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# Birgit Kähler
**Birgit Kähler** (born 14 August 1970 in Cologne, Nordrhein-Westfalen) is a retired female high jumper from Germany. Her personal best jump was 1.94 metres, achieved in August 1991 in Bonn.
She finished fifth at the 1991 World Championships and fifth at the 1992 European Indoor Championships. She represented the sports clubs LAV Bayer Uerdingen and TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen, and won the silver medal at the German championships in 1992
| 73 |
Birgit Kähler
| 0 |
10,102,272 |
# Carmel Clark
**Carmel Clark** (born 1965) is a former freestyle and backstroke swimmer from New Zealand, who represented her native country in the 1984 Summer Olympics swimming events. She reached the finals in both the 100m and 200m backstroke events, coached by John Beaumont, and finished in eighth place in both finals, also finishing 28th in the 100m freestyle event.
Clark is the daughter of Tony Clark, a former `{{Rut|Wellington}}`{=mediawiki} rugby union representative player and later a schoolteacher. She also competed in four events in the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, finishing fifth in the 200m backstroke and seventh in the 100m backstroke, and participating in the `{{nowrap|4 × 100 m}}`{=mediawiki} freestyle relay in which the New Zealand team placed fifth
| 122 |
Carmel Clark
| 0 |
10,102,308 |
# Marion Hellmann
**Marion Hellmann** (née **Goldkamp**; born 6 April 1967 in Linnich, Nordrhein-Westfalen) is a retired German high jumper, who competed for her native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
She finished fifth at the 1992 European Indoor Championships, twelfth at the 1993 World Indoor Championships and tenth at the 1994 European Indoor Championships.
Her personal best jump was 1.94 metres, achieved in May 1992 in Ahlen
| 68 |
Marion Hellmann
| 0 |
10,102,312 |
# Ferrari 246 F1
The **Ferrari 246 F1** is a Ferrari racing car built for the Formula One World Championship of 1958.
## 246 F1
The Formula One regulations for 1954--1960 limited naturally aspirated engines to 2500 cc and for the 1958 season there was a change from alcohol fuels to avgas. The 246 F1 used a 2417.34 cc *Dino* V6 engine with a 65° angle between the cylinder banks. The power output was 280 PS at 8500 rpm. Bore X Stroke: 85x71 mm This was the first use of a V6 engine in a Formula One car, but otherwise the 246 F1 was a conventional front-engine design. The Ferrari 246 F1 was good enough to win a World Championship for Mike Hawthorn and a second place in the Constructors\' Championship for Ferrari.
The Ferrari 246 F1 was not only the first V6-engined car to win a Formula One Grand Prix, the French Grand Prix at Reims in 1958, it was also the last front-engined car to win a Formula One Grand Prix. This occurred at the 1960 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, where the major British teams boycotted the race.
In 1960, the Ferrari 246 designation was also used for the first mid-/rear-engined Ferrari, the 246 P Formula One car (using same Dino V6 engine of 2,417.34 cc), and then again in 1966 for Ferrari\'s first three-litre era Formula One car. `{{gallery
|File:Ferrari 246 F1 Regent Street Motor Show 2016 (30762637072).jpg|A 246 F1 in exhibition in [[Regent Street]], in 2016
|File:Ferrari 246 F1.jpg|Rear view of the 246 F1
|File:Ferrari Dino 246 F1.jpg|A 246 F1 in 2007
}}`{=mediawiki}
## 256 F1 {#f1_1}
In 1959, to make a full use of the allowed capacity regulations, Ferrari enlarged the bore of the Dino V6 engine of the 246 F1 car by 1 mm to 86 mm. This allowed the total displacement to rise to 2474.54 cc. The resulting power output was now 295 PS at 8600 rpm. The new car also received disc brakes as standard and a five-speed gearbox. Only Tony Brooks raced this model but he was outpaced by the mid-engined British cars. He still won in the French and German Grands Prix.
## Technical data {#technical_data}
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Technical data | 156 F2 | 246 F1 | 256 F1 |
+====================+================================================+=====================+===========================================+
| Engine: | Front mounted 65° 6 cylinder V engine | | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Cylinder: | 1489 cm^3^ | 2417 cm^3^ | 2475 cm^3^ |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Bore x stroke: | 70 x 64.5 mm | 85 x 71 mm | 86 x 71 mm |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Compression: | 9.8:1 | 10.0:1 | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Max power at rpm: | 180 hp at 9 000 rpm | 280 hp at 8 500 rpm | 295 hp at 8 600 rpm |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Valve control: | Dual Overhead Camshafts per cylinder bank | | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Carburetor: | 3 Weber 38 DCN | 3 Weber 42 DCN | 3 Weber 45 DCN |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Gearbox: | 4-speed manual | | 5-speed manual |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| suspension front: | Double wishbones, coil springs, anti-roll bars | | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| suspension rear: | De Dion axle, double longitudinal links,\ | | De Dion axle, double longitudinal links,\ |
| | transverse leaf spring | | coil springs |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Brakes: | Drum brakes | | Disc brakes |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Chassis & body: | Fackverkframe with aluminum body | | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Wheelbase: | 216 cm | | 222 cm |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Dry weight: | | 560 kg | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Maximum speed: | 240 km/h | 280 km/h | |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| 612 |
Ferrari 246 F1
| 0 |
10,102,312 |
# Ferrari 246 F1
## Formula One World Championship results {#formula_one_world_championship_results}
(key)
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Year</p></th>
<th><p>Engine</p></th>
<th><p>Tyres</p></th>
<th width="150px"><p>Driver</p></th>
<th><p>1</p></th>
<th><p>2</p></th>
<th><p>3</p></th>
<th><p>4</p></th>
<th><p>5</p></th>
<th><p>6</p></th>
<th><p>7</p></th>
<th><p>8</p></th>
<th><p>9</p></th>
<th><p>10</p></th>
<th><p>11</p></th>
<th><p>Points</p></th>
<th><p>WCC</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"><p>2.4 V6</p></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>ARG</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>500</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>POR</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>MOR</p></td>
<td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>40<sup>1</sup><br />
(57)</p></td>
<td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2nd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Peter Collins</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFFFBF"><p>1</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Olivier Gendebien</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Mike Hawthorn</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFFFBF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Luigi Musso</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Wolfgang von Trips</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Phil Hill</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>DNA</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="8"><p>2.4 V6</p></td>
<td rowspan="8"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>500</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>POR</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>32<br />
(38)</p></td>
<td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2nd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Cliff Allison</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Jean Behra</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Tony Brooks</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFFFBF"></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFFFBF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>9</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Olivier Gendebien</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Dan Gurney</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Phil Hill</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Wolfgang von Trips</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"><p>2.4 V6</p></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>ARG</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>500</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>POR</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>26<br />
(27)</p></td>
<td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3rd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Cliff Allison</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFCFCF"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Richie Ginther</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFDFDF"><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Phil Hill</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>12</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFFFBF"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Willy Mairesse</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#FFDF9F"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Wolfgang von Trips</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#EFCFFF"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#CFCFFF"><p>11</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background-color:#DFFFDF"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
^1^Includes 6 points scored by Dino 156 F2
| 578 |
Ferrari 246 F1
| 1 |
10,102,315 |
# Anna Doig
**Anna Maree Doig** (born 18 December 1965) is a former freestyle and butterfly swimmer from New Zealand, who represented her native country at 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She is now a seventh grade teacher at a middle school
| 44 |
Anna Doig
| 0 |
10,102,321 |
# Carey Beebe
**Carey Beebe** (born 1960, in Melbourne) is an Australian harpsichord maker and technician.
## Early training and work {#early_training_and_work}
After studies at the Sydney Conservatorium where his teachers included Gordon Watson and Robert Goode, Beebe graduated with a music degree as a harpsichord major and three performance diplomas including a Fellowship of Trinity College London. He then trained at the workshop of D. Jacques Way. Since 1999 Beebe has been working with the French harpsichord maker Marc Ducornet and *The Paris Workshop*
| 85 |
Carey Beebe
| 0 |
10,102,329 |
# William Sichel
**William Morley Sichel** (born 1 October 1953 in Welford, Northamptonshire) is a British long-distance runner.
## Biography
He is a science graduate of the University of London in 1976. He is now an International ultra distance runner and has the distinction of having won his debut races at 100 km, 24 hours, 3 Days, Six Days, 7 Days and 8 Days. He was world number one for the Six Day event in 2006 and has represented Great Britain eleven times since 1996. He is a former British 100 km champion, world 100 km champion for his age group, and world record holder for treadmill endurance. Sichel moved to the Orkney island of Sanday in 1982.
He won the Monaco Six Day race in 2006 and 2007, and also in 2006 came 7th in the 135 mile (216 km) Badwater Ultramarathon in Death Valley, California in a record time for a British runner, becoming the first Scot to complete the event . In 2007 he became the Scottish 48-hour record holder, and achieved the best British performance since 1998 in the Spartathlon in Greece.
In 2008 Sichel set an All-Time Scottish 6 Day track record of 857.070 km/532.56 miles when winning the Hamm 6 Day race in Germany.
In the Athens 1000 Mile World Cup race held in March 2010 Sichel was runner-up in an age-group world record of 13 days 20 hours, 8 minutes and 1 second. Average of over 72 miles (2.8 marathons) a day. Sichel became the oldest British person ever to have completed a 1000 miles in under 16 days. He also set intermediate age-group world records at 6 Days and 1000 km. The last time a British male runner completed a 1000-mile race, in under 16 days) was in 1991.
In May 2011 Sichel set an overall 6 Day Great Britain road record of 834.190 km/518.34 miles when winning the International 6 Day road race in Balatonfured.
In the Monaco "No Finish Line" 8 Day race in 2011 (which had over 6,000 participants) Sichel won the event outright, set a new course record and became the first person to cover more than 1000 km during this event.
In 2014 Sichel competed in the World\'s Longest Certified Footrace - the Self Transcendence 3100 Mile race in New York. He finished in 50 days, 15 hours, 6 minutes and 4 seconds becoming the first person from Britain to complete the event inside the 52-day time limit\] and also the first person aged over 60 to finish the race since it started in 1997. He accomplished these achievements despite having previously had cancer.
Sichel was a founding director of the Sanday Development Trust 2004--2011, and was nominated for Orkney\'s Citizen of the Year award in 2006 and 2007.
Sichel was suddenly bereaved in July 2017 when his wife of 35 years, Elizabeth, died from lung cancer.
In April 2019 Sichel became the [first person to run](https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands/1730862/racing-into-the-record-books-as-former-cancer-patient-becomes-the-first-person-to-run-the-north-coast-500/) the North Coast 500 mile tourist route around the Highlands of Scotland. He completed the route in 8 days 19 hours 7 minutes and 7 seconds.
In November 2019 Sichel moved to the Orkney capital, Kirkwall.
In January 2020 Sichel decided to leave ultramarathons behind and return to standard marathon running- 26.2 miles/42.2 km.
Sichel underwent prostate surgery (TURP) in February 2021 and hip surgery (THR) in Kaunas, Lithuania in May 2023.
At the Frankfurt Marathon on Sunday October 27th Sichel won his M70 age-group in a time of 3:32:57. An age-group personal best
| 584 |
William Sichel
| 0 |
10,102,369 |
# List of Hamilton Tigers head coaches
**Head Coaches of the Hamilton Tigers and the Quebec Bulldogs**
as the Quebec Bulldogs:
- Charles Nolan 1910--12
- Joe Malone 1912--17
- Mike Quinn 1919--20 (as Quebec Athletics)
as the Hamilton Tigers:
- Percy Thompson 1920--22
- Art Ross 1922--23
- Ken Randall 1923--24
- Percy LeSueur 1924
- Jimmy Gardner 1924--25
| 60 |
List of Hamilton Tigers head coaches
| 0 |
10,102,406 |
# Gail Jonson
**Gail Michelle Jonson** (born 4 April 1965 in Hamilton, New Zealand) is a former medley and butterfly swimmer from New Zealand, who won a bronze medal in the women\'s 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 1982 Commonwealth Games. She also represented her native country at 1984 Summer Olympics.
## Swimming Career {#swimming_career}
Racing at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Jonson finished 5th in heat 2 of the 200 metre individual medley in a time of 5:10.06, four seconds ahead of her compatriot Kim Dewar. The following day, Johnson finished 3rd in heat 2 of the 200 metre individual medley in a time of 2:25.24 narrowly missing the final by 0.14, due in part to a slower backstroke to breaststroke turn. Jonson was part of the 4x100 metre freestyle relay team alongside Melanie Jones, Pamela Croad and Dewar that won the bronze medal in a time of 4:07.41, following the disqualification of both the 1st placed Australian and 2nd placed Canadian teams.The unaware team nearly missed the medal ceremony following a twenty minute delay to check the results and only made the ceremony after the car that was meant to take them back to the village had been delayed.
Johnson qualified for the Olympic games in the 400 metre individual medley when racing at the New Zealand Swimming Championships in Hamilton when she finished second to Australian Suzie Landells in a time of 4:57.18.
At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Jonson finished 7th in the B final and 15th overall in the 400 metre individual medley in a time of 4:58.40, 19th overall in the 200 metre individual medley in a time of 2:25.00 and 19th overall in the 200 metre butterfly in a time of 2:20.55, one place ahead of her compatriot Anna Doig.
Jonson had retired by 1985
| 307 |
Gail Jonson
| 0 |
10,102,413 |
# Fåset
**Fåset** is a village in Tynset Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located at the southern end of the Fådalen valley, where the river Fåa meets the larger river Glåma. The Norwegian National Road 3 runs through the village
| 43 |
Fåset
| 0 |
10,102,418 |
# Negros Slashers
The **Negros Slashers**, also known as the **RCPI-Negros Slashers**, were a professional basketball team in the Metropolitan Basketball Association from 1998 to 2002. The team enjoyed considerable success, winning the MBA National Championship in 2002, the last season of the league. The team was based in Bacolod, Negros Occidental.
## History
### 1998: inaugural season {#inaugural_season}
The team was named \"Slashers\" based on the cane knives\' slashing motion used by itinerant sugar workers to cut sugarcane stalks. Bacolod businessmen Oscar \"Dodong\" Bascon and Babes Alvarez painstakingly formed the team composed of amateur standouts, mostly from the Visayas-Mindanao leagues and former professional players from the Philippine Basketball Association. Ronnie \"DJ\" Dejarlo was the first player to sign a contract with the team. Among the players that formed the team were Maui Huelar, Erwin Framo, Johnedel Cardel, John Ferriols, Allen Sasan and Jack Tanuan. Negrense Rolly Buenaflor was named as head coach.
The Negros Slashers played their first two games on the road against the Batangas Blades and Manila Metrostars, losing on both occasions. Rolly Buenaflor was relieved of head coaching duties shortly after and was replaced by Junel Baculi. Tragedy struck the team on the eve of their third game in Cebu City when their main player, DJ Dejarlo, was found dead in hotel room due to pancreatitis. Fueled by Dejarlo\'s unexpected death, the Slashers won their first game against eventual archrival Cebu Gems. Since then, the Slashers found their winning ways and became one of Southern Conference\'s formidable teams. But Baculi left the team before the second round of eliminations and was replaced by Cebuano coach Jun Noel. The team also signed up Palarong Pambansa standouts Reynel Hugnatan, Ryan Gamboa and Leo Bat-og to bolster their frontline.
They were able to barge in the National Playoffs and faced the Cebu Gems in the first Southern Conference Finals, marred by numerous fan incidents on and off court. They won the series 4-3 and went on to face the Pampanga Dragons. But luck worn out on them as the more experienced Dragons (bannered by former PBA MVP Ato Agustin) won the first MBA National Championship. Negros Slashers team captain John Ferriols was named the inaugural season\'s Most Valuable Player.
The Negros Slashers were grouped together with the Cebu Gems, Iloilo Volts, Davao Eagles, Socsargen Marlins and Cagayan de Oro Nuggets in the Southern Conference division.
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# Negros Slashers
## History
### 1999: Sophomore Season Jinx {#sophomore_season_jinx}
Things looked rosy for the Negros Slashers after winning the Southern Conference crown and finishing runner-up to MBA National Champions Pampanga Dragons. They got the right to host the first MBA All Star game which pitted teams from the North Conference against teams from the Southern Conference. John Ferriols, Jack Tanuan and Johnedel Cardel proudly represented the Slashers for the South team. During the offseason, the management held tryouts for MBA players who were released by their mother teams. Among the new recruits for the Slashers were center Mike Otto, former Iloilo Volts forward Judge Primero, former PBA veterans Romy dela Rosa and Roel Bravo. Former Pangasinan Presidents head coach Robert Sison was also hired as the team\'s assistant coach for Jun Noel.
The second season opened for the Slashers with them hosting the opening ceremonies for the Southern Conference in Bacolod City. However, they were beaten by the new-look Iloilo Megavoltz (headlined by new recruit Vince Hizon) in their first game for the new season. But the Slashers quickly bounced back by winning successive games against their closest rivals. With the Visayas division title at stake, the Slashers tried to qualify for a finals berth but were beaten to it by rivals Cebu Gems and Iloilo Megavoltz, who eventually won the Visayas division crown.
During the season\'s second round of elimination, the Slashers roster underwent a major revamp following the exit of star center Jack Tanuan, who suffered a kidney disease which left him blind in the right eye. The Slashers management traded back-up center Mike Otto to Pasig Rizal Pirates in exchange for bruiser Lito Aguilar, promoted back-up center Reynel Hugnatan to starter status, and recruited 2 Fil-foreigners in 6-1 combo guard Dean Labayen (who was originally scheduled to play for Barangay Ginebra in the PBA) and 6-8 center Dorian Pena. Both players traced their roots to Negros Occidental. But Labayen only played until the first game of the semifinal round as the Bureau of Immigration cracked down on Fil-foreigner players who were found to be fake or lacking work documents.
The new-look Slashers were able to bamboozle their way through the elimination round but momentum slipped for them when they faced their archrivals the Cebu Gems in the semifinals. The Gems paraded 6-9 Fil-Am Matt Mitchell as counterpart to Pena. The bigger and more skilled Mitchell teamed up with Cebu\'s main gunner Dondon Hontiveros to lead the Gems against the Slashers en route to the Southern Conference Finals vs the Iloilo Megavoltz.
### 2000--2001: Return to the Finals {#return_to_the_finals}
With the Slashers losing their Southern Conference title to their bitter rivals, they released Lito Aguilar, hometown players Nonoy Sayon and Ryan Gamboa, Dean Labayen and Dorian Pena, during the offseason. They signed up Dennis Madrid, Ruben dela Rosa, Cid White from Nueva Ecija Patriots, and Alvin Teng from the Laguna Lakers.
A controversial coaching change happened midway in the first round of eliminations when the long-time coach Jun Noel was replaced by assistant Robert Sison. Although the change was welcomed by most Negros fans, there was a rejection coming from one of the disgruntled owners of the franchise. The conflict was resolved when Sison started winning games with the team.
The Slashers were able to avenge the bitter defeat they experienced in the recent Southern Conference Finals against the Cebu Gems. The Slashers faced a tall team in San Juan Knights in the 3rd MBA National Finals, but despite possessing quickness, they were overpowered by the Knights in six games.
Prior to the season, the Slashers were merged with the Iloilo Megavoltz as part of the league\'s streamlining operations. As the Megavoltz team disbanded, the Slashers were able to sign up its former player Michael Almonte. The team also released Alvin Teng. The decision was made owing to his sub-par performance during Game 4 of the MBA Championship Series against the San Juan Knights.
The team relied heavily on its regular rotation of Ferriols, Cardel, Huelar, Bat-og, Hugnatan, brothers Romy and Ruben dela Rosa, White and newly acquired Dino Aldeguer. Just like the previous season, the Slashers handily won the Southern Conference Championship, this time against the TPG-Davao Eagles. In their third trip to the MBA National Finals, the Slashers faced the LBC Batangas Blades, but lost in four games.
### 2002: MBA Crossover Champions/National Champions, final season {#mba_crossover_championsnational_champions_final_season}
In 2002, TV broadcast partner ABS-CBN withdrew its support and funding for the league. As a result, the league had to be commercialized, allowing teams to look for sponsors. Negros Slashers found one in remittance company RCPI and was renamed the RCPI Negros Slashers, barely 2 weeks before the season started. Robert Sison resigned as head coach and was replaced by Joshua Villapando. The roster underwent a major revamp as long-time Negros Slasher Johnedel Cardel left the team. New faces in the team included Carlito Espiritu, Jose Francisco, Tyrone Bautista and 6\'10\" Vincent San Diego.
The Slashers became the dominant team in a league that was reeling from heavy financial losses. It was able to capture the MBA first conference title (dubbed as Crossover Conference) where they exacted revenge on their rival in last year\'s National Finals, the Batangas Blades. At the same time, their championship was dedicated to former player Jack Tanuan who died on April 4, 2002, after battling a kidney disease.
The league stopped operations on July 26, 2002. There was no MBA National Champion declared for the season, the Crossover Conference championship won by Negros Slashers was considered an official MBA title
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# WR postcode area
The **WR postcode area**, also known as the **Worcester postcode area**, is a group of fifteen postcode districts in England, within seven post towns. These cover central and southern Worcestershire (including Worcester, Broadway, Droitwich, Evesham, Malvern, Pershore and Tenbury Wells), plus very small parts of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire
| 54 |
WR postcode area
| 0 |
10,102,454 |
# Tørberget
**Tørberget** is a small village in Trysil Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is the birthplace of Olympian Hallgeir Brenden. The village is located along the Norwegian National Road 25, about 20 km southwest of the villages of Nybergsund and Innbygda and about 15 km northwest of the border with Sweden. Tørberget Church is located in the village
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| 0 |
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# Music of Planetarian
*Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet* is a visual novel developed by Key and published by VisualArt\'s and KineticNovel in 2004. The story centers around a middle-aged man who comes across a malfunctioning robot in a dead city. The man, known simply as \"the junker\", stays with this robot for a time and attempts to fix the projector of the planetarium where the story takes place. It was adapted by David Production into an original net animation (OVA) series and an animated film titled *Planetarian: Storyteller of the Stars* in 2016. An OVA titled *Planetarian: Snow Globe* animated by Okuruto Noboru was produced in 2021, and Key also released a visual novel version of *Snow Globe* in 2021. The core of the discography is the original soundtrack album produced by Key Sounds Label in 2006 for the visual novel. The music on the soundtrack was mainly composed and arranged by Magome Togoshi. A second soundtrack and two singles for the anime adaptations by David Production were released in 2016. An EP for *Planetarian* was released in 2017 featuring music from the visual novel and anime adaptations by David Production. A soundtrack for the *Snow Globe* OVA and visual novel was released in 2021.
## Albums
### *Planetarian Original Soundtrack* {#planetarian_original_soundtrack}
The *Planetarian Original Soundtrack*, from the visual novel *Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet*, was released on August 11, 2006, at Comiket 70 by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number *KSLA-0025*; it was later re-released on December 28, 2006. The soundtrack contains one disc totaling twelve songs composed, arranged, and produced by Magome Togoshi, and Shinji Orito; themes originally composed by Charles Crozat Converse and Kenji Miyazawa were remixed on the soundtrack. Aside from the songs in the game like \"Gentle Jena\" and \"Hoshi no Sekai (Opening)\", the soundtrack includes new songs such as an arranged vocal version of \"Hoshi Meguri no Uta\", sung by Mell. The musical tracks played at the beginning and the end of the game (tracks one and eight in the original soundtrack) are rearrangements of the hymn \"What a Friend We Have in Jesus\" by Charles Crozat Converse, and their titles reflect this as well: \"Hoshi no Sekai (Opening)\" refers to the Japanese version of the hymn, named \"Hoshi no Yo\", and \"Itsukushimi Fukaki\" is the Japanese translation of the hymn\'s original title.
All songs arranged by Magome Togoshi, except where noted. `{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 38:06
| title1 = Hoshi no Sekai (Opening)
| note1 = {{Nihongo2|星の世界}} ''World of Stars''
| music1 = [[Charles Crozat Converse]]
| length1 = 0:59
| title2 = Hoshi Meguri no Uta (Honky Tonk)
| note2 = {{Nihongo2|星めぐりの歌}} ''Song of the Pilgrimage of the Stars''
| music2 = Kenji Miyazawa
| length2 = 1:47
| title3 = Hoshi Meguri no Uta (Metronome)
| note3 = {{Nihongo2|星めぐりの歌}} ''Song of the Pilgrimage of the Stars''
| music3 = Kenji Miyazawa
| length3 = 1:59
| title4 = Ame to Robot
| note4 = {{Nihongo2|雨とロボット}} ''Rain and Robot''
| music4 = Magome Togoshi
| length4 = 1:38
| title5 = Hoshi Meguri no Uta (Winter's Tale)
| note5 = {{Nihongo2|星めぐりの歌}} ''Song of the Pilgrimage of the Stars''
| music5 = Kenji Miyazawa
| length5 = 2:59
| title6 = Gentle Jena
| note6 =
| music6 = Magome Togoshi
| length6 = 3:37
| title7 = Mattaki Hito
| note7 = {{Nihongo2|全き人}} ''Perfect Human''
| music7 = Magome Togoshi
| length7 = 2:54
| title8 = Itsukushimi Fukaki
| note8 = {{Nihongo2|慈しみ深き}} ''Deep Affection''
| music8 = Charles Crozat Converse
| length8 = 2:47
| title9 = Hoshi Meguri no Uta
| note9 = {{Nihongo2|星めぐりの歌}} ''Song of Circling Stars'')<br>(Lyrics by Kenji Miyazawa; Performed by [[Mell]]
| music9 = Kenji Miyazawa
| length9 = 4:26
| title10 = Gentle Jena (Extended Version)
| note10 =
| music10 = Magome Togoshi
| length10 = 6:53
| title11 = Human Warrior
| note11 = Arrangement by Shinji Orito
| music11 = [[Shinji Orito]]
| length11 = 5:11
| title12 = Hoshi Meguri no Uta (Short Version)
| note12 = {{Nihongo2|星めぐりの歌}} ''Song of Circling Stars'')<br>(Lyrics by Kenji Miyazawa; Performed by Mell
| music12 = Kenji Miyazawa
| length12 = 2:56
}}`{=mediawiki}
### *Planetarian Original Soundtrack* {#planetarian_original_soundtrack_1}
*Planetarian Original Soundtrack* is a soundtrack containing music tracks featured in the *Planetarian* original net animation series and the film *Planetarian: Storyteller of the Stars* by David Production. It was released on October 26, 2016, in Japan by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog numbers *KSLA-0122--0123*. The soundtrack is composed, arranged, and produced by Shinji Orito, Magome Togoshi, Donmaru, Tomohiro Takeshita, Ryō Mizutsuki and Shōji Morifuji.
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# Music of Planetarian
## Albums
### *Planetarian Analog Collector\'s Edition* {#planetarian_analog_collectors_edition}
*Planetarian Analog Collector\'s Edition* is an EP to be released on a gramophone record for the *Planetarian* visual novel and anime adaptations. A crowdfunding campaign for the record ran from May 22 to June 25, 2017, and it reached its goal of ¥1 million in under 12 hours. The campaign ultimately raised ¥3,393,500. It was released in September 2017 by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number *KSLA-0142*. The EP features music previously released for *Planetarian*, but also includes a new remix of \"Twinkle Starlight\". The EP is composed, arranged, and produced by Shinji Orito, Magome Togoshi, Donmaru, Tomohiro Takeshita, Shōji Morifuji and Takayuki Negishi. The vocal pieces are sung by Mell, Lia, Sayaka Sasaki and Ceui.
### *Planetarian: Snow Globe Original Sound Tracks & Voice Drama CD* {#planetarian_snow_globe_original_sound_tracks_voice_drama_cd}
*Planetarian: Snow Globe Original Sound Tracks & Voice Drama CD* s a soundtrack containing music tracks featured in the *Planetarian: Snow Globe* original video animation by Okuruto Noboru and visual novel by Key. It was released in January 2021 for backers of the *Planetarian: Snow Globe* crowdfunding campaign who pledged at least ¥13,640 bearing the catalog number *KAXA-9935CD*. The soundtrack is composed, arranged, and produced by Shinji Orito, Donmaru and Ryō Mizutsuki. \"Snow Globe\" is sung by Riko Azuna, \"Twinkle Starlight (Hoshino Yumemi Ver.)\" is sung by Keiko Suzuki, and \"Star trip\" is sung by Sayaka Sasaki.
\| note17 = `{{Nihongo2|星座解説 「星を読む」}}`{=mediawiki} *Constellation Explanation \'Diving the Stars{{\'}}*)\
(Cast: Keiko Suzuki \| music17 = \| extra17 = \| length17 = 16:38
}}
## Singles
### Twinkle Starlight / Worlds Pain {#twinkle_starlight_worlds_pain}
\"Twinkle Starlight / Worlds Pain\" is a single for the *Planetarian* original net animation series by David Production, which was released on July 27, 2016, in Japan by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number *KSLA-0117*. \"Twinkle Starlight\" is sung by Sayaka Sasaki and \"Worlds Pain\" is sung by Ceui. The single is composed, arranged, and produced by Donmaru, Tomohiro Takeshita and Shōji Morifuji.
### Hoshi no Fune / Gentle Jena {#hoshi_no_fune_gentle_jena}
/ Gentle Jena\" is a single for the *Planetarian: Storyteller of the Stars* film by David Production, which was released on September 21, 2016, in Japan by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number *KSLA-0119*. \"Hoshi no Fune\" is sung by Lia and \"Gentle Jena\" is sung by Ayaka Kitazawa. The single is composed, arranged, and produced by Shinji Orito, Magome Togoshi, Takayuki Negishi and Shōji Morifuji
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# Genden
**Genden** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Eric M
| 15 |
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| 0 |
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# Yajna Sri Satakarni
**Yajna Sri Satakarni**, also known as **Gautamiputra Yajna Sri**, was an Indian ruler of the Satavahana dynasty. He was the brother of Vashishtiputra Satakarni. His reign is dated variously: c. 152-181 CE, c. 165-195 CE, c. 170-199 CE or c. 174-203.
He is considered to be the last great king of the Satavahana dynasty. He regained some of the territory lost to Shakas (the Western Satraps) under Vashishtiputra Satakarni. He defeated the Western Satraps and reconquered their southern regions in western and central India. The Satavahana started to decline after Yajna Sri Satakarni, while the Western Satraps would continue to prosper for another two centuries.
## Coinage
<File:Gautamiputra> Yajna Satakarni.jpg\|Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni <File:Coin> of Gautamiputra Sri Yajna Satakarni.jpg\|Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni
## Inscriptions
There are two inscriptions of Yajna Sri Satakarni at Kanheri, in cave No.81, and in the Chaitya cave No.3.
In Nasik Caves, Cave No.20 has one large inscription, claiming that the unfinished cave was completed by the wife of a great general named Bhavagopa, during the 7th year of the rule of king Sri Yajna Satakarni, son of Gotami, after having been started by the ascetic Bopaki.
These inscriptions show that the Satavahanas were in possession of the areas of Kanheri and Nasik during the reign of Sri Yajna Satakarni.
He is also known from his coins, and from the mention of his name in the regnal lists of the Matsya Purana, in which he is said to have ruled 29 years.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| collapsed}}} align=center colspan=2 style=\"background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;\"\| **Nasik Caves, Cave No.20 \"Sri Yajna vihara\" (circa 180 CE)** |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cave No.20 at the Nasik Caves has one large inscription, claiming that the unfinished cave was completed by the wife of a great general named Bhavagopa, during the 7th year of the rule of king Sri Yajna Satakarni, son of Gotami, after having been started by the ascetic Bopaki. There are similar inscriptions of Sri Yajna Satakarni in cave 3 and cave 81 at Kanheri. This means probably that the cave was carved in the end of the 2nd century CE. It also shows that the Satavahanas reclaimed the area of Nasik under Sri Yajna Satakarni.\ |
| One more inscription over one of the small cellars mentions its gift by a lay devotee named Mamma.\ |
| |
| Pandavleni Cave 20.jpg\|Exterior 065 Cave 20, Buddha and Bodhisattvas (33584446680).jpg\|Interior reliefs with Buddha and Bodhisattvas 066 Cave 20, Interior (33584444820).jpg\|Interior 067 Cave 20, Cells (33584442420)
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| 0 |
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# John Wesley's New Room
**John Wesley\'s New Room** is a historic building located between The Horsefair and Broadmead, Bristol, England. Opened in June 1739, it housed the earliest Methodist societies, and was enlarged in 1748. As the oldest purpose-built Methodist preaching house (chapel), it has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building.
A Methodist museum is housed in the preachers\' rooms above the chapel. The courtyards around the building contain statues of John Wesley and his brother Charles.
## History and architecture {#history_and_architecture}
On 2 April 1739 John Wesley began preaching in the open fields at Bristol, and founded societies there. Under Wesley\'s direction, the building followed two months later, making it the oldest purpose-built Methodist chapel in the world. He called it \"our New Room in the Horsefair\".
The chapel was built with a double-decker pulpit, which was common at the time, and is lighted by an octagonal lantern window to reduce the amount paid in window tax. In addition to meetings and worship, the New Room was used as a dispensary and schoolroom for the poor people of the area. The pews and benches were made from old ship timber. The Baldwin and Nicholas Street Methodist societies combined to form the United Society, which met at the New Room from 3 June 1739.`{{page needed|date=January 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Wesley insisted that meetings at the New Room should only be held outside of Anglican church hours as he wanted Methodism to complement rather than compete with Anglican worship.
In 1748 it was extended, possibly by the Quaker architect George Tully in view of the stylistic similarities with the Friends\' Meeting House at Quakers Friars of the same period. John Wesley believed that liturgical worship should be carried out in churches, and only reluctantly allowed the enlarged New Room to comply with the Toleration Act 1688, making it a formal place of worship. Rooms were built above the chapel, in which Wesley and other itinerant preachers stayed. Wesley lived at the New Room from 1748 to 1771 and administered Holy Communion there when his brother Charles was away. Wesley added to the Methodist offer in Bristol by selling his published works from a bookstore in the New Room. Analysis of the complete printed output of Bristol between 1695 and 1775 shows that over half was written by Methodists. Wesley published a medical handbook, *Primitive Physick*; the New Room housed one of Bristol\'s first medical dispensaries.
After Wesley\'s death, in 1808 the property passed into the hands of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists. In 1929 it was bought back by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. The John Snetzler Chamber Organ of 1761 is a 20th-century addition following the restoration of the building in 1929 by Sir George Oatley.
A garden in the Broadmead Courtyard was opened on 24 May 2011 by the Lord Mayor of Bristol. This was followed by the opening of the Horsefair Visitor Centre on 13 July 2017 by the Duke of Gloucester. The new facilities include a café, library and archive and conference and education facilities, plus an expanded interactive museum housed in the twelve upstairs rooms of the 1748 building. As the oldest purpose-built Methodist building in the world it has become a centre of international pilgrimage
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# Øversjødalen
**Øversjødalen** is a village in Tolga Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located at the northern end of the lake Langsjøen. The village of Tolga lies about 40 km to the southeast of Øversjødalen. The village of Hodalen lies about half-way between Øversjødalen and Tolga. Øversjødalen lies along County Road 26 which runs between the villages of Tolga and Drevsjø.
The mountain Elgspiggen lies about 8 km to the southwest of the village. The Holøydalen Church is located on the west side of the village
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10,102,531 |
# Old Post Office, Bristol
The **Old Post Office** (`{{gbmapping|ST587729}}`{=mediawiki}) is a historic building at 48 Corn Street in Bristol, England.
It was built in 1746 by Samuel Glascodine to complement The Exchange, acting as the central post office for the city of Bristol for over 200 years. It was part rebuilt as a facsimile of the original in 1993 and is now used as an office.
It has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building
| 80 |
Old Post Office, Bristol
| 0 |
10,102,535 |
# Norm Magnusson
**Norm Magnusson** (born March 20, 1960) is a New York-based artist and political activist and founder, in 1991, of the art movement *funism*; he began his career creating allegorical animal paintings with pointed social commentaries. Eventually became more and more interested in political art and its potential for persuasion.
This led him away from the canvas and into the public realm where he created short videos that ran on U.S. national television prior to 2004\'s U.S. general election, viral emails and roadside historical markers with contemporary social content. The markers are part of the artist\'s proposed \"New York State Thruway Project\". Scheduled for 2012, it will place one marker in each of the 27 rest areas up and down the length of the NYS Thruway.
In the permanent collection of The Museum of Modern Art (Franklin Furnace Artist\'s Book Archive), The Springfield Museum of Art, The Anchorage Museum of History and Art, The Museum of the City of New York Museum of the City of New York, The New-York Historical Society New-York Historical Society, The Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, The Pember Museum [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20130820033651/http://pembermuseum.com/) and numerous other public and private collections; he has exhibited at these museums and for many years before it closed, at the infamous East Village-born Bridgewater/Lustberg Gallery in NYC. His sculptures of historical markers were shown as the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum\'s 2007 Main Street Sculpture Project, a show entitled \"On this site stood.\" In his review of that exhibition for The New York Times, Ben Gennochio called Magnusson \"The Michael Moore of the highways\" for the very liberal \"unsparing and pitiless candor\" of his art, which focuses \"our attention on pressing contemporary social and political issues.\"
He has also created a body of nature-based work entitled \"Decorating nature\" in which he paints on rocks and leaves and trees and photographs them in their environment.
He was honored with two Pollock-Krasner Foundation grants (in 2016-2017 for sculpture and in 1998-1999 for painting) and a grant from the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council in 2008 for the realization of \"On this site stood - lower Manhattan\" a project to put \'historical\' plaques with contemporary social content around lower Manhattan in summer 2009. (link below) In 2014, he received a NYSCA grant (through the Center for Sustainable Rural Communities) for a public art installation in Schoharie County, NY. In 2015, he was awarded a NYFA fellowship for sculpture.
He has acted in numerous feature length and short films (see imdb.com page below, in \"References\" section) and is currently the host of \"Correct Me if I\'m Norm\", a once a week internet radio interview program on RadioFreeRhinecliff.org
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# Langsjøen
Långsjön}} `{{Infobox body of water
|name = Langsjøen
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_name =
|image =
|caption =
|image_bathymetry =
|alt_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|image_map = {{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|zoom=9|marker=natural}}
|caption_map = Interactive map of the lake
|coordinates = {{coord|62.13055|11.63863|region:NO_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Østerdalen]], [[Innlandet]]
|type =
|inflow = Hola river
|outflow = Sømåa river
|catchment =
|basin_countries = [[Norway]]
|date-built =
|date-flooded =
|length = {{convert|9|km}}
|width = {{convert|1|km}}
|area = {{convert|6.35|km2|abbr=on}}
|depth =
|max-depth =
|volume =
|residence_time =
|shore = {{convert|27.26|km}}
|elevation = {{convert|709|m}}
|frozen =
|islands =
|cities =
|reference = [[Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate|NVE]]<ref name="nve">{{Cite web |title=Innsjødatabase |url=https://temakart.nve.no/link/?link=innsjodatabase |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=NVE.no |language=no}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
**Langsjøen** is a lake in Innlandet county, Norway. The 6.35 km2 lake lies in the Sømådalen valley on the border of Tolga Municipality and Engerdal Municipality, just west of the large lake Femunden. The village of Øversjødalen lies at the north end of the lake and the mountain Elgspiggen lies about 10 km west of the lake
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| 0 |
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# Legenden om Ljusets rike
***Legenden om Ljusets rike*** (*\'\'\'Sagnet om Lysets rike\'\'\'*, English: *The Legend of the Realm of Light*; this novel has not been translated into English) is a set of fantasy novels by Norwegian-Swedish writer Margit Sandemo. It includes twenty titles. This set of novels can be read in Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and Polish. Margit Sandemo says that she wrote this series of novels because she wanted, like many other fiction writers, to portray her own view about an idealized world. Another reason to write *Legenden om Ljusets rike* was for the character called Marco who Sandemo created in the end of The Legend of the Ice People. She was so fond of him that she wanted to write more about Marco in the following series of novels. Those ideas took shape in her mind when she had written around half of Häxmästaren.
The motto of *Legenden om Ljusets rike* is (says on first page of the first volume):
: *Don\'t believe everything you read!*
: *But let your imagination believe it!*
: *It lives its own life, parallel to your worldly life. Imagination can open up new worlds for you.*
## The Milieu {#the_milieu}
is a follow-up to two previous set of novels written by Margit Sandemo: Directly to the Häxmästaren and indirectly to The Legend of the Ice People, and it is the conclusion-volume of the set of novels-trilogy that consist of these novels. Some of the characters of the *Legenden om Ljusets rike* are the same as in the novels Häxmästaren and Sagan om Isfolket; some of them are completely new. Mainly, new characters are children of the principal characters of the two above-mentioned novels.
describes about the life in the happy and fabulous Realm of Light, which is located next to center of the Earth. You\'ve gone to the Realm of Light through hidden Gates, and there are lots of Gates on the Earth. Everyone who once have gone there, can\'t return on the Earth. There aren\'t disorders, wars, environmental problems, criminality, inequality, old age and death in the Realm of Light. There the time goes by 12 times slower than on the Earth.
People in the Realm of Light live very long lifetime, but their ageing come to a stop at the age of 30-35. They, who have been older when entering the Realm of Light, get younger slowly to that age. The area of Realm of Light is 100 000 square kilometers, it is in other words approximately the size of Iceland. So that Realm of Light wouldn\'t change for too much dense populated, there is imposed restrictions on number of children. Because of that each family can have just one child.
The author has populated this fantasy world with people, the Spirits of the warlock Móri, ancestors of the Icepeople, the deads who didn\'t who never got happiness in their lives, fairies, Earth-beings who are hostile to other creatures, Strangers, several members of the Lemurian race as well as 4 Madrags; the technologically advanced inhabitants of Mu. There are no winds, changes of states of weather or the blue sky in the Realm of Light, because the sun can\'t shine there. The technology of the Realm of Light is very progressive for the sake of high education of the Strangers. The impractical and polluting cars have there been replaced with flying motor vehicles (air gondolas).
The sun doesn\'t shine in the Realm of Light, but there are many goldish balls, the Holy Suns on top of high towers called minarets that shining light coloured amber. The largest Holy Sun, \"The Big Sun\" is situated in the capital of the land. The opposite of Realm of Light is the Realm of Darkness. Realm of Light has been isolated from Realm of Darkness with the transparent, immaterial, kind of glass Wall.
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# Legenden om Ljusets rike
## Main characters {#main_characters}
**Jori** has brown-curly un-cut hair, his father fond eyes and his mother devastating irresponsibility. Because he is not as long and handsome as his friends, he compensate to be fool, wild and bold.
**Jaskari** is the strong man of the group with long, light hair and blinding blue eyes. He has muscles which are threatening burst his shirt and trousers.
**Armas** is half Stranger. Long, intelligent, with piercing eyes and silk-soft hair. Has peculiar talents and have got stricter upbringing than the other youths.
**Elena** has hopeless figure in her opinion. Peaceful and pleasant, but at heart uncertain and want to be than others. Has enormous, kind of frizzy hair.
**Berengaria** is four years younger than the above characters. Romantic and slender with long, dark hair in curls. Her mind is a test chart for all the humanitarian strengths and weaknesses. Clever and happy, gigglingly and busybody and capricious. The parents are worry.
**Nighteye** is an American Indian boy with long, straight and blue-black hair, noble profile and eyes which are as dark as night. He is one year older than the above characters.
**Tsi-Tsungga**, called Tsi. An Earth-being from The Old Castle. A handsome, a fairy resembling young man with strong shoulders and green-brown-plotted body, quick and supple, be brimming over with sensuality, he is really sexy.
**Siska**, a runaway little princess from the Realm of Darkness. Resembles Berengaria superficially. She has large, oblique and ice-grey eyes, full lips, and magnificent hair, straight, black and silk-shining. She distance to young Tsi and his animal, giant squirrel Tjick.
**Indra**, a lazy and complot-loving, has much of humour and exaggerate her laziness. Has elegance curved eyebrows and perfect complexion. The same age as four first.
**Miranda**, two years younger than her sister. Has reddish hair and freckles. Has taken the responsibility of the all world, will to make it better. An environmentalist, has a thing about boys in her movements, hasn\'t loved yet.
**Alice**, called Sassa. One of the youngest, has followed her grandparents to the Realm of Light. Burned down as child. Marco cured all her scars, but she is still timid and doesn\'t want to appear to people or talk with them. Her cat is named Hubert Ambrosia.
**Dolgo**, earlier **Dolg**. Because he has lived 250 years in the Realm of Fairies, he is still just 23 years old, but he has experience and wisdom of the all world. He hasn\'t been done to erotically love. Best friend is dog Nero.
**Marco** is forever young, born in 1861 for Son of Lucifer, the ruler of the black/ fallen / banished angels. The prince of The Black Rooms. Tremendously stately. Fabulously beautiful, but also he can\'t to fall in love.
He or Dolgo don\'t belong to group of young people, but they are very important to youths. Marco belongs to Icepeople like Alice, Indra and Miranda.
**Gondagil** is a varangian from the folk of Timon in the Valley of Mist from the outside Darkness. Long, light and strong. Is now in the Realm of Light, but argues that the light can shines also to his folk. Miranda is his great love.
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# Legenden om Ljusets rike
## Titles
**Swedish title** **Norwegian title** **Translated title** **Published** **Pages** **ISBN**
-------- --------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------- ----------- ----------
**1** Viskningen Bak portene The Whisper 1995 252
**2** Móri och Isfolket Móri og Isfolket Móri and the Ice People 1995 253
**3** Flickan som inte kunde säga nej Piken som ikke kunne si nei The Girl Who Could not Say No 1995 252
**4** Dagg och dimma Mannen fra Tåkedalen Dew and Mist 1996 255
**5** Johannesnatten Johannesnatten Night of Johannes 1996 249
**6** Den utvalde Den utvalgte The Chosen One 1996 250
**7** Häxan Heksen The Witch 1997 252
**8** Skräcken Redsel The Horror 1997 252
**9** Sol av Isfolket Sol av Isfolket Sol of the Ice People 1997 248
**10** Nattsvarta rosor Nattsvarte roser Roses Black as Night 1997 250
**11** Bländverk Skrømt Hallucination 1998 252
**12** Det bävande hjärtat Det bevende hjerte The Fearful Heart 1998 252
**13** Ond saga Ond saga Evil Saga 1998 251
**14** In i värmen Inn i varmen Into the Warmth 1998 250
**15** Mörkrets ande Mørket Spirits of Darkness 1999 252
**16** Livshunger Livshunger Hunger for Life 1999 252
**17** Från toppen och uppåt Fra toppen og oppover Up from the Top 1999 252
**18** Så djup en längtan Så dyp en lengsel A Longing So Deep 1999 252
**19** Mördande oskuld Drepende uskyld Wicked Innocence 1999 250
**20** Ett hav av kärlek Et hav av kjærlighet An Ocean of Love 1999 248
## Titles in other languages {#titles_in_other_languages}
Sagnet om Lysets Rike (Norwegian) Saga o Królewstwie Światła (Polish) Ríki ljóssins (Icelandic)
---- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- -----------------------------
1 Bak portene Wielkie Wrota Handan hliðsins
2 Móri og Isfolket Móri i Ludzie Lodu Móri og Ísfólkið
3 Piken som ikke kunne si nei Trudno mówic \"nie\" Stúlkan sem gat ekki neitað
4 Mannen fra Tåkedalen Mężczyzna z Doliny Mgieł
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# Åkrestrømmen
**Åkrestrømmen** is a village in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the river Renaelva at the northern end of the lake Storsjøen, about 3 km south of the village of Åkre. The town of Koppang lies about 20 km to the southwest of Åkrestrømmen
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# Sjølisand
**Sjølisand** is a village in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located about 30 km south of the village of Åkrestrømmen, near the southern end of the lake Storsjøen
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10,102,594 |
# New Renaissance Records
**New Renaissance Records** is an American record label founded in 1984 by Ann Boleyn, who also is the lead singer of the group Hellion.
## History
New Renaissance Records was created by Ann Boleyn after her band Hellion had a No. 6 record on the British Music Charts (as reported in *Sounds* and *Kerrang!*), but was unable to find an American deal. According to a March 1985 interview in *Kerrang!*, Boleyn sold her car and musical instruments to fund the initial pressings of compilation albums, which featured the earliest commercial recordings of Wehrmacht, Morbid Angel, Artillery, Mayhem, Prong, Sepultura, At War, Savage Grace, and Flotsam and Jetsam.
## Early history {#early_history}
By 1985, the demand for heavy metal products resulted in a packaging and distribution offer from Greenworld Distribution to both New Renaissance Records and Roadrunner Records. Therefore, some of the earliest pressings on New Renaissance bear the Greenworld label and feature a catalog number beginning with \"GWD.\" However, by 1986 Greenworld Records Distribution became embroiled in legal problems after the distribution of the *Frankenchrist* album by the Dead Kennedys. In early 1986 Greenworld went out of business. After that time, the catalog numbers have all begun with \"NR.\"
In 1987 Quorthon of Bathory from Stockholm, Sweden visited them for his first ever press campaign in USA.
Signed groups have included Chyld, Rock City Angels (featuring actor Johnny Depp), Wehrmacht, Sepultura, Morbid Angel, Artillery, King Kobra, IronChrist, and Kublai Khan. Other label acts include Wilder (Carmen Wilder), Holocross, Amulance, Blood Feast, Cerebus, Dream Death, Deadly Blessing, Forger featuring Geoff Mega, Genöcide, Medieval, Post Mortem, At War, Savage Grace, Mayhem, Prong, Whiplash, Indestroy, Screamer, and more.
## Current affairs {#current_affairs}
Label founder took time off of the music business to study law, and obtained her license to practice law in December 2007. The label maintains a catalog of over thirty titles which are distributed worldwide.
New Renaissance recording artist At War have returned with a new album *Infidel* in 2009 that has received critical acclaim and follows up their two New Renaissance titles *Ordered to Kill* and *Retaliatory Strike*.
In 2014, New Renaissance Records released a 2-disc anthology, entitled *To Hellion And Back*, by Hellion. The anthology was followed by Hellion\'s first release of new music in over a decade, and is entitled *Karma\'s a Bitch*
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# Åkre, Innlandet
**Åkre** is a village in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located just north of Åkrestrømmen, near the southern end of the lake Lomnessjøen. The road leads to the village of Koppang and if you drive the other way it leads to the town of Tynset via the villages of Otnes and Bergset
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# 1963–64 British Home Championship
The **1963--64 British Home Championship** international Home Nations football tournament was an unusual affair in which victory was shared between the England, Scotland and Ireland national football teams after all teams scored four points by beating Wales and then winning one and losing one of their remaining matches. Goal difference was not at this stage used to determine team positions in the tournament, but if it had been, England would have won with a goal difference of +8 with Scotland second and Ireland third.
England began the tournament the stronger side, defeating Wales 4--0 in Cardiff. Ireland too began well, beating the fancied Scots in a close game in Belfast. In the second round England took the lead with a thumping 8--3 victory over Ireland at home, in which Jimmy Greaves and Terry Paine both scored hat-tricks. The Scots gained some ground on the leaders by beating Wales in a close game in Glasgow in which John White scored. He was killed just two months after the tournament concluded. In the final matches, played at the close of the domestic season, England needed only a draw against Scotland to claim the trophy, whilst Ireland had to beat Wales to have any hope of reaching parity. Ireland were successful in another close game at Swansea, but Scotland edged England 1--0 to claim their own third share of the Championship.
## Table
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|show_positions=n \|winpoints=2
\|team1=ENG\|name_ENG=`{{fb|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=SCO\|name_SCO=`{{fb|SCO}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=NIR\|name_NIR=`{{fb|NIR|name=Ireland}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=WAL\|name_WAL=`{{fb|WAL}}`{=mediawiki} \|win_ENG=2\|draw_ENG=0\|loss_ENG=1\|gf_ENG=12\|ga_ENG=4\|status_ENG=C \|win_SCO=2\|draw_SCO=0\|loss_SCO=1\|gf_SCO=4\|ga_SCO=3\|status_SCO=C \|win_NIR=2\|draw_NIR=0\|loss_NIR=1\|gf_NIR=8\|ga_NIR=11\|status_NIR=C \|win_WAL=0\|draw_WAL=0\|loss_WAL=3\|gf_WAL=3\|ga_WAL=9
\|status_text_C=Co-champions
\|col_C=#ccffcc\|text_C= \|result1=C\|result2=C\|result3=C \|update=complete\|source= \|class_rules = 1) points. The points system worked as follows: 2 points for a win and 1 point for a draw
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# Lomnessjøen
**Lomnessjøen** is a lake in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The villages Åkre and Otnes are located on the shores of the lake. The lake is part of the Renaelva river system. The Renaelva river flows into the lake from the north. The south end of the river drains into the larger lake Storsjøen which is about 3 km to the south of this lake.
## History
From 1946-1953, the southern outlet of the lake was modified to lower the water level of the lake by about 2 ft with the purpose of increasing the amount of arable land surrounding the lake and river upstream
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# Ted Morgan (boxer)
**Edward \"Ted\" Morgan** (5 April 1906 -- 22 November 1952) was a New Zealand boxer. He won the gold medal in the welterweight division at the 1928 Summer Olympics, despite competing throughout the tournament with a dislocated knuckle in his left hand. This was the first gold medal won for an athlete representing New Zealand.
## 1928 Olympics
Tim Tracey had been training Morgan in the build up for the 1928 Olympic games in Amsterdam. Unfortunately, due to the elongated travel times athletes from NZ faced in attending the Olympics, Morgan put on weight. He was three pounds over the lightweight division limit and therefore had to fight up in the welterweight grade; often giving up to 9 pounds away to his opponents. Leading up to the games he dislocated his knuckle on his left hand sparring with European professional Ernie Rice. Morgan was a southpaw which caused even greater problems. Morgan was regarded by many as one of the best fighters at the games, despite throwing very few left handed punches.
### 1928 Olympic tournament results {#olympic_tournament_results}
- Round of 16: defeated Selfrid Johansson (Sweden) by a second-round knockout
- Quarterfinal: defeated Romano Caneva (Italy) by decision
- Semifinal: defeated Robert Galataud (France) by decision
- Final: defeated Raul Landini (Argentina) by decision (won gold medal)
## Background
Morgan was born in London, England, but his family moved to New Zealand when he was one year old. There he attended Te Aro School and Wellington College, but dropped out in 1922 and started working as a plumber. A plaque at Wellington College was erected in his honor.
Morgan was the New Zealand Amateur Lightweight Champion in 1925 and 1927. He won 26 out of his 28 amateur bouts. In July 1929 he turned professional, but with a little success, winning 13 and losing 11 out of 26 bouts. In 1931 he won three minor matches in the United States and the New Zealand welterweight title, knocking out Reg Trowern in second round. He retired in October 1934 after losing to Don Stirling in a welterweight title fight and later worked as a plumber and boxing referee. Morgan was offered the chance to turn pro after the Olympics but turned it down. He later regretted the decision saying he needed to have turned pro overseas where the \"game was bigger\". Morgan\'s gold medal is one of the biggest examples of overcoming adversity and is one of the least well known NZ Olympic stories.
## Family
On 12 April 1933 he married sprinter Norma Wilson, who also competed at the 1928 Olympics, but they divorced in 1938. Morgan remarried on 10 November 1945, to Jannet Elizabeth Reynolds; they had a son and a daughter.
## Death
Although he was a non-smoker, Morgan died from lung cancer in Wellington due to the inhalation of fumes while working as a plumber. In 1990 he was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame
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# Åsta
**Åsta** is a village in Åmot Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway.
The village is located about 7 km south of the village of Rena, the municipal centre. The village of Åsta lies at the confluence of the rivers Åsta and Glomma.
The Norwegian National Road 3 runs through the village. The Rørosbanen railway line also passes through the village, stopping at Åsta Station.
Åsta was the site of the Åsta accident, which claimed 19 lives
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# Black Summer
***Black Summer*** is a comic book limited series written by Warren Ellis, illustrated by Juan Jose Ryp, and published by American company Avatar Press starting in June 2007. The plot revolves around the consequences of a superhero, John Horus, who kills the President of the United States and several of his advisers after discovering them to be war criminals. The following seven issues detail the aftermath of the assassination.
*Black Summer* is regarded as the first series in Warren Ellis\'s Avatar-published \"Superhuman Trilogy\" dealing with the creation of superheroes, the subsequent series being *No Hero* and *Supergod*. Prior to *Supergod*\'s release, Warren Ellis said in an interview that, \"*Black Summer* was about superhumans who were too human. *No Hero* was about superhumans who were inhuman. *Supergod* is about superhumans who are no longer human at all, but something else. The third leg of a thematic trilogy if you like.\"
## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis}
The Seven Guns, led by scientist-inventor Tom Noir, are a posthuman superhero team who have made a reputation for opposing corrupt political institutions. John Horus, the strongest member of the team, assassinates the President of the United States for his allegedly criminal policies, telling the nation that he was the only person in a position to stop him. As martial law is declared, Frank Blacksmith, once Tom\'s partner and the co-founder of the Seven Guns --- having previously faked his death to work for the CIA --- comes out of hiding to hunt down and eliminate Tom and the Guns.
The remaining Guns, all branded as fugitives by the government, try to cope with the aftermath of the assassination while trying to keep internal tensions from boiling over. After Tom is killed in a battle with the U.S. military, the Guns furiously massacre the soldiers and resolve to kill John Horus. Horus, having repelled attacks from fighter jets and a nuclear missile, threatens to destroy the country in retaliation for Tom\'s death. Frank Blacksmith is given approval to unleash his covert \"Tactical Stream\" of super soldiers, which engage the Guns at their old base.
### Issue 6 {#issue_6}
The battle between the remaining Four Guns and Frank Blacksmith\'s Tactical Stream is underway. One of them strikes down Dom and kills him, saying \"Frank Blacksmith says hello, you piece of shit\". Meanwhile, John starts razing the base but the general stands down his troops in order both to save their lives and to get John talking. He convinces John that Tom had died by suicide and not at the hands of his troops. He and his troops are then killed in a massive surprise Tactical Stream attack on John which destroys even more of the city. Zoe, Kathryn and Angela have managed to dispose of their assailants and witness the mushroom cloud explosion of the attack on John.
### Issue 7 {#issue_7}
John Horus fends off his attackers despite the loss of several of his \"eyes\". The three women of the team interrupt them, telling both John and the Tactical Stream that they\'re banished from the city when done fighting. They then resolve to stay out of any further conflict but devote themselves to saving the lives of survivors in the largely ruined city. John eliminates the remainder of his attackers and leaves to find Blacksmith at Laura Tarrant\'s grave, which has been disturbed. They argue over who disturbed it and who is the true hero. Tom Noir reveals himself, alive and well (\"I\'m not as fast as Zoe, but I\'m still pretty fast\") taking both men to task for \"fucking it up\" and ruining the original dream of the Seven Guns. He reveals that he dug up Laura\'s grave for her gun and activates a failsafe which he had included in it at Laura\'s request, killing them all in a massive blast. As the smoke clears a prerecorded message, one which Tom Noir had set to broadcast while waiting for the meeting (\"waiting here to kill my oldest friend\"), airs over every radio in the country, giving Tom\'s version of events, exonerating (as much as possible) the surviving Guns and promising, as the book ends, to elaborate on Frank Blacksmith\'s story and give comprehensive evidence of unspecified \"war crimes committed by our government.\" Before proceeding with these, Tom closes the book out with his explanation that John had to be killed \"because he cared too much about saving the day.\"
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# Black Summer
## Main characters {#main_characters}
### Kathryn Artemis {#kathryn_artemis}
Before her enhancements, Kathryn was a world-class athlete and marksman. She customised her enhancements by incorporating her motorcycle into the transformation, becoming an armoured motorcyclist. Unlike the other members, her background was in history rather than science, and she felt no qualms about killing criminals. Her Gun appears capable of firing scattered bursts that destroy multiple targets. Her keyword, Miyamoto, is the Japanese surname of Miyamoto Musashi.
### John Horus {#john_horus}
The most well known and publicly active member of the Seven Guns, Horus is also the most powerful. Until he killed the president and everyone in the Oval Office, he was the most publicly trusted member of the team, and was often a guest of the President. John benefits from the enhancements pioneered by the other Guns: Blacksmith\'s offensive gun, Angela\'s flight system, and Tom Noir\'s baseline augmentations. John\'s personal contribution was a customisation of his Gun. Instead of a handgun-shaped weapon attachment, his Gun is a swarm of eye-shaped floating devices that function as an offensive and defensive weapons platform, making him virtually invincible. The eyes have shown the capacity to withstand several nuclear payloads, and Tom Noir says that Horus \"could build cities out of mud\" with his enhancements. He dresses in white clothes that resemble an officer\'s outfit from the US Civil War, but with Masonic symbols, or Eye of Ra sigils. He also carries on an Ellis trademark, a reluctant hero who wears all white (see Jenny Sparks and Elijah Snow). Keyword unknown.
### Dominic Atlas Hyde {#dominic_atlas_hyde}
The muscle of the team. At the time of the events of the series, Dominic has assumed the duties of mechanic, maintaining the team\'s equipment. Dominic possesses various implants allowing him to remotely control the team\'s computer equipment in addition to the baseline augmentations. When activated, his enhancements utilise \"smart fullerene\" to cover his body in massive black body armour and artificial muscle mass. His keyword, Herakles, refers to the legendary demigod.
### Zoe Jump {#zoe_jump}
Zoe uses the Millis Bias Field to distort physical laws, giving her superhuman speed. Zoe theorised that if she could mentally encompass, in one instant, the complex mathematical equations describing such a Field, she could project such a field around herself. With help from Tom Noir, she created and installed cybernetic eye implants to project the information onto her field of vision. She is able to extend the field around herself to a limited degree, so that a single person running in tandem with her can achieve the same speed. Zoe shows serious misgivings regarding the use of lethal force.
### Tom Noir {#tom_noir}
Real Name: Tom Watson. Considered the \"brains\" of the Seven Guns, Tom Noir helped theorise the Gun technology that would empower the group. He worked closely with Frank Blacksmith to develop the Guns. Tom\'s Gun enhancements include a \"supercortex\" that allows him to perceive and process all available information streams, including decryption, and very precise ultrasound imaging technology. He is able to see directly into any target with surgical precision through outer layers of clothing, weapons, devices, as well as bones and internal organs. This vision also allows him to find vital points and weaknesses. His Gun is named Inquiry, and fires surgical tungsten rounds that can penetrate a tank. Tom also covers his right arm in some kind of techno-organic looking armour while fighting the government assassin sent to kill him. Keyword: *Bakerstreet*. The keyword is an allusion to Sherlock Holmes, the fictional detective whose address in London was 221b Baker Street. His Gun, Inquiry, also follows in this motif, alluding to Holmes\'s inquisitive mind, and fitting of Watson\'s role as the \"brains\" of the group.
More than a year ago, Tom lost part of his left leg below the knee in the explosion that killed Laura Tarrant. After her death, Tom quit the group and became an alcoholic shut-in, living in a squalid apartment and drinking himself to death. Despite this, he was targeted first for termination after Horus\' execution of the President. Frank Blacksmith believes that his genius-level intellect, which helped create the Gun technology Blacksmith now uses to empower his government agents, makes him, out of all his teammates, the most dangerous potential asset for John Horus.
### Angel One {#angel_one}
Angel One, real name Angela, can levitate and \'fly\' by superconductor based magnetic levitation using systems surgically implanted in her legs, and possibly other parts of her torso. The effect works better in highly metallic environments, so better in urban areas than rural or wilderness. A Keyword, *Daedalus*, which refers to the Greek myth of Daedalus the inventor who constructed, among other things, wings of wood and wax to escape imprisonment on Crete with his son Icarus (who died upon flying too close of the sun, melting the wax of his wings).
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# Black Summer
## Main characters {#main_characters}
### Laura Torch {#laura_torch}
In civilian life, her name was Laura Tarrant. Although deceased by the time of the story\'s events, Laura has played a pivotal role in the current state of the team. A caring and compassionate person, she had worried that the power which the group wielded would one day be misused, and had asked her boyfriend, Tom Noir, to make sure her gun never fell into the wrong hands, and also to make it powerful enough to destroy her and her teammates if needed for the general good. Laura was killed by the same car bomb that destroyed Tom\'s leg, driving Tom to leave the team and hit the bottle. Unlike the other team members Laura does not appear even in flashbacks, and there is no description of her enhancements, save that early in the story Dominic mentions that the sheer power of her gun, which Noir has in fact hidden in her grave, scares even him. Her Gun reappears in the story\'s climax, functioning in the story as a Chekhov\'s gun, and \"Laura\" is Noir\'s last word before activating it to kill himself, John Horus, and Frank Blacksmith. Her keyword is never revealed.
#### Supporting characters {#supporting_characters}
### Frank Blacksmith {#frank_blacksmith}
Mentor to the Seven Guns and designer of the external gun attachment that the group utilised in their crime-fighting. The team witnessed Frank\'s apparent death at the hands of crooked cops years earlier. However, John Horus\' actions have brought Frank out of hiding. Struck by the danger the team could pose, he had faked his own death to work on countermeasures for the government. He is convinced he is saving the world from them. In the intervening years, he has improved upon the technology within the Seven Guns and assembled both operational and covert-ops tactical teams of new model gun soldiers, the latter in secret. Assigning a soldier to kill Tom, he comes along personally to apologise for the necessity of the killing, and for the unintended murder, during an earlier attempted hit on Tom, of Laura Tarrant for whom Frank had felt sincere fondness.
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# Black Summer
## Collected editions {#collected_editions}
The series has been collected into softcover and hardcover volumes:
- *Black Summer* (192 pages, September 2008, softcover, `{{ISBN|1-59291-052-1}}`{=mediawiki}, hardcover, `{{ISBN|1-59291-053-X}}`{=mediawiki})
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
The series has been optioned by Vigilante Entertainment, a newly created company started by Hicham Benkirane, who had previously developed comic books for other media at Les Humanoïdes Associés
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# 2007 Spanish Grand Prix
The **2007 Spanish Grand Prix** (formally the **Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Telefónica 2007**) was a Formula One motor race, the fourth race of the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship, won by Felipe Massa. It was held on 13 May 2007 at the Circuit de Catalunya in Spain.
## Report
### Background
Prior to the Spanish Grand Prix, the Circuit de Catalunya went through some circuit revisions to encourage overtaking and make the racing more exciting and also to improve safety standards. The revisions included a chicane placed at the final two corners. \"Although I have always really enjoyed the final two corners and their speed, the new chicane at the end of the track will hopefully lead to more overtaking during the race, which is great for the spectators,\" Fernando Alonso commented. Because of the revisions, the fastest lap of the race, recorded by Massa, was fractionally over six seconds longer than the fastest lap of the race in 2006, also recorded by Massa.
Just over a week before the weekend of the grand prix, there was an organised test session at the track for four days, with primary focus on aerodynamic set-ups. However, due to heavy rain on the Tuesday, many teams abandoned their initial test schedule and instead looked to focus on wet-weather set-ups. Both Ferrari and Red Bull took advantage of these conditions and scored first and second fastest times respectively on both Tuesday and Wednesday. The wet weather eventually led to a fourth day of testing, in which Red Bull driver David Coulthard broke Ferrari\'s run and set the fastest time by 0.2 seconds.
The aerodynamic focus was evident in the unveiling of two new and radical front aero designs by both the Honda and McLaren teams. Both teams would be understandably reluctant to release figures to support their reasoning for using such radical winglets, although McLaren\'s consistent speed throughout the testing is noted by only having out-paced championship rivals Ferrari once. Honda, however, ended up half a second down on the nearest car on the final day of testing where they unveiled their \"elephant ear\" winglets. McLaren punctuated their need for aero testing over rain testing by withdrawing on the rained-out Tuesday.
### Practice
Lewis Hamilton headed the first practice session in his McLaren, just 0.4seconds ahead of team-mate Fernando Alonso, who was in front of his home crowd. Kimi Räikkönen was third in his Ferrari, but his team-mate Felipe Massa was demoted to fifth in the closing moments, as Robert Kubica took fourth in his BMW. Anthony Davidson finished sixth in his Super Aguri, with the Toyotas of Jarno Trulli and Ralf Schumacher in 7th and 8th. Nico Rosberg and Jenson Button rounded out the top ten.
Alonso turned the tables on Hamilton in the second practice session, with Alonso three tenths ahead of the rest of the field, but Hamilton was back in fifth. McLaren team boss Ron Dennis said that they had made the \"best possible start to the weekend\". The Renaults of Giancarlo Fisichella and Heikki Kovalainen produced a late surge to finish 2nd and 3rd, ahead of both Ferraris, who were down in 4th and 6th. However, Renault\'s engineering director Pat Symonds played down the times, saying they were \"done with a lower fuel load\" and \"are therefore unrepresentatively high in the timesheets\". Behind the top three teams, Nico Rosberg was again in the top ten in his Williams, with engineering director Patrick Head saying they\'ve been \"playing catch up today\", after a high-speed crash by Rosberg during the Barcelona test. Although out of the top six, Nick Heidfeld said his eighth place \"doesn\'t reflect how competitive we are\", with Webber and Scott Speed rounding out the top ten.
It was the second McLaren one-two of the weekend as Hamilton took first ahead of Alonso in Saturday practice. Behind them, both BMWs were in front of both Ferraris. They were split by David Coulthard in the Red Bull. Anthony Davidson put in another good practice performance with eighth in his Super Aguri, with Nico Rosberg and Heikki Kovalainen rounding out the top ten.
### Qualifying
Fernando Alonso looked likely to take pole at his home Grand Prix. Alonso crossed the line at the end of Q3 to take pole, unaware that Felipe Massa still had one lap in hand. The Brazilian pipped pole from the home hero by three-one hundredths of a second.
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# 2007 Spanish Grand Prix
## Report
### Race
The first start was aborted when Toyota driver Jarno Trulli stalled on the grid, forcing another formation lap and decreasing the race length to 65 laps. The race got underway shortly thereafter with both Felipe Massa and World Champion Fernando Alonso going into the corner ahead of their team-mates Kimi Räikkönen and Lewis Hamilton respectively. This order was short-lived as Alonso and Massa touched briefly going into the first corner, sending Alonso over the gravel with him returning to the track behind Räikkönen\'s Ferrari in fourth.
The first lap saw the first of eight retirements, that being Austrian Alexander Wurz as he was caught unaware by Toyota driver Ralf Schumacher braking suddenly to avoid Giancarlo Fisichella, as the Italian returned to the track after a minor off. Six laps later, as Massa was building a lead over Hamilton, Australian Red Bull driver Mark Webber retired when the hydraulic problems that plagued him during qualifying returned. A lap later, Trulli, who had started from the pit lane after stalling on the grid, also pulled into the pits and retired due to a failing fuel line.
On lap nine the electrics on Kimi Räikkönen\'s Ferrari failed, leaving him to coast to the pits from half way around the track. Scott Speed\'s tyre failed spectacularly on the main straight shortly afterwards, leaving debris that remained there for the rest of the race.
As the first round of pit-stops took place, a fire briefly lit into full blaze on the back the remaining Ferrari of race leader Felipe Massa. The car was undamaged and after all the cars had stopped he was still some ten seconds ahead of Briton Lewis Hamilton. The remaining Toro Rosso of Vitantonio Liuzzi suffered similar hydraulic problems to those befell him in qualifying.
Italian Renault driver, Giancarlo Fisichella, battled with the Honda of Rubens Barrichello, passing the Brazilian after the second stops. While most drivers negotiated their second stops smoothly, BMW Sauber driver Nick Heidfeld lost a probable fourth position, which would have been his fourth in as many races, when his right front wheel was not properly secured during the pit stop. He coasted around the circuit for another stop and returned to the track more than a lap down.
More drama followed the Hondas as drivers Barrichello and Jenson Button touched as the latter exited the pits. Button was forced to return to the pits for a new front wing whilst Barrichello raced on, futilely attempting to catch Fisichella\'s Renault.
Through all the retirements and bungled pit-stops, Red Bull driver David Coulthard raced to what became a strong fifth position despite losing third gear in the team\'s new quick shift gearbox. Despite Williams driver Rosberg\'s best attempts, he was unable to pass the Scot. This was Red Bull\'s strongest result so far this season and highlighted the improving performance of the Adrian Newey designed RB3 chassis.
Renault\'s day went sour after problems with the refuelling rig meant that both Fisichella and Kovalainen had to pit again forcing Heikki down to 7th of what would have been a probable 5th and pushed Giancarlo out of the points altogether. He still remained ahead of the Hondas of Button and Barrichello and the Super Aguri for Anthony Davidson.
Ralf Schumacher retired with 20 laps remaining in the race. On American SPEED Channel coverage, commentator Bob Varsha joked that Schumacher was pitting from \"somewhere around Andorra\" alluding to the German\'s very slow pace all day.
Massa went on to win the race by almost seven seconds over the McLaren pair of Hamilton and Alonso, respectively second and third. This result meant that Hamilton, after a Formula One career of only four races, led the championship despite never previously taking a race victory. He is the youngest driver to do so, taking the record from McLaren team founder, Bruce McLaren.
Pole Robert Kubica made up for his team-mate\'s gearbox induced retirement by continuing the team\'s run of fourth-place finishes, while Aguri Suzuki\'s Japanese Super Aguri team notched up their first ever points with an eighth place by Takuma Sato. \"I just cannot describe how happy we are and a point means much more than anything else for us and this is an absolutely fantastic result\" Sato went on to say.
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# 2007 Spanish Grand Prix
## Classification
### Qualifying {#qualifying_1}
Driver Constructor Q1 Q2 Q3
---- ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ----
1 5 Felipe Massa Ferrari 1:21.375 **1:20.597** **1:21.421** 1
2 1 Fernando Alonso align=\"center\" nowrap\|McLaren-Mercedes 1:21.609 1:20.797 1:21.451 2
3 6 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1:21.802 1:20.741 1:21.723 3
4 2 Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes **1:21.120** 1:20.713 1:21.785 4
5 10 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 1:21.941 1:21.381 1:22.253 5
6 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 1:22.501 1:21.554 1:22.324 6
7 9 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 1:21.625 1:21.113 1:22.389 7
8 4 Heikki Kovalainen Renault 1:21.790 1:21.623 1:22.568 8
9 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Renault 1:22.491 1:21.488 1:22.749 9
10 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\|`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 1:22.064 1:21.677 1:22.881 10
11 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 1:21.943 1:21.968 11
12 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 1:22.502 1:22.097 12
13 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 1:22.090 1:22.115 13
14 7 Jenson Button Honda 1:22.503 1:22.120 14
15 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 1:22.295 no time 15
16 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:22.508 no time 16
17 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 1:22.666 17
18 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 1:22.769 18
19 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 1:23.398 19
20 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 1:23.811 20
21 21 Christijan Albers Spyker-Ferrari 1:23.990 21
22 19 Scott Speed Toro Rosso-Ferrari no time 22
### Race {#race_1}
Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points
----- ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------------------------------------- ------ --------
1 5 **Felipe Massa** **Ferrari** 65 1:31:36.230 1 **10**
2 2 **Lewis Hamilton** align=\"center\" nowrap\| **McLaren-Mercedes** 65 +6.790 4 **8**
3 1 **Fernando Alonso** **McLaren-Mercedes** 65 +17.456 2 **6**
4 10 **Robert Kubica** **BMW Sauber** 65 +31.615 5 **5**
5 14 **David Coulthard** **Red Bull-Renault** 65 +58.331 9 **4**
6 16 **Nico Rosberg** **Williams-Toyota** 65 +59.538 11 **3**
7 4 **Heikki Kovalainen** **Renault** 65 +1:02.128 8 **2**
8 22 **Takuma Sato** **Super Aguri-Honda** 64 +1 Lap 13 **1**
9 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\| `{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 64 +1 Lap 10
10 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 64 +1 Lap 12
11 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 64 +1 Lap 15
12 7 Jenson Button Honda 64 +1 Lap 14
13 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 63 +2 Laps 20
14 21 Christijan Albers Spyker-Ferrari 63 +2 Laps 21
Ret 9 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 46 Gearbox 7
Ret 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 44 Mechanical 17
Ret 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 19 Hydraulics 16
Ret 19 Scott Speed Toro Rosso-Ferrari 9 Tyre 22
Ret 6 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 9 Electrical 3
Ret 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 8 align=\"center\" nowrap\| Fuel Pressure 6
Ret 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 7 Hydraulics 19
Ret 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 1 Collision 18
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# 2007 Spanish Grand Prix
## Championship standings after the race {#championship_standings_after_the_race}
Drivers\' Championship standings
+/-- Driver Points
--------- --- ----------------- --------
2 1 Lewis Hamilton 30
1 2 Fernando Alonso 28
1 3 Felipe Massa 27
2 4 Kimi Räikkönen 22
5 Nick Heidfeld 15
Source:
Constructors\' Championship standings
+/-- Constructor Points
--------- --- ------------------ --------
1 McLaren-Mercedes 58
2 Ferrari 49
3 BMW Sauber 23
4 Renault 11
1 5 Williams-Toyota 5
Source:
- **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
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# Patrick McLaughlin (criminal)
**Patrick \"Paudeen\" McLaughlin** (c. 1822 -- March 20, 1858) was a New York criminal and a \"slugger\" for Tammany Hall during the middle of the 19th century. McLaughlin, whose nose had previously been chewed off during a brawl in the Five Points with the Alderman of the First Ward, was widely regarded in the underworld for his skill with a bludgeon and slung-shot.
## Biography
Born to Irish immigrants in Cohoes Falls (near Lansingburgh, New York), McLaughlin left home at an early age to work as an immigrant runner in New York and soon became a well known street fighter and was imprisoned for a time on Blackwell\'s Island. After being severely disfigured in a brawl with a future Alderman of the First Ward, he retired from immigrant running and was employed as hired muscle for the Erie Railroad Company for several years. During the mid-1850s, he and Jim Turner were bodyguards for Lewis \"Lew\" Baker during his feud with William \"Bill the Butcher\" Poole. He, along with Turner and several others were eventually convicted of aiding and abetting Baker after he shot and killed Poole on February 25, 1855.
McLaughlin himself, while drinking at a Howard Street saloon and dance hall, was mortally wounded when he was shot on the morning of March 20, 1858 by sportsman Daniel \"Dad\" Cunningham. He and Cunningham had become involved in a heated argument after McLaughlin had insulted the boxing abilities of John Morrissey. When a fight broke out between the two men, Cunningham pulled a revolver and shot McLaughlin in the chest. Although later taken to the New York City Hospital, he would die of his wounds several hours after his arrival as doctors failed to find the bullet which remained lodged in his chest
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10,102,693 |
# FC Wettingen
**FC Wettingen** was a Swiss football club from Wettingen, Switzerland. It was founded in 1931, but due to financial problems they went bankrupt in 1993. In the same year it was refounded as *FC Wettingen 93*. In the 2012/13 season, the name was changed back to *FC Wettingen*. They play their home games at Stadion Altenburg.
## History
FC Wettingen spent the first few decades of their life bobbing around the lower echelons of the Swiss leagues until finally in 1969 they made it to the National League B. The next season they gained promotion and in the 1969/70 season they played in the Swiss Super League. However, due to their poor return of 15 points from 26 games they were relegated, finishing in 13th place out of 14.
The club spent the next years in the lower leagues of Swiss football until they made a return to top level football for the 1982--83 season where they remained until their relegation in the 1986--87 season. They made a swift return to the top flight gaining promotion in the 1987--88 season. The 1988/89 season was the most successful for the club and they finished in 4th place thus qualifying for the UEFA Cup (see below). In 1991/92 the club was relegated from the Swiss Super League for the third time. After the 1992/93 season the club folded due to financial reasons and began with the new name FC Wettingen 93 in the 5th League
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| 0 |
10,102,722 |
# Engeren
**Engeren** is a lake in Innlandet county, Norway. The 11.5 km2 lake is very long and narrow and it forms part of the border between Engerdal Municipality and Trysil Municipality. The Norwegian County Road 26 runs along the eastern shore of the lake. The lake is part of the river Engeråa which flows into the river Trysilelva about 1.5 km south of the southern end of the lake
| 70 |
Engeren
| 0 |
10,102,762 |
# Falningsjøen
**Falningsjøen** is a lake in Tynset Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The lake lies about 4.5 km northeast of the village of Kvikne. The Ya River begins at this lake. The Forollhogna National Park boundary lies at the north end of the lake.
The south end of the lake has a dam to control the water for hydro-electric power
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| 0 |
10,102,770 |
# Gutulisjøen
**Gutulisjøen** is a lake in Engerdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2.2 km2 lake lies along the southwestern border of the Gutulia National Park, about 15 km north of the village of Drevsjø
| 36 |
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| 0 |
10,102,776 |
# List of Minnesota North Stars head coaches
The Minnesota North Stars were an American professional ice hockey team based in Bloomington, Minnesota, a city in the U.S. metropolitan statistical area of Minneapolis--Saint Paul. The team joined the NHL in 1967 as an expansion team with five other teams; the Cleveland Barons, another 1967 NHL expansion team, were merged with the North Stars in the 1978--79 season. The North Stars played in the Stanley Cup Finals twice: as the Prince of Wales Conference champions in the 1980--81 season, and in the 1990--91 season after winning the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl, but lost in both Finals. The North Stars played their home games at the Met Center. The team relocated to Dallas, Texas in 1993, after former owner Norman Green announced that he was moving the team to Dallas\'s Reunion Arena in search of a better economic situation, and are now known as the Dallas Stars. The North Stars played in the Norris Division of the Clarence Campbell Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL) in their last season. There were 16 head coaches for the North Stars team.
The North Stars\' first head coach and general manager was Wren Blair, who coached for the first three seasons, and was the North Stars\' general manager until 1974; Jack Gordon, Lou Nanne, and Bob Gainey were also the general manager of the North Stars during their tenures as head coach. Nine of the first twelve North Stars head coaches lasted less than two complete seasons, while ten of the first twelve head coaches have spent their entire NHL head coaching careers with the North Stars. Gordon was the first North Stars head coach to have coached more than two complete seasons, with four.
Several head coaches have had multiple tenures with the North Stars. Glen Sonmor served three terms as North Stars head coach. He is the North Stars\' all-time leader for the most regular-season games coached, regular-season game wins, regular-season points, playoff games coached, and playoff-game wins. Sonmor\'s first term lasted five seasons, the longest duration for one North Stars head coach term; his last term lasted two games, which was the shortest tenure. Blair, Gordon and Charlie Burns each served two terms as the North Stars\' head coach. None of their second terms were winning seasons.
Burns, Ted Harris, Parker MacDonald, Nanne, and Murray Oliver had once played for the North Stars; Burns is the only person to have been a player-coach for the North Stars, having done so in the 1969--70 season. 1980 U.S. Olympic \"Miracle on Ice\" coach Herb Brooks, who coached the North Stars in the 1987--88 season, is the only North Stars head coach to have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder; Harry Howell and Gainey were inducted as players. Sonmor and Gainey are the only head coaches to reach the Stanley Cup Finals with the North Stars, in the 1981 and 1991 Finals respectively. Gainey was the last head coach of the North Stars; he coached the franchise until the 1995--96 season.
## Key
------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
\# Number of coaches
Spent entire NHL coaching career with the North Stars
Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder
**Achievements** Achievements during their North Stars head coaching tenure
------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
: General
-------- ------------------- ---------- --------------------
**GC** Games coached **T** Ties = 1 point
**W** Wins = 2 points **PTS** Points
**L** Losses = 0 points **Win%** Winning percentage
-------- ------------------- ---------- --------------------
: Regular-season
----------- --------------------
**PGC** Games coached
**PW** Wins
**PL** Losses
**PWin%** Winning percentage
----------- --------------------
: Playoffs
## Head coaches {#head_coaches}
\# Name Term GC W L T PTS Win% PGC PW PL PWin% Achievements Reference
----- ------ ------------------------------------------ ---- --- --- --- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------- ----------------------------------------------- -----------
--`{{NHL Year|1968|start}}`{=mediawiki} .452 .500
.257 --- --- --- ---
--- --`{{NHL Year|1969|start}}`{=mediawiki} .429 --- --- --- ---
.364 .333
--`{{NHL Year|1973|start}}`{=mediawiki} .508 .440
.418 --- --- --- ---
--- .355 --- --- --- ---
--- .310 --- --- --- ---
--`{{NHL Year|1977|start|}}`{=mediawiki} .344
.234 --- --- --- ---
.310 --- --- --- ---
.364 --- --- --- ---
--`{{NHL Year|1982|end}}`{=mediawiki} .543 .553 1980--81 Prince of Wales Conference champions
.581 .444
--`{{NHL Year|1984|start}}`{=mediawiki} .516 .438
--- .403 .556
--`{{NHL Year|1986|end}}`{=mediawiki} .487 .400
--- .250 --- --- --- ---
.319 --- --- --- ---
--`{{NHL Year|1989|end}}`{=mediawiki} .456 .333
--`{{NHL Year|1992|end}}`{=mediawiki} .451 .567 1990--91 Clarence S. Campbell Bowl winner
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# List of Minnesota North Stars head coaches
## Head coaches with multiple tenures {#head_coaches_with_multiple_tenures}
Name Term GC W L T PTS Win% PGC PW PL PWin% Reference
------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --- --- --- ----- ------ ----- ---- ---- ------- -----------
--`{{NHL Year|1968|start}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{NHL Year|1968|end}}`{=mediawiki}--`{{NHL Year|1969|start}}`{=mediawiki} .442 .500
, `{{NHL Year|1974|end}}`{=mediawiki} .337 .333
--`{{NHL Year|1973|start}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{NHL Year|1974|full=y}}`{=mediawiki} .488 .440
--`{{NHL Year|1982|end}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{NHL Year|1984|full=y}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{NHL Year|1986|end}}`{=mediawiki} .519
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# Plumíferos
***Plumíferos*** is a 2010 Argentine animated adventure comedy film directed by Daniel DeFelippo and Gustavo Giannini. The film was completed in 2009 and released in theaters in Argentina on February 18, 2010.
The film\'s animation was done by Manos Digitales Animation Studio using Blender and other open source software for all 3D models, animation, lighting and render process under Linux operating systems. *Plumíferos* is the first feature film to be entirely animated in Blender.
## Voice cast {#voice_cast}
- Luisana Lopilato as Feifi, a canary that escapes from the cage of a network tycoon, Mr. Puertas, and starts trying a new life in freedom as a common bird.
- Mariano Martínez as Juan, a house sparrow that feels ordinary and underestimates his own race. Accidentally, he changes the way he looks, and the same reason that will make him feel unique is what is going to put his life in danger.
- Carla Peterson as Clarita, a bat.
- Mirta Wons as Libia, a rock pigeon. The character is portrayed as a man in the English dub.
- Luis Machín as Sr. Puertas, a network tycoon.
- Peto Menahem as Pipo, a blue-chested hummingbird.
## English version {#english_version}
***Birds of Paradise*** is the English dub of *Plumíferos*. It was released direct-to-video in the United States on 1 April 2014 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.
### Voice cast {#voice_cast_1}
- Drake Bell as Jack
- Keith David as Old Buzzard
- Ken Jeong as Vinnie
- Jon Lovitz as Skeeter
- Jane Lynch as Rosie
- Ashley Tisdale as Aurora
### Reception
Barbara Schultz of Common Sense Media awarded the film three stars out of five
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# Elvia Allman
**Elvia Beatrice Allman** (September 19, 1904 -- March 6, 1992) was an American actress in Hollywood films and television programs for over 50 years. She is best remembered for her semi-regular roles on *The Beverly Hillbillies* and *Petticoat Junction* and for being the voice of Walt Disney\'s Clarabelle Cow. Her mark in TV history is also ensured by her memorable performance as the stern, no-nonsense boss in the classic *I Love Lucy* candy factory episode \"Job Switching\" with a repeat appearance as Nancy Graham the reporter in the 1955 episode \"The Homecoming\".
## Early years {#early_years}
Allman was born September 19, 1904, in Enochville, North Carolina.
## Career
### Radio career {#radio_career}
In 1926, Allman was a children\'s story reader at KHJ in Los Angeles (another source says 1930). The *Los Angeles Times* of the day praised her abilities as a dialectician. She married Wesley B. Tourtellotte on August 2, 1930, and divorced within several years. In 1933, she moved to the east coast, billing herself as the \"California Cocktail\" and began a musical program on NBC. On October 30, 1933, the *Times* announced she was moving to KNX on a 15-minute program to be heard Tuesday and Thursday evenings. What was supposed to be a long-term contract ended March 3, 1935.
Allman\'s first big network radio successes were on the *Blue Monday Jamboree* (where she portrayed beauty expert Auntie MacCasser, high society matron Octavia Smith-Whiffen, and home economist Pansy Pennypincher), and on *The Komedy Kingdom* (as \"Elvia, The Queen of Mirth\"). She made her debut on *The Pepsodent Show* starring Bob Hope as man-chasing Cobina, a parody of society debutante Cobina Wright.`{{r|rp|page1=47}}`{=mediawiki} She portrayed the role in motion pictures and even spoofed it in the Merrie Melodies cartoon *Goofy Groceries*. Allman was frequently heard as a supporting actress in various comedy programs well into the 1950s and in the 1970s returned to radio acting with its brief revival of new programs.
In the mid-1930s, Allman appeared in cartoons for producer Leon Schlesinger, released through Warner Bros. She can be heard in the first Porky Pig cartoon *I Haven\'t Got a Hat* in 1935. She may have originated the character of Clarabelle Cow prior to this, but there are no records indicating the specific cartoons in which she voiced Clarabelle, who was featured in 28 Disney cartoons from 1928 to 1942. In 1937 Allman voiced the title role in the cartoon *Little Red Walking Hood*, a spoof of Little Red Riding Hood. Allman married sports promoter C. C. Pyle on July 3, 1937, and was with him when he died on February 3, 1939.
Allman also played Tootsie Sagwell on *The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show* during the early 1940s. Allman\'s other roles included Mrs. Kennedy on *The Adventures of Maisie*,`{{r|rp|page1=12}}`{=mediawiki} Penelope the Pelican on *The Cinnamon Bear*,`{{r|rp|page1=76}}`{=mediawiki} and Cuddles Bongschnook on *The Durante-Moore Show*.`{{r|rp|page1=174}}`{=mediawiki} Programs on which she was a regular included *The Abbott and Costello Show*, *The Baby Snooks Show*,`{{r|rp|page1=32}}`{=mediawiki} *The Judy Canova Show*,`{{r|rp|page1=182}}`{=mediawiki} and *The Ray Bolger Show*.`{{r|rp|page1=281}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Elvia Allman
## Career
### Acting career {#acting_career}
In 1928, Allman acted in *The Living Corpse* a production of the Pasadena Community Players.
Allman made her film debut as an actress in 1940\'s *The Road to Singapore* in an unbilled bit (as were the majority of Allman\'s motion picture appearances in the 1940s) as a homely woman who pursues Bob Hope. One of her more steady radio gigs was on the *Blondie* radio series in the part of Cora Dithers, the domineering wife of Dagwood Bumstead\'s boss.`{{r|rp|page1=45-45}}`{=mediawiki}
In the 1950s, Allman became a familiar face to television viewers with numerous guest appearances on many programs of the era, usually situation comedies. She made multiple appearances on *I Married Joan*, *December Bride*, *The Bob Cummings Show*, and *The Abbott and Costello Show*, three appearances on *I Love Lucy* and an appearance in an episode of *Colgate Theatre*.
In 1957, Allman reprised her role of Cora Dithers in a short-lived TV adaption of *Blondie*. Allman had earlier played the role in the 1940s on several episodes of the Blondie radio series. She also appeared on seven episodes of the TV series *The Jack Benny Program*, having worked often with Benny on his radio program in the 1940s and 1950s.
Her visibility on television increased during the 1960s with guest shots on *The Dick Van Dyke Show*, *Hazel*, *The New Phil Silvers Show*, *The Addams Family*, *The Munsters*, *Mr Ed*, *Bewitched*, *The Lucy Show*, *The Doris Day Show*, *The Andy Griffith Show,*and as witness Julia Slovak in the fifth season, 1961 *Perry Mason*episode, \"The Case of the Brazen Bequest\". Allman\'s greatest fame came as Elverna Bradshaw on *The Beverly Hillbillies* (13 appearances, one in 1963, the rest 1968--1970). The 1960s proved to be her most prolific era with 58 appearances on various television series as well as five motion pictures including *Breakfast at Tiffany\'s* and *The Nutty Professor*.
Allman appeared as Oscar Madison\'s mother in one episode of the TV series *The Odd Couple* in which she and Oscar are treated to an erotic belly dance at a Greek restaurant. Allman\'s career slowed considerably after 1972, and her only television work during the remainder of the decade was in the 1977 television film *Halloween with the New Addams Family*. Her career picked up in the 1980s with eleven television appearances, including two episodes of *Murder She Wrote*. In addition to her acting career, Allman also worked as a real estate agent during the 1970s and \'80s. In her autobiography, Mary Tyler Moore credits Allman with finding her house as did Betty White in her book *Here We Go Again*.
Allman\'s final work appropriately brought her full circle, reviving the voice of Clarabelle Cow for the first time in over 50 years in the Mickey Mouse cartoon feature version of *The Prince and the Pauper* in 1990.
## Death
Allman died in Santa Monica, California, March 6, 1992, from pneumonia, aged 87. She was predeceased by her last husband, Jerome L. Bayler, in 1978. Allman is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California.
| 511 |
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# Elvia Allman
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------
1938 *Thanks for Everything* Violinist Uncredited
1940 *Road to Singapore* Homely Girl Uncredited
1940 *A Night at Earl Carroll\'s* Cobina Gusher
1940 *Melody for Three* Radio Station Receptionist Uncredited
1941 *Sis Hopkins* Ripple
1941 *Time Out for Rhythm* Cobrina
1941 *Swing It Soldier* Cobina
1942 *Sweetheart of the Fleet* Cobina (as Brenda & Cobina)
1943 *Three Hearts for Julia* Eva Uncredited
1943 *No Place for a Lady* Mrs. Willow Uncredited
1944 *In Society* Hysterical Widow Uncredited
1944 *A Wave, a WAC and a Marine* Elvira Allman - Woman in Cab
1944 *Carolina Blues* Loud Kyser Fan Uncredited
1948 *The Noose Hangs High* Woman Uncredited
1951 *Week-End with Father* Mrs. G.
1956 *The Kettles in the Ozarks* Meek Man\'s Wife Uncredited
1956 *You Can\'t Run Away from It* Ma, Vernon\'s Wife
1961 *The Pleasure of His Company* Mrs. Mooney
1961 *Breakfast at Tiffany\'s* Librarian
1963 *The Nutty Professor* Edwina Kelp
1963 *Johnny Cool* Beauty Salon Receptionist Uncredited
1964 *Honeymoon Hotel* Mrs
| 173 |
Elvia Allman
| 2 |
10,102,785 |
# Galtsjøen
**Galtsjøen** is a lake on the border of Rendalen Municipality and Engerdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 3.5 km2 lake is considered the headwaters of the river Femundselva which flows south into Sweden. The lake inlet is through the Galtstrømmen which comes from the small lake Galthåen which in turn has an inlet from the lake Isteren and Femunden. The lake Sølensjøen lies about 2.5 km to the west of Galtsjøen.
The lakes Galtsjøen and Galthåen are both part of the Galtsjøen nature reserve. The lake is rich in fish, including trout, grayling, whitefish, pike, burbot, and perch
| 101 |
Galtsjøen
| 0 |
10,102,788 |
# Kiama Downs
**Kiama Downs** is a suburb of the town Kiama in the Illawarra region south of Sydney, Australia. Renowned for its picturesque beaches and seaside views, it is about 4 km north of Kiama and is bordered by the Minnamurra River to the northwest and Jones Beach to the east.
There is a bakery, cafe, pharmacy, supermarket, take-away store, and general practice on Johnson Street.
The western part of the suburb, west of Riverside Drive, was previously known as Gainsborough Estate when it was developed for housing in the 1980\'s.
Kiama Downs does not have a school or a railway station. The nearest public primary school is Minnamurra Public School and the nearest public high school is Kiama High School. The nearest railway stations are Minnamurra and Bombo.
The biggest beach is Jones Beach, about one kilometre long, between Minnamurra Point and a headland 30 metres high, of the southern Cathedral Rocks
Australian skateboarder Kieran Woolley is from Kiama Downs
| 162 |
Kiama Downs
| 0 |
10,102,795 |
# List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
This is a list of values of **total fertility rates by federal subjects of Russia**.
## TFR by federal subjects {#tfr_by_federal_subjects}
### 2020-2024
Source: [Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости](https://fedstat.ru/indicator/31517#) `{{sticky header}}`{=mediawiki}`{{table alignment}}`{=mediawiki}`{{static row numbers}}`{=mediawiki}
Federal subject 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
----------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
**`{{flag|Russian Federation}}`{=mediawiki}** 1.50 1.50 1.42 1.41 1.41
2.57 2.50 2.74 2.66 2.71
2.97 2.94 2.51 2.44 2.31
1.90 1.89 1.92 1.95 1.92
2.09 2.08 2.07 2.03 1.87
1.85 1.87 1.83 1.81 1.84
1.87 1.76 1.73 1.75 1.82
1.77 1.78 1.72 1.72 1.76
1.97 1.94 1.81 1.74 1.73
1.76 1.66 1.66 1.68 1.69
2.26 2.07 1.84 1.91 1.66
1.78 1.74 1.67 1.66 1.65
1.73 1.74 1.63 1.64 1.62
1.70 1.69 1.69 1.65 1.62
1.64 1.67 1.51 1.53 1.61
1.72 1.71 1.59 1.52 1.61
1.75 1.74 1.69 1.62 1.58
1.68 1.60 1.63 1.67 1.58
1.63 1.63 1.68 1.64 1.55
1.60 1.62 1.56 1.55 1.52
1.95 1.87 1.68 1.60 1.52
1.86 1.73 1.62 1.55 1.52
1.57 1.53 1.53 1.56 1.51
1.61 1.64 1.52 1.53 1.51
1.53 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.51
1.40 1.43 1.50 1.53 1.50
1.60 1.58 1.44 1.42 1.50
1.55 1.54 1.46 1.50 1.47
1.46 1.38 1.52 1.55 1.47
1.57 1.59 1.54 1.52 1.46
1.55 1.57 1.49 1.49 1.46
1.47 1.60 1.42 1.42 1.46
1.48 1.53 1.47 1.47 1.45
1.54 1.57 1.43 1.45 1.44
1.59 1.58 1.50 1.46 1.44
1.45 1.46 1.52 1.50 1.43
1.44 1.44 1.50 1.47 1.43
1.52 1.51 1.43 1.44 1.43
1.54 1.51 1.46 1.49 1.42
1.39 1.39 1.49 1.46 1.41
1.50 1.51 1.43 1.44 1.41
1.45 1.39 1.47 1.45 1.38
1.45 1.52 1.31 1.35 1.38
1.47 1.48 1.42 1.40 1.36
1.52 1.49 1.41 1.41 1.36
1.71 1.66 1.62 1.56 1.35
1.53 1.35 1.30 1.34 1.35
1.52 1.54 1.43 1.40 1.35
1.53 1.46 1.33 1.35 1.34
1.53 1.52 1.41 1.44 1.33
1.48 1.44 1.34 1.34 1.33
1.55 1.53 1.41 1.38 1.33
1.38 1.42 1.33 1.33 1.31
1.24 1.26 1.37 1.35 1.30
1.35 1.36 1.25 1.27 1.29
1.43 1.49 1.33 1.30 1.29
1.53 1.52 1.43 1.44 1.28
1.35 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.28
1.36 1.36 1.31 1.32 1.27
1.39 1.40 1.32 1.34 1.27
1.43 1.42 1.29 1.30 1.26
1.36 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.26
1.37 1.38 1.28 1.26 1.26
1.35 1.34 1.29 1.26 1.24
1.42 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.24
1.51 1.41 1.43 1.34 1.23
1.38 1.35 1.32 1.26 1.22
1.27 1.29 1.23 1.22 1.21
1.40 1.38 1.26 1.39 1.20
1.27 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.18
1.38 1.34 1.20 1.23 1.18
1.37 1.34 1.26 1.22 1.17
1.27 1.25 1.24 1.19 1.16
1.28 1.28 1.22 1.21 1.16
1.23 1.24 1.19 1.20 1.15
1.31 1.28 1.20 1.19 1.14
1.27 1.28 1.16 1.15 1.14
1.25 1.22 1.15 1.18 1.14
1.31 1.24 1.14 1.10 1.12
1.25 1.28 1.14 1.12 1.12
1.24 1.27 1.17 1.12 1.07
1.23 1.24 1.11 1.10 1.06
1.16 1.13 1.08 1.03 1.05
1.27 1.25 1.02 0.98 1.00
1.12 1.11 1.03 1.05 0.99
1.06 1.04 0.87 0.88 0.89
| 488 |
List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
| 0 |
10,102,795 |
# List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
## TFR by federal subjects {#tfr_by_federal_subjects}
### 2005-2019 {#section_1}
Federal subject 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
---------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
**`{{Flag|Russian Federation}}`{=mediawiki} as a whole** 1.29 1.31 1.42 1.50 1.54 1.57 1.58 1.69 1.71 1.75 1.78 1.76 1.62 1.58 1.50
**Central Federal District** 1.16 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.35 1.37 1.38 1.47 1.48 1.51 1.58 1.60 1.47 1.44 1.40
1.18 1.24 1.34 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.43 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.56 1.55 1.39 1.36 1.29
1.22 1.23 1.36 1.45 1.47 1.42 1.46 1.56 1.53 1.56 1.65 1.61 1.43 1.43 1.32
1.25 1.27 1.36 1.43 1.45 1.46 1.50 1.62 1.59 1.64 1.73 1.71 1.52 1.49 1.36
1.14 1.12 1.19 1.29 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.45 1.44 1.47 1.52 1.48 1.37 1.34 1.27
1.18 1.21 1.33 1.39 1.43 1.40 1.41 1.51 1.55 1.57 1.63 1.60 1.46 1.40 1.27
1.21 1.23 1.34 1.39 1.39 1.48 1.49 1.62 1.64 1.69 1.84 1.78 1.64 1.60 1.43
1.33 1.37 1.46 1.55 1.63 1.65 1.71 1.83 1.85 1.87 1.89 1.88 1.70 1.61 1.54
1.22 1.26 1.41 1.50 1.51 1.55 1.61 1.70 1.67 1.70 1.72 1.64 1.46 1.44 1.34
1.27 1.28 1.36 1.43 1.44 1.47 1.47 1.63 1.60 1.66 1.70 1.69 1.54 1.49 1.39
1.17 1.16 1.20 1.29 1.34 1.37 1.38 1.49 1.52 1.60 1.68 1.73 1.61 1.53 1.37
1.20 1.26 1.34 1.42 1.44 1.50 1.43 1.54 1.53 1.55 1.60 1.59 1.42 1.38 1.27
1.22 1.21 1.33 1.41 1.40 1.44 1.45 1.54 1.55 1.60 1.64 1.70 1.51 1.45 1.35
1.14 1.15 1.23 1.30 1.39 1.38 1.40 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.37 1.28 1.21
1.21 1.16 1.26 1.29 1.30 1.34 1.33 1.42 1.42 1.49 1.51 1.50 1.38 1.33 1.30
1.31 1.33 1.42 1.48 1.53 1.52 1.54 1.65 1.64 1.66 1.70 1.71 1.56 1.47 1.40
1.10 1.10 1.15 1.23 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.43 1.42 1.47 1.57 1.55 1.40 1.35 1.26
1.25 1.28 1.34 1.40 1.47 1.49 1.48 1.60 1.64 1.64 1.70 1.71 1.53 1.47 1.37
1.07 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.21 1.25 1.25 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.41 1.46 1.38 1.41 1.50
**Northwestern Federal District** 1.20 1.20 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.56 1.57 1.61 1.66 1.67 1.52 1.47 1.39
1.30 1.32 1.41 1.50 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.71 1.65 1.74 1.77 1.76 1.56 1.52 1.43
1.36 1.37 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.63 1.70 1.88 1.96 2.01 2.00 1.97 1.78 1.63 1.57
1.62 1.74 1.78 1.81 1.82 1.80 1.65 1.56 1.46
1.81 1.71 1.88 2.02 2.05 2.11 2.01 2.35 2.31 2.42 2.58 2.77 2.35 2.24 2.17
1.36 1.39 1.47 1.52 1.58 1.60 1.68 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.92 1.90 1.70 1.62 1.53
1.16 1.20 1.40 1.45 1.48 1.46 1.52 1.63 1.64 1.70 1.75 1.73 1.57 1.51 1.39
1.03 1.01 1.06 1.10 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.22 1.23 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.22 1.12 1.07
1.25 1.26 1.32 1.39 1.41 1.49 1.49 1.57 1.62 1.65 1.71 1.65 1.56 1.52 1.44
1.28 1.33 1.45 1.44 1.52 1.55 1.56 1.70 1.70 1.75 1.78 1.78 1.61 1.56 1.44
1.28 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.51 1.54 1.66 1.68 1.70 1.74 1.80 1.57 1.57 1.47
1.08 1.08 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.38 1.38 1.48 1.48 1.52 1.59 1.63 1.50 1.47 1.40
**Southern Federal District** 1.28 1.31 1.41 1.50 1.51 1.51 1.52 1.63 1.64 1.71 1.74 1.72 1.59 1.55 1.48
1.36 1.38 1.58 1.68 1.65 1.70 1.66 1.71 1.68 1.73 1.72 1.68 1.52 1.47 1.38
1.64 1.62 1.74 1.84 1.80 1.88 1.81 1.89 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.71 1.54 1.60 1.53
1.33 1.34 1.45 1.55 1.57 1.57 1.58 1.70 1.72 1.81 1.84 1.83 1.72 1.67 1.62
1.53 1.55 1.67 1.75 1.75 1.76 1.78 1.93 1.91 1.97 1.97 1.94 1.73 1.71 1.67
1.22 1.26 1.37 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.54 1.53 1.57 1.59 1.57 1.44 1.39 1.29
1.17 1.21 1.29 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.51 1.52 1.61 1.63 1.60 1.46 1.42 1.35
**North Caucasian Federal District** 1.64 1.63 1.84 1.96 1.95 1.99 2.01 2.00 1.99 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.87 1.84 1.78
1.70 1.65 1.81 1.93 1.91 1.92 1.98 2.03 2.02 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.91 1.86 1.80
1.80 1.99 2.22 2.46 2.52 2.99 2.94 2.27 2.23 2.28 1.97 1.75 1.77 1.79 1.83
1.20 1.25 1.54 1.62 1.61 1.66 1.70 1.83 1.80 1.83 1.75 1.72 1.61 1.61 1.51
1.39 1.31 1.55 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.54 1.63 1.67 1.65 1.54 1.52 1.43 1.43 1.48
1.44 1.50 1.71 1.78 1.78 1.84 1.86 1.96 1.98 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.75 1.83 1.75
2.95 2.81 3.18 3.44 3.41 3.45 3.36 3.08 2.93 2.91 2.80 2.62 2.73 2.60 2.58
1.23 1.24 1.38 1.47 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.53 1.55 1.62 1.64 1.68 1.54 1.51 1.42
**Volga Federal District** 1.28 1.30 1.42 1.51 1.54 1.58 1.59 1.72 1.75 1.79 1.82 1.79 1.60 1.56 1.45
1.42 1.43 1.63 1.71 1.73 1.77 1.74 1.86 1.89 1.95 1.94 1.86 1.70 1.65 1.51
1.34 1.34 1.47 1.53 1.58 1.59 1.66 1.83 1.93 1.98 1.99 1.98 1.75 1.63 1.52
1.14 1.13 1.18 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.32 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.40 1.26 1.25 1.17
1.28 1.27 1.38 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.65 1.80 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.86 1.65 1.62 1.54
1.38 1.40 1.58 1.65 1.71 1.78 1.83 1.98 1.92 1.96 2.01 1.96 1.72 1.63 1.50
1.32 1.34 1.50 1.51 1.63 1.65 1.67 1.83 1.85 1.88 1.91 1.87 1.65 1.59 1.47
1.37 1.39 1.52 1.63 1.69 1.77 1.78 1.91 1.93 1.98 2.02 1.98 1.75 1.67 1.56
1.27 1.32 1.45 1.55 1.57 1.59 1.64 1.81 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.94 1.70 1.61 1.49
1.20 1.21 1.30 1.38 1.41 1.42 1.44 1.55 1.56 1.59 1.67 1.65 1.50 1.46 1.35
1.36 1.42 1.58 1.66 1.74 1.80 1.80 1.95 2.00 2.03 2.01 1.95 1.73 1.70 1.59
1.15 1.17 1.30 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.48 1.49 1.53 1.55 1.50 1.36 1.35 1.26
1.22 1.25 1.32 1.41 1.41 1.44 1.44 1.54 1.59 1.65 1.71 1.71 1.53 1.51 1.41
1.18 1.19 1.33 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.60 1.55 1.39 1.36 1.28
1.17 1.17 1.24 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.45 1.57 1.61 1.67 1.71 1.71 1.52 1.50 1.42
**Ural Federal District** 1.36 1.39 1.51 1.62 1.67 1.71 1.75 1.88 1.91 1.96 1.97 1.92 1.76 1.72 1.62
1.40 1.43 1.59 1.72 1.77 1.79 1.82 2.03 2.12 2.10 2.12 2.03 1.88 1.78 1.64
1.30 1.34 1.44 1.56 1.62 1.67 1.70 1.83 1.87 1.92 1.95 1.91 1.76 1.70 1.62
1.84 1.96 1.96 2.05 2.06 2.00 1.88 1.85 1.75
1.51 1.52 1.61 1.68 1.72 1.81 1.84 2.02 2.05 2.09 2.07 2.02 1.88 1.87 1.76
1.57 1.50 1.61 1.65 1.74 1.79 1.84 2.05 2.09 2.19 2.19 2.08 1.95 1.90 1.83
1.30 1.34 1.46 1.58 1.61 1.65 1.70 1.81 1.80 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.61 1.57 1.48
**Siberian Federal District** 1.37 1.39 1.54 1.66 1.70 1.70 1.72 1.86 1.88 1.90 1.90 1.87 1.72 1.64 1.54
2.05 1.97 2.34 2.55 2.46 2.48 2.84 2.91 2.82 2.88 2.68 2.63 2.36 2.35 2.11
1.63 1.69 1.84 1.94 1.99 1.99 2.03 2.14 2.21 2.26 2.28 2.24 2.06 2.04 1.89
2.15 2.12 2.69 2.80 2.96 3.03 3.25 3.35 3.42 3.49 3.39 3.35 3.19 2.97 2.72
1.38 1.43 1.64 1.76 1.79 1.80 1.83 2.00 2.01 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.78 1.71 1.59
1.30 1.28 1.44 1.58 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.81 1.83 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.64 1.57 1.46
1.59 1.61 1.72 1.84 1.86 1.87 1.87 2.00 2.01 2.08 2.06 1.98 1.87 1.82 1.74
1.30 1.32 1.42 1.53 1.59 1.61 1.62 1.76 1.78 1.81 1.84 1.82 1.67 1.61 1.51
1.44 1.48 1.67 1.82 1.86 1.82 1.86 1.97 1.98 1.97 2.01 1.99 1.86 1.83 1.72
1.33 1.38 1.49 1.60 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.76 1.79 1.78 1.73 1.71 1.54 1.49 1.40
1.30 1.28 1.39 1.52 1.57 1.60 1.59 1.71 1.75 1.77 1.82 1.81 1.67 1.63 1.56
1.27 1.28 1.43 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.66 1.86 1.87 1.95 1.91 1.81 1.61 1.58 1.48
1.23 1.28 1.39 1.48 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.55 1.59 1.59 1.60 1.58 1.47 1.39 1.30
**Far Eastern Federal District** 1.42 1.42 1.52 1.56 1.62 1.63 1.66 1.78 1.81 1.87 1.89 1.86 1.73 1.74 1.67
1.73 1.72 1.91 1.90 1.97 2.00 2.06 2.17 2.17 2.25 2.19 2.09 1.93 1.85 1.82
1.41 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.51 1.61 1.73 1.77 1.85 1.89 1.89 1.78 1.65 1.65
1.31 1.31 1.41 1.43 1.49 1.49 1.53 1.65 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.74 1.60 1.58 1.49
1.34 1.36 1.44 1.51 1.56 1.56 1.57 1.70 1.74 1.79 1.85 1.78 1.64 1.60 1.59
1.46 1.44 1.54 1.60 1.65 1.69 1.70 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.71 1.65 1.53
1.36 1.32 1.35 1.35 1.52 1.44 1.48 1.65 1.69 1.66 1.66 1.60 1.60 1.51 1.42
1.43 1.40 1.48 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.57 1.71 1.81 1.96 2.02 2.16 2.03 1.95 1.95
1.40 1.47 1.59 1.72 1.64 1.67 1.79 1.84 1.86 1.95 2.02 1.99 1.81 1.85 1.73
1.91 1.78 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.89 1.81 1.97 1.91 2.04 2.10 2.11 2.08 2.02 1.68
**Crimean Federal District** 1.80 1.82
1.83 1.82 1.76 1.64 1.63 1.58
1.65 1.82 1.73 1.56 1.44 1.40
| 1,469 |
List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
| 1 |
10,102,795 |
# List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
## TFR by ethnic group {#tfr_by_ethnic_group}
Out of the dozens of groups listed here, only some have an above replacement fertility (2.06), namely Roma (2.620), Tabasarans (2.327), Turks (2.236), Avars (2.166), Dargins (2.158), Altaians (2.154), Tajiks (2.141) and Kumyks (2.066).
For Jews, the TFR is almost less than half of that needed for replacement. The lowest TFR were registered among Jews (1.282), Russians (1.442), Georgians (1.446) and Ossetians (1.510).
Comparison with the 1989 census shows huge drop in fertility in the Western Caucasus (esp. Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea and North Ossetia) and some parts of Arctic Russia (Murmansk, Komi, etc.).
The fertility in the Eastern Caucasus is fairly stable, although decreasing.
The figures given are from the 2021 census; the lowest birth rate recorded in Russia was in 1999, it increased thereafter and the birth rate is 9.6 in 2021 compared to 8.7 in 1999.
**Ethnic Group** **For all ages** **15 - 17** **18 - 19** **20 - 24** **25 - 29** **30 - 34** **35 - 39** **40 - 44** **45 - 49** **50 - 54** **55 - 59** **60 - 64** **65 - 69** **70+**
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------
Russian (excluding Cossack) 1,442 8 45 278 831 1,296 1,534 1,578 1,520 1,509 1,599 1,702 1,733 1,745
Volga Tatar (excluding Kryashen) 1,622 4 27 228 839 1,381 1,657 1,747 1,717 1,709 1,764 1,851 1,938 2,274
Chechen 1,928 4 56 476 1,412 2,182 2,644 2,803 2,723 2,585 2,525 2,556 2,646 3,043
Bashkir 1,725 4 25 250 899 1,465 1,770 1,897 1,896 1,899 1,932 2,018 2,132 2,634
Chuvash 1,871 6 40 329 1,035 1,568 1,820 1,887 1,854 1,851 1,942 2,085 2,217 2,599
Avar 2,166 10 131 685 1,540 2,110 2,438 2,586 2,576 2,582 2,671 2,851 3,171 3,834
Armenian 1,665 3 32 308 988 1,514 1,801 1,894 1,876 1,914 2,000 2,063 2,072 2,186
Ukrainian 1,693 3 42 234 762 1,271 1,552 1,645 1,621 1,616 1,715 1,829 1,896 1,946
Dargin 2,158 5 84 585 1,447 2,033 2,386 2,525 2,532 2,543 2,660 2,901 3,261 4,006
Kazakh 1,914 8 44 359 1,138 1,710 2,001 2,058 1,985 1,941 2,027 2,229 2,520 3,490
Kumyk 2,066 8 122 681 1,578 2,146 2,453 2,518 2,456 2,418 2,489 2,617 2,808 2,366
Kabardian 1,712 5 36 333 1,074 1,642 1,954 2,043 2,026 2,045 2,126 2,191 2,283 2,533
Ingush 1,933 4 26 263 865 1,648 2,290 2,729 2,954 3,159 3,225 3,306 3,332 3,874
Lezgin 2,051 4 76 576 1,414 1,939 2,211 2,306 2,303 2,340 2,467 2,682 3,013 3,770
Ossetian 1,510 2 15 194 732 1,282 1,612 1,766 1,766 1,777 1,812 1,882 1,949 2,066
Mordvin (excluding Mordvin-Erzya) 1,703 5 23 226 792 1,297 1,551 1,630 1,606 1,630 1,742 1,836 1,912 2,267
Yakut 1,953 7 48 400 1,168 1,898 2,324 2,433 2,360 2,315 2,380 2,469 2,556 2,982
Azeri 1,840 6 93 603 1,380 1,845 2,136 2,180 2,144 2,135 2,210 2,396 2,559 2,887
Buryat 1,988 6 57 378 1,131 1,772 2,130 2,230 2,125 2,090 2,207 2,442 2,636 3,122
Mari 1,906 6 39 350 1,089 1,642 1,876 1,959 1,940 1,971 2,055 2,212 2,345 2,636
Udmurt 1,973 3 43 336 1,099 1,701 1,954 2,012 1,973 1,975 2,051 2,169 2,252 2,529
Tajik 2,141 7 104 872 1,867 2,424 2,663 2,670 2,557 2,611 2,646 2,824 2,823 2,749
Uzbek 1,852 7 88 648 1,518 1,962 2,179 2,211 2,176 2,193 2,190 2,211 2,183 2,074
Tuvan 1,996 13 108 554 1,451 2,078 2,416 2,495 2,422 2,344 2,448 2,756 3,108 3,739
Crimean Tatar 1,988 3 39 438 1,278 1,899 2,197 2,278 2,163 2,098 2,183 2,305 2,419 2,780
Karachay 1,772 3 33 296 1,000 1,585 2,034 2,187 2,106 2,102 2,110 2,243 2,347 2,726
Belarusian 1,709 2 32 174 636 1,088 1,460 1,583 1,590 1,553 1,662 1,803 1,807 1,962
German 1,994 8 30 320 980 1,584 1,873 1,896 1,873 1,916 2,075 2,205 2,256 2,455
Kalmyk 1,719 5 28 231 895 1,571 1,924 1,984 1,926 1,850 1,926 2,095 2,133 2,697
Lak 1,928 9 43 410 1,165 1,811 2,087 2,235 2,256 2,262 2,295 2,457 2,703 3,208
Romani 2,620 81 487 1,449 2,574 3,051 3,213 3,172 2,959 3,028 3,107 3,231 3,392 3,796
Tabasaran 2,327 8 122 747 1,667 2,129 2,425 2,550 2,609 2,644 2,768 3,254 3,752 4,864
Komi (Slavic Pagans) 2,550 13 78 417 1,207 1,722 1,924 1,917 1,814 1,837 1,940 2,121 2,213 2,443
Kyrgyz 1,947 5 80 577 1,503 2,173 2,437 2,502 2,307 2,297 2,180 2,175 2,078 2,000
Balkar 1,680 1 36 263 923 1,502 1,865 1,944 1,949 1,981 2,023 2,155 2,315 2,758
Turkish 2,236 3 136 851 1,889 2,512 2,767 2,839 2,650 2,596 2,727 2,949 3,245 3,969
Cherkess 1,711 4 37 291 970 1,618 1,907 2,042 2,008 2,000 2,042 2,122 2,232 2,548
Georgian 2,3 3 38 200 761 1,237 1,499 1,631 1,649 1,659 1,679 1,712 1,791 1,799
Adyghe 1,646 2 21 304 945 1,526 1,834 1,813 1,809 1,788 1,843 1,935 1,948 2,345
Korean 1,555 3 32 184 654 1,211 1,591 1,664 1,653 1,591 1,695 1,812 1,883 2,078
Jewish 1,282 10 29 162 493 916 1,261 1,499 1,504 1,410 1,420 1,453 1,468 1,433
Altaian 2,145 6 70 590 1,428 2,111 2,429 2,588 2,416 2,333 2,380 2,610 2,761 3,363
Moldovan 1,722 12 49 362 971 1,495 1,735 1,840 1,768 1,806 1,919 2,043 2,078 2,202
: *Number of Births per 1000 Women (2021)*
| 874 |
List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
| 2 |
10,102,795 |
# List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
## Natural growth by federal subject {#natural_growth_by_federal_subject}
The figures are from 2024. `{{sticky header}}`{=mediawiki}`{{table alignment}}`{=mediawiki}`{{static row numbers}}`{=mediawiki}
**Total**
----------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Federal subject Births Deaths
**`{{flag|Russian Federation}}`{=mediawiki}** 1,222,408 1,818,635
120,215 116,478
71,434 96,608
51,509 73,705
47,148 62,471
43,322 15,324
36,948 57,874
35,319 45,062
32,968 51,214
31,734 55,483
31,293 7,228
28,923 46,048
24,689 37,306
24,687 36,097
23,395 31,776
22,992 43,273
22,304 32,158
21,995 45,371
21,580 34,723
18,742 11,328
17,198 37,058
16,973 17,166
16,051 32,460
15,834 27,318
15,725 33,419
15,366 26,368
15,351 32,249
15,188 25,666
14,815 33,528
14,046 24,790
11,840 22,300
11,418 19,184
11,142 17,880
10,778 8,243
10,180 6,963
9,972 14,073
9,535 11,830
9,199 11,485
9,179 20,937
8,869 15,317
8,851 22,324
8,471 18,265
8,230 16,163
8,216 17,685
8,072 21,174
8,064 19,758
7,981 14,152
7,962 1,833
7,912 18,131
7,736 19,234
7,586 12,773
7,477 13,016
7,402 16,247
7,371 16,312
7,252 15,848
7,237 6,655
6,886 13,795
6,648 3,029
6,530 10,624
6,376 16,555
6,179 14,897
5,946 10,051
5,854 15,095
5,508 12,871
5,352 3,257
5,108 8,068
5,022 8,597
4,931 13,153
4,540 7,052
4,509 10,978
4,472 6,477
4,357 4,049
4,329 5,249
4,194 10,198
4,156 9,391
4,017 8,802
3,937 10,157
3,757 9,059
3,707 6,197
2,736 3,698
2,429 2,584
2,126 2,598
1,120 2,193
1,009 1,689
515 493
482 448
### Notes
**a.** `{{Note_label|a|a|none}}`{=mediawiki} Not recognized internationally as a part of Russia
| 222 |
List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
| 3 |
10,102,797 |
# Blair Kamin
**Blair Kamin** was the architecture critic of the *Chicago Tribune*, for 28 years from 1992 to 2021. Kamin has held other jobs at the Tribune and previously worked for *The Des Moines Register*. He also serves as a contributing editor of *Architectural Record*. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 1999, for a body of work highlighted by a series of articles about the problems and promise of Chicago\'s greatest public space, its lakefront. He has received numerous other honors, authored books, lectured widely, and served as a visiting critic at architecture schools including the Harvard University Graduate School of Design.
## Background
Born in Red Bank, New Jersey, Kamin is a graduate of Amherst College, from which he received a Bachelor of Arts with honors in 1979, and the Yale University School of Architecture, from which he received a Master of Environmental Design in 1984. In 1999 he was a visiting fellow at the Franke Institute for the Humanities at the University of Chicago. In 2012--2013, he was a fellow at the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University. He holds honorary degrees from Monmouth University and North Central College. At North Central, he wa an adjunct professor of art.
Prior to being the architecture critic for the *Chicago Tribune*, Kamin served as its culture and suburban reporter from 1987 to 1992. He was a reporter and architecture writer for *The Des Moines Register* from 1984 to 1987. He had once worked as an office clerk for a San Francisco interior design and architecture firm. He has lectured in forums such as American Institute of Architects\' National Convention, the annual meeting of the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy, the Ravinia Festival and Steppenwolf Theatre. He has discussed architecture on programs ranging from ABC\'s *Nightline*, History Channel, National Public Radio to WTTW-Ch. 11\'s *Chicago Tonight*. In 2014, he briefly appeared on *The Daily Show*, when the show\'s then-host, Jon Stewart, made light of a large and controversial sign that the real estate developer Donald Trump placed on his Chicago skyscraper.
## Publications
The University of Chicago Press has published three collections of Kamin\'s Chicago Tribune columns: \"Why Architecture Matters: Lessons from Chicago\" (2001); \"Terror and Wonder: Architecture In a Tumultuous Age\" (2010); and \"Who Is the City For? Architecture, Equity, and the Public Realm in Chicago\" (2022). Kamin also wrote the commentaries for \"Tribune Tower: American Landmark,\" a guide to the newspaper\'s neo-Gothic Tribune Tower skyscraper published in 2000. During his Nieman Fellowship, Kamin co-wrote and edited an ebook, \"The Gates of Harvard Yard: The Complete Story, in Words and Pictures, of a Great University\'s Iconic Portals.\" The ebook was published by the Nieman Foundation. In 2016, Princeton Architectural Press published a paperback version of the book, \"Gates of Harvard Yard.\" In 2020, Princeton Architectural Press published another Kamin book, \"Amherst College: The Campus Guide,\" which presents six walking tours of the 1,000-acre New England campus.
Kamin cites as his influences Paul Gapp, Paul Goldberger, Lois Wagner Green, Ada Louise Huxtable, Vincent Scully, Allan Temko, and Joel Upton. Kamin\'s wife is the author and former Tribune reporter Barbara Mahany. They have two sons, Ted and Will.
| 530 |
Blair Kamin
| 0 |
10,102,797 |
# Blair Kamin
## Awards
Published in 1998, Kamin's six-part series, "Reinventing the Lakefront" shed light on numerous problems along the city\'s shoreline, such as the disparity between lakefront parks bordered by largely white and affluent areas on Chicago\'s North Side and those lined by black and poor neighborhoods on the city\'s South Side. Following the publication of the deeply reported essays, Mayor Richard M. Daley and the Chicago Park District authorized comprehensive plans for four of Chicago's seven lakefront parks, an area of nearly 2,000 acres and more than 10 miles of shoreline. In addition, the city altered its plan for a former U.S. Steel site on the far south lakefront, bringing the total area affected by the series to almost 2,500 acres and 12 miles of shoreline.
Kamin\'s 1999 Pulitzer entry in criticism consisted of four parts of the six-part lakefront series, plus six other works of criticism on subjects ranging from the renovation of the North Michigan Avenue Marriott Hotel to an addition to Chicago\'s Adler Planetarium. After the first round of the two-round Pulitzer judging, his entry was moved from the criticism category to the beat reporting category. The *Chicago Reader* described the situation as one in which \"every jury that read his stories wanted someone else to judge them\". One of the criticism jurors described the dilemma \"He seems to do some investigative reporting and some advocacy editorializing, and some members of the panel didn\'t quite know what to make of it. So we did the cowardly thing and sent it to another panel.\" But the Pulitzer Prize Board, which has the ultimate authority, reversed the decision and moved Kamin\'s entry back to criticism. Kamin\'s Pulitzer Prize citation praised \"his lucid coverage of city architecture, including an influential series supporting the development of Chicago\'s lakefront area."
Kamin is the recipient of 45 awards. Among his other honors are the George Polk Award for Criticism (1996), the American Institute of Architects\' Institute Honor for Collaborative Achievement (1999) and the AIA\'s Presidential Citation, conferred in 2004. In 2013, the Society of Architectural Historians recognized him with an award for excellence in architectural criticism. From 1993 to 2019, he won or shared 16 Peter Lisagor Awards for Exemplary Journalism from the Chicago Headline Club. Kamin also was part of the collaborative team that won the 2003 National Magazine Award for General Excellence for the *Architectural Record*. He has twice served as a Pulitzer Prize juror. In 2023, he was named to the design team selection committee for the Fallen Journalists Memorial in Washington, D.C
| 426 |
Blair Kamin
| 1 |
10,102,799 |
# Gardsjøen (Grue)
**Gardsjøen** is a lake in Grue Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 71 ha lake is an oxbow lake that was formed by the river Glomma. Over time, this part of the river became separated from the river, forming a lake. The lake lies about 2 km south of the village of Kirkenær
| 56 |
Gardsjøen (Grue)
| 0 |
10,102,816 |
# Harrsjøen
**Harrsjøen** is a lake in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2.31 km2 lake lies about 3 km southwest of the village of Bergset and about 8 km northeast of the village of Hanestad. The lake has an outlet in the south through the river Hårenna, a tributary of the river Renaelva
| 55 |
Harrsjøen
| 0 |
10,102,824 |
# Hukusjøen
**Hukusjøen** is a lake in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2.77 km2 lake lies on the border of Grue Municipality and Åsnes Municipality. The lake is located about 5 km to the southwest of the village of Hof, about 3 km north of the village of Risberget, and about 12 km northwest of the village of Kirkenær
| 58 |
Hukusjøen
| 0 |
10,102,838 |
# Innerdalsvatnet
**Innerdalsvatnet** is a lake in Tynset Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is a significant part of the Orkla watershed. The 5.88 km2 lake lies about 10 km west of the village of Kvikne. The northwest end of the lake has a large dam on it to control the level of the water for hydropower. The dam is actually located on the municipal and county border. The lake holds about 150000000 m3 of water which is run through a long tunnel to two nearby power stations
| 88 |
Innerdalsvatnet
| 0 |
10,102,858 |
# Marsjøen
**Marsjøen** is a lake in Folldal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2.64 km2 lake lies in the northern part of the municipality, about 7 km east of the larger lake Fundin. There is a dam at the south end of the lake which is used to regulate the water height for use in the nearby Einunna and Savalen hydro-electric power stations
| 64 |
Marsjøen
| 0 |
10,102,860 |
# GAZ-46
The **GAZ-46**, army designation **MAV** (Russian, малый автомобиль водоплавающий, *small floating car*), is a Soviet-made light four-wheel drive amphibious military vehicle that entered service in the 1950s and has been used by many Eastern Bloc allied forces since.
## History
During the Second World War Canada, Britain and the United States forwarded large quantities of military materials to Russia. Among those were jeeps, trucks, and amphibious vehicles like the 6×6 DUKW and the 4×4 Ford GPA. The latter were used to help men and equipment get across the many rivers of Eastern Europe and combat the Germans. Seeing merits of such vehicles, after the war, Russia decided to develop two similar vehicles, using domestic automotive parts, the BAV, an equivalent of the DUKW, and the MAV, an equivalent of the Ford GPA.
Due to bad reception of the Ford GPA \'Seep\' by Allied soldiers, most of them were routed to Russia under the US Lend-Lease program, before production was halted prematurely in 1943. The research institute NAMI developed a prototype NAMI-011, basing on GAZ-67B parts, in 1949. The authorities decided, that it should be manufactured in GAZ works, as GAZ-011, but the factory was reluctant, because a design needed much perfecting, while the GAZ-67B was obsolete and due to be replaced with GAZ-69.
As a result, an improved model GAZ-46 was built using the frame and parts of the GAZ-69 4×4 half-ton light truck, of which production started with the Gorky factory in 1952. The principal functions of the GAZ-46 MAV were to make light work of crossing lakes and rivers for men and materials, as well as performing river reconnaissance. As of the end of the fifties the latter role became reserved for the BRDM-1, a much more powerful 4×4 amphibious vehicle.
The GAZ-46 MAV used the mechanics of existing Russian GAZ 4×4 \"jeeps\" as well as being created somewhat bigger for better buoyancy, and its design is heavily inspired by that of the wartime Ford GPA. Just like the \'Seep\', its hull is entirely out of steel, welded to a steel chassis. The layout is the same: engine compartment in the front, crew compartment in the center, and the spare wheel horizontally mounted on the rear deck. The driver and the commander of the vehicle have individual seats in the front with a three-seat bench behind them. The windshield can be folded down, and if necessary, a cover can be installed to close the cockpit. The engine is coupled to a manual three-speed gearbox and a two-speed transfer-case. Also, there is a screw-propeller for in the water propulsion, driven by a power take-off, and a proper rudder provides good maneuverability. Front and rear suspension is in the form of leaf-sprung rigid live axles. Thanks to its steeply raked front and rear and four-wheel drive, the GAZ can manage reasonably steep river banks before swimming across
| 479 |
GAZ-46
| 0 |
10,102,868 |
# Cliff Ellen
**Cliff Ellen** (born 22 March 1936) is an Australian character actor who played a prominent guest role on the soap opera *Neighbours* as Charlie Cassidy.
His first role was in *Homicide*. His credits include *Crackerjack*, *Garbo*, and *Phar Lap*. A theatre actor of many years, Ellen played the role of Gaston in the Australian touring production of Steve Martin\'s *Picasso at the Lapin Agile* as well as Hannie Rayson\'s *Inheritance*. He also appeared in the 2006 Australian film *BoyTown*. Ellen writes a column for a local newspaper based on the Mornington Peninsula
| 95 |
Cliff Ellen
| 0 |
10,102,888 |
# 2006 Polish Film Awards
The **2006 Polish Film Awards** took place on 27 February 2006. It was the 8th edition of Polish Film Awards: Eagles.
## Awards nominees and winners {#awards_nominees_and_winners}
*Winners are highlighted in **boldface**.*
### Best Film {#best_film}
- ***Komornik* -- Janusz Morgenstern**
- *Jestem* -- Arthur Reinhart
- *Persona non grata* -- Iwona Ziulkowska
### Best Actor {#best_actor}
- ***Komornik* -- Andrzej Chyra**
- *Persona non grata* -- Zbigniew Zapasiewicz
- *Skazany na bluesa* -- Tomasz Kot
### Best Actress {#best_actress}
- ***Komornik* -- Kinga Preis**
- *Skazany na bluesa* -- Jolanta Fraszynska
- *The Call of the Toad* -- Krystyna Janda
### Supporting Actor {#supporting_actor}
- ***Persona non grata* -- Jerzy Stuhr**
- *The Call of the Toad* -- Marek Kondrat
- *Zakochany aniol* -- Jerzy Trela
### Supporting Actress {#supporting_actress}
- ***Tulipany* -- Małgorzata Braunek**
- *Jestem* -- Edyta Jungowska
- *Skazany na bluesa* -- Anna Dymna
### Film Score {#film_score}
- ***Persona non grata* -- Wojciech Kilar**
- *Jestem* -- Michael Nyman
- *Komornik* -- Bartlomiej Gliniak
- *Skazany na bluesa* -- Dżem
- *Tulipany* -- Daniel Bloom
- *The Call of the Toad* -- Richard G
| 194 |
2006 Polish Film Awards
| 0 |
10,102,889 |
# Herbert Blitzstein
**Herbert \"Fat Herbie\" Blitzstein** (November 2, 1934 -- January 6, 1997) was an American mobster who was a loanshark, bookmaker, racketeer and lieutenant to Tony \"The Ant\" Spilotro and the Chicago Outfit in Las Vegas, Nevada.
## Biography
Born in a Jewish family in Chicago, Blitzstein started working the rackets in the late 1950s. Standing six feet tall and weighing three hundred pounds, he sported a goatee and moustache, dressed flamboyantly, and drove a 1973 Cadillac Eldorado. It was said he had a close physical resemblance to the Italian opera singer Luciano Pavarotti.`{{by whom|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki} Blitzstein lived at 6720 North Damen Avenue in Rogers Park, Chicago, with his third wife, but spent a great deal of time at Phil Alderisio\'s bar, The Tradewinds in The Patch. He had been a close associate of convicted mob bookmaker Henry Kushner. When Kushner was convicted of bookmaking by the FBI and sent to prison, Blitzstein took over his clientele along with mob bookmaker Boodie Cowan, who was later murdered, probably by Anthony Spilotro.
Blitzstein was later convicted of racketeering. When he was released from prison, he moved to Las Vegas to serve as muscle for Tony Spilotro. Spilotro, his brother, John, and Blitzstein ran the Gold Rush Ltd. jewelry store, located on West Sahara Avenue, which was a front for the Hole in the Wall Gang, so named because they punched holes through walls and ceilings to grab loot and run. Blitzstein also worked as a fence for stolen goods at the combination jewelry store and electronics factory.
## The Hole in the Wall Gang {#the_hole_in_the_wall_gang}
His capo, Anthony Spilotro, in 1976, formed a burglary ring with his brother Michael and Blitzstein, utilizing about eight associates as burglars. The crew became known as the Hole in the Wall Gang because of its penchant for gaining entry by drilling through the exterior walls and ceilings of the buildings they burglarized. Other gang members included Peanuts Pancsko, Butch Pancsko and Pops Pancsko, Frank DeLegge, Michael LaJoy, Joseph D\'Argento, Gerald Tomasczek, Peter Basile of Wilmette, Illinois, Carl Urbanotti of Chicago, Illinois, Ernest Lehnigg of Addison, Illinois, Samuel Cusumano, Joseph Cusumano, Ernesto \"Ernie\" Davino of Las Vegas, \"Crazy Larry\" Neumann, Wayne Matecki, Salvatore \"Sonny\" Romano, Leonardo \"Leo\" Guardino of Las Vegas, Frank Cullotta of Las Vegas and former Las Vegas detective, Joseph Blasko of Las Vegas, who acted as a lookout and who later worked as a bartender at the Crazy Horse Too, a gentleman\'s club, and died of a heart attack in 2002. Following the botched burglary at Bertha\'s Gifts & Home Furnishings on July 4, 1981, Cullotta, Blasko, Guardino, Davino, Neumann and Matecki were arrested and each charged with burglary, conspiracy to commit burglary, attempted grand larceny and possession of burglary tools. They were locked into the Las Vegas police department\'s holding cell in downtown Las Vegas. The only members of Spilotro\'s gang not arrested for the July 4th burglary were Blitzstein, Michael Spilotro, Romano and Cusumano. By this time, Spilotro\'s relationship with Frank Rosenthal had ended since Spilotro had slept with Rosenthal\'s wife, Geraldine McGee. Meanwhile, Cullotta had turned state\'s witness, testifying against Spilotro. But the testimony was insufficient and Spilotro was acquitted.
In 1967, according to FBI affidavits, Blitzstein ordered the murder of associate loan shark and bookmaker Arthur \"Boodie\" Cowan for holding back a street tax. Although Blitzstein did not participate in the July 4 robbery, he was indicted with Tony Spilotro on federal racketeering charges. The charges were later dropped due to insufficient evidence.
In 1976, Blitzstein was convicted of running an illegal gambling operation.
He was one of the few Hole in the Wall Gang members who was not arrested after a botched July 4 burglary at Bertha\'s Home Furnishings in 1981. Blitzstein is described by FBI agent William Roemer in his book *The Enforcer* as one of the mobsters tested by the FBI in the early days of the Top Hoodlum Program.
In 1987, Blitzstein was convicted on federal charges, including credit card fraud, conspiracy and receiving stolen property. He was sentenced to eight years in prison.
While incarcerated in California, Blitzstein was taken off his heart medication by a prison medic and suffered a heart attack as a result. His case was part of a 1991 congressional investigation into medical abuse in prisons.
On December 10, 1991, Blitzstein was unanimously nominated by the Nevada Gaming Control Board for inclusion in its official Black Book. Former police officer and board member Steve DuCharme said that Blitzstein\'s life \"reads like a crime novel,\" and that Blitzstein was responsible for some of the most \"embarrassing\" crimes in Las Vegas city history. Nevada Deputy District Attorney Charlotte Matanane called Blitzstein a \"notorious and unsavory person\" during the relevant board hearing and accused him of associating with Frank Rosenthal, among others.
| 801 |
Herbert Blitzstein
| 0 |
10,102,889 |
# Herbert Blitzstein
## Death
On January 6, 1997, Blitzstein was found dead in his Las Vegas home from a small caliber gunshot to the base of his skull, and some suspected that his death was an organized crime hit.
It was later revealed that in late 1996, the Los Angeles crime family along with the Buffalo crime family joined forces to take over a loan sharking and auto insurance fraud racket in Las Vegas controlled by Blitzstein. The L.A. Underboss Carmen Milano along with L.A. soldiers Stephen Cino and Louis Caruso and L.A associates Johnny Branco and Peter Caruso originally planned to rob and steal Blitzstein\'s jewelry. After stealing Blitzstein\'s jewelry the group planned to use Buffalo family soldier Robert Panaro as the fence. It was decided by Milano that Buffalo family boss Joseph Todaro Sr. would receive a piece of the Blitzstein rackets in Las Vegas. The job of robbing Blitzstein was given to Peter Caruso but Caruso changed the plan and decided to murder Blitzstein instead and take over his Las Vegas operations. Caruso hired L.A. associate Alfred Mauriello who in turn hired associates Antonio Davi and Richard Friedman to be the hitmen in the murder. Then Caruso arranged with Joe DeLuca who was one of Blitzstein\'s partners in an auto repair shop to get them access into Blitzstein\'s home. On January 6, 1997 Antonio Davi and Richard Friedman shot and killed Blitzstein in his own home. During the trial it was revealed that L.A. associate John Branco had been wearing a wire for the FBI and helped two FBI agents infiltrate Milano\'s Las Vegas crew. Of the seven people arrested in the plot to kill Blitzstein, four pleaded guilty to lesser charges in order to receive reduced sentences. One died in prison awaiting trial and two went to trial and were acquitted.
| 306 |
Herbert Blitzstein
| 1 |
10,102,889 |
# Herbert Blitzstein
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Blitzstein, portrayed in the film *Casino* by Bret McCormick as Bernie Blue, was not murdered by the Las Vegas police during a bungled arrest as portrayed in the film. The shooting depicted in *Casino* was that of another reputed associate of Anthony Spilotro named Frank Bluestein, not Blitzstein.
Details of Blitzstein\'s murder, written by Cathy Scott, were included in the 2012 book *Masters of True Crime: Chilling Stories of Murder and the Macabre*, an anthology of crime stories.
He was played by Gregg Merrill in the 2008 TV-Movie *Sex and Lies in Sin City*. In a scene based on real events, he helps Rick Tabish (best known for being a suspect in the Ted Binion silver murder) beat up someone with a phone book
| 132 |
Herbert Blitzstein
| 2 |
10,102,924 |
# Gigamic
**Gigamic** is a French publisher and distributor of games started up by three brothers. Gigamic started in 1991 by three of six brothers named Stéphane Gires, Ludovic Gires and Jean-Christophe Gires. Since 2001, Gigamic has operated a distribution center in France.
## Games
The company produces games and brain teasers for all ages. Gigamic has around 400 board game references adapted to all. Gigamic games have been produced in over 30 languages and 45 countries. Gigamic games have won a number of awards all over the world and several are considered as classics
| 95 |
Gigamic
| 0 |
10,102,925 |
# Yarraville Football Club
The **Yarraville Football Club**, nicknamed the **Eagles**, was an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Yarraville. It founded in 1903 and competed in Victorian Football Association (VFA) from 1928 until going into recess in 1984.
The club\'s home ground, Yarraville Oval, is now used by the Yarraville Seddon Eagles, but the modern-day club is not considered part of the Yarraville Football Club lineage.
## History
### VJFA (1903--1927) {#vjfa_19031927}
Yarraville was formed on 1 April 1903, and joined the Victorian Junior Football Association (VJFA), where it was highly successful. Between 1905 and 1913, the club missed the Grand Final only once, and won a total of four premierships: in 1905, 1908, 1909 and 1912. The 1912 premiership came after a controversial final: Yarraville had lost to Port Melbourne Railway United by three points, but protested that the goal umpire had erred in awarding one of Railway\'s goals in the second quarter; the protest was upheld and the game was awarded to Yarraville. Railway was the minor premier and still had the right to challenge for the premiership, but declined to challenge as its own act of protest, resulting in Yarraville winning the premiership.
At the end of the 1911 VFA season, the Preston Football Club left the VFA. Under VJFA rules, all clubs had to have a reserves alignment to a VFA team, and Yarraville was forced to align with the new Melbourne City Football Club. Both clubs retained their name, colours and home ground, although the VJFA dropped the requirement for a reserves alignment in 1913.
Yarraville won three more premierships during its time in the association -- in 1920, and back-to-back in 1925 and 1926. Overall, it won seven premierships -- the most of any club in the Association\'s history -- and finished runners up six times in its 25 years in the competition. It was also the only two-time outright winner of the John Wren Shield, a perpetual premiership trophy which was awarded annually to the VJFA premiers, then permanently to the first team to win it three times; the club received the shield in 1909 and 1926.
### VFA (1928--1984) {#vfa_19281984}
Yarraville joined the Victorian Football Association (VFA) senior competition in 1928. Prior to the season, the club merged with the neighbouring VJFA rival, the Kingsville Football Club. In 1935 the club won its first VFA grand final. Its next VFA grand final win was in 1961 the same year the VFA added a division 2. By the mid 70s the club had been relegated to the 2nd division and in 1976 finished last on the ladder. The club struggled for support in Division 2, and in the mid-1970s when Association-wide crowds were averaging more than 4,500, Yarraville still seldom drew more than 1,000 fans to games.
The club\'s on-field position improved in 1977 thanks to a big sponsorship deal, and Yarraville finished on top of the ladder, but was unable to win the grand final. Yarraville remained a top side in 2nd division until 1980, but its form deteriorated dramatically thereafter. The club moved from Yarraville Oval to Western Oval in 1983, but won only one game across all three grades in the season. Seeing no prospects for lasting viability, the VFA withdrew Yarraville\'s playing licence in January 1984.
## Present day {#present_day}
### Kingsville and Yarraville Seddon Eagles (1996--) {#kingsville_and_yarraville_seddon_eagles_1996}
In 1996, Kingsville Football Club in the Western Region Football League took over Yarraville Oval and subsequently changed its name to Yarraville, later merging with nearby Seddon to form the Yarraville Seddon Eagles in 2006. While the current-day Eagles acknowledge the history of the Yarraville Football Club, the original Yarraville is not considered its predecessor club
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# Nikolay Afanasyev (composer)
**Nikolay Yakovlevich Afanasyev** (*Никола́й Я́ковлевич Афана́сьев*; `{{OldStyleDate|12 January 1821||31 December 1820}}`{=mediawiki}`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}`{{OldStyleDate|3 June|1898|22 May}}`{=mediawiki}) was an Imperial Russian violin virtuoso and composer. His memoirs \'Vospominaniya\' (\'Reminiscences\') appeared in 1890, and recorded his experiences as a touring musician, as part of a panorama of Russian musical life during the mid 19th century. He became an honorary member of the Russian Musical Society in 1896.
## Biography
Afanasyev was born in Tobolsk in 1821. He obtained his musical education from his father, the violinist Yakov Ivanovich Afanasyev, an illegitimate son of Prince Ivan Dolgorukov. In 1838, two years after his debut as a violinist in Moscow, he was appointed concertmaster of the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra. However, he resigned in 1841 to conduct the serf orchestra of a wealthy landowner at Vïksa, near Saint Petersburg. In 1846, Afanasyev left to embark on a concert tour of Russia, and eventually settled in Saint Petersburg in 1851, where he continued to perform as a soloist and as the concertmaster (sometimes conductor) of the Italian Opera. He quit orchestral work to begin teaching piano in 1853 at the Smolny Institute, before touring Western Europe with moderate success in 1857.
After returning to Russia, Afanasyev chose to commit himself to composition, and reached his finest in his small-scale works, which tended to suffer far less from the inconsistencies in technical skill that stemmed from his informal training. He won particular acclaim for works which were inspired by the melodies and rhythms of Russian folk music, an abiding interest of his which led to the publication of his popular anthology (1866) of folksongs arranged for four-part choir. Afanasyev\'s chamber music, most notably the string quartet *Volga* (c. 1860) which won a prize from the Russian Musical Society in 1861, also enjoyed similar acclaim. *Volga* was the first string quartet written by a native Russian composer.
In contrast, his operas had far less enthusiastic receptions. Although the Mariinsky Theatre staged *Ammalat-bek* in 1870, it has not been performed anywhere since; *Sten\'ka Razin* failed to pass state censorship, while *Vakula-kuznets* was never performed. The manuscripts of several further operas and orchestral works remain unpublished.
He died in Saint Petersburg in 1898, aged 77
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# Nedre Roasten
**Nedre Roasten** is a lake in Femundsmarka National Park on the border of Innlandet and Trøndelag counties in Norway. The 2.29 km2 lake sits on the border of Engerdal Municipality in Innlandet county and Røros Municipality in Trøndelag county. Nedre Roasten is about 50 km southeast of the town of Røros and just under 9 km from the border with Sweden. The lake lies about 5 km east of the lake Femunden and about 8 km west of the lake Rogen which sits along the Swedish border
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# Greendale Community School
**Greendale Community School** was a community school, a form of State-sponsored secondary school, in the Northside suburb of Kilbarrack, Dublin, Ireland, located near the boundary with Raheny.
## Location
Greendale was situated on c. 4.5 acre of land, near Kilbarrack DART suburban rail station and Greendale Shopping Centre, and its grounds included a basketball court once used by Killester Basketball club and later by KUBS Basket Ball Club.
## History
### Construction
Greendale was built in the mid-1970s, opening in 1975, with capacity for not less than 800 pupils. The school quickly exceeded its numbers, and extension work in the early 1980s allowed for up to 900 students. By 1996, however, core pupil numbers were down to 449, then 215 at the start of the 2003--2004 school year, and 160 in 2006. In addition to the day pupils, Greendale had long offered a range of night courses and adult education initiatives, facilitating up to 1,400 students at a time.
### Closure
According to the Minister for Education, the trustees of Greendale made a decision in March 2004 to close the school to new entrants in September 2004, and to close altogether in June 2007. The property would then revert to the Department of Education. A major reunion of past pupils and teachers, covered by the press and national TV, was held in mid-February 2007.
There was some controversy about the closure, for reasons including the pending arrival of more than 2,500 homes within 2 mi of Kilbarrack (many in Balgriffin and Baldoyle), the school\'s widely recognised work in education in a challenging environment, and the non-closure of what some saw as less-progressive, non co-educational schools nearby.
As of April 2007, it was announced that the school premises would continue to be used for educational purposes.
## Staff
Former teachers at the school include playwright and film director Paul Mercier, Booker Prize winner Roddy Doyle, writer Catherine Dunne, and former Dublin Football midfielder Brian Mullins. Artistic director of the Passion Machine Theatre Company Paul Mercier later stated that \"Things are changing at a furious pace. But in reality things are disappearing in society that were working. And Greendale was working.\"
The principal of the school from opening to closure was Anton Carroll.
## Sexual abuse {#sexual_abuse}
In 2020, former vice-principal and teacher Patrick Potts died several days prior to a court appearance on charges of sexual abuse of students at Greendale; the charges date to his tenure at the school in the early 1980s. Alumni who had accused Potts have expressed frustration over losing the opportunity to settle the allegations via a court proceeding
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# Lucia Smyrk
**Lucia Smyrk** is an Australian actress and assistant director who has appeared in a number of Australian television series.
## Career
Smyrk\'s credits include teen television series *Short Cuts* playing Anna (2002), children\'s adventure series *Pirate Islands* as Carmen (2003), and long-running soap opera *Neighbours* as both Edwina Valdez (2003) and Evie Sullivan (2012).
She has made guest appearances in *Blue Heelers*, *Last Man Standing*, *The Circuit*, *City Homicide*, *Twentysomething*, *Winners & Losers*, *Superwog*, *Wentworth*, *Utopia* and 2016 web series *The Wizards of Aus*.
Smyrk appeared in 2018 drama comedy film *The Merger*, alongside her husband.
She has also featured in several television commercials for clients including Independence Australia, Terri Scheer Insurance, McCain Foods, Medibank Private, Coles Supermarkets and Jeans West.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Smyrk has been married to comedian Nick Cody since February 2017. They married on a beach on the Vietnamese island of Phú Quốc. The couple had their first child, a son, Charlie in 2019. Their second son Max, was born in 2021
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# Bettsometer
A **Bettsometer** is a fabric degradation tester commonly used to measure or test the integrity of fabric coverings (and associated stitching) on aircraft and their wings.
## Overview
The Bettsometer comprises a pen-like instrument (which functions much like a spring balance) and a smooth round needle or pin. The needle is inserted into the fabric and then the instrument is pulled to exert a specific force on the fabric in order to test. A visual inspection is made to check for any rips or tears at the needle insertion point.
## Application
The Bettsometer test is often a requirement for the annual \'permit\' renewal and is usually carried out by an aircraft inspector who will know the requirements of the test (i.e. the areas of sail and stitching to be tested and the force to be exerted)
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# Gjesåssjøen
**Gjesåssjøen** is a lake in Åsnes Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 4.06 km2 lake lies about 5 km northwest of the villages of Kjellmyra and Flisa and about 6 km east of the village of Våler. The village of Gjesåsen and the Gjesåsen Church lie along the eastern shore of the lake.
The lake was designated as a nature reserve in 2003. The lake is surrounded by agriculture which use the lake as a source of water. Gjesåssjøen is an important habitat for a number of bird species. About 150 different bird species were observed at the lake between 1996 and 2006, among these rare species such as the grebe and the greylag goose
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# Dalton Main Collieries Ltd.
The **Dalton Main Collieries Limited** became a public company which appeared on the London Stock Exchange in December 1899. The company was set up by John Brown and Company with the aim of purchasing Roundwood Colliery at Parkgate and to purchase land between Thrybergh and Ravenfield, known as Silverwood, and sink a new deep colliery there. By the time production was in full swing at Silverwood in 1909 John Brown were sole proprietors of the Dalton Main Company.
## Early history {#early_history}
The name \"Aldwarke\" refers to an area in the Don Valley about 2 miles north of Rotherham, South Yorkshire stretching to the outskirts of the village of Kilnhurst. To its west is Parkgate, to its east the villages of Dalton and Thrybergh. The washlands of the river Don (known locally as \"The Wash\") was crossed by a toll road which was freed of toll in the late 1980s.
Coal gathering at Aldwarke goes back to the 17th century with documents relating to tenants\' rights of way over the grounds and the river Dunne (Don) at Aldwarke ford, on both sides of river; and to any person fetching coals from pits. Earlier records still refer to \"charkcole (charcoal) to be cut in Rounde woodde near Aldwarke Manor house\".
## Deeper Mining {#deeper_mining}
In 1880 John Brown and Company Limited were listed as being the owners of Aldwarke Main at Parkgate. This colliery dated from 1867 and worked the Barnsley Seam, this being deepened to the Parkgate Seam some 10 years later. The second shaft was sunk to reach the Silkstone Seam in 1884.
In 1880 a neighbouring colliery at Roundwood, Parkgate, near Rotherham was listed as being owned by Cooper, Sellars and Company. Sixteen years later the owners were recorded as being the Roundwood Colliery Company. This was the colliery which was purchased by John Brown and Company and became the foundation of the Dalton Main Collieries Company.
The Roundwood and Dalton Colliery Limited was registered in 1898 and as the Dalton Main Collieries Limited became a public company which was floated on the London Stock Exchange in December 1899. The main purpose of the company was to buy out the business of Roundwood Colliery, purchase land at Silverwood, between Thrybergh and Ravenfield, and sink a new deep colliery there. The collieries at Roundwood, Silverwood were to be connected by a railway, known as John Brown\'s Private Railway, via the boat staithe, but with no main line connections. This was built by the colliery company, which had been bought by steelmaker John Brown, because the railway companies were unwilling to take on the work with, initially, little or no return. Once coal was being drawn from Silverwood the attitude of the railways changed and they were willing the take over the line as part of the Rotherham, Laughton and Maltby Railway which later became part of the Great Central and Midland Joint Railway from which time it gained main line connections.
The collieries at Roundwood and Silverwood were connected underground in 1908
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# Rokosjøen
**Rokosjøen** is a lake in Løten Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 4 km2 lake lies about 5 km southeast of the village of Løten. There is a camping facility on the east end of the lake. Oset Chapel is located beside the campground facility.
## Church ruins {#church_ruins}
The Rokoberget church ruins (*Rokoberget kirkeruin*) stand on a ridge south of the lake Rokosjøen. Rokoberget Church was dedicated to Saint Michael and mentioned in a papal letter from 1254. It is believed that the church was not used after the Protestant Reformation. The ruin was excavated in 1906--1907. The ruin is fenced with an information board outside the fence
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# Roger Niger
**Roger Niger** (died 1241) was a thirteenth-century cleric who became Bishop of London. He is also known as **Saint Roger of Beeleigh**.
## Life
thumb\|upright=1.05\|right\|A plan of Beeleigh Abbey in Essex, showing the location of the shrine that housed Saint Roger\'s heart In 1192 Niger was named a canon of St Paul\'s Cathedral, London, and he held the prebend of Ealdland in the diocese of London. In 1218 he was promoted to Archdeacon of Colchester. He was elected Bishop of London in 1228, and was consecrated bishop on 10 June 1229.
Niger died on 29 September 1241 or on 2 October 1241 and during his burial in Old St Paul\'s Cathedral, there was an eclipse of the sun. There was a tomb memorial to him in the quire there. His heart was taken to Beeleigh Abbey near Maldon in Essex. Both sites became places of pilgrimage and he was referred to as a saint, although no formal canonisation has been located. He was, however, called a saint by at least one Pope. In 1391, Pope Boniface IX granted relaxation to penitents visiting and giving alms to Beeleigh Abbey on the anniversary of his death
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# Treason Act 1795
The **Treason Act 1795** (sometimes also known as the **Treasonable and Seditious Practices Act**) (`{{nowrap|[[36 Geo. 3]]. c. 7}}`{=mediawiki}) was one of the **Two Acts** introduced by the British government in the wake of the stoning of King George III on his way to open Parliament in 1795, the other being the Seditious Meetings Act 1795 (36 Geo. 3. c. 8). The act made it high treason to \"within the realm or without compass, imagine, invent, devise or intend death or destruction, or any bodily harm tending to death or destruction, maim or wounding, imprisonment or restraint, of the person of \... the King\". This was derived from the Sedition Act 1661 (13 Cha. 2 St. 1. c. 1), which had expired. The 1795 act was originally a temporary act which was to expire when George III died, but it was made permanent by the Treason Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. 6).
Some other treasons created by the act (which also originated with the 1661 act) were reduced to felonies by the Treason Felony Act 1848 11 & 12 Vict. c. 12, which also extended the 1795 act to Ireland.
The act also stipulated that anyone found to have brought either the King, the Constitution or the government into contempt could be transported for a period of 7 years. This clause was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1871.
A later perspective given on the context surrounding its passage:
The rest of the act was repealed by section 120 of, and schedule 10 to, the Crime and Disorder Act 1998
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# Siksjøen
**Siksjøen** is a lake in Os Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2.69 km2 lake is located in the Tufsingdalen valley in the southeastern part of the municipality, about 25 km southeast of the village of Os. The lake is very long and narrow, measuring 6 km long, but only about 600 m wide at its widest
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# Neuenfelde
is a rural quarter located in the borough Harburg of Hamburg, Germany near the Lower Saxony border. The quarter is well known for its quality of fruit and unique houses, many of which prove to be popular attractions for tourists passing through, it belongs to the *Altes Land* region and is quite known for the cherry and apple tree blossom. In 2020 the population was 4,883.
## History
Neuenfelde as Nincop was first mentioned in 1257 as a village of Dutch settlers. In 1937 due to the Greater Hamburg Act Neuenfelde became a part of Hamburg.
The survival of the settlement is currently under threat from the nearby Airbus factory and its airport. Over the past few years, Airbus extended their runway towards Neuenfelde. This upset local residents, many of whom have had to sell their properties in order to accommodate these plans. Another source of upset was the planned relocation of the local St. Pankratius church, home to a historic Baroque organ built by Arp Schnitger. On July 16, 2007 the new longer runway started operations.
## Geography
In 2006 according to the statistical office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the quarter Neuenfelde has a total area of 15.5 km2. Neuenfelde is part of the region *Altes Land*. The quarter borders in the North to the river Elbe and the Finkenwerder quarter of the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. In the West is the small quarter Cranz and the district of Stade of Lower Saxony In the south is the Neugraben-Fischbek quarter and the eastern bordern is to the quarter Francop. The settlement Neuenfelde consists of two main streets; Nincoper Straße and Arp-Schnitger-Steig, the latter populated by the majority of the town\'s commercial activity, notably a kindergarten, school, fire brigade, restaurant, pharmacy and a hair salon. Bordering the settlement is Hasselwerder Straße and Marschkamper Deich.
## Demographics
In 2006 in the quarter of Neuenfelde lived 4,614 people. The population density was 298 PD/km². 22.2% were children under the age of 18, and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. 25.3% were resident aliens. 199 people were registered as unemployed.
In 1999 there were 2,026 households and 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals.
There were 1 elementary school and no secondary school in the quarter Neuenfelde and 2 physicians in private practice and no pharmacy.
## Transportation
The quarter is not serviced by the rapid transit system of S- or U-Bahn, however public transport to the city is provided by the bus no. 257 to Neugraben, as well as the bus no. 150 to Altona. According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in the quarter Neuenfelde were 2,001 private cars registered (429 cars/1000 people).
## Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
- St. Pankratius-Kirche, local church
Image:St Pankratius P7250038.JPG\|St. Pankratius church, Neuenfelde Image:St Pankratius P7250045.JPG\|Altar and pulpit Image:St Pankratius P7250050.JPG\|Altar and pulpit (detail) Image:St Pankratius P7250064.JPG\|Baptistery Image:St Pankratius P7250062.JPG\|view to the organ (build by Arp Schnitger)
## Notable persons {#notable_persons}
- Arp Schnitger (1648 - 1719), German organ builder. He is buried in the local church St. Pankratius in a family grave with his first wife and a daughter
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# Norman Jones (politician)
**Norman Philip Hastings Jones** `{{post-nominals|country=NZL|QSM}}`{=mediawiki} (15 August 1923 -- 19 November 1987) was a New Zealand National Party politician, who represented the Invercargill electorate in Parliament.
## Biography
Jones was born on 15 August 1923 in Invercargill. He was one of six brothers and two sisters and the only one of the brothers to complete primary school, although he left secondary school shortly before his 15th birthday. From that point on he held a number of short-term jobs, working principally as a farm labourer before he joined the New Zealand Army in 1941 after lying about his age. He served as a private in the 23rd Infantry Battalion during World War II and lost his right leg to tank-fire at the age of 19 in North Africa. After his war service he attended Otago and Victoria Universities and Dunedin Teachers\' College. He taught at Wanganui for some time before returning south to become assistant master at Southland College. Subsequently, he worked at James Hargest High School and at Southland Boys\' High School.
Jones and his wife Marjorie were committee members of the Save Manapouri campaign.
Jones was an Invercargill city councillor for 18 years, and served one term as deputy mayor. In the 1975 Queen\'s Birthday Honours, he was awarded the Queen\'s Service Medal for public services, for services to civil defence and the community. He became particularly notable for his vehement opposition to the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986. Owing to his outspokenness on this and other issues, the media dubbed him \"the mouth from the south\". `{{quote box|width=30%|quote= "Turn around and look at them ... gaze upon them ... you're looking into [[Hades]] ... don't look too long – you might catch [[AIDS]]."<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/homosexual-law-reform/reforming-the-law |title= Reforming the law – homosexual law reform |work= nzhistory.net.nz |access-date= 30 December 2010}}</ref>|source= Norman Jones referring to homosexuals in 1985}}`{=mediawiki} When the Labour Party won office in 1984, an economic summit took place in the parliamentary debating chamber. Representatives from industry, unions and community groups attended. Jones refused to vacate his seat, saying he would not give up his chair for some communist to sit down.
Jones first stood for Parliament at a by-election in 1945. He had contested seven elections before being chosen as the National candidate for Invercargill in `{{NZ election link year| 1975}}`{=mediawiki}, when he beat the incumbent Labour representative, J. B. Munro. He remained in Parliament until shortly before his death in 1987.
Jones died on 19 November 1987 from a brain tumour at the age of 64. His autobiography, *Jonesy*, published five years earlier in 1982, detailed his wartime service and his political career. A number of the most controversial aspects and events of his public service occurred after the book\'s publication.
His wife Marjory was the president of the National Council of Women and was also an Invercargill city councillor, serving two terms from 1989 to 1995. She died in 2004
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# Vermunden
**Vermunden** or **Vermundsjøen** is a lake in Åsnes Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 3.45 km2 lake lies in the Finnskogen area, just about 2.5 km east of the border with Sweden. The small village of Vermundsjøen lies at the north end of the lake, where Åsnes Finnskog Church is located
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# Joly v Pelletier
***Joly v Pelletier*** is a 1999 Ontario Superior Court of Justice case that dealt with the requirements of legal standing and vexatious litigants. The plaintiff, Rene Joly, filed a lawsuit in that was dismissed by Justice Epstein as frivolous or vexatious or an abuse of the process of the Court.
## Lawsuits
### Rulings
Joly\'s filed suit against the Canadian Government (specifically Art Eggleton), Citibank, Shoppers Drug Mart and many others. Joly even formally submitted a \"well prepared, thoughtful\" argument that his DNA tests, which would prove he was not human, had been falsified. Supposedly, he was cloned from debris found on Mars by NASA in the 1960s. Judge Epstein found no reason for Joly *not* to stand trial or to represent himself:
: *I made the observation that in every respect Mr. Joly properly conducted himself before the Court. He presented himself as polite, articulate, intelligent and appeared to understand completely the issues before the Court and the consequences should I grant the relief sought.*
Thus, Judge Epstein proceeded with the case, and following a motion filed by the defense, dismissed the case as frivolous and vexatious, explaining:
: *Rule 1.03 defines plaintiff as \"a person who commences an action\". The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines person as \"an individual human being\". Section 29 of the Interpretation Act provides that a person includes a corporation. It follows that if the plaintiff is not a person in that he is neither a human being nor a corporation, he cannot be a plaintiff as contemplated by the Rules of Civil Procedure. The entire basis of Mr. Joly\'s actions is that he is a martian, not a human being. There is certainly no suggestion that he is a corporation. I conclude therefore, that Mr. Joly, on his pleading as drafted, has no status before the Court
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# Norman Jones (actor)
**Norman Jones** (16 June 1932 -- 23 April 2013) was an English actor, primarily known for his work on television.
## Early life {#early_life}
A native of Shropshire, Norman Jones was born at Donnington, son of coal miner Clar (*sic*) and his wife Florrie Jones. He was educated at Adams\' Grammar School, Newport, Shropshire. He took part in local amateur dramatics in Donnington and was employed as a cost clerk at the Lilleshall Company and Sankey\'s in the area.
## Career
Jones began his acting career at Birmingham Repertory Theatre, and commenced a screen career in 1962, the year of his 30th birthday.
Over the following 26 years he appeared in numerous episodes of British TV series. This included three *Doctor Who* serials --- *The Abominable Snowmen* (1967, as Khrisong), *Doctor Who and the Silurians* (1970, as Major Baker) and *The Masque of Mandragora* (1976, as Hieronymous). He also appeared in *Crossroads* (as milkman Ralph Palmer) and *The Professionals*. In *The Sweeney* he was cast as Detective Inspector Perrault in the 1976 episode \"Bad Apple\". He also played another detective, Chief Inspector Bell, in the first series of *Inspector Morse*, broadcast in 1987.
Jones had roles in films including *You Only Live Twice* (1967), *Oh! What a Lovely War* (1969), *The Mind of Mr. Soames* (1970), and *The Abominable Dr. Phibes* (1971).
Jones played Nicholas Higgins in the 1975 TV serial *North and South*. He also played Ernest Defarge in the 1980 TV adaptation of *A Tale of Two Cities*.
Jones also appeared in the title role of *The Crooked Man* in the Granada Television series *The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes*. His last appearance was in the 1988 shot-on-video British independent production, *The Assassinator* (released on DVD as *Hitman*).
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Jones lived and worked in the United States for a time, as well as in Manchester, Birmingham and London, before settling in Newport, Shropshire. He died, after a heart attack, at the Princess Royal Hospital in Telford on 23 April 2013, aged 80. He was cremated at Telford Crematorium.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ ----------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------
1967 *You Only Live Twice* American Astronaut (Chris)
1969 *Oh! What a Lovely War* Scottish Soldier
1970 *The Mind of Mr. Soames* Davis
1971 *The Abominable Dr. Phibes* Sgt. Tom Schenley
1972 *All Coppers Are\...* Sgt
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# Vurrusjøen
**Vurrusjøen** is a lake in Engerdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 5 km2 lake lies immediately west of the border with Sweden and the village of Drevsjø sits on the west end of the lake. The Swedish lake Fløtningsjøen lies just east of this lake
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# Davydd Greenwood
**Davydd Greenwood** (born 1942) is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and Director of the Institute for European Studies at Cornell University.
Known action researcher, Greenwood has conducted studies in the Spanish Basque Country, where he analysed Mondragón Corporation, empowerment and cooperatives phenomena. He currently focuses on the future of university idea, in the era of corporate culture.
Greenwood was elected Corresponding Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences.
## Publications
- Davydd Greenwood, Morten Levin (1998) *Introduction to Action Research: Social Research for Social Change*. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications, Inc
- Davydd Greenwood, José Luis González (1992) *Industrial Democracy as Process: Participatory Action Research in the Fagor Cooperative Group of Mondragón,* (co-authors Julio Cantón Alonso, Ino Galparsoro Markaide, Alex Goiricelaya Arruza, Isabel Legarreta Nuin, and Kepa Salaberría Amesti), Assen-Maastricht, Van Gorcum Publishers
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# Drevsjø
**Drevsjø** is a village in Engerdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located about 16 km north of the village of Engerdalen and about 12 km southeast of the village of Sorken. The village takes its name from the lake Drevsjø which lies near the village. The Drevsjø Church is located in the village. The village has some commercial businesses serving the municipality such as grocery stores plus a large sawmill.
The 0.47 km2 village has a population (2024) of 306 and a population density of 651 PD/km2.
Drevsjø is well known for its natural environment and its fishing opportunities. It is only 60 minutes from one of Scandinavia\'s biggest alpine centres, Trysilfjellet. The village has several recreational facilities including a tennis court, football pitch, and a car racing track. The village is the site of the Blokkodden Villmarksmuseum, an open-air museum presenting the history of the use of the natural world since the 18th century.
The village has several municipal and state institutions including nursing homes and health centres. Since 1990, the village has also had a reception centre for asylum seekers in Norway.
## Climate
Drevsjø has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with only 3 months with a mean temperature above 11 C. There is a wetter period from June to September and a dry period from December to April
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# Don't Give It Up (Siobhán Donaghy song)
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# Cursed (2004 film)
is a 2004 Japanese horror film. Based on the written work of Yumeaki Hirayama, it is the directorial debut of Yoshihiro Hoshino.
The full Japanese title is *Extremely Scary Story A: Dark Crow*, and is the first theatrical release of the *Cho Kowai Hanashi* series. The story centres on a haunted convenience store, the disturbing effect it has on the owners and other local residents, and the grisly deaths of the customers who shop there.
## Plot
Two high school students arrive at the Mitsuya convenience store. One of the students, Yuko, proclaims she cannot enter the shop. However, she backs away too far and is killed by a truck.
Some time later, Ryouko Kagami, a representative of the Cosmo Mart chain, seeks to purchase the store on behalf of her boss, Tejima. She explains to the shop owners, Mr. and Mrs. Kitura, that Tejima could not be present because of an accident in which his feet were amputated, to which the Kituras react with amusement. As Ryouko begins doing an inventory of the store, she befriends a part-time employee named Nao Niigaki. A customer in a hooded coat comes in and starts reading a magazine. Nao tries to get a good look at his face, but can only see darkness.
Later, a man comes in and makes a purchase for 666 yen. While walking home, the man encounters a white ball which has rolled from a dark alley. He picks it up and walks into the alley where a voice asks him to return the ball. He walks into the darkness, disappears, and the ball is bounced outside again.
While Nao sorts the drinks in the freezer, she sees a pair of eyes staring back at her. Meanwhile, Ryouko finds a product that expired three years previously. She questions the Kituras, who blankly continue staring in a CCTV camera. Two crows crash into the window, killing themselves. Nao and Ryouko go to outside to investigate, where the Kituras are somehow already present and hosing away the crow remains, laughing madly. That night, a man and woman make purchases for 699 yen and 999 yen respectively. On the way home, the woman is stalked by a man with a sledgehammer, who eventually appears inside her apartment and attacks her.
The next day, Ryouko receives a call from Tejima, who tells her \"everyone has feet\" before the signal cuts to static. After dark, the night clerk, Komori, serves the hooded man. The till registers 44.44444 yen, and Komori looks up to find only blackness in the hood. The man then forces Komori\'s head inside the hood. Komori comes out in shock and panic. Ryouko arrives and sees that one of Komori\'s eyes has monstrously bulged out of his sockets. Ryouko takes over Komori\'s shift and charges a woman 666 yen. A man is initially charged 907 yen until he is hypnotized by steamed buns; he buys one and the price changes to 999.
That night, the woman cooks food for her boyfriend when a blackout occurs. She opens her fridge to find a long corridor from which a pale girl emerges. The girl approaches the woman and tricks her into fatally stabbing her boyfriend, before the woman is suffocated by a bag over her head. Meanwhile, the man visits a bathhouse. Witnessing strange phenomena in the bath, he attempts to leave when he slips on mysterious hair and is knocked unconscious. When he wakes up, the man is attacked and killed by the elderly clerk of the bathhouse. He grabs the man\'s steamed bun and eats it while watching the television.
That same night, Nao is standing at a railroad crossing when the hooded man appears and tries to pull her toward the passing train. She resists until the train passes and the hooded man disappears. The following day, Nao finds a homeless woman who tells her to come with her to learn more about the store. Nao and the woman are joined by Ryouko at the park. The woman reveals that the store\'s owner mistreated his contractor when it was being built. The contractor, in anger, broke apart the tombstones of people without families and used the fragments to build the store\'s foundation, resulting in its haunting. Ryouko tells Nao to stop working there.
Nao comes to the store and saves Komori from a ghost in the bathroom. Komori, regaining his sanity, runs out of the store where, in the sun, he baptizes himself in the river. He throws away his jacket, regains his composure, and leaves with Nao. Ryouko, walking toward the store to work, finds a wheelchair rolling down the hill. Her boss Temija tells her every ghost does not have feet and he is happy. Ryouko thanks him and walks away. The movie goes back to the beginning, now shot from Yuko\'s point of view, where she sees the tortured souls inside the store
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# Hasten Down the Wind
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# 2007 Machap by-election
The **2007 Machap by-election** was held on 12 April 2007. The seat in the state assembly of Malacca, Malaysia, fell vacant after the incumbent, Datuk Wira Poh Ah Tiam of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), died on 15 March that year. On 21 March 2007, the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC) announced 3 April 2007 as the nomination day and 12 April 2007 the election date. The MCA candidate, Lai Meng Chong eventually defeated the opposition candidate of Liou Chen Kuang, with a reduced majority compared to the previous 2004 election.
## Background
State assembly seat **N.08 Machap** lies in parliamentary seat **P.135 Alor Gajah**. As of the 2004 General Elections, Machap was a majority Chinese seat (45.6%), followed by Malays (38.3%), Indians (15.3%) and others (0.7%). In the 2004 election, the late Datuk Wira Poh Ah Tiam of the MCA, a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, garnered 5,847 votes, defeating Liou Chen Kuang of the Democratic Action Party (DAP) (1,285 votes) by a majority of 4,562 votes.
## Candidates
### Pre-nomination speculation {#pre_nomination_speculation}
The English language daily *The Star* reported on 17 March 2007 that the opposition People\'s Justice Party (PKR) was the first to express interest in contesting the seat, with its information chief Tian Chua as the likely candidate. Meanwhile, on 20 March 2007, the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) declared it would not field a candidate in the by-election, citing the fact that the seat has traditionally been a DAP versus BN contest. The DAP and the ruling BN declined to comment on their plans until after Poh\'s funeral on 21 March 2007.
Nonetheless, this did not stop the media from speculating. Those linked to Datuk Seri Dr Fong Chan Onn, the Malaysian Minister of Human Resources, MP for Alor Gajah and MCA vice-president, were named as possible BN candidates. The list included Fong\'s special assistant Ngow Dow Soon, his political secretary Lai Meng Chong and his private secretary Chew Chong Lin. From the opposition camp, besides PKR\'s Tian Chua, potential candidates from the DAP include Liou Chen Kuang, whom Poh had beaten in the last general election, or Tey Kok Kiew, special assistant to the party\'s secretary-general Lim Guan Eng.
On 22 March 2007, PKR and DAP reached an agreement, whereby PKR will yield the seat to DAP in the by-election, but will contest the seat in the next General Elections. PKR has also agreed to provide support to DAP but will not be directly involved in campaigning. Meanwhile, MCA president Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting announced on 26 March 2007 that an MCA Presidential Council meeting on 27 March 2007 will choose the BN\'s candidate. The chosen candidate will be revealed after obtaining formal approval from the BN chairman, incumbent Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
### Nominated candidates {#nominated_candidates}
On 30 March 2007, the DAP announced its candidate for the seat in the 2004 General Elections, 33-year-old Liou Chen Kuang, will contest in the by-election. Liou, a businessman, was chosen again despite losing in the last election. He was chosen due to his \"knowledge of the local terrain\", grassroots support, and his willingness \"to serve Machap constituents\". The DAP also announced it would use the slogan *Machap Demokrasi* (Machap Democracy) to raise awareness among voters on the importance of democracy in Malaysia.
Three days later, on 2 April 2007, the BN deputy chairman and incumbent Deputy Prime Minister Dato\' Sri Najib Tun Razak named a local MCA politician, 56-year-old Lai Meng Chong as the coalition\'s candidate for the by-election.
### Nomination day scuffle {#nomination_day_scuffle}
During nomination day on 3 April 2007, a scuffle occurred between DAP and BN supporters. Two DAP supporters were injured in the scuffle, which erupted after some name-calling and sloganeering. Following the incident, police arrested a man after receiving four reports, two from the injured man, and two each from a journalist and a photographer from the Tamil dailies *Malaysian Nanban* and *Makkal Osai*, respectively.
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# 2007 Machap by-election
## Issues
### Election irregularities {#election_irregularities}
The opposition parties had alleged that the country\'s election process was not transparent and could be manipulated. However, the EC chairman, Tan Sri Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman on 21 March 2007 denied the allegations and challenged political parties to take the commission to court on the matter. Despite the denial, the DAP described the EC\'s move of not fixing the elections on a weekend as an \"act of biasness to benefit the BN\".
On 27 March 2007, as an attempt to counter the opposition\'s grievances on the transparency of the election process, the EC announced that new, translucent plastic ballot boxes will be used in the by-elections, replacing the black metal ballot boxes used in previous elections. According to the EC, the new box is also lighter at only 500 grams, as compared to the metal box, which weighed 1.5 kg.
### Opposition boycott {#opposition_boycott}
Due to alleged irregularities in the Malaysian election process, two major opposition parties, PAS and DAP, boycotted the January 2007 Batu Talam State by-election in Pahang, which the BN won after defeating an independent candidate. DAP\'s decision to now contest in Machap has led the BN to accuse opposition parties of being \"inconsistent\" with regards to boycotting elections.
### Chinese support for the BN {#chinese_support_for_the_bn}
Some pundits opine that the Machap by-election, given the constituency\'s ethnic composition, may reflect support from the Chinese community for the ruling BN. Many Chinese voters abandoned the BN in the 2006 Sarawak state elections, BN\'s worst showing in a long time in the traditionally safe state, whereby nine seats, seven of which were predominantly Chinese, went to the opposition. The dissatisfaction was because of economic issues and a renewed push by some Malay BN politicians for more privileges under the Malaysian New Economic Policy. A December 2006 survey by independent social research outfit the Merdeka Centre, found that 60% of Chinese voters nationwide were open to voting for the opposition.
Some pundits argue the by-election might not reflect the purported general sentiments of the Chinese. They believe that the DAP faces an uphill battle against the incumbent BN, as Machap is a rural constituency whereby local concerns predominate national issues and constituents are more conservative and less receptive to change. Furthermore, the deceased Datuk Wira Poh Ah Tiam was popular and had a good service record in Machap, having served for three consecutive terms and bringing tangible development in the constituency.
### Alleged DAP-PAS secret co-operation pact {#alleged_dap_pas_secret_co_operation_pact}
The day before the election, *Malaysiakini* reported that BN had distributed 1,000 VCDs containing a video clip of a campaigner from the PKR stating that a vote for the DAP would be a vote for the Barisan Alternatif, a coalition comprising PKR and PAS. The DAP was a former member of the coalition, but pulled out after disagreement on PAS\' advocacy of an Islamic state. MCA vice-president Datuk Seri Dr Fong Chan Onn alleged the video was proof of the DAP\'s covert co-operation with PAS, and stated that BN had \"to let the people in Machap know that voting for DAP will help realise PAS\' plan to turn Malaysia into a theocratic state\".
The EC also stated that 50 PAS party flags had been removed, as PAS was not contesting the by-election. The DAP alleged that the flags had not been put up by PAS, and claimed that BN supporters had raised them. Confronted by the media on the DAP\'s claims, Fong denied any knowledge of such actions, calling it \"just speculation\".
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# 2007 Machap by-election
## Election day {#election_day}
Voter turnout was low in the morning, reaching only 23% by 11.00 am. However, turnout picked up at lunchtime, hitting 59.2% by 3.00pm. Weather conditions were generally favorable throughout the day with only scattered showers in late afternoon, which resulted in the relatively high turnout of 74.4% at the 5.00 pm close.
However, the day was marred by allegations of vote-buying against the BN made by the DAP. According to a DAP party worker, a tip-off was received by the party at around 12.00 pm that a vacant house was used to disburse vote-buying money. Voters were alleged to have received as much as RM200 (ca. US\$58) from BN operatives. However, in an immediate reaction, MCA president Dato\' Seri Ong Ka Ting brushed off the allegation, calling the DAP\'s allegations baseless and made for \"political mileage\".
## Post-election controversy {#post_election_controversy}
In a post-election analysis, senior DAP leader Tony Pua alleged that although BN and Lai had been caught in the act offering to renovate houses and passing out free food and drinks, in direct contravention of electoral laws, the Election Commission had taken no action.
The DAP later filed a complaint with the EC over the alleged vote-buying incidents, including claims that the government had announced development projects to secure support. The EC chairman rejected the latter allegation, stating that such actions were legal and within the government\'s discretion. MCA president Ong also rejected the claims, saying it was common for the opposition to make such allegations after electoral defeats, and accused the DAP of being contradictory in first blaming the government for not developing Machap, but later saying the development was vote-buying
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