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# Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier
## Vicar-General of Quebec {#vicar_general_of_quebec}
Before Saint-Vallier arrived in Quebec in 1685, Laval appointed him as vicar general, placing him in charge of the diocese. Since Pope Innocent XI was feuding with Louis XIV, the pope would not allow Saint-Vallier\'s consecration as bishop. Laval remained in France.
Saint-Vallier\'s first stay in New France lasted 18 months. Soon after arriving, he visited parishes in Quebec City, then traveled by boat to parishes down the St. Lawrence River to Montreal. He then undertook an arduous, 750 km trip overland to Acadia. During his travels, Saint-Vallier preached to European settlers and the First Nations tribes. In 1686, Saint-Vallier planned a visit to the French communities on the Great Lakes, but did not make the trip.
Like many dioceses in the Americas, the Diocese of Quebec contained many priests of religious orders who were there to evangelize the First Nations peoples. The religious orders in New France included the Missions Étrangères of Paris, the Jesuits and the Recollets. These religious priests frequently collaborated with religious sisters from the Congrégation de Notre-Dame or the Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Mercy of Jesus at l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. The religious priests were primarily governed by their orders and frequently clashed with bishops over matters of jurisdiction.
While the clergy in Quebec admired Saint-Vallier for his passion and energy, he quickly alienated them with his autocratic managerial style. He was also a lavish spender. While serving as vicar general, he left the Seminary of Quebec, founded by Laval, 10,000 livres in debt. Saint-Vallier led an austere lifestyle and believed that too many clergy were leading comfortable lives. He also objected to the sale of alcohol to the First Nations peoples, which was a profitable business for the merchants in New France and their church allies. Saint-Vallier was also a heavy spender of diocesan funds. While serving as vicar general, he left the Seminary of Quebec, founded by Laval, 10,000 livres in debt.
Feeling threatened by Saint-Vallier, the superiors of the Seminary wrote a letter to Laval in France. They complained that Saint-Vallier was acting like a tyrant and was an unsuitable choice for bishop. Still bishop of Quebec, Laval in 1687 ordered Saint-Vallier give up his post as vicar-general and return to France.
After arriving in Paris, Saint-Vallier went to Louis XIV. The king reiterated that Saint-Vallier would be the next bishop of Quebec and then banned Laval from returning there. Disappointed and angry, Laval now viewed Saint-Vallier as a manipulative traitor. He would later work to undermine him. That same year, Innocent XI finally allowed Saint-Vallier to be consecrated as bishop of Quebec. The ceremony took place at Saint-Sulpice Church in Paris on January 25, 1688. As a conciliatory gesture to Laval, Saint-Vallier asked Louis XIV to rescind his banishment from New France. Laval immediately left for Quebec. Saint-Vallier remained in France until the summer of 1688.
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# Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier
## Bishop of Quebec {#bishop_of_quebec}
### 1688 to 1691 New France {#to_1691_new_france}
When Saint-Vallier arrived back in New France, he discovered that Laval, in his absence, had established the Seminary of Quebec as its own religious order. Since three-quarters of the priests in Quebec now belonged to the Seminary, they were no longer under Saint-Vallier\'s jurisdiction as bishop. An infuriated Saint-Vallier demanded that the Seminary submit to his authority as bishop. The superiors, backed by Laval, refused.
> \"Mgr de Saint-Vallier worked on establishing more strict and clear pastoral norms \[...\] the directives that he fixed throughout his episcopate concentrate mainly on the administration of the sacraments, especially the sacrament of penitence, and on the preaching\"
### 1691 France
In 1691, Saint-Vallier went to Paris to resolve the conflict with the Seminary of Quebec. Louis XIV appointed Archbishop François de Harlay de Champvallon of Paris and Reverend François de la Chaise, his private confessor, to serve as arbitrators. Saint-Vallier accused the Seminary of attempting to circumvent his authority. The Seminary accused him of being tyrannical and harboring sympathies for Jansenism. The arbitrators ruled in favor of Saint-Vallier and placed the Seminary under his direct control. He then returned to Quebec.
### 1691 to 1694 New France {#to_1694_new_france}
One of Saint-Vallier\'s main projects as bishop was the establishment of the *Hôpital général de Québec* (General Hospital of Quebec) in Quebec City in 1692. He had just acquired the Friary of Our Lady of the Angels (*Notre-Dame-des-Anges*) from the Recollects, who then relocated to the Place d\'Armes in Quebec City. Saint-Vallier converted the friary building into a hospital for the poor.
In 1693, Saint-Vallier requested that the Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Mercy of Jesus, who had founded the *Hôtel-Dieu de Québec,* send some of its sisters to run the *Hôpital général de Québec*. Saint-Vallier opened the first synod in New France in March 1664.
On May 10, 1664, Saint-Vallier became embroiled in a conflict with Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac over a prie-dieu, or prayer desk. This dispute occurred before an ordination ceremony at a church operated by the Recollet Order in Montreal. When Saint-Vallier entered the church, he found Frontenac\'s prie-dieu to be in a better spot than his own. The Recollect superior then moved it. When Frontenac\'s aides arrived, they moved his prie-dieu back to its original position. Saint-Vallier got angry and tried to force Frontenac to sit elsewhere; he refused and left the church.
The next day, Saint-Vallier ordered the Recollets to remove all the pre-dieus from the church. When Frontenac\'s soldiers put his back in the church, Saint-Vallier placed the church under interdict and closed it. After two months of interdict, the Recollets reopened the church. In retaliation, Saint-Vallier placed every religious priest in Montreal under interdict.
That same Frontenac announced plans to stage the Molière play *Tartuffe* in Quebec City. Saint-Vallier objected to the play, a farce that satirized excessive religious piety. The production was canceled.
Saint-Vallier in 1694 told the Congrégation de Notre-Dame religious order that they should combine with the Ursulines. However, the Congregation leadership refused. Saint-Vallier then present them with the *Constitutions*, a set of rules he wanted them to follow. The order was uncloistered, meaning that the religious sisters were active in teaching and nursing. The Constitutions restricted the sisters to a cloistered lifestyle under the bishop\'s control. The *Constitutions* also required dowry payments from the sisters and sworn obedience to the bishop.
### 1694 to 1697 France {#to_1697_france}
By the end of 1694, Louis XIV was receiving numerous complaints about Saint-Vallier from New France. The Seminary of Quebec, the religious orders, the civil authorities were all unhappy with his actions. The king then ordered Saint-Vallier to meet with him in Paris. During this meeting, Louis XIV asked Saint-Vallier to resign as bishop of Quebec, which he refused to do. Lacking any grounds on which to remove him a bishop, the king instead barred Saint-Vallier from returning to Quebec.
The Congrégation de Notre-Dame superiors in 1695 sent their objections to *Constitutions* to Saint-Vallier in France. Chastened by his meeting with Louis XIV, Saint-Valliers became more receptive to rule changes. In October 1695, the Council of State in Paris overruled the interdicts that he had placed on the religious priests in Montreal the previous year.
Three years later, in 1697, Saint-Vallier begged Louis XIV to change his mind, promising to be more prudent and moderate in his administration of the diocese. The king allowed him to travel back to Quebec.
### 1697 to 1700 New France {#to_1700_new_france}
After returning to Quebec, Saint-Vallier in 1697 built a palace, or residence, in Quebec for his clergy and as a place of hospitality. During the same year, he also established a monastery for religious sisters in Trois-Rivières, Quebec.
Saint-Vallier soon became embroiled in another major dispute. In 1698, the Seminary of Quebec requested permission from Saint-Vallier to send a mission to a village of the Tamaroa tribe in the Illinois colony. Seeking to improve his relationship with the Seminary, he agreed to the mission. The Jesuits strongly objected to the Seminary mission. They considered the Illinois colony to be part of their sphere of influence for evangelizing the Native American tribes and that included the Tamaroas.
This was not the only dispute that the Jesuits had with Saint-Vallier. He had forced them to close the primary school that they ran in their college and took over Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, a Jesuit church in the Saguenay Valley of Quebec. Saint-Vallier had also accused the Jesuits of teaching probabilism. In 1700, the Jesuits sent their grievances about Saint-Vallier to Louis XIV.
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# Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier
## Bishop of Quebec {#bishop_of_quebec}
### 1700 to 1704 France {#to_1704_france}
In 1700, Saint-Vallier again traveled to France, to defend himself this time against the Jesuit complaints. Louis XIV upheld the Seminary of Quebec mission to Illinois. However, to placate the Jesuits, the king again forced Saint-Vallier, still bishop of Quebec, to remain in France.
A new dispute with the Jesuits broke out in 1702. At that time, the Jesuits and the priests of the Missions Étrangères were competing for the right to evangelize the Native Americans in Louisiana. To ensure their rights, they wanted Saint-Vallier, whose diocese included Louisiana, to appoint a Jesuit vicar general for that area. Saint-Vallier adamantly refused. The Jesuits decided to abandon their initiative there.
While in France, Saint Vallier published three written works; *Catechism* in 1702, *Ritual* in 1703, and *Statuts, ordonnances et lettres pastorales de Monseigneur de Saint-Valier* in 1703. Reverend Martin Bouvert, the Jesuit superior in New France, attacked the books as heretical, labeling them as a \"\...lapse into Arianism, Pelagianism, Jansenism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism\". These attacks were particularly troubling to Saint-Vallier because Jansenism opposed to absolutism, It could be seen that Saint-Vallier was challenging the authority of Louis XIV, an absolute monarch.
Saint-Vallier asked the Sorbonne University in Paris to examine his three writings for heresy. The doctors of the Faculty of Theology declared *Ritual* and the *Catechism* to be perfectly orthodox. They then censured Bouvart for making these allegations against Saint-Vallier.
### 1704 to 1709 England {#to_1709_england}
In 1704, Saint-Vallier sailed from La Rochelle, France to Quebec. At this time, France was at war with Great Britain in the War of the Spanish Succession. While Saint-Vallier\'s ship was passing through the Azores, it was captured by an English vessel and brought to England. The English placed Saint-Vallier under house arrest.
In return for Saint-Vallier\'s release, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, wanted the French to release the Baron de Méan, the dean of the Liège Cathedral in the Southern Netherlands. Louis XIV was reluctant to release de Méan as he was a key British ally. In addition, many of the king\'s advisors were glad to be rid of Saint-Vallier and all the problems he caused. During his four years in English captivity, Saint-Vallier\'s health gradually deteriorated.
### 1709 to 1713 France {#to_1713_france}
In 1709, Louis XIV finally agreed to the prisoner exchange and the English released Saint-Vallier. However, not wanting more conflicts in New France, the king again denied him permission to return to Quebec.
Conditions in New France soon changed Louis XIV\'s decision. After the death of Laval in 1708, the Diocese of Quebec was left without a bishop who could ordain clergy. Their ranks had been decimated by illness and the Catholic church was in decline throughout New France. After a near-fatal illness in 1711, Saint-Vallier re-edited in 1713 *Ritual* so as to cast away all doubts about his pretended Jansenist ideas. This book remained in use in the parishes until the middle of the 19th century.
Saint-Vallier wrote to Louis XIV about the dire state of the Catholic Church in the diocese and begged permission to return there. The king finally acquiesced in 1713.
### 1713 to 1727 New France {#to_1727_new_france}
In 1713, after 13 years in France and England, Saint-Vallier finally returned to Quebec. Now age 60 and in frail health, Saint-Vallier had no wish to precipitate any more quarrels with the civil and church authorities in New France. He gave up residence in the bishop\'s palace and moved into a room in the *Hôpital général de Québec.*
During the winter of 1713 to 1714, Saint-Vallier thought that he was going to die. During the upcoming years, Saint-Vallier made efforts to reconcile with the Jesuits and the other religious orders in New France. However, many of the parish priest resented his continued admonitions about living a simple life. Saint-Vallier continued to preach morality, condemn alcohol consumption and trading, and set up new parishes in the colonies.
When Governor Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil tried to infringe on the rights of the Catholic hierarchy, Saint-Vellier strongly opposed him. After Rigaud died in 1725, Saint-Vallier refused to allow churches to ring their bells.
During his later years, Saint-Vallier became increasing ascetic. He sold his possessions, including his shoes and bed. He fasted twice a week. Every day, he would hold a service at the hospital for the patients and visit them in the wards. As Timothy Pearson explained in *Becoming holy in early Canada*: \"Charity, both the love one bore for God and the public acts of altruistic gift-giving \[...\] became the prominent trope of holiness after 1650\".
### Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Saint-Vallier died on December 26, 1727, in the Hôpital Général in Quebec City. His last words were: \"Forget me, but do not forget my poor\"
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# The Wraith: Remix Albums
***The Wraith: Remix Albums*** is a remix album by American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. Released in 2006, the album contains remixes of tracks from the group\'s albums *The Wraith: Shangri-La* (2002) and *Hell\'s Pit* (2004). The album opened at #158 on the *Billboard* 200, and peaked at #9 on the Top Independent Albums chart. It is the group\'s 7th compilation album, and their 22nd overall release.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### *Shangri-La* {#shangri_la}
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| \# | Title | Time | Performer(s) | Producer(s) |
+:==:+:============================:+:====:+:===================:+:===========================:+
| 1 | \"Walk into thy Light\" | 4:22 | Violent J\ | Mike E. Clark |
| | | | Shaggy 2 Dope | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 2 | \"Welcome to Thy Show\" | 3:19 | ICP\ | Kuma |
| | | | Razorblade Twins | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 3 | \"Get Ya Wicked On\" | 2:25 | ICP | Wolfpac |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 4 | \"Murder Rap\" | 3:05 | ICP | Filthee Immigrants |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 5 | \"Birthday Bitches\" | 1:44 | ICP\ | Kuma |
| | | | Anybody Killa\ | |
| | | | Razorblade Twins | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 6 | \"Blaaam | !\" | 4:03 | ICP\ |
| | | | | Erik Gustafson |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 7 | \"It Rains Diamonds\" | 5:18 | ICP\ | Kuma |
| | | | Anybody Killa\ | |
| | | | Jumpsteady\ | |
| | | | Razorblade Twins | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| | \"Bitch Slappaz\" | | ICP\ | Kuma |
| | | | Blaze Ya Dead Homie | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 8 | \"Thy Staleness\" | 3:59 | ICP | Fritz \"the Cat\" Van Kosky |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 9 | \"Hell\'s Forecast\" | 4:09 | ICP\ | Mike E. Clark |
| | | | Twiztid\ | |
| | | | Anybody Killa | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 10 | \"Juggalo Homies\" | 3:39 | ICP\ | Mike E. Clark |
| | | | Twiztid | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 11 | \"We Belong\" | 2:53 | ICP | Kottonmouth Kings |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 12 | \"Cotton Candy & Popsicles\" | 4:11 | ICP | Filthee Immigrants |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 13 | \"Crossing Thy Bridge\" | 4:49 | ICP\ | Kuma |
| | | | Razorblade Twins | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 14 | \"Thy Raven\'s Mirror\" | 3:22 | ICP | Fritz \"the Cat\" Van Kosky |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 15 | \"Thy Wraith\" | 3:49 | ICP\ | Tino Gross |
| | | | Erik Gustafson | |
+----+------------------------------+------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
### *Hell\'s Pit* {#hells_pit}
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| \# | Title | Time | Performers | Producer(s) |
+:==:+:==========================:+:====:+:==========:+:===========================:+
| 1 | \"Walk into the Darkness\" | 4:39 | ICP | Mike E. Clark |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 2 | \"Suicide Hotline\" | 3:05 | ICP | Monoxide |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 3 | \"C.P.K.\'s\" | 3:11 | ICP | Mike E. Clark |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 4 | \"Truly Alone\" | 3:38 | ICP | Kuma |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 5 | \"Everyday I Die\" | 3:16 | ICP | Mike E. Clark |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 6 | \"The Witch\" | 3:27 | ICP | Tech N9ne\ |
| | | | | Seven\ |
| | | | | Robert Rebeck |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 7 | \"Bowling Balls\" | 3:21 | ICP | Monoxide |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 8 | \"24\" | 2:16 | ICP | DJ Clay |
+----+----------------------------+------+------------+-----------------------------+
| 9 | \"Burning Up\" | 3:56 | ICP | Mike E
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# Vestalia
**Vestalia** was a Roman religious festival in honor of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and the burning continuation of the sacred fire of Rome. It was held from 7--15 June, and was reserved as a women\'s-only event.
Domestic and family life in general were represented by the festival of the goddess of the house and of the spirits of the storechamber --- Vesta and the Penates --- on *Vestalia*. On the first day of festivities the *penus Vestae* (*sanctum sanctorum* of the temple of Vesta which was usually curtained off) was opened, for the only time during the year, at which women offered sacrifices. As long as the curtain remained open, mothers could come, barefoot and disheveled, to leave offerings to the goddess in exchange for a blessing to them and their family.
The animal consecrated to Vesta, the donkey, was crowned with garlands of flowers and bits of bread on 9 June. Ovid says that donkeys were adorned with necklaces of bread-bits in memory of the myth where Vesta is nearly violated by Priapus. In that myth, it is the untimely bray of a donkey that startles Priapus and causes him to flee. Before that, he says donkeys were honored on 9 June in thanks for the services they provided in the bakeries.
The final day, 15 June, was *Quando Stercum Delatum Fas* \[\"once the dung has been removed, lawcourt business is permitted\"\]. The *penus Vestae* was solemnly closed, the *Flaminica Dialis* observed mourning, and the temple was subjected to a purification called *stercoratio*: the filth was swept from the temple and carried next by the route called *clivus Capitolinus* and then into the Tiber.
The military *Feriale Duranum* of AD 224 records the first day of *Vestalia* as *Vesta `{{not a typo|apperit[ur]}}`{=mediawiki}* and the last day as *Vesta cluditur*
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# 1746 English cricket season
The **1746 English cricket season** was the third season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
## Matches
Details of 12 matches between significant teams are recorded. The crowd at the Surrey and Kent versus Addington and Bromley match on 7 July was reported as \"nearly ten thousand\".
- 12 May -- Bromley v Addington -- Bromley Common
- 19 May -- Addington v Bromley -- Artillery Ground
- 9 June -- Addington & Lingfield v London & Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 23 June -- Kent v Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 2 July -- London v Westminster -- Artillery Ground
- 7 July -- Kent & Surrey v Addington & Bromley -- Duppas Hill, Croydon
- 14 July -- Addington & Bromley v Kent & Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 30 July -- London v Edmonton -- Artillery Ground
- 2 August -- Kent v England -- Bromley Common
- 4 August -- England v Kent -- Artillery Ground
- 25 August -- London v Edmonton -- Artillery Ground
- 1 September -- Chislehurst & London v Addington -- Artillery Ground
### Single wicket {#single_wicket}
A four-a-side match was played at the Artillery Ground on 21 July between Four Millers of Bray Mills in Berkshire and Four Best Players of Addington and on 6 August a three-a-side match was played on the same ground between \"six players esteemed the best in England\". The teams were Robert Colchin, John Bryant (both Bromley) and Joe Harris (Addington) playing against Stephen Dingate (Surrey), Val Romney (Sevenoaks) and Richard Newland (Slindon). Dingate\'s team won the match over which hundreds of pounds were wagered
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# 1747 English cricket season
The **1747 English cricket season** was the fourth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
## Matches
Details of 14 matches between significant teams have survived.
- 13 May -- Addington & Croydon v Deptford & Greenwich -- Duppas Hill, Croydon
- 29 May and 9 June -- Addington & Croydon v London -- Duppas Hill, Croydon
- 1--2 June -- London v Addington & Croydon -- Artillery Ground
- 12 June -- Dartford v London -- Dartford Brent
- 15 June -- London v Addington & Croydon -- Artillery Ground
- 29 June -- London v Dartford -- Artillery Ground
- 2 July -- Dartford v Hadlow -- Dartford Brent
- 9 July -- Long Robin\'s XI v William Hodsoll\'s XI -- Artillery Ground
- 28 July -- Tom Faulkner\'s XI v John Bowra\'s XI -- Kennington Common
- 17 August -- London v Bromley & Ripley -- Artillery Ground
- 20 August -- Bromley & Ripley v London -- Ripley Green
- 24 August -- London v Hadlow -- Artillery Ground
- 31 August -- England XI v Kent -- Artillery Ground
- 2 September -- Kent v England XI -- Bromley Common
The two games between Kent and England were due to be played at Bromley Common on 29 June and at the Artillery Ground on 1 July, but the source reports that both matches \"are deferred on account of the gentlemen subscribers being engaged at several Elections\", referring to the Parliamentary Election of 1747.
### Single wicket matches {#single_wicket_matches}
A single wicket cricket match between five players of Slindon against five of Dartford at the Artillery Ground on 6 July was the result of a challenge by Slindon, published in the *Daily Advertiser* on 29 June, to play \"five of any parish in England, for their own Sum\". The announcement advised interested parties: \"If it is accepted of by any, they are desir\'d to go to Mr Smith, who has Orders to make Stakes for them\". Matches followed against Bromley on 8 July and Hadlow on 10 and 15 July at the same ground. Another game resulting from Slindon\'s five-a-side challenge. Details unknown.
In early August, two single wicket matches at the Artillery Ground which were organised by the 2nd Duke of Richmond and on 5 September a three-a-side game took place, again at the Artillery Ground, between teams led by Robert Colchin and Stephen Dingate.
## Other events {#other_events}
According to Rowland Bowen, cricket was first played in New York this year. This is, however, doubted by Ian Maun, who states that \"no contemporary record of cricket in New York is known before 1751\"
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# 1748 English cricket season
The **1748 English cricket season** was the fifth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six significant eleven-a-side and 18 single wicket matches. 1748 was the halcyon season of single wicket, perhaps never so popular before or since.
## Matches
Six matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.
- 10 June -- Kent v England XI -- Dartford Brent
- 13 June -- England XI v Kent -- Artillery Ground
- 14 June -- Lambeth v London -- Peckham Rye Common
- 18 July -- London v Croydon -- Artillery Ground
- 15 August -- London v Deptford & Greenwich -- Artillery Ground
- 23 August -- Deptford & Greenwich v London -- Upper Fountain, Deptford
### Single wicket matches {#single_wicket_matches}
A total of 18 significant single wicket matches are known to have taken place during 1748.
## First mentions {#first_mentions}
### Clubs and teams {#clubs_and_teams}
- The Rest -- earliest known use of this name by a team in a single wicket match on 6 June. The team was made up of Stephen Dingate, Little Bennett, Maynard, Collins and Thomas Waymark. The other team involved in the match was Addington
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# 1749 English cricket season
The **1749 English cricket season** was the sixth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
## Matches
Seven eleven-a-side matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.
- 26 May -- London & Bromley & Chislehurst v Addington -- Artillery Ground
- June -- Hastings v Pevensey -- not known
- 2 June -- England XI v Surrey -- Dartford Brent
- 5 June -- England XI v Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 21 June -- London v Richmond & Ripley -- Artillery Ground
- 26 June -- Long Robin\'s XI v Stephen Dingate\'s XI -- Artillery Ground
- 14 August -- London v Bearsted -- Artillery Ground
### Single wicket matches {#single_wicket_matches}
A series of three single wicket cricket matches took place between teams of five playing for England against Addington. The matches resulted from a challenge by the Addington players to meet any other five in England, with Addington considered the favourites to win. Addington won only one of the matches
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# 1750 English cricket season
The **1750 English cricket season** was the seventh season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six eleven-a-side matches between significant teams, including three inter-county matches played between Kent and Surrey.
## Matches
Six eleven-a-side matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.
- 18 June -- Two Elevens -- Artillery Ground
- 6 July -- Kent v Surrey -- Dartford Brent
- 9 July -- Kent v Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 17 July -- Dartford v Addington -- Dartford Brent
- 9 July -- Kent v Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 8 August -- London v Hampton -- Artillery Ground
### Single wicket matches {#single_wicket_matches}
A series of three single wicket cricket matches were played during September between teams led by Stephen Dingate and Tom Faulkner at the Artillery Ground in London. Faulkner\'s side won two of the matches with the other match ending in a tie.
## Other events {#other_events}
A military match at Perth is the first known reference to cricket being played in Scotland.
Leading player Robert Colchin died at Deptford in April, probably of smallpox and in August Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond died at Godalming. Lennox was one of the leading patrons of cricket at the time, in particular of Slindon Cricket Club and Sussex teams
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# George Horne Russell
**George Horne Russell** (or **G. Horne Russell** by which he was known) `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|RCA|size=100%}}`{=mediawiki} (April 18, 1861 -- June 25, 1933) was a Scottish-born Canadian painter.
## Career
Born in Banff, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, he studied at the Aberdeen School of Art and the South Kensington School of Art. He came to Canada in 1889 on invitation, settling in Montreal where he established a studio and painted portraits of many noted and well-to-do Canadians. By 1900 he was painting large scenes of the Rockies for the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was a close friend of Sir William Van Horne. It was probably Van Horne along with other wealthy Montrealers who vacationed annually at St. Andrews, N.B., who persuaded Russell to locate a summer home and studio there.
In 1926 in Montreal he held his first solo show at the Watson Art Gallery. He was considered a major maritime painter. His work is included in the following collections: National Gallery of Canada; the Glenbow-Alberta Institute; the Art Gallery of Ontario, and in many other public and private collections, including the Canadian Club, New York. From 1922 to 1926, he was the president of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
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# Laser Chess
***Laser Chess*** is a two-player, strategy video game modeled as a board game with chess-like pieces, most of which have mirrored surfaces, and one of which is a laser cannon. *Laser Chess* first appeared in *Compute!\'s Atari ST Disk & Magazine* in 1987, written in Modula-2, winning the \$5,000 first prize in the magazine\'s programming competition.
Ports written in BASIC and machine language were published in the June 1987 issue of *Compute!* for the Amiga, Commodore 64, Apple II, and Atari 8-bit computers as type-in programs. *Laser Chess* has been re-implemented many times, including a variant *Advanced Laser Chess* with a larger board and additional pieces, or the new variant *LASER CHESS: Deflection* with a level editor and more pieces like portals available on Steam.
## Gameplay
Players alternate turns taking two actions with their pieces. An action consists of moving a piece vertically or laterally, rotating a piece 90 degrees, or firing the laser cannon. One piece can teleport pieces that it lands on.
Moving a distance of one square takes one action; moving two squares takes two actions. Since a player has only two actions per turn, the maximum distance a piece can be moved on one turn is two squares. Pieces can be moved forward, backward, left, or right, but not diagonally. However, a player can effectively move a piece diagonally by using two actions---for example, forward and right.
The player can elect to fire the laser cannon. Firing the laser cannon takes only one action, but can be done only once per turn. Therefore, a player may want to use the first action in a turn to aim the laser, rotate a reflecting piece to set up a reflected shot, or move another piece into position. Laser beams are absorbed if they hit the edge of the board.
The laser will bounce off any mirrored piece, so both a player\'s own and the opponent\'s pieces may be used to set up a shot. Since a player is focused on creating a path from that player\'s laser cannon to a target of interest, the player must be aware that a return path is also created for the opponent at the same time.
Some mirrored pieces can be destroyed by aiming the beam at one of their non-reflective sides, and others will simply absorb the beam harmlessly. Each player also has a beam splitter.
## Legacy
In an MS-DOS re-implementation by Peter Venable (1994), the pieces move like normal chess pieces on a 9x9 board, with the laser moving like a king, and a turn consists of making any number of rotations to one\'s pieces followed by either playing a chess move or firing the laser
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# Whitgift, East Riding of Yorkshire
**Whitgift** is a small linear village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Twin Rivers, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England approximately 4 mi east of Goole. It is located alongside the River Ouse and north of the A161 road between Goole and Scunthorpe. Ousefleet and Reedness are to the east and west respectively. Historically Whitgift was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1961 the parish had a population of 191.
## Features
There was for many years a Whitgift ferry, which may originally have predated the village. Between November 1606 and February 1607, a persistent cold weather spell froze the River Ouse, and the ferry could not operate. However, records indicate that \".. men, women and children, horses and wagons loaded went on ye water at Ouse here at Whitgift ferrie and son continued until ye xiiii day of Februarie\...\".
### Church
*Main article: Church of St Mary Magdalene, Whitgift* The Church of Mary Magdalene (on the Whitgift side of the border between Whitgift and Reedness) dates from 1304 (replacing an earlier building, 11th--12th century or earlier). It has a famous clock with an unusual feature: instead of 12 (XII in Roman numerals) it has a 13 (XIII). Reasons vary, but local rumour relates that it may be due to the church being adjacent to a pub (now closed) at which the painter imbibed before completing the job. The church was designated a Grade I listed building in 1967 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.
### Hall
Whitgift is also notable for Whitgift Hall, a grade II\* listed Georgian manor house built in 1704 by a family called Stephenson. Since it was built, it has undergone significant change. For example, bay windows were added and the current owners have a caravan site and fishing pond.
### Lighthouse
Whitgift lighthouse was erected just north of the village in the late 19th century, for the Aire and Calder Navigation: a five-storey cream-painted tower with a stone base, it stands 46 ft high. It remains operational, a waymark for ships travelling to and from Goole docks, and is Grade II listed.
### Other
Other features include a Methodist chapel, but Whitgift mainly consists of a sparse strip of houses spread out over its length bounded by the River Ouse to the north and fields to the south looking towards Eastoft.
## History
The place-name \'Whitgift\' is first attested in a Yorkshire charter of circa 1080, where it appears as *Witegift*, and in a charter of 1232 where it appears as *Whitegift*. The name is thought to mean \'Hviti\'s or Hwita\'s gift\'.
Whitgift was previously part of the Goole Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1894 to 1974, then in Boothferry district of Humberside until 1996.
On 1 April 1983 the civil parish was abolished to form Twin Rivers
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# Hatch Auditorium
**Hatch Auditorium** is a facility of the North Carolina Baptist Assembly at Fort Caswell. The auditorium is situated next to the old Fort Caswell and faces the parade ground. Construction of the auditorium was made possible by a gift from Rachel E. Hatch upon her death in October 1966. Her estate, which included 1500 acre in Duplin County, was valued at \$200,000. Hatch was an Episcopalian who is quoted as saying, \"The Baptists have their hand on the pulse of humanity and seek to touch the needs of the people.\"
Ground was broken in the fall of 1967, and the auditorium was dedicated on July 17, 1968, with a trumpet fanfare and singing. Total cost of the auditorium was \$400,000.
## Layout
The auditorium consists of the main floor, an upstairs and downstairs front lobby, a balcony, and two classrooms behind the stage. In the original building, two rooms opposite each other in the upstairs lobby served as a kitchen and sitting room. Those rooms now serve as utility and storage.
The main floor and balcony accommodate approximately 1,000 people in pew seating. To the rear and center of the balcony there is a sound booth with an excellent view of the stage. The stage itself is surprisingly large and it is currently rumored that it may be shortened in an effort to add more seating. The classrooms are known as \"Hatch A,\" located just behind stage left, and \"Hatch B\" which is behind stage right. To each side of the stage there are double doors leading into side exit lobby areas. These lobbies also have the entrances to the classrooms and directly to the stage itself.
The downstairs lobby of Hatch has two of the auditorium\'s restrooms (the other two are located in the rear hallway which connects the two classrooms) and they face each other on the left and right sides next to the entrances to the main floor. On the wall between the entrances hangs a portrait of Rachel Hatch.
## Features
The exterior of the building was originally designed to reflect its wooden interior and was brown. It wasn\'t until the campus was completely standardized to its now familiar blue/gray tones that Hatch was repainted. The front upstairs and downstairs lobbies are, essentially, one room with two staircases leading up. One of the most remarkable features of the building is its glass facade which stretches over both floors. Inside the auditorium itself, the rafters are painted brown and wood is the dominante design texture. The curved back wall of the auditorium features an intricate pattern of small beams which also work to disguise the built in organ speakers. These speakers appear to be a part of the wall itself. Also the back wall there is a large, brass cross mounted high above the stage.
The facility was recently (2006) upgraded in the sound and lights department with over 20 new lights mounted, a new lightboard, a new speaker system, and a digital soundboard
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# Victor Ernest Shelford
**Victor Ernest Shelford** (September 22, 1877 -- December 27, 1968) was an American zoologist and animal ecologist who helped to establish ecology as a distinct field of study. He was the first president of the Ecological Society of America in 1915, and helped found the Nature Conservancy in the 1940s. Shelford\'s early visits to and study of Volo Bog in Northern Illinois helped establish its ecological significance. Volo Bog became the first purchase of the Illinois Nature Conservancy.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Shelford was born in Chemung, New York, the eldest son of Alexander Hamilton Shelford and Sarah Ellen Rumsey Shelford. After ten years of schooling, he taught at public schools in Chemung County, New York in 1894. He attended Cortland Normal and Training School for two years and took a teaching certificate, and returned to teaching at public schools from 1897 to 1899. From 1899 to 1901 he attended West Virginia University, where he was influenced by his uncle William E. Rumsey, the assistant state entomologist. In 1901, West Virginia University\'s president, Jerome H. Raymond, accepted a professorship at the University of Chicago, where he secured a scholarship for Shelford, who soon transferred. Here he took a position as associate and instructor in zoology from 1903 to 1914. Much of his early work was greatly influenced by Henry C. Cowles. Shelford wrote his doctoral thesis on \"Tiger Beetles of Sand Dunes,\" which described the relation between beetle populations and vegetational succession, a topic of interest to Cowles. He completed his paper in 1907 and received a Ph.D. on June 11 of the same year. The next day he married Mary Mabel Brown, with whom he had two children.
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# Victor Ernest Shelford
## Early career {#early_career}
His thesis work led him to five further publications on \"Ecological Succession,\" which were published in the *Biological Bulletin* in 1911 and 1912. By 1913 he published one of his great works on ecology, *Animal Communities in Temperate America*. He took a position for the University of Illinois, where he ended up spending most of his career, in 1914 as an assistant and associate professor of zoology. From then he helped organize the Ecological Society of America (ESA), and became its first president in 1916. He edited and helped compile *Naturalist\'s Guide to the Americas*, a 761-page volume published in 1926 that served as an inventory of preserved natural areas and areas in need of protection, for the ESA. This helped him with his later work, *The Ecology of North America* (1963).
By 1927 Shelford was made a full professor in his position at the University of Illinois. He also was interested in experimental research in both the field and the laboratory. In 1929 he had published *Laboratory and Field Ecology*, which served as a method book for research in animal ecology. Shelford was known to travel into the field every summer to conduct research. He initiated the \"century-cycle\" project in 1933 at the University of Illinois\' William Trelease Woods, which was used to study the relation between vertebrate and invertebrate populations with environmental factors. The first fifteen years of data collected from this project was published in 1951 in *Ecological Monographs*. Shelford was the biologist in charge for the Illinois Natural History Survey at their research laboratories from 1914 to 1929. He had also been director of marine ecology at the Puget Sound Biological Station during alternate summers from 1914 to 1930. Some of his work from this time was published in 1935 in *Ecological Monographs*.
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# Victor Ernest Shelford
## Later life and work {#later_life_and_work}
Much of Shelford\'s work was on terrestrial ecology, but he also did much aquatic research. Some of his publication in *Ecology* were studies from locations such as stream communities (1929), bottom communities in western Lake Erie (1942), analysis of tundra communities (1935), and of Mississippi floodplains (1954). He published a work in 1939 in *Bio-Ecology* in collaboration with Frederic E. Clements which attempted to integrate animal, plant, and aquatic ecologies as part of an ideal community. He left the University of Illinois in 1946, but the same year he founded the Ecologist\'s Union, an organization which promoted the need to preserve entire ecological communities as part of nature conservation. The Union was founded in response to the ESA deciding it would be inappropriate for a scientific society to take a political stance. In 1950 The Ecologist\'s Union changed its name to The Nature Conservancy, which became a leading national organization for protecting natural areas.
Shelford\'s work with Clements helped to begin to develop the idea of biomes by characterizing them through flora and fauna. His next work took this further. Representing his last major work, *The Ecology of North America* (1963) brought Shelford throughout North America in his research. In 1968, he received the Eminent Ecologist Award of the Ecological Society of America for his lifelong contributions to the field of ecology.
He also chaired numerous committees, including the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society from 1917 to 1938, and the National Research Council Committee on Grasslands from 1932 to 1939. In addition, he founded the Grassland Research Foundation in 1939, which he presided over in 1958, and served as chairman of their scientific advisory board from 1959 to 1968. He died in Urbana, Illinois
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# Hugh Primas
**Hugh Primas of Orléans** was a Latin lyric poet of the 12th century, a scholar from Orléans who was jokingly called *Primas*, \"the Primate\", by his friends at the University of Paris. He was probably born in the 1090s and may have died about 1160. Along with his younger contemporary known as the Archpoet, he marks the opening of a new period in Latin literature.
## Biography
The earliest and best-known source for Hugh Primas\'s life is in a passage added to the text of the *Chronica* of Richard of Poitiers for the year 1142:
.\'\'}}
Hugh is also mentioned in the *Chronicle* by Francesco Pippino, and he may be \"Primasso\", the subject of a story in Boccaccio\'s *Decameron* (1.7).
Other medieval writers say very little about his life: they knew \"Primas\" for his poems. Yet they rarely quoted them under his name. Modern scholars were therefore able to attribute no work to Hugh Primas until Wilhelm Meyer observed, in 1906, that one poem actually contains the name \"Primas\". Meyer then realised that the Oxford manuscript containing this one poem includes a collection of twenty-two others that are probably by the same author, including another seven containing the internal signature \"Primas\".
The twenty-three poems identified by Meyer, and edited by him in 1907, are now generally accepted as the work of Hugh Primas, though A. G. Rigg has expressed doubts about some attributions
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# Verkhneuralsk
**Verkhneuralsk** (*Верхнеура́льск*) is a town and the administrative center of Verkhneuralsky District in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the upper streams of the Ural River, 230 km southwest of Chelyabinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: `{{ru-census|p2010=9,457|p2002=10,054|p1989=10,893}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
Founded in 1734 as the fortress of **Verkhneyaitskaya** (*Верхнея́ицкая*), it was renamed **Verkhneuralskaya** (*Верхнеура́льская*) after the Yaik River was renamed the Ural. Town status was granted to it in 1781.
## Administrative and municipal status {#administrative_and_municipal_status}
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Verkhneuralsk serves as the administrative center of Verkhneuralsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Verkhneuralsky District as the **Town of Verkhneuralsk**. As a municipal division, the Town of Verkhneuralsk is incorporated within Verkhneuralsky Municipal District as **Verkhneuralskoye Urban Settlement**
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# Reverse Monte Carlo
The **Reverse Monte Carlo** (RMC) modelling method is a variation of the standard Metropolis--Hastings algorithm to solve an inverse problem whereby a model is adjusted until its parameters have the greatest consistency with experimental data. Inverse problems are found in many branches of science and mathematics, but this approach is probably best known for its applications in condensed matter physics and solid state chemistry.
## Applications in condensed matter sciences {#applications_in_condensed_matter_sciences}
### Basic method {#basic_method}
This method is often used in condensed matter sciences to produce atom-based structural models that are consistent with experimental data and subject to a set of constraints.
An initial configuration is constructed by placing `{{math|N}}`{=mediawiki} atoms in a periodic boundary cell, and one or more measurable quantities are calculated based on the current configuration. Commonly used data include the pair distribution function and its Fourier transform, the latter of which is derived directly from neutron or x-ray scattering data (see small-angle neutron scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray diffraction). Other data that are used included Bragg diffraction data for crystalline materials, and EXAFS data. The comparison with experiment is quantified using a function of the form
Σ (y~obs~ − y~calc~)^2^ / σ^2^ }}
where `{{math|<var>y</var><sub>obs</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|<var>y</var><sub>calc</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} are the observed (measured) and calculated quantities respectively, and `{{math|<var>σ</var>}}`{=mediawiki} is a measure of the accuracy of the measurement. The sum is over all independent measurements, which will include the sum over all points in a function such as the pair distribution function.
An iterative procedure is run where one randomly chosen atom is moved a random amount, followed by a new calculation of the measurable quantities. Such a process will cause `{{math|<var>χ</var><sup>2</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} to either increase or decrease in value by an amount `{{math|Δ<var>χ</var><sup>2</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}. The move is accepted with the probability `{{math|min(1, exp(−Δ<var>χ</var><sup>2</sup>/2))}}`{=mediawiki} according to the normal Metropolis--Hastings algorithm, ensuring that moves that give better agreement with experimental data are accepted, and moves that worsen agreement with experimental data can be accepted to a greater or lesser extent corresponding to how much the agreement has worsened. Moreover, the move may also be rejected if it breaks certain constraints, even if the agreement with data is improved. An example would be to reject a move which brings two atoms closer than a preset limit, to prevent overlap or collision between the two atoms.
Following the acceptance/rejection test, the procedure is repeated. As the number of accepted atom moves increases, the calculated quantities will become closer to the experimental values until they reach an equilibrium state. From then onward the RMC algorithm will simply generate a small oscillation in the value of `{{math|<var>χ</var><sup>2</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}. The resulting atomic configuration should be a structure that is consistent with the experimental data within its errors.
### Applications
The RMC method for condensed matter problems was initially developed by McGreevy and Pusztai in 1988, with application to liquid argon (Note that there were earlier independent applications of this approach, for example those of Kaplow et al. and Gerold and Kern; it is, however, the McGreevy and Pusztai implementation that is best known). For several years the primary application was for liquids and amorphous materials, particularly because this provides the only means to obtain structural models from data, whereas crystallography has analysis methods for both single crystal and powder diffraction data. More recently, it has become clear that RMC can provide important information for disordered crystalline materials also.
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# Reverse Monte Carlo
## Issues with the RMC method {#issues_with_the_rmc_method}
The RMC method suffers from a number of potential problems. The most notable problem is that often more than one qualitatively different model will give similar agreement with experimental data. For example, in the case of amorphous silicon, the integral of the first peak in the pair distribution function may imply an average atomic coordination number of 4. This might reflect the fact that all atoms have coordination number of 4, but similarly having half the atoms with coordination number of 3 and half with 5 will also be consistent with this data. Unless a constraint on the coordination number is employed, the RMC method will have no means of generating a unique coordination number and most likely a spread of coordination numbers will result. Using amorphous silicon as an example, Biswas, Atta-Fynn and Drabold were the first to elucidate the importance of including constraints in RMC modeling. Since the RMC method follows the normal rules of statistical mechanics, its final solution will be the one with the highest degree of disorder (entropy) possible. A second problem comes from the fact that without constraints the RMC method will typically have more variables than observables. One result from this will be that the final atomic configuration may have artifacts that arise from the method attempting to fit noise in the data.
One should remark, however, that most applications of the RMC approach today take account of these problems by appropriate use of implicit or explicit constraints. By including appropriate number of constraints, Limbu et al. confirms the effectiveness of RMC as a multi-objective optimization approach to the structural determination of complex materials, and resolves a long-standing dispute concerning the uniqueness of a model of tetrahedral amorphous semiconductors obtained via inversion of diffraction data.
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# Reverse Monte Carlo
## Implementations of the RMC method {#implementations_of_the_rmc_method}
There are five publicly available implementations of the RMC method.
### AtomisticReverseMonteCarlo
AtomisticReverseMonteCarlo is a code to generate bulk crystal structures with target parameters (e.g., atomic systems with specific Warren-Cowley short-range order parameters). It is implemented in python and can be used as an Ovito modifier.
### fullrmc
Fundamental Library Language for Reverse Monte Carlo or fullrmc is a multicore RMC modeling package. fullrmc is a fully object-oriented python interfaced package where every definition can be overloaded allowing easy development, implementation and maintenance of the code. fullrmc\'s computation blocks and modules are optimized written in cython/C. fullrmc is not a standard RMC package but it is rather unique in its approach to solving an atomic or molecular structure. fullrmc supports atomic and molecular systems, all types (not limited to cubic) of periodic boundary conditions systems as well as the so-called infinite boundary conditions to model nanoparticles or isolated systems. fullrmc\'s Engine is defined and used to launch a RMC calculation. By definition, Engine reads only Protein Data Bank (file format) atomic configuration files and handles other definitions and attributes. In fullrmc atoms can be grouped into rigid bodies or semi-rigid bodies called groups so the system can evolve atomically, clusterly, molecularly or any combination of those. Every group can be assigned a different and customizable move generator (translation, rotation, a combination of moves generators, etc.). Groups selection by the fitting engine can also be customizable. Also fullrmc uses Artificial intelligence and Reinforcement learning algorithms to improve the ratio of accepted moves.
### RMCProfile
RMCProfile is a significantly developed version of the original RMC code written by McGreevy and Pusztai. It is written in Fortran 95 with some Fortran 2003 features. It has maintained the ability to model liquids and amorphous materials using the pair distribution function, total scattering and EXAFS data, but also includes the capability of modelling crystalline materials by explicitly using the information contained within the Bragg diffraction data. RMCProfile gives users a range of constraints, including the inclusion of molecular potentials and distance windows, which exploit possibilities afforded by the lack of significant diffusion in crystalline materials. RMCProfile allows simulation of magnetic materials, using the magnetic component of total scattering data, and also allows simulation of materials where atoms are allowed to swap positions (as found in many solid solutions).
### RMC++
RMC++ a rewritten, C++ version of the original RMC code developed by McGreevy and Pusztain. RMC++ is designed specifically for the study of liquids and amorphous materials, using pair distribution function, total scattering and EXAFS data.
### HRMC
Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo (HRMC) is a code capable of fitting both the pair correlation function and structure factor along with bond angle and coordination distributions. Unique to this code is the implementation of a number of empirical interatomic potentials for carbon (EDIP), silicon (EDIP and Stillinger-Weber ) and germanium (Stillinger-Weber). This allows the code to fit experimental data along with minimizing the total system energy.
### EvAX
EvAX is a code to perform RMC simulations of EXAFS spectra for crystalline and nanocrystalline materials to extract information on the local structural and thermal disorder. EvAX fits experimental EXAFS data by minimizing the difference between Morlet wavelet transforms thus taking into account the representation of EXAFS spectra in k- and R-spaces simultaneously. The code accounts all important multiple-scattering paths with user-specified precision and is able to fit a single structure model to a set of EXAFS spectra, acquired at several absorption edges. The evolutionary algorithm is used for optimization allowing more efficient exploration of the possible configuration space with only decent computational resources available. The EvAX code and examples of applications are available from [1](http://www.dragon.lv/evax/)
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# IDEA 2004
The **Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004** (**IDEA 2004**) is a United States law that mandates equity, accountability, and excellence in education for children with disabilities. As of 2018, approximately seven million students enrolled in U.S. schools receive special education services due to a disability.
Signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 3, 2004. It became effective July 1, 2005 with the exception of elements relating to the \"highly qualified teacher\". It authorizes formula grants to states, as well as discretionary grants for research, technology, and training. The latest revision of IDEA became effective in October 2006.
## IDEA 1997 vs. IDEA 2004 {#idea_1997_vs._idea_2004}
Since being signed into law, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) of 1975 has undergone several revisions. It was initially created to assure all children were receiving a free and appropriate public education (FAPE). Updates are made approximately every five years. Changes were authorized in 2004 under the new name of Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA). In 2006, additional changes were made to IDEA as final regulations were released. They required schools to use research based interventions in the process of assisting students with learning difficulties, or determining eligibility for special education. Many schools have implemented Response to Intervention (RTI) as a method of meeting the new requirements set by IDEA 2004.
## Changes to the IEP (Individualized Education Plan) Process {#changes_to_the_iep_individualized_education_plan_process}
1. Content of the IEP -These encompasses annual goals, short term objectives, educational progress, special education and related services, accommodations and alternative assessments, and transitions.
2. IEP meeting attendance - A member of the IEP team may be excused if the team member\'s service will not be discussed at the meeting. This must be approved by the school and the parents.
3. IEPs by agreement
4. Review and revision of IEPs
5. Transition - Clarifies that transition services should begin at age 16, and should include a list of interagency responsibilities with needed resources
6. Alternate means of participating in meetings.
## Changes to Due Process {#changes_to_due_process}
Changes to due process include the following: Procedural Safeguards Notice only needs to be distributed once per year, Parents have two years to exercise due process rights, changes to the due process complaint notice procedure, parents must go through a mandatory resolution session before due process, responsibility for attorney\'s fees and requirements for hearing officers.
## Changes to Student Discipline {#changes_to_student_discipline}
1\. Adds new authority for school staff to determine discipline on a case by case basis
2\. New standards for manifestation determinations where the burden of proof has been shifted to the parents and must prove that the behavior was \"caused by or had direct and substantial relationship to the child\'s disability\", or was a \"direct result of the LEA\'s failure to implement the IEP.\"
3\
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# Jason Gleed
**Jason Gleed** is a Canadian musician, songwriter, and producer.
Originally from Toronto, Gleed graduated as an Ontario Scholar from Crescent School, studied briefly at McMaster University, but left to attend York Mills Collegiate Institute before later enrolling at the University of Toronto\'s science program where he was accepted into Trinity College. He left the program in 1999 to work at the newly formed Grayson Matthews Audio.
He has written music and performed vocals for national ad campaigns for Alltel, McDonald\'s, Coke, Pepsi, ATT, Allel, KFC, Lexus, Chevy, Ford, Toyota, Sears, Daisy Sour Cream, and Hellmann\'s.
He has songs featured in many major motion pictures such as *Jumper, Speed Racer, American Pie Beta House, What Happens in Vegas, Hotel For Dogs, Hamlet 2, Beverly Hills Chihuahua, Alvin and The Chipmunks, Alvin and The Chipmunks: The Squeakquel, Hannah Montana, Sex Drive, Spring Breakdown, Cats and Dogs 2, Star Struck, Big Mommas House 3, Hop, Footloose, The Muppets*, and *The Adjustment Bureau*.
Gleed spent several years touring with multi-Juno award-winning Canadian House DJ/producer Hatiras as vocalist/performer, Jaxon. Together Hatiras and Jaxon were known as the Electro House duo, Hatjak. They released one full-length album.
Jason is sponsored by Sony, and occasionally tours with Sony Creative Software
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# Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero
***Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero**\'\' (known in North America as***Michael Andretti\'s World GP**\'\') is a video game developed by Human Entertainment released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. It starred Japanese Formula One driver Satoru Nakajima, and featured the full sixteen-race schedule of the FIA Formula One World Championship circuit.
In the North American version, Satoru Nakajima was replaced by CART driver Michael Andretti, though Andretti himself would only compete in Formula One in the 1993 season).
*F-1 Hero* was unique in that it deviated from most console racing games of its time. Instead of being an arcade-style driving game (such as *Rad Racer* or *Al Unser Jr.\'s Turbo Racing*), *F-1 Hero* more closely resembled a simulation-style racing game. It was the first NES racing game to feature an entire field of real-life drivers (although all but Andretti had pseudonyms), and rather accurately depicted the sixteen circuits on the Formula One schedule. Four different cars were offered in the game, but there were no car set-ups in the game, a feature most frequently associated with racing simulations.
## Gameplay
Compared to most console racing games of its time, *F-1 Hero* was much more difficult. The circuits were accurately depicted as having both sharp and wide turns, thus requiring players to slow down to certain speeds for corners, instead of most arcade-style games, which allowed players to unrealistically take turns flat-out. Gear shifting was also required for three of the cars (and notably for 8 of the 9 levels of the game), and some courses required dozens of gear changes per lap. Tire wear increased as the races went on, and players would be required to pit for tires at least once during each race to remain competitive.
When multiple cars were on the track, the game featured no direct interaction between vehicles. All of the competitors\' machines behaved in a ghost-like manner, and could be driven *through* and occupy the same space as others. Cars were unable to spin others out, and could not directly impede their progress.
Nearly every screen in the entire game featured a short-looped, repeating soundtrack. Unlike most racing games, however, there was no music played while actually driving.
*F-1 Hero* featured a 16-race Formula One schedule resembling that of 1988. Each circuit featured a pit area represented by a pylon. On most circuits, the pits were located just prior to the start/finish line. In France, England, Spain, and Australia, the pits were located just after the start/finish line.
Four different machines were featured in the game. Each had a unique pitch, and slightly varying top speeds. The Chevy was the dominant machine in the game, despite not being a Formula One car. In reality, it was used in the CART series. Andretti, in fact, drove one in the CART series from 1989--1991, and the cover art on the game box accurately displays Andretti\'s 1989 Lola Chevrolet.
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# Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero
## Grand Prix mode {#grand_prix_mode}
The Grand Prix mode of *F-1 Hero* featured nine levels of competition. Each had an increasing number of rounds, an increased level of difficulty, and was led by a featured driver. For each level, the player was provided a certain car. Players could save and continue games by use of a password.
### Qualifying
Upon entering the Grand Prix mode, the player registers a name and begins at level 1. At the onset of each race, the player is first shown a map of the circuit. On the next screen, the player is shown the results of qualifying thus far. All five computer opponents have completed their time trial run. The top four comprise the tentative starting grid. The slowest computer driver (fifth fastest) does not qualify. The objective of qualifying is for the player to qualify amongst the top four, and \"bump\" into the starting grid.
Qualifying consists of five timed laps alone on the track. From a standing start, the player has five laps to record the best single lap time possible. Tire wear influences the speeds, and pitting for tires is allowed on any lap. However, elapsed seconds in the pit area are included in the respective lap time. The fastest single lap is recorded and if it is among the four fastest qualifiers, the player qualifies for the race. If the player does not qualify, they must sit out the race, and instead watch it through the perspective of the featured driver. Hitting the \"select\" button during qualifying aborts the session. If the player had already registered a lap fast enough to qualify for the race, it is unnecessary to run all five laps.
### Race
The race begins from a standing start and runs a specific number of laps, depending upon the length of the circuit. The top half of the screen features a map of the circuit, and the position of all four cars represented by icons. Tire wear influences lap times, and a pit stop for tires near the halfway point is required to remain competitive. Players are required to compete, and are not allowed to abort the race. If a car is lapped during the race, the player will only be scored for laps completed. Spinning out during the race is possible, but no incident ever causes a car to completely drop out of the race. Fuel is also not a factor in the game.
### Championship points {#championship_points}
At the conclusion of each race, points are awarded to the four finishers (5-3-2-1). At the end of the level, a champion is declared. In order to advance to the next level, the player is required to score the most points and be the champion of the level. If the player does not score the most points in the level, the player may use the password to return to the first race of the level and try again. For scoring the most points in Level 9, the player is declared the World Champion, wins the game overall, and a special screen is displayed. If the player did not win the championship, the game is over.
## *Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero* {#nakajima_satoru_f_1_hero}
This game was the English-language version of *Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero*. It was an original Formula One videogame released in 1988 and was popular in Japan during that decade. Andretti and Nintendo released this game two years later for a North American audience.
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# Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero
## Practice mode {#practice_mode}
In the practice mode, players could choose any of the sixteen circuits, and any of the four cars. The bottom half of the screen featured the driving apparatus. The top half of the screen featured a map of the circuit with the player\'s car represented by an icon as it went around.
Upon selecting the course, Michael Andretti would come on the screen and give background and advice about driving the circuit. Practice sessions were five laps each, with elapsed times recorded and reported for each of the five laps upon conclusion. Hitting the \"select\" button aborted the session.
## Two-player mode {#two_player_mode}
In two-player mode, players drove in a head-to-head race against another human opponent, or any of the games\' computer opponents. Two computer opponents could also be chosen to race against one another. Any of the sixteen courses could be chosen by the players, and any of the four cars could be chosen by the players. Race distance was chosen by the competitors, ranging from one to ten laps.
The top half of the screen was the driving apparatus of player 1, and the bottom half of the screen was the driving apparatus for player 2. Instead of a map of the circuit, a graph in the middle of the screen depicted the lap length and the relative distance between the two opponents
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# Väsby SS
**Väsby Simsällskap**, commonly known as **Väsby SS** or **VSS**, is a swimming club from Upplands Väsby north of Stockholm, Sweden. It was founded in 1964 and the home pool is Vilundabadet. Väsby SS is one of the major Swedish swim teams finishing in the top by medals on the latest`{{when|date=March 2012}}`{=mediawiki} Swedish Swimming Championships
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# When the Angels Sing
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# Treaty of Angoulême
The **Treaty of Angoulême** was signed on 30 April 1619 between Queen Marie de Medici and her son, King Louis XIII of France in Angoulême, France. The accord was negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu and it officially ended the civil war in France between supporters of Queen Marie and supporters of King Louis. Moreover, the agreement established lines of reconciliation between mother and son
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# Elizabeth Griffith
**Elizabeth Griffith** (1727 -- 5 January 1793) was an 18th-century Welsh-born dramatist, fiction writer, essayist and actress, who lived and worked in Ireland.
## Biography
Elizabeth Griffith was born in Glamorgan, Wales, to Dublin theater manager Thomas Griffith and Jane Foxcroft Griffith on 11 October 1727. \"The family settled in Dublin, where they brought up Elizabeth to be a sociable child, cheerful and at ease among the theatrical community\". In addition to giving her access to the theatre-world, Thomas Griffith educated Elizabeth in French and English literature. Her father died in 1744, which led to economic hardship for the family. Her Dublin acting debut took place on 13 October 1749, when she played Juliet to a considerably older Romeo played by Thomas Sheridan at the Smock Alley Theatre. Griffith specialized in tragic roles, such as Jane Shore in Nicholas Rowe\'s *The Tragedy of Jane Shore* and Cordelia in *King Lear*.
Elizabeth met her kinsman and future husband, Richard Griffith, in 1746. On 12 May 1751, they married in secret. Elizabeth gave birth to two children, Catherine and Richard. Through her son, her descendants included Australian politician Arthur Hill Griffith, who was her grandson, and French-Canadian actress Jessica Paré.
Elizabeth and Richard\'s five year courtship provided the basis for her first publication, *A Series of Genuine Letters Between Henry and Frances*, published in six volumes between 1757 and 1770. The letters include many references to \"literary and philosophical subjects of mutual interest, like the letters of Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope or Cicero\'s *Offices*\"; Griffith valued the opportunity to build upon her education. *Letters between Henry and Frances* was an immediate success that generated fame but not wealth for both writers. Richard traveled after the couple married and was absent for extended periods. He borrowed a large sum of money to develop a linen manufactory, which went bankrupt in 1756. During this time, and while Richard was avoiding debtor\'s court, income generated by Griffith\'s writing sustained the family. Griffith continued her acting career at Covent Garden, in London, from 1753 to 1755, though she never played more than minor characters.
Capitalizing on the initial success of the *Letters*, Elizabeth translated many French works and plays. Between 1764 and 1769, she wrote four plays with varying degrees of success. Griffith\'s third play, *The Double Mistake* (1766) was well received at Covent Garden, which emboldened her to approach David Garrick for help staging her next play. Griffith collaborated with Garrick to produce her most successful comedy, *The School for Rakes*, in 1769. While the two had a tumultuous relationship, Garrick\'s influence on Griffith was clear. After his death, in the advertisement for the print publication for *The Times*, Griffith attributed the \"first idea of this piece\" to the late Garrick. While she praised Garrick as a primary influence, the connections she made at Smock Alley Theater in Dublin contributed more to the play\'s production. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the son of her acting mentor Thomas Sheridan, produced *The Times*, at Drury Lane. While her fame was not the direct result of her acting career, Griffith\'s theatrical connections were invaluable to her success.
Elizabeth Griffith\'s literary production was steady from 1760 to 1779, garnering her significant notoriety in the literary circles of London. She published essays, epistolary novels, novelettes, translations, and literary criticism. As a hard-working professional writer she produced a large body of diverse works. The last decade of her life was free of the financial struggles she and her husband had endured throughout their marriage.
Griffith\'s son worked for the East India Company as an accountant, and returned to Ireland in 1786 a wealthy man. He settled at Millicent House in Kildare, and Griffith and her husband lived out the rest of their days at this residence. Griffith died at Millicent House in 1793.
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# Elizabeth Griffith
## Works
Griffith wrote a number of comedies for the theater, five of which were performed: *The Platonic Wife* (1765), *The Double Mistake* (1766, though some scholarship questions her authorship of this text), *The School for Rakes* (1769, an adaption of Beaumarchais\'s *Eugénie*), *A Wife in the Right* (1772, also known as *Patience the Best Remedy*), and *The Times* (1779). Of these plays, *The School for Rakes* was the most popular, and earned Elizabeth enough money to place her son into the East India Company.
She also published two non-fiction texts. *The Morality of Shakespeare\'s Drama Illustrated* (1775) was an extensive critical commentary on Shakespeare\'s plays. In her preface she claims that Elizabeth Montagu in her *Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare* inspired her attempt to defend Shakespeare against Voltaire. Griffith\'s 529 page tome is significant as it is one of the earliest statements, with Montagu\'s, on the national importance of Shakespeare. The second, *Essays, Addressed to Young Married Women* (1782), was published posthumously in the United States as *Letters Addressed to Young Married Women* (1796). This collection of essays conveyed advice on child rearing, gender roles, and financial responsibility.
Griffith earned money for her family through translation work, translating from French into English. Her work included predominantly memoirs and collections of letters by people like Ninon de l\'Enclos, Marthe-Marguerite, Marquise de Caylus, and even Voltaire. She also translated some French novels, such as *The Princess of Cleves: An Historical Novel* by Marie-Madeleine, comtesse de La Fayette.
Griffith was first and perhaps best known as a novelist. *The Delicate Distress* (1769) was published alongside a work of her husband\'s, a novel titled *The Gordian Knot* (1769), in a four-volume set. Her format of choice for her fiction was the epistolary novel, as in both *The History of Lady Barton* (1771) and *The Story of Lady Juliana Harley* (1776). She also published one dramatic poem, *Amana* (1764).
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# Elizabeth Griffith
## Themes and connections {#themes_and_connections}
Though Griffith\'s first plays were deeply critical of the treatment of women, her work underwent a shift soon after her move to London. Griffith found herself attacked by London critics, and she was seen as audacious for demanding respect for women. The need to earn money to support her husband and children led her to conform to audience preferences.
After this shift, Griffith\'s main focus became the domestic sphere. It was at this point that she abandoned the intelligent female protagonist and began to create meek, long-suffering and deeply pained female characters who bear the brunt of a traumatic life with a ne'er-do-well (and often violent) husband. From here her work became quite moralistic; for example, *The Times* is a critique of decadent society, and a warning against the dangers of gambling. But, though she had to package it differently in order to retain an audience, she never fully lost her focus on women\'s issues, and her female characters are always the moral superiors of their male counterparts. Overall, her texts focus on a need for moral development -- literature as didactic -- and she tends to use her female characters as the barometer of moral correctness.
Griffith did not see herself as alone in this moral quest. She edited a collection of female dramatists such as Eliza Haywood and Aphra Behn. Though these women\'s plays were at the time linked to sexual immorality, Griffith argued instead that these women were instructional dramatists who were trying to teach the world about proper morality. This was likely the first reassessing of Behn\'s work particularly, but that of women writers in general, and illustrates the important premium Griffith placed upon proper morality.
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# Elizabeth Griffith
## Contemporary reception {#contemporary_reception}
In her own lifetime, Griffith was probably best regarded for the letters between her and her husband that were published over six volumes. *A Series of Genuine Letters between Henry and Frances* (1757--1770) was a celebrated series that featured the edited letters of Mr. and Mrs. Griffith as they moved through courtship to marriage. In the \"letters\", genuine sentimentality is the mode of discourse, and women seem to have been drawn to Griffith as a model of womanhood, illustrating sought-after traits such as intelligence, reflection, and humour. Frances Burney wrote in her journal that the *Letters* \"are doubly pleasing, charming to me, for being genuine---they have encreased my relish for *minute*, *heartfelt* writing, and encouraged me in my attempt to give an opinion of the books I read.\"
Her plays received mixed reviews. The *Dictionary of Literary Biography* states that reviewers of productions of Griffith\'s work occasionally complained \"about poor plotting or lack of incident,\" but that overall audiences were engaged by Griffith\'s \"admirable\" sentiments and morals (175). Though audiences occasionally complained that her female characters were too heavily foregrounded, Griffith\'s women were often serious characters with well-developed personal values. Griffith was seen as a moralist in much of her work, and was sometimes accused of being unseemly for her use of satire, as it was not considered feminine.
Griffith\'s least successful play was *A wife in the Right*, which opened on 9 March 1772. Following the opening performance, a second showing for the next night was announced. The crowd responded with \"shouts for and against \[\...\] apples and half-pence were thrown, a chandelier broken\", and the performance was cancelled. This unexpected setback forced Griffith to publish the play by subscription; the subscribers included Gertrude Russell, Duchess of Bedford, Edmund Burke, James Boswell, Elizabeth Montagu, and Sir Joshua Reynolds.
## Recent research {#recent_research}
According to the *Dictionary of Literary Biography*, modern historians of drama have generally considered Griffith\'s plays \"undistinguished, often dramatically inept and tediously sententious\" (175). Modern readers often feel uncomfortable with the conflicting relationship between women\'s ability and wifely duty and the general tone of subordination to men encompassed within the play.
Though there remains very little scholarly work on Griffith\'s life and literature, her body of work represents both an interesting life and an illustration of the struggles of an ordinary woman of modest means attempting to make a career for herself in the 18th century. While not as well known to modern times as her contemporaries (like Susanna Centlivre), she was certainly a prolific writer in her own period and had made her name in the literary world by the time of her death
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# Adrien Albert
**Adrien Albert** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO}}`{=mediawiki} (19 November 1907 -- 29 December 1989) was a leading authority in the development of medicinal chemistry in Australia. Albert also authored many important books on chemistry, including one on selective toxicity.
His father, Jacques Albert, was a businessman in the music industry, and took a bride many years his junior; Mary Eliza Blanche. Albert had two much older half brothers, stemming from his father\'s previous marriage. After a few years, Jacques died, and so, Adrien Albert was raised by his mother and another relative.
## Education and appointments {#education_and_appointments}
Albert attended schools in Randwick and Coogee, but soon settled into the Scots College in Sydney where he excelled in both music and science. He graduated in 1924. He was expected to join the family music-publishing business and while he maintained a lifelong love of music, he was more drawn towards the sciences. At first, a compromise was reached and he studied pharmacy part-time at the University of Sydney. However he did not enjoy the work and upon becoming a registered pharmacist in 1928, he left the profession to pursue his love of science. He was awarded BSc with first class honours and the University Medal in 1932 at the University of Sydney. He gained a PhD in 1937 and a DSc in 1947 from the University of London. In 1939 he was a foundation member of the Drugs sub-committee of the Australian Association of Scientific Workers. His appointments included Lecturer at the University of Sydney (1938--1947), advisor to the Medical Directorate of the Australian Army (1942--1947), research at the Wellcome Research Institute in London (1947--1948) and in 1948 the Foundation Chair of Medical Chemistry in the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University in Canberra where he established the Department of Medical Chemistry. Despite his prolific research output and excellent reputation as a lecturer, in 1970 the university closed the Department of Medical Chemistry and spun its activities into the Medical Chemistry Group with a more limited scope. While the prevailing trend in medical chemistry research focussed increasingly on finding new and more effective drugs, Albert had always prioritised research into the links between physico-chemical properties of drugs and their biological effects as being, in his mind, of greater overall benefit to medical chemistry than the search for new drugs. He retired in 1972.
## Scholarship
Albert was a scholar of heterocyclic chemistry. He authored *Selective Toxicity: The Physico-Chemical Basis of Therapy*, first published by Chapman & Hall in 1951. In 1960, he founded the field of economic toxicology, which is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals which are intentionally administered by humans in order to achieve a result, such as pesticides. Albert was known for his molecular approach to chemical pharmacology, which was more accepted in the USA compared to Europe at that time. Albert travelled extensively and acted as a sort of roving ambassador for Australian science.
Albert devoted his life to research: he did not like administrative work, and he only made himself available for lectures in the beginning and end parts of his academic career.
## Honors and legacy {#honors_and_legacy}
Albert was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 1989 Australia Day Honours for \"services to medical chemistry, particularly in the fields of teaching and research\". He was a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.
The Adrien Albert Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Sydney was established in his honour in 1989. His bequest funds the Adrien Albert Lectureship, awarded every two years by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The Royal Australian Chemical Institute established the Adrien Albert award (`{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219000346/https://www.raci.org.au/events-awards/medicinal-chemistry-chemical-biology |date=19 February 2017 }}`{=mediawiki}) in his honour.
## Personal Life {#personal_life}
Being tall and thin, Albert acquired the nickname \"the snake\" from his colleagues. It has been suggested that Albert suffered from Marfan syndrome however he was never diagnosed. Overwork and poor diet during his PhD studies in London in the mid-1930s caused a stomach ulcer to haemmorage, requiring emergency surgery. The surgery saved his life however he suffered lifelong stomach complaints as a result. Due to this ailment, he slept in every morning, but made up for time lost by working well into the night. He never married, explaining that having a family would take time away from his research. Other facets of his personality point towards a certain antipathy towards women: he drew cartoons for his friends about the dog Woofred and his wife, Ima Bitch, and he generally steered clear of female colleagues. Ironically, given his lifetime of drug research and introduction of the term selective toxicity into medical chemistry, he died of complications arising from a long-running infection of drug-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*.
Fluent in French, German and Italian, Albert loved music and could play the piano very well, although he ceased to do so later in life. He enjoyed botany, particularly exotic flowers and had an extensive knowledge of native Australian plants
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# Slave Doll
is a Japanese pornographic original video animation created by Otakey Sasaki and released in 2000. The series revolves around Aki, a busty android maid constructed by the Gene (pronounced Gen-a) Corporation. Her function, besides being a household maid, is the collection of male genetic material (semen) through sexual means, after which it is saved, possibly for species preservation. *Slave Doll* was followed by a sequel, `{{Nihongo|''Slave Doll II''|こわれものII|Kowaremono II}}`{=mediawiki} released in 2001 and produced by Beam Entertainment.
## Plot
*Slave Doll* tells the story of Aki, is an Android maid created by the Gene Corporation sent to infiltrate the house of the mysterious Kenichi. She disguises herself as an ordinary housekeeper and begins her mission to capture a sample of Kenichi\'s superior sperm which is made easy by her master\'s insatiable lust towards her.
In *Slave Doll II*, Aki\'s sperm collecting days are over, and rather than being scrapped, she serves an eccentric professor as his maid. The professor then gives Aki a bracelet that changes the maid into a super-crimefighter (in the mold of the magical girl).
## Reception
Bamboo Dong, writing for Anime News Network, disliked the humiliation themes of the OVA. She found the story to be \"standard,\" but \"disjointed and awkward,\" attributing some of this to her dislike. Michael Thomas enjoyed the hints at Aki\'s past, and enjoyed the allusions to *Cream Lemon* and *Wedding Peach*. Derek Guder found the sex scenes \"rote and unimaginative,\" but enjoyed the bad acting on the English dub track, finding it in parts \"so bad it\'s good
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# Dance-class minesweeper
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# Founders Park
**Founders Park**, formerly known as **Carolina Stadium**, is a ballpark in Columbia, South Carolina on the banks of the Congaree River. The facility cost \$35.6 million to build and is the home stadium for the South Carolina Gamecocks college baseball team.
## Overview
The dimensions of the field are 325 ft down the right and left-field lines and 390 ft to dead center, matching those of Sarge Frye Field, the previous home stadium of the Gamecocks. The baseball training facilities at the stadium include four indoor batting tunnels, a 3900 sqft weight room, team clubhouse, coaches\' offices, and a sports medicine room. Among the numerous amenities for fans, there are five luxury suites and two club-level seating areas with lounges, a Gamecock store just inside the main entrance in the outfield plaza, along with a picnic terrace that accommodates around 120 people down the left-field line. The scoreboard towers 86 ft over the left field wall and features a 28-by-16-foot video screen.
The main stadium entrance to Founders Park is located at the northeast corner of the grounds directly behind the center-field wall. Following the 2010 national championship, USC had a mural applied to the backside of its center-field wall (to be viewed as visitors and fans enter onto stadium grounds), celebrating the 2010 title. In addition, a showcase was built at the base of the wall for the display of the national championship trophy. The mural and trophy case have since been updated to honor both the 2010 and 2011 championship teams.
In 2013, the website *Stadium Journey* ranked Carolina Stadium as the second best Division I baseball venue, and received an average rating 4.6 of 5 stars in 7 categories. In 2014, the website ranked it first, with an average rating 4.7 of 5 stars in 7 categories.
In 2015, the ballpark\'s name was officially changed from Carolina Stadium to Founders Park, becoming only the third college baseball stadium in the United States with a corporate sponsorship. This advertising agreement was extended in 2024.
## History
The stadium opened on February 21, 2009, with a 13--0 South Carolina victory over Duquesne with 8,153 fans in attendance, setting a Gamecock home game attendance record. USC President Harris Pastides and former Gamecock baseball coaches Bobby Richardson and June Raines threw out ceremonial first pitches. Darius Rucker, who attended USC, sang the national anthem.
A stadium record attendance of 8,242 was set during a game against Florida on May 21, 2010. This record has been matched many times since. The highest attendance for a three-game weekend series, 24,726, was set on April 15--17, 2011, when the Gamecocks hosted #1 Vanderbilt.
### Tournaments Hosted {#tournaments_hosted}
**NCAA Regional Tournaments**: 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2021, 2023
**NCAA Super Regional Tournaments**: 2011, 2012, 2016, 2021
### Key dates {#key_dates}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Event Date Opponent Result | | |
| ------------------- ------------------- ----------- ------------- | | |
| Broke ground 2007 \- | | |
| First game February 21, 2009 Duquesne **W** 13--0 | | |
| First sellout May 21, 2010 Florida **L** 2--5 | | |
| 100th win March 3, 2012 Clemson **W** 9--6 | | |
| One millionth fan May 9, 2012 Furman **W** 7--0 | | |
| | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
## South Carolina Gamecocks\' Record in Founders Park (2009--Present) {#south_carolina_gamecocks_record_in_founders_park_2009present}
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Year Games Overall W--L Overall Win Pct NCAA W--L NCAA Win Pct Total Attendance (SEC/Nat Rank) Avg Attendance (SEC/Nat Rank) | | |
| -------------- ------- -------------- ----------------- ----------- -------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------- | | |
| 2009 35 26--9 .742 0--0 \- 231,360 (4th/4th) 6,805 (4th/4th) | | |
| 2010 36 30--6 .833 3--0 1.000 236,529 (3rd/4th) 6,758 (4th/4th) | | |
| 2011 40 36--4 .900 5--0 1.000 297,279 (2nd/2nd) 7,431 (4th/4th) | | |
| 2012 39 32--7 .821 5--0 1.000 295,389 (2nd/2nd) 7,574 (3rd/3rd) | | |
| 2013 37 31--6 .838 3--0 1.000 260,605 (3rd/3rd) 7,445 (5th/5th) | | |
| 2014 41 34--7 .829 2--2 .500 305,564 (2nd/2nd) 7,453 (3rd/3rd) | | |
| 2015 36 25--11 .694 0-0 .000 250,057 (3rd/3rd) 7,354 (4th/4th) | | |
| 2016 41 34--7 .829 4-3 .571 293,677 (3rd/3rd) 7,162 (5th/5th) | | |
| 2017 36 23--13 .639 0-0 .000 258,407 (4th/4th) 7,177 (5th/5th) | | |
| 2018 34 24--10 .706 0-0 .000 229,434 (4th/4th) 6,748 (4th/4th) | | |
| **Totals\*** 375 295--80 .787 22--5
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# Vida Dutton Scudder
**Julia Vida Dutton Scudder** (1861--1954) was an American educator, writer, and welfare activist in the social gospel movement.
## Early life {#early_life}
She was born in Madurai, India, on December 15, 1861, the only child of David Coit Scudder (of the Scudder family of missionaries in India) and Harriet Louise (Dutton) Scudder. After her father, a Congregationalist missionary, was accidentally drowned in 1862, she and her mother returned to the family home in Boston. Apart from travel in Europe, she attended private secondary schools in Boston, and was graduated from the Boston Girl\'s Latin School in 1880. Scudder then entered Smith College, where she received her BA degree in 1884.
In 1885 she and Clara French were the first American women admitted to the graduate program at Oxford, where she was influenced by York Powell and John Ruskin. While in England she was also influenced by Leo Tolstoi and by George Bernard Shaw and Fabian socialism. Scudder and French returned to Boston in 1886.
## Academic career and social activism {#academic_career_and_social_activism}
Scudder taught English literature from 1887 at Wellesley College, where she became an associate professor in 1892 and full professor in 1910.
She was one of the founders, in 1887, of the College Settlements Association, along with Helena Dudley, Katharine Coman, Katharine Lee Bates, and other women.
She and Emily Greene Balch were also involved with the establishment of the CSA\'s third settlement house venture, Denison House in Boston.
Scudder was its primary administrator from 1893 to 1913.
When French died in 1888, Scudder joined the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross, a group of Episcopal women dedicated to intercessionary prayer and social reconciliation. Also in 1888, she joined the Society of Christian Socialists, which, under William Dwight Porter Bliss, established the Church of the Carpenter in Boston and published *The Dawn*.
In 1893, Scudder was a delegate to the convention of the Boston Central Labor Union. Later, she helped organize the Federal Labor Union, a group of professional people who associated themselves with the American Federation of Labor.
Having received a leave of absence from Wellesley for 1894--1896, Scudder spent a year in Italy and France studying modern Italian and French literature.
In 1903, Scudder helped organize the Women\'s Trade Union League. The same year she became director of the Circolo Italo-Americano at Denison House.
Moving farther to the left, in 1911, she co-founded the Episcopal Church Socialist League and joined the Socialist Party. Scudder attempted to reconcile the conflicting doctrines of Marxism and Christianity. She became controversial in 1912 when she supported striking textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and spoke at a strike meeting, but Wellesley resisted calls for her dismissal as a professor. In Scudder\'s famous speech, she declared,
> I would rather never again wear a thread of woolen than know my garments had been woven at the cost of such misery as I have seen and known past the shadow of a doubt to have existed in this town. \... If the wages are of necessity below the standard to maintain man and woman in decency and in health, then the woolen industry has not a present right to exist in Massachusetts.
In 1913, Scudder ended her association with Denison House and moved to Wellesley, Massachusetts, with her elderly mother, who died in 1920.
Unlike Eugene Victor Debs and other Socialist leaders, Scudder supported President Woodrow Wilson\'s decision to intervene in the First World War in 1917. In 1919 she founded the Church League for Industrial Democracy.
From 1919 until her death, Scudder lived with Florence Converse. In Wellesley they resided at 45 Leighton Road. Scudder\'s closest friend Helena Dudley lived with Scudder from 1922 until Dudley\'s death in 1932.
In the 1920s, Scudder embraced pacifism. She joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1923, the same year she gave a series of lectures before the Women\'s International League for Peace and Freedom in Prague.
## Later life {#later_life}
Scudder retired from Wellesley in 1927 and received the title of professor emeritus. She became the first dean of the Summer School of Christian Ethics in 1930 at Wellesley. In 1931 she lectured weekly at the New School for Social Research in New York. Having studied the Franciscans extensively after her retirement for Wellesley, she published *The Franciscan Adventure*, in 1931 which established her as one of the leading Franciscan scholars of her time.
She published an autobiography, *On Journey*, in London in 1937, and a collection of essays, *The Privilege of Age*, in New York in 1939.
Scudder had received the degree of LHD from Smith College in 1922. From Nashotah House, an Episcopal seminary in Nashotah, Wisconsin, she received an LLD degree in 1942.
Vida Dutton Scudder died at her home in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on October 9, 1954, and is buried alongside Florence Converse at Newton Cemetery, Newton, Massachusetts.
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# Vida Dutton Scudder
## Veneration
Scudder is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on October 10.
## Works
- *How the Rain Sprites Were Freed*. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1883.
- *Poems by George Macdonald*, 1887 (edited with Clara French).
- *Mitsu-Yu-Nissi; or, The Japanese Wedding*. Chicago: T.S. Denison 1887.
- *Macaulay\'s Essay on Lord Clive*. Boston: Sibley and Ducker, 1889 (edited).
- *An Introduction to the Writings of John Ruskin*. Boston: Leach, Shewell and Sanborn, 1890 edited.
- *Topical Outlines for the Study of Modern English Literature*. Boston: Frank Wood, 1892.
- *Shelley\'s Prometheus Unbound*, 1892 (edited).
- *The Witness of Denial*. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1895.
- *The Life of the Spirit in the Modern English Poets*. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1895.
- *Socialism and Spiritual Progress: A Speculation*. Boston: Church Social Union, 1896.
- *Social Ideals in English Letters.* Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1898 (enlarged edition, 1923).
- *Christian Simplicity*. Boston: Christian Social Union, 1898.
- *Introduction to the Study of English Literature*, 1901
- *A Listener in Babel: Being a Series of Imaginary Conversations held at the Close of the Last Century and Reported by Vida D. Scudder*. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1903.
- *Saint Catherine of Siena as Seen in Her Letters*. London: J.M. Dent, 1905; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1905 (edited and translated).
- *The Disciple of a Saint, Being the Imaginary Biography of Raniero di Landoccio dei Pagliaresi*. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1907 (reissued in 1921 and 1927).
- *Works of John Woolman*, 1910 (edited for Everyman\'s Library).
- *Bede\'s History of England*, 1911 (edited for Everyman\'s Library).
- *Socialism and Character*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912.
- *English Poems*, 1915 (edited for Lake English Classics).
- *The Church and the Hour: Reflections of A Socialist Churchwoman*. New York, E.P. Dutton, 1917.
- *Le Morte D\'Arthur of Sir Thomas Malory and Its Sources*, 1917 (edited and translated).
- *Social Teachings of the Christian Year: Lectures Delivered at the Cambridge Conference, 1918*. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921.
- *Brother John: A Tale of the First Franciscans*. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1927.
- *The Franciscan Adventure: A Study in the First Hundred Years of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi*. London and Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1931; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1931.
- *The Christian Attitude Toward Private Property*. Milwaukee: Morehouse, 1934.
- *On Journey*. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1937.
- *The Privilege of Age: Essays Secular and Spiritual*. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1939.
- *Father Huntington, Founder of the Order of the Holy Cross*. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1940.
- [Letters to Her Companions](http://anglicanhistory.org/women/adelynroodsketch.html), by Emily Malbone Morgan. Edited by Vida Dutton Scudder, with a biographical sketch by Emily Sophie Brown. Privately printed, 1944.
- *My Quest for Reality*. Wellesley: Published by the Author, 1952
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# Millersburg Military Institute
**Millersburg Military Institute** (**MMI**) was a military boarding school founded in 1893 in Millersburg, Kentucky, about 30 mi northeast of Lexington, Kentucky. It closed in 2014.
## History
Founded in 1893, it survived for over 113 years until closing in July 2006 due to a declining student population. The school had been temporarily closed in 2003, but was reopened by a rally of support from alumni and parents.
The campus sits on 18 acre in north-central Kentucky, in the town of Millersburg, Bourbon County. The property is bounded to the northwest by KY-68, to the southeast by railroad tracks and open land, and to the north and south by residential properties. The school was founded in 1893 on the property of the former Kentucky Wesleyan College and moved to its current location in 1920. Upwards of 250 students were enrolled during the school\'s peak operating times; however, class sizes steadily declined through the early 2000s, resulting in the school\'s closure in 2006.
The U.S. Army Cadet Corps purchased the property in September 2008 and turned it into its national headquarters, as well as a National Cadet Training Center. The facility served again as a military boarding school as Forest Hill Military Academy starting in August 2012. In 2014, the U.S. Army Cadet Corps began a reorganization and closed the school.
It was announced in September 2015 that the grounds will once again be auctioned leaving the future of the school uncertain. The school filed for bankruptcy and stopped the sale and attempted the restructuring of its debt. However, the restructuring efforts were ultimately unsuccessful and Forest Hill Military Academy went back into bankruptcy and its campus was foreclosed in 2016
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# Storyworks
***Storyworks*** is a literary magazine published in the United States by Scholastic Inc., for students in grades 3-6 and their teachers. The magazine was founded in 1993 by Scholastic editor Tamara Hanneman. It is published six times during the academic year. Each issue features fiction, nonfiction, poetry and a play. The magazine also publishes numerous writing prompts, word games, contests, and short articles related to reading and writing. An accompanying Teacher\'s Edition provides ideas and guidelines for using the magazine in the classroom. It is now edited by Lauren Tarshis, who is also the author of many children\'s books including the *New York Times* bestselling *I Survived* series. The *Storyworks* editorial headquarters are in New York City and its distribution center is in Jefferson City, Missouri
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# Cruising rod
A **cruising rod** is a simple device used to quickly estimate the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber. Similarly to a yardstick, it is a rod with markings. The estimation is carried out as follows. Standing at arm\'s length from the tree, estimate its average diameter by taking a note on the rod\'s markings. Walk away to see the whole tree; hold the rod upright at the distance from the eye at which the rod and the tree appear of the same diameter; the noted mark on the rod will show an approximate location of an 8 ft log cut along the tree height
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# Edward Thornton, 2nd Count of Cacilhas
**Sir Edward Thornton, 2nd Count of Cacilhas**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|PC}}`{=mediawiki} (13 July 1817 -- 26 January 1906) was a British diplomat who held posts in Latin America, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, and served for fourteen years as Minister to the United States.
## Early life {#early_life}
Thornton was born in London on 13 July 1817. He was the eldest son of Sir Edward Thornton, 1st Count of Cacilhas, also a diplomat, who for many years held the post of British Minister to Portugal.
Thornton was educated at King\'s College London, and at Pembroke College, Cambridge.
## Career
He entered the diplomatic service as attaché to the mission at Turin in the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1842, filled the same position in Mexico in 1845, and was made Secretary of Legation in that capital in 1853. Thornton did much to forward the conclusion of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
On his father\'s death in 1852, Thornton became 2nd Count of Cacilhas (also \"Cassilhas\"). Also in 1852, he was appointed Secretary of Legation at Buenos Aires, and chargé d\'affaires to Uruguay in 1854. He was appointed Minister to the Argentine Republic in 1859, and to the Empire of Brazil in 1865.
Thornton\'s diplomacy was praised in a House of Commons debate on the Christie Question, William \"Seymour\" Vesey-FitzGerald calling him \"a gentleman who knows how to conciliate\... \[he knows\] that it is not his duty to \'read lessons\' to foreign Governments\", his behaviour being contrasted with that of William Dougal Christie, British consul in Brazil.
After the war scare with Brazil was averted, another major geopolitical conflict embroiled South America -- the Paraguayan War. Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, which united all three nations against Paraguay. According to British historian Pelham H. Box, Argentine foreign minister Rufino de Elizalde informed Thornton that the Argentine government had no wish to annex Paraguay, but hoped that in the long term Paraguay might voluntarily join the Argentine Confederation (as was contemplated by Article 13 of the Argentine Constitution). He also informed Thornton that the Argentine Congress feared the provisions in the Treaty might prevent such an occurrence. After the war concluded, Thornton was withdrawn from his position, having concluded several agreements during his tenure.
### Minister to the United States {#minister_to_the_united_states}
Thornton\'s lengthiest assignment was as Minister to the United States, a position he held for fourteen years (1867--1881). In 1871, Thornton served as a member of the commission on the Alabama Claims, and was appointed Privy Councilor. Thornton served in 1873 as an arbitrator in the commission on the Mexican and United States Claims.
### Ambassador to St Petersburg {#ambassador_to_st_petersburg}
In 1881, he was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg. For his services Thornton was invested Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1883. A year later Thornton received his last appointment, Ambassador at Constantinople, a position he held for three years before retiring \"on a pension\" in 1887.
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# Edward Thornton, 2nd Count of Cacilhas
## Company Directorships {#company_directorships}
Subsequent to his retirement from the diplomatic service, Thornton was able to supplement his pension income by accepting various offers of company directorships and like offices. In March 1887, the prospectus for The Buenos Ayres Harbour Works Trust named him as one of the three trustees of that entity. This prospectus offered £800,000 in trust certificates bearing interest at 6% p.a.to provide a form of bridging finance to the British contractor responsible for the construction of the major new Harbour Works (Thomas Andrew Walker) - to cover the gap between Walker presenting certificates for work completed and the Argentine government paying for the work under the terms of the contract. Also in March 1887, the prospectus for The Hotchkiss Ordnance Company Limited cited him as the chairman of that company. And in July 1887 the prospectus for The North-Eastern of Uruguay Railway Company Limited cited him as chairman of that company.
In April 1888, the prospectus for The River Plate and General Investment Trust Company Limited cited Thornton as one of the five trustees of that company. In June 1888 the prospectus for the Paraguay Land Company Limited cited him as the chairman of that company. In January 1889 the prospectus for The Vaal River Diamond Company Limited cited him as chairman of that company. In March 1889 the prospectus for The Nordenham Dock and Warehouse Company Limited cited him as the chairman of that company. In April 1889 the prospectus for The Paraguayan Central Railway Company Limited cited him as a director of that company. In November 1889 the prospectus for The Anglo-Italian Inland Steam Navigation Company Limited cited him as the chairman of that company. In March 1890 the prospectus for The Empire of India Corporation Limited cited him as a director of that company. In February 1891 the prospectus for Woodhouse and Rawson United Limited cited him as a director of that company.
There then appears to have been a pause in the pace at which Thornton allowed his name to be used in the promotion of new public companies. But in the second half of the 1890s, a further wave of prospectuses appeared which named him either as company chairman or as a director, including those for The Globe Venture Syndicate Limited (January 1897), and The Gutta Percha Corporation Limited (December 1897). In both of these cases it was James Aratoon Malcolm who recruited Thornton to be company chairman. When an aggrieved subscriber to The Globe Venture Syndicate float took legal action arguing that there were fraudulent misrepresentations in the prospectus, Thornton was required to undergo cross-examination in the Chancery Division of the High Court. During the course of his testimony he stated that he had been a director of \"some 14 companies, some of which had been unsuccessful, and were now in liquidation\". The following day Thornton\`s counsel informed the court that \"after the evidence which had been given, he did not think he could resist judgment against Sir Edward Thornton for £2000 \...\" In June 1900 a winding-up order was made against the Globe Venture Syndicate, and in February 1901 a public inquiry was held in the London Bankruptcy Court into the failure of the company.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1854, Thornton married Mary Jane (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Maitland) Melville (1827--1907), at St Peter\'s Church, Eaton Square. Mary, the widow of Andrew Melville of Dumfries and a daughter of John Maitland and Frances MacKenzie (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Dalyell) Maitland. Together, they were the parents of:
- Edward Thornton (1856--1904), who married Emma Jessie Rawson, the younger daughter of Philip Rawson of Woodhurst, Crawley, in 1889. After his death, she married the Rev. Edward Douglas Lennox Harvey and became the mother of Capt. Roger Harvey.
- Mary Grace Thornton (1858--1926), who died unmarried.
- Frances Evelyn Thornton (1859--1936), who married Mr. Elsey.
After a lengthy illness, Thornton died at his London residence, 5 Tedworth Square, on 26 January 1906. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery. As his son and heir, diplomat Edward Thornton (born 1856), had died in 1904, the title of Count of Cacilhas passed to his grandson, Edward Thornton
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# Massillon Coicou
**Massillon Coicou** (*Masiyon Kwakou*, 9 October 1867 -- 15 March 1908) was a Haitian poet, novelist, playwright, and politician. Born in Port-au-Prince, Coicou was educated in a Catholic school for boys. He was appointed as the Haitian Chargé d\'Affaires Étrangères for the Haitian Republic in France, where several of his works were published. Opposed to the presidency of Pierre Nord Alexis, Coicou publicly announced his intentions to overthrow Nord Alexis\' government. He and his two brothers were subsequently executed by the President\'s orders on the night of 14--15 March 1908.
## Major works {#major_works}
### *Poésies Nationales* {#poésies_nationales}
Published in 1892 in Paris by V. Goupy et Jourdan, Massillon Coicou\'s first collection of poetry earned him the nickname the \"barde nationale,\" particularly because the collection features an exhaustive number of poems dedicated to Haitian national heroes such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, and Alexandre Pétion, among others. Critic, historian, and bibliophile Hénock Trouillot heralded *Poésies Nationales* saying that this series of poetry \"showed more maturity\" than his 1903 collections *Impressions* and *Passions,* a maturity that would \"ultimately lead him to write *L\'Oracle* and *L\'Empereur Dessalines*.
### *L\'Empereur Dessalines* {#lempereur_dessalines}
Apart from his poetry, Massillon Coicou was a well known playwright. As the former director of the group L'Association du Centenaire de l\'Indépendance Nationale, Coicou created the Théâtre National Haïtien to which he was an active contributor.
His play *L\'Empereur Dessalines* was first performed on October 7, 1906 to commemorate the centenary of the assassination of Jean-Jacques Dessalines who was murdered by his compatriots on October 17, 1806 at Pont-Rouge near Port-au-Prince. The play tells the story of Dessalines\' death, the plot to murder him, and the fractured Haitian state that came as a result of the fall of the first empire. The published edition of the play only features a preface and act one, the second act has never been recovered.
#### Preface to *L\'Empereur Dessalines* {#preface_to_lempereur_dessalines}
In the preface to his most well-known and only printed play, Massillon Coicou argues that the assassination of Emperor Dessalines is the first sin of Haitian independence, the ultimate crime against the Haitian people. Coicou continues to pay homage to Défilée Dédée Bazile known colloquially as \"Défilée la Folle,\" insisting that by collecting the remains of Dessalines\' mutilated body that she represents the ultimate embodiment of Haitian patriotism. The preface to *L\'Empereur Dessalines* has been extensively referenced by both Colin Dayan and Jana Evans Braziel in their writing about Défilée.
#### Act One {#act_one}
The first act of *L'Empereur Dessalines* is set around the same royal ball where Dessalines professes his desire for Alexandre Pétion to marry his daughter Célimène in order to create a union between black Haitians and the mulattoes. However, in Coicou\'s play, Pétion and Henry Christophe spend little time discussing the parameters of this possible union, instead they conspire to assassinate Dessalines. After having learned of Pétion\'s seditious plans, Dessalines pledges to no longer merely be the father of Haitian independence, nor the country\'s leader, but its master. Henry Christophe placates Dessalines playing the role of the double agent, forcing Pétion and Gérin to confess to their treacherous plot - even though it was Pétion and Christophe\'s plan from the beginning. Dessalines ultimately accepts Christophe\'s "wise" proposal because if he executed the two responsible for the conspiracy the Haitian elite would blame Dessalines for their deaths. In Coicou\'s formulation of the Pont Rouge story, Dessalines is the Christ-like figure and Christophe is the proverbial Judas Iscariot. The first act ends with Dessalines riding off to the South to quell the civil war that has allegedly broken out.
#### Act Two {#act_two}
Although act two of Coicou\'s play is unpublished, it presumably recounts Dessalines\' assassination, dismemberment, and his burial by Défilée Bazile. The following paragraph is a description of Défilée\'s intervention by Beaubrun Ardoiun in his *Etudes sur l\'histoire d\'Haïti*:
\
\"This inanimate body, mutilated, pierced by so many blows to the head, was barely recognizable. It remained exposed at the place d'armes until the afternoon when a black woman, named Défilée -- long considered mad -- benefitted from a lucid moment or, rather, was moved by sentiments of compassion, moaned alone before the remains of the Founder of Independence and, after the soldiers had come, by order of General Pétion, to remove them and carry them to the cemetery, spread flowers over the pit that held the scraps of Dessalines. A few years later, Madame Inginac erected a modest headstone on which featured the following inscription: "Here lies Dessalines, dead at the age of 48
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# Milltown Malbay
**Milltown Malbay** (`{{Irish place name|Sráid na Cathrach|street of the stone [[ringfort]]}}`{=mediawiki}), also **Miltown Malbay**, is a town in the west of County Clare, Ireland, near Spanish Point. The population was 921 at the 2022 census.
## Name
There is a townland on the southern edge of the town called Poulawillin or Pollawillin (`{{Irish derived place name|Poll a' Mhuillinn|hole/pool of the mill}}`{=mediawiki}). There is evidence that this name was once applied to the town -- for example, in the *Parish Namebook* of the *Ordnance Survey* (1839) there is a reference to \"Baile an Mhuillinn anciently Poll a' Mhuillinn, Milltown Malbay\".
*Malbay* is the name of the bay to the west of Milltown. The name *Malbay* is thought to come from the Irish *meall-bhaigh*, which roughly means \"treacherous coast\". It could also stem from the legend of the witch \"Mal\" who was drowned in the bay by Fionn mac Cumhaill.
## History
The town has only existed since about 1800 but grew rapidly: by 1821 it had a population of 600. During the Great Famine (1844--1848) many farmers were evicted by the unpopular landlord Moroney. In the years after the famine the (Protestant) Moroney family went on with rack renting and evictions. At one time the population had enough and started a boycott. The government did not like that and imprisoned all pub-owners and shopkeepers who refused to serve the family or their servant. So at the end of 1888 most pub-owners and shopkeepers were in jail.
In the lead up to the Irish War of Independence there were a number of incidents in Milltown Malbay. On 14 April 1920 the local population were celebrating the release of hunger strikers from Mountjoy Prison. It turned into the Shooting at Canada Cross when members of the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Royal Highland Infantry Regiment fired into the crowd wounding seven and killing three: Volunteer John O'Loughlan and two civilians Thomas O'Leary and Patrick Hennessy.
Milltown Malbay was also the site of the Rineen Ambush, which took place near Rineen on the main road to Lahinch and Ennistymon. On 22 September 1920, a RIC tender was ambushed there by the Mid-Clare Brigade of the IRA mainly in retaliation for the killing of Martin Devitt at Crow\'s Bridge earlier in the year. Six policemen were killed in the ambush. In reprisal for the Rineen Ambush, the Black & Tans ran amok in Ennistymon, Lahinch and Milltown Malbay killing six people and burning 26 buildings, including Ennistymon and Lahinch Townhalls.
The Atlantic Hotel was one of the victims of the War of Independence. Owned by the Moroney family and mainly visited by English gentry it had no future and closed down around 1925. Milltown Malbay was served by the West Clare Railway, which operated from the 2 July 1887 and finally closed on 1 February 1961.
## Business
The main sources of employment in the area are tourism and hospitality, construction and agriculture.
The town has seven pubs, a hairdresser and a barber\'s shop. Other businesses are, amongst others, three supermarkets, a hardware shop, a haberdashery, a post office, a bridal shop, a bookmaker\'s office, a pizzeria/burger takeaway, a Chinese takeaway, a fish & chip takeaway, a clothes shop, and a beauty salon. There are two pharmacies and three restaurants in the town. There are two medical practices and veterinarian practice. The town has two petrol stations and two vehicle repair workshops.
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# Milltown Malbay
## Culture
There are 4 primary schools and 1 secondary school in the surrounding townlands. The primary schools are Milltown Malbay National School (in town), Rockmount National School (N.S.), Rineen N.S. and Moy N.S. (gaelscoil). The secondary school is St Joseph\'s Secondary School, Spanish Point. St Joseph\'s draws pupils from the parishes of Milltown Malbay, Kilmurry Ibrickane, Doonbeg, Inagh and Cooraclare.
The town is in the parish of Kilfarboy in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe, which covers Milltown Malbay and Moy. Parish churches are St Joseph\'s in Milltown Malbay and St Mary\'s in Moy.
### Oidhreacht an Chláir Teo {#oidhreacht_an_chláir_teo}
(Clare Institute for Traditional Studies) is a research institution located on Flag Road. Its main field of work is research and stimulation of the traditional culture in County Clare. Its stated goal is \"the establishment of an institute for education in the traditional culture of Clare, directed primarily towards the higher education and lifelong learning sectors; the provision of a permanent, easily accessible, archive and library for material relevant to the traditional arts in general and, in particular, to the abundant material of local relevance; the provision of a performance centre and associated facilities.\" The main target of the institute are researchers, local people and students.
### Willie Clancy {#willie_clancy}
The town is home to the annual Willie Clancy Summer School and Festival. The Willie Clancy Summer School (Irish *Scoil Samhraidh Willie Clancy*) is Ireland\'s largest traditional music summer school held annually since 1973 in memory of and to honour the uilleann piper Willie Clancy.
### GAA
Miltown Malbay is home to both St. Joseph\'s GAA (gaelic football) and Clonbony GAA (hurling).
Moy GAA is also located in the parish, but is more closely associated with the seaside town of Lahinch.
St. Joseph\'s GAA are the only senior football club in the parish. They have won the Clare SFC on fifteen occasions, most recently in 2019.
Clonbony GAA have won a senior camogie \'three-in-a-row\' between 1983 and 1985.
#### Miltown Massacre {#miltown_massacre}
The lowest point for the Clare Senior Football team came in the 1979 Munster Championship which is locally known as the \'Miltown Massacre\'. During a game played in Hennessy Park, the Clare inter-county team lost to Kerry by a scoreline of 1--09 (12) to 9--21 (48), a difference of thirty-six points.
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# Milltown Malbay
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Aindrias Mac Cruitín (Andrew MacCurtin) (c.1670--1738), poet and scribe.
- Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland 1976--1990, was born at Spanish Point near Milltown Malbay in 1923.
- Matthew Joseph Kenny, lawyer and politician
- Máire Ní Shúilleabháin (1884--1914), Irish language activist and teacher
- Daniel Joseph Tobin (1875--1955), labour leader and president of the Teamsters 1907--1952
- Colonel Noel Walsh (1935--2020), commanding officer of the First Battalion of the Irish Army and former chairman of the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association
Musicians and singers
- Willie Clancy (1918--1973), uilleann piper
- Junior Crehan, fiddle player
- Kitty Hayes, concertina player
- Tom Lenihan, traditional singer
- Nonie Lynch, traditional singer
- Seán Óg, singer and musician
- Nora Cleary, traditional singer and lilter
## Gallery
<File:St> Joseph\'s Church Milltown Malbay.jpg\|St Joseph\'s Church Milltown Malbay <File:St>. Laichtin\'s Church Kilfarboy Milltown Malbay.jpg\|St. Laichtin\'s Church <File:Main> Street south side Milltown Malbay.jpg\|South side of Main Street <File:Former> train station West Clare Railway Milltown Malbay.jpg\|Former train station <File:Church> of Ireland graveyard Milltown Malbay
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# Rocket engine test facility
A **rocket engine test facility** is a location where rocket engines may be tested on the ground, under controlled conditions. A ground test program is generally required before the engine is certified for flight. Ground testing is very inexpensive in comparison to the cost of risking an entire mission or the lives of a flight crew.
The test conditions available are usually described as *sea level ambient* or *altitude*. Sea level testing is useful for evaluations of start characteristics for rockets launched from the ground. However, sea level testing does not provide a true simulation of the majority of the operating environment of the rocket. Better simulations are provided by altitude test facilities.
## Sea level tests {#sea_level_tests}
The facility must restrain the rocket and direct the rocket exhaust safely toward the open atmosphere. Structural integrity, system operations, and sea level thrust can be measured and verified. However, rockets are primarily intended for operations in very thin or no atmosphere. Systems that work well on the ground may behave very differently in space.
A typical sea level test stand may be designed to restrain the rocket engine in either a horizontal or vertical position. Liquid rocket engines are usually fired in a vertical position because the propellant pump intakes are designed to draw fuel from the bottoms of the fuel tanks. The effect of the propellant weight on the thrust measurement system (TMS) must be accounted for as the engine is firing. The rocket exhaust is directed into a flame bucket or trench. The flame trench is designed to redirect the hot exhaust to a safe direction and is protected by a water deluge system that both cools the exhaust and also reduces the sound pressure level (loudness). The sound pressure level of large rocket engines has been measured at greater than 200 decibels --- one of the loudest man-made sounds.
Solid rocket engines may be fired in either a vertical or horizontal orientation. The thrust measurement system does not need to account for the changing weight of the rocket in a horizontal position. The associated flame trench need not be so sturdy as with a vertical test stand, however a water system may be less effective at reducing the sound pressure level.
All test stands require safety provisions to protect against the destructive potential of an unplanned engine detonation. The safety provisions generally include building the stand some minimum distance from inhabited areas or other critical facilities, placing the stand behind a thick concrete blast wall or earthen berm, and using some form of inerting system (either gaseous nitrogen or helium) to eliminate the buildup of explosive mixtures.
## Altitude tests {#altitude_tests}
The advantage of altitude testing is to obtain a better simulation of the rocket\'s operating environment. Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude. Effects of the lower air pressure include higher rocket thrust and lower heat transfer.
An altitude facility is much more complex than a sea level facility. The rocket is installed inside an enclosed chamber which is evacuated to a minimum pressure level before rocket firing. A typical chamber operating pressure of 0.16 psia (equivalent to an altitude of 100,000 feet) is established inside the chamber by some form of mechanical pumping. Mechanical pumping is typically provided by steam ejector/diffusers. If the products of combustion from the rocket firing include flammable or explosive materials, the chamber must be inerted, typically with gaseous nitrogen (GN2). The inerting process prevents build-up of potentially explosive materials inside the chamber or exhaust ducting.
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# Rocket engine test facility
## Rocket ground test facilities {#rocket_ground_test_facilities}
### Test facilities in the United States {#test_facilities_in_the_united_states}
- California
- Active
- United States Air Force\'s Air Force Research Laboratory Propulsion Directorate at Edwards Air Force Base, California
- United States Navy\'s Skytop Rocket Test Propulsion Facility at Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California
- United States Navy\'s Naval Base Ventura County\'s facility on San Nicolas Island, California
- United States Space Force\'s Space Systems Command\'s facilities at Vandenberg Space Force Base
- Astra (American spaceflight company)\'s testing facility in Alameda, California
- Astra (American spaceflight company)\'s testing facility at former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California
- Lockheed Martin\'s Santa Cruz Facility in Santa Cruz, California
- Northrop Grumman\'s Capistrano Test Site near San Clemente, California
- Mojave Air and Space Port\'s rocket testing facilities
- National Technical Systems\' NTS Rocket and Fluids Test Laboratory at San Bernardino International Airport in San Bernardino, California
- Dormant
- Douglas Aircraft Company\'s and Rocketdyne\'s SACTO facility in Rancho Cordova, California
- Lockheed Propulsion Company\'s and Grand Central Rocket Company\'s Portrero Canyon and Laborde Canyon test sites
- Lockheed Propulsion Company\'s Redlands Proving Grounds in Redlands, California and Loma Linda, California
- Marquardt Corporation\'s Remote Rocket Engine Test Facility in the Angeles National Forest
- NASA\'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory sites at Edwards Air Force Base and Goldstone, California
- Rocketdyne\'s Santa Susana Field Laboratory
- United Technologies\'s Coyote Ridge testing sites south of San Jose, California
- Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Promontory, Utah (formerly Morton-Thiokol, Thiokol, ATK, Orbital ATK)
- Northrop Grumman, Elkton, Maryland (Formally Thiokol, Elkton Controls)
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- Marshall Space Flight Center
- Plum Brook Station
- White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) at Las Cruces, New Mexico
- Stennis Space Center at Hancock County, Mississippi
- United States Air Force Arnold Engineering Development Center
- New Mexico Tech\'s Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center
- SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility at McGregor, Texas
- SpaceX high-altitude test facility at Las Cruces, New Mexico
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```
- Blue Origin\'s Corn Ranch at Van Horn, Texas
- XCOR Aerospace Engine Test Facility at Mojave, California
### Rocket ground test facilities outside the United States {#rocket_ground_test_facilities_outside_the_united_states}
- Sea- level and High Altitude Test Facilities- Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India
- DLR Lampoldshausen - Baden-Württemberg, Germany, European Union
- ISRO Propulsion Complex - Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, India
- NII-229 (NIIKhIMMash) - Zagorsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia
- RAF Spadeadam - (No longer in use) United Kingdom.
- Woomera Test Range - South Australia
- High Down Rocket Test Site - (No longer in use) United Kingdom
| 445 |
Rocket engine test facility
| 1 |
7,747,997 |
# Panama at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Panama competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. One male competitor took part in two events in one sport.
## Swimming
Men
Athlete Event Heat Semifinal
------------- --------------------- -------- ------ -----------------
Time Rank Time Rank Time
Adán Gordón 100 metre freestyle 1:10
| 60 |
Panama at the 1928 Summer Olympics
| 0 |
7,748,010 |
# 1990 NBA playoffs
The **1990 NBA playoffs** was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association\'s 1989--90 season. The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons defeating the Western Conference champion Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals. Isiah Thomas was named NBA Finals MVP.
It was the Blazers\' first trip to the NBA Finals since their victory in the 1977 NBA Finals.
The New York Knicks fell behind 2--0 to the Boston Celtics in their first round matchup, but took the series 3--2 by winning Game 5 121--114 in Boston Garden. Prior to this, the Celtics had beaten the Knicks 26 straight at the Boston Garden. This deciding game featured a missed dunk by Larry Bird late in the fourth with the Celtics trailing by four (103--99) and a clinching 3-point basket by Patrick Ewing on a play where he chased down an errant pass by Charles Oakley on the sideline in front of the Knicks\' bench and hurled up a desperation shot as the shot clock was reaching zero. The basket put the Knicks up 113-101 and essentially clinched the game and the series.
The Phoenix Suns defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in a playoff series for the first time ever. It also marked the first time since 1981 that the Lakers failed to reach the Western Conference Finals, ending the longest such run since the Bill Russell-led Boston Celtics, who made the Eastern Conference Finals thirteen consecutive times between 1957 and 1969.
It was the first NBA Finals to not feature the Lakers or Celtics since 1979.
The Chicago Bulls lost Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals 93--76 in Detroit, making it the third straight year they were ousted in the playoffs by the Pistons.
The Indiana Pacers made only their third playoff appearance since their NBA debut in the 1976--77 season; they proceeded to make the playoffs 16 out of the next 17 years (missing only in 1997).
The Dallas Mavericks made their only playoff appearance of the decade. They did not return until 2001.
Game 5 of the NBA Finals was the last NBA game to be televised on CBS.
## Bracket
| 365 |
1990 NBA playoffs
| 0 |
7,748,010 |
# 1990 NBA playoffs
## First round {#first_round}
### Eastern Conference first round {#eastern_conference_first_round}
#### (1) Detroit Pistons vs. (8) Indiana Pacers {#detroit_pistons_vs._8_indiana_pacers}
Detroit won 4--1 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Pistons and the Pacers.
#### (2) Philadelphia 76ers vs. (7) Cleveland Cavaliers {#philadelphia_76ers_vs._7_cleveland_cavaliers}
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Cavaliers and the 76ers.
#### (3) Chicago Bulls vs. (6) Milwaukee Bucks {#chicago_bulls_vs._6_milwaukee_bucks}
Chicago won 4--1 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Bucks winning the first two meetings.
Milwaukee leads 2--0 in all-time playoff series
-------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (4) Boston Celtics vs. (5) New York Knicks {#boston_celtics_vs._5_new_york_knicks}
Boston won 4--1 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the 13th playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning seven of the first 12 meetings.
Boston leads 7--5 in all-time playoff series
----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
### Western Conference first round {#western_conference_first_round}
#### (1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (8) Houston Rockets {#los_angeles_lakers_vs._8_houston_rockets}
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Rockets winning the first two meetings.
Houston leads 2--0 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Denver Nuggets {#san_antonio_spurs_vs._7_denver_nuggets}
San Antonio won 3--1 in the regular-season series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning one series apiece.
Tied 1--1 in all-time playoff series
--------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (3) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (6) Dallas Mavericks {#portland_trail_blazers_vs._6_dallas_mavericks}
Portland won 4--0 in the regular-season series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Trail Blazers winning the first meeting.
Portland leads 1--0 in all-time playoff series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (4) Utah Jazz vs. (5) Phoenix Suns {#utah_jazz_vs._5_phoenix_suns}
- Kevin Johnson hits the series-winning shot with 8 tenths left.
Phoenix won 3--1 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Suns winning the first meeting.
Phoenix leads 1--0 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
## Conference semifinals {#conference_semifinals}
### Eastern Conference semifinals {#eastern_conference_semifinals}
#### (1) Detroit Pistons vs. (5) New York Knicks {#detroit_pistons_vs._5_new_york_knicks}
Detroit won 4--0 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Knicks winning the first meeting.
New York leads 1--0 in all-time playoff series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (2) Philadelphia 76ers vs. (3) Chicago Bulls {#philadelphia_76ers_vs._3_chicago_bulls}
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Bulls and the 76ers.
### Western Conference semifinals {#western_conference_semifinals}
#### (1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (5) Phoenix Suns {#los_angeles_lakers_vs._5_phoenix_suns}
- This was Phoenix\'s first win at Great Western Forum in 22 attempts, dating back to Game 5 of the 1984 Western Conference Finals on May 23 of that year.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Michael Cooper\'s final NBA game.
Los Angeles won 3--1 in the regular-season series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the seventh playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning the first six meetings.
Los Angeles leads 6--0 in all-time playoff series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (3) Portland Trail Blazers {#san_antonio_spurs_vs._3_portland_trail_blazers}
Portland won 3--1 in the regular-season series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Trail Blazers and the Spurs.
## Conference finals {#conference_finals}
### Eastern Conference finals {#eastern_conference_finals}
#### (1) Detroit Pistons vs. (3) Chicago Bulls {#detroit_pistons_vs._3_chicago_bulls}
Detroit won 4--1 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Pistons winning two of the first three meetings.
Detroit leads 2--1 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
### Western Conference finals {#western_conference_finals}
#### (3) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (5) Phoenix Suns {#portland_trail_blazers_vs._5_phoenix_suns}
- Kevin Duckworth hits the game-winner with 17.3 seconds left.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Terry Porter hits the game-winner with 12.7 seconds left.
Portland won 3--2 in the regular-season series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Suns winning the first two meetings.
Phoenix leads 2--0 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
| 786 |
1990 NBA playoffs
| 1 |
7,748,010 |
# 1990 NBA playoffs
## NBA Finals: (E1) Detroit Pistons vs. (W3) Portland Trail Blazers {#nba_finals_e1_detroit_pistons_vs._w3_portland_trail_blazers}
- Terry Porter hits the game-tying free throws with 10.2 seconds left in regulation to force OT; Clyde Drexler hits the game-winning free throws with 2.1 seconds left in OT.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- This was Detroit\'s first win in Portland since October 19, 1974, the second game of Bill Walton\'s career.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Danny Young\'s buzzer beater is, correctly, disqualified by Earl Strom.
- Final NBA game officiated by Earl Strom.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Vinnie Johnson hits the title-winning shot with 0.7 seconds left, capping off a 9--0 run in the final two minutes.
- Final NBA game aired on CBS.
Tied 1--1 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Pistons and the Trail Blazers
| 148 |
1990 NBA playoffs
| 2 |
7,748,025 |
# English Field
**English Field at Atlantic Union Bank Park** is a baseball stadium in Blacksburg, Virginia. It is the home field of the Virginia Tech Hokies college baseball team. It was opened in 1989 and has a capacity of 1,033 in chair back seats plus additional grass-covered bank seating along the left field line known as \"The Hill\". English Field underwent an \$20 million renovation in 2018.
## Naming
The stadium is named after Virginia Tech Outstanding Alumni Award winner E. R. \"Red\" English and his wife, Ruth, who were financial contributors to the university athletics program for over 50 years. The home team dugout is named for American Baseball Coach Coaches Association Hall of Famer G. F. \"Red\" Laird who was head coach 1940--1943 and 1948--1973. During the 2016 season, the park was renamed English Field at Union Park. The stadium was later renamed English Field at Atlantic Union Bank Park on May 20, 2019, to align with the rebranding of the commonwealth of Virginia\'s largest financial institution.
## History
### Opening day {#opening_day}
On March 22, 1989, the Hokies defeated the baseball team from George Mason University 7--2 in the first game played in the stadium.
### Home of Chuck Hartman\'s 1000th career victory {#home_of_chuck_hartmans_1000th_career_victory}
English Field was home to Chuck Hartman\'s 1,000th career victory with a Hokie defeat of Liberty University on April 27, 1992. With this win, Hartman became the 9th baseball coach in Division I history to win 1,000 games.
### Host of first on-campus athletic event after shootings {#host_of_first_on_campus_athletic_event_after_shootings}
On April 20, 2007, English Field hosted the first on-campus athletic event after the campus shootings of April 16. A record crowd of 3,132 watched the Hokies play against the Miami Hurricanes. Coinciding with a statewide day of mourning, the Virginia Tech baseball team debuted the first commemorative patch honoring student and professor victims while the Miami players and coaches wore black wristbands. Additionally, Miami head coach Jim Morris presented a \$10,000 check on behalf of the university to the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund.
### 2008 renovations
In early 2008, \"The Hill\" along the left field line was reworked similar to an outdoor amphitheater. The layout provided seven foot sections between terraces and an expansion of handicap accessibility to the section. Additionally, this caused a reduction in foul territory in the outfield and moved the viewable area closer to the playing area.
The second portion of the renovation is the construction of an indoor batting facility beyond the left-field fence which is scheduled to open in the fall of 2008.
### 2008 exhibition game versus the New York Yankees {#exhibition_game_versus_the_new_york_yankees}
#### Announcement
Prior to their May 23, 2007, game against the Boston Red Sox, the New York Yankees announced their commitment to play an exhibition game in Blacksburg during 2008 spring training as a way to aid in the healing process of the campus shootings and made a \$1 million contribution to the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund. On October 24, 2007, it was announced that English Field would be the site of an exhibition game between Virginia Tech and the New York Yankees on March 18, 2008.
#### Pre-game activities {#pre_game_activities}
Upon arriving on campus, the Yankees\' players and staff members visited the semicircle stone markers at the campus Drill Field memorial site for the victims. Two ceremonial first pitches were thrown---one was in honor the school faculty by university Police Chief Wendell Flinchum and another by Virginia Tech Rescue Squad Captain Jason Dominiczak on behalf of the student body and 32 balloons were released for the victims. Additionally, the university presented four nameplates engraved in Hokie Stone to the Yankees.
#### The game {#the_game}
The starters for the game were left-handed sixth year senior captain Andrew Wells for the Hokies and right-handed Jeff Karstens for the Yankees. With Yankees manager Joe Girardi sitting in the stands with Virginia Tech football coach Frank Beamer in the first inning, Wells got Rodriguez to hit a short sacrifice fly to right field, then got Jason Giambi to ground into an inning-ending double play which emptied the Hokie dugout. Most of the Yankees starters came out during the fourth inning, after which Alex Rodriguez sat on the Hokies\' bench and signed autographs. Nine different Hokie pitchers combined in walking 10 batters and allowed 10 hits while Jeff Karstens pitched four innings for the Yankees while allowing two hits and struck out two. The final score was 11--0 in favor of the Yankees.
### 2018 renovations {#renovations_1}
The stadium was renovated in 2018 by Whiting-Turner. The \$20 million renovation project added a new grandstand area with new press-level premium suites, 1,132 permanent chair-back seats in concrete stands, and a club level above the first-base dugout, along with a social picnic area down the right-field line.
The new entrance is reminiscent of the iconic Torgersen Bridge located on campus and named for Paul Ernest Torgersen, university president from 1994 to 2000.
The new grandstands are complete with a ticket booth, restrooms, enhanced concessions, a merchandise office, an umpire dressing room, a storage room for facilities and a visiting team room. The second level includes four luxury suites with an extra hospitality area, broadcast and radio booths, a game operations booth, a press area and video rooms.
## Attendance
In 2013, the Hokies ranked 49th among Division I baseball programs in attendance, averaging 1,333 per home game.
| 897 |
English Field
| 0 |
7,748,025 |
# English Field
## All-time results by year for games played in English Field {#all_time_results_by_year_for_games_played_in_english_field}
Year Wins Losses Ties Winning %
------------------------------ ------ -------- ------ -----------
1989 17 7 0 0.708
1990 22 5 0 0.815
1991 17 9 0 0.654
1992 17 3 1 0.850
1993 19 4 0 0.826
1994 17 6 0 0.739
1995 19 6 0 0.760
1996 15 5 0 0.750
1997 17 6 0 0.739
1998 14 8 1 0.636
1999 16 6 0 0.727
2000 15 9 1 0.625
2001 15 7 0 0.682
2002 18 12 0 0.600
2003 18 10 0 0.643
2004 18 10 0 0.643
2005 10 10 0 0.500
2006 14 13 0 0.519
2008 11 16 0 0.407
2008 16 16 0 0.500
2009 18 11 0 0.621
2010 24 7 0 0.774
2011 14 17 0 0.452
2012 23 7 0 0.767
2013 19 11 0 0.633
2014 15 15 0 0.500
2015 16 9 0 0.640
2016 13 15 0 0.464
2017 14 13 0 0.518
2018 10 12 0 0.454
2019 14 15 0 0.483
2020 8 0 0 1.000
2021 17 13 0 0.566
2022 33 7 0 0.825
2023 21 10 0 0.677
2024 22 9 0 0.710
**Totals** 606-339-3 (0
| 209 |
English Field
| 1 |
7,748,032 |
# Institute for the Study of American Cultures
The **Institute for the Study of American Cultures** **(ISAC)** was an organization devoted to the study of pre-Columbian contact between the Old and New Worlds. Although as an organization it did not espouse any particular theory, it was strongly oriented in a general way toward a hyperdiffusionist view that pre-Columbian contact had been extensive. It was greatly influenced by the work of Barry Fell.
ISAC was founded by [Dr. Joseph B. Mahan](https://archivesspace.columbusstate.edu/repositories/2/resources/158) a professional anthropologist whose career was primarily devoted to work in museums. Headquartered in Columbus, Georgia, ISAC\'s activities consisted of holding an annual conference and of publishing books advocating the hyperdiffusionist view.
ISAC continued holding annual conferences after the death of its founder and President Dr. Mahan in 1995. The 30th Anniversary Conference was celebrated in 2003. Currently, ISAC\'s collection is housed at the Columbus State University Archives in Columbus, Georgia. Organizations with similar perspectives whose memberships overlapped that of ISAC are the Midwest Epigraphic Society and the Epigraphic Society
| 170 |
Institute for the Study of American Cultures
| 0 |
7,748,047 |
# Live from Portland
***Live from Portland*** is the first live album by the Christian rock band Kutless. It was released on December 5, 2006. It was recorded on March 16, 2006, in the band\'s hometown of Portland, Oregon. The album comes with a CD of the concert\'s audio, and a DVD with the concert itself. The DVD is slightly longer than the CD, including drum solos from drummer Jeffrey Gilbert. The DVD also contains the band\'s music video for \"Shut Me Out\", and a documentary about the show and the band being on tour. This is the band\'s last release with longtime guitarist Ryan Shrout, though his last studio album with them was *Hearts of the Innocent*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
**Kutless**
- Jon Micah Sumrall -- lead vocals
- James Mead -- guitars, backing vocals
- Ryan Shrout -- guitars, backing vocals
- Dave Leutkenhoelter -- bass
- Jeffrey Gilbert -- drums
### Production
- Brandon Ebel -- executive producer
- Tyson Paoletti -- executive producer
- Kevin Sheppard -- A&R
- Zach Hodges -- producer
- J.R. McNeely -- producer, mixing
- Rob Burrell -- recording
- Troy Glessner -- mastering at Spectre Studios (Tacoma, Washington)
- Ed Janiszewski -- production manager
- Invisible Creatures, Inc. -- art direction
- Don Clark -- design
- Bryan Myss -- photography
- Chance Hoag and Darren Tyler at Platform Artis Management -- management
## Awards
In 2008, the album received a nomination for a Dove Award for Long Form Music Video of the Year at the 39th GMA Dove Awards
| 263 |
Live from Portland
| 0 |
7,748,073 |
# Richard Molloy
**Richard \'Roo\' Molloy** is the younger brother of Mick Molloy and was the co-host of *Tough Love with Mick Molloy* radio show on Triple M.
Molloy also co-wrote the Australian films Crackerjack and BoyTown with his brother
| 40 |
Richard Molloy
| 0 |
7,748,139 |
# KSAK
**KSAK** is the FM campus radio station of the Mt. San Antonio College in Walnut, California. Broadcasters and producers from local commercial radio stations teach classes at the college and supervise students who produce and announce news and music programming. The station broadcasts music in blocks of hip-hop, alternative rock, and pop music, interspersed with news and public service announcements.
## History
On December 21, 1972, the Mount San Antonio Community College District received the construction permit for 90.1 FM, broadcasting with 3.5 watts. The station went on the air January 2, 1974, after being a carrier current station. In fall 2011, the station was rebranded as \"90.1 FM MtRock\" after a management change at the college. The station is currently a rock format, playing rock from 1960 to today, as well as music from local Los Angeles artists and is operated by students at the college
| 149 |
KSAK
| 0 |
7,748,160 |
# CUSPEA
**CUSPEA** (China-U.S. Physics Examination and Application, 李政道奖学金) was an examination and admission system used by the physics departments of some American and Canadian universities for graduate school admission from the People\'s Republic of China between 1979 and 1989.
It was created by the Chinese-American Nobel laureate in physics Professor Tsung-Dao Lee (诺贝尔物理学奖得主李政道教授) and Chinese physics community as an alternative graduate school admission procedure. At that time in China, higher education was still recovering from the Cultural Revolution; school transcripts and recommendation letters were difficult to evaluate. Furthermore, standardized tests such as the Graduate Record Examination were unavailable in China.
## Details
The CUSPEA exam was in English and had a similar scope to that of Ph.D. written qualifying exams in major American universities. The questions were prepared by physics professors from participating North American universities---starting with Columbia University where Lee worked, and eventually expanded to 97 universities. Committees of physicists in China administer and grade the exams. The examinees are usually senior physics majors from top-ranking Chinese universities. Those who passed the exam are followed up by an interview by a small American delegation.
According to US physicist Sam Treiman, early applicants to the program included many older students, whose education had been interrupted by the Cultural Revolution.
Final admission to U.S. graduate schools depended on mutual agreement between the applicant and participating physics departments. Each year, more than 600 Chinese students pre-selected from dozens of top Chinese universities and institutes entered the CUSPEA exam. Among them, about 100 Chinese students selected by their CUSPEA exam scores entered the subsequent application process to go to their PhD studies in the US. Over the years, a total of 915 students went to the US through this program. The three universities with the most students among these 915 students are University of Science and Technology of China (218 students), Peking University (206 students) and Fudan University (127 students). Among the eleven number one students over the eleven years are Xiao-Gang Wen and Qing Hu, currently professors at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and one female, Li Zhaoping, currently in Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics.
## Similar Exams {#similar_exams}
CUSPEA was so successful that other similar exams soon were created, such as CUSBEA for biochemistry and \"Shiing-Shen Chern Project\" (陈省身项目) for mathematics. All were stopped in the late 80s in favor of more standard exams.
## Continuation as Mini-CUSPEA and Re-Expansion {#continuation_as_mini_cuspea_and_re_expansion}
In the early 1990s, several years after the suspension of the CUSPEA exam, a new program called Mini-CUSPEA was created. The new program name referred to the fact that only one Chinese university, namely Fudan University, was now involved. Likewise, in the U.S., the number of target universities had been shrunk to three - Columbia University, New York University, and the City University of New York.
Mini-CUSPEA applicants sit written exams and attend interviews, similar in style to the old CUSPEA admission tests. Around 6-10 students are admitted annually. The usual requirements (TOEFL and GRE) for Chinese students studying in the U.S. are waived for successful Mini-CUSPEA applicants.
Since 2007, the Mini-CUSPEA program has started to expand. The Chinese universities involved now include Peking University, Tsinghua University and other top universities. Expansion is also planned on the U.S. side
| 540 |
CUSPEA
| 0 |
7,748,163 |
# BCW Can-Am Television Championship
The **BCW Can-Am Television Championship** was a second-tier title contested for in the Ontario-based professional wrestling promotion Border City Wrestling.
## Title history {#title_history}
## Combined reigns {#combined_reigns}
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------------+
| Rank | Champion | No
| 40 |
BCW Can-Am Television Championship
| 0 |
7,748,167 |
# Panama at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Panama competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, England, returning to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1928. Panama won its first-ever Olympic medals at these Games, and did not win another Olympic medal until Irving Saladino won gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
## Medalists
Medal Name Sport Event Date
------- ------ ----------- ------- ------
Athletics 100m
Athletics 200m
## Athletics
Key
- **Note**--Ranks given for track events are within the athlete\'s heat only
- **Q** = Qualified for the next round
- **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
- **NR** = National record
- N/A = Round not applicable for the event
- Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
- NP = Not placed
Men\
Track & road events
Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal
--------------- ------- -------- --------- -------------- ---------
Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank
Lloyd LaBeach 100 m 10.5 1 **Q** 10.5 1 **Q**
200 m 21.4 1 **Q** 21
| 182 |
Panama at the 1948 Summer Olympics
| 0 |
7,748,175 |
# Panama at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Panama competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. It was the nations third time competing in the Olympics since 1928
| 29 |
Panama at the 1952 Summer Olympics
| 0 |
7,748,196 |
# Panama at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Panama competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. This was the nation\'s fifth appearance at the Olympics since its debut in 1928. 10 out of the 13 Panamanian athletes started in their events.
## Athletics
### Women\'s 100 metres {#womens_100_metres}
Athlete Time (R1) Place (R1) Place
----------------- ----------- ------------ -------
Marcella Daniel 12.6s 6th (h2) \>8
Delceita Oakley 12.3s 7th (h4) \>8
Jean Mitchell DNS N/A (h1) N/A
### Women\'s 200 metres {#womens_200_metres}
Athlete Time (R1) Place (R1) Place
----------------- ----------- ------------ -------
Marcella Daniel 26.6s 7 (h4) \>8
Delceita Oakley 26.2s 6 (h6) \>8
Jean Mitchell DNS N/A(h3) N/A
### Women\'s 80 metres hurdles {#womens_80_metres_hurdles}
Athlete Time (R1) Place (R1) Place
--------------- ----------- ------------ -------
Lorraine Dunn 11.5s 5 (h1) \>8
### Women\'s 4 x 100 metres relay {#womens_4_x_100_metres_relay}
Time (R1) Place (R1) Place
----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
47.6s 6th (h1) \>8
Team Delceita Oakley • Lorraine Dunn • Jean Mitchell • Marcella Daniel • Josefina Sobers (DNS)
## Boxing
Event Athlete Place
---------------------- ---------------- ----------
Men\'s Featherweight Alfonso Frazer 17(Tied)
## Fencing
Event Athlete Score Place
----------------------- ------------- ------- -------
Épée (Individual Men) Saul Torres DNS N/A
## Judo
Event Athlete Place
-------------------- ---------------- ---------
Men\'s Lightweight Aurelio Chu Yi 9(Tied)
## Weightlifting
Event Athlete K Place
---------------------- --------------- ------- -------
Men\'s Featherweight Idelfonso Lee 340.0 9th
## Wrestling
Panama sent 3 wrestlers to compete in the 1964 Tokyo Games, none medaled
| 242 |
Panama at the 1964 Summer Olympics
| 0 |
7,748,200 |
# Mullagh, County Cavan
**Mullagh** (`{{IPAc-en|'|m|U|l|ae}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{Irish place name|An Mullach|the hilltop}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town, civil parish and townland in County Cavan, Ireland. As of the 2022 census, the town\'s population was 1,651. It lies in the south-east of the county, at the junction of the R191 and the R194 regional roads near the towns of Virginia and Bailieborough.
## St Kilian and churches {#st_kilian_and_churches}
The town has a heritage centre dedicated to St Kilian, who was born in Mullagh c 640 and was martyred in Würzburg in Franconia in northern Bavaria, Germany, in circa 689. The centre also has an exhibition related to ogham script and the development of illuminated manuscripts.
The Catholic church, a Victorian neo-Gothic structure located 400m from the village on the Virginia Road (R194), is named in memory of its patron, Saint Kilian. It was built in the late 1850s. Ruins of an earlier church, known as the *Teampeall Ceallaigh*, remain in what is now part of the Church of Ireland grounds located approximately 600m along the same road.
## Development
Mullagh\'s population increased substantially between the 2006 and 2022 census. The census recorded 679 residents in the 2006 census, rising to 1,651 by the time of the 2022 census.
There was substantial housing and industrial development in the environs of the village in this period. Mullagh\'s relative proximity to the new M3 motorway has had the effect of making Dublin more accessible to Mullagh and County Cavan.`{{original research inline|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
## Amenities
Local amenities include Mullagh Lake and Hill Walk (2 kilometers outside the village on the Virginia Road), a tennis court and park on Mullagh Fair Green, and a children\'s playground beside the St. Kilian\'s Heritage Center. The Edwin Carolan Memorial Park has a full-size GAA pitch (open to all sports), a 440-metre track around its perimeter and a multi-purpose Sports Centre and Gym. In the winter, the track is floodlit at nighttime to facilitate walking and running.`{{fact|date=June 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Community organisations {#community_organisations}
Local community organisations include a men\'s and ladies\' Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club (Cúchulainns GFC), a community games (athletics) club, a drama society, a golf society, friendship club, parent and toddler group, Girl Guides and Boy Scouts.
Local committees include the Mullagh Tourism & Community Development Committee, Mullagh Tidy Towns, and St. Kilian\'s Housing Association.
## Transport
Bus Éireann route 108 provides three journeys a day (one on Sundays) to Kells in County Meath for onward journeys, and three journeys a day (one on Sundays) to the neighbouring town of Bailieborough
## Events
Mullagh Fair Day was one of the biggest fairs in the North East, and its proximity to the Virginia Road railway station ensured that cattle purchased in Mullagh could easily be transported to ports in Dublin and Drogheda. However, the opening of the Mullagh mart in 1957 finally brought to a close a long chapter in the history of Mullagh since the first charters and licences were granted in 1621.
The Mullagh Tourism & Community Development Committee re-established the Fair Day in 1997, and it has since grown to be one of the largest one-day shows in the North East. The fair takes place each year on the 2nd Sunday in September.
## Historic associations {#historic_associations}
The V. Rev. Dr Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick\'s Cathedral in Dublin, wrote parts of *Gulliver\'s Travels* and *The Tale Of The Tub* whilst staying near Mullagh (He is said to have taken inspiration for Gulliver and the Brobdingnagians from a tall local farmer nicknamed \'Big Doughty\' when he saw the farmer lifting a large calf over a gate.) Dean Swift was staying at the country home of his cleric friend The Rev. Thomas Sheridan at Quilca House close to the historic location of the original Mullagh village. Other notable descendants from the (Quilca) Sheridan family are the 18th century playwright Thomas Sheridan and the writer Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
The original historic village of Mullagh was situated over a kilometre north-west of the present village close to Mullagh Lake, just off the Virginia Road, but there no longer remain any distinguishing features except the name of the crossroads at the foot of Mullagh Hill which are still called \'The Gates Of Old Mullagh\'
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# Mullagh, County Cavan
## People
- Henry Brooke (1703--1783), novelist and dramatist, was born and raised at Rantavan House, very near Mullagh.
- T. P. McKenna, television actor (*All Creatures Great and Small, Inspector Morse*)
- Brían F. O\'Byrne, film, television and stage actor (*Intermission, Brooklyn\'s Finest, Million Dollar Baby, FlashForward, Prime Suspect, Love/Hate*)
- Agnes O\'Farrelly, Professor, Novelist, Founder of Cumann na mBan, 4th President of the Camogie Association and Irish Language Scholar born at Raffony, Crossreagh, Mullagh near the parish border with Lurgan.
- Saint Kilian, Irish missionary to the Franks of Würzburg. Born in a fort in Cloghballybeg, The Gates, Mullagh in 640 A.D. Martyred in 689 in Franconia. Patron saint of Rheumatism
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# Panama at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Panama competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico
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# Kinmuck
**Kinmuck**, Aberdeenshire, is a small village just outside Inverurie in the north-east of Scotland
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# Jennie Faulding Taylor
**Jane Elizabeth \"Jennie\" Faulding Taylor** (6 October 1843 -- 31 July 1904), was a British Protestant missionary to China with the China Inland Mission. She pioneered the work of single women missionaries in China and eventually married the founder of the mission, James Hudson Taylor, after the death of his first wife, Maria Jane Dyer. As Taylor\'s wife, she assumed many roles within the mission agency when Taylor was overseas - acting at times as a home director for the mission. She encouraged women, both married and unmarried, to participate in the work of the China Inland Mission in ways that had previously only been reserved for male missionaries.
## Early life in London {#early_life_in_london}
Jane Elizabeth Faulding was the daughter of a piano manufacturer in London. She was an 1865 graduate of the Home and Colonial Training College along with her friend, Emily Blatchley. She had met Taylor when she was nine and attended the weekly prayer meeting at the home of Hudson & Maria Taylor in the East End of London in 1865; she helped to proofread the Taylors\' book \"China\'s Spiritual Need and Claims\", and was influenced by this work which spoke of the desperate need for the Gospel message to be brought to the Chinese before they died \"without God and without hope in the world\".
## The youngest missionary {#the_youngest_missionary}
When the Taylors were recruiting missionaries to go with them back to China, Faulding and Blatchley volunteered to accompany the 14 other candidates who were all as inexperienced as themselves. Faulding was the junior member of the Lammermuir Party, the largest party of Protestant missionaries ever to sail to China in 1866, but she quickly proved herself useful.
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# Jennie Faulding Taylor
## Pioneering work among women {#pioneering_work_among_women}
On the journey, they weathered two typhoons and a near shipwreck. Once in China, they donned Chinese clothes and ventured down the Grand Canal, looking for a place to settle down to mission work. It caused a scandal among the other Westerners in China to see a young single woman like Faulding adopt the Chinese dress, which was considered a compromise with an idolatrous culture. However, Taylor was undeterred in encouraging his missionaries to \"adopt all things not sinful that were Chinese in order to save some\".
In Hangzhou, Faulding proved the value of being an unmarried female, as her daily walks around the neighborhood gave her opportunities to be invited in by the Chinese women, who did not feel threatened as they might have by a foreign man. She met with many local women and established a school in Hangchow.
During her time in China, she lived and worked with Hudson Taylor\'s wife, Maria, who taught her the Chinese language. Maria died in 1870.
After she had been in China for five years, Faulding was given a furlough at the request of her parents. Taylor accompanied her home in 1871. She had keenly felt the loss of Maria Taylor, her friend and mentor, the year previously. On the way back to England, Hudson proposed marriage. She accepted on the condition of her parents\' approval, which was not easily obtained. In November of the same year they were married. She became the stepmother to Taylor\'s four surviving children and a successor to Maria as the \"Mother of the Mission\". Together, they had two children of their own and adopted Millie, an orphaned daughter of a missionary.
## Leading from the shadows {#leading_from_the_shadows}
The news of the terrible Great North China Famine of 1877--78 in Shanxi Province motivated Faulding to go there with two single women as part of a relief team - when no men could be spared to accompany them on their journey and her husband could not go, himself. She began an orphanage in Taiyuan, and distributed aid to the starving people there. She also worked as assistant editor to the quarterly journal *China\'s Millions*.
Faulding worked alongside her husband until the end of her life. They traveled across the globe many times recruiting missionaries and visiting mission stations in China. She died of breast cancer in Les Chevalleyres, Switzerland in 1904. Hudson remained with her at the end of her life.
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# Jennie Faulding Taylor
## Chronology
**Birth to First Time in China 1866**
- Born in England to William Joseph & Harriet Faulding
- Sailed to China (via the Cape of Good Hope) aboard the Lammermuir with James Hudson Taylor 26 May 1866 from East India Docks, London, England
- Arrived in China aboard the Lammermuir 29 September 1866 in Shanghai, China
- Settled with the Lammermuir party December 1866 in 1 Xin Kai Long (New Lane), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
**Furlough and marriage**
- Sailed to Guangzhou on furlough with James Hudson Taylor aboard the MM Volga on 5 August 1871 in Shanghai, China
- Sailed to Marseille via Saigon, Ceylon, Aden, Suez aboard the MM Ava after 5 August 1871 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Arrived in England 25 September 1871 in from Marseille, France (via Paris to London)
- Married to James Hudson Taylor, 28 November 1871 in Regent\'s Park Chapel, London, England
- Moved 15 January 1872 to 6 Pyrland Road, Islington, London, England
**Return to China**
- Sailed to China aboard the M M Tigre with Hudson Taylor, 9 October 1872 in Marseille, France (via Paris from London)
- M M Tigre arrived 28 November 1872 in Shanghai, China
- Baby son and daughter (twins) Taylor born 13 April 1873 in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (stillborn)
**Raising a family in England**
- Sailed to England on furlough with Hudson Taylor, 30 August 1874
- Arrived 15 October 1874, England
- \"Dai Cun-xin\" Ernest Hamilton Taylor born 7 January 1875, 2 Pyrland Road, Islington, London
- Amy H. Taylor born 7 April 1876, Islington, London
- Mary Jane Bowyer Duncan adopted, before 25 December 1877, England
**Pioneering work in China**
- Sailed to China without Hudson for famine relief work 2 May 1878
- Led the advance of women missionaries to the far interior about September 1878 in Shanxi, China
- Arrival and reunion with Hudson Taylor, 8 May 1879 in Yantai (Cheefoo), Shandong, China
- Sailed to England 13 October 1880
- Reunion with Hudson 21 December 1890 in Shanghai, China
- Arrived with Hudson Taylor, March 1892 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Sailed to England via Canada, 10 May 1892
- Arrived, 26 July 1892 in England
- Sailed to China via US aboard the `{{RMS|Germanic}}`{=mediawiki} with Hudson Taylor, 14 February 1894 from Liverpool & Queenstown, England
- Arrived aboard the RMS *Germanic*, 24 February 1894 in Ellis Island, New York
- Arrived with Hudson Taylor, 17 April 1894 in Shanghai, China
- Sailed to England after July 1894
- Left China for India with Hudson Taylor, February 1896
- Returned to China with Hudson Taylor, April 1896
- Sailed to Italy aboard the Oceania (M. M. Oceanien?) with Hudson Taylor, 2 May 1896
- Arrived at Brindisi, Italy and visited Germany en route to England, before 17 June 1896
- Arrived, 17 June 1896 in England
- Visited with Hudson Taylor in Switzerland c
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# Blockade (video game)
***Blockade*** is an arcade video game developed by Lane Hauck and Ago Kiss for Gremlin and released in November 1976. It is a two-player game where each player controls the direction of an arrow on the screen which creates a trail behind it. The object is to avoid any walls surrounding the playfield or trails created by each player for a select amount of turns. *Blockade* spawned many clones which came to be known as snake games.
The game was designed by Lane Hauck, who prior to joining Gremlin had taught himself to code and met with the team at Gremlin before their entry into the arcade game market. After experimenting with a physics problem in assembly language, he created a game where a trail was left behind a player that disallowed them to return to a position they had already visited. After showing the concept to the staff at Gremlin, it was developed into a video game, test marketed and released to great acclaim at the 1976 Music Operators of America in Chicago. As Gremlin were new to developing arcade games, before they could release it publicly, several other companies such as Atari, Inc., Ramtek and Meadows Games released their own variations of the game, leading to many pre-sales being cancelled for Gremlin.
## Gameplay
*Blockade* is a two-player game where each player controls the direction of an arrow on the screen. Each player utilizes a set of push button controls to change the direction of the moving arrow. When it moves, the arrow leaves a trail of blocks behind which form a continuous wall. Anytime the player collides with a wall created by either player or the barrier wall on the screen, an explosion sound is heard and the symbol flashes and a point is rewarded to the opponent.
After a pre-set number of crashes happen to the player, the game ends. The pre-set number is set by the operator of the arcade, ranging from 3 to 6.
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# Blockade (video game)
## Development
Gremlin was a San Diego--based coin-op arcade manufacturer that started in 1970. Designer Lane Hauck, a physics and engineering graduate of UCLA and Cal State, purchased a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8 computer to teach himself Assembly language. Hauck played games on the system such as *Moo* and began to grow interested in simplifying complex technology to make it more affordable. He soldered together twenty-five logic circuits to create a handheld device that could play *Moo*. He later made other small machines which could play games like *Blackjack*.
At the time, Gremlin was in the market of Wall games, which were rectangular paintings and displayed one static picture, such as a series of lights turning on to simulate a game of baseball. No staff at Gremlin knew anything about microprocessors at the time, and when meeting at Gremlin\'s office, the staff met Hauck which led to him developing a Wall game for them called *Fooswall* that used microprocessors.
Hauck felt it would be fun to explore a physics problem he referred to as the Drunk and the Lamppost, where the "drunk" starts out near the lamppost and can move in any direction, at random. The problem involved predicting the direction the drunk will tend to move. To test out the problem visually, Hauck wrote a program in which the computer randomly picked either an up, down left or right direction to move an arrow. On a display screen, Hauck stated that \"the thing flitted around a little bit and sure enough, as physics predicts, the thing stayed close to the lamppost.\" Growing bored with the project, he felt it would be more interesting if the drunk could not move to a square he visited before and made it so a square lit up and would remain illuminated even when moving the arrow to a new square and eventually get trapped. Hauck did not expect this result and it led to him developing a game where two players move and try to avoid hitting each other, creating a trailing maze behind them. Hauck commented that \"It showed me that the video game is not only highly interactive for the player, but also for the designer. After awhile, the model is teaching you some things!\"
Hauck later added small touches, such as electronic beeps that sounded when the arrows moved and an explosive noise accompanying the arrows crashing. He showed it to one of Gremlin founder\'s Frank Fogleman. Fogleman liked the design, and agreed to do a public test of the prototype under the name *Blockade*. Hauck recalls that *Blockade* was the very first name which came to Fogleman\'s mind, and after purchasing a cabinet and monitor, they tested the game at a miniature golf course. They recalled that they \"watched very carefully and we saw a lot of people put money in it and have fun with it. It was exciting.\" Following successful tests, Hauck worked on turning it into a full game. By November 1976, Gremlin had refined the prototype and Hauck developed it into a four-player version titled *Commotion*.
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# Blockade (video game)
## Release
It was shown at the 1976 Music Operators of America (MOA) Expo in Chicago, where Gremlin received 3000 orders of the game. Hauck recalled that their team realized they did not know anything about wood cabinets or television monitors. At the time of *Blockade*{{\'}}s release, counterfeiting was high and public demand for the game was not as long-lasting as the company had hoped. As they adapted to this new material and tech, other companies released similar games such as Atari, Inc. with *Dominos*, Ramtek with *Barricade*, Bally with *Checkmate* (included in the Bally Astrocade), and Meadows Games with *Bigfoot Bonkers*. *Barricade* was so similar to *Blockade* that Gremlin threatened to sue Ramtek, and dropped their suit after Ramtek agreed to not release the game. Dennis Koble of Atari stated that *Blockade* was \"really fun and very popular and, as was common in those days, everyone had to jump on the bandwagon.\"
Months later, when Gremlin\'s *Blockade* was distributed in November 1976, the market had shrunk, leading to the game releasing only a small fraction they had presold at the show. This left Gremlin with a large inventory of circuit boards, cabinets and monitors. The company had no legal recourse at the period against the clones of the games. After the team from Gremlin returned from Chicago, they began filing patents for *Blockade*, and received faster consideration from the patent office due to the market of clones already released. It took a year and a half to win the patent, which Hauck stated at the time \"no one even remembered *Blockade*. The net effect is that in the game business, patents are absolutely worthless.\"
## Reception
In November 1977, *Play Meter* ranked the top highest ranking arcade games from the past 12 months. *Blockade* was Gremlin\'s highest ranked game, tying for 10th place along with *Indy 4* by Atari.
From contemporary reviews, Ray Pasziewicz, a Baltimore coin machine operator, said he specifically praised *Blockade* at the MOA show, noting the games competitiveness and that \"I stood there and played it for a long time and I was excited over it.\" In a report in *Play Meter* magazine, Ralph C. Lally II said *Blockade* was \"probably the most played game at the show,\" and that the game was an \"excellent example of a good game based on a rather simple concept\" declaring the game great and \"could just well turn out to be the *Tank* everybody was hoping for this year.\"
From retrospective reviews, in his book *The Video Games Guide*, Matt Fox gave the game a four out of five star rating, stating he could forgive the game for its visual simplicity due to its vintage and that the game had a \"timeless quality\", declaring it \"simple, competitive, addictive fun.\"
## Legacy
After witnessing a mother and daughter play *Blockade* and constantly hit each other and laugh at them exploding, Lane Hauck developed the arcade game *Fortress*. By 1977, Gremlin had no major hit arcade games following *Blockade* which led to the company being purchased by Sega on September 29, 1978.
*Blockade* is the progenitor of the snake video game genre which features hundreds of games, including multiple arcade clones of *Blockcade*, the Atari Video Computer System\'s *Surround* (1977), the 1982 single-player home computer game *Snake Byte*, and *Snake* (1998) for Nokia\'s mobile phones.
Dennis Koble, the developer of Atari\'s *Dominos*, said his game was not derivative from *Blockade*. He said in a 2020 interview that prior to Gremlin\'s release, he had seen similar games on ARPANET and CompuServe
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# Panama at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Panama competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
## Results by event {#results_by_event}
### Athletics
**Men\'s 800 metres**
- Donaldo Arza
:\* Heat --- 1:51.2 (→ did not advance)
**Men\'s 1500 metres**
- Donaldo Arza
:\* Heat --- 3:41
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# Panama at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Panama competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada
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# Comscore
**Comscore, Inc.** is an American-based global media measurement and analytics company providing marketing data and analytics to enterprises, advertising agencies, brand marketers, and publishers.
## History
Comscore was founded in July 1999 in Reston, Virginia. The company was co-founded by Gian Fulgoni, who was for many years the CEO of market research company Information Resources, Inc. (IRI) and Magid Abraham, who was also an ex-IRI employee and had was president in the mid-1990s.
On March 30, 2007, Comscore made an initial public offering of shares on the Nasdaq, using the symbol \"SCOR\".
On February 11, 2014, Comscore announced the appointment of Serge Matta as chief executive officer, effective March 1.
Co-founder Gian Fulgoni, who had been chairman emeritus since 2014, replaced Serge Matta as chief executive officer on August 10, 2016. On September 2, 2016, Comscore received a letter from NASDAQ that it was in danger of being delisted from the exchange on September 12 unless Comscore filed its 2015 annual report (form 10-K) and reports for the first two quarters of 2016. On February 6, 2017, Comscore announced they would not meet the NASDAQ-imposed deadline to \"complete its financial restatement and regain compliance with Nasdaq\'s listing requirements.\" Because of this missed deadline, \"Comscore\'s common stock may be suspended from trading and delisted from Nasdaq.\" If Comscore is delisted from NASDAQ and their trading is suspended, they advise they intend to \"be quoted on the OTC Markets.\" In November 2017, According to the reports, Gian Fulgoni co-founder and CEO retired.
On April 23, 2018, it was announced that Bryan Wiener was appointed as the company\'s chief executive officer, effective May 30. Wiener had previously been chairman of 360i, a 1,000-person advertising agency known for its ability to help brands capitalize on change through innovation and a data-driven approach to marketing. In October 2018, the company revised its branding, updating its logo and changing its name stylization from \"comScore\" to \"comscore\", although it continued to use \"Comscore\" as well.
On April 1, 2019, CEO Bryan Wiener announced that he, along with president Sarah Hofstetter would be stepping down from their respective roles at Comscore, citing irreconcilable differences in strategy with the company\'s board.
On November 5, 2019, Bill Livek was appointed as Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice Chairman. Prior to joining Comscore, Livek was Vice Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Rentrak, where he spearheaded the next generation of products to precisely measure movies and TV. In February 2022, Livek announced he was going to retire and step down as CEO once the board found a replacement.
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# Comscore
## History
### Mergers and acquisitions {#mergers_and_acquisitions}
Comscore acquired Media Metrix in a deal announced in June 2002. Earlier, the Federal Trade Commission announced it would block a bid by NetRatings to acquire Media Metrix.
Media Metrix originated as PC Meter, a business unit of market research company NPD Group, and began publishing statistics in January 1996. In July 1997, it changed its name to Media Metrix. In October 1998, Media Metrix merged with a rival, Relevant Knowledge. The company went public as NASDAQ:MMXI in May 1999, reaching a market cap of \$135 million on its first day of trading. In June 2000, the company acquired Jupiter Communications for \$414 million in stock and changed its name to Jupiter Media Metrix. In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble collapse and associated downturn in internet marketing spending, Jupiter sold the Media Metrix service to rival Comscore for \$1.5 million in June 2002.
In May 2008, Comscore announced its acquisition of M:Metrics, a company that measured mobile content consumption. The transaction involved a cash payment of \$44.3 million and the issue of approximately 50,000 options to purchase shares of Comscore common stock to some M:Metrics unvested option holders.
Comscore announced in October 2009 the acquisition of Certifica, an internet marketing company based in Santiago, Chile. The acquisition enhanced Comscore's presence in the Latin American market.
In February 2010, Comscore announced an agreement to purchase the ARSgroup, headquartered in Evansville, Indiana.
On July 1, 2010, Comscore announced that it had acquired the products division of Nexius, Inc.
Comscore then acquired `{{Interlanguage link multi|Nedstat|nl}}`{=mediawiki} for approximately \$36.7 million on September 1, 2010.
In February 2015 Comscore US entered into a partnership with Kantar owned by WPP with an equity stake purchase.
On May 5, 2015 Comscore announced that it had acquired Proximic, a California based analytics company. Several years later in March, 2023 Comscore announced a rebrand of their programmatic targeting business under the name Proximic by Comscore, utilizing the capabilities from the May 2015 Proximic acquisition.
In September 2015, Comscore and Rentrak announced a merger of the two companies. The move was meant to combine Comscore\'s digital media measurement capabilities with the TV measurement capabilities of Rentrak to create a cross-platform media measurement firm, perhaps capable of challenging Nielsen N.V. in the media measurement space. Under terms of the agreement, Comscore agreed to acquire Rentrak in an all-stock deal valued at about \$732 million, with Rentrak shareholders receiving 1.15 shares of Comscore per owned share of Rentrak.
The Comscore-Rentrak deal closed on February 1, 2016, with the final transaction being valued at \$767.7 million.
In December 2021, Comscore acquired Shareablee, a social media marketing analytics and measurement company.
## Data collection and reporting {#data_collection_and_reporting}
Comscore maintains a group of users who have monitoring software (with brands including PermissionResearch, OpinionSquare and VoiceFive Networks) installed on their computers. In exchange for joining the Comscore research panels, users are presented with various benefits, including computer security software, Internet data storage, virus scanning, and chances to win cash or prizes.
Comscore estimates that two million users are part of the monitoring program. However, self-selected populations, no matter how large, may not be representative of the population as a whole. To obtain the most accurate data, Comscore adjusts the statistics using weights to make sure that each population segment is adequately represented. To calculate these weights, Comscore regularly recruits panelists using random digit dialing and other offline recruiting methods to accurately determine how many users are online, aggregated by geography, income, and age. Correcting the Comscore data requires having accurate demographics about the larger pool of users. However, some Comscore users are recruited without being asked to give demographic information and, in other cases, users may not be truthful about their demographics. To ensure the accuracy of the data, Comscore verifies its users\' demographics during the course of measuring statistical data.
The corrected data is used to generate reports on topics ranging from web traffic to video streaming activity and consumer buying power.
In April 2020, Comscore launched a faster local TV rating service \-- with a turnaround of 48 hours, as opposed to the previous two weeks span it takes TV stations to get TV ratings data.
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# Comscore
## Unified Digital Measurement {#unified_digital_measurement}
In May 2009, Comscore introduced Unified Digital Measurement (UDM), a digital audience measurement tool that blended panel and census-based measurement approaches. The methodology calculates audience reach without being affected by cookie deletion and cookie blocking/rejection.
## Campaign measurement {#campaign_measurement}
Comscore debuted Campaign Essentials in 2010 to measure how digital campaigns are reaching their audiences. In March 2012, Comscore launched validated Campaign Essentials (vCE), which introduced the notion of "validated" impressions. In January 2013, Comscore announced that it had evaluated 4,000 campaigns for clients covering more than 75 advertising agencies.
## Criticism
In 2006, Ben Edelman, a Harvard researcher, alleged that there were cases where Comscore software had been installed on users\' computers without their knowledge. Comscore admitted that it was in discussion with a spyware firm called DollarRevenue but said that no contract was ever signed, and that once it realized DollarRevenue was distributing Comscore\'s software, months later, it took steps to prevent the DollarRevenue-distributed software from sending data to Comscore. Stanford IT notes that the monitoring software has been bundled with file sharing program iMesh without users being aware of it, although Comscore\'s relationship with iMesh was short-lived and occurred several years ago.
In the past, the software forwarded users\' internet traffic through Comscore proxy servers, provoking criticism about speed performance. As a result, several universities and banks took steps to block the proxy servers.
In June 2010, a warning about Mac Spyware being launched from free applications like screensavers, from security company Intego was reported in the media and implicated VoiceFive, Inc. as the source of certain alleged spyware software. VoiceFive, Inc. has become compliant with the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, as well as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Additionally, noted blogger and angel investor Jason Calacanis claimed that Comscore was running an \'extorting ring\' by vastly undercounting publisher traffic numbers and forcing them to pay fees for direct measurement via a tracking pixel. Comscore responded to these allegations by offering their direct measurement tracking pixel to long-tail web publishers for free.
### SEC findings {#sec_findings}
In 2019, Comscore Inc. and its former CEO Serge Matta were charged with engaging in a fraudulent scheme to overstate revenue by approximately \$50 million and making false and misleading statements about key performance metrics. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) found that Comscore and Matta made false and misleading public disclosures regarding the company's customer base and flagship product and that Matta lied to Comscore\'s internal accountants and external audit firm in order. This enabled Comscore to artificially exceed its analysts\' consensus revenue target in seven consecutive quarters and create the illusion of smooth and steady growth in Comscore\'s business. The company has replaced the former CEO and other senior executives; its new management team has settled the SEC charges without admitting or denying wrongdoing in September 2019 for \$5 million. Two years before the charges, Comscore had restated its financial statements and rectified all concerns of its accounting practices around revenue recognition. According to the company, it has since implemented remedial efforts, including new internal control procedures and policies and new compliance systems.`{{Non-primary source needed|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Its new compliance program was recognized as the \"Best Compliance and Ethics Program (Small to Mid-Cap)\" at the 12th Corporate Governance Awards in 2019.
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# Comscore
## Awards
- Magid Abraham, Comscore\'s co-founder, received the 2009 Charles Coolidge Parlin Marketing Research Award at the 2009 American Marketing Association Marketing Research Conference.
- Comscore was selected as a winner of the 2009 Chicago Innovation Awards for its creative development of AdEffx in October 2009.
- In June 2009, Comscore and the GSM Association won the M.E.F. Award for Business Intelligence in Mobile Media.
- Comscore was rated as the preferred audience measurement service by 50.4 percent of respondents to the William Blair & Company 6th semiannual survey of the members of the Chicago Interactive Marketing Association (CIMA).
- Comscore was ranked as the 15th largest U.S. market research firm based on 2008 domestic revenues, growing faster than each of the largest 25 research firms, according to the 2008 Honomichl Top 50 report.
- Comscore was selected by World Economic Forum as one of 2007\'s 47 most innovative companies.
- Comscore co-founder Magid Abraham was honored with the Eighth Annual Buck Weaver Award for Marketing. The award recognizes individuals who have made important contributions to the advancement of theory and practice in marketing science.
- In 2014, Comscore was awarded the \"New Technology of the Year Award\" by Digital Analytics Association. With its multi-platform capability, Digital Analytix is able to unify users across devices and platforms using Comscore's proprietary browser unification methodology.
- Comscore received an Innovation Award at the Perspectives 2018 Conference hosted by Skillsoft and SumTotal. Comscore was named the winner in Learning Program of the Year for its demonstrated success, innovation and expertise in learning and development.
- Comscore won the Advertising Solutions category at the 2018 IAB Europe Research Awards, which recognizes the industry\'s best digital research projects. ComScore's 'Free Viewability' allowed digital media buyers a free service for measuring both video and display campaigns.
- Comscore\'s legal department was recognized as a regional winner in the 2018 ACC National Chapter Corporate Counsel Awards. Among the reasons cited were Comscore\'s success at designing a comprehensive corporate governance structure, creating a data privacy division, and establishing cross-training initiatives.
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# Comscore
## Alliances
The Coalition for Innovative Media Measurement (CIMM) and Comscore work together to measure three-screen users and their behavior with content and advertising across television, Internet, and mobile
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# Mullagh, County Galway
**Mullagh** (`{{irish place name|An Mullach}}`{=mediawiki}) is a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clonfert in County Galway, Ireland. It is in the south-east of the county, close to the towns of Loughrea, Ballinasloe, and Portumna. Mullagh lies in the civil parish of Abbeygormacan, and spans the townlands of Mullagh Beg (`{{irish place name|An Mullach Beag}}`{=mediawiki}) and Mullagh More (*An Mullach Mór*).
A community centre was opened in the area in the early 1980s, and there are cemeteries in Abbeygormacan and Finnure. During Viking times, a river ran close to the location of the Abbeygormacan cemetery, said to be used for the transportation of goods by the monks in the nearby monastery that was located on the site of the cemetery.`{{fact|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Mullagh GAA, the local hurling club, competes in the Galway Senior Hurling Championship. The club has produced a number of inter-county and all-star hurlers, including Tony Reddin and Derek Hardiman
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# Mullagh, County Clare
**Mullagh** (`{{Irish place name|Mullach|hilltop}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in County Clare, Ireland. It lies not far from the Atlantic coast, some 5 km southeast of Quilty and 6.5 km south-southeast of Spanish Point. Nearby towns include Milltown Malbay (7 km to the north) and Kilrush (22 km to the south).
## Parish
The village of Mullagh is the centre of the parish of Kilmurry Ibrickane in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe. The local church is named St. Mary\'s.
## Amenities
Mullagh National School, located at the top of Mullagh Hill, has undergone much enlargement and many changes over the years, its latest extension having been officially opened on 23 June 2008. It also has a takeaway, three pubs, a community hall, a sports field and track, one shop and a church with a cemetery.
## Sport
The local Gaelic football team is Kilmurry Ibrickane GAA, playing in Quilty, but with their training complex in Mullagh. The club were winners of the Munster football final in 2004 and 2009 and of the county final in 2008 and 2009, 2004, 2002, 1993, 1966, 1963 and 1933.`{{fact|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Thomas Kelly-Kenny - British Army general
- Marty Morrissey - RTÉ commentator and presenter
- P. J
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# Defective on arrival
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# James Coomarasamy
**James Coomarasamy** is a British presenter of the BBC Radio 4 evening programme *The World Tonight* and the flagship *Newshour* programme on the BBC World Service.
Before joining *Newshour* in 2010, Coomarasamy spent a year presenting the *Europe Today.* Before becoming a presenter he had been a BBC correspondent in Warsaw, followed by Paris, then Washington, D.C.
## Early life {#early_life}
Coomarasamy was educated at Christ\'s Hospital, an independent school for boys, near Horsham, West Sussex, followed by Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he studied modern and medieval languages. He is fluent in French and Russian, and he speaks some Polish words.
## Career
Coomarasamy has worked primarily for the BBC:
- 1991\. Production assistant in the BBC Moscow bureau, after which he freelanced in Moscow as a reporter-producer
- Producer for the BBC World in London
- December 1994. Returned to Moscow as the bureau\'s bi-media producer, covering major stories such as the war in Chechnya
- November 1997. In Warsaw as the BBC correspondent covering events in Poland, the Baltics and Ukraine
- From 1999 to 2003. The BBC\'s Paris reporter, covering for both radio and television
- From February 2005. Correspondent in Washington, D.C., for North America
- 2009\. Presented *Europe Today* for the BBC World Service
- 2010\. Joined the presentation team for *Newshour* on the BBC World Service
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Coomarasamy is married to Nanette van der Laan. They have two children: Maya and Finn
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# North Forsyth High School (North Carolina)
**North Forsyth High School** is located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, US. There are about 1,300 students in grades 9 through 12. The motto of the school is \"*learning together, now and forever*\". The mascot is a Viking. The school colors are Crimson, White, & Columbia Blue.
## Academics
North Forsyth offers Honors, Seminar, and Advanced Placement courses. In April 2007, North Forsyth went through an extensive re-accreditation process and was re-accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). North Forsyth was also one of the four high schools in the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County School system to meet, at a rate of 100%, the yearly AYP (Average Yearly Progress) for the 2006--2007 school year. Former principal Ron Jessup, announced his retirement in March 2009. Jessup took over as principal in November 1996. His last day as principal was June 30, 2009. His successor, David C. Burleson, was the former superintendent of Burke County Schools. He acquired the position of principal after his superintendent\'s contract was terminated by a Burke County Board of Education. In early June 2010, David Burleson was elevated to Assistant Superintendent for High Schools in WSFCS. Rodney Bass, former social studies teacher and assistant coach was then named North Forsyth\'s 6th principal. In 2015, Bass became principal of East Forsyth High School. Melita Wise, former principal of Hanes Magnet School, was named as principal.
## Athletics/extracurricular activities {#athleticsextracurricular_activities}
North Forsyth offers its students many opportunities to succeed extracurricularly. North has many Clubs ranging from the Drama Club to the Outdoors Club. North Forsyth boasts a successful visual and performing arts program, concert band, jazz program and marching band, concert choirs, indoor percussion/winter guard units and is home to a branch of the Air Force JROTC.
Sports at North Forsyth High include: Football, Volleyball, Cross Country, Tennis, Golf, Soccer, Indoor Track & Field, Swimming, Wrestling, Outdoor Track & Field, Baseball, Softball, Cheerleading, and the Valkyrie Dance Team.
### State Championships {#state_championships}
North Forsyth has won the following NCHSAA team state championships:
- Football: 1971 (4A)
- Girls Indoor Track & Field: 1994 (Open), 1995 (Open)
- Girls Outdoor Track & Field: 1994 (4A)
## Principals
North Forsyth has been under the direction of only seven principals since the school opened in 1963. Julian Gibson was the founding principal. Upon Gibson\'s retirement in the mid-1980s, Ben Warren served as principal. Kaye Shutt then acted as principal until the fall of 1996. Ron Jessup served as principal from Nov. 1996 until June 30, 2009. David C. Burleson was approved by the WS/FCS Board of Education on July 9, 2009, to be the fifth principal in the long history of the school. Burleson served as principal for one year before being promoted to Assistant Superintendent for High Schools. Rodney Bass, a former social studies teacher and coach, was named North Forsyth\'s sixth principal in early June 2010. Melita Wise became principal in 2015. At the beginning of 2023, Melita Wise retired and Bridget Hayes was appointed principal on January 3, 2023.
## Rivals
North Forsyth enjoys fierce rivalries with several schools. Nearby Mt. Tabor High School as served as the chief rivalry for a majority of the past 25 years. The Vikings also carry a spirited rivalry with Carver High School. The rivalry with R.J. Reynolds is the longest-running rivalry in Forsyth County. Many graduates from both schools in the 1960s and 1970s still have animosity towards the opposing schools. With the opening of Reagan High School in 2005, North Forsyth has gained another rivalry that has divided the community, and in some cases, neighborhoods. The newly formed rivalry between North Forsyth and Reagan has developed into one of the highly anticipated in the county.
## Rivalry games {#rivalry_games}
**The Battle for the Page Cup**\
In 2005, North Forsyth and Mt. Tabor started battling for the Page Cup. The nearly 4 ft trophy was donated by North Forsyth alumnus Bill Page, former owner of Page\'s Gifts & Awards in Winston-Salem. The trophy features base plates with the year and victor\'s name. The trophy goes to the yearly winner of the Vikings vs. Spartans football matchup. Mt. Tabor won the inaugural \"Cup Game\" and leads the Cup Game series 7--1, including six straight.
**The Hammer Bowl**\
Beginning in 2010, Reagan and North Forsyth began play for \"The Hammer\". The second traveling trophy in which North Forsyth competes is a standard 10 lb. sledge hammer. The hammer goes to the annual winner of the North Forsyth-Reagan football game, which has been renamed \"The Hammer Bowl\". Each team\'s colors and logos are on opposite sides of the hammer. Reagan\'s side features their gothic R logo painted in black on a silver background, outlined in teal. North Forsyth\'s side features the Georgian block NF logo painted in Columbia blue and outlined in white. The logo is painted on a Crimson background.\
The winner of the game gets to paint the year of the win on their side of the handle. The winning school will also display the hammer until the two teams meet in football again, including any potential playoff games.
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# North Forsyth High School (North Carolina)
## Social media {#social_media}
North Forsyth publicizes its events using Facebook and Twitter, while its Sports & Entertainment Marketing classes manage a YouTube channel for the school and its athletic program.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Dustin Ackley `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} MLB second baseman and outfielder
- Angelo Crowell `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} NFL linebacker
- Germane Crowell `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} NFL wide receiver; older brother of Angelo Crowell
- Brian Howard `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} professional basketball player
- Bill Jackson `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} NFL defensive back
- D. J
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# Forbes College
The **Malcolm S. Forbes Jr. \'70 College** is one of the seven residential colleges that house all freshmen and sophomores at Princeton University. One of the two first residential colleges at Princeton (along with Mathey College), it was originally called Princeton Inn College after the former hotel where it is housed. Following a gift to the school by Malcolm S. Forbes Sr. \'41 in 1984 in honor of his son, Steve, the college was renamed Forbes. Steve\'s daughter, Catherine Forbes \'99, was a member of Forbes College while attending Princeton.
## Buildings
The college consists of two main parts, each with a subsection: The Main Inn and its subsidiary New Wing, and the Addition, with its Annex. In addition, a two-story house adjacent to Forbes, 99 Alexander Street (nicknamed \"the Pink House\"), houses up to 10 juniors per year. The Main Inn and its New Wing were originally part of The Princeton Inn, a hotel with a colonial fieldstone style. The hotel was built by the architect Andrew Jackson Thomas in 1923--1924. It was a popular among parents visiting their sons (and young ladies visiting students at the all-male university). The New Wing was added in 1946, built of red brick. To the south of the main building, is the Annex with additional housing. The hotel was acquired by the university in 1970, and the Addition (designed by J. Robert Hillier \'59) was built connecting the Annex and the Main Inn. From 1970 to 1983 the hotel was called the Princeton Inn College, which cultivated a unique campus culture; residents were called \"Innmates\" and T-shirts with the slogan \"Die For the INN\" (an intramural sports battle cry) still remain in circulation. Forbes is also said to foster a more close-knit community and social life, because of its unique set up. The Forbes College Addition includes a single-sex floor, one of only two in the Princeton University residential colleges.
Forbes has some excellent amenities. These include private bathrooms for many of the suites (for rooms in the former hotel portions, plus a few in the Addition), and a dining hall, library, theater, and café that can be reached without ever going outdoors. The dining hall was noted for outstanding Sunday brunch. Forbes is also close to the late-night snack mecca, Wawa (\"the Wa\").
## Affiliations
Prior to 2023, Forbes was a two-year college, paired with nearby Whitman College. Only first- and second-year students (with the exception of several upperclass Residential College Advisors) lived in Forbes. Forbesians who wished to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may have moved into one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, or Butler. Since Forbes is paired with Whitman College, priority for housing in Whitman is given to students who spent their first two years living in Forbes or Whitman. Therefore, although it is possible for a Forbesian to move into any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for them to move into Whitman.
Starting in 2023, all residential colleges became four-year colleges.
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# Forbes College
## Life at Forbes {#life_at_forbes}
### Activities and events {#activities_and_events}
Forbes College hosts a diverse range of intellectual, social, and cultural events.
Over dinner, about two to three times a semester, invited guests speak to Forbes residents about their travels, their work or research, their latest publication, or simply provoke with some unconventional ideas.
Friday afternoons at 4:00 p.m., the College Office staff invite students to join them for tea and pastries and some informal conversation on just about anything.
The Music Society encourages performances by student artists and brings a number of music related events to Forbes each year. Performers have included instrumentalists, singers, chamber groups, the University Chamber Orchestra, the Jazz Ensemble, folk singers, and classical ensembles.
Forbes College participates vigorously in the university\'s program of intramural sports, and has been the residential college champion 11 out of 22 years. Men\'s, women\'s, and co-ed teams are formed in many different sports. Forbes finished this past year`{{when|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} with a significant lead.
The Forbes Film Society (FFS) hosts regular film screenings, discussions, and lectures related to cinema. Members of the Forbes community are encouraged to join the FFS and participate in organizing screening schedules, to work as projectionists, and to share in the pleasure of watching and discussing a good movie in the company of friends.
### Facilities
Forbes College facilities include a TV lounge, a large and a small dining room, a multi-purpose room, a seminar room, music practice rooms, a black box theater, an art and ceramics studio, a dance studio, a library, study rooms, a cafe, a multi-media lab, a darkroom, game room, and an organic garden.
The Norman Thomas 1905 Library at Forbes College contains a general collection, reference books and periodicals, as well as an extensive science fiction collection.
### College Council {#college_council}
The Forbes College Council (FCC) consists of twelve to fifteen representatives of the student body. The Council organizes and coordinates College activities, which include social and cultural events, trips, and films, and makes proposals on the allocation of student activities funds. The weekly meetings are open to any Forbesian. The FCC works hand in hand with the College Office to plan events
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# Biddi-luxe!
***Biddi-luxe!*** is the debut album of The Lascivious Biddies.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Rhode Island (a.k.a. Coney Island)\"
2. \"It\'s Only a Paper Moon\"
3. \"Little D\'s Daydream\"
4. \"Ethel and Esther\"
5. \"I\'d Rather\"
6. \"Alice\"
7. \"Headed South\"
8. \"Prairie Song\"
9. \"Idle Boy\"
10. \"Ladies Home Auxiliary\"
11. \"Moon River\"
12. \"Head Over Heels\"
13
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# The Shops at Montebello
**The Shops at Montebello** (formerly \"Montebello Town Center\") is a shopping mall mainly located within the city limits of Montebello, California, with over 120 national and local retail outlets such as Aéropostale, Hollister, Victoria's Secret and BJ\'s Restaurant & Brewery. A small portion of its eastern side is actually within the city limits of Rosemead. It features major department stores, children\'s stores, smaller shops such as beauty and bath stores, health stores and salons, as well as a small food court. The boundary line between Montebello and Rosemead runs through the eastern end of the mall. Policing is provided by the City of Montebello. It was managed by The Macerich Company before being sold to Simon Property Group in 2011. The mall features 758,504 sq ft of leasable retail space. As of 2019, Simon no longer owns the mall. Pacific Retail announced ownership of the mall on the company Instagram page on January 24, 2019. As of April 2024, the mall is currently managed by Spinoso Real Estate Group.
Construction of the mall began in 1980 and was completed in 1985 by Donahue-Schriber. The mall opened for business for the 1985 holiday season. A comprehensive remodel was almost totally completed in 2009, in time for the winter holidays. The remainder of the remodel was completed in June 2010 and includes an elegantly styled center court with more \"high end\" stores such as Coach fine leathers and Aldo fashion footwear. The mall was again remodeled in 2016. The food court was renovated along with enhanced entryways, landscaping, signage, and outdoor seating. The anchor store H&M was also remodeled.
The mall\'s original anchors were JCPenney, Mervyn\'s and May Company California. May Company became Robinsons-May in 1993. Macy\'s built a new store and opened as a fourth anchor in 2001. The Robinsons-May store became a Macy\'s in 2006, with the former Macy\'s building being remade into a Macy\'s Home store. Mervyn\'s went out of business in 2008 and became a Forever 21 in 2009.
## Anchors
- JCPenney (139,316 sq ft.)
- Macy\'s (140,468 sq ft., formerly May Company and Robinsons-May)
- Macy\'s Home (90,000 sq ft., formerly Macy\'s)
- Forever 21 (87,061 sq ft
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# Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics featured 7 events, for men only. The competitions were held from 30 August to 3 September on the Lago di Albano
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# Out of the Shadows (video game)
***Out of the Shadows*** is an action-adventure game developed for the ZX Spectrum by R.M. Waller and R.M.R. Woodward. It was published in 1984 by Mizar Computing and in 1986 on the compilation *Fourmost Adventures* by Global Software.
## Reception
*Out of the Shadows* received a \"Crash Smash\" from *CRASH* magazine, who highlighted the novel light and shadow concept and overall complexity of the gameplay
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# Louisiana State Act 159
Signed into law June 28, 2005, and effective August 8, 2005, **Louisiana State Act No 159** found in, **Louisiana RS 40:989.1**, outlawed the cultivation, possession or sale of 40 named plants defined as hallucinogenic in the state of Louisiana, US. House Bill 173 of 2010 further restricted the sale and possession of herbs in the state. However, use of the plants \"strictly for aesthetic, landscaping, or decorative purposes\" was allowed. The list contained as many as thirty legitimate herbs of commerce which had no hallucinogenic properties. The law was amended in 2015 to allow certain herbs that had been banned by the state to again be sold in dietary supplement products.
## Plants
The following were declared to be \"hallucinogenic plants\" by the bill:
- *Amanita muscaria* (a fungus, not a plant)
- *Anadenanthera colubrina*
- *Anadenanthera peregrina*
- *Atropa belladonna*
- *Banisteriopsis* spp.
- *Brugmansia arborea*
- *Brunfelsia* spp.
- *Calea zacatechichi*
- *Conocybe* spp. (a genus of fungi, not plants)
- *Datura* spp.
- *Erythrina* spp. (spelled *Erythina* in the bill)
- *Genista canariensis*
- *Heimia salicifolia* (spelled *Heimia salicfolia* in the bill)
- *Hyoscyamus niger*
- *Ipomoea violacea*
- *Kaempferia galanga*
- *Lagochilus inebrians* (spelled *Lagoehilus inebrians* in the bill)
- *Latua pubiflora* (syn. *Lycioplesium pubiflorum*)
- *Mandragora officinarum*
- *Mesembryanthemum* spp.
- *Methysticodendron amesianum*
- *Mimosa hostilis*
- *Oldmedioperebea sclerophylla* (spelled *Olmedioperebea sclerophylla* in the bill; syn. *Maquira sclerophylla*)
- *Panaeolus* spp. (a genus of fungi, not plants)
- *Pancratium trianthum* (spelled *Pancreatium trianthum* in the bill)
- *Peganum harmala*
- *Physalis subglabrata*
- *Prestonia amazonica* (syn. *Haemadictyon amazonicum*)
- *Psilocybe* spp. (a genus of fungi, not plants)
- *Rhynchosia* spp.
- *Rivea corymbosa*
- *Salvia divinorum*
- *Solanum carolinense*
- *Sophora secundiflora*
- *Stropharia* spp. (a genus of fungi, not plants)
- *Tabernanthe iboga*
- *Tetrapteris methystica*
- *Vinca rosea* (syn. *Catharanthus roseus*)
- *Virola* spp
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# BestCrypt
**BestCrypt**, developed by [Jetico](https://www.jetico.com/), is a commercial disk encryption app available for Windows, Linux, macOS and Android.
BestCrypt comes in two editions: BestCrypt Volume Encryption to encrypt entire disk volumes; BestCrypt Container Encryption to encrypt virtual disks stored as computer files.
BestCrypt also provides the complimentary data erasure utility BCWipe.
## Cryptographic Algorithms {#cryptographic_algorithms}
BestCrypt supports a wide variety of block cipher algorithms including AES, Serpent, Blowfish, Twofish, DES, Triple DES, GOST 28147-89. All ciphers support CBC and LRW modes of operation while AES, Twofish and Serpent also support XTS mode.
## Features
- Create and mount a virtual drive encrypted using AES, Blowfish, Twofish, CAST-128 and various other encryption methods. BestCrypt v.8 and higher can alternatively mount a subfolder on a NTFS disk instead of a drive. Encrypted virtual disk images are compatible across Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.
- Encrypt a set of files into a single, self-extracting archive.
- Transparently encrypt entire partitions or volumes together with pre-boot authentication for encrypted boot partitions.
- Two-factor authentication.
- Support for size-efficient Dynamic Containers with the Smart Free Space Monitoring technology.
- Hardware accelerated encryption.
- Anti-keylogging facilities to protect container and volume passwords.
- Data erasure utility BCWipe to erase unprotected copies of data to complement encryption.
- Secret sharing and Public Key authentication methods in addition to basic password-based authentication.
BestCrypt Volume Encryption v.3.png\|BestCrypt Volume Encryption v.3 main window BestCrypt for Mac.png\|BestCrypt for Mac v.1
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# Agreeableness
**Agreeableness** is the personality trait of being kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, honest, straightforward, and considerate. In personality psychology, agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure, reflecting individual differences in cooperation. People who score high on measures of agreeableness are empathetic and self-sacrificing, while those with low agreeableness are prone to selfishness, insincerity, and zero-sum thinking. Those who score low on agreeableness may show dark triad tendencies, such as narcissistic, antisocial, and manipulative behavior.
Agreeableness is a superordinate trait, meaning it is a grouping of personality sub-traits that cluster together statistically. Some lower-level traits, or facets, that are commonly grouped under agreeableness include trust, straightforwardness, altruism, helpfulness, modesty, and tender-mindedness.
## History
### Early trait research {#early_trait_research}
As is the case with all Big Five personality traits, the roots of the modern concept of agreeableness can be traced to a 1936 study by Gordon Allport and Henry S. Odbert. Seven years after that study, Raymond Cattell published a cluster analysis of the thousands of personality-related words identified by Allport and Odbert. The clusters identified in this study served as a foundation for Cattell\'s further attempts to identify fundamental, universal, human personality factors. Cattell eventually determined 16 personality factors (16PF) by means of factor analysis. Further factor analyses revealed five higher-order, or \"global\", factors that encompass these 16. Although labelled \"independence\" by Cattell, one of the global factors identified by the 16PF Questionnaire was an early precursor to the modern concept of agreeableness.
### Big Five {#big_five}
Agreeableness in the five factor model of personality is most commonly measured by self-report, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either *lexical* or based on *statements*. Which measure is used depends on `{{vague|text=an assessment of psychometric properties|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki} and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.
*Lexical measures* use individual adjectives that reflect agreeableness or disagreeableness traits, such as sympathetic, cooperative, warm, considerate, harsh, unkind, rude. Words representing disagreeableness are reverse coded. Goldberg (1992) developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers, and Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. Thompson (2008) revised these markers to develop a 40-word measure with better psychometric properties in both American and non-American populations: the International English Mini-Markers. This brief measure has good internal consistency reliabilities`{{jargon inline|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki} and other validity for assessing agreeableness and other five factor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the agreeableness measure for native English-speakers is reported as .86, that for non-native English-speakers is .80.
*Statement measures* tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, *\[are\] on good terms with nearly everyone*, *\[are\] not interested in other people\'s problems* or *\[s\]ympathize with others\' feelings*.
Cattell\'s factor analytic approach, which aimed to identify `{{clarify|text=universal personality structures|reason=is that a thing? is there a wikilink about it?|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}, inspired many studies in the decades following the introduction of the 16PF. Using Cattell\'s original clusters, the 16PF, and original data, multiple researchers independently developed a five factor model of personality over this period. From the early 1960s on, these explorations typically included a factor called \"agreeableness\" or \"sociability\". Despite repeated replications of five stable personality factors following Cattell\'s pioneering work, this framework only began to dominate personality research in the early 1980s with the work of Lewis Goldberg. Using lexical studies similar to those of Allport and Odbert, Goldberg chose the term \"Big Five\" to reflect the sheer number of personality-related terms encompassed by each of these five distinct factors. One of these, agreeableness, was defined by a number of personality-related words similar to those present in earlier and more recent manifestations of the construct; examples include \"friendly\", \"good-natured\", \"cooperative\", \"trustful\", \"nurturing\", \"sociable\", and \"considerate\".
### NEO PI {#neo_pi}
Beginning in the 1970s, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae began researching the development of personality assessments based on factor models. Beginning with cluster analyses of Cattell\'s 16PF, Costa and McCrae initially settled on a three-factor model of personality. These three factors were neuroticism (vs. emotional stability), extraversion (vs. introversion), and openness (vs. closedness) to experience, resulting in the acronym \"NEO.\" Due to similarities between their three-factor NEO Personality Inventory and Goldberg\'s Big Five, Costa and McCrae began to develop scales to assess agreeableness and conscientiousness in the early 1980s. This work culminated in the 1985 publication of the first NEO PI Manual to be based on the full Five Factor Model. Although this marked the introduction of agreeableness to the NEO PI, Costa and McCrae worked for an additional seven years to identify and elaborate on the facets comprising this factor in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.
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# Agreeableness
## NEO PI facets {#neo_pi_facets}
In the NEO PI, each of the five factors identified by Costa and McCrae are identified with six lower-level traits. Known as facets, the lower-level traits subsumed by agreeableness were first introduced with the 1992 publication of the revised version of the NEO PI. Based on the modern NEO PI-R, the six facets of agreeableness are: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness.
### Trust
Trust is viewed to be an important feature of psychosocial development, personality theory, and folk psychological conceptions of personality. Individuals who score high on trust generally believe others\' intentions to be benevolent and can be naive if taken to the extreme. Those scoring low on this facet tend to be cynical and paranoid and view others as suspicious, dishonest, or dangerous.
### Straightforwardness
Straightforwardness is the quality of being direct, open, and honest in communicating with others. Despite a long history in moral philosophy, straightforwardness is not as vital to personality theory as the other facets of agreeableness. Those scoring high on straightforwardness tend to interact with others in a direct and honest manner. Low scorers are less direct, tend to be high in self-monitoring, are more reticent. Those who score low on this facet also tend to be high in Machiavellianism, being deceitful or manipulative with others. Straightforwardness is similar to a dimension in the Interpersonal circumplex called \"ingenuous versus calculating.\" According to Michael C. Ashton and Kibeom Lee, straightforwardness is similar to the honesty aspect of honesty-humility in the HEXACO Model.
### Altruism
Similar to altruism in animals and ethical altruism, this facet is defined by measures of selflessness, self-sacrifice, generosity, and consideration, courtesy, and concern for others. Altruism is similar to Alfred Adler\'s concept of social interest, which is a tendency to direct one\'s actions toward the betterment of society. Individuals who score low on altruism tend to be discourteous, selfish, or greedy, a pattern of behaviors known as \"self-interest\" in Adlerian psychology.
### Compliance
As a facet of agreeableness, compliance is defined as an individual\'s typical response to conflict. Those who score high on compliance tend to be meek and mild, and to prefer cooperation or deference as a means of resolving conflict. Low scorers tend to be aggressive, antagonistic, competitive, quarrelsome, and vindictive.
### Modesty
While trust, straightforwardness, altruism, and compliance all refer to interpersonal or social behaviors, modesty refers to an individual\'s self-concept. Those who score high on modesty tend to be humble and other-focused, while low scorers tend to be arrogant, ostentatious, and self-aggrandizing. Low modesty is otherwise known as conceitedness or narcissism and, in extreme cases, can manifest as narcissistic personality disorder or histrionic personality disorder. Otherwise known as \"humility\" in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, modesty resembles the humility aspect of honesty-humility in the HEXACO model.
### Tender-mindedness {#tender_mindedness}
Tender-mindedness is defined as the extent to which an individual\'s judgments and attitudes are determined by emotion. Coined by William James, this term was also prominent in early versions of the 16PF. Tender-mindedness is primarily defined by sympathy and corresponds to the International Personality Item Pool\'s \"sympathy\" scale. In contrast, \"tough minded\" is a trait associated with Psychoticism on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
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# Agreeableness
## Equivalents in psychobiological models {#equivalents_in_psychobiological_models}
Models based on psychobiological theories of personality have each incorporated a factor similar to agreeableness. In Cloninger\'s Temperament and Character Inventory the character trait known as cooperativeness is very similar to and positively correlated with agreeableness. In Zuckerman\'s alternative five model of personality the trait known as aggression-hostility is inversely related to agreeableness.
## HEXACO model {#hexaco_model}
To address the absence of measures of dark triad traits (i.e., narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy), Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee proposed the addition of a sixth factor to the five factor model. Validated with psycholexical studies similar to those used in the development of the five factor model, the HEXACO model adds honesty-humility to five factors resembling those in the NEO PI. Although honesty-humility does not directly correspond to any Big Five trait, it is strongly correlated with the straightforwardness and modesty facets of Big Five agreeableness. As both of these facets are only weakly correlated with Big Five agreeableness, Ashton and Lee suggest dividing NEO PI agreeableness into two factors similar to those in the HEXACO model: honesty-humility (i.e., straightforwardness and modesty) and a redefined agreeableness (trust, altruism, compliance, and tender-mindedness). Reflecting this conception of honesty-humility and HEXACO agreeableness as unique though similar concepts, Ashton and Lee propose that they represent different aspects of reciprocal altruism: fairness (honesty-humility) and tolerance (agreeableness).
Despite suggesting this reconceptualization of agreeableness for the NEO PI, Ashton and Lee do not believe HEXACO agreeableness is accurately captured by trust, altruism, compliance, and tender-mindedness. In addition to accounting for these four facets of Big Five agreeableness, the HEXACO model\'s construction of agreeableness includes content categorized under neuroticism in the NEO PI (i.e., temperamentalness and irritability). To reflect the negative emotional content at the low end of HEXACO agreeableness, this factor is also referred to as \"agreeableness (versus anger).\" The inclusion of anger in the definition of HEXACO agreeableness further helps to differentiate this factor from honesty-humility. In response to offensive or transgressive actions, individuals who score low on honesty-humility tend not to respond immediately. Instead, they defer their response by planning their revenge and waiting for the perfect opportunity to enact it. Although those who score low on HEXACO agreeableness also employ this premeditated strategy, they also tend to respond immediately with anger.
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