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# European Documentation and Information Centre
The **European Documentation and Information Centre**, abbreviated **CEDI** (*Centre Européen de Documentation et d\'Information*), was a former think tank founded in 1952 on the occasion of an international congress held in Santander, Spain. The objective of the organization was to unite various European conservative and Christian Democratic political organizations which formed in several Western European states during postwar reconstruction, the emerging Cold War and the beginnings of what would later be called European integration. During the 1950s and the 1960s, the CEDI was an important contact pool for European politicians. During its early years the CEDI\'s ideology and program was dominated by its first president, Otto von Habsburg, son of the last emperor of Austria. It was dissolved in 1990 following the collapse of the Iron Curtain.
## Backgrounds
Francoist Spain made use of the CEDI to get in contact with high-ranking persons of the political, military, economic and cultural life from Western Europe and thus end its post-war international isolation. By preaching the necessity of cultural exchange and the religious unity of the occident, the CEDI aimed at a political, military and economic inclusion of Spain into the beginning process of European Integration.
## Organization and members {#organization_and_members}
The annual congresses of the CEDI, which were nearly always held in Spain, brought together many office bearers and dignitaries of the conservative milieu. Besides the Spanish initiators -- hereunder Franco\'s foreign minister Alberto Martín Artajo, the director of the Institute for Hispanic Culture Alfredo Sánchez Bella and José Ignacio Escobar Kirkpatrick Marqués de Valdeiglesias -- there was a strong support for CEDI\'s activities in Germany, Austria and France. The expelled Austrian Heir Apparent Otto von Habsburg was the founding and, later on, honorary president of the organization. Germany was represented by high-ranking members of the Christian Democratic and Christian Social Union of Bavaria parties, as for example the ministers Hans-Joachim von Merkatz and Richard Jaeger. The French section of the Documentation Centre was led by the Count François de la Noë and Michel Habib-Deloncle.
Among the first British supporters were William Teeling, Sir Frederick Corfield MP and Sir John Rodgers MP, who even held CEDI\'s international presidency from 1965 to 1967. Over the years, the Austrian secretary general Georg von Gaupp-Berghausen turned more and more out to be the actual organizational and programmatic head of the Documentation Centre.
## Ambitions and ideology {#ambitions_and_ideology}
Besides the proclaimed Catholic Christian heritage, the traditional connections of the European upper nobility, military contacts and common economic interests, it was above all a virulent anticommunism which was tying together the members of the Documentation Centre. The scientific lectures given at the annual meetings of the CEDI dealt with questions of principle concerning European Integration, the Cold War and other subjects of social and international relevance.
## National sections {#national_sections}
Apart from Spain, Germany and France, national sections emerged in and Belgium and Austria, some years later also in Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Sweden and Portugal. In Britain, the conservative \"March Club\" fulfilled the tasks of a national section since the beginning of the 1960s. Among the most prominent members of this British section were apart from Teeling, Corfield and Rodgers, Peter Agnew and Geoffrey Rippon who both were to become international presidents of the CEDI later on. It seems quite likely that the contacts provided by the Documentation Centre played a not unimportant role in negotiating Britain\'s entry into the European Community, since Rippon was the head of the British government\'s delegation.
## Development
When the CEDI became a civil law association in 1957, its head office was officially moved to Munich, Madrid remaining nevertheless a central branch office of the organization. With General Charles de Gaulle returning to the political stage in 1958, his fellows transformed the CEDI into an international forum in order to diffuse their conceptions of European politics. The cooperation between French Gaullists and German Christian Democrats has also been prepared by CEDI\'s initiatives.
The Gaullist engagement weakening by the end of the 1960s, Spanish influence in the Documentation Centre increased again. CEDI evolved into an instrument of Spanish interests in Latin America, reached out for Africa and Asia, and finally turned toward the domain of development policies.
Nevertheless, the organization had transgressed the zenith of its diplomatic activities. The urgent necessity of recruiting new members was perceived, but the CEDI did not find any solution to solve these problems. The political transformation process in Spain by the middle of the 1970s deprived the CEDI of its last material and organizational basics
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# Westwood (Knoxville, Tennessee)
**Westwood** is a historic home located at 3425 Kingston Pike at the edge of the Sequoyah Hills area of Knoxville, Tennessee. Also known as the **Adelia Armstrong Lutz House**, the house was built in 1890 by John Lutz and his wife, artist Adelia Armstrong Lutz, on land given to them by Adelia\'s father, Robert H. Armstrong. In 1984, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture.
The house stands on land that was once part of the large estate established by early Knoxville resident Drury P. Armstrong (1799--1856). Armstrong built Crescent Bend, which still stands nearby, in 1834. Robert H. Armstrong, a son of Drury, inherited a portion of his father\'s estate. The Bleak House, built in 1858, also still stands a few blocks from Westwood on Kingston Pike.
Westwood was designed in the Queen Anne style by the local architectural firm of Baumann Brothers. Unlike most Queen Anne houses extant in Knoxville, the house was executed in brick and stone, incorporating some Richardsonian Romanesque elements. The 5000 ft2, 10-bedroom house has 10 fireplaces with custom mantels and decorative tiles. The front parlor features a hand-painted ceiling.
Adelia Armstrong Lutz was an accomplished painter who had studied at the Corcoran in Washington, D.C., the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and in Europe. She maintained an art studio in the house, in an unusual long room on the eastern side of the house that has a high ceiling, tall louvered windows, and skylights. Its hardwood floors are laid with alternating types of wood, creating a striped effect, and the walls are painted red.
Westwood remained in the Lutz family until 2009, when the Lutzes\' granddaughter died. In 2012, the house was purchased by the Aslan Foundation, which planned to restore the house and transfer it to the local historic preservation organization, Knox Heritage, for its offices. Restoration plans included removing a garage and a recreation room that was added in the 20th century, repainting in the style of the period, and updating the plumbing, HVAC, and electrical systems
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# Cerrito Creek
**Cerrito Creek** is one of the principal watercourses running out of the Berkeley Hills into San Francisco Bay in northern California. It is significant for its use as a boundary demarcation historically, as well as presently. In the early 19th century, it separated the vast Rancho San Antonio to the south from the Castro family\'s Rancho San Pablo to the north. Today, it marks part of the boundary between Alameda County and Contra Costa County. The main stem, running through a deep canyon that separates Berkeley from Kensington, is joined below San Pablo Avenue by a fan of tributaries, their lower reaches mostly in culverts. The largest of these is Middle or Blackberry Creek, a southern branch.
The creek is named for Albany Hill, formerly called Cerrito de San Antonio, a prominent (elevation 294 ft.) isolated hill on the shoreline of San Francisco Bay in Albany (The hill is now some distance inland due to Bay fill). Cerrito Creek, joined by a fan of other small creeks, formerly meandered to the Bay through a large marsh just north of the hill.
## History
The creek played a part in history larger than its size. Because it divided the two land-grant ranches, it became the division between Alameda and Contra Costa counties. With Alameda County settled more densely in the early 20th-century boom that followed the San Francisco earthquake, the area just north of the county line became the home of jazz joints, gambling, brothels and other pursuits requiring a light hand from the law. This lasted until a post--World War II reform movement in the City of El Cerrito.
The marsh at the creek\'s mouth also played a curious bit part in history. Regarding such wetlands as useless, 19th- and 20th-century settlers set out to fill it, locating a slaughterhouse and dump there. An early 20th-century typhoid scare, however, led to closing of the dump. This left Berkeley, booming with new residents after the great San Francisco earthquake, without a place for its garbage. A new dump south of the hill was quickly arranged, in what is now the City of Albany. Women of that unincorporated area were upset, but they lacked the vote. One morning, they sought to turn back the garbage wagon with guns. Although they gave up when the sheriff ordered them to disperse, male residents who had formerly resisted incorporation then quickly voted to incorporate the city of Ocean View---soon renamed Albany to avoid confusion with the Oceanview district of Berkeley.
The marsh was eventually filled---rubble from dynamite making and quarrying on Albany Hill contributed. The creek was confined to a small channel, and in 1969 the City of El Cerrito built flood basins north of the creek in Creekside Park, a new park created as part of renewing the down-at-heel, flood-prone neighborhood that had grown up in the filled marsh. In 1953, the head of Stege Sanitary District wrote, \"As late as 1920, records show a small lake bordered by marsh south of \'County Road No. 4\' now Central, near Belmont. Nothing appears to justify use of this area for dwellings; and, the character of construction permitted in the past has involved a succession of unwise buyers of homes in losses and disappointments only partly compensated by sale to some newer victim.\"
Tides still rise and fall inland as far as Albany\'s and El Cerrito\'s Creekside Parks, respectively south and north of the creek. When a high tide coincides with winter storm runoff (greatly increased by the city\'s impermeable surfaces), the former marsh area can flood.
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# Cerrito Creek
## Restoration
Unsuccessful efforts to bring a portion of the creek out of a pipe when a former lumberyard became Albany Middle School in the 1990s led indirectly to the formation of Friends of Five Creeks, a citizens group. Volunteers with this group have worked since 1996 on this and other local creeks, principally removing invasives, planting natives, and installing amenities including signs and benches.
The City of El Cerrito is committed to a long-term plan to \"daylight\" the still-culverted reaches of the creek at the south edge of El Cerrito Plaza, between San Pablo Avenue and the Ohlone Greenway (regional pedestrian/bicycle route under the BART tracks). The cities of Albany and El Cerrito have adopted a long-term plan for a pedestrian-bicycle route mostly along the creek, connecting the Ohlone Greenway to the Bay Trail. This plan is gradually being carried out.
Friends of Five Creeks established some natives and placed a litter can at the short reach exposed at the Ohlone Greenway, but these plantings have repeatedly been devastated by maintenance workers. Between Talbot and Kains, adjacent to the El Cerrito Plaza shopping center, a state grant to the City of El Cerrito led to the channelized creek being re-contoured in 2003, giving it a more natural flow pattern, native vegetation, and a creekside trail. This project, maintained and improved by Friends of Five Creeks, has been successful.
The channelized south bank between San Pablo Avenue and Pierce Street was \"torn up\" by a sewer replacement project in 1998--99 Pierce Street. As part of that project, the Urban Creeks Council was instrumental in having the old sewer pipe broken up so that steelhead could again access Middle Creek. (These anadromous fish have been observed in the creek but there is no evidence of recent successful reproduction.) The City of Albany used mitigation funds to establish native vegetation on the north bank, but the project was rapidly re-invaded by invasives such as blackberry, Cape ivy, and morning glory when that money ran out.
Friends of Five Creeks began intensive work between San Pablo and Pierce in 2000, beginning on the north bank at Pacific East Mall, carrying out restoration required in the mall\'s use permit. Tasks included removing fencing, building a creekside trail, removing evergreen thornless blackberries that formed thickets more than 10 ft high and spanned the creek, and establishing native vegetation. This revegetation has been reasonably successful, although the mall\'s maintenance contractors sprayed much of the grassland areas with herbicide, and these native grasses have never been re-established. The mall was required to re-plant shrubs, carry out long-promised pollution reduction, and improve its maintenance as a result of this incident.
Since 2004, Friends of Five Creeks volunteers have focused on the reach from Adams Street downstream to Pierce Street. The largest task continues to be removing evergreen thornless blackberry, which quickly clogs the creek and increases flooding. With help from both cities, volunteers also have removed other invasives, planted natives, and installed amenities such as benches, signs, and a table in the Creekside Parks facing each other in Albany and El Cerrito. Parkland extends to most of Albany Hill, with grasslands, a willow grove at the mouth of Middle Creek, and mature oak forest on the steep north face of the hill. Thus this complex is an unusual island of urban green space and habitat surrounded by city. Wildlife includes sticklebacks, Pacific chorus frogs, herons, egrets, kingfishers, ducks, hawks, raccoons, and deer
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# Kranzberg
**Kranzberg** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
At Bernstorf, a part within the municipality of Kranzberg, a Bronze Age fortification was found in 1904 by local historian Josef Wenzl. It was dated at around 1360 B.C. and is the largest known Bronze Age settlement north of the Alps. Most significant were finds of gold and amber objects which contained writings in Mycenaean Greek Linear B. These objects were found by amateur archaeologists Manfred Moosauer and Traudl Bachmair in 1998. The objects are now kept in the national Bavarian archaeological collection in Munich
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# Thomas J. Walker House
The **Thomas J. Walker House** was a historic home located at 645 Mars Hill Road in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
When it was listed on the National Register, it was one of the few brick homes from the early 19th century remaining in Knox County. It was originally nominated for the National Register as a representative of the area\'s early settlement and architecture. In the early 20th century the house was altered by the addition of a white columned portico, but it retained most of its original exterior appearance and interior details.
In 2002 the house burned, and the remains of the structure were demolished in 2003. The house was subsequently removed from the National Register on July 24, 2008. The surrounding land was considered for redevelopment in March 2002 and was offered for sale in November 2007
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# Pan-European Regional Council
The **Pan-European Regional Council** (**PERC**) is a European trade union organization within the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). It includes 87 national trade union centres with a total membership of over 85 million. PERC also works closely with the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), and currently Esther Lynch is general secretary of both organizations.
According to the organization Constitution, the PERC:
> will work to promote the strategies, priorities and policies of the ITUC and will seek to contribute to social development, the consolidation of democracy and to respect for human and workers' rights in the region. Promotion of trade union action, and representation of workers' interests through the strengthening of the trade union movement and support for bilateral and multilateral cooperation, will be central objectives of the Council
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# Saray-Chekurcha
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# Richard Fecteau
**Richard G. Fecteau** (born 1927) is an American Central Intelligence Agency operative who was captured by the People\'s Republic of China during a CIA-sponsored flight in the Korean War. News of the capture of Fecteau and John T. Downey reached the United States in November 1954, sparking a nearly two decade battle of wills between the U.S. and the PRC. Fecteau was released in December 1971. He later worked as an assistant athletic director at his alma mater, Boston University, retiring in 1989.
## CIA career {#cia_career}
He joined the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) soon after Boston University and became one of two CIA Paramilitary Officers in Special Activities Division (the other was John T. Downey, a Yale graduate) who survived the shoot-down of their Civil Air Transport C-47 spy-collection mission over the People\'s Republic of China in November 1952. In December 1954 Radio Peking announced that Fecteau and Downey had been convicted of spying and were sentenced to 20 years and life imprisonment respectively.
Due to improving U.S.-China relations, Fecteau and Mary Ann Harbert, who was captured on a yacht in Chinese waters near Hong Kong in April 1968, were released on 13 December 1971, crossing the land border into Hong Kong where they were received by U.S. consular officials. Harbert and Fecteau were flown by helicopter to Kai Tak Airport and then boarded a United States Air Force aeromedical evacuation jet and flown to Clark Air Base, Hawaii and then on to McGuire Air Force Base.
Harbert and Fecteau were taken to Valley Forge Military Hospital for medical evaluation. Fecteau was reported to be having difficulty adjusting to his release, being uncommunicative after having spent most of the preceding 19 years in solitary confinement.
Throughout his captivity the U.S. had falsely denied that he was a CIA agent. On hearing news of his release, his ex-wife Margaret (who had divorced him in 1951) admitted that \"the Chinese haven\'t been lying\" about him being a CIA agent, but she recanted the statement the next day. However U.S. officials disclosed privately that they no longer denied the Chinese charges that he was a spy. In a press conference on 15 December he said that he had never given up hope of release, but had got so used to solitary confinement that he was unused to speaking, when asked if he was a CIA agent he replied \"no comment.\"
In an official statement made by Xinhua News Agency at the time of his release, the Chinese government said that while Fecteau was a CIA spy, given that he had admitted his crimes during trial and his behavior was not bad, in accordance with the proletarian policy of leniency he was being released prior to the end of his 20-year sentence.
In 2013, the CIA awarded Fecteau the Distinguished Intelligence Cross. The CIA\'s *Studies in Intelligence*, vol. 50, no. 4, 2006 included an article describing the mission, the capture, and, ultimately, the release of agents Downey and Fecteau. A related video documentary was placed on the CIA website
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# Tongues (Kieran Hebden and Steve Reid album)
***Tongues*** is a 2007 album by Kieran Hebden and Steve Reid.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Kieran Hebden and Steve Reid; except where indicated
1. \"The Sun Never Sets\" -- 5:50
2. \"Brain\" -- 3:48
3. \"Our Time\" -- 5:04
4. \"People Be Happy\" -- 4:42
5. \"Greensleeves\" (Traditional; arranged by Hebden and Reid) - 2:39
6. \"Rhythm Dance\" -- 6:51
7. \"Mirrors\" -- 3:11
8. \"The Squid\" -- 4:12
9. \"Superheroes\" -- 4:25
10
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# Mary Sinclair
**Mary Sinclair** (born **Ella Delores Cook**; November 15, 1922 -- November 5, 2000) was an American television, film and stage actress and "a familiar face to television viewers in the 1950s" as a performer in numerous plays produced and broadcast live during the early days of television. Sinclair was also a painter and had in her youth been a Conover model. Her husband, for a time, was Broadway producer and director, George Abbott.
## Early life and modelling {#early_life_and_modelling}
Sinclair was born Ella Delores Cook and raised in San Diego, California. As a young woman she began modelling in Los Angeles, and in 1944, she left Hollywood for Manhattan, where she modelled for the Conover agency and acted in summer stock. \"I was the arty type,\" she recalled in a 1951 interview with *The New York Times*. \"I wanted to go to New York and be a real actress."
## Acting career {#acting_career}
In New York City, she became friends with theater producer Hal Prince and theater producer, playwright and director George Abbott, her senior by thirty-five years, whom she married in April 1946 and divorced in 1951. And in the 1940s, she began to acquire experience as a freelance television actress, appearing on 36 programs in two years. But it was CBS board chairman William S. Paley who singled Sinclair out, in 1951, by giving her a seven-year contract with CBS, one of the first acting contracts granted by the network. *The New York Times* reported that she was the first dramatic actress \"to enter video\'s incubator for hatching its own stars.\"
### Television
After acting on 36 TV programs in two years as a freelance, in 1951, Sinclair signed a long-term contract with CBS, becoming the first person to join what an article in *The New York Times* termed \"video\'s incubator for hatching its own stars.\"
\" Ms. Sinclair usually played sweet, goody-goody characters on television. But not long after signing with CBS, she played quite different parts on three successive evenings: a vicious singer, a spiteful flapper and a libidinous shrew.\" \"She was dazed by the number of men she had to kiss on-screen and said, \'I average two strangers a week.\'\"
Sinclair starred in the live drama programs popular in the 1950s such as *Playhouse 90*, *Westinghouse Studio One*, and *The U.S. Steel Hour*. She had guest roles on early series including *The Untouchables*, *Peter Gunn*, and *Woman with a Past*. And she starred in productions of *Wuthering Heights*, *The Scarlet Letter* and *Little Women*; also on the *Sherlock Holmes* television series with British actor, Ronald Howard. On November 14, 1950, Sinclair co-starred in \"The Brush Off\", an episode of *Suspense*.
She was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1951. In total, Sinclair played in more than one hundred and twenty television shows and films during her career.
### Film
The one major motion picture that Mary Sinclair acted in was *Arrowhead* made in 1953, starring Charlton Heston, Brian Keith and Katy Jurado, with Jack Palance as an Apache chief, in which she played Lela Wilson. Paramount wanted her to appear in other films but she explained that she preferred working in television and returned to New York.
## A shift in focus to painting {#a_shift_in_focus_to_painting}
In the 1960s, as her television career faded, although attending the Actors Studio in Manhattan, headed by Lee Strasberg, and appearing on the stage, Sinclair, in the main, retired from acting, and devoted most of her creative energies to painting. She studied with artist Fleur Cowles and specialized in oil canvases of flowers and animals, and portraits of friends.
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# Mary Sinclair
## Sojourn in Europe and a return {#sojourn_in_europe_and_a_return}
After leaving the U.S. and living in Italy for a few years, in the 1970s she returned to Los Angeles, where she directed local theater productions. Later she moved to Phoenix, Arizona and lived there until her death in 2000 at the age of seventy-seven
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# Marzling
**Marzling** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany
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# James Park House
The **James Park House** is a historic house located at 422 West Cumberland Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. The house\'s foundation was built by Governor John Sevier in the 1790s, and the house itself was built by Knoxville merchant and mayor, James Park (1770--1853), in 1812, making it the second-oldest building in Downtown Knoxville after Blount Mansion. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and currently serves as the headquarters for the Gulf and Ohio Railways.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
The James Park House sits on what was originally Lot 59 in Charles McClung\'s 1791 plat of Knoxville. Sevier purchased the lot and began construction of the brick foundation of the house in the 1790s, and completed a portion of the wall facing Cumberland Avenue. Due to financial difficulties, however, he abandoned the house\'s construction, and moved to his farm at Marble Springs, on the city\'s periphery. Sevier sold the lot to his son, George Washington Sevier, in 1801, and the younger Sevier in turn sold it to South Carolina merchant James Dunlap in 1807.
In 1812, the lot with its unfinished house was purchased by James Park, a Scots-Irish merchant from County Donegal, Ireland, who had arrived in Knoxville in 1798. According to some historians, the original wing of Park\'s house was designed by Thomas Hope, an early Knoxville architect who also designed the Ramsey House and Statesview. Likely before 1820, Park added a second wing to the house, giving it its characteristic L-shape.
Park served as mayor of Knoxville from 1818 to 1821, and again from 1824 until 1826. In 1839, he lost Knoxville\'s first popular mayoral election to W.B.A. Ramsey by one vote. Park and his wife, Sophia Moody, had 12 children, some of whom were born in the Park House. President Andrew Jackson stayed at the Park House on a visit to Knoxville in 1830.
### Reverend James Park {#reverend_james_park}
Park\'s eleventh child, also named James Park, was born in the Park House in 1822. The younger James Park graduated from East Tennessee College in 1840 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1846, after which he was licensed as a Presbyterian preacher. He briefly served as co-principal of the East Tennessee Female Institute before moving to Rogersville in the 1850s to preach at that city\'s First Presbyterian Church. He returned to Knoxville in 1860 to accept a position as principal of the Tennessee School for the Deaf (then located in what is now Old City Hall).
During the Civil War, Park moved to his country home in Cedar Springs (in what is now West Knoxville). In late 1863, General James Longstreet, whose army was attempting to retake Knoxville from an occupying Union force, dined at Park\'s Cedar Springs house. Park later recalled that Longstreet had an inaccurate map that showed the confluence of the French Broad and Holston rivers to be below Knoxville, and refused to believe Park when he pointed out that the confluence was actually upriver from Knoxville.
After the war, Park was appointed preacher of Knoxville\'s First Presbyterian Church, and he moved into the James Park House, where he would live for most of the remainder of his life. An 1871 map of Knoxville shows the house surrounded by a grove of trees and a few outbuildings, with the St. John\'s Episcopal Church (predecessor of St. John\'s Cathedral) across Cumberland to the north. An 1886 map, on the other hand, shows the house surrounded by the church and numerous smaller houses, reflecting Knoxville\'s rapid post-war growth.
### 20th century {#th_century}
After Park\'s death in 1912, his house was sold and converted into office space. The house was used as a Red Cross workshop during World War I, and served as a medical clinic in the years following the war. In 1945, the Knoxville Academy of Medicine, headed by prominent physician Herbert Acuff (who was also instrumental in constructing the nearby Medical Arts Building), purchased and renovated the house. The Academy used the house for several decades before relocating to West Knoxville.
In 2002, Gulf and Ohio Railroads CEO Pete Claussen and his wife, Linda, purchased the house for use as the Gulf and Ohio\'s headquarters. Working with architect Lee Ingram of the firm, Brewer Ingram Fuller, the Claussens removed several modern elements and restored the house to its 19th-century appearance. These changes included the removal of a 1968 rear medical auxiliary and auditorium, and the restoration of the house\'s Victorian-era porch. The renovations were largely completed in 2007.
## Design
The James Park House is a `{{frac|2|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-story, L-shaped house with a modern service wing located at the rear. Claussen\'s restorations, guided in part by old photographs and architectural research, included the re-addition of a picket fence surrounding the property, reconstruction of the house\'s Victorian-style front porch, rebuilding of the front stairs, and the reshaping of the chimneys. An arched fireplace in the basement, the design of which is nearly identical to a fireplace in the nearby Craighead-Jackson House, was also restored.
The floors of the modern addition to the house have been painted with various historical maps of Knoxville. One of the house\'s restrooms contains a ceiling-to-floor safe. Another restroom is modeled after the restroom of the Red Sage restaurant in Washington, D.C. A windowpane in the house contains the name \"Sallie,\" which was probably etched by a daughter of the Reverend James Park
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# Mauern
**Mauern** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany
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# Delaware Route 92
**Delaware Route 92** (**DE 92**) is a 8.83 mi road in northern New Castle County, Delaware, that runs a short distance to the south of the Pennsylvania/Delaware state line for most of its length. The route runs from DE 100 near Montchanin east to U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Claymont. The road is a two-lane rural road between the western terminus and US 202, passing through Brandywine Creek State Park and the Brandywine Valley section of First State National Historical Park. East of US 202, DE 92 is a four-lane divided highway called Naamans Road that passes through suburban areas to the north of Wilmington, with an interchange at Interstate 95 (I-95) in Claymont. DE 92 was first built as a state highway east of US 202 during the 1920s and 1930s. By 1968, the route was designated onto its current alignment. In the 1990s, DE 92 east of US 202 was widened into a divided highway.
## Route description {#route_description}
DE 92 begins at the intersection with DE 100 and Adams Dam Road near Montchanin. The route runs northeast on two-lane undivided Thompson Bridge Road, crossing Wilson Run and passing through farmland to the north of Brandywine Creek State Park. The road continues into forested areas of the state park, crossing the Brandywine Creek. After the state park, DE 92 heads into areas of fields and woods within the Brandywine Valley section of First State National Historical Park. The state route leaves the park and continues northeast along Ramsey Road before curving to the north, passing near farmland. The route turns east onto Beaver Valley Road, widening into a four-lane divided highway as it passes south of business parks and north of the Brandywine Campus of Wilmington University before it intersects US 202 in Brandywine.
Past the US 202 intersection, DE 92 becomes Naamans Road and passes to the south of the Brandywine Town Center shopping center, where a park and ride lot is located, as it continues into residential and commercial areas and intersects Shipley Road. Past the Brandywine Town Center, the route heads through neighborhoods in Brandywine Hundred and has a junction with Grubb Road before it runs to the south of Concord High School and intersects Ebright Road, which goes north to Ebright Azimuth (the highest point in Delaware) and into Pennsylvania. After this, the road comes to an intersection with DE 261 in Ways Corner.
Farther east, DE 92 reaches a junction with the northern terminus of DE 3 in Hanbys Corner. Past the Darley Road intersection, the route passes north of a church that is home to a park and ride lot. From here, the road intersects Carpenter Station Road in Carpenter, where there is a park and ride lot on the southeast corner, before it crosses over CSX\'s Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line on a bridge and turns to the east-southeast. The route heads into business areas in Claymont and comes to a diamond interchange with I-95 at the northern terminus of I-495; the southbound exit at this interchange is from I-495 while the other ramps connect directly with I-95. After the I-95 interchange, DE 92 passes to the south of the former Tri-State Mall and crosses Naamans Creek before it has a westbound right-in/right-out intersection with the southern terminus of DE 491. Past this intersection, the route turns southeast and has a junction with Ridge Road before ending at US 13 south of the Robinson House.
DE 92 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 30,848 vehicles at the Harvey Road intersection to a low of 6,643 vehicles at the Creek Road intersection. The portion of DE 92 east of US 202 is part of the National Highway System.
## History
By 1920, what is now DE 92 originally existed as a county road, with the portion east of Foulk Road proposed to become a state highway. The state highway between Foulk Road and Philadelphia Pike was completed four years later. By 1931, the portion of road between Grubb Road and Foulk Road was upgraded to a state highway. The state highway portion was extended west to Concord Pike by 1936.
By 1968, DE 92 was designated onto its current alignment between DE 100 and US 13, with the easternmost portion replacing what had been designated a part of US 13 Bypass. DE 92 was widened into a divided highway by 1997 between US 202 and DE 261 and between DE 3 and DE 491. Two years later, the road was upgraded to a divided highway between DE 261 and DE 3
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# Captain James Newman House
The **Captain James Newman House** is a historic home in Knox County, Tennessee, United States, located at 8906 Newman Lane. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The house was built adjacent to the French Broad River in 1898 by Captain James Newman, who owned and operated a riverboat on the river. Like most houses built along the French Broad River in that era, the house had a steamboat landing in its front yard. The two-story house is an example of Queen Anne style architecture in the United States.
The house was listed on the National Register in 1998. It is privately owned
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# Nandlstadt
**Nandlstadt** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany. Nandlstadt is said to be the oldest hop-growing area in the world, having grown them since the year 860. The town lies in a triangle between Freising, Moosburg and Mainburg
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# Safet Nadarević
**Safet Nadarević** (born 30 August 1980) is a retired Bosnian footballer who played as a defender.
## Club career {#club_career}
Nadarević started his career at NK Jedinstvo Bihać. He then played for FK Sarajevo and NK Zagreb before joining Eskişehirspor in June 2008, on a 3-year contract.
On 29 August 2012, Nadarević signed a one-year contract with NK Zagreb. On 27 September 2013, Nadarević signed for NK Jedinstvo Bihać
## International career {#international_career}
Nadarević made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in a June 2001 Merdeka Tournament match against Bahrain and has earned a total of 30 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a September 2010 European Championship qualification match against France
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# Paunzhausen
**Paunzhausen** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Paunzhausen
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# List of geometrid genera: S
The very large moth family Geometridae contains genera beginning with A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, **S**, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z
| 43 |
List of geometrid genera: S
| 0 |
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# Benjamin Morton House
The **Benjamin Morton House**, also known as the **Morton-Bush House**, is a historic brick home located at 4084 Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States.
It was constructed in 1927, and designed in the Colonial Revival style by the noted Knoxville architectural firm, Baumann and Baumann. The residence carries the name of its early occupant, Benjamin Morton (1875--1952). Morton was the president of the wholesale grocer, H. T. Hackney Company, and served as Knoxville\'s mayor from 1924 until 1927.
The Benjamin Morton House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. Its grounds include extensive gardens
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# Rudelzhausen
**Rudelzhausen** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany
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# Kosugi Tengai
**Kosugi Tamezō** (小杉 為蔵, November 7, 1865 -- September 1, 1952), known by his pen name `{{nihongo|'''Kosugi Tengai'''|小杉 天外|}}`{=mediawiki}, was a Japanese novelist of the Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa eras. He is considered the founder of the naturalism movement in modern Japanese literature.
## Biography
Kosugi was born in what is now Misato, Akita Prefecture. He moved to Tokyo in 1886 to attend the English Law College (the forerunner of Chuo University, but soon dropped out to devote himself to writing full-time. The start of his career was hardly auspicious. When he brought a sample of his writing to Mori Ōgai, he was encouraged to "look for another profession". Undeterred, he visited Ozaki Kōyō, who confided to Izumi Kyōka that Kosugi would "never realize his ambition" to become a novelist. However, in 1890, Kosugi became a disciple of literary critic and satirical author Saitō Ryokuu, and began writing political novels under Saitō's direction.
He was hired by the literary magazine *Shincho gekan* in 1897, but was transferred by the magazine to the newspaper *Hōchi Shimbun.*
He published his first novel, *Hatsusugata*, a story about a geisha and her relationship with men from different social strata in 1900. He followed with a sequel, *Hayariuta*, in 1902, which was one of his most successful works. Kosugi attempted to write in a realistic and objective manner, without intruding the thoughts or comments of the author into the story narrative, which was considered rather revolutionary for the time. In the forward to *Hatsusugata*, he commented that he \"seeks to move the reader not by the unusual, but by what is normal and average.\". Familiar with Zola and other French authors, his experimentation towards realism is considered a forerunner of a Japanese style of naturalism. Although often compared to his contemporary, Nagai Kafū, Kosugi has been criticized for having two-dimensional characters who meet predictable fates based on family or environmental situations.
Kosugi was elected to the Japan Art Academy in 1948. In his later years, he also turned towards the genre of historical fiction.
His grave is at the sub-temple of Myōkō-in, at Kenchō-ji in Kamakura
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# Charles Battershill
**Charles Battershill**, (born June 17, 1956) was briefly the nominated Green Party of Canada candidate for the Toronto\--Danforth federal electoral riding. He stepped down not long after his nomination for personal reasons. Battershill has lived in the Toronto---Danforth riding for five years.
## Education and work history {#education_and_work_history}
Battershill received a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) from the University of Calgary in 1980, a Master of Arts from York University in 1983 and a PhD, again from York University, in 1989.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Battershill is a professor of social science at York University, where he teaches on such topics as global capitalism, technology and civilization, and the Industrial Revolution. He received his Ph.D. in 1989, and taught until 1994. Then he spent the next seven years in the securities industry in Toronto, working in finance and investment. For the next three years he worked with start up companies in health care and internet marketing. He returned to teaching in 2003.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Union involvement {#union_involvement}
At York University, Battershill is a member and All University Pensions Committee Representative of the Political Action and Research Committee of the Canadian Union of Public Employees.
## Political involvement {#political_involvement}
The 40th Canadian federal election would have been Battershill\'s first time running for public office. While a Green Party candidate, Battershill was a proponent of a tax shift involving carbon tax. He advocates for the use of public transport, and opposes the development of the Portlands Energy Centre
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# Wang, Bavaria
**Wang** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
## Archaeology
Wang is home to a large Neolithic archaeological site with up to six phases of occupation. It was first excavated by Jens Lüning (de) in the 1980s where several intercutting periods came to pass. It is also one of the most southerly eras of the first Linear Pottery culture (LBK) horizon period when sedimentary ideas, although not necessarily new people, came to central Europe. Most famous for the longhouse, this area uncovered several belonging to the LBK.`{{citationneeded|date=July 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
The site was recently reopened by A.W.R Whittle and D. Hoffman in 2008, 50 meters south of the original excavation where another three longhouses were fully excavated and 3 more uncovered
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# Othmar Zeidler
**Othmar Zeidler** (29 August 1850 -- 17 June 1911) was an Austrian chemist credited with the first synthesis of DDT.
He was born on 29 August 1850 in Vienna a son of the Viennese pharmacist Franz Zeidler. Othmar\'s brother, Franz Zeidler Jr. (1851--1901), also became a chemist and would collaborate with him on several projects. As a doctoral student with Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Strasbourg, then in Germany, Zeidler is credited with the first synthesis of the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, or DDT in 1874. Othmar returned to Austria before 1876 and, after working at the *I. chemischen Universitätslaboratorium* at the University of Vienna, became a pharmacist in the Fünfhaus district of the capital. He died in Mauer near Vienna on 17 June 1911
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# Danny Blanchett
**Daniel William** \"**Danny**\" **Blanchett** (born 6 May 1987) is an English semi-professional footballer who last played as a defender for Hayes & Yeading United.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
Born in Wembley, London, Blanchett started his career with the Queens Park Rangers youth system, where he played from 2002 to 2004. He trialled with Wigan Athletic and Wycombe Wanderers before signing for Isthmian League Premier Division Northwood at the start of the 2004--05 season. After failing to make any appearances he joined Isthmian League Premier Division rivals Hendon in December 2004, making seven appearances before the end of the season.
Blanchett signed for Harrow Borough in the summer of 2005, and having scored 1 goal in 33 appearances signed for Cambridge City of the Conference South on 3 March 2006. However, he returned to Harrow as injury cover later in the same month, making one appearance during a loan spell. He finished 2005--06 with 10 appearances and 1 goal for City.
He was a regular for City throughout 2006--07, however a challenge by a Newport County player cracked Blanchett\'s calcaneus. Spending months on the sidelines, he finally returned to fitness after some light therapy sessions.
### Peterborough United {#peterborough_united}
Blanchett had a two-week trial at Liverpool starting in February 2007 and the Premier League club considered a transfer for the player, who was rated between £25,000 and £50,000. Having made 24 appearances for City in 2006--07, Blanchett was signed by League Two club Peterborough United for an undisclosed fee on 19 March 2007. His debut came on 9 April 2007 as an 89th-minute substitute for George Boyd in a 2--0 home win over Mansfield Town. His first goal for the club came on his third appearance with a 22-yard shot, playing the second half of a 3--3 home draw with Rochdale on 5 May 2007.
The 2007--08 season saw him make his first start for the club, in a 9 October 2007 Football League Trophy tie with Milton Keynes Dons at Stadium mk. Milton Keynes won 3--1. He made his first league start against Macclesfield Town on 23 February 2008. He was deputising for Jamie Day, who had injured his back before kick-off, Peterborough winning 3--0. Indeed, he made just two appearances for the promotion-winning League Two team that season and was placed on the transfer list in May 2008. He made just three League One appearances and also played one FA Cup match in 2008--09, before again being transfer listed in May 2009.
In July 2009, he joined Port Vale for pre-season training. He played 90 minutes for Vale in what turned out to be a pre-season friendly defeat, Vale losing 1--0 to Biddulph Victoria of the Midland Football Alliance. On 7 August 2009, Blanchett joined Conference Premier club Stevenage Borough on a one-month loan, but did not make any first-team appearances. Blanchett joined League Two club Hereford United on 17 September 2009 on loan, making his debut two days later in a 2--0 victory at home to Accrington Stanley. He was played out of position at centre-back, but following the game said \"Centre-back isn\'t my usual position -- I\'ve played left back all my life -- but I find it quite comfortable\". He stayed on loan with Hereford until December 2010, making 16 appearances.
In January 2010, he joined Conference Premier club AFC Wimbledon on loan until the end of the season. He finished the loan with 12 appearances and after returning to Peterborough was released on 30 April 2010.
### Crewe Alexandra {#crewe_alexandra}
He signed a one-year contract with League Two club Crewe Alexandra on 23 July 2010 after a successful trial. Despite making 44 appearances in 2010--11, he was released by Crewe on 12 May 2011.
### Burton Albion {#burton_albion}
Following his release by Crewe, Blanchett began training with Championship club Derby County at the start of July 2011. He signed for Burton Albion of League Two on 30 July 2011 on a one-year contract. He was released on 8 May 2012 after making 16 appearances in 2011--12.
### York City {#york_city}
Blanchett signed for newly promoted League Two club York City on 2 July 2012 on a one-year contract. He made his debut in York\'s 2--2 draw away to Morecambe on 21 August 2012. Having made four appearances for York, he was released by the club on 24 January 2013 after his contract was cancelled by mutual consent.
### Later career {#later_career}
On 30 January 2013, Blanchett returned to Cambridge City, now playing in the Southern League Premier Division, on non-contract terms for the remainder of 2012--13.
Blanchett signed for Conference South club Havant & Waterlooville on 26 June 2013.
On 27 May 2016, Blanchett become new manager Rod Stringer\'s first recruit, alongside fellow former Havant & Waterlooville teammate Shamir Mullings, for National League South club Chelmsford City. After departing Chelmsford at the end of the season, Blanchett signed for Hayes & Yeading United ahead of the 2017--18 season. After starting in Hayes\' first seven games in all competitions of the season, Blanchett left the club
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# President's Cup Regatta
The **President\'s Cup Regatta** was an annual yacht race in the Philippines that attracted competitors from all over the world. It was one of the highly anticipated sports tourism events in the Philippines. The race, organized by the Manila Yacht Club, took place between 1997 and 2009. The race was replaced by the Commodore´s Cup, organized by Subic Bay Sailing Club. In 2019, the Commodore´s Cup was replaced by the Chairman´s Cup regatta.
## History
In 1993 a local sailing event was organized called The Easter Regatta which drew five local participants sailing from Subic Bay to Caylabne Bay in the mouth of Manila Bay. *Merkano*, an S&S36 skippered by Azelio Beano, won the Racing class, while *Airtight Garage*, a Humprhies half tonner skippered by Alan Burrel, won the Cruising class. The pioneer organizers of the event were MYC Commodore Ray Ordoveza, MYC Race Committee Chairman George Hackett, Jerry Rollin, and Allen Lundy.
The next year, the organizers of the Easter Regatta suggested to the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, organizers of the China Sea Race (a biannual race from Hong Kong to Manila Bay), to integrate the Easter Regatta into their race schedule. A course was made to race from off Manila Yacht Club, to Corregidor island, and then a next leg from Corregidor to Subic Bay. That sparked the interest of international participants.
In 1995, though a China Sea Race \"off year\", attracted more international participants as the RHKYC organizes the Hong Kong to San Fernando race. Participants of this race readily sailed down the coast to Subic Bay to participate in the Easter Regatta held in Subic Bay. Big names included Neil Pryde, Olympic yachtsman Grey Gibson, and Andy Lam and *Joy Ride* a J35 which won the previous year\'s China Sea Race series.
In 1996, RHKYC and MYC decided to organize the finish of the China Sea Race at Subic Bay, this meant that there were more boats interested in joining the Easter Regatta as well. *Beau Geste*, an ILC skippered by Karl Kwok, as well as local boats *Vida* of Ray Ordoveza and helmed by Olympic medalist Steve Benjamin, *Body Shots*, helmed by J24 world champion David Bedford, *Suicide Blond* a Mumm 36 and another Mumm 36 *Intabinda* chartered by Neil Pryde after his boat *Boogie Flash* suffered damage six hours after the start of China Sea Race, he returned to Hong Kong and flew to Manila and then to Subic to join the racing.
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# President's Cup Regatta
## The President\'s Cup {#the_presidents_cup}
Then Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos, impressed by the success of Ray Ordoveza\'s \"Vida\" in the China Sea Race and Easter Regatta, encouraged the Manila Yacht Club to organize an International regatta at Subic in 1997. Thus the Easter Regatta was renamed \"The President\'s Cup Regatta\". A perpetual trophy was specially designed for the President\'s Cup. The first President\'s Cup Regatta also drew participation from one-design sportsboats, to dinghies to beach catamarans. All in all 81 boats participated in the event with participants and crew from all over the world including North America, Europe, New Zealand and of course Hong Kong. Local participants included \"Vida\", \"Triple V Centennial\" a Bashford 36 skippered by Thomas Hovenshiold. Triple V Centennial became the first yacht name to be engraved on the base of the perpetual trophy of the President\'s Cup Regatta.
In 1998, the China Sea Race organizers decided that the President\'s Cup Regatta should be the inshore series part of the China Sea Race thus scores in the President\'s Cup counted towards the China Sea Race series. This assured international participation in the President\'s Cup from then on. That year saw new boats being raced to contest the coveted perpetual trophy. No less than 3 new Sydney 46s owned by Neil Pryde, Klaus Lienau and the Subic Centential Syndicate.
\"Karakoa\", Ray Ordoveza\'s new Excel 53, was the winner of the perpetual trophy, while \"Hocux Pocux\" of David Kong won the China Sea Race series. \"Team Windshear / Jo de Ros\", George and Rainbow Hackett\'s J-35 won the Cruiser/Racer Class. \"Tatoosh\" won the Cruising class.
The President\'s Cup has not taken place since 2009 when the Commodore\'s Cup was moved by Saturday Afternoon Gentleman Sailing (SAGS) to replace it. This led to the Manila Yacht Club filing a Temporary Rerstraining Order (TRO) against the Subic Bay sailing group SAGS and Jerry Rollin.
In 2019, the Chairman\'s Cup Regatta replaced the Commodore\'s Cup
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# PECO Building
The **PECO Building** is a modernist office highrise in Center City Philadelphia. The building is the current headquarters of the PECO Energy Company, formerly the Philadelphia Energy Company (PECo), and one of the companies that merged to form the Exelon Corporation. The building lies adjacent to the Schuylkill River, extends 27 stories tall, and has the address of 2301 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
## Overview
The Building consists of two conjoined buildings designed by architects Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson. The North building has a height of 96 feet and a length of 380 feet and a width of 196 feet. The south has a height of 384 feet and a length of 165 and a width of 67 feet. The North building was built in 1916 and the South building was completed in 1970. The PECO Building is notable for its electronic display, formally called the `{{Pslink||Crown Lights}}`{=mediawiki}, which displays news and a variety of other community messages.
## Crown Lights {#crown_lights}
The Crown Lights have been displaying messages atop the structure since July 4, 1976. The original electronic message board consisted of a total of 2,600 individual amber-colored bulbs which displayed scrolling text around the top of the building. At midnight on January 1, 2009, the lights were shut down and replaced with a more energy efficient and full color LED-based system which went live on July 4, 2009. In November 2020 the lights were upgraded once more, after being dark for four months. The new display\'s pixel density was improved from 25 to 39 pixels per inch. The display is 38 feet high, 148 feet long along the North and South side of the building, and 71 feet long along the East and West side
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# Wolfersdorf
**Wolfersdorf** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany
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# Sixty Days and Counting
***Sixty Days and Counting*** (2007) is the third book in the hard science fiction *Science in the Capital* trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson. It directly follows the events of *Fifty Degrees Below*, beginning just after the election of character Phil Chase to the White House. It follows the previous novel\'s deep freeze of the area surrounding Washington D.C. and details the remediation of the climate in the United States and around the world.
Like other novels by Robinson, *Sixty Days and Counting* is informed by Buddhism and Buddhist beliefs
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# Eppenschlag
**Eppenschlag** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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| 0 |
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# Armenian mouflon
The **Armenian mouflon** (*Ovis orientalis gmelini*) is an endangered subspecies of mouflon endemic to Iran, Armenia, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iraq.
## Taxonomy
The Armenian mouflon was first described in 1840 by Edward Blyth, who equated it with the \"Orientalische Schaaf\" (Oriental sheep) described by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1774.
It is known as the Armenian mouflon in both *հայկական մուֆլոն*, *haykakan muflon* and *قوچ ارمنی*, *Qutch-e armani*. Alternative names include **Armenian wild sheep**, **Armenian red sheep**, **Transcaucasian mountain sheep**, **Transcaucasian sheep**. and **Anatolian mouflon**.
## Distribution and population {#distribution_and_population}
In Iran, Armenian mouflons are found in the northwestern part of the country. Individuals were transferred to Kabudan Island in Lake Urmia in 1895 and 1906 by one of the governors of Iranian Azerbaijan. A study carried out in the 1970s at the island found that their number declined from around 3,500 in 1970 to 1,000 in 1973. In 2004 1,658 Armenian wild sheep were counted at the Angouran Protected Area in Iran\'s Zanjan Province.
In Armenia, *O. o. gmelini* is found in Syunik Province (and to a lesser extent, in the provinces of Ararat and Vayots Dzor). According to a 2009 study there were \"hardly over 200\" mouflons in Armenia.
In Azerbaijan, an estimated 250 to 300 mouflons are found in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.
## Habitat
The Armenian mouflon lives mostly in open rough terrain at medium or high altitudes, where they inhabit rocky hill country, lowland and highland steppes, rocky semideserts and, grass-covered slopes in the southern Caucasus region. They spend the summer at the highest elevations, right below the permanent snow. In winter, they move lower and may come into the valleys. They live in small or large herds (up to several dozen sheep). In the summer, the older males live singly or in separate groups. They may live up to 18 years.
These sheep have been introduced to Texas, USA, where they are used for the activity of hunting.
## Protection measures {#protection_measures}
*O. o. gmelini* was listed in Category I of the USSR Red Data Book. In Armenia, hunting it has been forbidden since 1936. A captive-breeding program has been initiated at the Zoological Institute of Armenia aiming to expand Khosrov Nature Reserve, reorganize the Orbubad Sanctuary into a state reserve, control livestock, and reduce poaching. As of 2011, the fine for hunting the Armenian mouflon in Armenia was 3 million drams (roughly \$8,000).
In Iran, hunting of *O. o. gmelini* is allowed only under permit, outside the protected areas, between September and February. Within the protected areas, grazing of domestic livestock is strictly controlled
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# Aeromarine
The **Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company** was an early American aircraft manufacturer founded by Inglis M. Upperçu which operated from 1914 to 1930. From 1928 to 1930 it was known as the **Aeromarine-Klemm Corporation**.
## History
The beginnings of the company dated to 1908, when Uppercu began to finance aeronautical experiments by the Boland brothers at Keyport, New Jersey. In 1914, Aeromarine itself was founded at Keyport with Uppercu as president. Aeromarine built mostly military seaplanes and flying boats, the most significant of which were the models 39 and 40. The company broke new ground in aviation by offering some of the first regularly scheduled flights. Aviation promoter Harry Bruno worked with Aeromarine to commercialize the transportation potential of airflight.
In 1928, the firm was renamed Aeromarine-Klemm Corporation and began producing mostly Klemm aircraft designs, until the Great Depression forced its closure in 1930.
The firm also built aero engines. After Aeromarine itself went out of business, the production of Aeromarine engines was continued by the Uppercu-Burnelli Corporation.
A subsidiary \"Aeromarine Sightseeing and Navigation Company\" merged with Florida West Indies Airways, Inc to form the Aeromarine West Indies Airways, later renamed to \"Aeromarine Airways\". it operated the Aeromarine 75 and Aeromarine 85 aircraft.
## Products
### Aircraft
Model name First flight Number built Type
------------------------ -------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aeromarine Model B 1912 1 Single engine biplane experimental airplane
Aeromarine Flying Boat 1914 1 Single engine monoplane flying boat experimental airplane
Aeromarine 39 1917 150 Single engine biplane trainer
Aeromarine M-1 1917 6 Single engine biplane trainer
Aeromarine 700 1917 2 Single engine biplane floatplane torpedo bomber
Aeromarine DH-4B 1917 125 Single engine biplane light bomber
Aeromarine 20 1918 Two to four-seat pusher plane
Aeromarine 40 1918 50 Single engine biplane flying boat trainer
Aeromarine 50 1919 Single engine biplane flying boat
Aeromarine ML 1920 3 Experimental
Aeromarine AS 1920 3 Single engine biplane floatplane fighter
Aeromarine SS 1920 3 Single engine biplane floatplane fighter
Aeromarine NBS-1 1920 25 Twin engine biplane bomber
Aeromarine 75 1920 6-8 Single engine biplane flying boat airliner
Aeromarine 80 1920 1 Single engine biplane flying boat airliner
Aeromarine 85 1920 1 Single engine biplane flying boat airliner
Aeromarine 52 1921 Single engine biplane flying boat
Aeromarine 43-L N/A Unbuilt passenger pusher flying boat
Aeromarine 44-L N/A Unbuilt passenger pusher flying boat
Aeromarine WM 1922 Single engine biplane mailplane`{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Aeromarine Sportsman 1922 Single engine biplane floatplane mailplane
Aeromarine PG-1 1922 3 Single engine biplane fighter
Aeromarine 55 1922 Single engine biplane flying boat
Aeromarine 60 1922 Twin engine biplane flying boat
Aeromarine L.D.B XII N/A 0 Unbuilt four engine biplane bomber`{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Aeromarine L.D
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| 0 |
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# Dirk Demol
**Dirk Demol** (born 4 November 1959) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist and a cycling team manager. He is currently assistant sports director of `{{UCI team code|LTS}}`{=mediawiki}.
As a rider he specialized in the spring classics, his best result being his victory in the 1988 edition of the one-day classic Paris--Roubaix for Team ADR.
## Racing career {#racing_career}
Demol grew up in Kuurne, Belgium. In 1987 he finished third at Kuurne-Brussel-Kuurne. In 1988 he won Paris-Roubaix for Belgian pro team ADR. He retired from racing in 1995.
## Management career {#management_career}
In 2000, Demol became assistant team manager for the U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team, a position he held until 2007. He then worked as team manager for Quick Step (2008), assistant team manager for Astana (2009), and assistant team manager for Team RadioShack (2010--2011). From 2012 to 2018 he was assistant sport director for various teams including Radioshack-Nissan, RadioShack Leopard, Trek Factory Racing, and Trek-Segafredo. At the end of the 2018 season he left Trek-Segafredo and became the head sports director at Team Katusha-Alpecin for the 2019 season. He joined the Israel Cycling Academy as the assistant sports director in 2020, and assumed the same position at Lotto--Dstny in 2024
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# Bernard Jackson (quarterback)
**Bernard Lewis Jackson** (born April 2, 1985) is a former American football player. He played college football as a quarterback at the University of Colorado at Boulder. As a junior, he was the starter for a majority of the 2006 season before losing his eligibility for academic reasons for his senior season.
## Early life {#early_life}
Jackson played quarterback for the Santiago Sharks at Santiago High School in Corona, California.
## College career {#college_career}
### 2003--2005
Jackson redshirted his freshman year at Colorado, where he was a communications major. In 2004, he saw action in six games at wide receiver and punt returner with minimal statistics recorded. He dislocated his elbow during a punt return which caused him to miss three games.
In 2005, Jackson saw action in six games early in the season, mainly in spot action and as a kick returner and tailback, again recording minimal statistics.
### 2006 {#section_1}
With a new head giving coach, Dan Hawkins, all positions were up for grabs (except the kicker, which Mason Crosby already had a lock on the position), especially the quarterback position with Joel Klatt\'s eligibility used up. James Cox, the only senior quarterback on the team and the only quarterback with career starts for experience was thought to be the favorite. But he missed all of spring training with a broken thumb while his two main competitors, juniors Jackson and Brian White practiced. (Cody Hawkins, also the head coach\'s son, redshirted for the 2006 season.) On August 20, 2006, Coach Hawkins announced Cox would be the starting quarterback. He started the first game of the season on September 2, 2006, against Division I-AA Montana State. Colorado lost the game 19--10 in the start of the horrible season. Cox went 8--22 with no touchdowns or interceptions. Cox was surprisingly replaced as starter the following week by Jackson. Jackson remained the starter for the rest of the season.
Jackson was named as an honorable mention to the Colorado Buffaloes\'s all-decade team due to his excellence on and off the field.
### 2007 {#section_2}
Jackson had strong competition from Cody Hawkins, Matt Ballenger, and Nick Nelson to remain the quarterback for this season. He was named one of three captains for the 2007 season prior to spring practice, where it was reported he may switch to another position. However, he was not able to remain academically eligible.
### 2010 {#section_3}
Jackson played his final year of eligibility at Division II CSU Pueblo, with 34 receptions for 453 yards. He completed his degree in 2011.
### Statistics
Passing
-------- ---- ---------
Season G Att
2004 6 2
2005 6 0
2006 12 219
Totals 24 221
: College statistics
## Legal trouble {#legal_trouble}
Jackson and teammate Lionel Harris were arrested on suspicion of first-degree burglary, aggravated robbery and felony menacing in connection with a June 5 robbery in an apartment in the 1000 block of University Avenue. On January 22, 2009, Jackson pleaded guilty to lesser crimes and was sentenced to five and one-half years in prison. On December 1, 2009, Jackson was released on probation, which would continue until late 2014.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
From 2011 to 2014, Jackson was wide receivers coach at CSU Pueblo. From 2015 to 2018, Jackson coached quarterbacks and wide receivers for Pueblo East High School
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| 0 |
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# Fürsteneck
**Fürsteneck** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
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| 0 |
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# Bella Center Copenhagen
**Bella Center** (abbreviated **BC**) is Scandinavia\'s second largest exhibition and conference center (after Messecenter Herning), and is located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Located in Ørestad between the city centre and Copenhagen Airport, it offers an indoor area of 121,800 m2 and has a capacity of 30,000 people.
Among the larger annual events is the Copenhagen International Fashion Fair, the main event of Copenhagen Fashion Week held twice a year - in February and August, and CODE, the main event of Copenhagen Design Week.
## History
Bella Center takes its name from Bellahøj in northern Copenhagen where the convention centre was first situated. Its first building was constructed in 1965 to the design of the architect Erik Møller. During 1973--75, Bella Center was moved to its current location on Amager between the city centre and Copenhagen airport, while the original building was converted into a sports center under the name Grøndals Centret. At this stage, Bella Center\'s new premises were located in an undeveloped area outside the city on the former Amager Commons.
With the development of Ørestad, as decided in 1992 with construction starting from around the turn of the millennium, Bella Center\'s surroundings are in the process of changing into a dense urban area. When the M1 line of the Copenhagen Metro opened in 2004, it was with a station named for the Bella Center located next to it.
## Facilities
Bella Center\'s facilities include:
- Congress Hall that can be divided into three individual sections (up to 4,200 persons)
- 4 auditoriums with capacities from 310--930 persons
- 63 flexible meeting rooms (from 2--400 persons)
- Center Hall for banquets, parties, welcoming area, etc.
- Various halls that can be used as congress and exhibition halls
- Shopping centre with a grocer\'s shop and florist
### Bella Sky Hotel {#bella_sky_hotel}
The 814-room Bella Sky Hotel at Bella Center is now opened. Designed by Danish 3XN Architects, the hotel consists of two inclined towers, standing 76.5 m tall with an inclination in opposite directions of 15°.
The four-star Bella Hotel provides 814 rooms (100 suites), 32 conference rooms, 3 restaurants, a sky bar and a wellness centre. The foundation stone to Bella Hotel was laid 17 September 2008, and the first phase was completed in spring 2011.
## Events
Bella Center hosts a large variety of trade fairs, exhibitions, conventions and political summits. Every year, it generally hosts 25-30 large exhibitions as well as around 1,300 meetings of varying sizes.
Major events have included:
- 2017 ICANN 58
- 2009: United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009
- 2009: 13th Olympic Congress
- 2009: 121st International Olympic Committee Session
- 2009: 33rd Ordinary UEFA Congress
- 2006: MTV Europe Music Awards 2006
- 2002: European Council
- 1995: The World Summit for Social Development
- 1993: European Council
## Transport
Bella Center station on the M1 line of the Copenhagen Metro is located next to Bella Center.
The regional Oresundtrains from Copenhagen and Malmö stop at Ørestad station nearby the Bella Center. From here it is possible to change to the Metro M1 line to go one stop to reach the Bella Center metro station. The Oresundtrains also stop at Copenhagen Airport, 5 min. from Ørestad station
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# Stanley baronets
There have been four **baronetcies** created for persons with the surname **Stanley**, all in the Baronetage of England. Two of the creations are extant as of 2010.
The **Stanley Baronetcy**, of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster, was created in the Baronetage of England on 26 June 1627. For more information on this creation, see the Earl of Derby.
The **Stanley Baronetcy**, of Alderley Hall in the County of Chester, was created in the Baronetage of England on 25 June 1660. For more information on this creation, see the Baron Stanley of Alderley.
The **Stanley**, later **Stanley-Massey-Stanley**, later **Errington Baronetcy**, of Hooton in the County of Chester, was created in the Baronetage of England on 17 June 1661. For more information on this creation, see Errington baronets.
The **Stanley Baronetcy**, of Grange Gorman in the County of Dublin, was created in the Baronetage of England on 13 April 1699 for John Stanley, subsequently Chief Secretary for Ireland. The title became extinct on his death in 1744
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# Chiungtze C. Tsen
`{{family name hatnote|Tsen|lang=Chinese}}`{=mediawiki} **Chiungtze C. Tsen** (`{{zh|c=曾炯之|p=Zēng Jiǒngzhī|w=Tseng Chiung-chih}}`{=mediawiki}; Chang-Du Gan: \[tsɛn˦˨ tɕjuŋ˨˩˧ tsɹ̩˦˨\], April 2, 1898 -- October 1, 1940), given name **Chiung** (`{{zh|c=炯|p=Jiǒng}}`{=mediawiki}), was a Chinese mathematician born in Nanchang, Jiangxi. He is known for his work in algebra. He was one of Emmy Noether\'s students at the University of Göttingen, Germany.
One of his research interests was quasi-algebraic closure. In that area he proved a fundamental result which is now called Tsen\'s theorem.
## Biography
Tsen was born in a poor fisherman\'s family in Xinjian Country, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. His father Tschu-Wun Tsen (*曾祖文* Zeng Zuwen) had two sons and several daughters, and Tsen was the eldest son. His uncle Lei Heng (*雷恒*), who was a *jinshi* and a member of the Hanlin Academy, persuaded Tsen\'s father to send Tsen to school. Due to poverty, Tsen had to take leaves from school intermittently to work. After leaving primary school, he worked in a coal mine while self-studying.
In 1917, he passed the entrance examination and was admitted to Jiangxi Provincial First Normal College in Nanchang. He was subsidised by Lei Heng\'s son Tsebu S. Lee (*雷子布* Lei Zibu, given name 宣 Xuan), who was studying in Japan on government scholarship. After graduation in 1920, Tsen taught in primary school for two years. In 1922, Tsen entered National Wuchang Senior Normal College, later National Wuchang University, to study undergraduate mathematics, and he graduated in 1926. After graduation, he worked as teacher in high schools for two years to perform the mandatory teaching service of his degree.
In 1927, when Kuomintang split with the Chinese Communist Party, Tsen and some teachers and students protested against the breakup and called for alliance. Several of them including Tsen were beaten up and were hospitalized. Guo Moruo, then serving as director of the political department of the National Revolutionary Army, visited them in the hospital.
In 1928, Tsen passed the Jiangxi provincial government scholarship examination for studying in Europe and America. He went to Berlin University for language training for a year, and then he started studying mathematics at University of Göttingen in the summer semester of 1929. He studied algebra under Emmy Noether. Tsen received his doctoral degree in February 1934 under the supervision of Emmy Noether and Friedrich Karl Schmidt, and he dedicated his dissertation to his elder cousin Tsebu S. Lee. Having fled to the US, Noether evaluated the dissertation in a letter as \"sehr gut\" (very good). As a research fellow sponsored by the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, Tsen did a postdoctoral research with Emil Artin at Hamburg University for a year. There he became friend with Shiing-Shen Chern, who was a graduate student back then. Chern remembered him as a cordial and open-minded person well-liked by everyone.
Tsen returned to China in July 1935 and was invited by Chen Jiangong to National Chekiang University in Hangzhou as professor in the area of algebra. Chen was Tsen\'s teacher at Wuchang Senior Normal College and had encouraged Tsen to study in Germany. Tsen taught a course on algebra and a course on group theory based on the German textbooks of van der Waerden and Andreas Speiser respectively. As the books were in German, it was not easy for the students to understand, so he edited the notes taken by his student Chuan-Chih Hsiung and printed out for the students.
In 1936, Tsen published his third paper in the journal of the new Chinese Mathematical Society. The paper contained the work that he had done in Hamburg, and he dedicated it to the memory of his advisor Noether, who died in the previous year. The paper was hardly known outside China before 1970s, and the results therein were rediscovered by Serge Lang in his dissertation. Ernst Witt, who was Tsen\'s friend and had also been a student of Noether, always talked about Tsen\'s results in his algebra lectures and would correct others if they attributed them to Lang but not Tsen, thus helped bring attention to this paper.
Tsen and Chen fell out because of a failed matching of Tsen and Chen\'s younger sister for marriage. In 1937, Tsen left Chekiang University and was invited by National Beiyang Institute of Technology to become a professor. That year, the full-scale Japanese invasion of China started, and the school was evacuated from Tianjin to Xi\'an. Tsen went to Xi\'an to take up his post. The school merged with some other evacuated universities to form National Xi\'an Provisory University. The new university moved to Hanzhong and was renamed to National Northwestern Associated University, and it moved again to Chenggu. The university soon split into several schools, one of which was National Northwestern Institute of Technology, and Tsen became a professor of this school.
He married a high-school chemistry teacher Qin Hesui (*秦禾穗*) in Nanchang in 1937. His wife suffered a miscarriage on the long and difficult journey over mountainous terrains to Xichang. They had no children. He adopted a nephew as his son.
He bought a lot of mathematics books while in Germany, and he brought the books and his manuscripts back to China in seven full metal trunks. After the start of war, he kept them in his relative\'s home at a village in Xinjian, Jiangxi. Unfortunately, when the village had fallen, all his seven trunks of books and manuscripts were burnt by the Japanese invaders.
In 1939, Shu-tien Li, former president of Beiyang Institute of Technology and the president of the newly-founded National Xikang Institute of Technology, invited Tsen to be a professor at the new school. The campus of the school was temples scattered on Mount Lu (Sichuan) in the suburb of Xichang in Xikang Province. Tsen had a chronic stomach problem, and his condition was made worse by poor living condition and shortage of medical supplies in time of war. Tsen died of a stomach ulcer in Xichang, Xikang on October 1, 1940, and the school held a memorial service for him on November 18, 1940.
## Publications
- Tsen, Chiungtze C. *Divisionsalgebren über Funktionenkörpern.* Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. I, No.44, II, No.48, 335--339 (1933).
- Tsen, Chiungtze C. *Algebren über Funktionenkörpern.* Göttingen: Diss. 19 S. (1934).
- Tsen, Chiungtze C. *Zur Stufentheorie der quasialgebraisch-Abgeschlossenheit kommutativer Körper.* J. Chin. Math. Soc. 1, 81--92 (1936).
A Chinese translation of these three papers was published in a book in memory of Tsen
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# Grainet
**Grainet** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Lola J. May
**Lola J. May** (October 29, 1923 -- March 13, 2007) was a mathematics educator, consultant, author, producer of audio-visual materials, an early proponent of the new math educational process, and a household name among mathematics.
## Life
Her father was a salesman and her mother was a homemaker. Her father taught her mathematics every night using a movable blackboard and a collection of coins. She found her early schooling boring and too strict, and she did not initially consider becoming a teacher.
A native of Kenosha, Wisconsin and a summa cum laude graduate of the University of Wisconsin--Madison in 1945, where she received her B.S. in mathematics and science. After teaching high school for three years, she studied and achieved her master\'s degree in mathematics at Northwestern University in 1950 and her doctorate in mathematics education from there in 1964. She taught mathematics at New Trier Township High School in the Chicago area until 1960, and was a mathematics consultant at the Winnetka, Illinois public schools until 1998. Her summers were often spent teaching at the university level, but she taught mathematics to all grades over the course of her career.
She promised herself to make her students laugh and ask questions. She did not want her students to be bored by or scared of mathematics. She succeeded; her students cheered when they figured out the answers to math problems and lamented when class time with Dr. May was over.
May explained, \"The big thing I have going for me is my enthusiasm. There are people who are brighter than I am. There are people who may be better teachers-although I\'m pretty good at teaching-and there are certainly people who are better writers. But I have enthusiasm.\" This enthusiasm was not unnoticed; teachers in the same hallway as her described how loud she was.
May died on March 13, 2007, in Evanston, Illinois, at the age of 83.
## Contributions
Her authored works include her autobiography \"Lola May Who?\", the book \"Teaching Mathematics in the Elementary School\", a number of Harcourt Brace textbooks, monthly articles for a regular column in the *Teaching K-8* magazine, and a series of articles for the Chicago Tribune Magazine. May created videotapes, film strips, audiocassettes, and students\' audiovisual programs for teaching mathematics. She led 20 shows about \"new math\" for parents and teachers on NCB TV from 1962 to 1964. She also designed a cartoon series about new math for an adult audience, called Space Age Math for Stone Age Parents.
She frequently was a speaker at the annual California Math Conference and Northwest Math Conference during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. May also spoke at National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics (NCSM) conferences. She gave talks in all 50 states and around the world.
## Recognition
Her awards include the Northwestern Alumni Merit Award in 1999, the Lifetime Achievement Award of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1995, and the Educator of the Year Award from the Winnetka Chamber of Commerce
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# Jehanne d'Alcy
**Charlotte Lucie Marie Adèle Stephanie Adrienne Faës** (20 March 1865 -- 14 October 1956), known by her stage name **Jeanne d\'Alcy** or **Jehanne d\'Alcy**, was a French film actress. She is best known as being the mistress and eventual wife of French cinema pioneer, filmmaker and inventor Georges Méliès.
## Biography
D\'Alcy had achieved success in theatrical productions by 1896, but left the stage to devote herself to film, becoming one of the first performers to do so.
Born in Vaujours, Seine-Saint-Denis, she appeared in *Le Manoir du diable* (1896), *Jeanne d\'Arc* (1900) and *Le Voyage dans la lune* (1902). She was portrayed by actress Helen McCrory in Martin Scorsese\'s 2011 film *Hugo*.
She was the wife of Georges Méliès from 1925 until his death in 1938. D\'Alcy died at the age of 91 in 1956. She is buried with her husband in the Père-Lachaise cemetery
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# Christleton High School
**Christleton High School** is a large academy school located in the small village of Christleton on the outskirts of Chester, England. The Headteacher is Kevin Smith. The School offers education from age 11 to 18 and has its own Sixth Form.
Three current sitting Members of Parliament attended the school; Sarah Atherton, Samantha Dixon and Luke Pollard.
## History
Christleton County Secondary Modern School opened in 1958 and became the 17th secondary modern school and 57th completed new school to open in Cheshire.
The Secondary Modern and Secondary Technical School was designed to cater for the needs of pupils in the developing areas of Vicars Cross, Guilden Sutton, Mickle Trafford, Waverton, Barrow and Christleton, but also took in pupils from an area of approximately 75 sq miles.
The first school in Christleton was the John Sellars Charity School, built on land adjacent to the church in 1779, and was primarily for the education of boys. The same charity built a Girls' and Infants' School on land opposite the present High School, and this was extended in 1873.
The structure of schools for local children was established but there were also fee paying schools e.g. Christleton Academy for Young Gentlemen, and a Dame School which was adjacent to where the school stands today. This remained the structure until after World War II, when the building of new homes and private estates led to the need for additional schools.
In the late 1950s, Christleton was situated in the administrative district of Ellesmere Port and Chester Rural, an area stretching from Ellesmere Port to Malpas and skirting the eastern edge of the Chester City boundary. At the age of 11, 'higher' ability children would travel to Ellesmere Port Boys' and Girls' Grammar Schools for their education and a new school planned for Christleton would cater for the remainder.
This Secondary Modern and Secondary Technical School was designed to cater for the needs of pupils in the developing areas of Vicars Cross, Guilden Sutton, Mickle Trafford, Waverton, Barrow and Christleton, but also took in many other parts of the rural district, an area of 75 sq miles.
At its official opening on Friday 3 October 1958, Christleton County Secondary Modern School, as it was then called, became the 17th Secondary Modern School and 57th completed new school to open in Cheshire.
Headteachers of the school
: 1958--1980 -- Mr L George;
: 1980--1989 -- Mr P Hodges;
: 1989--2001 -- Mr G I Lawson;
: 2001--2016 -- Mr A J Lamberton;
: 2016--2019 -- Mr A D Stenhouse;
: 2019--2023 -- Mr D P Jones;
: 2023 -- current -- Mr K C Smith
## Sports facilities {#sports_facilities}
Christleton High School has access to the council owned Christleton Sports Centre, located on the school site. The facilities include a sports hall, gym, squash court, dance studio, a large outdoor floodlit court, an all-weather pitch and swimming pool.
## Ofsted
The School currently has a good Ofsted which was given in 2024. A previous inspection in 2014 by Ofsted gave the School Outstanding.
## Smoking at the School {#smoking_at_the_school}
The school first made headlines in 2002 when former headteacher Geoff Lawson introduced an experiment aimed at helping nicotine-addicted pupils quit smoking. Fifteen-year-old pupils from the school were permitted two cigarette breaks a day under strict supervision of teachers. This policy no longer applies with smoking being forbidden on school grounds
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# Haidmühle
**Haidmühle** (*Borské Mlýny*) is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The community lies in the Donau-Wald on the Studená Vltava in the Bavarian Forest, on the border with the Czech Republic. Haidmühle is located 25 km from Freyung, 24 km from Waldkirchen, and 20 km from the border with Austria.
A few meters away from the village is the border crossing Nové Údolí (*Neuthal*) to Stožec, which is open to pedestrians and cyclists.
Haidmühle was formerly a railway border station, connected by the Waldkirchen--Haidmühle railway to Waldkirchen and Passau, and by the Číčenice--Haidmühle railway to Volary and Prachatice. The section in the Czech Republic is still in use. Part of the route is a museum train Pošumavská jižní dráha in operation.
### Constituent Communities {#constituent_communities}
The municipality consists of the following districts:
- Auersbergsreut
- Bischofsreut
- Frauenberg
- Haberau
- Haidmühle
- Langreut
- Leopoldsreut
- Ludwigsreut
- Marchhäuser
- Raumreut
- Schnellenzipf
- Schwarzthal
- Theresienreut
There are the following districts: Bischofsreut, Philippsreut, Frauenberg.
## History
The village in the former Bishopric of Passau was secularized in 1803 with the majority of the Bishopric and the territory in favor of Ferdinand of Tuscany and fell until 1805 with the peace treaties of Brno and Bratislava to Bayern. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria originated with the municipality edict of 1818, the church today.
In the spring of 1933, when the community dedicated a *Ritter-von-Leeb House*, Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb was among the guests of honor. In June 1940, locals crammed into the *Niederl Inn* to watch with intense curiosity the movie Eine Nacht im Mai.
Since 1946 belonged to the former glassworks settlement Schwarzthal the municipality Bischofsreut who came to Haidmühle 1978.
On 27 April 1951, the church name was officially changed in Frauenberg Haidmühle
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# Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest
Azerbaijan has been represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 17 times since making its debut in `{{Escyr|2008}}`{=mediawiki}. The Azerbaijani participating broadcaster in the contest is İctimai Television (İTV). Azerbaijan was the last country in the Caucasus to debut in the contest and the first to win.
Azerbaijan has won the contest once, in `{{Escyr|2011}}`{=mediawiki}, with \"Running Scared\" performed by Ell and Nikki setting the record for the lowest average score for a winning song under the 12-points voting system, with 5.26 points per country. The country achieved five consecutive top-five results in the contest between 2009 and 2013, finishing third (2009) and fifth (2010) before its 2011 win and fourth (2012) and second (2013) following its win. Azerbaijan has failed to advance from the semi-finals on four occasions, in 2018 and since 2023.
## History
Prior to Azerbaijan\'s debut in the Eurovision Song Contest, broadcaster Azerbaijan Television (AzTV) expressed interest in participating in the `{{Escyr|2007||2007 contest}}`{=mediawiki}, but the rules did not allow this as AzTV was not an active member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). AzTV was denied active EBU membership on 18 June 2007, as it was considered too connected to the Azerbaijani government. On 5 July, İctimai Television (İTV) became a full EBU member, and on 15 October, it was given permission to take part in the contest by the EBU. İTV has participated in the contest representing Azerbaijan since its `{{escyr|2008||53rd edition}}`{=mediawiki} in 2008. İTV had already broadcast the contest in previous years, purchasing broadcasting rights from the EBU.
Azerbaijan\'s debut at Eurovision in 2008 proved to be successful, with \"Day After Day\" performed by Elnur and Samir placing 8th with 132 points. In 2009, Azerbaijan achieved an improvement on their 2008 debut, coming third and receiving 207 points with \"Always\" by Aysel and Arash.
Azerbaijan\'s first Eurovision win came in `{{Escyr|2011}}`{=mediawiki}, when \"Running Scared\" by Ell and Nikki triumphed. With their entry only receiving 5.26 points per voting country, Azerbaijan holds the record of the lowest average score for a winning song under that voting system (in place from 1975 to 2015).
The country managed another two consecutive top five results, with \"When the Music Dies\" by Sabina Babayeva finishing fourth with 150 points in 2012, and \"Hold Me\" by Farid Mammadov second with 234 in 2013, but in 2014, Azerbaijan failed to place in the top ten for the first time since their debut, finishing 22nd, the country\'s lowest result in a Eurovision final to date.
Azerbaijan has since managed to reach top 10 only once, with \"Truth\" by Chingiz finishing eighth in 2019. 2018 saw Azerbaijan\'s first non-qualification, with \"X My Heart\" by Aisel failing to progress from the first semi-final, followed by \"Tell Me More\" by TuralTuranX failing to advance from the first semi-final in 2023, and \"Özünlə apar\" by Fahree and Ilkin Dovlatov failing to advance from the first semi-final in 2024. In 2025, Azerbaijan scored its worst-ever result when \"Run with U\" by Mamagama finished last in the first semi-final.
## Popularity of the contest {#popularity_of_the_contest}
Since Azerbaijan\'s debut in 2008, the contest has been extremely popular in the country. After placing in the top 10 at its debut in 2008 and also ending in the top 5 from 2009 to 2013, the contest became a matter of \"national pride\". The high importance of the contest within the country became evident in 2013, when the Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev launched an inquiry into his country failing to award Russia any points in the 2013 final. Since 2009, the contest has consistently been the most watched show on Azerbaijani television, despite the fact that the contest is broadcast at midnight local time due to the time difference from Central European Time. Azerbaijan issued a postage stamp dedicated to Ell and Nikki\'s win in 2011.
The country spent `{{Currency|300 million|AZN|passthrough=yes}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{Currency|160 million|EUR|passthrough=yes}}`{=mediawiki}) on hosting the 2012 contest, including building a completely new arena for the event. `{{As of|2024|post=,}}`{=mediawiki} this is the largest amount of money ever spent by any host country on organising the contest.
## Participation overview {#participation_overview}
------- ----------------------------------------------
1 First place
2 Second place
3 Third place
◁ Last place
**X** Entry selected but did not compete \<!\--\|-
------- ----------------------------------------------
: Table key
Year Artist Song Language scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Final scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Points scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Semi scope=\"col\" data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Points
------ ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Elnur and Samir \"Day After Day\" English 8 132 6 96
Aysel and Arash \"Always\" English 3 207 2 180
Safura \"Drip Drop\" English 5 145 2 113
Ell and Nikki \"Running Scared\" English 1 221 2 122
Sabina Babayeva \"When the Music Dies\" English 4 150 colspan=\"2\" `{{N/A|Host country}}`{=mediawiki}
Farid Mammadov \"Hold Me\" English 2 234 1 139
Dilara Kazimova \"Start a Fire\" English 22 33 9 57
Elnur Hüseynov \"Hour of the Wolf\" English 12 49 10 53
Samra \"Miracle\" English 17 117 6 185
Dihaj \"Skeletons\" English 14 120 8 150
Aisel \"X My Heart\" English colspan=\"2\" `{{N/A|Failed to qualify}}`{=mediawiki} 11 94
Chingiz \"Truth\" English 8 302 5 224
Efendi \"Cleopatra\" English colspan=\"4\" `{{N/A|Contest cancelled}}`{=mediawiki} **X**
Efendi \"Mata Hari\" English 20 65 8 138
Nadir Rustamli \"Fade to Black\" English 16 106 10 96
TuralTuranX \"Tell Me More\" English rowspan=3 colspan=\"2\" `{{N/A|Failed to qualify}}`{=mediawiki} 14 4
Fahree `{{feat.}}`{=mediawiki} Ilkin Dovlatov \"*i=no*\" English, Azerbaijani 14 11
Mamagama \"Run with U\" English 15 ◁ 7
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# Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest
## Hostings
Year Location Venue Presenters Image
------ ---------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------
Baku Baku Crystal Hall Leyla Aliyeva, Eldar Gasimov and Nargiz Birk-Petersen
## Awards received {#awards_received}
### Marcel Bezençon Awards {#marcel_bezençon_awards}
Year Category Song Performer Composer Place Points Host city
------ ---------------- ------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------- -------- ----------- --
Press Award \"When the Music Dies\" Sabina Babayeva Anders Bagge, Sandra Bjurman, Stefan Örn, Johan Kronlund Baku
Artistic Award \"Hold Me\" Farid Mammadov Dimitris Kontopoulos Malmö
## Related involvement {#related_involvement}
### Heads of delegation {#heads_of_delegation}
Each participating broadcaster in the Eurovision Song Contest assigns a head of delegation as the EBU\'s contact person and the leader of their delegation at the event. The delegation, whose size can greatly vary, includes a head of press, the performers, songwriters, composers, and backing vocalists, among others.
Year Head of delegation
-------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --
--`{{Escyr|2011}}`{=mediawiki} Adil Karimli
--`{{Escyr|2014}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Escyr|2019}}`{=mediawiki} Husniyya Maharramova
--`{{Escyr|2016}}`{=mediawiki} Tamilla Shirinova
, `{{Escyr|2020}}`{=mediawiki} Leyla Quliyeva
--`{{Escyr|2022}}`{=mediawiki} Isa Melikov
--`{{Escyr|2024}}`{=mediawiki} Vasif Mammadov
### Commentators and spokespersons {#commentators_and_spokespersons}
The contest is aired on İTV with notable commentators include Azer Suleymanli and Murad Arif.
Year Commentator Spokesperson
------ -------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --
rowspan=\"2\" `{{N/A|Did not participate}}`{=mediawiki}
Murad Arif and Leyla Aliyeva
Husniyya Maharramova and Isa Melikov Leyla Aliyeva
Leyla Aliyeva and Isa Melikov Husniyya Maharramova
Husniyya Maharramova Tamilla Shirinova
Leyla Aliyeva Safura Alizadeh
Konul Arifgizi and Saleh Bagirov
Konul Arifgizi Tamilla Shirinova
Sabina Babayeva
Kamran Guliyev Tural Asadov
Azer Suleymanli
Murad Arif Faig Aghayev
Murad Arif and Husniyya Maharramova Ell and Nikki
Murad Arif
Azer Suleymanli Narmin Salmanova
Nurlana Jafarova Aysel Teymurzadeh
and Aga Nadirov Safura Alizadeh
### Stage directors {#stage_directors}
Year Stage director(s)
---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- --
Rennie Miro & Filip Adamo
Fokas Evangelinos
Åsa Engman and Nicoline Refsing
Ambra Succi
Roine Söderlundh
Naila Mammadzadeh
Fokas Evangelinos
Mads Enggaard, Konstantin Tomilchenko & Aleksandr Bratkovsky
`{{esccnty|Azerbaijan|y=2020|t=2020}}`{=mediawiki} Mads Enggaard
Mads Enggaard
Mads Enggaard
## Photo gallery {#photo_gallery}
<File:ESC> 2008 - Azerbaijan - Elnur and Samir 1st semifinal.jpg\|Elnur and Samir in Belgrade (`{{Escyr|2008}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Aysel> and Arash semifinal.jpg\|Aysel and Arash in Moscow (`{{Escyr|2009}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Safura> Alizadeh - May 2010 Semifinal.jpg\|Safura Alizadeh in Oslo (`{{Escyr|2010}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Ell> & Nikki - Azerbaijan (Eurovision Song Contest 2011).jpg\|Ell and Nikki in Düsseldorf (`{{Escyr|2011}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Sabina> Babayeva (Eurovision Song Contest 2012).jpg\|Sabina Babayeva on homesoil in Baku (`{{Escyr|2012}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:ESC2013> - Azerbaijan 03.jpg\|Farid Mammadov in Malmö (`{{Escyr|2013}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:ESC2014> - Azerbaijan 04.jpg\|Dilara Kazimova in Copenhagen (`{{Escyr|2014}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:20150516> ESC 2015 Elnur Huseynov 8202.jpg\|Elnur Hüseynov in Vienna (`{{Escyr|2015}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:ESC2016> - Azerbaijan 34.jpg\|Samra Rahimli in Stockholm (`{{Escyr|2016}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Dihaj> (Azerbaijan). Photo 348.jpg\|Diana Hajiyeva in Kyiv (`{{Escyr|2017}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:ESC2018> - Azerbaijan 01.jpg\|Aisel in Lisbon (`{{Escyr|2018}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Chingiz-Semifinal2-dress-rehearsal-20190516-EuroVisionary.jpg>\|Chingiz in Tel Aviv (`{{Escyr|2019}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:ESC> 2021 Rotterdam 1st Semi Jury Show Azerbaijan.jpg\|Efendi in Rotterdam (`{{Escyr|2021}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Eurovision> 2022 - Semi-final 2 - Azerbaijan - Nadir Rustamli.jpg\|Nadir Rustamli in Turin (`{{Escyr|2022}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Eurovision> 2023 - Jury Semi-final 1 - Azerbaijan - TuralTuranX (01).jpg\|TuralTuranX in Liverpool (`{{Escyr|2023}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Fahree> feat. İlkin Dövlətov, Eurovision 2024 1st semi-final rehearsal 10.jpg\|Fahree `{{feat.}}`{=mediawiki} Ilkin Dovlatov in Malmö (`{{Escyr|2024}}`{=mediawiki}) <File:Mamagama> at ESC2025 for Azerbaijan 10
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Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest
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# Thomas Phillipps
**Sir Thomas Phillipps, 1st Baronet** (2 July 1792 -- 6 February 1872), was an English antiquary and book collector who amassed the largest collection of manuscript material in the 19th century. He was an illegitimate son of a textile manufacturer and inherited a substantial estate, which he spent almost entirely on vellum manuscripts and, when out of funds, borrowed heavily to buy manuscripts, thereby putting his family deep into debt. Phillipps recorded in an early catalogue that his collection *was instigated by reading various accounts of the destruction of valuable manuscripts.* Such was his devotion that he acquired some 40,000 printed books and 60,000 manuscripts, arguably the largest collection a single individual has created, and coined the term \"vello-maniac\" to describe his obsession, which is more commonly termed bibliomania.
## The Collection {#the_collection}
In 1808, when Phillipps was 16 years old, he already owned 112 books (largely Gothic chapbooks). Later in life he is recorded to have said that he wanted to own one of every book in the world. Philipps began collecting in earnest while still at Rugby, and his manuscript catalogue from 1811, now at the Grolier Club, shows a turn in his collecting from 1808. He continued buying books when he went on to University College, Oxford and graduated in 1815. In 1820, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
A. N. L. Munby notes that, \"\[Phillipps\] spent perhaps between two hundred thousand and a quarter of a million pounds\[,\] altogether four or five thousand pounds a year, while accessions came in at the rate of forty or fifty a week.\". Phillipps would go into bookshops and purchase the entire stock; he would receive dealers\' catalogues and buy all the listings; his agents bought entire lots of books at auction, outbidding his rival the British Museum. His country seat, Middle Hill near Broadway, Worcestershire, gave over sixteen of twenty rooms to books. After Sir Frederic Madden, the keeper of manuscripts of the British Museum, visited the house, he wrote in his diary:
> The house looks more miserable and dilapidated every time I visit it, and there is not a room now that is not crowded with large boxes full of MSS. The state of things is really inconceivable. Lady P is absent, and were I in her place, I would never return to so wretched an abode. . . . Every room is filled with heaps of papers, MSS, books, charters, packages & other things, lying in heaps under your feet, piled upon tables, beds, chairs, ladders &c.&c. and in every room, piles of huge boxes, up to the ceiling, containing the more valuable volumes! It is quite sickening\...The windows of the house are never opened, and the close confined air & smell of the paper & MSSis almost unbearable.
In 1850, at a meeting of the Cambrian Archaeological society (Cymdeithas Hynafiaethau Cymru), Phillips announced that he was seeking to locate his large collection at a location in Wales. He employed a distant relative by marriage, Amelia Elizabeth Guppy, to photograph some of his collection in 1853 including artefacts from Babylon and Utrecht.
In 1863, Phillipps began to move the collection as he was fearful that his son-in-law, James Orchard Halliwell, would gain ownership of it when Phillipps\'s estranged daughter inherited Middle Hill. Halliwell was apparently a book thief (Phillips accused Halliwell of stealing his 1603 copy of *Hamlet*, which he sold to the British Museum minus the title page containing Phillipps\' book stamp) and also a destroyer of other valuable old books, cutting out pages to stick them in his scrapbook. At least 105 wagon-loads, each drawn by two horses and accompanied by one or two men, were used to move the collection to Thirlestaine House in Cheltenham over a period of eight months, leaving Middle Hill to fall to ruin. The previous owner of Thirlestaine House was John Rushout, 2nd Baron Northwick, whose important art collection had been sold in 1859 after he died intestate. There are thus numerous MSS named \"Codex Middlehillianus\", \"Cheltenham Codex\" or \"Codex Cheltenhamensis\".
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# Thomas Phillipps
## Legacy
After Phillipps died in 1872, the probate valuation, made by Edward Bond of the British Museum, of his manuscripts was £74,779 17s 0d. His success as a collector owed something to the dispersal of the monastic libraries following the French Revolution and the relative cheapness of a large amount of vellum material, in particular English legal documents, many of which owe their survival to Phillipps. He was an assiduous cataloguer who established the Middle Hill Press (Typis Medio-Montanis) in 1822 not only to record his book holdings but also to publish his findings in English topography and genealogy. The press was housed in Broadway Tower, a folly completed on Broadway Hill, Worcestershire, in 1798. During his lifetime, Phillipps attempted to turn over his collection to the British nation and corresponded with the then-Chancellor of the Exchequer Disraeli so that it should be acquired for the British Museum. Negotiations proved unsuccessful and, ultimately, the dispersal of his collection took over 100 years.
Phillipps\'s will stipulated that his books should remain intact at Thirlestaine House, that no bookseller or stranger should rearrange them and that no Roman Catholic, especially his son-in-law James Halliwell, should be permitted to view them.
In 1885, the Court of Chancery declared this too restrictive and thus made possible the sale of the library which Phillipps\'s grandson, Thomas FitzRoy Fenwick, supervised for the next fifty years. Significant portions of the European material were sold to the national collections on the continent including the Royal Library, Berlin, the Royal Library of Belgium, and the Provincial Archives (:nl:*Gemeentearchief*) in Utrecht as well as the sale of outstanding individual items to the J. Pierpont Morgan and Henry E. Huntington libraries. By 1946, what was known as the \"residue\" was sold to London booksellers Phillip and Lionel Robinson for £100,000, though this part of the collection was uncatalogued and unexamined. The Robinsons endeavoured to sell these books through their own published catalogues and a number of Sotheby\'s sales. The final portion of the collection was sold by Christie\'s on 7 June 2006, lots 18--38. A five-volume history of the collection and its dispersal, *Phillipps Studies*, by A. N. L. Munby was published between 1951 and 1960.
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# Thomas Phillipps
## Family
Phillipps married Henrietta Elizabeth Molyneux, daughter of Major-General Thomas Molyneux, in 1819. This was after the death of his father, who had opposed the match because she lacked a dowry. In 1821, he was made baronet of Middle Hill in the County of Worcester at the age of 29. The honour was the result of his father-in-law\'s connections with the Duke of Beaufort. He was appointed High Sheriff of Worcestershire in 1825.
Phillipps\' eldest daughter, Harriett, married the Shakesperean scholar James Orchard Halliwell. While still an undergraduate at Cambridge, Halliwell had collaborated in research with Phillipps. He came to visit Thomas Phillipps in February 1842 and became attached to Harriett. Phillipps refused to allow his daughter to marry and the couple eloped. Phillipps was enraged by this and maintained a lifelong vendetta against the couple.
As the Phillippses had only daughters the title became extinct on his death in February 1872, aged 79. He was buried at the Church of St Eadburgha in Broadway
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# Hinterschmiding
**Hinterschmiding** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany. Populated places within the municipality include Vorderschmiding
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# Hohenau
**Hohenau** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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Hohenau
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# Jim Mathieson (sculptor)
**James William Mathieson** (21 June 1931 -- 12 April 2003) was a British Indian sculptor.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Mathieson was born in Calcutta, India, and attended the Lawrence Royal Military School in Simla Hills. His parents hoped that he and his brother David would become army officers. When the British began to leave India, he moved with his family to Scotland in 1947. Despite showing early skill in art, his father refused to fund his art studies. As a young adult, he completed national service, then worked in insurance while completing his school studies (O- and A-levels) at evening classes. He joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1960, becoming an active member. He campaigned against the Suez Crisis and joined both the Communist Party and the Committee of 100. He was arrested twice while protesting.
### Career
In 1964, at the age of 34, he started a four-year art course at City and Guilds of London Art School in London. Following this, between 1969 and 1979, he taught part-time at the Sir John Cass and Ealing schools of art, teaching aspects of sculpture. While still studying, he was chosen to cast Prince of Wales\'s crown for the investiture of Charles at Caernarvon Castle in 1969.
From 1979, he worked full-time as a sculptor. His best-known sculpture is of the artist William Hogarth and his pug dog Trump, which stands on Chiswick High Road, London. This was unveiled by Ian Hislop and David Hockney in October 2001. While he did create portrait and figurative sculptures, he most enjoyed abstract sculpture. In his abstract work he tried to capture the \"essential qualities that express this miracle of life\". Between 1984 and 1998 he sculpted portraits for Madame Tussauds as a way to make money while pursuing his personal art.
### Personal life {#personal_life}
Mathieson married Edna Skinner in 1959. They had a daughter, but she died as a baby in 1964. He and Edna had a second daughter, named Catherine, in 1966. Mathieson divorced Edna in 1979 and later married Judy Craig in 1981. Judy Craig, also a sculptor, became the head of the portrait studio at Madame Tussauds.
He was diagnosed with cancer in 1992. Mathieson died in April 2003, and was survived by his wife, his daughter, his stepson, and three grandchildren
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# Sujatha Vidyalaya
**Sujatha Vidyalaya** is a girls\' school in Matara, Sri Lanka. The Matara Buddhist Society founded the school as a private Buddhist institution in 1929. It was the first Buddhist girls\' school in Matara. Today, the Government of Sri Lanka operates Sujatha Vidyalaya as a national school; it was one of the initial group of schools to receive this designation.
In the beginning, Sujatha Vidyalaya was a small school. In the seventy years since its inception, it has become one of the leading girls\' schools in the south of the country.
## History
There was a large population of Buddhists in Matara at the beginning of the 20th century. The Matara Buddhist Society took the main role in providing English medium education. Vilmot P. Wijethunga, co-secretary of the society, advocated for the establishment of an English education institute. Dr. V. D. Gunarathna, president of the Matara Buddhist Society, the led movement for a school.
On Poya day in May 1929, the school was inaugurated with Gunarathna as its director. Sujatha Vidyalaya was the first Buddhist girls\' school in Matara. The school opened with four teachers who were all Buddhists. Mrs. A. E. Mathives came from India to be the school\'s principal.
Doreen Young, who was later to marry Communist leader S. A. Wickremasinghe, became the school\'s principal in 1930. She was responsible for young women from Buddhist Theosophical schools joining the anti-imperialist and socialist movements.
After the death of Gunarwardana, the school experienced some instability, especially as the Matara Buddhist Society was disrupted during World War II. C. A. Ariyarathna became the school\'s principal and personally paid the teacher\'s salaries.
The members of the Matara Buddhist Society who took the main role in continuing the school include:
- E. T. Gunawardana
- W. P. Vijethunga
- M. D. T. Kulathilaka
- D. N. J. Weerasooriya
- T. F. D. Abegunawardhana
- C. A. Ariyarathna
- W. P. A. Wickramasinghe
- Jorge Weerathunga
- A. Dayarathna
In 1958, Sujatha Vidyalaya became a government school.
## Campus
Originally, the school was located on land owned by Gunarathna that was formerly part of a coconut plantation, at the junctions bordered by the Hakmana Road leading to Veragampita. The secondary school included an office, three upper school classrooms, a small hall, a hostel for the senior girls, and a hostel for the juniors. There were two semi-permanent structures used for the primary section. These buildings had cement floors, walls made from planks, and roofs thatched with cadjan. There was no water on tap, so a broad was created in the back for washing purposes.
In 1936, land and an existing house in Gabadaweediya were converted into a new school facility.
## Student population {#student_population}
When Sujatha Vidyalaya opened with 36 students; all were Buddhists. In addition to its female students, the school admitted boys under the age of ten years old. The girls wore a white uniform with a blue and gold tie pinned at the collar and white shoes. The boys wore navy blue shorts, white shirts, and white shoes.
By 1936, the student population had increased beyond the capacity of its buildings. Once the campus increased in size, the student population steadily increased from class to class. As of 2023, the school has some 5,000 students.
## Faculty
The faculty includes 188 teachers. There are also 35 non-academic staff. Hemanthimala Wanigasinghe is the current principal of Sujatha Vidyalaya, replacing W. A. Nandawathi in 2010.
Past principals include:
Name Dates
---- --------------------------- ----------------------------
1 Mrs. A. E. Mathives 1929--1930
2 Doreen Young 1930--1932
3 Mrs. C. Amirthalingam 1932--193x ?
4 Mrs. Comalan Crain 193x ?--1937
5 Mrs. F. D.Lovel Hestings 1937--1938
6 Mrs. M. M. Perera 1938--1942
7 Mrs. R. Balasooriya 1942--1968
8 Mrs. L. Wedahitha 1965--1975
9 Mrs. Windser 1976
10 Mrs. D. P. T. Dharmasiri 1977--1989
11 Mrs. M. I. Weerathunga 1989--1993
12 Mrs. R. N. Amarasinha 1994--2000
13 Mrs. D. Bambarawana 2000--2002
14 Mrs. C. H. Pinidiya 2000--2005
15 Mrs. W. A. Nandawathi 2008--2010
16 Hemanthimala Wanigasingha 2010--present (as of 2023)
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# Sujatha Vidyalaya
## Academics
Originally, the school day was conducted in two sessions, with a lunch break of 45 minutes. Lessons were taught in English, using textbooks were imported from England. *Reading and Thinking* was the reader used in the primary section. In addition to the standard curriculum, students learned the Sinhala language, music, dancing, and drama. Almost every term ending was marked by a concert presented by the students.
In 1945, Sujatha Vidyalaya joined all schools in Sri Lanka in teaching lessons in vernacular languages. Today, the school is divided into primary and secondary sections. Sujatha Vidyalaya Primary serves students from grades 1 to 5, while Sujatha Vidyalaya Secondary accommodates students from grades 6 to 13.
## Student activities {#student_activities}
Students participate in national and international chess competitions. They also compete in the Brain Busters quiz program. Student athletes compete in netball, badminton, and track.
## Affiliated institutions {#affiliated_institutions}
### Sujatha Dhamma School {#sujatha_dhamma_school}
Sujatha Dhamma School was started in 1995 by principal Mrs. R. Gunawikcrema. It has around 400 students and fourteen teachers Godawela Pamarathana Thera is the school\'s principal.
### Sujatha Primary {#sujatha_primary}
Sujatha Primary is located in Welegoda. It was established in 1991 where the former Sudarshana Model School was. It includes grades 1 to grade 5 and about 1,500 students with 42 teachers. Samarasinghe is the school\'s principal
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# Innernzell
**Innernzell** (Central Bavarian: *Innanzej*) is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Jandelsbrunn
**Jandelsbrunn** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Jandelsbrunn
| 0 |
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# Mauth
**Mauth** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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Mauth
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# Neureichenau
**Neureichenau** (`{{IPA|de|nɔʏˌʁaɪçəˈnaʊ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|New Reichenau}}`{=mediawiki}, in contrast to \"Old Reichenau\") is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Adnan Gušo
**Adnan Gušo** (born 30 November 1975) is a Bosnian former professional football goalkeeper and current goalkeeping coach of Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Bosnia and Herzegovina {#bosnia_and_herzegovina}
Born in Sarajevo, Gušo started his career at hometown club Željezničar. He was usually a regular first team choice and in 1998 he won a championship title. Soon he went abroad. After a short spell in Turkish Erzurumspor and Spartak Moscow, he signed a one-year contract with FK Sarajevo in summer 2002. Gušo shortly after went to Romania, where he played for several clubs. While in Bosnia, Gušo won three league titles, one cup and one supercup, all while playing for Željezničar.
### Romania
Gušo was signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with FC Universitatea Craiova in January 2003, on free transfer.
After the relegation, he signed for FC Dinamo București in summer 2005 where he won the 2005 Romanian Supercup and then in January 2006 he signed a two-year deal with FC Argeş Piteşti.
### Cyprus
In January 2008, he moved to Olympiakos Nicosia but left the club the same year.
### Return to Željezničar {#return_to_željezničar}
In 2009, Gušo was named the goalkeeping coach of the first team of Željezničar. In 2011, he came out of retirement and played one more season for the club. He was still in the same time the goalkeeping coach. He won the double that season and once again retired.
## International career {#international_career}
Gušo made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an October 1999 UEFA Euro qualification match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 22 caps, scoring no goals.
He was not called up to Blaž Slišković\'s squad for the first four matches of UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying. At that time the first and second choice goalkeepers were Kenan Hasagić and Almir Tolja. Due to Fuad Muzurović's appointment as head coach, both were dropped and Gušo played the remaining 8 games as first choice. His final international was a November 2007 UEFA Euro qualification match against Turkey.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Gušo started his goalkeeping coach career in 2009 after finishing his career. He was appointed as a goalkeeper coach at Željezničar after Amar Osim was named manager. After 2 years as coach, Gušo paused his coaching career so that he could come out of retirement to once again be a player at Željezničar for one season.
In 2016, 4 years after finishing his playing career for a second time, he went back to coaching as he was appointed as the goalkeeper coach of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
In July 2018, almost a year after leaving the national team, Gušo became the goalkeeper coach in the Youth Academy of Željezničar.
On 3 January 2019, he left the Youth Academy to once again become the goalkeeper coach in the first team of Željezničar after negotiations with Amar Osim who was in late December 2018 for a third time in his managerial career appointed as the manager of the club. In the middle of a seven game winless run in the 2020--21 league season, on 5 April 2021, Gušo decided to leave Osim\'s first team coaching staff and returned to Željezničar\'s Youth Academy. In April 2024, he returned to work in the first team
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# Centre for Research and Development on Information Technology and Telecommunication (Albania)
The **Centre for Research and Development on Information Technology and Telecommunication** (*Qendra për Kërkim dhe Zhvillim në Teknologjitë e Informacionit dhe Komunikimit*), formerly known as **INIMA** or *Institute of Informatics and Applied Mathematics* is a research institute on technology in Tirana, Albania, affiliated since 2007 with the Polytechnic University of Tirana. It was founded in 1986 on the basis of the Center of Computational Mathematics (QMLL). The latter former was founded in 1971, depending from Tirana University (UT) and, in 1973, when the Academy of Sciences of Albania was founded, became one of the scientific institutions the Academy was composed of.
Having some of the most prominent experts in informatics and applied mathematics, INIMA has played a prime hand role in all informatics developments in Albania, in introduction of modern methods and technologies in different domains of Albanian reality such as: economics, engineering, geology&mining, medicine and health care, farming, animal breeding, etc.; in the preparation of new specialists as well as in offering different scientific services, installation and maintenance of computer systems, etc.
In 2007, with a Council of Ministers decision (#146 dated 28 March 2007), INIMA was dissolved and restructured as part of the Polytechnic University of Tirana. INIMA was renamed to \"Centre for Research and Development on Information Technology and Telecommunication\" (after Council of Ministers\' decision #824 dated 05.12.2007)
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# Kawabata evaluation system
The **Kawabata evaluation system** (KES) is used to measure the mechanical properties of fabrics. The system was developed by a team led by Professor Kawabata in the department of polymer chemistry, Kyoto University Japan.
KES is composed of four different machines on which a total of six tests can be performed:
- Tensile & shear tester -- tensile, shear
- Pure bending tester -- pure bending
- Compression tester -- compression
- Surface tester -- surface friction and roughness
The evaluation can include measurement of the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics contact the skin during wear. The KES not only predicts human response but understands the perception of softness
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# Neuschönau
{{-}} `{{Infobox German location
|image_coa = Wappen von Neuschönau.png
|image_photo = Neuschönau - Ort vom Baumturm.jpg
|image_caption = Panorama of Neuschönau Municipality.
|coordinates = {{coord|48|53|04|N|13|28|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Neuschönau in FRG.svg
|state = Bayern
|region = Niederbayern
|district = [[Freyung-Grafenau]]
|elevation = 650-1350
|area = 27.54
|postal_code = 94556
|area_code = 08558, 08552 (Altschönau)
|licence = FRG
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 2 72 146
|website = [http://www.neuschoenau.de/ www.neuschoenau.de]
|mayor = Alfons Schinabeck<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref>
|leader_term = 2020–26
|party = CSU
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Neuschönau** (`{{IPA|de|ˈnɔʏˌʃøːnaʊ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|New Schönau}}`{=mediawiki}, in contrast to \"Old Schönau\") is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau, in the Lower Bavaria region of Bavaria, in Germany.
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
- Botanischer Garten der Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald --- *botanical garden*.
- Lusen National Park Centre
- Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau --- *tall contemporary wooden tower, with a spiral ramp for treetop walking*.
- Hans-Eisenmann-Haus --- *visitor centre*.
## Gallery
<File:Neuschönau> - Badesee mit Blick auf den Ort 02.jpg\|Panorama of Neuschönau Municipality. <File:Pfarrkirche> Neuschönau.JPG\|Saint Anne parish church, Neuschönau --- a Cultural Heritage monument. <File:Großer> Rachel, Herbst 2009.JPG\|Panorama of Neuschönau Municipality: mountain Großer Rachel <File:Neuschönau> - Hans-Eisenmann-Haus,Lusen- Infozentrum.jpg\|Hans-Eisenmann-Haus visitor centre, footbridge to *Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau* (right). <File:Baumturm>, Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau.JPG\|*Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau* --- wooden tower profile. <File:Baumwipfelpfad> Neuschönau - K.JPG\|*Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau* --- walkway ramps into the tree tops. <File:Neuschönau> - Baumturm 02.jpg\|*Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau* --- walkway ramps into the tree tops
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# Institute of Consulting
The **Institute of Consulting** (IC) is the professional body for consultants and business advisers in the United Kingdom. It replaced the former Institute of Business Consulting (IBC) in January 2011, which was itself formed as the merger of two predecessor bodies, the Institute of Management Consultants (IMC) and the Institute of Business Advisors (IBA). The Institute of Consulting is an organisation within the Chartered Management Institute (CMI).
The IC offers several grades of membership, qualifications, training and awards as well as a range of tools and resource to support members. The institute also operates an accreditation process for its members.
## History
During a conference held in Paris during the 1950s, the Big Four consultancy companies at that time agreed to form the Management Consultancies Association. This was developed further into a professional institute and the Institute of Management Consultants came into being in 1962. Having changed its name during the 1990s to the Institute of Management Consultancy to enable corporate membership, the organisation began discussions about merging with the CMI in 2005. This led to the IMC becoming an organisation within the CMI later that year, but the two institutes remained as separate entities.
At the time of the merger with CMI, the IMC were themselves approached by the Institute of Business Advisors (IBA) about combining membership. After lengthy discussions, the IMC and IBA merged in 2007 to become the Institute of Business Consulting, an amalgamation of their two previous names.
Both the IBC and CMI suffered as a result of the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession. In 2010, the organisations established closer working links and relationships and, following feedback from members and the changing scope of their work, removed the word \'business\' from the name, becoming the Institute of Consulting.
## Membership
There are 4 grades of membership within the IC:
- **Affiliate** -- For anyone starting out in the consultancy field with little or no experience, or for anyone who just has an interest in consultancy and wishes to keep up to date with the profession. There is a sub-grade for those studying, **Studying Affiliate**, for individuals who are enrolled on an IC qualification course or are undertaking study outside of the IC, offering the Affiliate membership grade at a discount rate.
- **Associate (AIC)** -- For individuals who have a small amount of experience in the consultancy or advisory fields. This grade offers resources for Continuous Personal Development free to members. Associates are entitled to use the postnominals AIC after their name to indicate their membership.
- **Member (MIC)** -- The most popular grade, for individuals who have at least three years experience as a consultant or business adviser. Members are entitled to use postnominals MIC after their name to indicate their accreditation and membership.
- **Fellow (FIC)** -- The highest grade of membership available, requiring at least 10 years experience, of which three must be at a strategic level. Fellow membership of the IC provides additional benefits including the possibility of becoming a mentor. Fellows are entitled to use the postnominals FIC after their name to indicate their status within the institute.
## Qualifications and training {#qualifications_and_training}
The Institute of Consulting has several qualifications available for members, and offers courses to members and non-members
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# Philippsreut
**Philippsreut** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the border with the Czech Republic.
The village was founded in 1692 by Johann Philipp von Lamberg, Bishop of Passau, originally under the name **Kleinphilippsreut** (\"Small Philip\'s Glade\"), which name lasted until 1936. In times of founding it used to be a drinking station on the middle branch of the so-called \"Golden Trail\" (*Goldener Steig*), an important medieval trade route connecting Bavaria and Bohemia. When trade on the Golden Trail gradually disappeared (during the first half of the 18th century), the village remained a poor mountainous settlement, whose inhabitants lived -- like the other peoples in the Bavarian/Bohemian Forest -- mainly from logging and glassmaking. Today, main source of livelihood is tourism.
Despite its negligible size and remote location, Philippsreut has very good transport connections: here ends the *Bundesstraße* (federal highway) B12 and is continued on the Czech side by the *silnice* I/4 (road of 1st class) which heads towards Prague
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# Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant
The **Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant** (*Atómové elektrárne Mochovce*, abbr. EMO) is a nuclear power plant located between the towns of Nitra and Levice, on the site of the former village of Mochovce, Slovakia. Two up-rated 470 MW (originally 440 MW) reactors plus a 471 MW VVER 440 reactor are presently in operation, with a fourth of the same type under commissioning. In 2022 it generated almost 7,000 GWh of electricity, the power plant provided approximately 20% of Slovakia\'s electricity needs.
## History
A power plant consisting of four VVER 440/V-213 pressurized water reactors was proposed in the 1970s. The Czechoslovak government began with a geological survey to find a suitable seismically stable site. After taking into account all factors the location of the village of Mochovce was chosen. Preparatory work was started in June 1981, and site construction for Mochovce-1 and Mochovce-2 started in November 1982.
Construction of the remaining two units, Mochovce-3 and Mochovce-4, began in 1985 but work on all four units was halted in 1991 due to a lack of funds. In 1995 the Slovak government approved a plan to finish the first pair with additional Western safety technology. The first two units were commissioned in 1998 and 1999 respectively. Commissioning of the plant has sparked protests in Austria, a neighboring country strongly opposed to the use of nuclear energy in general. Installed capacity of units 1 and 2 was up-rated by 7% in 2008.
Construction of Units 3 and 4 restarted in November 2008. They were planned initially to be completed in 2012 and 2013, but the completion date was shifted to 2016 and 2017. More recently the completion date has slipped to 2020 and 2022.
The owner of the plant is Slovenské elektrárne, which is 34% state-owned. Enel, an Italian utility company, was the majority 66% owner, but sold half its stake to Czech energy group EPH in 2017. Enel plans to sell its remaining stake after completion of units 3&4.
## Units 1&2 operations {#units_12_operations}
Since late 2008 the two operating units at Mochovce NPP have uprated net electrical power output to 436 MW per turbogenerator, ergo the total installed capacity of units 1 and 2 in Mochovce NPP stands at 872 MW. In 2009, the plant managed to generate over 7 TWh of electricity during a one-year period for the first time in its history. This represents approximately one quarter of the overall annual electricity consumption in Slovakia. All units at Bohunice and Mochovce NPP feature evolutionary VVER pressurized water reactors, which are characteristic with:
- relatively low power and power density
- huge volume of water for cooling during normal operation as well as in emergency
- robust design with reinforced concrete containment with walls thick up to 1.5 m
- triple redundancy safety systems (3 x 100%)
- high level of passive safety.
Water flowing from the units\' VVER-440 reactors to primary circuit heat exchangers has a temperature of about 297 °C. Cooling is by cooling towers.
## Units 3&4 construction {#units_34_construction}
Units 3&4 of Mochovce NPP are currently under construction. This project is:
- one of the three projects of nuclear power plants currently under construction in the EU
- the largest private investment in the history of Slovakia
- 2/3 of works on site are performed by Slovak companies
- 90% of the population around power plant is in favour of the completion of Units 3&4
- each unit will have 471 MWe gross 440 MWe net electrical output
- annual production of two units will save over 7 million tonnes of `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki} emissions.
Unit 3 was expected to be operational in 2021 and unit 4 in 2023, delayed from earlier plans for 2018 and 2019.
The commissioning license was issued for unit 3 in January 2022. The technical start license was issued in August 2022.
On the 26th of August 2022, the Slovak Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ÚJD) gives the final authorisation for the commissioning of Unit 3. The operator (Slovenské elektráne) commenced fuel loading operations on 9 September 2022. The first reactor criticality was reached on 22 October 2022. The third reactor was operational as of October 2023.
When all four units are operational, nuclear power is expected to produce 70% of Slovakia\'s electricity.
## Safety
Although the original power plant design featured safety improvements such as seismically resistant attachment of equipment, it did not suit the safety and regulatory environment of the 1990s. To rectify this the German company Siemens supplied a new control system, and Western and EU safety measures were implemented during the final phases of construction. According to the plant operator Mochovce nuclear power plant was the first Soviet-sourced nuclear plant in the former Eastern Bloc to meet the safety standards of Western nuclear power plants. The nuclear industry was conceived and developed with a conscientious awareness of having to face and respect strict safety guidelines, as well as technical, environmental and health standards. For this reason, safety at a power plant is verified and controlled at maximum possible levels in all of its phases (project design, authorization, construction, operation, decommissioning and final dismantlement), using procedures that have been elaborated exclusively for the needs of this specific sector. In addition, the realization of a nuclear power station is subordinated by a particularly complex authorization process comprising two different components: authorization from a nuclear safety standpoint, and in terms of its environmental impact (EIA -- Environmental Impact Assessment). In concrete terms, safety in the electronuclear industry is entrusted to a set of technical, organizational and human measures enacted throughout all stages of an installation\'s lifetime, with the aim of protecting citizens and the surrounding environment from a release of radioactive material under any circumstances.
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# Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant
## Environment
Nuclear power plants emit no greenhouse gas to the atmosphere, in this way NPPs annually contribute to CO~2~ emission reduction by 15 million tonnes in Slovakia. Nuclear power plants hence contribute significantly to the obligation to reduce emissions of harmful greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Mochovce NPP meets all international requirements and that the operation impact is minimal. Water required for cooling is taken from a water dam built on the nearby Hron river, which ensures sufficient supply of water even in extremely dry climate conditions. The impact of the discharged water on the quality of the Hron river water, fauna and flora is negligible. Emissions to the atmosphere and effluents to the hydrosphere are regularly measured and assessed in the 15-km area around the plant. There are 25 monitoring stations of the tele-dosimetry system, which continuously monitor the dose rate of gamma radiation, activity of aerosols and radioactive iodine in the air, soil, water and food chain (feed, milk, agricultural products). The volume of radioactive substances contained in liquid and gaseous discharges is considerably lower than the limits set out by authorities.
## Radiation protection {#radiation_protection}
For radiation protection of the power plant staff and population, the ALARA principle is applied. This principle ensures that the radiation exposure inside and outside the power plant is As Low As Reasonably Achievable and well below the limits set by legislation. The impact of the NPP operation on the environment and human health is negligible with respect to other radiation sources present in everyday life. There are 24 monitoring stations of the tele-dosimetry system in the 20 km radius around the power plant, which continuously monitors the dose rate of gamma radiation, volume activity of aerosols and radioactive iodine in the air, soil, water and food chain (feed, milk, agricultural produces). The volume of radioactive substances contained in liquid and gaseous discharges is considerably lower than the limits set out by authorities.
## Stress tests {#stress_tests}
Immediately after the Fukushima accident, European politicians, representatives of the nuclear industry and regulatory bodies agreed on the undertaking of power-plant safety reviews. All 15 member states of the EU operating nuclear power plants were involved. The testing of the two Bohunice NPP V2 units and all four Mochovce NPP units was carried out mainly through engineering analyses, calculations and reports. Stress tests analysed extraordinary external events -- earthquakes, floods, and impacts of other events that might result in the multiple loss of power-plant safety functions. The combination of events, including loss of power supply, long-term water supply breakdown, as well as loss of power supply due to extreme climate conditions were also assessed. Stress tests revealed no deficiencies requiring immediate action; the further safe operation of neither the operating units nor the units under construction was put in doubt. Identified measures would further increase nuclear safety, for example by adding mobile diesel-generator for recharging of back-up batteries.
## Technical data {#technical_data}
Unit Reactor type Net capacity Thermal power Construction start Commercial operation Exp
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# Pestana Group
**Pestana Group** is a Portuguese tourism and leisure group. Its hotel chain Pestana Hotels and Resorts has 100 hotels with over 12,000 rooms. The group manages Pousadas de Portugal since 2003.
## History
The Pestana Group was founded by José Pestana and his brother Manuel Pestana, when they acquired the Atlântico Hotel in 1965. A new five-star hotel was built in its place, the work was completed in 1972. Later Jose Pestana sold his part of the business and when Manuel Pestana retired he left control of the company to his son, Dionísio Pestana.
In 2003, the Pestana Group took over the management of Pousadas de Portugal.
In 2015, Pestana Group partnered with Cristiano Ronaldo to open a hotel chain under the CR7 brand. The first hotel was opened in 2016 in Funchal, above Museu CR7, later that year another hotel was opened in Lisbon. In 2020, Pestana Group opened its second hotel in the United States in Manhattan.
## Properties
The firm\'s main activity is tourism, having also interests in industry and services. It manages hotel units in three different continents: Europe, South America, and Africa. The countries it serves on those continents are \[in alphabetical order\]: Argentina, Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, and South Africa. Besides the 91 hotels, the Pestana Group has six timesharing properties, three golf courses, two real estate/touristic properties, a gambling concession for a Casino, a participation in a charter airline, a travel agency and three Tour Operators.
The Pestana Group owns Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira, a company in Madeira island that produces and distributes Coral, Brisa and Laranjada, some of the top-selling local alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. The Pestana Group also owns the Portuguese airline euroAtlantic Airways, and a stake in STP Airways, which is the national airline of São Tomé and Príncipe
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# Amino acid dating
**Amino acid dating** is a dating technique used to estimate the age of a specimen in paleobiology, molecular paleontology, archaeology, forensic science, taphonomy, sedimentary geology and other fields. This technique relates changes in amino acid molecules to the time elapsed since they were formed.
All biological tissues contain amino acids. All amino acids except glycine (the simplest one) are optically active, having a stereocenter at their α-C atom. This means that the amino acid can have two different configurations, \"D\" or \"L\" which are mirror images of each other. With a few important exceptions, living organisms keep all their amino acids in the \"L\" configuration. When an organism dies, control over the configuration of the amino acids ceases, and the ratio of D to L moves from a value near 0 towards an equilibrium value near 1, a process called racemization. Thus, measuring the ratio of D to L in a sample enables one to estimate how long ago the specimen died.
## Factors affecting racemization {#factors_affecting_racemization}
The rate at which racemization proceeds depends on the type of amino acid and on the average temperature, humidity, acidity (pH), and other characteristics of the enclosing matrix. Also, D/L concentration thresholds appear to occur as sudden decreases in the rate of racemization. These effects restrict amino acid chronologies to materials with known environmental histories and/or relative intercomparisons with other dating methods.
Temperature and humidity histories of microenvironments are being produced at ever increasing rates as technologies advance and technologists accumulate data. These are important for amino acid dating because racemization occurs much faster in warm, wet conditions compared to cold, dry conditions. Temperate to cold region studies are much more common than tropical studies, and the steady cold of the ocean floor or the dry interior of bones and shells have contributed most to the accumulation of racemization dating data. As a rule of thumb, sites with a mean annual temperature of 30 °C have a maximum range of 200 ka and resolution of about 10 ka; sites at 10 °C have a maximum age range of \~2 Ma, and resolution generally about 20% of the age; at -10 °C the reaction has a maximum age of \~10 Ma, and a correspondingly coarser resolution.
Strong acidity and mild to strong alkalinity induce greatly increased racemization rates. Generally, they are not assumed to have a great impact in the natural environment, though tephrochronological data may shed new light on this variable.
The enclosing matrix is probably the most difficult variable in amino acid dating. This includes racemization rate variation among species and organs, and is affected by the depth of decomposition, porosity, and catalytic effects of local metals and minerals.
## Amino acids used {#amino_acids_used}
Conventional racemization analysis tends to report a D-alloisoleucine / L-isoleucine (A/I or D/L ratio). This amino acid ratio has the advantages of being relatively easy to measure and being chronologically useful through the Quaternary.
Reversed phase HPLC techniques can measure up to 9 amino acids useful in geochronology over different time scales on a single chromatogram (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, arginine, tyrosine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine).
In recent years there have been successful efforts to examine intra-crystalline amino acids separately as they have been shown to improve results in some cases.
## Applications
Data from the geochronological analysis of amino acid racemization has been building for thirty-five years. Archaeology, stratigraphy, oceanography, paleogeography, paleobiology, and paleoclimatology have been particularly affected. Their applications include dating correlation, relative dating, sedimentation rate analysis, sediment transport studies, conservation paleobiology, taphonomy and time-averaging, sea level determinations, and thermal history reconstructions.
Paleobiology and archaeology have also been strongly affected. Bone, shell, and sediment studies have contributed much to the paleontological record, including that relating to hominoids. Verification of radiocarbon and other dating techniques by amino acid racemization and vice versa has occurred. The \'filling in\' of large probability ranges, such as with radiocarbon reservoir effects, has sometimes been possible. Paleopathology and dietary selection, paleozoogeography and indigeneity, taxonomy and taphonomy, and DNA viability studies abound. The differentiation of cooked from uncooked bone, shell, and residue is sometimes possible. Human cultural changes and their effects on local ecologies have been assessed using this technique.
The slight reduction in this`{{Clarify|date=July 2011}}`{=mediawiki} repair capability during aging is important to studies of longevity and old age tissue breakdown disorders, and allows the determination of age of living animals.
Amino acid racemization also has a role in tissue and protein degradation studies, particularly useful in developing museum preservation methods. These have produced models of protein adhesive and other biopolymer deteriorations and the concurrent pore system development.
Forensic science can use this technique to estimate the age of a cadaver or an objet d\'art to determine authenticity.
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# Amino acid dating
## Procedure
Amino acid racemization analysis consists of sample preparation, isolation of the amino acid wanted, and measure of its D:L ratio. Sample preparation entails the identification, raw extraction, and separation of proteins into their constituent amino acids, typically by grinding followed by acid hydrolysis. The amino acid derivative hydrolysis product can be combined with a chiral specific fluorescent, separated by chromatography or electrophoresis, and the particular amino acid D:L ratio determined by fluorescence. Alternatively, the particular amino acid can be separated by chromatography or electrophoresis, combined with a metal cation, and the D:L ratio determined by mass spectrometry. Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation of proteins and amino acids is dependent upon molecular size, which generally corresponds to molecular weight, and to a lesser extent upon shape and charge
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# Ringelai
**Ringelai** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Wellington Street (Hamilton, Ontario)
**Wellington Street** is a Lower City arterial road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It starts off at *Charlton Avenue East* as a two-way street for only one block where it\'s then blocked off by the *Corktown Park* and a couple of *Canadian National Railway lines* that cut through it. It then starts up again north of the park on *Young Street* and is a one-way street the rest of the way (Southbound). It ends in the *North End* of the City on *Burlington Street East*, in front of the Lakeport Brewing Company and the Administration offices of the Hamilton Port Authority.
## History
Originally Wellington Street was called *Lovers\' Lane*.
The Hamilton General Hospital is major teaching hospital on the corners of Barton Street East and *Wellington Street North* in downtown Hamilton, Ontario that is affiliated with McMaster University. It is sometimes referred to as \"HGH\" and was founded in 1848.
The *David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute* is a \$90-million Research Centre that will be home to 500+ scientists and will be built right behind the Hamilton General Hospital. The new building with 165000 sqft is expected to open in 2010. At least 250 new jobs will be added to the local economy. David Braley contributed \$10-million towards the project. Braley\'s donation marks an important transition in Hamilton\'s economy, as he takes money he made in the industrial economy and uses it to help the community develop a more diverse economic base. David Braley is the president of auto-parts manufacturer *Orlick Industries Ltd.*, former owner of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and current owner of the B.C. Lions. In 1856, the *Daniel C. Gunn Engine Shop* on *Wellington Street North*, produced the first Canadian-built locomotives. In 1976, *First Place* apartments, a seniors high rise at *King* and *Wellington* opened on the site of *First United Church*, which burned down in 1969.
Lakeport Brewing Company is based in Hamilton and focused on producing value-priced quality beer for the Ontario take-home market. Lakeport pioneered the \"24 for \$24\" value segment. Lakeport produces nine proprietary beer brands, two of which, Lakeport Honey Lager and Lakeport Pilsener, are two of the top ten selling brands in the province of Ontario. Lakeport has more than 200 employees at its production facility. It is one of the fastest-growing companies in the Hamilton region. Lakeport Brewing Company joined forces with the Hamilton Port Authority who will finance and construct a 35,000 square foot (3,250 m^2^) expansion to Lakeport\'s Hamilton harbour front facility. Lakeport Brewing Company is Canada\'s No.1 co-packer of beer, non-alcohol and spirit-based products. The company is also said to be North America\'s most modernized beverage alcohol production facility. On Monday May 8, Labatt Brewing Company made it official and announced that Lakeport, who they purchased earlier in the year, (March 29, 2007), for \$200-million for rights to the income trust, which controlled the plant, will continue to operate in the City of Hamilton. It will continue to operate in Hamilton as they believe it is a \"viable plant\" and \"the company is proud to integrate it with Labbat\'s.\" The operations employees continue to brew Lakeport in Hamilton but the marketing and sales jobs are now centralized at Labatt\'s head offices.
*Kenesky Sports* on Barton & Wellington Streets is the site where Emile \"Pops\" Kenesky invented the hockey goalie pads in 1917. His new pads were cricket pads, modified, and widened to approximately 12 inches. The new pads caught on extremely quickly, and this style of pad was used by a majority of pro goalies right on to the 1970s. NHL greats like Johnny Bower, Jacques Plante and Terry Sawchuk having worn them. Kenesky\'s company became the best-known manufacturer of hockey equipment in Canada. Also a hockey school for hockey goalies of all-ages. Alumni include NHLers Ray Emery and Dwayne Roloson.
## Landmarks
*Note: Listing of Landmarks from North to South.*
- Pier 10
- Hamilton Port Authority, Administration Office
- Lakeport Brewing Company
- Canadian National railway tracks
- Hamilton General Hospital
- David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute
- Kenesky Sports & Cycle Co. Ltd.
- Wellington Park
- First Place Hamilton, Seniors apartment building
- Corktown Park
- Escarpment Rail Trail (abandoned railway path)
- Bruce Trail
- Niagara Escarpment (mountain)
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# Wellington Street (Hamilton, Ontario)
## Communities
*Note: Listing of neighbourhoods from North to South*
- North End - Everything north of the Canadian National Railway tracks
- Beasley/ Landsdale, *Wellington Street* is the division between these two neighbourhoods.
- Corktown, Stinson, *Wellington Street* is the division between these two neighbourhoods.
## Images
image:WellingtonStreetNorthB.JPG\|Kenesky\'s Sports, site of hockey goalie pads invention image:WellingtonStreetNorthC.JPG\|Wellington South, walking tour image:WellingtonStreetNorthD.JPG\|First Place Hamilton, Seniors Apartments image:WellingtonStreetSouthA
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# Herma Kirchschläger
**Herma Katharina Anna Kirchschläger**, GCIH (née Sorger; 15 May 1916 -- 30 May 2009), was the wife of Rudolf Kirchschläger, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs and later Federal President of Austria. She served as Austria\'s First Lady from 1974 to 1986 during her husband\'s presidency.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Vienna\'s 5th district, Margareten, Herma was the daughter of a restaurateur. She had two brothers; her elder brother died on the Eastern Front during World War II, while her younger brother later took over the family restaurant. Due to food and heating shortages in Vienna during and after World War I, the family relocated to Kamegg, a suburb of Gars am Kamp, where they ran a guesthouse. Herma attended the local Bürgerschule in Gars am Kamp and later enrolled at the Piaristengymnasium in Horn, where she met her future husband, Rudolf Kirchschläger, at the age of 17. She graduated with her Matura in June 1935.
## Marriage and family {#marriage_and_family}
After working as a private tutor in Vienna, Herma married law student Rudolf Kirchschläger in August 1940; their civil ceremony took place in Rosenburg am Kamp, followed by a church ceremony in Gars am Kamp. The couple had two children: Christa (born 1944) and Walter (born 1947), who later became the founding rector of the University of Lucerne.
## Role as First Lady {#role_as_first_lady}
As First Lady of Austria from 1974 to 1986, Herma Kirchschläger undertook numerous representational duties. She learned foreign languages and familiarized herself with diplomatic protocols to support her husband\'s official functions. Herma was actively involved in various charitable, humanitarian, and social projects. She collaborated with the International Committee for Voluntary Social Services, eventually becoming its honorary president, and supported the Mother and Child division of Caritas Socialis in Vienna. Additionally, she regularly participated in meetings of the ASEAN Ladies Circle of Vienna and was a member of the international women\'s organization Beta Sigma Phi.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Following her husband\'s presidency, the Kirchschlägers resided in a townhouse in Vienna-Dornbach and spent summers at their villa in Rosenburg am Kamp. In 1998, they attended the celebrations marking the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Austrian Republic. Herma Kirchschläger passed away on 30 May 2009 in Vienna and was interred alongside her husband in the Presidential Crypt at Vienna\'s Central Cemetery
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# Röhrnbach
**Röhrnbach** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Colfax station
**Colfax station** is an Amtrak train station in Colfax, California. Served by the *California Zephyr*, it is unstaffed. The station was built in 1905 by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was restored in the early 21st century; in addition to a waiting room, the building also houses the Colfax Heritage Museum. The platform is movable to accommodate Union Pacific rotary snowplows, which are liable to scrape a platform eight inches above top of rail.
## History
The first station built on the site opened around 1865. The Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad began service from here on April 11, 1876, running until 1942. The modern station was built in 1905.
Between January 1, 1998, and February 13, 2000, a single round-trip of the *Capitol Corridor* terminated at Colfax. This service ended because of low ridership.
The station building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 as **Colfax Passenger Station**, with the 1880-built freight depot listed separately as **Colfax Freight Station**.
, Amtrak plans to modify the platform for accessibility later in the 2020s
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# Ralph Francis Stearley
**Ralph Francis Stearley**, CBE, (July 25, 1898 -- February 3, 1973) was a United States Army and Air Force officer. He is best known as a general in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Stearly was born in Brazil, Indiana, in 1898. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the cavalry on November 1, 1918. He transferred to the Air Service in 1925 and commanded the IX Tactical Air Command during the last two months of the war in Europe, supporting the United States First Army during combat operations in Europe.
## Education
After graduation, he remained at the academy until the following July, when he made a tour of battlefields in Europe. Upon his return to the United States in October 1919, he entered the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, from which he graduated the following July. He then joined the 4th Cavalry at Fort Brown, Texas.
He entered Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, in August 1921 and after completing the communications engineering course in June 1922 was assigned to the 4th Cavalry at Fort McIntosh, Texas. In March 1923 he joined the 1st Signal Troop of the 1st Cavalry at Fort Bliss, Texas.
## Early career {#early_career}
In March 1925 he was transferred to the Air Service and went to Brooks Field, Texas, for training at the Primary Flying School. In September of that year he was transferred to Kelly Field, Texas, where he attended the Advanced Flying School. Upon graduation in March 1926, earning his rating of Airplane Pilot, he remained at Kelly Field for duty with the 3rd Attack Group.
He was ordered to the Philippines in July 1928 for duty with the 4th Composite Group at Nichols Field. Upon returning to the United States in July 1930, he was again assigned to the 3rd Attack Group, now at Fort Crockett, Texas, where he commanded the 13th Attack Squadron. In February 1934 he went to Chicago, Illinois, for duty with the Army Air Corps Mail Operations, and in August of that year he entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama. In September 1935 he entered the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He graduated the following June, at which time he returned to Maxwell Field for a two-year tour as an instructor at the Air Corps Tactical School. In July and August 1938 he attended the Chemical Warfare School at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, after which he returned to Maxwell Field.
In May 1940 he became assistant executive officer in the Training and Operations Division of the Office of the Chief of Air Corps in Washington, which later became the Flying Training Command.
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
During April 1942 he served on the Canadian--American Military Board and in June of that year was appointed chief of the Air Group of the Military Intelligence Service of the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C. He became director of Air Support at Army Air Forces headquarters in January 1943 and the following May assumed command of the I Air Support Command at Morris Field, North Carolina, which was soon redesignated the I Tactical Air Division.
In April 1944 he joined the Ninth Air Force in the European theater as A-3 (chief of operations). The following August he became assistant chief of staff for G-3 of the newly organized First Allied Airborne Army, and in April 1945 was appointed commanding general of the IX Tactical Air Command of the Ninth Air Force, which operated in France and Northern Germany. The following September he became commander of the Air Section, Fifteenth Army Theater General Board, in the European theater.
## Post-war {#post_war}
He returned to Air Force headquarters in January 1946 for duty as deputy chief of the Legislative and Liaison Division of the War Department General Staff. Two years later, he was appointed director of the Legislative and Liaison Division of the Directorate of Public Relations in the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force.
He was named commanding general of the Fourteenth Air Force at Orlando Air Force Base, Florida, in July 1948 and retained that position when the 14th Air Force was moved to Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, in October 1949.
In July 1950 he was appointed commanding general of the Twentieth Air Force at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa.
He died in Brazil, Indiana, on February 3, 1973, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
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# Ralph Francis Stearley
## Awards and commendations {#awards_and_commendations}
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star Medal
Air Medal
Commendation Medal
Order of the British Empire, Degree of Commander (CBE) Honorary
Chevalier de la Légion d\'honneur (France)
Croix de Guerre avec Palme (France)
Order of Leopold (Belgium)
Croix de Guerre avec Palme (Belgium)
Orde van Oranje-Nassau, Degree of Commander (The Netherlands)
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------
He was rated a command pilot, combat observer and aircraft observer
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# Chronicle Books
**Chronicle Books** is a San Francisco--based American publishing company that publishes books for both adults and children.
## History
The company was established in 1967 by Phelps Dewey, an executive with Chronicle Publishing Company, then-publisher of the *San Francisco Chronicle*. In 1999 it was bought by Nion McEvoy, great-grandson of M. H. de Young, founder of the *Chronicle*, from other family members who were selling off the company\'s assets. At the time Chronicle Books had a staff of 130 and published 300 books per year, with a catalog of more than 1,000 books.
In 2000, McEvoy set up the McEvoy Group as a holding company. In 2008, Chronicle acquired Handprint Books.
## Publications
Chronicle Books publishes books in subjects such as architecture, art, culture, interior design, cooking, children\'s books, gardening, pop culture, fiction, food, travel, and photography.
It has published a number of *New York Times* Best Sellers; the *Griffin and Sabine* series by Nick Bantock, *Me Without You* by Lisa Swerling and Ralph Lazar, *Duck! Rabbit!* by Amy Krouse Rosenthal and *Olive, the Other Reindeer* by Vivian Walsh.
Other best sellers have included *The Beatles Anthology*, *What\'s Your Poo Telling You?*, *Mom and Dad are Palindromes* by Mark Shulman, the *Worst-Case Scenario series* by Joshua Piven and David Borgenicht, the children\'s series *Ivy and Bean* by Annie Barrows, *All My Friends Are Dead*, and *Papa, Do You Love Me* and Golden Kite Award winner *Mama, Do You Love Me* by Barbara M. Joosse. In March 2006 the company published *Between the Bridge and the River*, a novel by Craig Ferguson.
Chronicle Books has published at least 25 books in *The Art of\...* series that showcase the evolution of artwork and stories of animated films, including many by Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, DreamWorks and Blue Sky Studios.
The company also sells custom publishing service and gift accessories (such as desktop calendars), and operates three retail stores in San Francisco -- including one in the base of their corporate headquarters near AT&T Park.
In 2017 and 2018, Chronicle published *Star Trek Cats* and *Star Trek: The Next Generation Cats* by Jey Parks.
## McEvoy Group {#mcevoy_group}
In addition to Chronicle Books, McEvoy Group also owns:
- Princeton Architectural Press
- Galison/Mudpuppy, acquired in 2012
- Galison, a stationery and gifts publisher
- Mudpuppy, a publisher of puzzles, games, and toys
- I See Me!, a publisher of personalized books acquired in 2014
In 2006 the McEvoy Group purchased *Spin* magazine in connection with the owners of San Francisco\'s *7x7* magazine and California Home+Design. McEvoy sold off the magazines by 2014
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# Saldenburg
**Saldenburg** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte
**Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Ocellated wrasse
The **ocellated wrasse** (*Symphodus ocellatus*) is a species of wrasse native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. It inhabits areas with rocks and eelgrass at depths from 1 to. It feeds on various marine invertebrates. This species can reach 12 cm in standard length. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.
These fish live about two to three years. There are three distinct male forms. There are nesting males, sneaker males, and satellite males. The nesting males are the largest of the three and the most brightly colored. The sneaker males are the smallest of the three types and the most dull in color, and actually closely resemble the female phenotype. Satellite males are an intermediate in size and color between the large nesting male and smaller sneaker male.
Nesting males court females, build and guard nests, and provide parental care for the offspring. Nests are made of harvested algae. Sneaker males do not court females, do not provide parental care and they join in when a female and nesting male are mating in an attempt to fertilize the eggs before the nesting male. Satellite males assist in courting the females, they chase away sneaker males, but they do not provide parental care for the offspring.
The male types are determined in early development. If a male fish grows quickly, it will be a satellite male in its first breeding season then will become a nesting male in its second. For the slower growing males, they will be a sneaker male in their first breeding season, then a satellite male in their second. Breeding season occurs from May to June
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# Marie-Agnès Courty
**Marie-Agnès Courty** is a French geologist of the CNRS who works at the European Centre for Prehistoric Research, in Tautavel (Pyrénées-Orientales).
She has theorised that the impact of an object (asteroid or comet) of around 1 km in diameter hit the Earth, in the Southern Hemisphere close to the Kerguelen Islands around 4000 years ago (around 2350 BC). This cataclysm led to a great deal of incandescent material, which could explain myths such as the Apocalypse and Sodom and Gomorrah. She arrived at this conclusion after discovering pockets of earth dating from this era that had been heated to more than 1500 °C in a number of areas, notably in Syria and France. A series of chevrons point toward a spot in the middle of the Indian Ocean where newly discovered Burckle crater, 18 miles in diameter, lies 12,500 feet below the surface.
This thesis has been criticized by other scientists because of the absence of craters and of iridium in the pockets of land from this time.
Critics have not provided adequate data showing that all impacts contain iridium and other metals such as higher proportions of nickel or other heavier metals may also be proposed alternatives for distinct proof of an impact signature
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# Route nationale 24
The **Route nationale 24** is a highway in western France. It connects the city of Rennes with the Atlantic port of Lorient. The road is approximately 149 km long.
## Route
The road starts at a junction with the N12 in the city centre of Rennes. The road heads south west and is a dual carriageway. The old road is numbered the RD224 and passes through the town of Mordelles. Thereafter the road is an upgrade of the former carriageway. At Plélan-le-Grand the new and old roads diverge again with the new road looping to the south at autoroute standard until rejoining at the town of Ploëmel. The old road numbered the RD724 skirted the *Foret de Paimpont* crossing the River Aff. It then headed across moorland (Camp de Coëtquidan-St-Cyr) before passing through the village of Campénéac before reaching the town of Ploëmel.
The road continues west over the rivers Ninian and Yvel. The *Colonne des Trente* is a memorial at the side of the road. The road now by-passes the town of Josselin and crosses the River Oust. The N24 is again autoroute standard as it continues passing north of Locminé. Thereafter the old route of the road is numbered the RD724 which has several steep inclines and descents as it crosses the River Evel and heads through the town of Baud. To the west of Baud is the *Vénus de Quinpily*.
The old and new routes then run parallel past the village of Languidic and entering the valley of the River Blavet. The old route headed through Hennebont crossing the river and then into north west Lorient as the Rue Jean Jaurès ending eventually at the Pont de Camel and the entrance to the port. The new road curves to the south ending at Junction 39 of the N165, European route 60 (Brest to Nantes) south east of Hennebont
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# Roni (footballer, born 1987)
**Roni Visnoveski Turola** or simply **Roni** (born 7 July 1987 in Botucatu, is a Brazilian goalkeeper. He currently plays for Uberaba on loan from Santos
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# Rau'shee Warren
**Rau\'shee Warren** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|aʊ|ʃ|iː}}`{=mediawiki}; born February 13, 1987) is an American professional boxer who held the WBA (Undisputed), and IBO bantamweight titles from 2016 to 2017. As an amateur he won a gold medal at the 2007 World Championships, as well as bronze at the 2005 and 2011 World Championships, all in the flyweight division.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
At the 1st AIBA American 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in 2004, at the age of 17, he upset Rayonta Whitfield and Diego Hurtado and international competitors Raúl Castañeda (Mexico), and Miguel Miranda (Venezuela) to qualify as the U.S. boxing team\'s 106-pound light flyweight representative at the 2004 Athens Olympics. He was both the youngest boxer in the games and the youngest US male in all sports. He was eliminated by the favored Zou Shiming of China in the first round.
He moved up to flyweight soon after and in 2005 and 2006 became US champion. At the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Mianyang he avenged a previous loss to European champion Georgy Balakshin before losing to the Korean surprise winner Lee Ok-Sung and having to settle for bronze.
In 2006 Light middleweight Akima Stocks and Warren were named *USA Boxing\'s 2006 Athletes of the Year*. That year he also moved up to fight as a bantamweight, and lost to highly regarded Cuban Guillermo Rigondeaux in November.
In 2007 he returned to the flyweight ranks and repeated as US champion.
At the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Chicago he defeated European Champion Georgy Balakshin in a rematch and Samir Mammadov to reach the finals. In the finals he defeated Thai Somjit Jongjohor.
In 2008 he became the first American boxer in more than 30 years to compete at two Olympic Games, accomplishing something not done since Davey Lee Armstrong in 1972 and 1976.
At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Warren lost in the first round, again to Lee Ok-Sung, in a controversial decision given that he assumed that he had won on points.
He remained in the amateur ranks and ascended to the bantamweight division again at the US Nationals 2009 where he controversially lost his semifinal 19:19 (countback loss) to eventual champion Jesus Magdaleno.
While competing for the Los Angeles Matadors in the World Series of Boxing, Warren secured a Bronze in the US nationals in 2009, gold in 2010, and in 2011 a bronze at the Worlds. A gold medal in the 2011 individual competition (they also compete for team titles) at the WSB secured champions in 5 WSB weight classes the first Olympic slots, so participation in WSB saw Warren\'s first near miss at qualifying (only top 2 ranked boxers after team competition selected for individual title fight). Warren won the 2011 US Olympic Trials and came home with the Bronze after the 2011 AIBA World Championships, securing his place in a 3rd Olympics, unprecedented for an American boxer, at only 25 years old.
On August 3, 2012 at the London Olympics, Rau\'shee Warren failed to get past the first round of the brackets yet again for the third time of his amateur career losing to Nordine Oubaali of France in a close decision of 19-18.
### World Series of Boxing record {#world_series_of_boxing_record}
--------------------------
**7 Wins**, **0 Losses**
**Result**
Win
Win
Win
Win
Win
Win
Win
--------------------------
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# Rau'shee Warren
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Warren made his long-awaited professional debut on November 9, 2012, winning a four-round unanimous decision over Luis Rivera.
Having won thirteen of his first fourteen fights (the only blemish being a three-round no contest against Javier Gallo on December 12, 2014), Warren attempted to win his first world championship---the WBA (Undisputed) and vacant IBO bantamweight titles---on August 2, 2015, but lost a debatable split decision to Juan Carlos Payano.
In a rematch with Payano on June 18, 2016, Warren gained revenge by winning both titles with a majority decision.
However, Warren lost in his first defense to Zhanat Zhakiyanov by split decision.
On 29 July 2017, Warren faced McJoye Arroyo in an IBF super flyweight eliminator. Warren outworked Arroyo in most of the rounds, often being the busier, sharper and tougher fighter. The scorecards read 118-110, 117-109 and 117-109 if favor of Warren.
In his next fight against Juan Gabriel Medina, Warren had another dominant performance and defeated his opponent via unanimous decision, winning every single round on all of the scorecards.
On September 5, 2018, it was announced that Warren would face former Olympics opponent Nordine Oubaali for the WBC bantamweight title, previously vacated by Luis Nery. Both fighters fought well, but it was Oubaali who was the bigger puncher and landed more eye-catching shots. In addition to that, Oubaali was simply busier and sharper than Warren, which ultimately made the difference. The scorecards read 117-111, 116-112 and 115-113 in favor of Oubaali.
On 15 February, Warren faced Gilberto Mendoza. Warren outclassed Mendoza and won the fight comfortably on all three scorecards, 100-90, 99-91 and 99-91
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# Knapp's relational development model
**Knapp\'s relational development model** portrays relationship development as a ten step process, broken into two phases. Created by and named after communication scholar Mark L. Knapp, the model suggests that all of the steps should be done one at a time, in sequence, to make sure they are effective. However, not every relationship will go through these stages of development in the same way. Compared to DeVito\'s six-stage model of relational development, Knapp\'s model is far more prescriptive and detailed, but also presupposes that the relationship will ultimately dissolve, as evident in the five \"coming apart\" stages that make up the second half of the model. However, Knapp himself has said that his model is also descriptive; the model describes what seems to happen, not necessarily what should happen. The model proposes that coming apart need not be seen as inherently bad, just as coming together need not be seen as inherently good.
The following stages are identified by the type of communication behavior that occurs in a given stage as well as the proportion of that type of communication behavior to another. In this case, proportion may constitute the frequency with which the acts occur or to the relative weight given to certain acts by those involved.
## Phase of coming together {#phase_of_coming_together}
### Initiation
*Initiation* is the first stage where individuals make their first impressions on each other. While a lot of important impressions are being processed, the actual initiation stage likely lasts less than 15 seconds. In this stage, individuals are trying to display their best selves. Also, we are observing the other person to learn about them and, therefore, reduce our own uncertainty. Physical appearance often plays a big role in this stage when it comes to forming first impressions.
The methods and messages used to initiate communication vary based on:
- The kind of relationship and whether or not the individuals have been through this stage before
- The time allowed for the interaction
- The amount of time since the last greeting
- Situational or normative constraints
- Special codes of particular group
### Experimentation
*Experimentation* is the stage where individuals begin to engage in self-disclosure to learn information about each other. The individuals use this stage to explore and get a feel for the relationship as well as one another. Small talk is a common form of communication in this stage, as both parties use it to search for an area of common interest or experience. At this stage, relationships are generally pleasant, casual, and uncritical. Knapp has long emphasized that most relationships will not progress past this stage.
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# Knapp's relational development model
## Phase of coming together {#phase_of_coming_together}
### Intensifying
During the *intensifying* stage of Knapp\'s model, the two individuals will continue experimentation to determine whether there is mutual emotional affection and attachment. Whereas in the previous experimentation phase, conversation focused more on superficial topics such as discovering shared areas of interest and commonalities, in the intensifying stage the level of self-disclosure deepens. The breadth of topics discussed broadens and the depth in which each individual feels comfortable discussing those topics with the other becomes intimate and personal.
In this stage, certain behaviors, such as increasing one-on-one contact through more frequent communication (through face to face encounters, text, or phone calls), doing favors for a partner or offering gifts as tokens of affection, requesting commitment from a partner through direct definitional bid, personalized verbal expressions of affection such as \"I love you\" or assigning pet names such as \"babe,\" and suggestive actions such as flirtation, gazing, or touching, may all emerge as methods of intensifying the connection between the two people.
Essential to the intensifying stage are \"secret tests\" performed by each individual to ascertain whether his or her overtures are actually helpful in their intensification efforts. These tests most often manifest themselves through:
- *Endurance*, in which a partner is placed in an unpleasant, inconvenient, or uncomfortable situation or respond to certain requests to determine his or her commitment to the relationship.
- *Public presentation,* during which a partner is introduced under a particular label such as \"boyfriend\" or \"girlfriend\" to see if they are comfortable with being identified in this manner.
- *Separation*, which tests whether communication and feelings of affection will continue despite an inability to physically be together.
- *Third-party questioning*, where one partner may attempt to find out the hidden feelings of the interested party indirectly by asking a friend to probe the person of interest for indication as to their depth of feeling and affection.
- *Triangle tests*, in which one partner sees if they can elicit jealousy from the other partner when another person expresses interest in the person concocting the test.
While all five of these methods are common methods of testing intensification efforts, it\'s important to note that endurance, separation, and triangle tests are generally the least constructive, and can even be destructive when it comes to building the relationship.
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# Knapp's relational development model
## Phase of coming together and Relational Maintenance {#phase_of_coming_together_and_relational_maintenance}
### Integration
Once each individual feels confident, through their various intensification efforts, that mutual affection has been confirmed, the couple may begin to transition into the *integration* stage of their relationship. In addition to bonding, the integration stage makes up the maintenance stage of a relationship. During this stage, the couple is fused and elements of their respective social identities, such as friends, belongings, and living spaces, are now shared. Other verbal and nonverbal manifestations of the integration include the couple seeing their relationship as special or unique in some way, the exchange of \"trophies\" for the other to wear or display, and potentially similarities in manner, dress, and verbal behavior can be seen. Today, another indicator of integration can be seen on social media sites where partners can be seen in each other\'s profile picture. Additionally, the exclusive commitment each partner has for the other is generally solidified in this stage through even deeper self-disclosure and revealing of secrets, sex, and discussion of future plans.
### Bonding
The final stage of the coming together half of the relational model is *bonding*. This stage puts the relationship on public display and suggests that the relationship is exclusive. This stage often involves marriage or another type of public contract, though marriage is not necessary to successfully bond. There is usually a turning point that happens in this stage that signals a change in the relationship, making the relationship intimate. Reaching this stage does not guarantee that the relationship will remain bonded, though many intimate relationships will remain in this stage until divorce, death, or another type of separation.
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# Knapp's relational development model
## Phase of coming apart and Relational Maintenance {#phase_of_coming_apart_and_relational_maintenance}
Along with the coming together stages, all relationships will go through the coming apart stages of the relational development model, though some may skip steps (e.g. a sudden death terminating the relationship).
### Differentiating
*Differentiating* is a process of disengaging or uncoupling. During this stage, differences between the relationship partners are emphasized and what was thought to be similarities begins to disintegrate. Instead of working together, partners quickly begin to become more individualistic in their attitudes. Conflict is a common form of communication during this stage; oftentimes, it acts as a way to test how much the other can tolerate something that may threaten the relationship. Knapp believes that differentiating can be the result of bonding too quickly; meaning, sufficient breadth and depth (see: Social penetration theory) was not established during the previous stages. However, differentiating is expected to happen in romantic relationships. A common solution to differentiating is for each partner to give the other some space, though extreme differentiating can lead to a damaged relationship.
### Circumscribing
*Circumscribing* sees a qualitative and quantitative decrease in information exchange. Communication is limited to safe topics. This stage is marked by less total communication in terms of number of interactions, depth and breadth of topics discussed, and communication occurs in shorter durations. Expressions of love and commitment also decrease.
## Phase of coming apart {#phase_of_coming_apart}
### Stagnation
In the *stagnation* stage, what were once patterns in the relationship become ruts and people feel stuck or trapped in the relationship. Communication in this stage sees partners saying very little because they \"know\" how the other person will respond. Individuals will engage in imagined interactions to predict a conversation with their partner. These imaginary dialogues can be either narratives (\"I\'ll say this, and then she\'ll say this\...\") or perceived actual dialogues (\"I\'ll do it.\" \"You don\'t have to.\").
At this stage, there is still some hope that the relationship can be revived. However, in many cases there are too many costs accumulating and, therefore, most do not stay at this stage for long. A key reason why individuals stay in this stage is to avoid the pain associated with terminating the relationship.
### Avoidance
While the stagnation stage sees partners continue to inhabit the same environment, the *avoidance* stage sees partners exist in separate physical environments. When actual avoidance cannot take place, however, partners will simply avoid each other while they\'re together, treating the other as if they didn\'t exist. Essentially, the individuals in the relationship become separate from one another physically, emotionally, and mentally. When there is communication, it is often marked by antagonism or unfriendliness (\"I just don\'t want to see or talk to you\"). In addition to not spending time with one another, they both begin to avoid the other person\'s needs and start to focus solely on themselves.
Different forms of distancing are also common at this stage:
- *Avoidance*: preventing or reducing interaction during an encounter
- *Disengagement*: hiding information and interacting in a less personal manner
- *Cognitive dissociation*: disregarding messages and showing cognitive or emotional detachment
### Termination
During the *termination* stage, both people that were in the relationship decide to end their connection with one another. No longer are they both receiving a mutually satisfying outcome from being with one another. Neither one of them is happy and the relationship must come to an end. In this model, this step is unavoidable and relationships can terminate at any time. Termination can occur due to physical separation, growing socially or psychologically apart, or the death of one of the partners. Communication in this stage is marked by distance (an attempt to put psychological and physical barriers between partners) and dissociation (messages that prepare one or both parties for their life without the other).
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# Knapp's relational development model
## Summary of movement through the stages {#summary_of_movement_through_the_stages}
According to Knapp, movement through the stages has the following characteristics:
1. Movement is generally systematic and sequential. This does not suggest that the process is linear or unchangeable; the phenomenon is never at rest and is continually in flux. People do generally follow the same pattern, however. Each stage contains important presuppositions for the next. Sequencing makes forecasting adjacent stages easier. Skipping steps is risky due to potentially losing information that would have been provided in the skipped step.
2. Movement may be forward. Any movement toward greater levels of intimacy is considered \"forward.\" When in the coming apart stages, any movement back toward a coming together stage would be a forward movement.
3. Movement may be backward. \"Backward\" movement constitutes any movement away from the bonding stage. Backward movement can be the result of moving too quickly, thus preventing any sort of stabilization.
4. Movement occurs within stages.
5. Movement is always to a new state. Partners can go through the same stages more than once, but they can never truly go back to \"the way things were.\" However, their previous experience in a given stage will color their next trip through said stage.
In an effort to determine which stage partners are in, Welch and Rubin (2002) gave partners a list of behaviors and asked them to indicate the extent to which each behavior was characteristic of their relationship. Welch and Rubin also found that the relational development model was useful for describing the development of task or business relationships.
### Rate of movement {#rate_of_movement}
According to Knapp, rate of movement is:
1. Usually rapid through stages that have already been achieved (e.g. there\'s no need for small talk if you\'ve already passed through the experimenting stage before)
2. Usually rapid through areas where positive rewards have been achieved (e.g. avoiding conflict until later on in the relationship as it may be too costly early on)
3. Potentially rapid when time is short (e.g. a summer fling)
4. Potentially facilitated when proximity is high
5. Generally faster during the early stages
6. Based on individual needs (e.g. lonely or isolated people may move faster than popular people with large friend groups)
7. Slower if only one person wants to move to a different stage
8. Rapid in deterioration if one party commits a violation
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# Knapp's relational development model
## Knapp\'s relational development model in the modern world {#knapps_relational_development_model_in_the_modern_world}
Knapp's relational stage model was created in 1978. This was well before the way we communicate became so heavily based on technology. The stages that have been established can still be seen, but they look a lot different than they did over forty years ago. Social Media Networks allows us to broadcast and share information about out relationships much more quickly and to a much broader audience.
In the first phase, the initiating phase, people tend to try to \"size each other up\" to decide whether to initiate a relationship and how to start communicating. This can be made more difficult in a virtual world where people communicate through text without ever seeing each other. In the virtual world you can be whoever you want to be and withhold information such as real name and where you are from. Even if or when photos are exchanged it is easy to send photos of someone other than yourself. This type of anonymity makes it difficult to know with whom you are really initiating a relationship.
In the second stage, experimenting, the two individuals try to learn more about each other. They try to determine if they have anything in common and decide if they want to pursue a relationship. If both parties decide to go to the intensifying step, they will start to exhibit more self-disclosure and start to have verbal shortcuts and more expressions of commitment. According to Fox and Weber's 2013 study there are six stages in the escalation of relationships involving Social Media Networks:
1\) Meet the target face to face
2\) They went to Facebook to look at the profile of the target and send a friend request
3\) Request and exchange phone numbers
4\) They begin texting and will invite the target to a group activity
5\) They will begin to post on the target\'s Facebook wall and comment on posts
6\) They would call the person and ask them on a date
In the next stage, integrating, social circles start to merge, and they may exchange symbols of their relationship or own property together. If the relationship makes through the integrating stage, then it will enter the bonding stage. This stage is where their commitment will become formally announced to the world. This is usually in the form of engagement or marriage.
Social networking has changed the way the steps in Knapp's model are processed. Facebook, for example, allows one to find out details about someone you are interested in without even having to have a conversation. Romantic relationship status can easily be found through a quick search of social media. The initiation phase no longer requires taking a chance by asking directly what the relationship status is. Facebook also functions as a convenient way to pursue someone while not having to put yourself in too far out on a limb The pursuer can interact with the target by liking or commenting on posts or by tagging them on posts. Because of the lack of intimacy involved when using SNS this method is often preferred over phone calls. Using computer mediated communication also allows the pursuer the time to think about what they want to say and how they want to say it.
Facebook profiles provide information about an individual, such as education level, religion, interests, as well as photos. This immediate information can influence how quickly a relationship is formed. While most relationships are initiated off-line, the participants often turn to Facebook to communicate. In Knapp's second theme, experimenting, Facebook provides a lot of information on interests, activities, and information. This serves as a way to talk about interests that are shared as well as ways to learn about interests the other has. The final theme is making the relationship "Facebook Official" by sharing photos to each other's pages as well as changing the relationship status on the profile page. This is part of the integrating phase.
Social networking sites are used by over 900 million users worldwide, and the average college student uses Facebook an average of 1-2 hours per day. Men and women see romantic relationships differently and have different goals when pursuing relationships. Women are more likely to advertise their relationship through the use of social media sites than their male counterparts and tend to see displays of affection more acceptable on social media than men do. Men and women also have different views on what it means to be "Facebook" official. Being Facebook official can mean different things to different people. Men don't seem to feel that Facebook Official necessarily means they are in a committed relationship or at the very least as seriously as their partner does
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# Schöfweg
**Schöfweg** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
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| 0 |
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# Upper Welland
**Upper Welland** is a small settled area within the civil parish of Malvern Wells, in Worcestershire, England. Lying close to the county boundaries of Herefordshire.It was formed when the upper part of Welland parish joined the newly created Malvern Hills Urban District. Welland Parish once stretched to the ridge of the Malvern Hills. Its average elevation is 115 metres above the sea level
| 66 |
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# Besagew
**Besagews**, also spelled **besagues**, are a type of rondel designed to protect the armpits, as part of a harness of plate armour. The armpits are the location of the axillary arteries, and protecting them was therefore vital. Armour without besagues might employ larger shoulder defenses, such as winged pauldrons, or simply leave the mail beneath exposed
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| 0 |
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# Schönberg, Lower Bavaria
**Schönberg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʃøːnˌbɛʁk|-|De-Schönberg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; Central Bavarian: *Schembeag*) is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany
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# Spiegelau
**Spiegelau** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany. It lies in the heart of the Bavarian Forest.
## Subdivisions
There are 33 villages in the municipality:
+---------------------+------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+
| - Althütte | - Holzhammer | - Mühlberg | - Reuteck |
| - Augrub | - Holzmühle | - Neuhütte | - Ringen |
| - Beiwald | - Jägerfleck | - Oberkreuzberg | - Sommerau |
| - Flanitzhütte | - Kirchenberg | - Ochsenkopf | - Spiegelau |
| - Hauswald | - Klingenbrunn | - Palmberg | - Steinbüchl |
| - Hirschöd | - Kronreuth | - Pronfelden | - Winkelhof |
| - Hirschschlag | - Langdorf | - Rehbruck (PLZ 94481) | - Winkelmühle |
| - Hirschthalmühle | - Luisenfels | - Reinhardschlag | - Winkelreuth |
| - Hochreuth | | | |
+---------------------+------------------+--------------------------+-----------------+
There are also the *Gemarkungen* of Spiegelau, Oberkreuzberg and Klingenbrunn.
## Transport
Spiegelau lies on Zwiesel--Grafenau railway and its station was formerly the junction to the Spiegelau Forest Railway which supporting the major logging industry in the area
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