O. Permenie F (Parmenie ff). 828 Megende O(ff). 829 Lan O. Erste FO (ersten ff). 832 Sie hant deste leichtere O. 833 Wenne F. Wan O. 833. 34 Steent : Gent O. 836 Jrs magetoms si maget bl. O. 837 Wäre fehlt O, eine O. 838 Tristand ir ff. 841 Eyne winste O. 844 Kemenate O. 845 Dopten O. 847 Det an O. 849 Karsie O. 850 Wanebrut FH) s.Anm. 828 Leget F(H). Lechte O. 852 So si die besten konde h. O. 855 - iren F, jre 0; wegen der Übereinstimmung der Hss, hätte auch irgen gesetzt ioorden können, da aber sonst das Metrum für die flektierte Form maßgebend sein sollte, so habe ich mich doch für ir entschieden, tristande F(H). 856 wogegehandelt F(B). 857 brutzelle F (brutale ff), brutzellbe 0. Stuver JP (Stuver H). 858 menschwehr F (menschwehr ff), menschwehr 0. 860 da i (do ff), zu k. 0. 861 allen F(H). 862 augenweide 0; ebenso 866 schowe F (schouwen ff). 865 lies dirre mit F(H). Duser 0. Freuen sich 0. 868 eine 0. 869 eine 0. 870 und bed. 0. 871 wer 1 (wäre ff), nichts nichts 0. 872 von brüte JP(ff). 878 ob ir wai jetz geschehen 0. ANMERKUNGEN ZU HEINRICHS VON KLEIHERS TRISTAN. 879 Do F (da ff). Ci{e ffhlt 0. 883 Worn F. Fehlt 0. Geworben F (geworht H). Gewiiket 0. Unterschieden 0. 886 Gelwe F(H) (Jetwe Jf). 889 Aal hie van 1. 0. 890 Disagblaben 0. Aufgeleitet 0. 894 Yaot F (Yaon A/). 895 Und /«■Ai/ 0. 897 Kyoe O. Ritter 0. 898 B. w. Gütcher w. 0. 899 Brechen 0. 903 Uzer F (Uebern ff). Übereife 0. Gestes F (Geben H). 904 Kurniwal f (Kurwenal M. Kurvenal ff). 906 Dann 0. (Genug, ff). 907 Statt gewiilt 0; s. Anm. 914 Jekelisches Ü. 915 Deohte 0. 916 Gedenke 0. 918 Bettet i?. Bitte 0; s. Äiivi. 919 Da F (Da ff) und so öfter. 921 Rotteren 0; (Gott eine einfache t) ist trotz der Etymologie des Wortes das urbürgertliche. 922 Vil allein 0. Michsel Buhurt 0. 925 Zur 0 und so öfter. 927 Finster 0. 928 "Geschrieben" 0. 929 (andern ff). 932 befiel 0. 933 wenn F (wna ff), dann 0. edel 0. f35 befiel F. befiel Ü und so fort. 936 magen F (mägen? manigen ff). 938 etlichen 0. 939 ritterlich aa d. z. 0. 940 ein an widerstr. 0. 941 priesterlich F (priesterlich H). 942 manch 0. 948 bis 1. 1. 0. 950 hochzeit F(H). 954 ging sie 0. 955 leitete zu 0. 957 aber aber 0; lockt verteilten, sonst könnte die Wiederholung als rhetorische Aufstellung Bedeutung haben, wenn nicht zweisilbiger Auftakt dadurch bedingt. 968 nie 0. 959 und werde 0. 960 wortlich zu ir 0. 961 L van 0. 962 stets 0. 963 unter w. auch dazugehörig. 0. 965 acht jöt i-Cff); ». Arm. 969 gedachter 0 m. w. 971 wollte 0. 973 das ist was eyeo a. j. O. 974 durch d. e. 1. duale n. 0. 976 hohezeit 0. 978 galt ze 0. 982 gelebt m. 0. Hierauf mir /"(ff), 983 hochzeit F(ff). zurgie F (aergie ff), uergie 0. 884 zulie /O (aelie ff); oßtiibar ist hier erweiterter Heim beabsichtigt, deshalb maßt» von zurgie abgesehen und zugie gesetzt icerden. 985 ein ende /■(ff). 986 60 O. 987 gewizgehandelt F. 988 gabresten 0. 994 vund tuldea in OUc)i bcdr. 0\ streng genommen müßte statt ez (F) es stehen, müßte die Correctur wäre nicht zu gewagt, als der Schreiber oft z für e mi umgekehrt setzt; allein eit für sin ist Heinrich in dieser IVendung kaitm zuzutrauen (doch vgl. eu 1124), und hätte er den Genetiv gefühlt und gewohlt, dann würde er wohl des gewählt haben. 996 mit ir /' (mit dir H). dir mit 0. all' F (aller ff). 998 lieben, übe O. 999 hier mit 0. ouch fehlt F\^H). 1000 vrunt lieber {liobe 0) hene vn tr. F{/J). 1002 sagz F (sagt'z ff), sagent Ü. 1003 hulden .F, wohl vorzuziehen. 1004 lat F{H). zu bi'issen 0. 1005 uwern geuaden gGBlIAIlIA. HR» Baih> XI. IXIin.) Jkkm. 2 J IR ■R. BKCHSTHIN I F{ä). 1006 sine FO (sinoii M, sinem H). 1008 znni F{m. 1012 da Bil (siet F) ii- mir geb. 0. 1013 kein Ahalt in O. 1014 ar gowau 0. 1016 iifUt eyne O. 1018/«Äi( 0. 1019 libes FO (jjebo« H); trotz der Ubereinstimmung Iraiicht nach sonslitjem iSyniem nirhl li^hes gtsehrirhen zu werden, da beide Hsa. Öfter i für ic selten, und dieSckreihtr achieerlich an lip gedacht /iahen w>n-den. 1020 bedröbt O. 1024 myae 0. 1026 solt i^-Cif ). i'cba F (iobz Jtftfl). iob 0. 1026 /eAÖ F. 1029 reobtFO (rebte fl, unwuVAije ^fn(i-iwij). 1030 berze Wt^p F(H). berühmt. O. 1031 koBet F(H). 1032 wen F. wad O. 1034 Was F(H). 1035 oft B 7;- At. Lesart von O zur Vermeidung der Hülf vonusiehm. 1087 allei O. 1038 ist fehlt O. 1039 wart F(il). 1041 hier mil O. 1050 nur F(H). het F(U). bettet O. 1052 Bpre- ohet an O. 1053 -4ijo(it in O. megtde O(ff). 1054 euselwer/ euselwer H. autere O. 1055 eisenvort Weisefort H. 1060 DU het bot n F. vil gar O. 1081 vor bitzeo come O. 1062 eyno trübe bacb na w. O. 1063 senkt O. 1064 lobnes /-. [lubetiea H]. lebens O. 1068 wunderte F wunderte U. 1068 waut O. bis au X 1070 magi F (maget H). megede O. eyne goldene O. 1071 viiaeti O (unsem /!/). 1072 schwur im F(lf); eu zstagt von gerinifer Aufmerksamkeit, dass V. d. Jagen nicht tis naheliehend Aenderung der Lesart von Fin ir vomakvi, die O bestätigt. 1073 waut O und io meint, 1074 eyne O. 1076 Neme eulde bu w. O. 1077 in rechte wuUl' han O. 1081 sulte I. O. 1082 vollbracht voUenbreohte O den et i>'(//). 1083 an helfen O. 1086 irn ^l 1088 obe O: hin- kernte sieh obe vietritch empfehlan, um 4 Hebungen wie im rangen VerM gewinnen, wenn nicht es folgt. heniel O. 1089 zwischen engel O. 1092 bab /' (liabe H). 1094 Bia dazu meine goldene endo n. O. 1096 liab /' (bStbet H). ball O. 1101 bin aio F (bin sie A^, si H). 1102 in tr. O. 1104 wod nit versagt O. 1105 als ir c hat (habt F, hübet H). 1107 versündet F (versündeten H). veraßinet O. 1108 reden, seit vielen (gewürzt), 1112 sich sprach, 1113 Durch (gewürzt) nicht, da ein J. O. Ulö eine m. befand, 0. 1119 lobte (lebte), als O. 1123 lebender, f. 1124 folgte (festgeteilt), da. 1125 ist! 1148 gestanden, O. 1130 wurde (kurz), O. 1131 in (Erklärung), alter (Tisch), O. bleibt A' (beleibte, U). 1133 Ein (wohl um), 1138 Kyns, O. 1143 ehren, O. 1145 gut gemacht, 1146 traurig (tröst, U). 1161 lu, h. O; 1152 machen, f (nach, U). 1153 wünschlich, O. 1154 AS. 1155 Abtatz, MI, FO. 1156 In St. Vinzenz, O. 1157 witt, F (U); 1158. ANMERKUNGEN: HEINRICH VON FREIBURG, TRISTAN. Beid, mein Herr, 1162 durch, füßlig, O. 1168 jungeling, O. u. 1170, 1171, 1174, 1176, behalten, O; 1177, amütiert, O. 1178, v. untilt, zu, an, F (uns, zu, U). 1179, dann, bit, auf, O. 1182, bursch, F (hübsch, H)- 1184, hatte auf eine heilige, O. 1185 Botschaft, O. 1188, in die, h. O. 1194, in euch (nach, gebracht) F (bei H fehlend). 1196, samt, L' (H). 1197, und als er, O. die, gefesselt, O. 1198, Such, O. 1199, deutete zu, O. 1201, gramte, O. 1204, hubschlichen, F (hübschlichen, H). 1206, über, F (über, B). 1208, die, O. 1209. 1211, heat, O. 1212, bin ich, um. 1218, fehlt, F. 1221, da zu, hat, a. d. 0. 1222, hat er, hat, O. 1223, gegen, herberge, F (H). 1226, der, here, O. 1227, jecha, O. 1228, gemütlich, und gemütlich, O; 1229, ouch, wohl erreicht, O. 1231, rechte, h. O. 1229 SuB zu dem 0. 1233 Stegreif F (Stegreif H). 1238 Vrag F (fragte H). 1239 Beg, s. einer Demande V. O. 1241 VraglF (fragte H). 1244 wer F (wieder H). Er van Britannie waren geantwor 0. 1240 züchtelsüch O. 1251 Jahr O. 1256 mehrere fehlte O. 1258 Haut Nye gehört A. 0. 1259 mehr fehlt F (hat einst H). 1263 O. 1264 Inmedaecho O. 1265 da fehlt O. 1267 Italien Atonel vte (Warname H). 1276 Br. u. t. F(ihr). 1279 Massachusetts O. 1280 fehlt F. 1281 Reicher O. 1282 und fehl O. 1285 Zierlichen F (zierliche H). 1289 Nie nie F(//). 1290 Nü fehlt F(H). 1291 Habe G O. 1292 Fehlt F. 1299 A. o. O. 1291 Reden O. 1292 Hubichliob F (büchelsüch Ä unii o B/(Är). 1312 Kunst O. 1313 Edel O. 1317 Eine F (eine Ä). 1318 Vollenbruch O. 1319 Rieb O. an O. 1320 Dazu keyu K. O. gleich FO (gleich H). 1327 Tot F (tot H). Dedo O. 1328 R. April ach O. 1329 Abenteuer in F. Eynes O Ä. a, tr. 1332 Al vmb O. 1333 Als O; J 1337 Überschliober F (Überschliober H). 1340 Kehrt F (Kehrt H). Heubt O. 1341 Nicht fehlt O. 1342 Irgend O. 1346 Die will er jetzt teil d. A. O. 1348 Alle gleich O. 1349 Der Tr. F (Herr H). 1351 Hinausgeh O. 1353 Grosse A Ä. 1357 Mina O. 1358 Erkann O. 1361 Dann O. 1365 Uffget O. 1366 Ach wie tief im uff stet O. 1367 Der freuden brechende sonne O. 1368 Wonne O. 1369 Wertlichen F (weltlichen H). werenlich ber 0; die Correctur Hagens trifft in Übereinstimmung mit O teohl das richtige; mich bestimmte eher an der Überlieferung von F feat- gehaltene die Erscheinlichkeit der spielenden Wendung wertvollere Werkebeit in Congress mit wundervolle Wunder. 1371 rittes F mehr H' Correctur gerechnet il, ritter a?. rechten O. 1372 Luther O. 1373 erbte F H. Böckstein Und ich G. IHM IHM wissend F(Ed), 1815 Hinzu F(Ed). (Benden IHM linkes O. ÜH2i) nebst 0. 1821 donn 0. 1823 Streichgelen i IHM 111(1 DAÜ G. 1826 hier- n 0 ... w. IHM Kirchengewand O. |H:M liebsten O. 1836 trituli Correctur Jo //). Aktion O. ISM) der r. April F(Ed). an O. hIm //(.IK-tii ab-) O. 1849 jn G. April kurz 0. 1850 K- K' ^1 ""■'/^»'■A/ Nf(g)/ «mitteilungen bisher bis jetzt (Giois, tm F in beamis i. August «I Schrift. Hill schreibt Ol lift. heftert Lattis, die and. tlur mii'h vilU/lifh vilU/lifh uutl tluniia vi.r i>« hftieHklir/i. ichz zn »eixea. Im Jahre 1878 wurde ein großer Feuer in der Futterstraße ausgedehnt. Die umliegenden Gebäude, darunter auch das Haus der Botschaft, wurden teilweise zerstört. Die Feuerwehr gelang es, die Flammen aufzuhalten, sodass nicht noch größere Schäden entstanden. Dieses Unglück ereignete sich am 7. Februar. Im Jahre 1884 ereignete sich ein weiteres Feuer, welches in der Kirschbleickstraße Ausbruch hatte. Es breitete sich rasch über die Nachbarschaft aus und richtete erhebliche Schäden an. Die Feuerwehr konnte das Feuer jedoch ebenfalls in einer Früchthändler's Garten, in dem es acht Stück Früchte wuchs, in einem Früchthändler's Garten, in dem es acht Stück Früchte wuchs, eingeschossen haben. Dieses Unglück ereignete sich am 5. März. Im Jahre 1891 brannte ein Gemäse-Lager in der Wittenbrinkstraße nieder. Das gesamte Lager, bestehend aus Gersten-, Roggen-, Weizen- und Hafer-Granatapfen, war verloren. Die Ursache des Brandes konnte nicht ermittelt werden. Dieses Unglück ereignete sich am 26. Februar. Im Jahre 1895 entstand ein schwerer Brand in einer Ziegelei am Schönhause. Der gesamte Bau, bestehend aus mehreren Dachstelten und einer Brunnenanlage, war von den Flammen umgeben. Die Feuerwehr hatte große Mühe, das Feuer einzudämmen, da die Bauwerke mit reichlicher Trockenfracht gefüllt waren. Dieses Unglück ereignete sich am 1. Juli. Im Jahre 1897 brach ein heftiges Feuer in einer Kork-Depot in der Besserstraße aus. Die Flammen spreadeten sich schnell über die umliegenden Gebäude und richteten erhebliche Schäden an. Die Feuerwehr kam dennoch, trotz der hervorragenden Leistung der Kameradschaft, nicht mehr an, das ganze Gebäude zu retten. Dieses Unglück ereignete sich am 19. Februar. Im Jahre 1903 entstand ein schwerer Brand in einer Brauerei am Brackmannsplat. Die gesamte Bierproduktion, bestehend aus mehreren tausend Fässern, war von den Flammen umgeben. Die Feuerwehr hatte große Mühe, das Feuer einzudämmen, da die Bierfässer mit reichlicher Trockenfracht gefüllt waren. Dieses Unglück ereignete sich am 12. Juli. 1434 gan 0. 1442 wigen 0. 1443 der jangeling nam das und O. 1444 er schonte dankte er F. (sieh d. er H). dankter O. 1447 n. uns a. O. 1449 nü Aft F(J?). 1451 die fehl F{H). 1455 an jin begert O. 1461 bis O u. ti7. (auch bit). 1463 stünden O. 1467 männlich O. 1468 genomme. 1475 schwager O. 1476 schwagerin O. 1477 züchten. 1478 lies züchtiglich. züchtigichen F{H). 1479 erlebten O u. ti7. 1480 geschehen O. 1483 Absatz in O. 1484 treueringen F (getruwlichen H), gezam O. 1487 süßen O. 1488 will O. 1492 oben sie es O. 1493 dazu O. sinne F (sinne H). 1494 die gesinn O. (gesinn fT, s. Anm.). 1495 wollte hier F(H). 1496 die z. m. u. O. 1499 sind dazu F{H). Macht den Vers zu lang oder zu schwerfällig. 1503 irm F. 1510 da O. 1511 d&F{H). 1512 zu duser v. 1516 nun h. F{H); s. Anm. 1517 Parmenien O. 1520 diese z. 1522 jin stoltzlich O. 1524 jin O. 1525 gerede O; «. Anm. das zweite alle Ab O. 1526 Ritterbeilche jP (ritterschaft M, ritterschaften H). 1529 heften vnd O. 1531 ir O. 1533 gewandt O. 1537 Schön O. ritterlicher F (ritterlich H). 1538 an 1. vnd an Weder gar O. 1540 züchtig O. 1541 Cemerere O. 1542 gerecht O. 1545 ganz O. 1546 Junkerren F (Junkerren H). 1548 alles F. alle O. 1550 euch fehl O. 1551 dran O. 1552 alle O. 1553 die fehl F(H). 1556 in O. 1558 geleiten O. 1562 sie Aft O. 1563 nü fehl O. 1564 den F (der if). wilder O. 1566 versah O. 1573 kein Absatz in F. Britannien O. 1577 von dem Wasser O. 1579. 80 in O umgestellt 1579 hübsch F. 1580 wol r. F. (rol H), vollen r. 0. 1582 quam F(kume-ff). komme 0. 1583 myüecliche 0. 1586 stetlin 0. 1593 auature 0. 1594 um 0. 1595 d. s. si bes. 0. 1599 vft while 0. 1601 um den berch 0. schön 0. 1603 da jnno 0. 1604 eya 0. Anm. 1610 musste F (musste H). 1611 vff 1. und gut Vnd vff ere were (: sperö) 0. 1613 und nit r. sp. 0. 1615 ein z. 0. ÄNMKRKUNGRN ZU HBmBIOffS VON FREIBEHO TRISTAN. 51 1621 Der gar k. 0. 1629 und m. ä. 0. 1631 van har-nach 0. 1633 ritterlich 0. 1634 fehlt F. ritterlich 0. 1636 fehlt 0. 1637 dann 0. 1638 da F ». s. w. 0. 1639 Sl. ff. männlich 0. 1642 ich/MJfi?' {fir^ff^iBf 0. 1644 BtarckeF(ff). vollen h. F;. 1645 es fehlt 0. zu mniasen 0. 1647 ros 0. 1648 do w. 0. 1649 wann geroesaet 0. 1651 geroaaet 0. 1653 w. mudie b. 0. 1660 der F am Rande (von M ilhe)-»ehen). Er 0. ein junge F, 1667 ^fcsa/z in 0. 1668 Sulde er 0. 1669 und hette er 0. 1670 ». 1671 berichtet 0. 1672 fein X6sa(z 0. 1674 die a. dann 0. 1677 looe 0. 1681 von f (ff). V. d. ft. was bek. 0. 1682 zogete 0. 1684 langsam 0. 1687 ritterliche F{ff). 1688 vare 0. 1689 quam f. (kume ff), komme 0. 1690 ros lewfFe 0. 1691 »ine 0. 1692 Nu was 0. 1694 leiaierend' F (leisierentler M, leiaierende ff), leiserede 0. 1696 alle 0. 1697 brach 0. 1703 an d. St. 0. 1704 (houbet ff), heubt 0. 1705 recht r. h. 0. 1706 hatte er 0. 1708 Recht als in 0; 4mm. 1710 «. /Inm. i(«d E» 3225 fg. 1715. 16 in F umgestellt. 1716 a. h. d. 1. 1718 (houbete ff), hsubte 0. 1719 in die h, 0. 1720 der h. 0. 1721 van d. pl, 0. 1725 8. h. m. g. 0. 1726 beiden F (hielden 11). 1727 verstorben F{H). Helffen 0. 1731 kein Absatz in 0. 1738 meinen 0. 1739. 40 aporen: ge- boren 0 u. s. ö. 1741 männlich 0. 1742 trafen F. drehen 0. Wetm in V. 1744 nicht Constr. «nh xoivoü anzunehmen int, dann ntöchte ich nicht mit Kinzel Wiedeholung von triben annahmen, sonstern wieder mit H zu Lesart der He. F zurückkehren, für die auch Paul eintrat; dann lich vant xärkere Interpunction. 1745 der harte juste 0. 1746 t. Ä„m. 1747 zu manchen O. 1750 der (wohl = der) F {dao Jlfff. Hagen hat geltsamerweise seine eigene Correctur nicht (beautif). 1758 Solich 0. 1764 ließ e sukzessive: mochten F. enkondition 0. 1771 val 0; s. Anm. 1775 eyn' den and'n 0. 1780 den 9. 0. 1782 getragen F{H)\. Anm. 1785 jezelicher in h. dr. 0. 1786 und gab eynner dem andere genug 0. 1788 nicht dann st. brektion m 0-. 1789 d. deutete sich eyn' dem andern 0. 1794 als al. manch f. 0. 1795 Eynner dem andere 0. dem: s. Anm. (den ff). 1797 getragen 0. 1798 scharf 0. 1799 dicker 0. des Schildes F{H). 1802 dem pl. 0. 1803 ritterlich gestaltet O. 1805 stellte 0. 1806 schlug slag 0. 1807 klungen 0: viel- leicht das echte. 1809 ir f^hlt 0. 1810 her fehlt 0. 1811 ange- boren 0« 1814 du was F{H), 1815 Buben F{H). (hendtti H). 1818 linke 0. 1820 rechte 0. 1821 den 0. 1823 streitgellen u 0. 1824 und /aAä 0. 1828 nergen 0. u. s. w. 1829 streitgeselle 0. 1834 liebaten 0. 1836 streitwunde da F (Treitan do J?). dd fehlt 0. 1840 der r. spr. F(H). aus 0. 1842 als F(H). 1846 abe 0. 1849 ja h. sprach er als 0. 1850 Bern gäbe g. 0; vielleicht stand ursprünglich bas amis, und vielleicht F m beamis kürzte; f. ilstfTi. 2U 2303. 1151 ichs 0. wohl die bessere Lesart, die andere doch aber auch möglich und darum war es bedenklich, ichz zu setzen. 1856 zwei 0. 1863 stürzte O. (stürzten M falsch gelesen; Hs. stürze). 1864 willkommen do w. 0. 1866 umwegen 0. 1868 geb. 0. 1870 umwogen 0. 1871 ist d. 0. 1872 hub 0. 1873 ritten lieber 0. 1878 tragen F(H). 1879 und die (Gedanke). 1884 ritterlich 0. 1885 hohe 0. 1889 dine 0. 1890 werendes 0. 1891 und feil 0. 1892 Schlüsse 0. 1893 rechts den den y. 0. 1895 ilMfe M F. da F (daz J7). dine 0. 1896 an 0. 1898 dem getanste 0. 1899 In seine getannten 0. 1900 ayn du 0. 1901 d. Frauenteil innere-liebe 0. 1902 da F (daz JT). Schlüsse /eÄft F(H). 1907 Livia JF (Spolius JU). 1913 wunderlich 0. 1916 wunderlich 0. 1918 forstenclichem 0. 1919 kein Absatz in 0. 1921 zwei 0. 1923 Kaplan F H). Kaplan 0. 1927 weder trotz 0. 1929 gefährdet 0. 1930 ritterlichen ritterlich 0. geleit 0. 1933 ritterlichem Eden 0. 1935 her fehl 0. 1937 zu aller Letzte 0. 1938 ein Jp(^). Kappe 0. 1940 Hamasch 0. 1943 dar offe F (dar uf H). 1948 Dagen 0. (tooAJ t aus r t»erfe«6/i). 1949 ZWEN 0 U. S. W. 1950 OFFIZIELLE 0. 1952 DIERE 0. 1954 DAZU 1955 EWFENIG 0 LATD SO IMMER FÜR EIN ITTZOL. 1958 FORSTENDICH 0. 1959 HÜBSCH F (HÜBESCH H). 1960 ZU H. 0. 1961 ILÄS/2 IN FO. 1962 NICHT (NICH 0) GEKAFEN (GEKAFET J7) NA WURD AN F(H). 1964 «. ÄNML. 1972 DIE /FÄLE 0. 1973 KÜSSEN F (KÜSSEN JI). 1974 KÜNIGIN F (KUINGEN H). 1976 DER FEHLT 0. HER TR. 0. 1979 AN K. V. 0. 1985 HERLIEHT JN 0. 1986 I (DZU J5GM^-KÜNGEN DES ABSCHREIBERS AM BANDE: WOL A) HVE P. TR. 0. 1991) DINE 0. 1995. 96 HOBEGBOREN : VSSERKOREN 0. 2004 SELLENTHEFT F(H). 2005 B^M^ IST D& ^EGREN DIE ^««. 2007 RITTER MANH. F(H). 2011 EZ FEHLT F(H). 2014 DEN HOHEN LOFL FENTFING 0. 2015. 16 TAUSENDJÄHRLICHER : BISONDEREN 0 U. S. ÖFTER VONN FORMEN. 2017 VÜ UC H K. 0. SINE 0. 2021 MÄNLYCHEN 0. 2023 GEVARN F(H). MACH F * (MANIK H). 2026 UM 0. 2079 (GRÖSSER AUSGELASSSEN H). 2031 D. VON SCH. F(H); S. ÄNML. SCHAUALIER 0. 2032 ALS ER 0. 2033 WAN 0. 2034 MOCHT 0. 2035 PLEGE 0. 2036 EINS 0. ANMERKUNGEN ZU HEINRICHS VON FREIBERG TRISTAN. 23 9039 AUETAUS 0. 2040 DISE A. F(H). DAT BÄCH 0. 2046 DEN D. F (DER H) 2048 ZIMMER F (ZIMMER H). ZYMERDEN 0; 8. ANM. 2050 DER 0 (NIE MALS DEATER) ; S. ANM, ZU 4696. 2056 REDEN 0, HIER NU F(H) WÄRE DIE LEEART DER HS, 0 DU HIER DU EINZIG CORREKTEN, NICH VOR-HANDE, DANN WÜRDE FÜR HIER NU NAHE LIEGEN: BIE MITE. 2059 vur F (am Bande H: vru?). schon vorher V. 2037 stand m F vur. 2067 besser dd gefen die Has. 2068 da /eÄft 0. 2076 ilwn. 2077 ja d. h. 0. 2079 zu k. 0. 2080 künde ich F (künde ez H). kondes 0. 2081 sft /Äft 0. 2085. 86 bedeubt: besteubt 0. melme 0. 2090 weste F(H). 2091 als ichs 1. 0. 2095 langer venie 0. 2096 rechter 0. 2097 dugent 0. 2101 da F(Sy 2102 einen F (einem H). eine 0. 2106 waren eyner dem anderen 0. 2107 h. here. 2108 zymmier F (zimier H) zyfilere 0. 2111 speren 0. 2114 n. mocht erk. w. 0. 2115 kein Absatz 0. rosse 0. 2116 herüich 0. 2120 den sedelen 0. 2121 dalkorsen 0. den erweiten F. Da der Acc. sonst ti der Form dalkorsen begegnet (s* Namenverzeichniss), würde sich viel empfehlen lieber dalkorsen den erweiten den zu lesen, aber auch dalkorsen den zu erw. d. wäre möglich, 2122 da F» er (das zweiie) fehlt F (ergänzt H). 2123 hette F. enhatte 0. 2026 Tr. do s. roa nit enn. 0. 2127 Er lies is h. 0. euch wol 0. 2129 sine J^ (sines H). 2131 ayn done v. ayn w. 0. krippe 0. 2133 Til 1. 0. 2134 dann bi d. jost gen. 0. 2135 dannen 0. 2136 d' vordern F (den vordem H). 2137 Ä. Anm. do 0. 2138 da (do H) b. F. 2140 frage 0. 2141 jekeliche 0. 2143 schier 0. 2144 daz ir beider r. vnd nit die m. 0. 2146 sprach fehlt 0. 2147 w. daz F(H). 6t fehlt. 0. 2150 an allem. 0. 2151 nie /eAfo. 0. kleine a. 0. 2154 rumesse. 0. 2156 r. als a. 0. 2157 wol e. F (wa e. fl). w. a. und duget nit samit s. 0. 2158 der a. 0. 2161 lies gesaget, saget 0. 2164 Sas hielt er 0. 2168 s, Anm. in des F (inredes H). jn des 0. 2170 sines J'(jBr). hutz 0. 2172 zu den j. 0. 2176 gebet 0 u. s. ö. 2180 n. kein besser p. 0. 2181 ritet F(H). an dser 0; und so an /o«^ tmmdr in solchen Wendungen. 2182 rosgin 0. 2184 r. was k. 0. 2189. 90 um^eA^eArfe Ordnung 0. 2189 kan /«/<ä 0. 2191 s. Anm. 2194 na ber 0. 2195 zwolff apostolS 0. 2197 fragte 0. 2201 wol fehk 0. 2206 kond 0. 2207 sprach 0. 2209 (den H). 2211 herzlich 0. 2213 So st grymich und so h. 0. 2218 ich fehlt 0. 2219 dar übel 0. 2220 rechte 0. 2222 rippe 0. 2222 geviel jP(^. 6t /«&& 0. 2225 entschuldschiret F (entecliumpfietet H). 2226 aaiaaen nieder 0. 2229 tiuel 0. 2230 do (1. k. iiu 0. 2231 .. Anm. 2232 im 0. reden 0. 2233 dar (//). 2236 fragler O. 2238 e™tO. 2239 jn dem 0. quam er m. 0. 2240 i. anei kante F (erk. H), wird zu leitn sein: ich n erk. 2241 zymer 0. 2242 merkte ich 0. daz /«Jil F(H). d. her 0. 2243 1,. do f. 0. 2244 herzlichho 0. 2245 etwa 0. 2246 liortea i'lfi). 2249 die B. F (der if). 2250 ist F(.H) t' nye wedefarn 0. 2251 keyno a. 0. 2254 du ia 0\ «ianjo 2259. 2250 da /iM iifl). keyn 0. 2258 dalkoraen 0.
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|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompilus rufopictus&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 40 | 73 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Pompilus rufopictus. Una ning gihulagway ni Evans ni adtong 1948. Ang Pompilus rufopictus sakop sa kahenera nga Pompilus, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Pompilus
| 3,233 |
https://github.com/lessuknow/Game-Engine/blob/master/Debug/data/shaders/ga_unlit_texture_vert.glsl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Game-Engine
|
lessuknow
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 33 | 104 |
#version 400
uniform mat4 u_mvp;
layout(location = 0) in vec3 in_vertex;
layout(location = 2) in vec2 in_texcood0;
out vec2 texcoord0;
void main(void)
{
gl_Position = vec4(in_vertex, 1.0) * u_mvp;
texcoord0 = in_texcood0;
}
| 11,009 |
https://github.com/drewmrk/null-undefined-guard/blob/master/src/index.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
null-undefined-guard
|
drewmrk
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 101 | 205 |
/**
* Guard against null or undefined values (null-undefined-guard)
*
* @param element - Element to be referenced
* @param name - Name of `element`
* @param logic - Additional logic to be applied
* @returns Element to be referenced
*
* @example
* import nullUndefinedGuard from 'null-undefined-guard'
* const a = [3,4,5]
* nullUndefinedGuard(a).push(8)
*/
const nullUndefinedGuard = (element: any, name?: string, logic?: any) => {
if (element === null ?? element === undefined) {
throw new Error(`${name ?? 'Element'} is ${element}`)
} else {
if (!logic) {
return element
} else {
logic()
}
}
}
export default nullUndefinedGuard
| 7,205 |
https://github.com/zealoussnow/chromium/blob/master/chrome/browser/extensions/api/image_writer_private/image_writer_controller_lacros.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
chromium
|
zealoussnow
|
C++
|
Code
| 653 | 3,362 |
// Copyright 2021 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include "chrome/browser/extensions/api/image_writer_private/image_writer_controller_lacros.h"
#include "base/containers/contains.h"
#include "base/no_destructor.h"
#include "chrome/browser/extensions/api/image_writer_private/error_messages.h"
#include "chrome/common/extensions/api/image_writer_private.h"
#include "chromeos/crosapi/mojom/image_writer.mojom.h"
#include "chromeos/lacros/lacros_service.h"
#include "content/public/browser/browser_context.h"
#include "extensions/browser/event_router.h"
namespace image_writer_api = extensions::api::image_writer_private;
namespace extensions {
namespace image_writer {
namespace {
const char kUnsupportedAshVersion[] = "UNSUPPORTED_ASH_VERSION";
image_writer_api::Stage FromMojo(crosapi::mojom::Stage mojo_stage) {
switch (mojo_stage) {
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kConfirmation:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_CONFIRMATION;
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kDownload:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_DOWNLOAD;
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kVerifyDownload:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_VERIFYDOWNLOAD;
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kUnzip:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_UNZIP;
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kWrite:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_WRITE;
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kVerifyWrite:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_VERIFYWRITE;
case crosapi::mojom::Stage::kUnknown:
return image_writer_api::Stage::STAGE_UNKNOWN;
}
}
} // namespace
// Implements crosapi ImageWriterClient interface which receives and routes
// the events about writing operation from ash to the Lacros extension that
// initiates the removable device writing extension API calls.
class ImageWriterControllerLacros::ImageWriterClientLacros
: public crosapi::mojom::ImageWriterClient {
public:
ImageWriterClientLacros(
content::BrowserContext* browser_context,
const std::string& extension_id,
extensions::image_writer::ImageWriterControllerLacros* controller)
: extension_id_(extension_id),
browser_context_(browser_context),
controller_(controller) {}
ImageWriterClientLacros(const ImageWriterClientLacros&) = delete;
ImageWriterClientLacros& operator=(const ImageWriterClientLacros&) = delete;
~ImageWriterClientLacros() override = default;
mojo::PendingRemote<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriterClient>
BindImageWriterClient() {
return receiver_.BindNewPipeAndPassRemoteWithVersion();
}
private:
// crosapi::mojom::ImageWriterClient:
void DispatchOnWriteProgressEvent(crosapi::mojom::Stage stage,
uint32_t percent_complete) override {
image_writer_api::ProgressInfo info;
info.stage = FromMojo(stage);
info.percent_complete = percent_complete;
auto args = image_writer_api::OnWriteProgress::Create(info);
auto event = std::make_unique<extensions::Event>(
extensions::events::IMAGE_WRITER_PRIVATE_ON_WRITE_PROGRESS,
image_writer_api::OnWriteProgress::kEventName, std::move(args));
extensions::EventRouter::Get(browser_context_)
->DispatchEventToExtension(extension_id_, std::move(event));
}
void DispatchOnWriteCompleteEvent() override {
auto args = image_writer_api::OnWriteComplete::Create();
auto event = std::make_unique<extensions::Event>(
extensions::events::IMAGE_WRITER_PRIVATE_ON_WRITE_COMPLETE,
image_writer_api::OnWriteComplete::kEventName, std::move(args));
extensions::EventRouter::Get(browser_context_)
->DispatchEventToExtension(extension_id_, std::move(event));
controller_->OnPendingClientWriteCompleted(extension_id_);
// Note: |this| is deleted at this point.
}
void DispatchOnWriteErrorEvent(crosapi::mojom::Stage stage,
uint32_t percent_complete,
const std::string& error) override {
DLOG(ERROR) << "ImageWriter error: " << error;
image_writer_api::ProgressInfo info;
info.stage = FromMojo(stage);
info.percent_complete = percent_complete;
auto args = image_writer_api::OnWriteError::Create(info, error);
auto event = std::make_unique<extensions::Event>(
extensions::events::IMAGE_WRITER_PRIVATE_ON_WRITE_ERROR,
image_writer_api::OnWriteError::kEventName, std::move(args));
extensions::EventRouter::Get(browser_context_)
->DispatchEventToExtension(extension_id_, std::move(event));
controller_->OnPendingClientWriteError(extension_id_);
// Note: |this| is deleted at this point.
}
const std::string extension_id_;
// Both pointers of |browser_context_| and |controller_| are guaranteed
// to be valid for the lifetime of this class, as destruction of either
// BrowserContext or ImageWriterControllerLacros will result in synchronous
// destruction of this class.
content::BrowserContext* const browser_context_;
extensions::image_writer::ImageWriterControllerLacros* const controller_;
mojo::Receiver<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriterClient> receiver_{this};
};
ImageWriterControllerLacros::ImageWriterControllerLacros(
content::BrowserContext* context)
: browser_context_(context) {
extension_registry_observation_.Observe(
extensions::ExtensionRegistry::Get(browser_context_));
process_manager_observation_.Observe(
extensions::ProcessManager::Get(browser_context_));
}
ImageWriterControllerLacros::~ImageWriterControllerLacros() = default;
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::ListRemovableStorageDevices(
ListRemovableStorageDevicesCallback callback) {
chromeos::LacrosService* service = chromeos::LacrosService::Get();
if (service->IsAvailable<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>()) {
service->GetRemote<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>()
->ListRemovableStorageDevices(std::move(callback));
} else {
std::move(callback).Run(absl::nullopt);
}
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::DestroyPartitions(
const std::string& extension_id,
const std::string& storage_unit_id,
WriteOperationCallback callback) {
chromeos::LacrosService* service = chromeos::LacrosService::Get();
if (!service->IsAvailable<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>()) {
std::move(callback).Run(kUnsupportedAshVersion);
return;
}
if (base::Contains(pending_clients_, extension_id)) {
std::move(callback).Run(error::kOperationAlreadyInProgress);
return;
}
auto pending_client = std::make_unique<ImageWriterClientLacros>(
browser_context_, extension_id, this);
service->GetRemote<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>()->DestroyPartitions(
storage_unit_id, pending_client->BindImageWriterClient(),
std::move(callback));
pending_clients_.emplace(extension_id, std::move(pending_client));
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::WriteFromUrl(
const std::string& extension_id,
const std::string& storage_unit_id,
const GURL& image_url,
const absl::optional<std::string>& image_hash,
WriteOperationCallback callback) {
chromeos::LacrosService* service = chromeos::LacrosService::Get();
if (!service->IsAvailable<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>() ||
service->GetInterfaceVersion(crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter::Uuid_) < 1) {
std::move(callback).Run(kUnsupportedAshVersion);
return;
}
if (base::Contains(pending_clients_, extension_id)) {
std::move(callback).Run(error::kOperationAlreadyInProgress);
return;
}
auto pending_client = std::make_unique<ImageWriterClientLacros>(
browser_context_, extension_id, this);
service->GetRemote<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>()->WriteFromUrl(
storage_unit_id, image_url, image_hash,
pending_client->BindImageWriterClient(), std::move(callback));
pending_clients_.emplace(extension_id, std::move(pending_client));
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::WriteFromFile(
const std::string& extension_id,
const std::string& storage_unit_id,
const base::FilePath& image_path,
WriteOperationCallback callback) {
chromeos::LacrosService* service = chromeos::LacrosService::Get();
if (!service->IsAvailable<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>() ||
service->GetInterfaceVersion(crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter::Uuid_) < 1) {
std::move(callback).Run(kUnsupportedAshVersion);
return;
}
if (base::Contains(pending_clients_, extension_id)) {
std::move(callback).Run(error::kOperationAlreadyInProgress);
return;
}
auto pending_client = std::make_unique<ImageWriterClientLacros>(
browser_context_, extension_id, this);
service->GetRemote<crosapi::mojom::ImageWriter>()->WriteFromFile(
storage_unit_id, image_path, pending_client->BindImageWriterClient(),
std::move(callback));
pending_clients_.emplace(extension_id, std::move(pending_client));
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::CancelWrite(const std::string& extension_id,
WriteOperationCallback callback) {
if (!base::Contains(pending_clients_, extension_id)) {
std::move(callback).Run(error::kNoOperationInProgress);
return;
}
// Deleting pending client will trigger its disconnect handler in ash,
// which will cancel its pending write operation if there is any.
DeletePendingClient(extension_id);
std::move(callback).Run(absl::nullopt);
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnPendingClientWriteCompleted(
const std::string& extension_id) {
DeletePendingClient(extension_id);
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnPendingClientWriteError(
const std::string& extension_id) {
DeletePendingClient(extension_id);
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnExtensionUnloaded(
content::BrowserContext* browser_context,
const extensions::Extension* extension,
extensions::UnloadedExtensionReason reason) {
DCHECK_EQ(browser_context, browser_context_);
DeletePendingClient(extension->id());
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnShutdown(
extensions::ExtensionRegistry* registry) {
DCHECK(extension_registry_observation_.IsObservingSource(registry));
extension_registry_observation_.Reset();
pending_clients_.clear();
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnBackgroundHostClose(
const std::string& extension_id) {
DeletePendingClient(extension_id);
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnProcessManagerShutdown(
extensions::ProcessManager* manager) {
DCHECK(process_manager_observation_.IsObservingSource(manager));
process_manager_observation_.Reset();
pending_clients_.clear();
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::OnExtensionProcessTerminated(
const extensions::Extension* extension) {
DeletePendingClient(extension->id());
}
void ImageWriterControllerLacros::DeletePendingClient(
const std::string& extension_id) {
pending_clients_.erase(extension_id);
}
ImageWriterControllerLacros* ImageWriterControllerLacros::Get(
content::BrowserContext* context) {
return BrowserContextKeyedAPIFactory<ImageWriterControllerLacros>::Get(
context);
}
BrowserContextKeyedAPIFactory<ImageWriterControllerLacros>*
ImageWriterControllerLacros::GetFactoryInstance() {
static base::NoDestructor<
BrowserContextKeyedAPIFactory<ImageWriterControllerLacros>>
instance;
return instance.get();
}
} // namespace image_writer
} // namespace extensions
| 22,268 |
https://github.com/ESSeRE-Lab/code-smell-fp-survey-code/blob/master/jspwiki-2.8.4/src/tests/com/ecyrd/jspwiki/WikiEngineTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, DOC, MIT
| 2,016 |
code-smell-fp-survey-code
|
ESSeRE-Lab
|
Java
|
Code
| 2,770 | 8,872 |
package com.ecyrd.jspwiki;
import junit.framework.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import com.ecyrd.jspwiki.providers.*;
import com.ecyrd.jspwiki.attachment.*;
public class WikiEngineTest extends TestCase
{
public static final String NAME1 = "Test1";
public static final long PAGEPROVIDER_RESCAN_PERIOD = 2;
Properties props = new Properties();
TestEngine m_engine;
public WikiEngineTest( String s )
{
super( s );
}
public static Test suite()
{
return new TestSuite( WikiEngineTest.class );
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
junit.textui.TestRunner.main(new String[] { WikiEngineTest.class.getName() } );
}
public void setUp()
throws Exception
{
props.load( TestEngine.findTestProperties() );
props.setProperty( WikiEngine.PROP_MATCHPLURALS, "true" );
// We'll need a shorter-than-default consistency check for
// the page-changed checks. This will cause additional load
// to the file system, though.
props.setProperty( CachingProvider.PROP_CACHECHECKINTERVAL,
Long.toString(PAGEPROVIDER_RESCAN_PERIOD) );
TestEngine.emptyWorkDir();
m_engine = new TestEngine(props);
}
public void tearDown()
{
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
if( files != null )
{
File f = new File( files );
TestEngine.deleteAll( f );
}
TestEngine.emptyWorkDir();
}
public void testNonExistantDirectory()
throws Exception
{
String tmpdir = System.getProperties().getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
String dirname = "non-existant-directory";
String newdir = tmpdir + File.separator + dirname;
props.setProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR,
newdir );
new TestEngine( props );
File f = new File( newdir );
assertTrue( "didn't create it", f.exists() );
assertTrue( "isn't a dir", f.isDirectory() );
f.delete();
}
public void testNonExistantDirProperty()
throws Exception
{
props.remove( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
try
{
new TestEngine( props );
fail( "Wiki did not warn about missing property." );
}
catch( WikiException e )
{
// This is okay.
}
}
/**
* Check that calling pageExists( String ) works.
*/
public void testNonExistantPage()
throws Exception
{
String pagename = "Test1";
assertEquals( "Page already exists",
false,
m_engine.pageExists( pagename ) );
}
/**
* Check that calling pageExists( WikiPage ) works.
*/
public void testNonExistantPage2()
throws Exception
{
WikiPage page = new WikiPage(m_engine, "Test1");
assertEquals( "Page already exists",
false,
m_engine.pageExists( page ) );
}
public void testFinalPageName()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( "Foobar", "1" );
m_engine.saveText( "Foobars", "2" );
assertEquals( "plural mistake", "Foobars",
m_engine.getFinalPageName( "Foobars" ) );
assertEquals( "singular mistake", "Foobar",
m_engine.getFinalPageName( "Foobar" ) );
}
public void testFinalPageNameSingular()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( "Foobar", "1" );
assertEquals( "plural mistake", "Foobar",
m_engine.getFinalPageName( "Foobars" ) );
assertEquals( "singular mistake", "Foobar",
m_engine.getFinalPageName( "Foobar" ) );
}
public void testFinalPageNamePlural()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( "Foobars", "1" );
assertEquals( "plural mistake", "Foobars",
m_engine.getFinalPageName( "Foobars" ) );
assertEquals( "singular mistake", "Foobars",
m_engine.getFinalPageName( "Foobar" ) );
}
public void testPutPage()
throws Exception
{
String text = "Foobar.\r\n";
String name = NAME1;
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
assertEquals( "page does not exist",
true,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
assertEquals( "wrong content",
text,
m_engine.getText( name ) );
}
public void testPutPageEntities()
throws Exception
{
String text = "Foobar. "\r\n";
String name = NAME1;
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
assertEquals( "page does not exist",
true,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
assertEquals( "wrong content",
"Foobar. &quot;\r\n",
m_engine.getText( name ) );
}
/**
* Cgeck that basic " is changed.
*/
public void testPutPageEntities2()
throws Exception
{
String text = "Foobar. \"\r\n";
String name = NAME1;
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
assertEquals( "page does not exist",
true,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
assertEquals( "wrong content",
"Foobar. "\r\n",
m_engine.getText( name ) );
}
public void testGetHTML()
throws Exception
{
String text = "''Foobar.''";
String name = NAME1;
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
String data = m_engine.getHTML( name );
assertEquals( "<i>Foobar.</i>\n",
data );
}
public void testEncodeNameLatin1()
{
String name = "abc\u00e5\u00e4\u00f6";
assertEquals( "abc%E5%E4%F6",
m_engine.encodeName(name) );
}
public void testEncodeNameUTF8()
throws Exception
{
String name = "\u0041\u2262\u0391\u002E";
props.setProperty( WikiEngine.PROP_ENCODING, "UTF-8" );
WikiEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
assertEquals( "A%E2%89%A2%CE%91.",
engine.encodeName(name) );
}
public void testReadLinks()
throws Exception
{
String src="Foobar. [Foobar]. Frobozz. [This is a link].";
Object[] result = m_engine.scanWikiLinks( new WikiPage(m_engine, "Test"), src ).toArray();
assertEquals( "item 0", "Foobar", result[0] );
assertEquals( "item 1", "This is a link", result[1] );
}
public void testBeautifyTitle()
{
String src = "WikiNameThingy";
assertEquals("Wiki Name Thingy", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
/**
* Acronyms should be treated wisely.
*/
public void testBeautifyTitleAcronym()
{
String src = "JSPWikiPage";
assertEquals("JSP Wiki Page", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
/**
* Acronyms should be treated wisely.
*/
public void testBeautifyTitleAcronym2()
{
String src = "DELETEME";
assertEquals("DELETEME", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
public void testBeautifyTitleAcronym3()
{
String src = "JSPWikiFAQ";
assertEquals("JSP Wiki FAQ", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
public void testBeautifyTitleNumbers()
{
String src = "TestPage12";
assertEquals("Test Page 12", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
/**
* English articles too.
*/
public void testBeautifyTitleArticle()
{
String src = "ThisIsAPage";
assertEquals("This Is A Page", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
/**
* English articles too, pathological case...
*/
/*
public void testBeautifyTitleArticle2()
{
String src = "ThisIsAJSPWikiPage";
assertEquals("This Is A JSP Wiki Page", m_engine.beautifyTitle( src ) );
}
*/
public void testLatestGet()
throws Exception
{
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.pageProvider",
"com.ecyrd.jspwiki.providers.VerySimpleProvider" );
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.usePageCache", "false" );
WikiEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
WikiPage p = engine.getPage( "test", -1 );
VerySimpleProvider vsp = (VerySimpleProvider) engine.getPageManager().getProvider();
assertEquals( "wrong page", "test", vsp.m_latestReq );
assertEquals( "wrong version", -1, vsp.m_latestVers );
assertNotNull("null", p);
}
public void testLatestGet2()
throws Exception
{
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.pageProvider",
"com.ecyrd.jspwiki.providers.VerySimpleProvider" );
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.usePageCache", "false" );
WikiEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
String p = engine.getText( "test", -1 );
VerySimpleProvider vsp = (VerySimpleProvider) engine.getPageManager().getProvider();
assertEquals( "wrong page", "test", vsp.m_latestReq );
assertEquals( "wrong version", -1, vsp.m_latestVers );
assertNotNull("null", p);
}
public void testLatestGet3()
throws Exception
{
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.pageProvider",
"com.ecyrd.jspwiki.providers.VerySimpleProvider" );
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.usePageCache", "false" );
WikiEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
String p = engine.getHTML( "test", -1 );
VerySimpleProvider vsp = (VerySimpleProvider) engine.getPageManager().getProvider();
assertEquals( "wrong page", "test", vsp.m_latestReq );
assertEquals( "wrong version", 5, vsp.m_latestVers );
assertNotNull("null", p);
}
public void testLatestGet4()
throws Exception
{
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.pageProvider",
"com.ecyrd.jspwiki.providers.VerySimpleProvider" );
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.usePageCache", "true" );
WikiEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
String p = engine.getHTML( VerySimpleProvider.PAGENAME, -1 );
CachingProvider cp = (CachingProvider)engine.getPageManager().getProvider();
VerySimpleProvider vsp = (VerySimpleProvider) cp.getRealProvider();
assertEquals( "wrong page", VerySimpleProvider.PAGENAME, vsp.m_latestReq );
assertEquals( "wrong version", -1, vsp.m_latestVers );
assertNotNull("null", p);
}
/**
* Checks, if ReferenceManager is informed of new attachments.
*/
public void testAttachmentRefs()
throws Exception
{
ReferenceManager refMgr = m_engine.getReferenceManager();
AttachmentManager attMgr = m_engine.getAttachmentManager();
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "fooBar");
Attachment att = new Attachment( m_engine, NAME1, "TestAtt.txt" );
att.setAuthor( "FirstPost" );
attMgr.storeAttachment( att, m_engine.makeAttachmentFile() );
try
{
// and check post-conditions
Collection c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue("attachment exists: "+c,
c==null || c.size()==0 );
c = refMgr.findUnreferenced();
assertEquals( "unreferenced count", 2, c.size() );
Iterator i = c.iterator();
String first = (String) i.next();
String second = (String) i.next();
assertTrue( "unreferenced",
(first.equals( NAME1 ) && second.equals( NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt"))
|| (first.equals( NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt" ) && second.equals( NAME1 )) );
}
finally
{
// do cleanup
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
TestEngine.deleteAll( new File( files, NAME1+BasicAttachmentProvider.DIR_EXTENSION ) );
}
}
/**
* Is ReferenceManager updated properly if a page references
* its own attachments?
*/
/*
FIXME: This is a deep problem. The real problem is that the reference
manager cannot know when it encounters a link like "testatt.txt" that it
is really a link to an attachment IF the link is created before
the attachment. This means that when the attachment is created,
the link will stay in the "uncreated" list.
There are two issues here: first of all, TranslatorReader should
able to return the proper attachment references (which I think
it does), and second, the ReferenceManager should be able to
remove any links that are not referred to, nor they are created.
However, doing this in a relatively sane timeframe can be a problem.
*/
public void testAttachmentRefs2()
throws Exception
{
ReferenceManager refMgr = m_engine.getReferenceManager();
AttachmentManager attMgr = m_engine.getAttachmentManager();
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "[TestAtt.txt]");
// check a few pre-conditions
Collection c = refMgr.findReferrers( "TestAtt.txt" );
assertTrue( "normal, unexisting page",
c!=null && ((String)c.iterator().next()).equals( NAME1 ) );
c = refMgr.findReferrers( NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt" );
assertTrue( "no attachment", c==null || c.size()==0 );
c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue( "unknown attachment",
c!=null &&
c.size()==1 &&
((String)c.iterator().next()).equals( "TestAtt.txt" ) );
// now we create the attachment
Attachment att = new Attachment( m_engine, NAME1, "TestAtt.txt" );
att.setAuthor( "FirstPost" );
attMgr.storeAttachment( att, m_engine.makeAttachmentFile() );
try
{
// and check post-conditions
c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue( "attachment exists: ",
c==null || c.size()==0 );
c = refMgr.findReferrers( "TestAtt.txt" );
assertTrue( "no normal page", c==null || c.size()==0 );
c = refMgr.findReferrers( NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt" );
assertTrue( "attachment exists now", c!=null && ((String)c.iterator().next()).equals( NAME1 ) );
c = refMgr.findUnreferenced();
assertTrue( "unreferenced",
c.size()==1 && ((String)c.iterator().next()).equals( NAME1 ));
}
finally
{
// do cleanup
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
TestEngine.deleteAll( new File( files, NAME1+BasicAttachmentProvider.DIR_EXTENSION ) );
}
}
/**
* Checks, if ReferenceManager is informed if a link to an attachment is added.
*/
public void testAttachmentRefs3()
throws Exception
{
ReferenceManager refMgr = m_engine.getReferenceManager();
AttachmentManager attMgr = m_engine.getAttachmentManager();
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "fooBar");
Attachment att = new Attachment( m_engine, NAME1, "TestAtt.txt" );
att.setAuthor( "FirstPost" );
attMgr.storeAttachment( att, m_engine.makeAttachmentFile() );
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, " ["+NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt] ");
try
{
// and check post-conditions
Collection c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue( "attachment exists",
c==null || c.size()==0 );
c = refMgr.findUnreferenced();
assertEquals( "unreferenced count", c.size(), 1 );
assertTrue( "unreferenced",
((String)c.iterator().next()).equals( NAME1 ) );
}
finally
{
// do cleanup
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
TestEngine.deleteAll( new File( files, NAME1+BasicAttachmentProvider.DIR_EXTENSION ) );
}
}
/**
* Checks, if ReferenceManager is informed if a third page references an attachment.
*/
public void testAttachmentRefs4()
throws Exception
{
ReferenceManager refMgr = m_engine.getReferenceManager();
AttachmentManager attMgr = m_engine.getAttachmentManager();
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "[TestPage2]");
Attachment att = new Attachment( m_engine, NAME1, "TestAtt.txt" );
att.setAuthor( "FirstPost" );
attMgr.storeAttachment( att, m_engine.makeAttachmentFile() );
m_engine.saveText( "TestPage2", "["+NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt]");
try
{
// and check post-conditions
Collection c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue( "attachment exists",
c==null || c.size()==0 );
c = refMgr.findUnreferenced();
assertEquals( "unreferenced count", c.size(), 1 );
assertTrue( "unreferenced",
((String)c.iterator().next()).equals( NAME1 ) );
}
finally
{
// do cleanup
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
TestEngine.deleteAll( new File( files, NAME1+BasicAttachmentProvider.DIR_EXTENSION ) );
new File( files, "TestPage2"+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT ).delete();
}
}
public void testDeletePage()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test" );
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
File saved = new File( files, NAME1+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT );
assertTrue( "Didn't create it!", saved.exists() );
WikiPage page = m_engine.getPage( NAME1, WikiProvider.LATEST_VERSION );
m_engine.deletePage( page.getName() );
assertFalse( "Page has not been removed!", saved.exists() );
}
public void testDeletePageAndAttachments()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test" );
Attachment att = new Attachment( m_engine, NAME1, "TestAtt.txt" );
att.setAuthor( "FirstPost" );
m_engine.getAttachmentManager().storeAttachment( att, m_engine.makeAttachmentFile() );
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
File saved = new File( files, NAME1+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT );
String atts = props.getProperty( BasicAttachmentProvider.PROP_STORAGEDIR );
File attfile = new File( atts, NAME1+"-att/TestAtt.txt-dir" );
assertTrue( "Didn't create it!", saved.exists() );
assertTrue( "Attachment dir does not exist", attfile.exists() );
WikiPage page = m_engine.getPage( NAME1, WikiProvider.LATEST_VERSION );
m_engine.deletePage( page.getName() );
assertFalse( "Page has not been removed!", saved.exists() );
assertFalse( "Attachment has not been removed", attfile.exists() );
}
public void testDeletePageAndAttachments2()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test" );
Attachment att = new Attachment( m_engine, NAME1, "TestAtt.txt" );
att.setAuthor( "FirstPost" );
m_engine.getAttachmentManager().storeAttachment( att, m_engine.makeAttachmentFile() );
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
File saved = new File( files, NAME1+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT );
String atts = props.getProperty( BasicAttachmentProvider.PROP_STORAGEDIR );
File attfile = new File( atts, NAME1+"-att/TestAtt.txt-dir" );
assertTrue( "Didn't create it!", saved.exists() );
assertTrue( "Attachment dir does not exist", attfile.exists() );
WikiPage page = m_engine.getPage( NAME1, WikiProvider.LATEST_VERSION );
assertNotNull( "page", page );
att = m_engine.getAttachmentManager().getAttachmentInfo(NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt");
m_engine.deletePage(att.getName());
m_engine.deletePage( NAME1 );
assertNull( "Page not removed", m_engine.getPage(NAME1) );
assertNull( "Att not removed", m_engine.getPage(NAME1+"/TestAtt.txt") );
Collection refs = m_engine.getReferenceManager().findReferrers(NAME1);
assertNull( "referrers", refs );
}
public void testDeleteVersion()
throws Exception
{
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.pageProvider", "VersioningFileProvider" );
TestEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test1" );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test2" );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test3" );
WikiPage page = engine.getPage( NAME1, 3 );
engine.deleteVersion( page );
assertNull( "got page", engine.getPage( NAME1, 3 ) );
String content = engine.getText( NAME1, WikiProvider.LATEST_VERSION );
assertEquals( "content", "Test2", content.trim() );
}
public void testDeleteVersion2()
throws Exception
{
props.setProperty( "jspwiki.pageProvider", "VersioningFileProvider" );
TestEngine engine = new TestEngine( props );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test1" );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test2" );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "Test3" );
WikiPage page = engine.getPage( NAME1, 1 );
engine.deleteVersion( page );
assertNull( "got page", engine.getPage( NAME1, 1 ) );
String content = engine.getText( NAME1, WikiProvider.LATEST_VERSION );
assertEquals( "content", "Test3", content.trim() );
assertEquals( "content1", "", engine.getText(NAME1, 1).trim() );
}
/**
* Assumes that CachingProvider is in use.
*/
public void testExternalModificationRefs()
throws Exception
{
ReferenceManager refMgr = m_engine.getReferenceManager();
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "[Foobar]" );
m_engine.getText( NAME1 ); // Ensure that page is cached.
Collection c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue( "Non-existent reference not detected by ReferenceManager",
Util.collectionContains( c, "Foobar" ));
Thread.sleep( 2000L ); // Wait two seconds for filesystem granularity
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
File saved = new File( files, NAME1+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT );
assertTrue( "No file!", saved.exists() );
FileWriter out = new FileWriter( saved );
FileUtil.copyContents( new StringReader("[Puppaa]"), out );
out.close();
Thread.sleep( 2000L*PAGEPROVIDER_RESCAN_PERIOD ); // Wait five seconds for CachingProvider to wake up.
String text = m_engine.getText( NAME1 );
assertEquals( "wrong contents", "[Puppaa]", text );
c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertTrue( "Non-existent reference after external page change " +
"not detected by ReferenceManager",
Util.collectionContains( c, "Puppaa" ));
}
/**
* Assumes that CachingProvider is in use.
*/
public void testExternalModificationRefsDeleted()
throws Exception
{
ReferenceManager refMgr = m_engine.getReferenceManager();
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "[Foobar]" );
m_engine.getText( NAME1 ); // Ensure that page is cached.
Collection c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertEquals( "uncreated count", 1, c.size() );
assertEquals( "wrong referenced page", "Foobar", (String)c.iterator().next() );
Thread.sleep( 2000L ); // Wait two seconds for filesystem granularity
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
File saved = new File( files, NAME1+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT );
assertTrue( "No file!", saved.exists() );
saved.delete();
assertFalse( "File not deleted!", saved.exists() );
Thread.sleep( 2000L*PAGEPROVIDER_RESCAN_PERIOD ); // Wait five seconds for CachingProvider to catch up.
WikiPage p = m_engine.getPage( NAME1 );
assertNull( "Got page!", p );
String text = m_engine.getText( NAME1 );
assertEquals( "wrong contents", "", text );
c = refMgr.findUncreated();
assertEquals( "NEW: uncreated count", 0, c.size() );
}
/**
* Assumes that CachingProvider is in use.
*/
public void testExternalModification()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( NAME1, "Foobar" );
m_engine.getText( NAME1 ); // Ensure that page is cached.
Thread.sleep( 2000L ); // Wait two seconds for filesystem granularity
String files = props.getProperty( FileSystemProvider.PROP_PAGEDIR );
File saved = new File( files, NAME1+FileSystemProvider.FILE_EXT );
assertTrue( "No file!", saved.exists() );
FileWriter out = new FileWriter( saved );
FileUtil.copyContents( new StringReader("Puppaa"), out );
out.close();
// Wait for the caching provider to notice a refresh.
Thread.sleep( 2000L*PAGEPROVIDER_RESCAN_PERIOD );
// Trim - engine.saveText() may append a newline.
String text = m_engine.getText( NAME1 ).trim();
assertEquals( "wrong contents", "Puppaa", text );
}
/**
* Tests BugReadingOfVariableNotWorkingForOlderVersions
* @throws Exception
*/
public void testOldVersionVars()
throws Exception
{
Properties pr = new Properties();
pr.load( TestEngine.findTestProperties("/jspwiki_vers.properties"));
pr.setProperty( PageManager.PROP_USECACHE, "true" );
TestEngine engine = new TestEngine( pr );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "[{SET foo=bar}]" );
engine.saveText( NAME1, "[{SET foo=notbar}]");
WikiPage v1 = engine.getPage( NAME1, 1 );
WikiPage v2 = engine.getPage( NAME1, 2 );
assertEquals( "V1", "bar", v1.getAttribute("foo") );
// FIXME: The following must run as well
assertEquals( "V2", "notbar", v2.getAttribute("foo") );
engine.deletePage( NAME1 );
}
public void testSpacedNames1()
throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText("This is a test", "puppaa");
assertEquals( "normal", "puppaa", m_engine.getText("This is a test").trim() );
assertEquals( "lowercase", "puppaa", m_engine.getText("this is a test").trim() );
assertEquals( "randomcase", "puppaa", m_engine.getText("ThiS Is a teSt").trim() );
}
public void testParsedVariables() throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( "TestPage", "[{SET foo=bar}][{SamplePlugin text='{$foo}'}]");
String res = m_engine.getHTML( "TestPage" );
assertEquals( "bar\n", res );
}
/**
* Tests BugReferenceToRenamedPageNotCleared
*
* @throws Exception
*/
public void testRename() throws Exception
{
m_engine.saveText( "RenameBugTestPage", "Mary had a little generic object" );
m_engine.saveText( "OldNameTestPage", "Linked to RenameBugTestPage" );
Collection pages = m_engine.getReferenceManager().findReferrers( "RenameBugTestPage" );
assertEquals( "has one", "OldNameTestPage", pages.iterator().next() );
WikiContext ctx = new WikiContext( m_engine, m_engine.getPage("OldNameTestPage") );
m_engine.renamePage( ctx, "OldNameTestPage", "NewNameTestPage", true );
assertFalse( "did not vanish", m_engine.pageExists( "OldNameTestPage") );
assertTrue( "did not appear", m_engine.pageExists( "NewNameTestPage") );
pages = m_engine.getReferenceManager().findReferrers( "RenameBugTestPage" );
assertEquals( "wrong # of referrers", 1, pages.size() );
assertEquals( "has wrong referrer", "NewNameTestPage", pages.iterator().next() );
}
public void testChangeNoteOldVersion2() throws Exception
{
WikiPage p = new WikiPage( m_engine, NAME1 );
WikiContext context = new WikiContext(m_engine,p);
context.getPage().setAttribute( WikiPage.CHANGENOTE, "Test change" );
m_engine.saveText( context, "test" );
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
WikiPage p2 = (WikiPage)m_engine.getPage( NAME1 ).clone();
p2.removeAttribute(WikiPage.CHANGENOTE);
context.setPage( p2 );
m_engine.saveText( context, "test"+i );
}
WikiPage p3 = m_engine.getPage( NAME1, -1 );
assertEquals( null, p3.getAttribute(WikiPage.CHANGENOTE) );
}
public void testCreatePage() throws Exception
{
String text = "Foobar.\r\n";
String name = "mrmyxpltz";
assertEquals( "page should not exist right now",
false,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
assertEquals( "page does not exist",
true,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
}
public void testCreateEmptyPage() throws Exception
{
String text = "";
String name = "mrmxyzptlk";
assertEquals( "page should not exist right now",
false,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
assertEquals( "page should not exist right now neither",
false,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
}
public void testSaveExistingPageWithEmptyContent() throws Exception
{
String text = "Foobar.\r\n";
String name = NAME1;
m_engine.saveText( name, text );
assertEquals( "page does not exist",
true,
m_engine.pageExists( name ) );
// saveText uses normalizePostData to assure it conforms to certain rules
assertEquals( "wrong content",
TextUtil.normalizePostData( text ),
m_engine.getText( name ) );
m_engine.saveText( name, "" );
assertEquals( "wrong content",
TextUtil.normalizePostData( "" ),
m_engine.getText( name ) );
}
}
| 12,237 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.