id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
3,722,658 |
# Julius Seligson
**Julius \"Julie\" Seligson** (December 22, 1909, in New York City -- October 13, 1987) was an American tennis player in the early part of the 20th century.
Seligson was ranked as high as \# 8 in USTA Singles in 1928. In 1928 he won the NCAA Men\'s Tennis Championship in singles. He was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Men's Collegiate Tennis Hall of Fame.
## Early and personal life {#early_and_personal_life}
Seligson was born in New York City, New York, and was Jewish, and experienced anti-Semitism in tennis. He attended Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School.
In 1937 he married Gertrude \"Gerry\" Seligson (nee Goodman). They lived in Westport, Connecticut, from 1948 on.
## Tennis career {#tennis_career}
As a junior he was the national boy\'s 18-and-under champion in 1925 and 1926. In 1927 he won the Eastern Grass Court Championships.
He played collegiate tennis at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1930. Seligson never lost a regular season match. In 1928 he won the NCAA Men\'s Tennis Championship in singles, beating Ben Gorchakoff 6--1, 6--1, 6--1, to become Lehigh's first individual national champion. He won 66 straight matches, before losing in the 1930 NCAA finals 6--3, 3--6, 6--2, 8--6 to Cliff Sutter of Tulane.
He won the NCAA indoor singles championship in 1928, 1929, and 1930. Seligson won the inaugural edition of the Eastern Grass Court Championships in 1927 at the Westchester Country Club in Rye, N.Y. That same season he was runner-up at the inaugural Eastern Clay Court Championships at the Jackson Heights Tennis Club in Queens, N.Y. and also won the Kings County Championships in Brooklyn.
In 1928, 1930, and 1932 he won the New York Metropolitan Clay Court Championships. Seligson also won the Metropolitan Grass Court Championships in 1928 defeating Berkeley Bell in the final in four sets. In 1928 and 1930, he was a singles finalist at the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships. In 1929, at the Cincinnati Masters, he reached the singles final, where he lost to Herbert Bowman in four sets: 6--2, 4--6, 4--6, 1--6. Seligson was ranked as high as \# 8 in USTA Singles in 1928.
### Halls of Fame {#halls_of_fame}
In 1992, he was inducted into the Lehigh University Athletic Hall of Fame, and in 2002 he was enshrined into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Men's Collegiate Tennis Hall of Fame.
## After tennis career {#after_tennis_career}
After graduation he became an insurance broker.
Seligson died in 1987 of a malignant melanoma at his home in Westport, Connecticut. He was 77 years old
| 427 |
Julius Seligson
| 0 |
3,722,660 |
# Texas Battle
**Texas Quency Battle** (born August 9, 1980) is an American film and television actor, best known for his role as Marcus Forrester on the CBS soap opera *The Bold and the Beautiful*.
## Career
In May 2008, Texas Battle was cast on the CBS soap opera *The Bold and the Beautiful* playing a character named Marcus Forrester. The new actor came onto the show as the first African American with an in-depth story line. Battle commented on the huge role, stating \"It really does feel good that the writers/producers of the show, really have trust in me on bringing this new character to life. I\'m happy to be a part of a show that really has a family feeling. Every one of my cast members is fun to work with. Makes you feel good to get up in the morning, and go to work doing something you love.\"
Battle is best known for his roles in the films *Coach Carter*, *Final Destination 3*, *Wrong Turn 2: Dead End*, and *Dragonball Evolution*. In 2011, he appeared in the remake of *The Legend of Boggy Creek* as Tommy Davis. Battle portrayed Dixon in the After Dark Originals film *The Task*. Battle also co-starred in *Death Valley*, which airs on MTV.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------- ------------------------ -----------------
2005 *Coach Carter* Maddux
2006 *Final Destination 3* Lewis Romero
*Even Money* Darius Jackson
2007 *Wrong Turn 2: Dead End* Jake Washington
2008 *Hitting the Bricks* Mello
*Senior Skip Day* Lamar Washington
2009 *Dragonball Evolution* Carey Fuller
2011 *The Task* Dixon
*Boggy Creek* Tommy Davis
2016 *Marauders* T.J. Jackson
*Greater* Anthony Lucas
2018 *F.R.E.D.I.* Brody
2019 *10 Minutes Gone* Richard
*Trauma Center* Sergeant Tull
2020 *Hard Kill* Nicholas Fox
2022 *Blowback* Detective Owens
*Wrong Place* Captain Craig East
*Wire Room* Sergeant Peter Roberts
2023 *Ruthless* Martin
2024 *Wineville* Joh Hicks
2025 *The Wraith* Sheriff Watkins
*Desert Dawn* Sal Read
*Dead and Breakfast* Post-production
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ------------------------------ ---------------------- -----------------------------------------
2002 *7 Lives Xposed* Curt 4 episodes
*Urban Legends* Dave Episode: \"Killer Sex\"
2005 *Committed* Tony Episode: \"The Snow Episode\"
*All of Us* Thomas Harper 2 episodes
2005--2006 *One Tree Hill* Tony Battle 2 episodes
2008 *12 Miles of Bad Road* Keeshawn Diamond 3 episodes
2008--2013 *The Bold and the Beautiful* Marcus Forrester Main role (337 episodes)
2009 *Hydra* Ronnie Kaplan TV movie
*Sherri* Russell 2 episodes
2011 *Milf Money* Eric TV movie
*Death Valley* Officer John Johnson 12 episodes
2013--2014 *SAF3* Texas Daly 20 episodes
2016 *Second Sight* Tony TV movie
2018 *Strange Angel* Murphy Episode: \"Ritual of the Rival Tribes\"
2018--2020 *5th Ward The Series* Tony 5 episodes
2022 *Magnum P.I
| 449 |
Texas Battle
| 0 |
3,722,662 |
# Fiddle About
\"**Fiddle About**\" is a song by the English rock band the Who. It was featured on their 1969 rock opera album, *Tommy*. It is one of the two songs on *Tommy* written by bass guitarist John Entwistle, the other being \"Cousin Kevin\".
## Composition
The song is in the key of D major, is just one second over a minute and a half long and is given exposition from the previous mini-song \"Do You Think It\'s Alright?\". It features a hard rock styled guitar and bass riff with the inclusion of a French horn, played by Entwistle. The song mainly consists of short verses sung by Entwistle with the chorus of \"Fiddle About\... Fiddle About\... Fiddle About\", sung by both Entwistle and Roger Daltrey coming after. As the song fades out, the chorus switches to Daltrey and Entwistle repeatedly singing \"Fiddle\... Fiddle\... Fiddle\" before ending.
This, alongside Entwistle\'s first written piece on the rock opera, \"Cousin Kevin\" are considered to be the most disturbing songs by the Who, for their themes of abuse, especially with \"Fiddle About\" relating to child sexual abuse. \"Fiddle About\" is also semi-autobiographical to guitarist and lead writer Pete Townshend\'s past with sexual abuse as a child. Ultimately, Townshend who was very sensitive to the topic asked Entwistle to write it for him.
## Plot
In this rock opera, the title character and protagonist Tommy Walker is a young deaf, dumb and blind boy who is often neglected and abused by his family. At this point in the story, Tommy\'s parents leave him to be looked after by his uncle Ernie while they go out. Ernie, knowing well of Tommy\'s condition, with lyrics such as \"you won\'t shout as I fiddle about\" being said, molests the boy and is never caught for this crime.
## Live versions {#live_versions}
In most live renditions of \"Fiddle About\", Entwistle sings lead with Daltrey accompanying as on the studio release. During the Who\'s 1989 tour, Phil Collins sang \"Fiddle About\" along with singing \"Tommy\'s Holiday Camp\" as Uncle Ernie
| 342 |
Fiddle About
| 0 |
3,722,666 |
# Excavations at Stonehenge
Records of archaeological excavations at the Stonehenge site date back to the early 17th century.
## Early research {#early_research}
The first known excavations at Stonehenge were undertaken by Dr William Harvey and Gilbert North in the early 17th century. Both Inigo Jones and the Duke of Buckingham also dug there shortly afterwards. In 1666 the antiquarian John Aubrey could still see the central sunken hollow where the Duke of Buckingham\'s pit had been filled. A few minor investigations followed.
Further excavations at Stonehenge were carried out by William Cunnington and Richard Colt Hoare. In 1798, Cunnington investigated the pit beneath a recently fallen trilithon, and in 1810 both men dug beneath the fallen Slaughter Stone and concluded that it had once stood up. They may have also excavated one of the Aubrey Holes beneath it. In 1839, a Captain Beamish dug around the Altar Stone, and not long after that Charles Darwin was granted permission by the Antrobus family who owned Stonehenge to conduct a small excavation to test his theories about earthworm activity burying ancient structures.
## Modern studies {#modern_studies}
On New Year\'s Eve 1900, Stone 22 of the Sarsen Circle fell over, taking with it a lintel. Following public pressure and a letter to *The Times* by William Flinders Petrie, the then owner of Stonehenge, Edmund Antrobus, agreed to some remedial engineering work to be undertaken with archaeological supervision so that records could be made of the below ground archaeology. Antrobus appointed a mining engineer named William Gowland to manage the work. Despite having no archaeological training, Gowland produced some of the finest, most detailed excavation records ever made at the monument. Gowland established that antler picks were used to dig the stone holes and suggested the stones themselves were worked to shape on site.
The largest series of excavations at Stonehenge were undertaken by Colonel William Hawley and his assistant Robert Newall after the site came into state hands. Stonehenge and 30 acre of land was purchased by Mr. Cecil Chubb for £6,600 on 21 September 1915 for his wife --- she donated the land to the British government three years later. Their work began in 1919 following the transfer of land, funded by the Office of Works, and continued until 1926. Hawley and Newall excavated portions of most of the features at Stonehenge and were the first to establish that it was a multi-phase site.
In 1950 the Society of Antiquaries commissioned Richard J. C. Atkinson, Stuart Piggott and John FS Stone to carry out further excavations. They recovered many cremations and developed the phrasing that still dominates much of what is written about Stonehenge.
As part of service trenching in 1979 and 1980, Mike Pitts led two smaller investigations close by the Heelstone, finding the evidence for its neighbour. More recent excavations have been held to mitigate the effects of electrical cables, sewage pipes, and a footpath through the site.
Since 2003, Mike Parker Pearson has led investigations in the stones area as part of the Stonehenge Riverside Project in an attempt to better relate Stonehenge to its surrounding environs. National Geographic Channel screened a [two-hour documentary](https://web.archive.org/web/20081119153004/http://www.natgeotv.com/stonehenge) exploring Parker Pearson\'s theories and the work of the Riverside Project in depth in May 2008. In April 2008 Professor Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Professor Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries excavated a small area inside the stone circle It is hoped this will establish a more precise date for the earliest stone structure that occupied the Q and R Holes.
From 2005 excavation of the area around a spring pool known as Blick Mead about a mile from Stonehenge, have taken place under the direction of Professor David Jacques of the University of Buckingham. These have revealed the earliest settlement in the area dating to the period 7900 BC to 4050 BC.
Britain\'s Bournemouth University archaeologists, led by Geoffrey Wainwright, president of the London Society of Antiquaries, and Timothy Darvill, on 22 September 2008, found it may have been an ancient healing and pilgrimage site, since burials around Stonehenge showed trauma and deformity evidence: \"It was the magical qualities of these stones which \... transformed the monument and made it a place of pilgrimage for the sick and injured of the Neolithic world.\" Radio-carbon dating places the construction of the circle of bluestones at between 2,400 B.C. and 2,200 B.C., but they discovered charcoals dating 7,000 B.C., showing human activity in the site. It could be a primeval equivalent of Lourdes, since the area was already visited 4,000 years before the oldest stone circle, and attracted visitors for centuries after its abandonment
| 774 |
Excavations at Stonehenge
| 0 |
3,722,668 |
# Cho Jin-ho (baseball)
**Cho Jin-ho** (`{{korean|hangul=조진호}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|ko|tɕo.dʑin.ɦo}}`{=mediawiki}; born August 16, 1975) is a South Korean professional baseball pitcher who briefly played for the Boston Red Sox.
Cho played parts of the `{{Baseball year|1998}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Baseball year|1999}}`{=mediawiki} MLB seasons with the Boston Red Sox, pitching in 13 games and recording two wins and six losses with a 6.52 earned run average.
After finishing the 2002 season with the Pawtucket Red Sox (AAA) of the International League, Cho returned to South Korea, signing with the SK Wyverns of the KBO League. Cho had an unsuccessful 2003 with the club and in 2004 was caught in a scheme to dodge military service. He spent several years in prison and non-combat military service before returning to the mound for the Samsung Lions in 2007
| 131 |
Cho Jin-ho (baseball)
| 0 |
3,722,669 |
# Bill Sheahan (umpire)
**William Peter Sheahan** (born 12 December 1953) is an Australian cricket umpire who umpired Test cricket in the 1990s.
Sheahan began umpiring Victorian grade cricket in the early 1980s when an injury ended his playing career.
He umpired two Test matches in the 1993/94 season. His first match was between Australia and New Zealand at Bellerive Oval, Hobart on 26 to 29 November 1993, won by Australia by an innings and 222 runs, with Michael Slater, David Boon and Mark Waugh scoring centuries, and Shane Warne and Tim May taking 9 and 7 wickets respectively. Sheahan\'s partner was Darrell Hair.
Sheahan\'s other Test match was between Australia and South Africa at Sydney on 2 to 6 January 1994, won by the visitors by 5 runs when Australia failed to reach a target of 117 runs. Shane Warne took 12 wickets in the match. Sheahan\'s partner was Steve Randell.
Sheahan umpired five One Day International (ODI) matches between 1993 and 1994. Altogether, he umpired 34 first-class matches in his career between 1989 and 1999
| 177 |
Bill Sheahan (umpire)
| 0 |
3,722,681 |
# George Ndah
**George Ebialimolisa Ndah** (born 23 December 1974) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker from 1992 until 2006.
He played in the Premier League for Crystal Palace and in the Football League for AFC Bournemouth, Gillingham, Swindon Town and Wolverhampton Wanderers. In 1999, he was called up to play international football by Nigeria, but injury prevented him from making his debut and he was never selected again.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Crystal Palace {#crystal_palace}
Born in Camberwell, England, Ndah began his career as an apprentice at Crystal Palace, turning professional there in August 1992. Prior to that he had played youth-team football at Dulwich Hamlet. His older brother Jamie was also a footballer.
During his time at Selhurst Park he was loaned out twice. The first time was in 1995, when he played 15 games for AFC Bournemouth, then, two years later, he had a short spell at Gillingham, one that was curtailed by illness.
### Swindon Town {#swindon_town}
Ndah moved to Swindon Town for £500,000, in November 1997, and in his two years with the Wiltshire side, he was a firm favourite of the crowd there. He scored 12 minutes into his debut against Middlesbrough on 22 November 1997.
### Wolverhampton Wanderers {#wolverhampton_wanderers}
He departed for Wolverhampton Wanderers in October 1999, brought about by financial problems at the County Ground. He signed for Wolves at a cost of £1 million. Unfortunately his Wolves career suffered an early blow when his leg was broken by Matt Carbon during only his third game, against local rivals West Bromwich Albion. He recovered from his broken leg and knee and groin injuries to resume his Molineux career in the autumn of 2000 and soon made himself a popular figure with the Molineux faithful -- especially after his two-goal return in the home victory over West Bromwich Albion. Injuries again scotched hopes for a better 2001/02. Ndah made just one start that term, although he did score the winner in a 2--1 home win over Rotherham United in February 2002.
Despite missing part of pre-season, the striker enjoyed a brighter 2002--03. He made a total of 30 appearances in Wolves\' promotion-winning season, scoring 11 goals. Ndah became something of a hero as Wolves progressed to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup, with him netting four goals in the first three rounds of the competition. After scoring the winner against Premier League side Newcastle United, he scored twice in a 4--1 win over Leicester City. One of these strikes, a fine solo effort, drew him to the widespread attention of the media. Injury again blighted the end of Ndah\'s season. He pulled up with a knee problem in the play-off first leg against Reading, which kept him out of the final. He later underwent exploratory surgery to try to solve the problem. Due to the rehabilitation period, Ndah missed the pre-season training camp in Spain and instead worked through an intensive programme at Lilleshall.
He failed to recover to the point where he was able to make any contribution to the 2003--04 season. He signed a 12-month contract extension in the close season of 2004 before heading off on the pre-season tour of Norway, where he played his first match in over a year but a catalogue of niggling muscle injuries again stopped Ndah from making his mark in 2004--05. However, Glenn Hoddle offered the striker a lifeline in the form of a new contract in summer 2005 and he enjoyed a strong pre-season. He made his first League appearance in over two years when he came on as a substitute to a standing ovation in Wolves\' win over Crystal Palace in the first home game of the new campaign.
Ndah was a regular in the squad in the first half of 2005--06 and scored his first goal in two and a half years, away to Derby in November. However, he suffered a serious knee injury at Sheffield Wednesday in December and failed to make a return to first-team football. Ndah announced his retirement with immediate effect on 28 April 2006 due to another season plagued with injury. He came to the stadium with his close family and said a final goodbye to the fans.
## International career {#international_career}
George was called up to the Nigeria national team in 1999, but had to miss the trip due to injury.
| 732 |
George Ndah
| 0 |
3,722,681 |
# George Ndah
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He has an older brother, Jamie, who also played at a lower league level with Horsham, Torquay United and Barnet among others
| 29 |
George Ndah
| 1 |
3,722,693 |
# South Bay (San Diego County)
The **South Bay**, also known as **South County**, is a region in southwestern San Diego County, California, consisting of the cities and unincorporated communities of Bonita, Chula Vista, East Otay Mesa, Imperial Beach, Lincoln Acres, National City, and South San Diego.
Defined by its proximity to San Diego Bay and the Mexico-United States border, the South Bay is a mix of heavy industrial complexes and shipyards alongside beaches and residential developments. One of its cities, Imperial Beach, bills itself as \"Classic Southern California\" for being relatively untouched in terms of other coastal cities.`{{clarify|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
The area encompassing the South Bay was originally inhabited by the Kumeyaay peoples. Under Mexican rule, several Mexican land grants were established in the region, including Rancho Janal, Rancho Otay, and Rancho de la Nación. In the 1870s, South Bay Salt Works began operations. National City was incorporated in 1887, Chula Vista in 1911, and Imperial Beach in 1956. South San Diego, including the communities of San Ysidro, Nestor, Palm City, and Otay Mesa, was annexed by the City of San Diego in 1957.
The term \"South Bay\" has referred to the region since at least the early 20th century, with one reference dating from 1918.
In 1993, Two boys (Charlie Keever and Jonathan Sellers) were found raped and murdered by Scott Erskine along the Otay River.
In October 2007, South Bay was quickly encroached upon by the Harris Fire, part of a series of fires that ravaged California in the 2007 Fire season.
Traditionally more residential and calmer than North County, in 2010 regional cities were taking on projects that included the development of luxury resorts in efforts to revitalize the South Bay. On May 18, 2010, further development of the Chula Vista Bayfront was authorized by the Unified Port of San Diego and City of Chula Vista. Plans included marina expansion, luxury resort development, and the addition of a conference center. Additionally, in Imperial Beach, on September 29, 2010, the Seacoast Inn was demolished to make room for a \$20 million resort.
## Geography
South Bay borders both San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The region is at the southern end of the bay and the western slope of the coastal mountains to the east. There are a few creeks that make their way from these mountains with their terminus in either the southern end of the bay, the ocean, or the Tijuana River estuary. Its boundaries are San Diego Bay on the west, the United States--Mexico border on the south, National City\'s border with northern San Diego and Coronado to the north, and the unincorporated communities and Otay Lakes to the east.
### Ecology
Nature preserve areas in South Bay include San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Otay Mountain Wilderness, Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge and Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Tijuana River Estuary is located on the southern coast of South Bay. The river that feeds it has a watershed that drains from both Tijuana Municipality and San Diego County. There have been problems with the cleanliness of the estuary, from the Tijuana part of the watershed, which has led to constructive measures with efforts to clean the water. Located within the Tijuana River National Estuarine Reserve, the Tijuana River estuary is the largest wetland in Southern California. The wetland supports over 370 species of migratory and year-round dwelling waterfowl.
## Demographics
The population was 462,843 `{{As of|2005|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, an 18.3% increase from 2000. South Bay is the third-largest region of Greater San Diego in population, ahead of East County and behind North County.
The South Bay is known for its relatively large immigrant population, with many first-generation Mexican-Americans and Filipino-Americans. 26% of San Diego County\'s Hispanic population, the vast majority of which is of Mexican origin, lives in the South Bay. `{{as of|January 2018}}`{=mediawiki}, descendants of the early explorers of Alta California continue to live in the South Bay.
As of 2010, South San Diego, National City, and Chula Vista have Hispanic majorities, while Imperial Beach has a Hispanic plurality and Bonita has a non-Hispanic white plurality.
| 686 |
South Bay (San Diego County)
| 0 |
3,722,693 |
# South Bay (San Diego County)
## Communities
Populations are as of the 2020 census except for South San Diego.
### Incorporated cities {#incorporated_cities}
- Chula Vista - 275,487
- City of San Diego (South San Diego) - 107,631 *(2010)*
- National City - 56,173
- Imperial Beach - 26,137
### Census-designated place {#census_designated_place}
- Bonita - 12,917
### Other unincorporated communities {#other_unincorporated_communities}
- East Otay Mesa
- Lincoln Acres
### Federal military reservations {#federal_military_reservations}
- Naval Base San Diego, San Diego
- Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach, Imperial Beach
- Silver Strand Training Complex, Coronado
## Education
### Primary and secondary schools {#primary_and_secondary_schools}
South Bay is served by the Sweetwater Union High School District, Chula Vista Elementary School District, National School District, San Ysidro School District, and the South Bay Union School District. There are approximately fourteen high schools, fourteen middle schools, and numerous elementary schools. The South Bay area is also served by charter and private schools.
### Colleges and universities {#colleges_and_universities}
Located in Chula Vista is Southwestern College, a two-year community college and feeder school to University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University.
## Government
The South County Regional Center contains the South Bay Courthouse of the San Diego Superior Court as well as offices for the San Diego County Sheriff, the San Diego District Attorney, the San Diego County Board of Supervisors, and others. The center is located in downtown Chula Vista.
## Media
### Newspapers
South Bay is served by *The San Diego Union-Tribune*, whose website features a \"South County\" section that is largely congruent with South Bay, although the \"South County\" section includes Coronado. South Bay also receives coverage from the weekly San Diego Reader.
Chula Vista, National City, and Bonita are served by the weekly newspaper The Star-News, which was formed in 1954 upon the merger of the Chula Vista Star with the National City News. Imperial Beach is served by the weekly Imperial Beach and South County Eagle & Times.
San Ysidro was once served by the weekly San Ysidro Border Press.
### Radio
No radio station is licensed to any city in the South Bay area. The area is instead served by stations licensed to the Baja California municipalities of Tijuana and Tecate, all of which effectively cover the area. However, XHLTN-FM maintains a sales office in Chula Vista, and XHGLX-FM had a similar setup in National City, both stations sending data to cross-border control rooms. The area is also served by other San Diego area radio stations. During tropospheric ducting, the signals of out-of-market stations KYSR, KBIG, KRTH, and KRUZ can reach the area, while sensitive radio tuners have picked up KIIS-FM on occasion.
### Television
Terrestrial digital television stations KNSD and KUSI-TV have their transmitters on Mount San Miguel. The area is also served by XETV and XHDTV. The selection of local stations on cable and satellite services vary by provider.
## Landmarks
Important landmarks in South Bay include:
- San Ysidro Port of Entry (Mexico-U.S. border crossing at San Ysidro)
- Border Field State Park (includes Friendship Park)
- The Tijuana River Estuary and Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve
- The Chula Vista Bayfront
- North Island Credit Union Amphitheatre
- Imperial Beach Pier
- Onstage Playhouse
- The National City Depot
- Sweetwater Dam
- Surfhenge.
Image:US-MEX Fence TJ BorderField.jpg\|Border Field State Park Image:Chulamall1.jpg\|Chula Vista Shopping Center Image:Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre in Chula Vista.jpg\|North Island Credit Union Amphitheatre Image:Imperial beach ca 2.jpg\|Imperial Beach Pier Image:Imperial beach ca 1.jpg\|Surfhenge in Imperial Beach <File:SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG%7CSan> Ysidro Port of Entry <File:Third> Avenue Pride.jpg\|Downtown Chula Vista <File:F-16N> A-4F NFWS over Lower Otay Reservoir 1991.JPEG\|Lower Otay Lake <File:National_City_Depot_(National_City,_CA>).jpg\|National City Depot <File:Bonita-reservoir.jpg>\|Sweetwater Reservoir
## Politics
South Bay is located entirely within Supervisorial District 1 at the county level, which is represented by Democrat Nora Vargas
| 635 |
South Bay (San Diego County)
| 1 |
3,722,696 |
# Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán
The **Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán** (*Archidioecesis Yucatanensis*) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church based in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. The diocese of Campeche, the diocese of Cancún-Chetumal and the diocese of Tabasco are its suffragans. Its area is that of the state of the same name, covering an area of 17,204 square miles.
## History
Yucatán was the first region of the Mexican territory to encounter Christianity in the 16th century; it was there that the first Roman Catholic Mass was celebrated. It is said that in 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, the discoverer and explorer of the region, founded the first parish. Pope Leo X, believing the newly discovered land to be an island, by the papal bull *Sacri apostolatus ministerio*, dated 27 January 1518, created the **Diocese of Yucatán**, under the name *Carolense* and placed it under the protection of Our Lady of the Remedies (Santa Maria de los Remedios).
When it became known that Yucatán was part of the continent which Hernán Cortés was conquering, Pope Clement VII made certain modifications, and Dominican friar Julián Garcés, was transferred from his office of Bishop of Yucatán to that of Bishop of Tlaxcala (now the Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles) when he arrived in Mexico, as the Spanish had abandoned the conquest of Yucatán for this new land. The first resident bishop was Francisco Toral, a Franciscan friar, who took possession on 15 August 1562, one year after his appointment; he assisted at the first and second Mexican Provincial Councils.
Marcos de Torres y Rueda, the 12th bishop (1647), owing to dissensions between Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Bishop of Puebla, and Viceroy García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd conde de Salvatierra, was named Viceroy of New Spain and entered into office 13 May 1648; he died at the capital, 22 April 1649.
Juan Gómez de Parada, the 20th bishop, governed the dioceses of Yucatán, Guatemala, and Guadalajara with great success. His successor, Ignacio Castorena y Ursúa, was the founder of the first newspaper published in Mexico. José María Guerra, 35th bishop (d. 1863), lived during the famous Caste War, which ruined almost the whole of Yucatán. It was at the instance of Leandro Rodríguez de la Gala, his successor, that the new See of Tabasco was formed from parishes taken from the Diocese of Yucatán. The Province and Vicariate of Petén, situated in Guatemala, which ecclesiastically had belonged to Yucatán, became a part of the See of Guatemala. Believing that the colony of Belize was his dependency, the bishop sent missionaries there in 1864; this land, however, had been under the administration of priests sent form the Vicariate Apostolic of Jamaica since 1837. The Diocese of Yucatán was suffragan of Mexico until 1891, when it became suffragan of the newly created Archdiocese of Oaxaca. In 1895 the new See of Campeche was created from parishes taken from Yucatán, to which was added all the territory of Quintana Roo.
| 497 |
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán
| 0 |
3,722,696 |
# Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán
## Bishops
*Ordinaries of Diocese of Carolense*
- Julián Garcés, O.P. (24 Jan 1519 -- 13 Oct 1525)
*Ordinaries of Diocese of Yucatán*
- Francisco del Toral, O.F.M. (19 Nov 1561 -- 20 Apr 1571 Died)
- Diego de Landa, O.F.M. (17 Oct 1572 -- 29 Apr 1579 Died)
- Gregorio de Montalvo Olivera, O.P. (15 Dec 1580 -- 16 Nov 1587 Appointed, Bishop of Cuzco)
- Juan de Izquierdo, O.F.M. (13 Jun 1588 -- 17 Nov 1602 Died)
- Diego Vázquez de Mercado (5 Nov 1603 -- 28 May 1608 Appointed, Archbishop of Manila)
- Gonzalo de Salazar (bishop), O.S.A. (2 Jun 1608 -- 3 Aug 1636 Died)
- Juan Alonso y Ocón (14 Jun 1638 -- 31 Aug 1643 Confirmed, Bishop of Cuzco)
- Andrés Fernandez de Ipenza (5 Oct 1643 -- 24 Oct 1643 Died)
- Marcos de Torres y Rueda (14 Nov 1644 -- 22 Apr 1649 Died)
- Domingo Ramírez de Arellano, O.S.H. (2 Dec 1652 -- 2 Jul 1653 Died)
- Lorenzo Horta Rodríguez (29 May 1656 -- 13 Aug 1659 Died)
- Luís de Cifuentes y Sotomayor, O.P. (22 Sep 1659 -- 18 May 1676 Died)
- Juan de Escalante Turcios y Mendoza (29 Apr 1680 -- 31 May 1681 Died)
- Juan Cano Sandoval (7 Dec 1682 -- 21 Feb 1695 Died)
- Antonio de Arriaga y Agüero, O.S.A. (20 Nov 1697 Confirmed -- )
- Pedro Reyes de los Ríos de Lamadrid, O.S.B. (30 Mar 1700 -- 6 Jan 1714 Died)
- Juan Leandro Gómez de Parada Valdez y Mendoza (16 Dec 1715 -- 6 Jul 1729 Confirmed, Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala)
- Juan Ignacio de Castorena y Ursúa y Goyeneche (6 Jul 1729 -- 13 Jul 1733 Died)
- Francisco Pablo Matos y Coronado (9 Jul 1734 -- 2 Jan 1741 Confirmed, Bishop of Michoacán)
- Mateo de Zamora y Penagos, O.F.M. (6 Mar 1741 -- 9 Aug 1744 Died)
- José Francisco Martínez de Tejada y Díez de Velasco, O.F.M. (23 Aug 1745 -- 20 Dec 1751 Confirmed, Bishop of Guadalajara)
- Juan José de Eguiara y Eguren (24 Jan 1752 -- 6 Jul 1752 Resigned)
- Ignacio Padilla Estrada (Guardiola), O.S.A. (28 May 1753 -- 20 Jul 1760 Died)
- Antonio Alcalde y Barriga, O.P. (25 Jan 1762 -- 27 Jan 1772 Confirmed, Bishop of Guadalajara)
- Diego Bernardo de Peredo y Navarrete (22 Jun 1772 -- 14 Dec 1774 Died)
- Juan Manuel Garcia de Vargas y Ribera, O. de M. (3 Apr 1775 Appointed -- Did Not Take Effect)
- Antonio Caballero y Góngora (11 Sep 1775 -- 14 Dec 1778 Appointed, Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada)
- Luis Tomás Esteban de Piña y Mazo, O.S.B. (12 Jul 1779 -- 22 Nov 1795 Died)
- Pedro Agustín Estévez y Ugarte (24 Jul 1797 -- 8 May 1827 Died)
- José María Guerra y Rodríguez Correa (17 Dec 1832 -- 3 Feb 1863 Died)
- Leandro Rodríguez de la Gala y Enríquez (22 Jun 1868 -- 14 Feb 1887 Died)
- Crescencio Carrillo y Ancona (14 Feb 1887 -- 19 Mar 1897 Died)
- José Guadalupe de Jesús de Alba y Franco, O.F.M
| 534 |
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán
| 1 |
3,722,703 |
# Baekdu-daegan
**Baekdu-daegan** (`{{Korean|hangul=백두대간|hanja=白頭大幹}}`{=mediawiki}) is a traditional Korean conception of the mountains and consequently the watersheds of the Korean Peninsula. The mountain range stretches the length of the Korean Peninsula, around 1,500 km, from Baekdu Mountain in the north to Jirisan, or Hallasan on Jeju Island in the south. The mountain range is often associated with national identity and traditional Korean shamanism.
Baekdu-daegan is considered to include the Sobaek and Taebaek mountain ranges. Although currently impossible due to the Korean Demilitarized Zone between North Korea and South Korea, hiking the length of the mountains is considered a desirable goal aligned with the Korean reunification movement. The `{{Units|687|u=km}}`{=mediawiki} South Korean portion of the range is popular for hiking.
It is often referred to as the \"spine\" or \"backbone\" of the Korean Peninsula.
## Description
Baekdu-daegan describes a 1,500 km long mountain range that runs from Paektu Mountain in the north to Cheonwangbong Peak of Jirisan in the south. It may even include Hallasan on Jeju Island. The concept also consequently describes the watershed of the peninsula, and notes 13 *jeongmaek*, mountain ranges that branch off the main range, that effectively channel Korea\'s most significant rivers to the ocean. A crestline which no body of water ever crosses.
In South Korea, hiking the `{{Units|687|u=km}}`{=mediawiki} South Korean portion of the trail, generally from south to north until the Korean Demilitarized Zone, is seen as a significant achievement. The South Korean trail was designated as a national nature-preservation park in 2006 by the South Korean government. The desire to also hike through the border until Paektu Mountain is also relevant to Korean reunification sentiment. This sentiment is also shared in North Korea, according to Roger Shepherd of HIKEKOREA.
It is important in traditional Korean geography and is a key aspect of *Pungsu-jiri* (the Korean analogue of feng shui).
| 304 |
Baekdu-daegan
| 0 |
3,722,703 |
# Baekdu-daegan
## History
Under traditional Korean thought, influenced by Taoism and Neo-Confucianism, Paektu is regarded as the origin and patriarch of all Korean mountains, while Jiri-san or Hallasan at the southern end is conceived-of as the grand matriarch of all Korean mountains.
During the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945, Japan attempted to restructure Korean mountains in accordance with the concept of mountain ranges as used in Western geography. The notion of the mountain ranges that prevailed during the Japanese occupation era was one based on geological structures under the ground, rather than topographical ones.
### Recent history {#recent_history}
Hiking the Baekdu-daegan trail was not popular until the late 20th century, as there was no formal trail and dangers such as Siberian tigers were present. Korean hikers began creating trails and maps starting in the 1980s. In the 1990s, county governments that the trail passed through began making/improving trails. By the 2000s, there were formal monuments, signs, trail-markers, stairways, water fountains, and trailheads. In 2003, the Korea Forest Service was granted authority over the region as a whole within South Korea, but the scope of that authority and the geographical boundaries of the Baekdu-daegan region have remained undefined and controversial.`{{Update inline|date=April 2023|reason=add "as of" and cite sources}}`{=mediawiki}
Before 2005, the Baekdu-daegan remained entirely unknown to the world outside Korea, but tourism professor David A. Mason began to promote it to the global audience in English by establishing a website and publishing articles. Andrew Douch and Roger Shepherd, hikers from New Zealand, trekked all of the available crestline trail while keeping careful records, and then with research & editing support from Prof. Mason, wrote a guidebook to the trail. Their book is the most extensive information about the Baekdu-daegan in English `{{As of|2021|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}. Their effort attracted international hikers. On January 3, 2011, Mason was appointed the Honorary Public Relations Ambassador of the Baekdu-daegan by Minister Chung of the Korea Forest Service, under authority of Korean President Lee Myung-bak. Shepherd continued his explorations and international promotions of the Baekdu-daegan, including expeditions into some parts of it in North Korea.
At the 2018 Winter Olympics held in Pyeongchang, South Korean President Moon Jae-in said in a speech that the two Koreas were bound together by the Baekdu-daegan. At the April 2018 Inter-Korean Summit, Chairman Kim Jong Un and President Moon symbolically planted a native tree using soil from both Paektu Mountain and Hallasan
| 403 |
Baekdu-daegan
| 1 |
3,722,726 |
# Jagdalpur
**Jagdalpur** is a city located in the southern part of Chhattisgarh state in India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Bastar district and Bastar division. Before the independence of India, it also served as the capital of the erstwhile princely state of Bastar. It is the fourth largest city of Chhattisgarh.
Bastar district has multiple scenic waterfalls that are popular for tourists throughout India. The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has identified Jagdalpur-Teerathgarh-Chitrakoot-Barsur-Dantewada Circuit as one of the 45 Mega Tourist Destinations/Circuits in India on the basis of footfalls and their future tourism potential.
## Transport
### Road transport {#road_transport}
Road network in and around Jagdalpur can be seen from the \[<http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&sugexp=cfis&cp=6&gs_id=n&xhr=t&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf>.,cf.osb&biw=1280&bih=685&q=jagdalpur&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x3a30126bc5ae6beb:0xcae4d4ac10952ba7,Jagdalpur,+Chhattisgarh&gl=in&ei=rjWBT6-aFsitrAengunZBQ&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CDYQ8gEwAA/ road network map\] of the area.
The National Highways passing through Jagdalpur are NH 30 (connecting Raipur to Vijaywada in Andhra Pradesh via NH 65), and NH 63 (connecting Jagdalpur to Nizamabad in Telangana) while passing through Maharashtra.
NH 30 at Raipur connects Jagdalpur to Asian Highway 46 leading to Nagpur and Kolkata. NH 30 near Vijayawada connects Jagdalpur to NH 65 leading to Hyderabad and Pune.
### Rail transport {#rail_transport}
Jagdalpur is connected by rail line to the eastern part of India. There are trains connecting Jagdalpur railway station to Howrah, Bhubaneshwar and Visakhapatnam. The rail connectivity of Jagdalpur to Durg via Rayagada and Raipur is about 658 km long and takes 14.5 hours of travel time as compared to that by road which takes about 6--7 hours (distance 300 km).
#### Jagdalpur-Rowghat Rail Line {#jagdalpur_rowghat_rail_line}
BRPL and IRCON signed a project execution agreement in July 2017, under which IRCON will construct a railway line between Jagdalpur and Rawghat in Chhattisgarh. The railway line will have 13 new railway stations and the estimated project cost Rs 2,538 crore approximately.
Presently,`{{when|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for this section of the rail line has already been sanctioned by the Railways Board.
Survey work is currently underway and the target was earlier set to complete survey work of Jagdalpur-Kondagaon-Narayanpur by the month of March 2016 and of Narayanpur-Rowghat section by the month of May 2016, but there have been delays reported. In a government review carried out in February 2018, it was reported that the survey work for Jagdalpur to Kondagaon railway track laying comprising length of 91.76 km had been completed for Jagdalpur-Rowghat Railway project. It was also reported that the survey work for Kondagaon to Rowghat for the 91.6 km to 140 km distance in under progress. The project team was directed by government to complete all the survey work for the project by 15 March 2018.
### Air transport {#air_transport}
Maa Danteshwari Airport has started daily flight services between Jagdalpur, Raipur, Hyderabad by Alliance Air under the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) -- UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) of Government of India. Jagdalpur Airport is spread over an area of 132 acres. IndiGo operates flights to Raipur and Hyderabad. Currently it is connected with Delhi via Jabalpur by Alliance Air.
| 499 |
Jagdalpur
| 0 |
3,722,726 |
# Jagdalpur
## Climate
Jagdalpur has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification *Aw*) with three main seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Summers last from March to May and are hot, with the average maximum for May reaching 38.1 °C. The weather cools off somewhat for the monsoon season from June to September, which features very heavy rainfall. Winters are warm and dry.`{{Weather box
| location = Jagdalpur (1991–2020, extremes 1909–2020)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 34.8
| Feb record high C = 38.7
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 43.3
| May record high C = 46.1
| Jun record high C = 45.5
| Jul record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 34.2
| Oct record high C = 36.1
| Nov record high C = 34.1
| Dec record high C = 32.8
| year record high C = 46.1
| Jan high C = 28.8
| Feb high C = 31.6
| Mar high C = 35.2
| Apr high C = 37.2
| May high C = 37.9
| Jun high C = 33.3
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 28.7
| Sep high C = 30.2
| Oct high C = 30.8
| Nov high C = 29.7
| Dec high C = 28.5
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan mean C = 20.3
| Feb mean C = 23.1
| Mar mean C = 27.1
| Apr mean C = 29.7
| May mean C = 31.0
| Jun mean C = 28.4
| Jul mean C = 25.9
| Aug mean C = 25.5
| Sep mean C = 26.3
| Oct mean C = 25.4
| Nov mean C = 22.7
| Dec mean C = 19.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 11.8
| Feb low C = 14.7
| Mar low C = 18.8
| Apr low C = 22.4
| May low C = 24.2
| Jun low C = 23.9
| Jul low C = 22.8
| Aug low C = 22.5
| Sep low C = 22.4
| Oct low C = 20.1
| Nov low C = 15.6
| Dec low C = 11.3
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 2.8
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 8.5
| Apr record low C = 13.9
| May record low C = 17.2
| Jun record low C = 14.5
| Jul record low C = 18.3
| Aug record low C = 16.7
| Sep record low C = 17.6
| Oct record low C = 11.1
| Nov record low C = 5.6
| Dec record low C = 3.9
| year record low C = 2.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 10.7
| Feb rain mm = 6.8
| Mar rain mm = 18.8
| Apr rain mm = 54.4
| May rain mm = 79.4
| Jun rain mm = 234.9
| Jul rain mm = 369.1
| Aug rain mm = 366.8
| Sep rain mm = 246.4
| Oct rain mm = 93.5
| Nov rain mm = 22.4
| Dec rain mm = 4.7
| year rain mm = 1508.0
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 0.6
| Mar rain days = 1.4
| Apr rain days = 3.7
| May rain days = 5.3
| Jun rain days = 10.1
| Jul rain days = 17.4
| Aug rain days = 18.2
| Sep rain days = 11.7
| Oct rain days = 4.9
| Nov rain days = 1.3
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 75.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 48
| Feb humidity = 39
| Mar humidity = 34
| Apr humidity = 38
| May humidity = 45
| Jun humidity = 67
| Jul humidity = 82
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 70
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 55
| year humidity = 58
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name="IMDnormals">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991–2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M41
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>
| source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43041
| title = Normals Data: Jagdalpur – India Latitude: 19.08°N Longitude: 82.03°E Height: 554 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Demographics
year 2021, town has a population of 325,463. The Municipal Corporation have a sex ratio of 985 females per 1,000 males and 19.0% of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 90.44%; male literacy was 92.51% and female literacy was 88.37%.
At the time of the 2011 census, 81.80% of the population were Hindus, 9.44% Christians, 5.32% Muslims, 1.81% Jains, 1.27% Sikhs.
Hindi is the largest language, spoken by 54% of the population. Chhattisgarhi, Halbi, Bhatri and Gondi languages/dialects are also widely spoken. Odia is also spoken by the parts close to Odissa with heavy influence of Halbi.
| 954 |
Jagdalpur
| 1 |
3,722,726 |
# Jagdalpur
## Industry and economy {#industry_and_economy}
Jagdalpur has a primarily agrarian economy. It is the second biggest market after Raipur in the state. Furniture and rice mills are the largest industry. Nagarnar Steel Plant, set up at its outskirts, was completed in October 2018.
National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) built a steel plant in Nagarnar, located 16 km from Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state with an outlay of Rs 20000 crore.
## Notable sites {#notable_sites}
Important landmarks in Jagdalpur are Chitrakote Falls, Teerathgarh Falls, Kotumsar Cave, Tamda Ghumar waterfalls, Mendri Ghumar waterfalls, Kanger Ghati National Park, Indravati National Park, Danteshwari Temple, the historic Temples in Barsoor, Jagannath temple, Mavli temple, Laxmi-Narayan temple, The Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple and more
| 119 |
Jagdalpur
| 2 |
3,722,734 |
# International FJ
The **International FJ** is a Dutch sailboat that was designed by Uus Van Essen and Conrad Gülcher as a trainer and one design racer, first built in 1956.
The boat was initially called the **Flying Dutchman Junior** (after the Flying Dutchman one design racer), as it was designed as a trainer for that Olympic sailing class boat. It was later called the **Flying Junior**. In 1980 the name was again officially changed to the International FJ.
The design became a World Sailing accepted International class in 1972-73.
## Production
The design has been built by a large number of companies including Grampian Marine and Paceship Yachts in Canada, Chantier Naval Costantini in France, Alpa Yachts, Centro Nautico Adriatico, Comar Yachts, Galetti and Nautivela in Italy, Van Doesburg, Dusseldorp, Van Wettum and Perry Lengton in The Nederlands, Advance Sailboat Corp, W. D. Schock Corp, Whitecap Composites and Zim Sailing in the United States.
The first Flying Junior was built by Pim van den Brink (Kolibri) in the Dutch village Stompwijk.
4,600 + boats have been built.
W. D. Schock Corp records indicate that they built 70 boats between 1968 and 1972.
It remains in production by Centro Nautico Adriatico, Zim Sailing and Whitecap Composites.
## Design
The International FJ is a racing sailing dinghy, with early versions built from wood. Fiberglass was class-authorized in 1960.
The boat has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and retractable centerboard. It displaces 165 lb.
The boat has a draft of 2.50 ft with the centerboard extended and 7 in with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching, ground transportation on a trailer or car roof.
For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of 86 sqft. The boat is sailed with a crew of two sailors. A single trapeze is available for use by the crew.
The Club FJ is a version with heavier construction but similar dimensions produced by Zim Sailing. It displaces 220 lb and has a spinnaker of 80 sqft.
Whitecap Composites produces a lightened version of the design with improved ergonomics, marketed as the \"Turbo FJ\".
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the *International FJ Class*
| 386 |
International FJ
| 0 |
3,722,748 |
# Anse, Rhône
**Anse** (`{{IPA|fr|ɑ̃s|-|Fr-anse.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France. It is situated on the river Saône, approx. 7 km south of Villefranche-sur-Saône (near Lyon).
## Councils of Anse {#councils_of_anse}
Several medieval councils were held in this French town.
That of 994 decreed, among other disciplinary measures, abstinence from servile labour after three o\'clock (None) on Saturday, i.e. the observance of the vigil of Sunday.
The council of 1025 was held for the purpose of settling a conflict between the monks of Cluny Abbey and the Bishop of Mâcon, who complained that, though their monastery was situated in his diocese, the monks had obtained ordination from the Archbishop of Vienne. Odilon of Cluny was present and exhibited a papal privilege exempting his monastery from the episcopal jurisdiction of Mâcon. But the fathers of the council caused to be read the ancient canons ordaining that in every country the abbots and monks should be subject to their own bishop, and declared null a privilege contrary to the canons. The Archbishop of Vienne was required to apologize to the Bishop of Mâcon.
In 1076 a council was held for the purpose of furthering the ecclesiastical reforms of Gregory VII.
At the council of 1100, Hugues, Archbishop of Lyon, demanded from the assembled fathers, among whom was Anselm of Canterbury, a subsidy for the expenses of the journey that, with the Pope\'s permission, he was about to make to Jerusalem.
## Population
## People
- John Claudius Neraz, (1828--1894), born in Anse, Roman Catholic priest, bishop of San Antonio, Texas
| 262 |
Anse, Rhône
| 0 |
3,722,765 |
# Keigo Yamashita
is a professional Go player. Yamashita adopted the name **Honinbo Dowa** after winning his first Honinbo title in 2010.
## Biography
A student of Yasuro Kikuchi, Yamashita turned professional in 1993. He won the 19th Kisei 2 dan division in 1994. Yamashita reached the challenger finals of the Tengen in 1999. His first major title came in 2000 when he defeated Honorary Gosei Koichi Kobayashi in the finals of the 25th Gosei. At the time of his win, Yamashita was the second youngest player to win a major title. He also won the Shusai Prize for his play and broke the record for most games in a year with 77. Yamashita defeated O Rissei for the Kisei in 2003, becoming the fourth youngest big-three (Kisei, Meijin, Honinbo) winner at 24
| 133 |
Keigo Yamashita
| 0 |
3,722,778 |
# Dantewada
**Dantewada** (also known as **Dantewara**) is a town and a municipality, or nagar palika. in the Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India.It is the administrative headquarters of Dantewada District. It is the fourth largest city of Bastar division. The town is named after the goddess Danteshwari, the presiding deity of the Danteshwari Temple located in the town, 80 km from the Jagdalpur town. The goddess is worshipped as an incarnation of Shakti and the temple is held to be one of the fifty-two sacred Shakti Peethas. Dantewada Town is well connected by broad gauge railway line from Visakhapatnam. The Nearest Big city to Dantewada is Raipur and well connected with Bus services
## Geography
Dantewada is located at 18.9000 N 81.3500 E. It has an average elevation of 351 meters (1154 feet). Dantewada city is situated on the river banks of Shakini and Dakini rivers.
## Places of interest {#places_of_interest}
### Danteshwari temple {#danteshwari_temple}
One of the Shakti Peethas of India, Maa Danteshwari temple is in Dantewada. The presiding deity of Dantewada is goddess Danteshwari. World-famous Bastar Dussehra which is also the longest festival of world, starts from Dantewada Shaktipeeth.
### Dholkal Ganesha {#dholkal_ganesha}
Ganesha idol at a height of 3000 feet is amidst the lush green forests of Bailadila ranges. The path to the peak is full of beautiful sightings. Tourists visit Dholkal for real adventure.
### Phoolpad waterfalls {#phoolpad_waterfalls}
Phoolpad waterfall is a waterfall with scenic ambience. Recently`{{When|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki}, District Administration Dantewada started river rappelling to boost tourism in the area.
### Barsoor
Known as \"the city of temples and lakes\", Barsoor has a great historical significance. Grandeur architecture of the temples speak out the glorious history of Barsoor. Twin Ganesha idol, Mama Bhancha temple, Chandraditya temple and Battisha temple are some of them.
### Saathdhara waterfalls {#saathdhara_waterfalls}
6 kilometers from Barsoor, there is a bridge which connects Abujhmarh with Barsoor. The bridge is on Indravati river and before it, there is a trek of around two kilometers to reach the waterfall. Indravati river streams are separated by seven sub-streams and flows through rocky terrain and forms Saathdhara waterfall.
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Dantewada Tehsil is divided into thirty eight gram panchayats, each one of which has jurisdiction over one or more villages.
## Demographics
India census, Dantewada had a population of 13,633. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Dantewada had an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 78% and, female literacy was 61%. In 2001 in Dantewada, 14% of the population was under 6 years of
## Educational institutes {#educational_institutes}
1- Government Danteshwari PG College Dantewada <http://www.pgcollegedantewada.com>
2\. College of Agriculture, Chitalanka, Dantewada
3\. Kendriya Vidyalaya, Chitalanka, Dantewada <http://www.kvdantewada.com/home.php>
4\. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barsoor, Dantewada <http://www.jnvbarsoor.in>
5\. Govt Model Higher Secondary School, Dantewada
6\. NMDC Polytechnic College Dantewada <http://nmdcdavpoly.in>
## Notable person {#notable_person}
Mahendra Karma, an Indian National Congress politician who was assassinated by Maoists in 2013
| 496 |
Dantewada
| 0 |
3,722,790 |
# Leighterton
**Leighterton** is a village in rural Gloucestershire off the A46. It sits within the civil parish of Boxwell with Leighterton, 4.25 miles west-southwest of Tetbury, towards the southern end of the Cotswolds AONB. Situated in the Cotswold hills, it is 175 metres above sea level. Historically, it was situated within the hundred of Grumbald\'s Ash.
The village\'s parish church, dedicated to St Andrew, is a Grade II listed building. Originally built in the 13th century and with a porch dating from the 14th century, it underwent a restoration in 1877. The patronage of the church formerly belonged to Walsingham Priory and Gloucester Abbey, later passing to the Huntley family of Boxwell Court.
There are over a dozen listed buildings within the village built with Cotswold limestone, including the 19th century Royal Oak pub and the former village hall.
A long barrow, located just outside the village, is listed as a scheduled monument. An example of a Cotswold-Severn megalithic chamber tomb, it is 220 feet in length with burial likely to date from between 3800BC and 3625BC.
The manor of Leighterton is recorded as being held by Humphrey de Bohun in 1373 and by Robert Stanshaw in 1473, part of the Stanshaw family of Little Sodbury Manor.
The village is located in the Grumbolds Ash with Avening Cotswold district council ward, the Tetbury Gloucestershire county council electoral division and the South Cotswolds parliamentary constituency
| 235 |
Leighterton
| 0 |
3,722,802 |
# CAF Super Cup
The **CAF Super Cup**, known as **TotalEnergies CAF Super Cup** for sponsorship reasons, is an annual African association football competition contested between the winners of the CAF Champions League and the CAF Confederation Cup. The competition was first held in 1993 and is organized by the CAF.
Egyptian clubs have the highest number of victories (13 titles), Moroccan clubs have the largest number of winning teams, with four clubs from each having won the title. The competition has been won by 17 clubs, 6 of which have won it more than once. Al Ahly is the most successful club in the competition\'s history, having won the tournament a record 8 times. Zamalek SC are the current defending champions, having beaten Al Ahly SC 4-3 on penalty shootouts after a 1-1 draw in the original time in the 2024 CAF Super Cup.
## History
The African Super Cup started and organized in 1993 by the CAF under the name of the CAF Super Cup, It is played in a single match and on the field of the winner of the CAF Champions League (exception in 2007). Until 2003, the African Super cup pitted the winner of the Champions League against the winner of the African Cup Winners\' Cup. When the latter disappeared, it was the winner of the CAF Confederation Cup who took the place. The notable edition was in 1994, Zamalek and Al Ahly, the two Egyptian belligerents met for the trophy in the infamous Cairo derby. They met in FNB Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. Zamalek won and achieved the title as the first Egyptian team to win the African Super cup.
On only six occasions, the winner of the Champions League lost in this competition: the Ivorian club Africa Sports d\'Abidjan beat the Moroccans Wydad AC in the first edition in Abidjan in 1993, the ES Sahel have beat Raja CA in 1997, Maghreb de Fès beat ES Tunis in 2012, Raja CA and Zamalek SC beat ES Tunis in 2019 and 2020, and finally RS Berkane have beat Wydad AC in 2022.
Fez Maghreb is the first Confederation Cup winning club to have won the CAF Super cup since the CAF Champions League winner clashed with the CAF Confederation Cup winner. Zamalek SC won the 2024 CAF Super Cup, after beating Al Ahly SC 4-3 in a penalty shootout after a 1-1 draw in the famous Cairo derby. The match became known as the Super of the Century.
## Venues
### List of venues since 2015 {#list_of_venues_since_2015}
- 2015: Stade Mustapha Tchaker, Blida, Algeria
- 2016: Stade TP Mazembe, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
- 2017: Loftus Versfeld Stadium, Pretoria, South Africa
- 2018: Stade Mohammed V, Casablanca, Morocco
- 2019: Thani bin Jassim Stadium, Doha, Qatar
- 2020: Thani bin Jassim Stadium, Doha, Qatar
- 2021 (May): Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar
- 2021 (Dec): Ahmed bin Ali Stadium, Al Rayyan, Qatar
- 2022: Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, Rabat, Morocco
- 2023: King Fahd Stadium, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- 2024: Kingdom Arena, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
## Sponsorship
In July 2016, Total secured an eight-year sponsorship package from the Confederation of African Football (CAF) to support 10 of its principal competitions. Total started with the Africa Cup of Nations that was held in Gabon therefore renaming it Total Africa cup of Nations. Due to this sponsorship, starting from 2017 the tournament is called the \"Total CAF Super Cup\"
| 574 |
CAF Super Cup
| 0 |
3,722,808 |
# Jüri Ratas
**Jüri Ratas** (`{{IPA|et|ˈjyri ˈrɑtːɑs|est}}`{=mediawiki}; born 2 July 1978) is an Estonian politician who served as the prime minister of Estonia from 2016 to 2021 and as the leader of the Centre Party from 2016 to 2023, and the mayor of Tallinn from 2005 to 2007. Ratas was a member of the Centre Party until switching to Isamaa in 2024.
As the prime minister Ratas led two cabinets his first cabinet was in office from 2016 to 2019 and second from 2019 to 2021. His second cabinet was notable for its share of public scandals, highest number of resignations of ministers in Estonian history and the number of public apologies from Ratas, mostly connected to the activities and offensive public statements of the smaller coalition partner nationalist and right-wing populist EKRE party. Among others they called Sanna Marin a \"non-educated sales girl\" and Joe Biden a \"corrupt character\" forcing Ratas to apologize on their behalf.
His tenure also saw the national budget of Estonia moving to deficit after years of being in surplus.
## Career
He acted as the vice-president of the Riigikogu from 2007 to 2016 and Mayor of Tallinn from 2005 to 2007, attaining the post at age 27. As a mayor of Tallinn he initiated the European Green Capital Award programme.
In the 2015 Estonian parliamentary election, Ratas was re-elected to the parliament with 7,932 individual votes. In March he was elected as the second deputy speaker of the Riigikogu.
On 5 November 2016, Ratas was elected to succeed Edgar Savisaar as the leader of the Centre Party. After Taavi Rõivas\' second cabinet split in November 2016 due to internal struggle, coalition talks began between Centre Party, Social Democratic Party, and Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
| 292 |
Jüri Ratas
| 0 |
3,722,808 |
# Jüri Ratas
## Premiership
On 19 November, the three parties agreed on the conditions of Ratas\' first cabinet. Ratas was sworn in as the prime minister of Estonia on 23 November.
After 2019 parliamentary election, Ratas turned down an offer from the liberal, election-winning Reform Party for coalition and instead entered into talks with the conservative Isamaa and the often-considered as far-right, EKRE. On 17 April, Riigikogu granted Ratas the authority to form the government and remain Prime Minister. These talks resulted in the formation of Ratas\' second cabinet in April 2019.
During his tenure, the national budget of Estonia went into deficit after years of being in surplus. This drew widespread criticism, notably from the European Commission and the Estonian Central Bank.
On 9 March 2018, after Poland\'s referral to the European Court of Justice, leaders of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia expressed their support for Poland over the Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union. Ratas said that \"Any problems related to voting and taking away the right to vote -- I do not think that it should happen at all, it would be a step too far.\"
### Coalition formation in 2019 {#coalition_formation_in_2019}
In the elections of 2019, the party of Ratas, the Estonian Centre Party, lost support while the oppositional, liberal Estonian Reform Party, gained support and became the largest party by parliament seats in Estonia. After the elections, Ratas turned down an offer by the Reform party for coalition talks and entered into talks with Isamaa and EKRE, the latter being widely considered a far-right party. Ratas had previously ruled out forming a coalition with EKRE during the election campaign because of its hostile views.
The subsequent reversal of his stance and the inclusion of EKRE by Ratas in coalition talks after the elections was met with local and international criticism. In a poll conducted after the start of the coalition talks, the party of Jüri Ratas further lost support.
The critics of the decision have claimed that Ratas is willing to sacrifice his party\'s values, the confidence of his voters and the stability and reputation of the country to keep his position as prime minister. Ratas has countered that his first duty is to look for ways to get his party included in the government to be able to work in the benefit of his voters and that the coalition would continue to firmly support the EU, NATO and would be sending out messages of tolerance.
Some key members and popular candidates of the party of Ratas have been critical of the decision, with Raimond Kaljulaid leaving the party in protest. Yana Toom, a member of the party and its representative in the European Parliament expressed criticism of the decision. Mihhail Kõlvart, popular among the Russian-speaking voters and the newly-elect mayor of Tallinn, has said the Centre party cannot govern with EKRE\'s approach.
The decision was also criticised by Guy Verhofstadt, leader of the ALDE group in the European Parliament where The Centre Party of Ratas is a member, suggesting that Ratas should break off coalition talks with the national-conservative EKRE. Ratas responded in the Estonian media that \"Brussels should not dictate to us what our coalition should be like.\"
When on the third week of coalition talks, Martin Helme of EKRE accused gynaecologists of violating their Hippocratic Oath by performing abortions, Ratas demanded the party to stop accusing doctors -- with this being the first public criticism of EKRE by Ratas after the start of the coalition talks.
On 17 April, Riigikogu voted in favour of granting Ratas the authority to form the government.
Ratas resigned as prime minister on 13 January 2021 after the Prosecutor General suspected the Centre Party of \"criminal involvement\" in an influence peddling scandal involving businessman Hillar Teder. Ratas stated that he had no knowledge of the alleged affair and had committed no wrongdoing, but chose to resign to take political responsibility for the scandal. He remained as the head of a caretaker government until a new coalition was formed. On 25 January 2021 Kaja Kallas formed an Estonian Reform Party-led coalition government with the Estonian Centre Party. He was succeeded by Lauri Hussar as the president of Riigikogu on 10 April 2023.
### Changing party {#changing_party}
On 29 January 2024, Ratas announced leaving the Center Party and joining the conservative-christian democratic Isamaa due to value differences with his successor as the leader of the party Mihhail Kõlvart.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ratas was born in Tallinn, Estonia. His father was Centre Party politician Rein Ratas. He attended secondary school in Nõmme. He graduated in Business Management from Tallinn University of Technology and obtained a master\'s degree in Economic Sciences from the same university. He also holds a bachelor\'s degree in Law from the University of Tartu.
Ratas is married; he has a daughter and three sons.
Ratas regards himself to be a believer and has completed the Alpha course at St. Olaf\'s Church. Although in the press he has been described as a baptist, he has denied this. Apart from the Estonian language, Ratas is fluent in English and has an understanding of Russian, Swedish and Portuguese. He began learning Russian in early 2017.
His hobbies include chess, reading and horse riding
| 876 |
Jüri Ratas
| 1 |
3,722,812 |
# Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau)
The **Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited** (`{{zh|t=中國工商銀行(澳門)股份有限公司}}`{=mediawiki}) formerly known as the **Seng Heng Bank Limited** (`{{zh|t=誠興銀行}}`{=mediawiki}) established in 2009, is the third largest locally incorporated bank in Macau, China. In August 2007, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) acquired a 79.9 percent share in the bank, which became a subsidiary of ICBC. In July 2009, the merger was finalized and renamed ICBC (Macau) as such all branches of Seng Heng Bank are now re-branded as ICBC (Macau).
## History
The bank was acquired by Sociedade de Turismo e Diversoes de Macau S.A. in 1989, and is a wholly owned subsidiary. It was said to be the first bank in Greater China to offer a pre-paid debit card
| 129 |
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau)
| 0 |
3,722,814 |
# Mount Killaraus
In Arthurian legend, **Mount Killaraus** (*mons Killaraus*) is a legendary place in Ireland where Stonehenge originally stood. According to the narrative presented in Geoffrey of Monmouth\'s *Historia Regum Britanniae*, King Ambrosius Aurelianus embarks on a quest to construct a memorial for the Celtic Britons who were treacherously slain by Anglo-Saxons. When conventional methods fail to produce an awe-inspiring monument, Ambrosius turns to the renowned wizard Merlin for guidance. In response, Merlin advises the king to transport a stone circle known as the Giant\'s Ring from Mount Killaraus in Ireland, attributing magical and healing properties to these stones, which were believed to have been brought from Africa by giants.
This prompts Uther Pendragon to lead an expedition to Ireland, where a battle against the Irish king Gillomanius ensues, resulting in the successful retrieval of the stones with Merlin\'s magical assistance. While the story itself is fictional, archaeological research by Mike Parker Pearson suggests intriguing connections between Stonehenge and the Waun Mawn stone circle in Wales, indicating the potential for a historical basis within the legendary narrative.
## Merlin legend {#merlin_legend}
The first record of the Merlin story is in Geoffrey of Monmouth\'s 12th century *Historia Regum Britanniae* (\'History of the Kings of Britain\'). It tells how king Aurelius Ambrosius sought to build a memorial to the Celtic Britons who were treacherously slain by Anglo-Saxons.
When his carpenters and masons cannot come up with a suitably awe-inspiring monument, Ambrosius asks the wizard Merlin for advice. Merlin tells the king to transport a stone circle called the Giant\'s Ring from Mount Killaraus in Ireland. He says they are magical healing stones that had been brought from Africa by giants.
Uther Pendragon sails to Ireland with 15,000 men to retrieve the stones. The Irish king Gillomanius marches against them with a large army, but is defeated. With Merlin\'s help, the Britons transport the stones to Britain and set them up as they had originally stood.
## Possible original {#possible_original}
### Hill of Uisneach, Ireland {#hill_of_uisneach_ireland}
The name *mons Killaraus* could mean the \"hill of Killare\" and thus may refer to the Hill of Uisneach. This is an ancient ceremonial site with numerous prehistoric monuments, which was seen as the sacred centre of Ireland.
### Waun Mawn circle, Wales {#waun_mawn_circle_wales}
Many of Stonehenge\'s original bluestones have been traced to quarries in the Preseli Hills, in west Wales.
Although the Merlin tale is fiction, archaeologist Mike Parker Pearson suggests that there may be a \"tiny grain of truth\" in it.
Pearson\'s team of archaeologists found evidence suggesting that most of the Waun Mawn stone circle in the Preseli Hills was taken down and brought to Salisbury Plain, where it became the first phase of Stonehenge
| 452 |
Mount Killaraus
| 0 |
3,722,825 |
# Tourn
The **tourn** (**tour**, **turn**) was the bi-annual inspection of the hundreds of his shire made by the sheriff in medieval England. During it he would preside over the especially full meetings of the hundred court (more normally three-weekly) which met during the tourn at Easter and Michaelmas.
## Origins
The tourn is first recorded by that name in 1205, but Frederic William Maitland considered that it was already in action at the time of the 1166 Assize of Clarendon. Anglo-Saxon precedents for the tourn, in the form of exceptional shrieval holdings of the hundred court, are however already apparent by the early 11th century.
## Profits and abuses {#profits_and_abuses}
A central part of the tourn was known as \'views of frankpledge\', when the sheriff looked into the frankpledge or frith-borh system, for which all freemen and suitors of the hundred, as well as the reeve and four representatives from each vill, were meant to be present. Fines for non-attendance, the frankpledge penny, and penalties from criminals presented, all added up to sources of profit from the tourn, which sheriffs were naturally inclined to capitalise on.
Among the abuses that followed were multiplication of the number of tourn sessions and the exaction of money for non-attendance: one sheriff went so far as to extend the tourn to a county (Northumberland) where it was previously unknown, to multiply fines for non-attendance from the unwary. Unsurprisingly, attempted restrictions on the tourn formed a substantial part of the constitutional struggle of the 13th century. - Magna Carta insisting on no more than a bi-annual tourn, with fees for view of frankpledge restricted to those of Henry II\'s time. The Baronial Opposition reiterated the earlier points, and added to the classes of people exempt from attendance at the tourn -- matters so popular that the victorious royalists took them up unchanged in the Statute of Marlborough.
## Geographical expansion/Temporal decline {#geographical_expansiontemporal_decline}
The second half of the 13th century saw the tourn extended to Northern counties and to North Wales, (though not to the southern principality).
Later however the importance of the tourn (as of frankpledge) went into decline; and under Edward IV its legal scope was formally delimited (though not entirely removed)
| 369 |
Tourn
| 0 |
3,722,835 |
# Tache Avenue, Winnipeg
**Taché Avenue** (French: *Avenue Taché*) is a street in the neighbourhood of St. Boniface in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The road forms a portion of the city\'s primary diking system to defend against flooding along the Red River.
The street is adjoined by Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface and Saint Boniface General Hospital. Other nearby landmarks include the Saint Boniface Cathedral, Provencher Bridge, St. Boniface Public Library, St. Boniface Museum, and the **Taché Dock**. The street is also a connecting route for Winnipeg Route 52 (Main Street) and Winnipeg Route 115 (Marion Street). At the northern tip of Taché Avenue is the historic site of Fort Gibraltar.
The street is named after Alexandre-Antonin Taché, the first Archbishop of St. Boniface.
## Taché Promenade {#taché_promenade}
The **Taché Promenade** (French: *Promenade Taché*) is a walkway on the banks of the Red River along Taché Avenue from the Provencher Bridge to the Norwood Bridge in St. Boniface. Interpretive plaques along the walkway explain the early development of the St. Boniface area.
Officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 6 October 1984, the Promenade was built to allow small personal boats and water taxis to dock. It received its first upgrade between 1987 and 1989.
A further \$4-million (later \$10 million) expansion of Taché Dock was announced in the 2010s. Completed in June 2019, the project added a 100 m-long pedestrian walkway and lookout (called the \"**St. Boniface Belvedere**\") that arcs over the Red River riverbank. It also connected the paths that run between St. Boniface Hospital and Esplanade Riel
| 258 |
Tache Avenue, Winnipeg
| 0 |
3,722,839 |
# Anspessade
An **anspessade**, or **lanspessade**, was a kind of officer in the French foot soldiers between the 16th and 17th centuries, ranking below the corporals yet above the common sentinels.
There are usually four or five in each company. The term is formed of the Italian *lancia spezzata* (\"broken lance\"), used because they were originally disbanded gendarmes, horsemen in full armor, who for want of other subsistence sued for a place of some distinction in the infantry
| 78 |
Anspessade
| 0 |
3,722,849 |
# School for Advanced Studies
The **School for Advanced Studies** (SAS) is a dual-enrollment secondary school in Miami, Florida. It is a part of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools System and is located at five campuses of Miami Dade College: Homestead campus, Kendall campus, North campus, West campus, and Wolfson campus. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
## Overview
SAS provides accelerated education for students in grades 11--12, allowing them to earn an associate\'s degree from Miami Dade College (MDC) concurrent with their last two years of high school.
## Student eligibility {#student_eligibility}
Students interested in attending SAS must apply in the fall of their sophomore year.
Students must have:
1. A minimum 3.0 unweighted grade-point average (GPA)
2. Earned required exam scores (PERT or Accuplacer)
3. Submitted the application on time and correctly
4. Record of exemplary attendance
## Campuses
Each campus holds different and unique components.
Locations:
- **Homestead**: 500 College Terrace, Homestead, FL 33030
- **Kendall**: 11011 SW 104th St, Miami, FL 33176
- **North**: 11380 NW 27th Ave, Miami, FL 33167
- **West**: 3800 NW 115th Ave, Doral, FL 33178
- **Wolfson**: 25 NE 2nd St, Miami, FL 33132
Curriculum:
--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------------------------
**Social Studies:** AP United States Government and Politics AP Macroeconomics AP United States History Constitutional Law Honors
**Research:** Research 1 Honors
**Language Arts:** AP English Literature AP English Language and Composition Great Books Honors
**Mathematics:** AP Pre-Calculus AP Calculus AB AP Calculus BC
--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------------------------
: 11th grade
--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------------------------
**Social Studies:** AP United States Government and Politics AP Macroeconomics AP United States History Constitutional Law Honors
**Research:** Research 2 Honors Internship
**Language Arts:** AP English Literature AP English Language and Composition Great Books Honors
**Mathematics:** AP Calculus AB AP Calculus BC
--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------------------------
: 12th grade
Homestead Kendall North West Wolfson
-------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------- --------------------------
Arts/Gaming Art Art Chess Art
Black Student Union Chess Black Student Union FBLA Black Student Union
Culinary Arts Coding Mental Health Literary Magazine Coding
Environmental Debate/Mock Trial English Honor Society Mu Alpha Theta Environmental
Gay Straight Alliance Gay Straight Alliance Gay Straight Alliance English Honor Society Feeding South Florida
Literary Magazine Literary Magazine Hispanic heritage Model UN Hispanic Heritage
Mu Alpha Theta Model UN Math and Coding Science Honor Society Jewish Student Union
National Honor Society Mu Alpha Theta National Honor Society Student Government Association Performing and Fine Arts
Newspaper Science Honor Society Medical Technology Students Mock Trial
Student Government Association Women of Tomorrow Women of Tomorrow Wild West Artistry Sports Enthusiasts
: Clubs
## Curriculum
Only offer Advanced Placement (AP), Honors, and Dual Enrollment Courses
Advanced Placement Courses
- AP United States History
- AP United States Government and Politics
- AP Macroeconomics
- AP English Language and Composition
- AP English Literature and Composition
- AP Pre-Calculus
- AP Calculus AB
- AP Calculus BC
- AP Physics C Mechanics
## Demographics
--------------------- -------
Minority enrollment 92.5%
Hispanic 82.7%
White 7.5%
Asian 6.0%
Black 3.0%
Two or more races 0.8%
--------------------- -------
: Student diversity
-------- -----
Female 64%
Male 36%
-------- -----
: Gender distribution
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- Ranked #3 in the 2023-2024 Best U.S. High Schools by the U.S. News on Education
- Ranked #1 in the 2023-2024 Best Florida High Schools by the U.S. News on Education
- Ranked #1 in the 2023-2024 Best High Schools in the Miami, FL Area by U.S. News on Education
- Ranked #1 in the 2023-2024 High Schools in Miami-Dade County Public Schools District by U.S. News on Education
- Ranked #6 out of the top 2000 public senior high schools in the U.S. in a joint report by *Newsweek* and *The Daily Beast* in 2013, 2nd out of all Florida schools, and 1st out of all Miami schools
- 7 May 2013 was declared as SAS Day in Miami-Dade County, signifying the 25-year anniversary of this nationally recognized high school.
- Ranked #12 out of 30,000+ public senior high schools in the U.S. by *Newsweek* in 2012, and 3rd out of all Florida schools on the list
- Ranked #46 out of 30,000+ public senior high schools in the U.S
| 701 |
School for Advanced Studies
| 0 |
3,722,858 |
# List of Cuban comic creators
This is a list of **Cuban comic creators**. Although comics have different formats, this list mainly focuses on comic book and graphic novel creators. However, some creators of comic strips are also found here, as are some of the early innovators of the artform.
This list contains all authors with Cuba as country of origin, although they may have published, or now be resident in other countries.
- Abela, Eduardo
- Arístides Hernández Guerrero also known as Ares
- Aguilar, Antonio
- Alba, Orlando
- Alfonso, Reinaldo
- Alfonso Cruz, Roberto also known as Robe
- Gutiérrez Vásquez, Alfredo
- Alonso, Dora
- Alonso, Fabio
- Alonso, Manolo
- Alonso, Miriam
- Alpizar, Pedro
- Alvárez, Moreno
- Alvárez, Pedro
- Alvárez Cabada, Sommy
- Andrés
- Antro
- Aparicio, Walfrido also known as Wal
- Aragón, D.
- Pumariega, Arístide
- Armada, Santiago also known as Chago
- Arroyito
- Artiles Acosta, Miguel
- Avellanet, Thelma
- Avilés Montalvo, Cecilio
- Bandomo, Luis
- Barredo, Eduardo
- Barrionuevo, Rafaél
- Barro, Carla
- Behmaras, Marcos
- Bencomo, Luis
- Benítez, Adigio
- Bertrán, Juan
- Betancourt, Juan
- Betanzos Hernández, Miguel
- Blanco Ávila, Francisco
- Blanco Hernández, Francisco
- Bulit, Ilse
- Caignet B., Félix
- Callejas A., Miguel
- Calvo, Alfredo
- Canovaca
- Cánovas, Alexis
- Cantelli, Adelfa
- Caparó, Javier also known as Kaparó
- Capdevila, Samuel
- Capotel, Gladys
- Carballido Rey, Juan
- Cárdenas, Mike
- Cardi, Juan
- Cardoso Onelio, Jorge
- Villar Alemán, Carlos
- Carranza Rouselot, Lucio
- Casaus, Victor
- Castellanos, Ramón
- Castillo Barzaga, Luis
- Avilés Montalvo, Cecilio also known as Cecilio
- Ceballos López, Ubaldo
- Chavarría, Daniel
- Chavianol, Daína
- Chirino, Lilian
- Claudio
- Cordero, Victor also known as Vic
- Coto
- Couto, Armando
- Cruz, Marta
- Cruz Montano, José also known as Pecruz
- Dagoberto
- Daiviel López, Karel
- Damián González, Ignacio
- De Armas, Jesús
- De Jesús Ramos, Ulises
- De La Torriente, Ricardo
- De La Nuez, Nelson
- De La Nuez, René
- Delgado Vélez, José F.
- Del Real, Aramis
- De Montemar, René
- Díaz, Hilario
- Díaz, Pedro
- Díaz Portillo, Miguel
- Díaz Rafael, Gregorio
- Díaz Rivero, Recaredo
- Domínguez, José R.
- Dopico
- Dueñas
- Duque Estrada
- Duque Sánchez, Luis Oscar
- Durán Llopís, Alexis
- Escobar Froilán
- Estapé, Angel
- Estapé, Newton
- E.T., Jorge
- Fabiana
- Falbello, Luis
- Feijoó, Samuel
- Fernández, Juan Carlos
- Fernández Franco, Emilio
- Ferrufino, Rafaél
- Fontanillas, Silvio
- Fornés Collado, Rafaél
- Frades, E.
- Frémez
- Fresquet, Freaquito
- Fresquet Chamaco, Luis
- Fuentes, Norberto
- Fuentes, Plácido
- Fundora, Lázaro
- Galindo, Adolfo
- Galindo, Ana
- García, Antonio
- García, David
- García, Nelson
- García Cabrera, Enrique
- García Cañizares, René
- García Leyva, Alberto
- García Pampín, Ricardo
- García Rodríguez, Domingo
- García Rodríguez, Felipe also known as Felgar
- García Terminel, Domingo
- Gasca
- Geli
- Gil, Roberto
- Gómez, Antonio
- González, Teresita
- González Díaz, Gaspar
- González Hijo, Carmelo
- González Reyes, Rolando
- González Viera, Pedro also known as Péglez
- Grant, Francisco
- Guerra, Félix
- Guerra Pensado, Jorge Luis
- Gutiérrez Saborit, Eusebio also known as Chevo
- Gutiérrez Vásquez, Alfredo also known as Alfredo
- Hechavarría, Omar also known as Omar
- Henríquez, Hernán also known as Hernán H.
- Hernández, Luis Manuel
- Hernández, Sergio
- Hernández Cárdenas
- Hernández Guerrero, Roberto
- Hernández Valdés, Manuel also known as Manuel
- Honoré
- Jaime, Demetrio
- Janer, César
- Javier
- Jiménez, Teresa
- Jordi, Virgilio
- Kuchilán Sol, Mario
- Lamar Cuervo, Manuel also known as Lillo
- Lamarque, Abril
- Landaluze, Patricio
- Lázaro
- Leyva Rosa
- Lillo, Rafaél
- Linares Díaz, Adalberto
- Llaguno, Oscar
- López, Juan José also known as Juan José
- López Palacios, José Luis also known as José Luis
- Lorenzo Sosa, Luis
- Luaces
- Lursen, Niko
- Má Argudín, Angel
- Hernández Valdés, Manuel also known as Manuel
- Mantilla, Alfredo
- Marcelino
- Mariño Souto, Antonio also known as Ñico
- Martín, Angel
- Martín, Pedro
- Martínez, Gianni also known as Gianni
- Martínez, José
- Martínez, René also known as René
- Martínez, Yuri
- Martínez Sopeña, René
- Martínez Gaínza, Virgilio also known as Virgilio
- Martirena Hernández, Alfredo
- Massaguer, Conrado W.
- Matamoros, Luis also known as Lumat
- Maza, Heriberto
- Menrique Ardión, Alberto
- Miguel
- Mirabal, Alberto
- Miranda, Anisia
- Mizrahí Marcos, José
- Morales, Juan Maurilio also known as Dodo
- Morales, Pedro
- Morales Ajubel, Alberto
- Morales Vega, Fidel
- Morante Boyerizo, Rafaél
- Motta, Francisco
- Muñoz, Honorio
- Muñoz Bachs, Eduardo also known as Bachs
- Nelson
- Niple Mamerto, L.
- Nogueras, Wichi
- Nordelo
- Novoa, Mario
- Nuñez, Javier
- Nuñez, Raúl
- Nuñez Machín, Ana also known as África
- Nuñez Rodríguez, Enrique
- Oliver Medina, Jorge also known as Oli
- Orta, Jesús also known as Indio Naborí
- Ortega, Elio
- Ortega, Gregorio
- Ortega Vásquez, Elio
- Ortiz, Marcelino
- Osvaldo
- Pablo José
- Padrón Blanco, Ernesto
- Padrón Blanco, Juan
- Pazos, Antonio
- Peña, Antonio
- Peña Mora, Rodolfo
- Peñalver, Moreno
- Pérez, Galdós
- Pérez, Olga Marta
- Pérez Alfaro, Manuel
- Pérez Lujardo, Pavel also known as Pavel
- Perna, Mirtha
- Piñera, Virgilio
- Ponce, Mario
- Portell Vilá, Heriberto
- Posada, José Luis
- Prado Álvarez, Gustavo also known as Pitín
- Prohías, Antonio
- Pumariega, Arístide also known as Arístide
- Raggi, Tulio
- Ramos Puig, Gabriel also known as Gaby
- Reyes, Chaly
- Reyes Ramos, Ricardo also known as Richard
- Reyes, Sarah
- Rido
- Rivera, Guillermo
- Rivero, Carlos
- Riverón
- Robreño, Carlos
- Robreño, Eduardo
- Robreño, Gustavo
- Roca, Blas also known as Tío Francisco
- Rodríguez, Félix
- Rodríguez, Gustavo also known as Garrincha
- Rodríguez Suría, Horacio also known as Horacio
- Rodríguez Quiñones, Horacio also known as Horacio R.Q.
- Rodríguez Ruiz, Francisco also known as Panchito
- Rodríguez, Silvio also known as Silvio
- Rodríguez Zayas, Tomás also known as Tomy
- Rodríguez Torres, Nilda
- Rodríguez Espinosa, Alberto Enrique also known as Alben
- Roger
- Rodulfo M.
- Rojas, Mirtha
- Rosales, Guillermo
- Roseñada, Leopoldo
- Rosita
- Ruiz, Juan
- Ruiz, Luis
- Saguez, Jordi
- Salas, Isauro Antonio
- Sánchez López, Vicente also known as Vicente
- Sánchez, Magaly
- Sansón Castro, Orlando
- Santiago, Felipe
- Santos, Mercedes
- Sanz, Lucía
- Saúl
- Serapión
- Suárez, Martha
- Suárez, Lemus Orestes
- Suárez Méndez, Pedro José also known as Pedro
- Simanca, Osmani
- Tamayo Maillo, Évora also known as Évora
- Tejedor, Cabrera Octavio
- Toledo, E.
- Torres Albuerne, Wilfredo
- Torres Martínez, Tomás also known as Tomaso
- Tosta, Mario
- Urra, Agustín
- Valdés Díaz, Angel
- Valdés, Fran
- Valdés, Jaime
- Valdés, Sonia
- Valdez Díaz, Humberto also known as Val
- Vázquez Portal, Manuel
- Vega, Luis
- Velasco, Angel
- Vergara, Tomás
- Vian, Ivette
- Vidal, Abelardo
- Vidal, Carlos P
| 1,227 |
List of Cuban comic creators
| 0 |
3,722,896 |
# Ready, Steady, Charlie!
***Ready, Steady, Charlie!**\'\' (Ge.***Achtung, fertig, Charlie!**\'\') is a 2003 Swiss movie production directed by Mike Eschmann, starring newcomer Michael Koch, beauty queen Melanie Winiger, and comedian Marco Rima. The plot is a parody about the military service in Switzerland and has been the most successful Swiss movie since 1978\'s The Swissmakers, and had some success as well in France, the United States, the UK and even in Russia
| 72 |
Ready, Steady, Charlie!
| 0 |
3,722,910 |
# Killing of Christopher Penley
**Christopher Penley**, a 15-year-old boy, was killed on January 13, 2006, at Milwee Middle School in Longwood, Florida. During class, Penley took out an Airsoft gun that was designed to look realistic. Penley ran from the room and eventually entered a restroom area. SWAT officers arrived on the scene and tried to negotiate with him. Penley pointed the Airsoft gun at an officer, who responded by shooting Penley.
## Shooting
Penley had briefly taken classmate Maurice Cotey hostage in a classroom and then later barricaded himself in an outdoor bathroom at Milwee Middle School in Longwood, Florida, with an Airsoft gun painted entirely black to disguise it as a Beretta 92. After the weapon was discovered by Cotey, Penley forced him into the closet and shut off the lights in the classroom. The student immediately fled and informed security and later phoned police. SWAT arrived on the scene shortly thereafter, while a negotiator attempted to initiate contact with Penley. After a twenty-minute stand-off he aimed the pistol at Lieutenant Michael Weippert who responded by shooting him.
He was transported to Orlando Regional Medical Center where he remained on life support for two days before dying of his wounds. Several of his organs were removed and used as transplants. Seminole County Sheriff Don Eslinger said the boy was suicidal and would not respond to negotiators who tried to talk him down in the bathroom.
Some students at the school told the media after the incident that they knew he had \"something planned\". Police have been criticized for initiating action instead of waiting for Penley\'s father to arrive so that his father might convince him to surrender. The *Orlando Sentinel* reported that Ralph Penley was not told of events until after his son was shot. The Florida Department of Law Enforcement investigated the shooting and found it entirely justified, as Penley aimed an apparent weapon at the deputy.
## Aftermath
Penley\'s organs were donated by his family. His death gave nine people vital organs. Christopher Penley has also had a game room at the Landmark Church dedicated to him and a Youth center. The youth center the Adolescent Life Coaching Center opened in honor of Christopher Penley\'s memory and to give a place for the voice of youth to be heard.
Penley\'s family filed a lawsuit against police; however, a judge dismissed the suit after determining that the shooting was justified
| 404 |
Killing of Christopher Penley
| 0 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
This is a list of **American comics creators**. Although comics have different formats, this list covers creators of comic books, graphic novels and comic strips, along with early innovators. The list presents authors with the United States as their country of origin, although they may have published or now be resident in other countries. For other countries, see List of comic creators.
## A
- Jack Abel
- Jessica Abel
- Forrest J. Ackerman - (*Vampirella*, editor and principal writer of the magazine *Famous Monsters of Filmland*)
- Art Adams
- Neal Adams - (*Deadman*, worked on *Batman*)
- Scott Adams - (*Dilbert*)
- Charles Addams - (*The Addams Family*)
- Dan Adkins
- Gene Ahern - (*Our Boarding House*, *Room and Board*, *The Squirrel Cage*, *The Nut Bros.*)
- Vince Alascia - (worked for Timely Comics and Charlton Comics)
- F. O. Alexander (*Hairbreadth Harry*)
- Ashley Allen
- Mike Allred
- Bob Almond
- Bill Amend - (*FoxTrot*)
- Brent Anderson
- Carl Thomas Anderson (*Henry*)
- Murphy Anderson
- Ross Andru (continued *Wonder Woman* and *The Amazing Spider-Man*, co-creator of the Metal Men)
- Jim Aparo (worked on *Batman*)
- Sergio Aragonés (*Mad Magazine*, *Groo the Wanderer*)
- Robert Armstrong - (*Mickey Rat*)
- Everett M. \"Busy\" Arnold (publisher for Quality Comics)
- Gus Arriola - (*Gordo*)
- Ruth Atkinson - (*Millie the Model*, *Patsy Walker*)
- Terry Austin
- Al Avison (continued *Captain America*)
- Vita Ayala
- Brian Azzarello
## B
- Derf Backderf - (*My Friend Dahmer*)
- Mark Bagley
- George Baker - (*Sad Sack*)
- Matt Baker - (*Phantom Lady*)
- Henry Barajas - (*Tata Rambo La Voz de M.A.Y.O*, *Gil Thorp*)
- Carl Barks - (*Donald Duck*, *Scrooge McDuck*)
- Donna Barr - (*Stinz*, *The Desert Peach*)
- Lynda Barry - (*Ernie Pook\'s Comeek*)
- Jen Bartel
- Richard Bassford
- Tom Batiuk - (*Funky Winkerbean*, *John Darling*)
- Alison Bechdel - (*Dykes to Watch Out For*)
- C. C. Beck - (*Captain Marvel*)
- Gabrielle Bell
- Howard Bender
- Brian Michael Bendis
- Christian Beranek
- Dave Berg - (*The Lighter Side of\...*)
- Karen Berger - (*Vertigo*)
- Walter Berndt - (*Smitty*)
- Jack Berrill - (*Gil Thorp*)
- D. Bruce Berry
- Jim Berry - (*Berry\'s World*)
- Nick Bertozzi
- Gordon Bess - (*Redeye*)
- Charles Biro - (*Steel Sterling*, best known for work with publisher Lev Gleason Comic House)
- Wally Bishop (*Muggs and Skeeter*)
- Stephen R. Bissette
- Bud Blake - (*Tiger*)
- Merrill Blosser - (*Freckles and His Friends*)
- Vaughn Bodé - (*Cheech Wizard*)
- Wayne Boring - (continued *Superman*)
- Brett Booth
- Troy Boyle
- Martin Branner - (*Winnie Winkle*, *Perry and the Rinky-Dinks*)
- Berkeley Breathed - (*Bloom County*, *Outland*, *Opus*)
- T. Casey Brennan
- Norm Breyfogle
- E. Nelson Bridwell
- Clare Briggs - (*A. Piker Clerk*)
- John Broome
- Jeffrey Brown - (*Clumsy*, *Unlikely*, *Incredible Change-Bots*)
- Chris Browne - (continued *Hägar the Horrible*)
- Dik Browne - (*Hi & Lois*, *Hägar the Horrible*)
- Frank Brunner
- Rich Buckler - (*Deathlok*)
- Bob Burden - (*Flaming Carrot*)
- Carl Burgos - (*Human Torch*)
- Cary Burkett
- Mildred Burleigh
- Charles Burns - (*El Borbah*, *Black Hole*)
- John Buscema - (*Marvel Comics*)
- Sal Buscema - (worked on *The Incredible Hulk*)
- Ernie Bushmiller - (*Fritzi Ritz*, *Nancy*)
- Kurt Busiek
- John Byrne - (worked on *X-Men*, *The Fantastic Four*, *The Man of Steel*, *The Sensational She-Hulk*)
- Gene Byrnes - (*Reg\'lar Fellers*)
| 598 |
List of American comics creators
| 0 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## C
- Dick Calkins - (*Buck Rogers*)
- John Calnan
- Donald Clough Cameron
- Milton Caniff - (*Terry and the Pirates*, *Steve Canyon*, *Male Call*)
- Sophie Campbell - (*Wet Moon*)
- Max Cannon - (*Red Meat*)
- Al Capp - (*Li\'l Abner*)
- Greg Capullo - (*Batman*, *Spawn*)
- Nick Cardy - (continued *Aquaman* and *Teen Titans*, co-creator of *Bat Lash*)
- Sergio Cariello
- Wallace Carlson - (*The Nebbs*)
- Vic Carrabotta
- Ad Carter - (*Just Kids*)
- Dick Cavalli - (*Morty Meekle*, *Winthrop*)
- Louis Cazeneuve - (continued *Aquaman*)
- Kody Chamberlain - (*30 Days of Night*, *Digital Webbing*)
- Howard Chaykin - (*American Flagg!*)
- Cliff Chiang - (*Paper Girls*)
- Jack T. Chick - (Chick tracts)
- Frank Cho - (*Liberty Meadows*)
- Frank Cirocco
- Scott Clark - (*Martian Manhunter* back-up in the 2013 *Justice League of America* series)
- Daniel Clowes - (*Eightball*, *Ghost World*)
- Dave Cockrum - (co-creator of the \"new X-Men\")
- Gene Colan - (*Daredevil*, *The Tomb of Dracula*)
- Jack Cole - (*Plastic Man*)
- Vince Colletta - (inker noted for work on Jack Kirby\'s *The Mighty Thor*)
- Ernie Colón
- A.D. Condo - (*The Outbursts of Everett True*; *Mr. Skygack, from Mars*)
- Darby Conley
- Gerry Conway
- Richard Corben - (*Den*)
- Denys Cowan
- Johnny Craig - (*EC Comics*, *Mad Magazine*)
- Reed Crandall
- Roy Crane - (*Captain Easy*, *Wash Tubbs*)
- Robert Crumb - (*Fritz the Cat*, *Mr. Natural*, *Keep on Truckin\'*)
- Nick Cuti - (*E-Man*, *Moonchild*, *Captain Cosmos*, *Moonie*)
| 269 |
List of American comics creators
| 1 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## D
- Nicholas P. Dallis - (*Rex Morgan, M.D.*, *Judge Parker*, *Apartment 3-G*)
- Dame Darcy - (*Meatcake*)
- Geof Darrow - (*Hard Boiled*, *Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot*, *Shaolin Cowboy*)
- Nicholas Da Silva aka ZOOLOOK - (*Dread & Alive and HITLESS*)
- Peter David
- Jack Davis - (*Mad Magazine*)
- Jim Davis - (*Garfield*)
- Chon Day - (*Brother Sebastian*)
- Billy DeBeck - (*Barney Google and Snuffy Smith*, *Bunky*)
- Dan DeCarlo - (*Archie Comics*, *Josie and the Pussycats*)
- Graham Francis Defries - (co-creator of *Queens Counsel*)
- Kim Deitch - (*Waldo the Cat*)
- J. M. DeMatteis
- Vince Deporter
- Stephen DeStefano
- Mike Diana - (*Boiled Angel*)
- Tony DiGerolamo
- Diane DiMassa - (*Hothead Paisan*)
- Dick Dillin - (*Justice League of America*)
- Gus Dirks - (born in Germany, later moved to the U.S.A) (*Bugville*)
- Rudolph Dirks - (born in Germany, later moved to the U.S.A.) (*Katzenjammer Kids*, later retitled *The Captain and the Kids*)
- Walt Disney - (*Disney comics*)
- Steve Ditko - (*Spider-Man*, *Doctor Strange*, *Creeper*, *Hawk and Dove*)
- Ed Dodd - (*Mark Trail*)
- Don Dohler - (*ProJunior*)
- Richard Dominguez
- Colleen Doran
- Tad Dorgan - (*For Better or Worse*)
- Evan Dorkin
- Arnold Drake - (*Deadman*, co-creator of *The Guardians of the Galaxy* and *It Rhymes with Lust*)
- Stan Drake - (*The Heart of Juliet Jones*)
- Bill Draut
- Grace Drayton - (*Dolly Dimples*)
- Debbie Drechsler - (*Daddy\'s Girl*)
- Mike Dringenberg
- Mort Drucker - (film and TV parodies in *Mad Magazine*)
- Randy DuBurke
- Clare Victor Dwiggins - (*School Days*)
- Gaylord DuBois - (*Brothers of the Spear*, longtime writer for *Tarzan*, *Roy Rogers*, *Turok*, *Space Family Robinson*)
- Edwina Dumm - (*Cap Stubbs and Tippie*, *Alec the Great*)
- Clare Victor Dwiggins - (*School Days*)
- Troy Dye - (*Goblin Chronicles*)
## E
- Kevin Eastman - (co-creator of *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*)
- Chondra Echert - (*The Armory Wars*)
- Carl Ed - (*Harold Teen*)
- Gus Edson - (*The Gumps*, *Dondi*)
- Hy Eisman - (continued *Little Lulu*, *Popeye* and *The Katzenjammer Kids*)
- Will Eisner - (*The Spirit*, *A Contract with God*)
- Will Elder - (*Mad Magazine*, *Panic*, co-creator of *Goodman Beaver* and *Little Annie Fanny*)
- Grace Ellis
- Harlan Ellison
- Randy Emberlin
- Steve Englehart
- Rod Espinoza - (*Neotopia*, *The Courageous Princess*)
- Mark Evanier
- George Evans
- Bill Everett - (*Namor the Sub-Mariner*)
## F
- Al Fagaly - (*Super Duck*, *There Oughta Be a Law*)
- Kevin Fagan - (*Drabble*)
- Lee Falk - (*The Phantom*, *Mandrake the Magician*)
- Chandra Free
- Jules Feiffer - (*Feiffer*)
- Lyonel Feininger - (*The Kin-der-Kids*, *Wee Willie Winkie\'s World*)
- Al Feldstein - (EC Comics, *Mad Magazine*)
- Lou Fine - (co-creator of *Black Condor*)
- Charles Fincher - (*The Illustrated Daily Scribble*, *Thadeus & Weez*)
- Bill Finger - (*Batman*)
- Andy Fish - (*Adam Bomb*)
- Bud Fisher - (*Mutt and Jeff*)
- Dudley Fisher - (*Right Around Home*)
- Hart D. Fisher - (*Jeffrey Dahmer: An Unauthorized Biography of a Serial Killer*, publisher of Boneyard Press)
- Seth Fisher - (artist best known for his work at Vertigo and Marvel Comics)
- James Montgomery Flagg - (*Nervy Nat*)
- Anthony Flamini
- Mary Fleener
- Shary Flenniken - (*Trots and Bonnie*)
- John Forte
- Brad W. Foster - (*Mechthings*, co-creator of *The Adventures of Olivia*)
- Fontaine Fox - (*Toonerville Folks*)
- Gardner Fox - (longtime writer for *Justice Society of America*, *Justice League of America*)
- Steve Foxe
- Matt Fraction - (*The Invincible Iron Man*, *Sex Criminals*)
- Frank Frazetta
- Chandra Free
- Ron Frenz
- Gary Friedrich
- Mike Friedrich
- Ralph Fuller
## G
- David Gallaher - (*Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar*)
- Herb Gardner - (*The Nebbishes*)
- George Gately - (*Heathcliff*)
- Michael Gaydos
- Steve Gerber - (*Howard the Duck*)
- Frank Giacoia - (worked on *Captain America*)
- Joe Giella
- Keith Giffen
- Peter B. Gillis
- Phoebe Gloeckner - (*A Child\'s Life and Other Stories*, *The Diary of a Teenage Girl: An Account in Words and Pictures*)
- Rube Goldberg - (*Boob McNutt*, *Mike and Ike (They Look Alike)*)
- Stan Goldberg
- Michael Golden
- Archie Goodwin
- Floyd Gottfredson - (*Mickey Mouse*)
- Chester Gould - (*Dick Tracy*)
- Billy Graham
- Brandon Graham - (*Prophet*)
- Sam Grainger
- Vernon Grant - (*The Love Rangers*)
- Harold Gray - (*Little Orphan Annie*)
- Grass Green - (*Xal-Kor the Human Cat*)
- Justin Green - (*Binky Brown*)
- Sanford Greene - (*Bitter Root (comics)*)
- Vernon Greene - (*The Shadow*, continued *Bringing Up Father*)
- Roberta Gregory - (*Bitchy Bitch*, *Naughty Bits*)
- Mike Grell
- Rick Griffin - (*Flying Eyeball*)
- Bill Griffith - (*Zippy*)
- Matt Groening - (*Life in Hell*)
- Milt Gross - (*He Done Her Wrong*, *Count Screwloose*)
- Dick Guindon - (*The Carp Chronicles*, *Guindon*)
- Cathy Guisewite - (*Cathy*)
- Rob Guillory - (*Mosely*, *Chew*, *Farmhand*)
- Paul Gustavson - (*The Angel*)
| 871 |
List of American comics creators
| 2 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## H
- Harry Haenigsen - (*Penny*)
- Jessica Hagy - (*Indexed*)
- Larry Hama - (*G.I. Joe*)
- V. T. Hamlin - (*Alley Oop*)
- Cully Hamner
- Stuart Hample - (*Inside Woody Allen*)
- Fletcher Hanks - (*Stardust*, *Fantomah*, *Big Red McLane*, *Space Smith*)
- Marc Hansen
- Kevin Konrad Hanna - (creator of *Clockwork Girl*)
- Fred Harman - (*Red Ryder*)
- Jack C. Harris
- Tony Harris
- Sol Harrison
- Dean Haspiel
- Johnny Hart - (*B.C.*, *The Wizard of Id*)
- Al Hartley
- Jimmy Hatlo - (*They\'ll Do It Every Time*, *Little Iodine*)
- Seitu Hayden - (*Waliku*)
- Ethel Hays - (*Flapper Fanny Says*)
- Gene Hazelton - (Hanna-Barbera comics)
- Russ Heath - (war comics for EC Comics, *Sgt. Rock*, humor comics for *Mad*)
- Don Heck - (co-creator of *Iron Man*, *Black Widow*)
- Erica Henderson
- Gilbert \"Beto\" Hernandez - (co-creator of *Love and Rockets*)
- Jaime Hernandez - (co-creator of *Love and Rockets*)
- Javier Hernandez - (creator of *El Muerto*)
- Mario Hernandez - (co-creator of *Love and Rockets*)
- George Herriman - (*Krazy Kat*)
- Harry Hershfield - (*Abie the Agent*)
- Sol Hess - (writer of *The Nebbs*)
- E.E. Hibbard - (worked on *The Flash*)
- Don Hillsman II
- Walter Hoban - (*Jerry on the Job*)
- Rick Hoberg
- Bill Hoest - (*The Lockhorns*)
- Syd Hoff - (*Tuffy*, *Laugh It Off*)
- Burne Hogarth - (continued *Tarzan*)
- Nicole Hollander - (*Sylvia*)
- Lee Holley - (*Ponytail*, assisted on *Dennis the Menace*)
- Bill Holman - (*Smokey Stover*)
- Fran Hopper - (*Jane Martin*, continued *Patsy Walker*)
- Raye Horne - (*Gay Hearthrobs*)
- Greg Howard - (*Sally Forth*)
- F. M. Howarth - (*The Love of Lulu and Leander*, *Ole Opey Dildock*)
- Richard Howell
- Kin Hubbard - (*Abe Martin of Brown County*)
- Reginald Hudlin
- James D. Hudnall
- Virginia Huget - (continued *Skippy*)
- Steven Hughes - (*Lady Death, Evil Ernie*)
- Joye Hummel - (scripted *Wonder Woman*)
- Sam Humphries
- Tessa Hulls - (*Feeding Ghosts*)
## I
- Jerry Iger - (*Sheena, Queen of the Jungle*)
- Jamal Igle
- Carmine Infantino - (DC Comics artist, later executive)
- Graham Ingels
- Tony Isabella
## J
- Al Jaffee - (*Mad Fold-in*, *Snappy Answers to Stupid Questions*)
- Jimmy Janes
- Avy Jetter
- Geoff Johns
- Crockett Johnson - (*Barnaby*)
- Jimmy Johnson - (*Arlo and Janis*)
- Lynn Johnston - (*For Better or For Worse*)
- Arvell Jones
- Bruce Jones
- Chuck Jones - (*Crawford*)
- Jeffrey Catherine Jones
- Kelley Jones
- Russ Jones
- Tom Joyner
- Dan Jurgens
- Justiniano
## K
- C. W. Kahles - (*Haidbreadth Harry*, *Clarence the Cop*)
- Michael Kaluta
- Jack Kamen
- Bob Kane - (*Batman*)
- Gil Kane - (continued *Green Lantern*, *The Atom*, *The Amazing Spider-Man*)
- George Kapitan - [Green Giant](https://www.comics.org/issue/1176), Black Widow, Archie, Human Torch, Air Man, Namor The Submariner)
- Bob Karp - (wrote *Donald Duck* comics)
- Kaz - (*Kaz\'s Underworld*)
- Bil Keane - (*The Family Circus*)
- Jack Keller - (*Kid Colt*)
- Dave Kellett - (*drive: the scifi comic*, *Sheldon*)
- Collin Kelly
- Walt Kelly - (*Pogo*)
- Jack Kent - (*King Aroo*)
- Barbara Kesel
- Karl Kesel
- Hank Ketcham - (*Dennis the Menace*)
- Sam Kieth
- Frank King - (*Gasoline Alley*)
- Jack Kirby - (*Captain America*, *Spider-Man*, *The Incredible Hulk*, *Fantastic Four*, *X-Men*, *Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos*, *Iron Man*, *New Gods*, *Fourth World*)
- Robert Kirby - (*Curbside*)
- Robert Kirkman - (*The Walking Dead*, *Invincible*)
- George Klein - (Silver Age inker)
- Todd Klein
- James Kochalka - (*American Elf*)
- Scott Kolins
- Aline Kominsky-Crumb - (*Dirty Laundry Comix*)
- Harold Knerr - (continued *The Katzenjammer Kids*)
- Wilhelm Heinrich Detlev Körner - (*Hugo Hercules*)
- Bernard Krigstein - (*E.C. Comics*, *Master Race*)
- Teddy Kristiansen
- Joe Kubert
- Charles Kuhn - (*Grandma*)
- Harvey Kurtzman - (*Mad Magazine*, *Goodman Beaver*, *Little Annie Fanny*)
- Sam Kweskin
## L
- Peter Laird - (co-creator of *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*)
- Jackson Lanzing
- Erik Larsen
- Gary Larson - (*The Far Side*)
- Rick Law
- David Lawrence
- John Layman
- Bob Layton
- Leon Lazarus
- Mell Lazarus - (*Momma*)
- Mort Leav
- Jae Lee
- Jim Lee
- Stan Lee - (writer of *Spider-Man*, *The Incredible Hulk*, *X-Men*, *Silver Surfer*, *Fantastic Four*)
- Bob LeRose
- Lank Leonard - (*Mickey Finn*)
- Harris Levey, aka Lee Harris - DC Comics illustrator, creator of Air Wave
- Paul Levitz
- George Lichty - (*Grin and Bear It*)
- Larry Lieber - (co-creator of *Iron Man*, *Ant-Man*, and *Thor*)
- Rob Liefeld - (*Deadpool*)
- Mike Lilly
- Marty Links - (*Emmy Lou*)
- Jason Little
- Marjorie Liu
- Vic Lockman - (worked on *Disney comics*, made Christian comics)
- Bobby London - (*Dirty Duck*, continued *Popeye*)
- Frank Lovece
- David Lynch - (*The Angriest Dog in the World*)
- Jay Lynch - (*Nard \'n\' Pat*, *Bijou Funnies*)
- Stan Lynde - (*Rick O\'Shay*, *Latigo*)
| 875 |
List of American comics creators
| 3 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## M
- David W. Mack - (*Kabuki*, co-creator of *Echo*)
- Ed Mack - (*Sime the Simp*, continued *Mutt & Jeff*)
- Jeff MacNelly - (*Shoe*)
- Matt Madden
- Gus Mager - (*Hawkshaw the Detective*, *Sherlocko the Monk*)
- Elliot S. Maggin
- David Malki - (*Wondermark*)
- Joe Maneely - (*The Black Knight*, *Yellow Claw*, *The Ringo Kid*)
- Russ Manning - (continued *Tarzan*)
- Bill Mantlo - (*Rocket Raccoon*, *Cloak and Dagger*)
- Pablo Marcos
- Jerry Marcus - (*Trudy*)
- Marge - (*Little Lulu*)
- William Marriner - (*Johnnie Bostonbeans*, *Foolish Ferdinand*, *Sambo And His Funny Noises*, *Wags, The Dogs That Adopted A Man*, *Mary and Her Little Lamb*)
- Jesse Marsh - (continued *Tarzan* and *John Carter of Mars*)
- William Moulton Marston - (*Wonder Woman*)
- Don Martin - (*Mad Magazine*, *Captain Klutz*, *Fonebone*)
- Edgar Martin - (*Boots and Her Buddies*)
- Harry B. Martin - (*Weatherbird*)
- S. Carlisle Martin - (*Weatherbird*)
- Mark Martin
- Cal Massey - (worked for Timely/Atlas Comics, St. John\'s Publishing)
- Fran Matera - (continued *Steve Roper and Mike Nomad*)
- Joe Matt - (*Peepshow*)
- Paul Mavrides - (assisted on *The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers*)
- Sheldon Mayer - (*Sugar & Spike*)
- Val Mayerik - (*Howard the Duck*)
- Clifford McBride - (*Napoleon and Uncle Elby*)
- Winsor McCay - (*Little Nemo in Slumberland*, *Little Sammy Sneeze*, *Dream of the Rarebit Fiend*, *Hungry Henrietta*)
- Scott McCloud - (*Zot!*, *Understanding Comics*)
- Luke McDonnell
- Patrick McDonnell - (*Mutts*)
- Walt McDougall - (*Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz*)
- Dwayne McDuffie - (*Rocket (DC Comics)*, *Icon (character)*, *Static (DC Comics)*, *Hardware (character)* )
- J.P. McEvoy - (*Dixie Dugan*)
- Don McGregor
- Aaron McGruder - (*The Boondocks*)
- Roger Mckenzie
- Bob McLeod - (co-creator of *New Mutants*)
- George McManus - (*Bringing Up Father*)
- Shawn McManus
- Carla Speed McNeil - (*Finder*)
- Clifton Meek - (*Johnny Mouse*, *Grindstone George*)
- Nick Meglin - (Mad Magazine)
- Jack Mendelsohn - (*Jacky\'s Diary*)
- Mort Meskin
- Otto Messmer - (*Felix the Cat*)
- Bill Messner-Loebs - (*Journey: The Adventures of Wolverine MacAlistaire*)
- Pop Mhan - (*Blank*, co-creator of *Spyboy*)
- David Michelinie
- Mike Mignola - (*Rocket Raccoon*, *Hellboy*)
- Al Milgrom
- Frank Miller - (*The Dark Knight Returns*, *Sin City*, *300*)
- Frank Miller - (*Barney Baxter in the Air*)
- Wiley Miller - (*Non Sequitur*)
- Tony Millionaire - (*Sock Monkey*, *Maakies*)
- Tarpe Mills - (*Miss Fury*)
- Takeshi Miyazawa
- Christopher Moeller
- Sheldon Moldoff
- Arthur R. \"Pop\" Momand - (*Keeping Up with the Joneses*)
- Bob Montana - (*Archie Comics*)
- Jim Mooney - (*Supergirl*)
- John Blair Moore - (*Invaders From Home*, *Virtual Reality*, scripted Disney comics)
- Richard Moore - (*Far West*, *Boneyard*)
- Terry Moore
- Dick Moores - (continued *Gasoline Alley*)
- Rags Morales
- Pete Morisi
- Gray Morrow - (*Man-Thing*, *El Diablo*)
- Wesley Morse - (*Bazooka Joe*)
- Win Mortimer - (worked on *Ripley\'s Believe It Or Not*, *Batman* and *Superman*)
- Zack Mosley - (*The Adventures of Smilin\' Jack*)
- Dean Motter
- John Cullen Murphy - (*Big Ben Bolt*, continued *Prince Valiant*)
- Joe Murray - (*Rocko\'s Modern Life*)
- Paul Murry - (worked on Disney comics)
- Joe Musial - (continued *The Katzenjammer Kids* and *Popeye*)
- Russell Myers - (*Broom-Hilda*)
## N
- Robert Naylor - (continued *Barney Baxter*, *Jerry on the Job*, *Big Sister*)
- Fred Neher - (*Life\'s Like That*)
- Mark Newgarden
- Michael Netzer
- Josh Neufeld - (*A.D.: New Orleans After the Deluge*, worked on *American Splendor*)
- Ed Nofziger - (*Mildred th\' Zoo-Keeper\'s Daughter*, *Sir Lim\'rick*)
- Diane Noomin - (*Didi Glitz*, editor of *Twisted Sisters*)
- Irv Novick
| 643 |
List of American comics creators
| 4 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## O
- James O\'Barr
- Rik Offenberger - (*G-Man Comics*)
- Mike Okamoto
- Bob Oksner - (various celebrity comics)
- Steve Oliff (born 1954)
- Dan O\'Neill - (*Air Pirates*)
- Dennis O\'Neil
- Rose O\'Neill - (*1909*)
- Chris Onstad - (*Achewood*)
- Frederick Burr Opper - (*Happy Hooligan*, *Alphonse and Gaston*, *And Her Name Was Maud*)
- Jerry Ordway
- Joe Orlando - (worked for Mad Magazine, Creepy)
- Jackie Ormes - (Torchy Brown, Patty-Jo \'n\' Ginger)
- John Ostrander
- Richard F. Outcault - (*The Yellow Kid*, *Buster Brown*)
- Bruce Ozella - (continued *Popeye*)
## P
- Nina Paley - (*Nina\'s Adventures*, *Fluff*, *The Hots*)
- Tom Palmer
- Jimmy Palmiotti
- Gary Panter - (*Jimbo*)
- Brant Parker - (co-creator of *The Wizard of Id*)
- Virgil Partch - (*Big George*, *The Captain\'s Gig*)
- Stephan Pastis - (*Pearls Before Swine*)
- Chuck Patton
- C. M. Payne - (*Scary William*, *Honeybunch\'s Hubby*, *S\'Matter, Pop?*, *Coon Hollow Folks*, *Bear Creek Folks*)
- Ed Payne - (*Billy the Boy Artist*, *Professor O. Howe Wise and Professor I.B. Schmart*)
- Bill Pearson - (*witzend*, wrote and continued *Popeye*)
- Everett Peck - (*Duckman*)
- Harvey Pekar - (*American Splendor*)
- David Pepose
- George Pérez - (*New Teen Titans*)
- Don Perlin
- Bill Perry - (continued *Gasoline Alley*)
- Fred Perry - (*Gold Digger*, *Legacy*)
- Harry G. Peter - (*Wonder Woman*)
- Mike Peters - (*Mother Goose and Grimm*)
- Irving Phillips - (*Scuffy*, *The Strange World of Mr. Mum*)
- Stephanie Phillips
- Rina Piccolo - (*Tina\'s Groove*)
- Wendy Pini - (*Elfquest*)
- Dan Piraro - (*Bizarro*)
- Ed Piskor - (*Wizzywig*, *Red Room*, *Hip Hop Family Tree*)
- Al Plastino - (worked on *Superman*, *Batman*, the Sunday pages of *Nancy* and continued *Ferd\'nand*)
- Mike Ploog - (*Ghost Rider*)
- Charles Plumb - (*Ella Cinders*)
- Keith Pollard
- Paul Pope - (*THB*, *Battling Boy*)
- Paul Peter Porges (born in Austria, later moved to the U.S.) (Mad Magazine)
- Whilce Portacio
- Al Posen - (*Them Days Are Gone Forever*, *Sweeney & Son*)
- Howard Post - (*The Dropouts*)
- Greg Potter
- Carl Potts
- Rich Powell - (*Wide Open*, *Charlie Ciso*)
- Hilary B. Price - (*Rhymes with Orange*)
- Brian Pulido
- Howard Purcell
- Steve Purcell
## Q
- Joe Quesada - (2000s editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics)
## R
- Janice Race
- Ted Rall - (political-satirical comics)
- Albertine Randall - (*The Dumbunnies*)
- Ron Randall
- Grace Randolph - (*Grace Randolph\'s Supurbia*)
- Alex Raymond - (*Flash Gordon*, *Rip Kirby*, *Secret Agent X-9*, *Jungle Jim*)
- Paul Reinman - (inker for Jack Kirby)
- David Rees
- Ralph Reese
- Robert L. Ripley - (*Ripley\'s Believe It or Not!*)
- Gabby Rivera - (*America Chavez*)
- Alex Robinson
- Jerry Robinson
- Frank Robbins - (*Johnny Hazard*, continued *Scorchy Smith*)
- Trina Robbins - (*Wimmen\'s Comix*)
- Spain Rodriguez - (*Trashman*)
- Marshall Rogers
- Don Rosa - (*Donald Duck*, *Uncle Scrooge*)
- Alex Ross
- Arnold Roth - (*Poor Arnold\'s Almanac*)
- George Roussos, aka George Bell - (Marvel Comics inker best known for early issues of Jack Kirby\'s *The Fantastic Four*)
- Leigh Rubin - (*Rubes*)
- Greg Rucka - (*Whiteout (comic book)*)
- Christopher Rule
- Bruce Russell - (*Rollo Rollingstone*)
- Clarence D. Russell - (*Pete the Tramp*)
- P. Craig Russell
- Paul Ryan
| 582 |
List of American comics creators
| 5 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## S
- Bud Sagendorf - (continued *Popeye*)
- Harry Sahle (Black Widow, [Green Giant](https://www.comics.org/issue/1176), Fiery Mask, Human Torch, Archie, Candy)
- Stan Sakai
- Richard Sala - (*Peculia*)
- Claudio Sanchez - (writer of *The Armory Wars*)
- Darren Sanchez
- Jim Sasseville - (worked on *Peanuts*, continued *It\'s Only a Game*)
- Allen Saunders
- Jim Scancarelli - (continued *Gasoline Alley*)
- Jack Schiff
- Alex Schomburg
- Ariel Schrag - (*Adam: A Novel*, *Likewise*, *Potential*)
- Mark Schultz (born 1955) - *Xenozoic Tales*
- Carl E. Schultze - (*Foxy Grandpa*)
- Charles M. Schulz - (*Peanuts*, *Li\'l Folks*, *It\'s Only a Game*)
- David Schwartz
- Julius Schwartz - (editor for DC Comics often credited with launching the Silver Age of Comic Books)
- Ethan Van Sciver (born 1974)
- Dori Seda
- Elzie Segar - (*Thimble Theatre*, *Popeye*, *Sappo*)
- Tim Seeley - (*HACK/slash*, *Loaded Bible,* *Lovebunny & Mr. Hell*)
- Mike Sekowsky
- John Severin - (*Mad Magazine*, *Cracked*, *Frontline Combat*, *Two-Fisted Tales*, *Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos*, *Two-Gun Kid*)
- Marie Severin - (*EC Comics*, *Marvel Comics*)
- Gene Shanks (born 1966) (Mr. Gene Is Out Of His Mind)
- Eric Shanower (born 1963)
- Gilbert Shelton - (*The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers*)
- Jim Sherman
- Gary Shipman - (*Pakkins\' Land*)
- Rhoda Shipman - (co-writer, *Pakkins\' Land*)
- Syd Shores - (continued *Captain America*)
- Jim Shooter - (Marvel Comics editor-in-chief)
- Joe Shuster - (*Superman*)
- Noel Sickles - (*Scorchy Smith*)
- Bill Sienkiewicz
- Jerry Siegel - (*Superman*)
- Marc Silvestri
- Gail Simone
- Joe Simon
- Louise Simonson
- Walt Simonson
- Joe Sinnott
- Stephen Slesinger - (*Red Ryder and King of the Royal Mounted*)
- Roger Slifer
- Dan Slott
- Al Smith - (continued *Mutt and Jeff*)
- Felipe Smith - (*MBQ (manga)*, *Ghost Rider (Robbie Reyes)*, *Peepo Choo*)
- Jeff Smith - (*Bone*)
- Mark Andrew Smith
- Paul Smith
- Sidney Smith - (*The Gumps*)
- Mark Smylie - (*Artesia*)
- Art Spiegelman - (*Maus*, *In the Shadow of No Towers*)
- Dick Sprang - (co-creator of the *Riddler* and long time *Batman* artist)
- Kyle Starks
- Leonard Starr - (*Mary Perkins, On Stage*, continued *Little Orphan Annie*)
- Jim Starlin
- Richard Dean Starr
- Joe Staton - (*E-Man*)
- Brian Stelfreeze
- Jim Steranko - (*Nick Fury*)
- Roger Stern
- Chic Stone - (Silver Age inker, best known for work with Jack Kirby)
- J. Michael Straczynski
- Jan Strnad
- Laurie S. Sutton
- Tom Sutton
- Curt Swan - (continued *Superman*)
- Jimmy Swinnerton - (*The Little Bears*, *Mr. Jack*, *Little Jimmy*)
| 452 |
List of American comics creators
| 6 |
3,722,923 |
# List of American comics creators
## T
- Babs Tarr - (*Batgirl*)
- John Tartaglione
- Frank Tashlin - (*Van Boring*)
- Raina Telgemeier - (*Smile*, *Sisters*)
- Hilda Terry - (*Teena*)
- John Terry - (*Scorchy Smith*)
- Bob Thaves - (*Frank and Ernest*)
- Roy Thomas
- Bart Thompson
- Craig Thompson - (*Good-bye, Chunky Rice*, *Blankets*, *Carnet de Voyage*, *Habibi*)
- Frank Thorne - (*Red Sonja*)
- Bruce Tinsley - (*Mallard Fillmore*)
- Tom Toles - (*Randolph Itch 2AM*, *Curious Avenue*)
- Adrian Tomine - (*Optic Nerve*)
- Tom Tomorrow - (*Tomorrow\'s World*)
- Angelo Torres - (film and TV parodies in *Mad Magazine*)
- Alex Toth
- John Totleben
- Herb Trimpe - (*Wolverine*)
- Corky Trinidad - (*Nguyen Charlie*)
- Irving Tripp - (worked on *Little Lulu*)
- Garry Trudeau - (*Doonesbury*)
- Timothy Truman
- Warren Tufts - (*Casey Ruggles*, *Lance*)
- Rick Tulka - (*Mad Magazine*)
- Morrie Turner - (*Wee Pals*)
- George Tuska - (*Hercule*, *Scorchy Smith*)
- Carol Tyler - (*Late Bloomer*, *You\'ll Never Know*)
## V
- Andrew Vachss
- Jim Valentino
- Raeburn Van Buren - (*Abbie an\' Slats*)
- Jhonen Vasquez - (*Johnny the Homicidal Maniac*, *Squee*)
- Brian K. Vaughan
- Rick Veitch (born 1951)
- Ivan Velez Jr. - (*Tales of the Closet*, *Blood Syndicate*)
- Gustave Verbeek - (*The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo*)
- Charles Vess
- Charles Voight - (*Betty*)
## W
- John Wagner
- Matt Wagner - (*Mage*, *Grendel*)
- Mark Waid
- David F. Walker - (*Naomi McDuffie*)
- Mort Walker - (*Beetle Bailey*, *Hi & Lois* (writer), *Boner\'s Ark*)
- Reed Waller - (*\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer*)
- Chris Ware - (*The Acme Novelty Library*, *Jimmy Corrigan*)
- Adam Warren
- Bill Watterson - (*Calvin and Hobbes*)
- Gerard Way
- H. T
| 311 |
List of American comics creators
| 7 |
3,722,937 |
# B. F. Day Elementary School
**B.F. Day Elementary School** is an elementary school located in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States, part of the Seattle Public Schools school district.
It was originally designed by John Parkinson during 1891 and 1892
| 43 |
B. F. Day Elementary School
| 0 |
3,722,943 |
# Peter Parker (umpire)
**Peter Douglas Parker** (born 20 July 1959) is an Australian Test cricket match umpire and former cricketer. He was a member of the International Panel of ICC Umpires between 2003 and 2008.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Parker played junior representative cricket for Queensland before playing in Brisbane Grade Cricket. He gave up playing when he broke his thumb twice in a season.
## Umpiring career {#umpiring_career}
He umpired ten Test matches between 1993 and 2008. His first match was between Australia and New Zealand at Brisbane on 3 December to 7 December 1993, won by Australia by an innings and 96 runs, with Allan Border and Steve Waugh scoring centuries, and Shane Warne and Craig McDermott taking 8 and 6 wickets respectively. Parker\'s partner was Steve Randell.
Parker\'s last Test match in Australia was between Australia and the West Indies at Perth on 1 December to 3 December 2000, won by Australia by an innings and 27 runs with Mark Waugh scoring a century, and wickets being shared by Glenn McGrath (who took a hat-trick), Brett Lee, Jason Gillespie and Stuart MacGill. Parker\'s partner was the English umpire John Hampshire. Parker retired to focus on his career away from the game in October 2008
| 208 |
Peter Parker (umpire)
| 0 |
3,722,952 |
# Fardalen
**Fardalen** is a valley stretching northwest from the village of Øvre Årdal in Årdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The valley branches off of the main Utladalen valley. The road with the highest elevation in Norway has its path through this valley, reaching more than 1400 m above sea level, passing close to the famous mountain Store Skagastølstind. The road leads to the Bergsdalen valley in Luster Municipality.
The valley has been inhabited since circa 400-500 AD. In the winter there are lighted ski tracks in Fardalen
| 89 |
Fardalen
| 0 |
3,722,962 |
# Ancher Nelsen
**Ancher Nelsen** (October 11, 1904 -- November 30, 1992), was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota and an eight-term congressman.
## Biography
Nelsen was born October 11, 1904, near Buffalo Lake, Minnesota, to Danish parents. He attended elementary school in Brownton, Minnesota, and graduated from Brownton High School in 1923. In 1924 he began operation of his 280-acre diversified farm at Hutchinson, McLeod County, Minnesota. In 1929 he married Ilo Irene Zimmerman of Brownton; they had three children. Their son Bruce G. Nelsen served in the Minnesota House of Representatives.
He served on the District 75 Minnesota School Board from 1926 to 1935 and on the Lynn Township School Board from 1929 to 1935. Nelsen was a member of the Minnesota Senate from 1935 to 1951, and a delegate to the 1948 and 1952 Republican National Conventions. In 1952, he was elected the 34th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota, but served less than one year (January 5 -- May 1, 1953). He resigned to become administrator of the Rural Electrification Administration Program, in Washington, D.C., serving in that post from 1953 to 1956.
Nelsen was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1958 and served in the 86th through the 93rd Congresses, from January 3, 1959, to his resignation December 31, 1974, three days before his final term expired. He did not seek renomination in 1974.
Nelsen voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
He died in Hutchinson, Minnesota, November 30, 1992, at age 88, and is buried in Oakland Cemetery in Hutchinson
| 288 |
Ancher Nelsen
| 0 |
3,722,964 |
# Sadistic personality disorder
**Sadistic personality disorder** is an obsolete term for a proposed personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of sadistic and cruel behavior. People who fitted this diagnosis were thought to have a desire to control others and to have accomplished this through use of physical or emotional violence. The diagnosis proposal appeared in the appendix of the *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM-III-R), however it was never put to use in clinical settings and later versions of the DSM (DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, and DSM-5) had it removed. Among other reasons, psychiatrists believed it would be used to legally excuse sadistic behavior.
## Comorbidity with other personality disorders {#comorbidity_with_other_personality_disorders}
Sadistic personality disorder was thought to have been frequently comorbid with other personality disorders, primarily other types of psychopathological disorders. In contrast, sadism has also been found in patients who do not display any or other forms of psychopathic disorders. Conduct disorder in childhood, and Alcohol use disorder were thought to have been frequently comorbid with Sadistic personality disorder. Researchers had difficulty distinguishing sadistic personality disorder from the other personality disorders due to high levels of comorbidity, hence another reason why it was eventually removed.
## Diagnostic criteria {#diagnostic_criteria}
According to the DSM-III-R, the diagnostic criteria were defined by a pervasive pattern of sadistic and cruel behavior that began in early adulthood. It was defined by four of the following.
- Has used physical cruelty or violence for the purpose of establishing dominance in a relationship (not merely to achieve some noninterpersonal goal, such as striking someone in order to rob him/her).
- Humiliates or demeans people in the presence of others.
- Has treated or disciplined someone under his/her control unusually harshly.
- Is amused by, or takes pleasure in, the psychological or physical suffering of others (including animals).
- Has lied for the purpose of harming or inflicting pain on others (not merely to achieve some other goal).
- Gets other people to do what he/she wants by frightening them (through intimidation or even terror).
- Restricts the autonomy of people with whom he or she has a close relationship, e.g., will not let spouse leave the house unaccompanied or permit teenage daughter to attend social functions.
- Is fascinated by violence, weapons, injury, or torture.
This behavior couldn't have been better explained by sexual sadism disorder and it had to have been directed towards more than one person.
## Differential diagnosis {#differential_diagnosis}
Diagnosis Reason
------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Sexual Sadism Disorder** Sexual sadists will engage in sadistic behavior, however they do so for sexual pleasure, while people with Sadistic personality disorder do so for regular pleasure and to control others.
**Antisocial personality disorder** The diagnosis of Antisocial personality disorder requires a history of conduct issues in adolescence and childhood. While the diagnosis of sadistic personality disorder does not.
## Millon\'s subtypes {#millons_subtypes}
Theodore Millon claimed there were four subtypes of sadism, which he termed *enforcing sadism*, *explosive sadism*, *spineless sadism*, and *tyrannical sadism*.
Subtype Features Personality traits
----------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Spineless sadism** Including avoidant features Insecure, bogus, and cowardly; venomous dominance and cruelty is counterphobic; weakness counteracted by group support; public swaggering; selects powerless scapegoats.
**Tyrannical sadism** Including negativistic features Relishes menacing and brutalizing others, forcing them to cower and submit; verbally cutting and scathing, accusatory and destructive; intentionally surly, abusive, inhumane, unmerciful.
**Enforcing sadism** Including compulsive features Hostility sublimated in the \"public interest,\" cops, \"bossy\" supervisors, deans, judges; possesses the \"right\" to be pitiless, merciless, coarse, and barbarous; task is to control and punish, to search out rule breakers.
**Explosive sadism** Including borderline features Unpredictably precipitous outbursts and fury; uncontrollable rage and fearsome attacks; feelings of humiliation are pent-up and discharged; subsequently contrite.
## History
Sadistic personality disorder was developed as forensic psychiatrists had noticed many patients with sadistic behavior. It was introduced to the DSM in 1987 and it was placed in the DSM-III-R as a way to facilitate further systematic clinical study and research. It was removed from the DSM for numerous reasons, including the fact it could be used to legally excuse sadistic acts. Sadistic personality disorder also shared a high rate of comorbidity with other disorders, implying that it was not a distinct disorder on its own. Millon writes that \"Physically abusive, sadistic personalities are most often male, and it was felt that any such diagnosis might have the paradoxical effect of legally excusing cruel behavior.\" Researchers were also concerned about the stigmatizing nature of the disorder, and that it put patients at higher risk of abuse from prison guards. Theorists like Theodore Millon wanted to generate further study on SPD, and so proposed it to the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Work Group, who rejected it.
| 784 |
Sadistic personality disorder
| 0 |
3,722,964 |
# Sadistic personality disorder
## Sub-clinical sadism in personality psychology {#sub_clinical_sadism_in_personality_psychology}
There is renewed interest in studying sadism as a personality trait. Sadism joins with subclinical psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism to form the so-called \"dark tetrad\" of personality
| 38 |
Sadistic personality disorder
| 1 |
3,722,980 |
# A344 road (England)
The **A344** was an A road in the English county of Wiltshire. Until 2013 it ran from its junction with the A303 at Stonehenge, northwest to its junction with the A360, 2 mi away.
The A344 was once part of a longer route, from Andover (Hampshire) in the east to Warminster in the west. The section from Andover to Amesbury was redesignated as the A303 when the new route to the South West was created as an alternative to the A30. A 2 mi section between Airman\'s Corner near Stonehenge and Shrewton was (sometime before 1958) shared with the re-routed A360. The western section, from Shrewton to Heytesbury near Warminster, has been re-classified as the B390.
The remaining section passed close to Stonehenge. In July 2013, work began on a £27m project which involved the closure and grassing over of the A344 between Stonehenge Bottom and the monument, with the pedestrian underpass beneath the road being filled in. This section of road was eventually closed in June 2013. The new Stonehenge visitors\' centre at Airman\'s Corner (or Airman\'s Cross) opened in December 2013.
Vehicle traffic on the remaining short section of the A344 is now mostly shuttle buses between the Stonehenge visitors\' centre and the monument. The bus service could not cope with demand during the fourth weekend after opening; long queues developed and many visitors chose to walk to the Stones rather than wait for the buses. Therefore, the A344 is no longer a road open to public vehicular access. As the closure of the section between Airman\'s Cross and Byway 12 was by means of a Traffic Regulation Order prohibiting motor vehicles, this section remains a public highway for non-motor vehicles, horses, bicycles, and pedestrians.
A memorial to Major Alexander William Hewetson, of the 66th Battery Royal Field Artillery, stands beside the old A344 at Fargo Wood, west of Stonehenge. Major Hewetson was killed in an accident on 17 July 1913 during a training flight from Larkhill Aerodrome, shortly after the formation of the Royal Flying Corps. The memorial had originally stood at the junction of the A344 and A360 but was placed in storage and re-erected in its current location when the Stonehenge visitor centre opened
| 373 |
A344 road (England)
| 0 |
3,722,982 |
# Privatbanen Sønderjylland
**Privatbanen Sønderjylland ApS** (abbreviated **PBS**, also known under the byname **EuroRail**) was a Danish railway operating company that existed between 1997 and 2001. Unlike other Danish railway companies at the time, PBS was an attempt to provide railway service on a purely commercial basis and entirely unsubsidised. Headquartered in Tønder in South Jutland, the company specialised in freight transport around most of Jutland.
Noted for its numerous battles with bureaucracy, the company was partially successful in getting otherwise closed freight lines up and running again. Motive power was obtained primarily through buying second-hand diesel locomotives from DSB, and a number of freight cars were leased from NS, the Dutch railways.
After several attempts to save the company, PBS was declared bankrupt in 2001. A new company, TraXion, was established and based on the remains of PBS, but was also commercially unsuccessful
| 144 |
Privatbanen Sønderjylland
| 0 |
3,722,991 |
# Endangerment
**Endangerment** is a type of crime involving conduct that is wrongful and reckless or wanton, and likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm to another person. There are several kinds of endangerment, each of which is a criminal act that can be prosecuted in a court. In some U.S. states, such as Florida, substantially similar language is used for the crime of **culpable negligence**.
The offense is intended to prohibit and therefore deter reckless or wanton (of a cruel or violent action, deliberate and unprovoked conduct) conduct that wrongfully creates a substantial risk of death or serious injury to others.
Various laws specify several types of endangerment:
- Child endangerment and animal endangerment: placing a child or animal in a potentially harmful situation, either through negligence or misconduct.
- **Reckless endangerment**: A person commits the crime of reckless endangerment or wanton endangerment if the person recklessly engages in conduct which creates substantial jeopardy of severe corporeal trauma to another person. "Reckless" conduct is conduct that exhibits a culpable disregard of foreseeable consequences to others from the act or omission involved. The accused need not intentionally cause resulting harm. The ultimate question is whether, under all of the circumstances, the accused\'s demeanor was of that heedless nature that made it actually or imminently dangerous to the rights or safety of others.
- **Public endangerment** is usually applied to crimes which place the public in some form of danger, although that danger can be more or less severe according to the crime. It is punished most frequently in Canada.
In the U.S, endangerment can range from a misdemeanor to a felony. For example, the New York Penal Code §120.20 defines reckless endangerment in the second degree (class A misdemeanor) as conduct that \"creates a substantial serious risk of injury to another person\", and §120.25 deals with reckless endangerment in the first degree (class D felony), which is conduct that shows a \"depraved indifference to human life\" and \"creates a grave risk of death to another person\". In addition, §145.25 codifies reckless endangerment to property as a class B misdemeanor
| 350 |
Endangerment
| 0 |
3,723,005 |
# Etu Molden
**Etu Baraka Molden** (born January 18, 1979, in Sacramento, California) is a former Arena Football League (AFL) wide receiver/linebacker. He attended the University of Montana.
## Early life {#early_life}
Molden attended Jesuit High School in Carmichael, California, where he lettered in football, basketball, baseball, and track.
## College career {#college_career}
He attended and played for Montana from 1998 to 2001. Molden finished his career at Montana with 161 catches for 2,300 yards and 26 touchdowns. Molden also tallied 51 receptions for 620 yards and 4 touchdowns in the Division I-AA playoffs (which the Grizzlies reached each year of Molden\'s collegiate career).
Molden was a first-team All-Big Sky Conference selection after catching a team high 102 passes for 1,414 yards and 14 touchdowns in his senior season, and started all 16 games during Montana\'s 2001 season, the Division I-AA national champions that year.
Etu was named the co-winner of the team\'s outstanding offensive player award after recording 6 games with over 100 receiving yards.
As a junior, Molden earned second team all-conference honors after catching a team high 56 passes for 699 yards and 6 touchdowns during the regular season.
Played his first season as wide receiver in 1999, catching 29 passes for 456 yards and 6 scores. Molden spent his freshman season at Montana as a safety and made 19 tackles.
In 2001, Molden was tagged as Montana\'s \"Go To Guy.\" He was instrumental in many key wins during the Grizzlies\' national championship campaign, including a game-winning touchdown catch against conference foe Eastern Washington in double overtime. Molden was also nicknamed \"The Sacramento Killer\" for catching game-touchdown passes against Sacramento State two consecutive years (1999 and 2000). This is notable considering Molden is from Sacramento.
Molden was also a fan favorite at Montana, particularly with the infamous \"North Endzone\" of Washington--Grizzly Stadium.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
In three seasons with the Rush, Molden caught 264 passes for 3,132 yards and scored 71 touchdowns. He was named to the league\'s All-Rookie team in 2004 and the All-Ironman team in 2005. In 2006, despite missing four regular season games due to injury, he still led the Rush with 67 receptions and helped them win ArenaBowl XX in Las Vegas.
Molden was released by the Chicago Rush on February 27, 2007, in the team\'s final cutdown before the start of the regular season. He was signed by the Las Vegas Gladiators, prior to the start of the season. 3/4 of the way through the season, Las Vegas released him. On May 31, 2007, the Chicago Rush re-signed Molden.
In 2009, Molden, was signed by the Jacksonville Sharks, but never played in a game due to failure to report
| 448 |
Etu Molden
| 0 |
3,723,009 |
# Glenn Dobbs
**Glenn Dobbs Jr.** (July 12, 1920 -- November 12, 2002) was an American professional football player in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). A skilled tailback, quarterback, punter and return specialist, Dobbs was named the AAFC\'s MVP in 1946. After sitting out the 1950 season with a knee injury, Dobbs was persuaded to come out of retirement to play with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU), forerunner of the Canadian Football League (CFL). In 1951 Dobbs was named the Most Valuable Player of the WIFU. Dobbs played college football at the University of Tulsa, where he was later head football coach from 1961 to 1968 and athletic director from 1955 to 1970. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1980.
## Biography
### Early years {#early_years}
Dobbs was born July 12, 1920. in McKinney, Texas. He was a successful running back and punter in high school, earning all-state honors while playing for his school in Frederick, Oklahoma.
### Collegiate career {#collegiate_career}
Following graduation Dobbs enrolled at the private University of Tulsa, where he played varsity college football in the 1940, 1941, and 1942 seasons. A pass-throwing halfback, Dobbs was the hero of the 7th Annual Sun Bowl game, played New Year\'s Day 1942, completing 20 of his 30 short passes for 201 yards. Dobbs also rushed proficiently and blasted an 85-yard punt in the game, leading a 60-yard drive in the 4th quarter for a 6-0 Tulsa victory over Texas Tech.
During his Senior year, 1942, Dobbs led the Golden Hurricane to an undefeated 10--0 record. In addition to his running and passing skills, Dobbs was the nation\'s top collegiate punter in the 1942 season, with a 48.3 yards per punt average, One of Dobbs\' punts from his own goal line against University of Oklahoma, traveled nearly 100 yards, pinning the Sooners deep on their own end of the field. Dobbs was named the first All-American in Tulsa football history for his efforts in the successful 1942 season. The No. 4 ranked Golden Hurricane advanced that year to play in the Sugar Bowl, where they fell to Tennessee by a score of 14--7.
At the time of his death Dobbs was still regarded by many as the greatest football player in University of Tulsa history. He continues to hold the mark for four of the five longest punts in school history, including boots of 87, 79, 78, and 77 yards.
### Military football career {#military_football_career}
Dobbs was selected as the third pick of the National Football League draft by the Chicago Cardinals. He was unable to come to contract terms with the team, however, and instead enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces. During the years of World War II the American military maintained service football teams as part of its program to entertain the troops and the star runner and punter Dobbs was stationed at Randolph Air Force Base near San Antonio, Texas and played for the base team, the Randolph Field Ramblers, leading the squad to a 9--1 record. Dobbs and the Ramblers play in the 1944 Cotton Bowl Classic, battling the Texas Longhorns to a 7--7 tie.
In 1944 Dobbs was transferred to the 1944 Second Air Force Superbombers. The Superbombers fell to Dobbs\'s former team, the undefeated Randolph Field Ramblers the Treasury Bond Bowl, held on December 16 1944 before a crowd of thousands in the Polo Grounds in New York City. Also in 1944, Dobbs played for a team of collegiate and military team all-stars which very nearly upset the NFL Champion Chicago Bears in an exhibition game.
| 606 |
Glenn Dobbs
| 0 |
3,723,009 |
# Glenn Dobbs
## Biography
### All-America Football Conference career {#all_america_football_conference_career}
Following the conclusion of his military career, Dobbs signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), a short-lived rival of the NFL. He led them to a win in the first game in franchise history against the Buffalo Bisons on September 8, as Lew Mayne and Dobbs each threw a touchdown pass in a 27--14 win. Dobbs started 11 of the 12 games for the Dodgers, with Mayne and others having minimal time. He also served as punter and kick/punt returner for the team. However, the Dodgers did not win again for an entire month and won just two more games the whole season to finish 3--10--1. Dobbs and left tackle Martin Ruby were the shining lights for the team (each were named All-Pro), with Dobbs leading the league in passes completed (135) and attempted (269), passing yards (1,886), interceptions (15) alongside punts (80) and punting yards (3,826).
In 1947, Dobbs spent the first two games with Brooklyn, going 12-of-34 with a touchdown and an interception before he was traded to the Los Angeles Dons. He started three games while making appearances in six other games while doing 44 combined punts for 1,909 yards. He threw seven total touchdowns to eight interceptions. He led in just one category: punt returns, having made 19 of them. In 1948, he played ten of the 14 games for the Dons. He led the league in completions/attempts (185-of-369) while throwing 2,403 yards for 21 touchdowns to 20 interceptions alongside running 91 times for 539 yards for four touchdowns while punting a league-high 68 times for 3,336 yards. For his efforts, he was named 2nd-team All-Pro.
1949 was the last season of the AAFC and the last one played for Dobbs in American football. He started six of twelve games and threw 65-of-153 for four touchdowns to nine interceptions while punting 39 times for 1,650 yards. At the time of his departure from football, Dobbs was one of only four players to have punted for 10,000 yards, with Sammy Baugh, Bob Waterfield, and Roy Zimmerman (all of whom were also quarterbacks used for punting) ahead of him; since 1950, over a hundred players have punted for 10,000 yards.
### Canadian football career {#canadian_football_career}
Dobbs joined Canada\'s pro football Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1951, leading his team to the Grey Cup game, and was named most valuable player in the Canadian Western League that season. He became their player-coach in 1952, but his playing career was hampered by a knee injury.
He was a phenomenally popular figure in Saskatchewan during his brief time there. Following his first season in Regina, a local store sold \"Dobber shirts\" and \"Dobber jeans\" and many cars sported unofficial license plates which said \"DOBBERVILLE.\"
### Coaching career {#coaching_career}
After his professional career ended, Dobbs became the athletic director at Tulsa in 1955 and held that position until 1970. Dobbs was also head football coach from 1961 to 1968. His teams led the nation in passing for five straight years (1962--1966) and went to the Bluebonnet Bowl in 1964 and 1965.
From 1977 to 1979 Dobbs was President of the Tulsa Drillers minor league baseball team. He was a coach and owner of the minor league football team Tulsa Mustangs in 1979 but the team folded after playing only 4 games.
### Legacy and death {#legacy_and_death}
Dobbs was elected into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame in 1988. His brother Bobby Dobbs was also a football player and coach, and preceded Glenn as Tulsa\'s coach. Dobbs died of cancer November 12, 2002 in Tulsa, Oklahoma at the age of 82
| 611 |
Glenn Dobbs
| 1 |
3,723,013 |
# Magnús Jónsson
**Magnús Jónsson** or **Magnús prúði** (c. 1530 -- 1591) was an Icelandic official and poet.
He was born to a well-off family and received his education in Iceland and Germany, probably Hamburg. Given his career, the curriculum must have included jurisprudence.
After a period as a farmer and landbroker, he held office as *sýslumaður*, or chief administrator in two counties in Iceland, first *Þingeyjaþingssýsla* and later *Ísafjarðarsýsla*, both now defunct as administrative units. He was a famous man in his time, but what has preserved his name for posterity are his writings or, to be specific, the first part of *Pontus rímur*, a rímur cycle about a Spanish prince. Pontus rímur are among the better ones of the genre and are based, as many of the rímur were, on a French romance transmitted to Iceland through a German translation.
Rímur are not widely read today, but Pontus rímur have secured themselves a special place in Icelandic literature by being a recurring theme in Íslandsklukkan by Halldór Laxness, where the protagonist of the story invariably alleviates boredom by chanting *Pontus rímur the Elder*. There are no such rímur, but since Pontus rímur have three authors, it is difficult to resist seeing it as a reference to the first part, composed by Magnús.
His nickname, *prúði*, can be variously interpreted as *elegant* or *wise*.
Of his eleven surviving children, Ari Magnússon is of particular note, being the man responsible for the last massacre in Icelandic history, the so-called Spánverjavígin of 1615
| 252 |
Magnús Jónsson
| 0 |
3,723,037 |
# KJUD
**KJUD** (channel 8) is a television station in Juneau, Alaska, United States, affiliated with ABC, The CW Plus, and Fox. Owned by Vision Alaska LLC, the station maintains a transmitter along Douglas Highway in West Juneau. Master control and some internal operations are based at the facilities of fellow ABC affiliate and Your Alaska Link flagship KYUR in Anchorage.
## History
KINY-TV, Juneau\'s first television station, signed on the air on February 19, 1956, becoming KJUD in 1983. For many years, it was Juneau\'s only commercial station, and is still the only full-power commercial station in the area.
Initially, KJUD carried programming from ABC, NBC, and CBS for many years. During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network.
In 1995, the station became a part of the Alaska Superstation network, with KIMO (now KYUR) and KATN. In September 2006, KJUD began to show programming from The CW on its digital subchannel. The subchannel was initially known as Juneau CW, but has since been rebranded to Alaska CW. Smith Media sold KJUD and the remainder of the \"ABC Alaska\'s Superstation\" system to Vision Alaska LLC in 2010. On September 1, 2011, KJUD began carrying programming from the Fox network on digital subchannel 8.3; the subchannel became the first Fox affiliate in the Juneau market.
In 2022, the station and its sisters outsourced their news programming to News Hub, which had recently been acquired by Coastal Television, as *Your Alaska Link News*.
## Subchannels
The station\'s signal is multiplexed:
Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming
--------- ------ -------- ------------ ----------------
8.1 720p 16:9 KJUD-DT ABC
8.2 480i 4:3 KJUD CW The CW Plus
8.3 720p 16:9 KJUDHD3 Fox
8.4 480i ION Ion Television
8.5 MYSTERY Ion Mystery
8
| 295 |
KJUD
| 0 |
3,723,055 |
# Polo handicap
A **polo handicap** is a system created by Henry Lloyd Herbert, the first president of the United States Polo Association, at the founding of the USPA in 1890 so teams could be more evenly matched when using players with varying abilities.
The players are rated on a scale from minus-2 to 10. Minus-2 indicates a novice player, while a player rated at 10 goals has the highest handicap possible. It is so difficult to attain a 10-goal handicap that there are fewer than two dozen in the world, and about two-thirds of all players handicapped are rated at two goals or less. Currently, most living ten-goal players are Argentine, with few exceptions.`{{Fact|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
Handicaps of five goals and above generally belong to professional players. It is not (nor has it ever been) an estimate of the number of goals a player might score in a game, but rather of the player\'s worth to their team. It is the overall rating of a player\'s horsemanship, team play, knowledge of the game, strategy, and horses. At one time, polo was the only sport in the world that considered sportsmanship when rating a player.
In matches played by \"handicapped\" players (as opposed to open competition, where handicaps are not considered), the handicaps of all four players are totaled. If the total handicap of a team is more than that of the team against which they are playing, the difference is added to the scoreboard. For example, if the Mounties polo team has a total handicap of six goals and the Tayto team has a handicap of four goals, Tayto would begin the match with a two-goal advantage.
A player\'s handicap is usually assessed by a committee at the authorizing club of his country. A professional player may be assigned an equivalent rating in countries where he competes. Though standards are similar, the ratings may be expressed differently. *e.g.:*
Argentina: 0 to 10
USA: C (-2), B (-1), B+ (-0.5), A (0), A+ (0.5), 1.0, 1.5, 2 to 10
England: -2 to 10.
| 342 |
Polo handicap
| 0 |
3,723,055 |
# Polo handicap
## `{{anchor|10 goal players}}`{=mediawiki}Ten-goal players, highest handicap achieved in outdoor polo {#ten_goal_players_highest_handicap_achieved_in_outdoor_polo}
- Rodolphe Louis Agassiz (1871--1933) -- USA
- Mariano Aguerre (born 1969) -- Argentina / USA
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Alejandro Diaz Alberdi - Argentina
- Enrique Alberdi - Argentina
- Juan ALberdi - Argentina
- Mike Azzaro -- USA
- Miguel (Miki) Novillo Astrada -- Argentina
- Gerald Barnard Balding Sr. (1903--1957) - England\'s last 10 goal player.
- Adolfo Cambiaso (born 1975) -- Argentina
- Guillermo (Sapo) Caset - Argentina
- Bartolomé Castagnola (born 1970) -- Argentina
- Carlos Gracida (1960--2014) -- Mexico
- Guillermo Gracida Jr. (1956) - Mexico
- Alfredo Harriott -- Argentina (born 1945)
- Juan C. Harriott Jr. (born 1936 -2023) - Argentina
- Alberto Pedro Heguy -- Argentina (born 1941)
- Bautista Heguy -- Argentina / England
- Gonzalo Heguy - Argentina
- Horacio Heguy - Argentina
- Ignacio Heguy -- Argentina
- Marcos Heguy -- Argentina
- Tommy Hitchcock, Jr. (1900 --1944) -- USA
- Foxhall Keene (1867--1941) - USA
- Lewis Lacey (1887--1966) -- Argentina.
- Juan Martin Nero - Argentina.
- Pablo Mac Donough (born 1982) -- Argentina / Spain / USA
- Agustin Merlos -- Argentina / Spain / USA
- Sebastian Merlos -- Argentina
- Lucas Monteverde (born 1976) -- Argentina
- Juan Martin Nero -- Argentina / Spain
- Alfonso Pieres - Argentina
- Nicolas (Nico) Pieres - Argentina
- Facundo (Facu) Pieres (born 1986) -- Argentina / USA
- Gonzalo Pieres Jr. (born 1982) -- Argentina / France
- Gonzalo Pieres Sr. - Argentina
- Pablo (Polito) Pieres (born 1987) -- Argentina
- Aidan Roark (1905--1984) -- Ireland
- John Sinclair-Hill (born 1934) - Australia
- Bob Skene (1914--1997) - Australia
- David Stirling (born 1981) -- Uruguay
- Louis Ezekiel Stoddard (1881--1951) -- USA
- John Arthur Edward Traill (1882--1958) -- Argentina / Ireland
- Ernesto Trotz - Argentina
- Hilario Ulloa (born 1985) -- Argentina
- Tommy Wayman (born 1946) -- USA
## `{{anchor|9 goal players}}`{=mediawiki}Nine-goal players, with a maximum 9-goal handicap achieved in outdoor polo {#nine_goal_players_with_a_maximum_9_goal_handicap_achieved_in_outdoor_polo}
- Rodrigo De Andrade - Brazil
- Eduardo Novillo Astrada -- Argentina
- Ignacio Novillo Astrada -- Argentina
- Javier Novillo Astrada -- Argentina
- Joginder Singh Baidwan (1904--1940) - India
- Francisco Bensadon - Argentina
- Juan Britos - Argentina
- Alfredo Capella Barabucci - Argentina
- Bartolome (Barto) Castagnola - Argentina
- Camilo (Jeta) Castagnola - Argentina
- Diego Cavanagh - Argentina
- Santiago Chavanne -- Argentina
- Lucas Criado -- Argentina
- Francisco DeNarvaez -- Argentina
- Alejandro Diaz-Alberdi (born 1963) -- Argentina
- Gabriel Donoso (1960--2006) -- Chile
- Ignatius (Nachi) Du Plessis - South Africa
- Francisco Elizalde - Argentina
- Elbridge T. Gerry Sr. (1908-1999) - United States
- Alberto Heguy -- Argentina
- Eduardo Heguy -- Argentina
- Howard Hipwood - England
- Julian Hipwood - England
- Matias MacDonough -- Argentina
- Juan Alberto Merlos (1945) -- Argentina
- Juan I
| 498 |
Polo handicap
| 1 |
3,723,060 |
# Coastal and offshore rowing
**Coastal and offshore rowing** is a rowing sport performed at sea. In North America, this sport is often called open water rowing.
Due to conditions at sea, coastal and offshore rowers may face difficult circumstances compared to river or lake rowers. To withstand it the boats usually are wider and more robust.
## International competition {#international_competition}
At present, most British sea rowing is \"traditional\" fixed seat rowing and competition is of a regional nature. France is leading the development of modern sliding seat seagoing boats, \"Yoles\", and National Competition here is well established with FISA, the worldwide regulatory body for rowing, encouraging the expansion of the sport to other countries.
Since 2007, the competition has been renamed as the FISA World Club Coastal Rowing Challenge, thus opening the event to all Club rowers without pre-qualification.
Coastal rowing will be included in the 2028 Summer Olympics, in the form of beach sprint rowing.
## Africa
### South Africa {#south_africa}
Competitive rowing has been taking place on dams and rivers in South Africa since colonial times, but since May 2011 a growing number of people have participated in recreational coastal rowing in Cape Town as well. This has taken place mainly on False Bay from the naval base at Simon\'s Town, but there have also been regular outings to bodies of water elsewhere in the region, including the Berg and Breede Rivers, Langebaan and Hermanus lagoons, and the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of Cape Point. The Cape Coastal Rowing fleet now includes a range of quads, doubles and singles.
## Australia
The sport of open water rowing is in the early stages in Australia. The American model of lightweight open water boats is generally being adopted. Most open water rowing is done for recreation, but competition will soon be established and the sport is expected to expand.
Surf boat rowing is very popular in Australia and New Zealand, and to a lesser extent South Africa. The Australian form of the sport is often featured on sporting shows in the summer months. Surf boats are four-oared vessels with pointed bows and sterns. The boat is steered by a sweep who stands in the stern and uses an oar-like rudder to control the boat. During competition surf crews start on the beach and row through the surf to then proceed to a certain number of turning points (often referred to as the can). Crews then race back to the beach. As the boat nears the beach oars are raised and the boat is literally surfed to shore. Surf boat races are conducted on a weekly basis throughout the Australian summer.
| 442 |
Coastal and offshore rowing
| 0 |
3,723,060 |
# Coastal and offshore rowing
## Europe
### France
Coastal rowing in France is a well-established activity that takes advantage of the country\'s lengthy and varied coastline. The sport is particularly prevalent in several key regions known for their maritime heritage and conducive rowing conditions:
- Brittany (Bretagne): Brittany serves as a central location for coastal rowing enthusiasts and hosts numerous events throughout the year.
- Normandy (Normandie): Along the historic beaches of Normandy, coastal rowing thrives, supported by a network of clubs.
- The Mediterranean Coast: The French Riviera (Côte d\'Azur) and the shores of Languedoc-Roussillon offer ideal conditions for coastal rowing, attracting rowers to the calmer Mediterranean Sea.
- The Atlantic Coast: The Atlantic Coast, particularly along the Bay of Biscay in areas such as Aquitaine, is favored by coastal rowers for its open waters and vibrant rowing culture.
These regions, among others form a diverse coastal rowing scene in France, where the sport continues to grow in popularity and recognition.
### Ireland
Coastal rowing in Ireland consists of a number of associations from around the coast of Ireland. The south west coast covering counties Cork and Kerry has the highest concentration of rowing clubs and is governed by the Coastal Rowing Association (CRA),Rowing Ireland and the South West Coast Yawl Rowing Association (SWCYRA), and the South & Mid Kerry Rowing Board (SMKRB). The Irish Sea from Skerries in North Dublin, heading south as far as Arklow, Co. Wicklow is governed by the East Coast Rowing Council. Antrim coast is covered by the Antrim Coast Rowing Association (ACRA), and Wexford is governed by Slaney Rowing Association (SRA).
Throughout the summer season the different associations of coastal rowing in Ireland hold championships using either the traditional boats of the area or the Celtic Yawl. The season generally ends with the annual All-Ireland Coastal Rowing Championships, These All-Irelands involve in excess of 400 crews across a range of disciplines and is one of the biggest coastal rowing regattas in the British Isles. The Celtic Yawl was first introduced in 2002 by the Irish Coastal Rowing Federation as a means of bridging the gap between the various classes of coastal rowing boats in Ireland, it was designed by Rob Jacob and originally built by Roddy O Connor of Customworks in Cork. John Keohane of Elite Coastal Rowing is now the sole builder. The concept successfully achieved its aim by levelling the playing field for all, irrespective of the qualities of their traditional boat. examples of the classes of coastal boats in Ireland are: East Coast Skiffs, the Cork yawls, the Kerry four oars, Wexford/Slaney cots, Antrim gigs and Donegal skiffs.
In addition to fixed seat coastal rowing, sliding seat coastal rowing (called offshore in Ireland to distinguish) also takes place and is a fast growing rowing discipline in Ireland. Rowing Ireland created an Offshore Division in 2017 and since then over 200 offshore boats have been purchased. The highlight of the offshore rowing year is the Irish Offshore Rowing Championships. Irish crews generally participate in large numbers at the club based World Coastal Rowing Championships. Monika Dukarska (Killorglin Rowing Club) won the CW1x World Championship in 2009 & 2016 while John Keohane (Kilmacsimon Rowing Club) won the CM1x in 2010. Ireland has also started to send national teams to the World Rowing Beach Sprint Finals.
### Netherlands
Coastal rowing in the Netherlands is gaining popularity fast. The Royal Dutch Rowing Association (KNRB) now has a committee coastal rowing. in 2018 a competition of five races was expected to be held for Yole de mers in Muiden, Loosdrecht, Medemblik Rotterdam and Amsterdam IJburg. There was also to be a demonstration race during the stop over of the Volvo Ocean Race in Scheveningen on July 1.
Several rowing clubs in the Netherlands have adopted Coastal Rowing as a discipline, e.g. Roei- en Zeilvereniging Naarden. This sail and rowing club already started Coastal Rowing in 2004 with two Yole the Mers. Meanwhile, more than 50 coastal rowers practice Coastal Rowing on Gooimeer and IJmeer.
The committee coastal rowing also will organise a number of recreational tours and a number of clinics. Dutch Coastal Rowing (DCR) is organising longer coastal tours.
### Norway
Coastal rowing in Norway is primarily practiced in Christiania Roklub, Oslo and Kristiansand. An online community of coastal rowers in Norway called Team Coastal Rowing Norway is based in Oslo. Norway has been increasingly active in participating at the world coastal rowing championships.
### Spain
The Spanish seafaring tradition has left a very important heritage of coastal rowing scull boats, in another time devoted to tasks of fishing, and now used for sport and leisure activities. Among the best known are the "traineras" and "bateles", typical of northern Spain, the "llaüts" and "faluchos", from the east regions of Spain, and the "barcas de jábega" in the southeast Spanish Mediterranean coast.
The racing of Seine boats takes place each summer in the city of Malaga and in its nearby villages. Currently, there are seven oars, with a length between 7 and 9m and weighing between 850 and 1150 kg. At present, clubs in the province of Malaga are represented by the \"Asociación de Barcas de Jabega\" which coordinates its activities and races.
| 869 |
Coastal and offshore rowing
| 1 |
3,723,060 |
# Coastal and offshore rowing
## Europe
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
The Cornish Pilot Gig Association is the largest British sea rowing group and preserves a tradition using both original and new boats made to a closely controlled specification. The CPGA has seen continuing growth and new boats are built to satisfy the demand. The Cornish gig has been adopted by rowers in the Netherlands and there is a successful gig club in Wales.
The resurgence in the tradition of boatbuilding in Essex has seen the development of East Coast gigs. Built by the Pioneer Sailing Trust in Brightlingsea, the coxed four Harker\'s Yard gigs are based on a 19th-century design. A strong racing scene has developed around these gigs and club affiliation extends from Manningtree, on the Essex/Suffolk border, to Maldon, in the south of the county. The gigs are traditionally named after fishing smacks built in Brightlingsea before WWII. The first boat to be built, the *Velocity*, is owned and raced by Brightlingsea Coastal Rowing Club.
Other groups thrive throughout British coastal regions: from Shetland in the North, Whitby and Scarborough on the North Sea; and Seine boat rowers on the Teign; to the Channel Islands.
Following about forty years of design development using chined plywood hulls, both Guernsey and Jersey are now importing superior double and single washdeck fibreglass boats from France. Semi-washdeck, chined, double skinned, plywood quads, were under construction in Guernsey during the first decade of this century, though none were built in 2009. A Guernsey designed carbon fibre double and quad appeared in 2008. This design went into production in the UK in 2009, with a fleet being built for the 2009 world championships in Plymouth. Boat building in Jersey ceased in the \'80s. All Channel Island boats are now built to FISA dimensions.
The open Welsh Celtic Longboat style craft introduced in the mid-70s has since the early 2000s evolved into a double skinned \"washdeck\" boat and now is the only design under construction. From 2006 FISA dimensions are followed in hull design.
#### England (South Coast) {#england_south_coast}
Competitive sliding seat coastal rowing has taken place on the south coast of England since the late 19th century. It is regulated by two bodies, The Hants and Dorset Amateur Rowing Association which regulates competition from Swanage to Southsea; and The Coast Amateur Rowing Association (Worthing to Herne Bay). Due to the fact that both associations were originally unified, Southsea and Worthing, the border clubs of associations, have membership in both, although each predominantly race in one. Both bodies operate under the auspices of the national governing body British Rowing.
In common with British flat water rowing, regattas are held in the summer months with races of around 2000 m, with longer processional head races held in the winter months in more sheltered river and estuary waters. The points system to categorise athletes is slightly different but compatible with the flat water points system, with the same separate statuses for sweep and sculling.
Talented athletes from HDARA and CARA clubs have found their way into British Rowing\'s national team programmes for flat water/ Olympic rowing, as the similarity in equipment used and race distance lends itself quite well to changing between the two disciplines. Most CARA and HDARA clubs have fine boats as well as their coastal boats, and club members often also compete in river events.
Coastal boats used are coxed IVs, coxless pair and single sculls for championships, with double sculls and mixed crews used for non-championship or fun events. All boats are wider than their river counterparts with higher freeboard to cope with coastal conditions. The fours are restricted to 30 ft in length (the dimensions of an old railway carriage which was used to transport the equipment before the use of cars and trailers) and the pairs and singles to 22 ft. Some (predominantly HDARA and older CARA boats) have staggered seating to accommodate the rowers in the reduced length and spread the weight across the width of the boat for stability. The reduced dimensions of the boat also aid in the buoy turn, as unlike river races the start and finish points for these forms of coastal events are the same point and require a 180° \"spin\" around a marker (either a buoy, or a float with a flag on top called a \"dan\"). Bow and stroke side is reversed from CARA and HDARA to make the clockwise buoy turn more effective, with bowside pulling the boat around.
Regatta races are typically conducted along the beach, round a buoy (one for each competitor, moored in a line), and back (1000 m both ways). Regatta locations vary from the rough and exposed, such as Bournemouth or Shanklin to the more sheltered, such as Southampton Water.
Crews from the Hampshire and Dorset and the Coast Amateur rowing association come together along with those from the West of England ARA each year for the South Coast Rowing Championships which is held alternately in Coastal and River Fine boats.
#### Scotland
The Scottish Coastal Rowing Association was founded in May 2010, adopting the St. Ayles Skiff as the standard hull for its races. The St Ayles is built from a plywood kit, with the express intention of keeping the construction costs to a minimum to increase the uptake. The design was first launched in October 2009; by mid-2015, 163 kits had been sold in the United Kingdom, with over 100 launched. The class is also gaining popularity in Australia, New Zealand, and North America.
The first world championship for the St Ayles was held at Ullapool in Scotland in July 2013 with 30 skiffs in attendance. The next \"Skiffieworlds\" was scheduled to be held in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland in 2016.
Competition thrives, both in a league system, and \"one off\" challenges. The 22 mi London Great River Race is the major British event for traditional boats, attracting up to 350 crews, but there are many regular events throughout the long March to October season. A similar event takes place in Cork, Ireland every year; the Ocean to City race is 15 nmi traversing Cork harbour. In 2006, 150 traditional boats completed the event.
#### Wales
The Welsh Sea Rowing Association organises a total of 21 offshore and estuary events each year. These range from 5 mi league races to the 90 mi Celtic challenge rowing race, an epic Irish Sea crossing.
The annual Interceltic Watersports competition features, amongst other events, sea rowing using both traditional and modern craft. This has greatly helped in the development of open water competition amongst rowers from the ten Celtic nations, and Welsh rowers now compete across Europe, representing Great Britain in France, Italy, and Spain.
Celtic Sea rowers in Wales and Ireland have adopted modern designs of fixed seat boats, loosely based on the Irish currach, which itself is still used by sea rowers in both countries and the Cork Yawl, which was the base design for the Celtic yawl used for the Irish Coastal Rowing Championships run by Rowing Ireland.
## North America {#north_america}
In North America (where the sport is known as \"open water rowing\"), coastal rowing typically involves longer, lighter and faster boats, more similar to flat-water racing shells, yet designed for stability and safety in chop, wakes and swells. Stability is achieved by a broader waterline beam with safety ensured through the use of positive flotation, self-bailing capacity, supplemented by the rower\'s seamanship skills. North American boats do not conform to the minimum standards established by FISA, because they are too long and do not weigh enough.
Open water boats are used for racing, recreation, touring, health and fitness and serve the adaptive rowing community. Open water rowing in North America is popular on the Chesapeake Bay, in coastal towns of Massachusetts, Long Island Sound communities in Connecticut and New York, California, and Washington. Open water racing is practiced on both the west and east coasts of the U.S. Sound Rowers and Paddlers is a Washington club which has sponsored about 15 open water races each year since 1988. [1](http://www.soundrowers.org)
| 1,347 |
Coastal and offshore rowing
| 2 |
3,723,060 |
# Coastal and offshore rowing
## South America {#south_america}
In South America coastal rowing first occurred in Perú, in the Club de Regatas Lima. In the Atlantic Ocean, there is a small group of coastal rowers in the Escuela de Remo de Punta Carretas in Montevideo, Uruguay
| 47 |
Coastal and offshore rowing
| 3 |
3,723,061 |
# Lightweight rowing
**Lightweight rowing** (abbreviated Lwt or Lt) is a category of rowing where limits are placed on the maximum body weight of competitors. According to the International Rowing Federation (FISA), this weight category was introduced \"to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people\".
At the international level, for crew boats, the limits are:
- Men: Crew average 70 kg -- no rower over 72.5 kg
- Women: Crew average 57 kg -- no rower over 59 kg
For single sculls, the limits are 72.5 kg for men and 59 kg for women.
## History
The first lightweight events were added to the World Championships in 1974 for men and 1985 for women. Lightweight rowing was added to the Olympics in 1996 but this came under threat in 2002 when the Programme Commission of the IOC recommended that, outside combat sports and weightlifting, there should not be weight category events. The recommendation was initially rejected in 2002; however in 2023, the Executive Board opted to remove all lightweight events from the 2028 Olympics. From 1996--2016, the men\'s Lightweight 4-- was included in the Olympics and from 1996--2024, the men\'s and women\'s Lightweight 2x were included in the Olympics. Lightweight Rowing is still raced at the World Championships.
## United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
In the United Kingdom, lightweight rowing is less prevalent than in the US. At university rowing level, lightweight categories are offered at BUCS events, such as the BUCS Regatta, alongside openweight categories. In addition, both the men\'s and women\'s lightweight boat races are contended between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge as part of the Lightweight Boat Races. In club rowing, regattas less often offer lightweight events. An exception is the Henley Women\'s Regatta where there are numerous lightweight categories. At the Henley Royal Regatta lightweight rowers are expected to compete in openweight categories.
Under British Rowing rules of racing, the lightweight limits during winter are different from those in summer.
## United States {#united_states}
At the collegiate level, many larger American Division I schools can field between one and three lightweight boats for both men and women.
In both lightweight men\'s and lightweight women\'s collegiate rowing, competition at the school-funded \'Varsity\' level is small but fiercely competitive; the *de facto* national championship for both disciplines is the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship held each year on Mercer Lake in New Jersey on the weekend after Memorial Day. However, several club rowing programs (e.g., California Lightweight Crew), which receive minimal or no school funding, consistently field lightweight crews that compete for Division III equivalent titles at the Dad Vail Regatta on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, and, most recently, at the American Collegiate Rowing Association Championships.
In the US collegiate category, the following limits apply as of spring 2011:
- Men: no rower over 160 lb.
- Women: no rower over 130 lb.
In contrast, high school age U.S. rowing teams seldom compete in lightweight categories. In recent years the practice of juniors training down to a weight has been questioned, as low BMI has been linked to health and growth problems in adolescents. In 2021, USRowing removed all youth lightweight events at USRowing-run regattas, including the Youth National Championships. However, non-USRowing regattas may still choose to offer lightweight events.
In the high school category, the following limits apply as of winter 2023:
- Men: no rower over 150 lb.
- Women: no rower over 130 lb
| 574 |
Lightweight rowing
| 0 |
3,723,063 |
# No Boundaries (Sertab Erener album)
***No Boundaries*** is the seventh album from Turkish popstar Sertab Erener. It has been credited with introducing her music to mainland Europe upon its release in 2004, having previously been a huge domestic success in her native country. This album was released in Turkey, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic, Israel, Russia, Japan and some other countries.
## Background
Although not her first album (preceded by *Sakin Ol!*, *Lâ\'l*, *Sertab Gibi*, *Sertab Erener*, *Sertab*, and *Turuncu*), *No Boundaries* was Sertab Erener\'s first English language album. It was compiled and released by record company Columbia after Erener\'s Eurovision win in 2003, with the song \"Every Way That I Can\".
The songs on the album are composed and arranged mainly by Demir Demirkan, although some have co-writing credits for Erener, for example \"Storms\". \"Everyway That I Can\" was included on the album, as the original Turkish release rather than the Eurovision edit, although it is licensed now to Turkish radio and Television and the EBU, rather than Sony.
The next single released was \"Here I Am\", a song not dissimilar to the Eurovision winner, and then \"Leave\", an operatic song in which Erener travels five octaves to the soprano range. Both were quite large hits in Turkey and Eastern Europe although they could not come close to the mammoth success of \"Every Way That I Can.\" The final single, \"I Believe (That I See Love in You)\", was written by France-based Indonesian singer Anggun.
The album was given exposure in May 2004 when a medley of \"Here I Am\", \"Leave\", and \"Everyway That I Can\" were performed as the Istanbul Eurovision opening act by Sertab. In June the track \"I Believe\" was released and it was the final release taken from the album.
Other songs on the album include \"Back to the Beach\" which was regarded as the album\'s low point, and \"Got Me like Oh\", which was later covered in 2006 by American singer Gia Farrell, and was later interpolated by American singer River Black in 2025. The album was very well received by critics otherwise, who admired the Turkish music-pop combination. Sales of the album have been Erener\'s best figures yet, both in Turkey and outside.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Here I Am\"
2. \"Breathe in Deeper\"
3. \"Everyway That I Can\"
4. \"Got Me like Oh\"
5. \"I Believe\" (That I See Love in You)
6. \"Leave\"
7. \"It Takes More\"
8. \"Back to the Beach\"
9. \"Storms\"
10. \"Love Bites\"
11. \"The One\"
12. \"Here I Am\" \[Jason Nevins Radio Remix\]
## Chart positions of releases {#chart_positions_of_releases}
- \"No Boundaries (Album)\": Turkey No. 1 Greece No. 2
- \"Everyway That I Can\": June 2003: No. 1 TUR, No. 1 SWE, No. 1 GRE, No. 6 BEL, No. 7 NED, No. 10 AUS, No. 12 GER, No. 17 SUI, No. 35 IRE, No. 75 UK
- \"Here I Am\": September 2003: No. 1 TUR, No. 6 GRE, No. 41 BEL, No. 58 SWE, No
| 508 |
No Boundaries (Sertab Erener album)
| 0 |
3,723,065 |
# Buffalo Hump
**Buffalo Hump** (Comanche *Potsʉnakwahipʉ* \"Erection That Won\'t Go Down\" euphemized to \"Buffalo Bull\'s Back\" ) (born c. 1800 --- died post 1861 / ante 1867) was a War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanches. He came to prominence after the Council House Fight when he led the Comanches on the Great Raid of 1840.
## Early life {#early_life}
Little is known of Buffalo Hump\'s early life: education in his youth and training as a warrior, together with his cousin Yellow Wolf (Isaviah, spelled also Sa-viah and sometimes misspelled as Sabaheit, alias Small Wolf), went on under their uncle Mukwooru\'s (\"Spirit Talker\") influence and their *cursus honorum* (*i.e.,* rising through the ranks) was in its full development during the Mexican domination of Texas. Their more northern kinsmen Yamparika, Kotsoteka, Nokoni and Kwahadi warriors, under such leaders as Ten Bears, Tawaquenah ("Big Eagle" or "Sun Eagle"), Wulea-boo ("Shaved Head"), Huupi-pahati ("Tall Tree"), Iron Jacket, and their allies the Kiowas, were accustomed to fighting in the Arkansas River country against their Cheyenne, and Arapaho foes, just as the Penatekas did also fight other northern tribes.
In 1829 Buffalo Hump and, presumably, Yellow Wolf led their warriors northward to recover a large herd of horses stolen by a Cheyenne party, and the young Penateka braves proved themselves against these northern enemies. The Penateka party came on a Cheyenne village near the Bijou Creek, north of Bent\'s Corral (Huerfano River), and stormed the whole herd of horses, however another Cheyenne party of about 20 warriors, equipped with some rifles, led by the famous Cheyenne chief also called Yellow Wolf stole back the animals; the Comanche party chased the fleeing enemies for a distance, but finally gave up to avoid an ambush. Still in 1829, Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf (Cheyenne) led also a big raid against the Mexican settlements in the Guadalupe Valley, achieving a fame as raiders among the Mexican people, but causing the failure of Mukwooru and Incoroy in their negotiations to reach an agreement with Mexican authorities. In 1835 Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf led 300 Comanche warriors in an attack against Parral, in the Sierra Madre Occidental (Chihuahua).
In 1838 Buffalo Hump, now an important war chief, placed Yellow Wolf in charge of the Penateka warriors and went with Amorous Man and Old Owl, to Houston, where they met President Sam Houston and signed a treaty with him. In December 1838, Mirabeau Lamar, a partisan of the clash with the Indians and of their expulsion from Texas, succeeded Houston, after which the peace agreement failed and fighting restarted. Buffalo Hump, already made famous by the Council House fight of 1840, became a historically important figure when, flanked by Isaviah and Sanna Anna, he led a group of Comanches, mostly his own Penateka Comanche division plus allies from various other Comanche bands, in the Great Raid of 1840. Their goal was to get revenge on the Texans who had killed at the Council House thirty members of a delegation of Comanche Chiefs when they had been there under a flag of truce for negotiations.
| 517 |
Buffalo Hump
| 0 |
3,723,065 |
# Buffalo Hump
## The Council House Fight {#the_council_house_fight}
The Comanches who arrived at the Council House at San Antonio in the Republic of Texas in March 1840, under Lamar\'s Presidency, came with the intention to negotiate a peace treaty. They sent a delegation of 65 people, including a dozen chiefs of several bands and several women too, led by Mukwooru and Kwihnai (Eagle), under a white flag of truce, as they understood ambassadors should do. The Texans had expected the Comanches to bring several white captives as part of the agreement. At the meeting the chiefs explained they had brought in all of the captives their bands had: to-wit one, a girl sixteen years old (the young Mathilda Lockhart). The Texans did not understand the chiefs had no power over the other bands to force them to comply with the demands, and so pulled out guns and declared to the Indians they were now their prisoners until the rest of the captives were returned. Now under threat, the Comanches, who were without bows, lances or guns, fought back with their knives. The Texans had concealed heavily armed soldiers just outside the Council House and at the onset of the fighting the windows and doors were opened and the soldiers outside shot into the room at the Comanche ambassadors and their people. Thirty-five Comanches (among them all the chiefs, three women and two children) were slain, 29 were captured, and seven Texans were killed. Mukwooru\'s widow was sent back to her people to warn them that unless all the white prisoners kept by the Comanches were relinquished, the Comanche prisoners at San Antonio would be killed. This massacre resulted in lasting bitterness among the Comanche people. Isimanica led a party 300 warriors strong to the outskirts of San Antonio, challenging the Texas militia barracked in San Josè Mission, to come out and fight, but the Texans didn\'t accept his challenge. After this, Piava, a minor chief, brought to San Antonio three white prisoners, but probably the Comanches killed the other captives. Pahayuca and Mupitsukupʉ became the Penateka principal chiefs, and Buffalo Hump became the principal war chief, with Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna as his lieutenants and partners.
## The Great Raid of 1840 {#the_great_raid_of_1840}
Buffalo Hump was determined to do more than merely complain about what the Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal; in the summer he called a council, spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna were going for a great raid against the white settlements in Texas as a revenge; in the meanwhile, Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and Isimanica, with 400 warriors, were raiding the settlements between Bastrop and San Antonio, exhausting the Rangers and Militia\'s detachments. When they were ready, in late July 1840, Buffalo Hump, along with Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and likely Isimanica, led the Penateka warriors in the Great Raid, and old Mupitsukupʉ too joined the biggest war party. According to the Comanche tradition, all the principal Comanche chiefs took part in the Great Raid: if so, also Ten Bears, Tawaquenah ("Big Eagle" or "Sun Eagle"), Wulea-boo ("Shaved Head"), Huupi-pahati ("Tall Tree"), Iron Jacket, and possibly their allies the Kiowa, like Dohasan and Satank, could have had a role. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of Victoria and Linnville on the Texas coast. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided, burned, and plundered these towns. The Comanches killed a large number of slaves and captured more than 1,500 horses.
| 619 |
Buffalo Hump
| 1 |
3,723,065 |
# Buffalo Hump
## The Battle of Plum Creek {#the_battle_of_plum_creek}
On the way back from the sea, the Comanches easily defeated three different Militia detachments under John Tomlinson, Adam Zumvalt and Ben McCulloch (all together, 125 men) near the Garcitas Creek; then, they overwhelmed another Militia company (90 men) led by Lafayette Ward, James Bird and Matthew Caldwell along the trail to the San Marcos River; finally, they were attacked by Texas Rangers (all the companies of central and western Texas, under Jack Hays and Ben McCulloch), and militia (units from Bastrop and Gonzales, respectively under Ed Burleson and Mathew Caldwell), rallied under gen. Felix Huston, at the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart. This was later portrayed as a great Texan victory, but that is highly questionable: volunteers from Gonzales and from Bastrop had gathered to attempt to stop the war party and all the Ranger companies of east and central Texas, equipped with the new Colt Paterson revolvers, moved to intercept the Indians. They met at Plum Creek, near the town of Lockhart, on August 12, 1840; 80 Comanches were reported killed in the ensuing gun battle -- unusually heavy casualties for the Comanches and their allies -- but they got away with the bulk of their plunder and stolen horses,. The "defeated" Comanches (of whom only 12 bodies were recovered) seem to have viewed this fight as a great victory which did much to enhance the various chiefs' prestige; if so it is unlikely that they suffered high casualties. The fact that the raiding party managed to escape with the majority of the stolen horses and most of their plunder casts doubt upon the Texans\' version of events.
| 281 |
Buffalo Hump
| 2 |
3,723,065 |
# Buffalo Hump
## Texas and the Penateka Comanche treaty negotiations {#texas_and_the_penateka_comanche_treaty_negotiations}
Despite the Council House massacre and the subsequent Great Raid of 1840, Sam Houston, once again the President of the Texas Republic following the Lamar Presidency, and Buffalo Hump with other chiefs succeeded, in August 1843, in agreeing to a temporary treaty accord and a ceasefire between the Comanches, their allies, and the Texans. In October, the Comanches, hopeful of permanently establishing official Comancheria borders, agreed to meet with Houston and try to negotiate a treaty similar to the one just concluded at Fort Bird: the peace chiefs Pahayuca and Mupitsukupʉ, and others (the inclusion of Buffalo Hump, after the events at the Council House, showed the extraordinary Comanche belief in Houston), representing, for the first time, every major division of the Comanche in Texas (Penateka, but also Nokoni, Kotsoteka and Kwahadi) and their Kiowa and Kataka ("Kiowa Apaches") allies were asked to free their white prisoners. In early 1844, Buffalo Hump and other Comanche leaders (Pahayuca, Mupitsukupʉ, and others, but not Yellow Wolf or Santa Anna) signed the treaty at Tehuacana Creek in which they agreed to return white captives *in toto*, and to cease raiding Texan settlements. In exchange for this, the Texans would cease military action against the Comanches, establish more trading posts, and recognize the boundary between Texas and Comanchería.[1](http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/indian/war/page3.html) Comanche allies, including the Wacos, Taweashes, Tawakonis, Kanoatinos, Keechis, belonging to the Wichita confederation, the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache, also agreed to join in the treaty. Unfortunately, the boundary provision was deleted by the Texas Senate in ratifying the final version. This caused Buffalo Hump to agree with Yellow Wolf (who had proved himself to have a more realistic view than Buffalo Hump in evaluating the settlers\' concern for a fair and lasting peace) and Santa Anna\'s suspicions of the Texans motives, changing his stance to align himself with his cousin and the third war chief, and repudiate the treaty, and hostilities soon resumed.
In May 1846, following the annexation of Texas to the United States, Buffalo Hump led the Comanche delegation to treaty talks at Council Springs and signed a peace treaty with the United States,. Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna, aware they were no longer strong enough to oppose the US, or stop the ceaseless and massive flow of the immigrants, were with him. Buffalo Hump, nevertheless, declined an invitation to go to Washington and meet President James Polk, instead joining Isaviah in a great raiding party going to Mexico. In early 1847 some Penateka chiefs (Mupitsukupʉ, Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna, but, apparently, not Yellow Wolf) met the Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors, Johann O. von Meusebach and the German immigrants united in the "Adelsverein" in the San Saba River council, and authorized them to settle Fredicksburg, in the grant the Germans had bought between the Llano and the Guadalupe rivers. In May 1847 Pahayuca, Mupitsukupʉ, Buffalo Hump and Santa Anna again met Neighbors and learned that the U.S. Senate had suppressed the article of Council Springs treaty which forbade settlers from encroaching into the Comancheria. Santa Anna claimed the right to raid into Mexico and as the United States was then at war with Mexico, Neighbors didn\'t raise any objections, so that summer Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, and Santa Anna led some hundreds warriors into Coahuila and Chihuahua, burning villages, stealing horses and kidnapping women and children all the way to San Francisco del Oro. On the way back the Comanches were engaged by U.S. dragoons near Parras, losing part of their booty. In August Yellow Wolf, Buffalo Hump, and Santa Anna were in Mexico once again, leading 800 warriors.
As war chief of the Penateka Comanche, Buffalo Hump, and Yellow Wolf too, dealt peacefully with American officials throughout the late 1840s and 1850s. In 1849, Buffalo Hump escorted Robert S. Neighbors and John S. "Rip" Ford\'s expedition along the first part of the trail from San Antonio to El Paso, as far as the Nokoni villages, Yellow Wolf and Shanaco (son of a chief killed in the Council House of San Antonio) joining him; at the Nokoni villages Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf entrusted their proteges to their old friend Huupi-pahati, the Nokoni chief, who brought the whites to their destination. In 1851 Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump once again led their warriors in a great raid into Mexico, raiding the states of Chihuahua and Durango.
| 736 |
Buffalo Hump
| 3 |
3,723,065 |
# Buffalo Hump
## End of the Penateka freedom {#end_of_the_penateka_freedom}
In the summer of 1854 Neighbors and Captain Randolph B. Marcy carried out a reconnaissance in search of a potential reserve for the Comanche and selected two areas, allocating to the Penatekas 18.576 acres on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, approximately five miles from Camp Cooper. In November Neighbors went to the Penateka winter camp and persuaded Buffalo Hump and the far more malleable Shanaco, Ketumse and Asa-havey to go and settle in the reserve, but Yellow Wolf, who was still pressing for the recognition of a border between Texas and Comancheria, left the council, flatly refusing to go. One week later Yellow Wolf was killed by a party of Lipan hunters, after which Buffalo Hump temporized almost two years more. However, in 1856, he led his people to the newly established reservation. Continuous raids on this by horse thieves and squatters, coupled with his band\'s unhappiness over their lack of freedom and the poor food provided on the reservation, persuaded Potsʉnakwahipʉ to move his band off the reservation in 1858. While camped in the Wichita Mountains the Penateka Band under Buffalo Hump were attacked by United States troops under the command of Major Earl Van Dorn. Allegedly not aware that Buffalo Hump\'s band had recently signed a formal peace treaty with the United States at Fort Arbuckle, Van Dorn and his men killed 80 of the Comanches.
Nonetheless, an aged and weary Buffalo Hump led and settled his remaining followers on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation near Fort Cobb in Indian Territory in Oklahoma. There, in spite of his enormous sadness at the end of the Comanches\' traditional way of life, he asked for a house and farmland so that he could set an example for his people. Attempting to live out his life as a rancher and farmer, he died probably before 1867.
| 314 |
Buffalo Hump
| 4 |
3,723,065 |
# Buffalo Hump
## Portrayals
Buffalo Hump was played by Eric Schweig in the 1996 TV miniseries *Dead Man\'s Walk*, and by Wes Studi in the 2008 TV miniseries *Comanche Moon* (both part of the Lonesome Dove series). Buffalo Hump has also been portrayed by Horacio García Rojas in the History Channel series *Texas Rising* (2015) and by Wesley French in the German-language film *Striving for Freedom* (2013)
| 68 |
Buffalo Hump
| 5 |
3,723,075 |
# Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions
The ***Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions**\'\' was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published from 1905 until 1998. The journal was originally published by the Faraday Society under the name***Transactions of the Faraday Society**\'\' and was renamed in 1972.
## History
The journal began its publication in 1905 as *Transactions of the Faraday Society*. When the society merged with the other chemistry societies of the United Kingdom to form the Royal Society of Chemistry, the publication of the journal was transferred to the Chemical Society in 1972 as part of the merger negotiations. The journal was renamed *Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions*, and split in two (*Faraday Transactions I: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases* and *Faraday Transactions II: Molecular and Chemical Physics*). After the merger, the Royal Society carried the publication until its end. In 1990, the two journals merged into a single *Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions*, which continued publication until 1998 when it merged with a number of other physical chemistry journals published by different societies to form *Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics*
| 186 |
Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions
| 0 |
3,723,076 |
# Maestro Piero
**Maestro Piero** (**Magister Piero** or **Piero**) (born before 1300, died shortly after 1350) was an Italian composer of the late medieval era. He was one of the first composers of the Trecento who is known by name, and probably one of the oldest. He is mainly known for his madrigals.
## Life
No details are known of his life other than what can be inferred from his music, and from an illustration which probably contains his picture. He is depicted as a man of 50--60 years old in a Bolognese illustration from the first half of the 14th century, so he was probably born before 1300. Unlike many of the Trecento composers, he was not a Florentine, since he does not appear in the chronicle by Filippo Villani, which includes all of the musicians active there throughout the 14th century. Piero was possibly from Assisi, and is known to have been in Milan and Verona, employed by the Visconti and della Scala families, respectively; in addition, he may have been in Padua with Antonio della Scala before going to Verona, along with composer Giovanni da Cascia (Giovanni da Firenze). He was also associated with composer Jacopo da Bologna during this period, and the three composers appear to have engaged in a contest to set the same madrigal text, effectively forming a madrigal cycle: the date of this contest was in or after 1349, very near the end of Piero\'s life. There is no trace of any activity by Piero, or Giovanni da Cascia, after 1351; one or both composers may have died in the Black Death which swept through northern Italy during this time.
## Music and influence {#music_and_influence}
A total of eight compositions by Piero have survived, plus two more cacce which have been attributed to him based on stylistic similarities. All eight are secular pieces: six madrigals, and two cacce. All eight of the attributed compositions are preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale in Florence. Two of his works are preserved in the Rossi Codex.
Piero\'s madrigals are the earliest surviving works in that form which are canonic. The madrigals are for two voices, and the two cacce are for three; what distinguishes his work from that of his contemporaries is his frequent use of canon, especially in the ritornello passages in his madrigals. Piero\'s works clearly show the evolution of the three-voice canonic caccia form from the madrigal, in which the canonic portion of the madrigal became a two-voice canon, over a tenor, characteristic of the caccia.
## Works
### Two-voice madrigals and caccia-madrigals {#two_voice_madrigals_and_caccia_madrigals}
1. *All\'ombra d\'un perlaro*
2. *Cavalcando con un giòvine*
3. *Ogni diletto*
4. *Quando l\'àire comença*
5. *Sì com\'al canto*
6. *Sovra un fiume regale*
### Cacce (three voices) {#cacce_three_voices}
1. *Con brachi assai*
2
| 465 |
Maestro Piero
| 0 |
3,723,083 |
# Flight Data Coordinator
**Flight Data Coordinators (FDCs)** are officers in the Airservices Australia that, along with the Air Traffic Controllers, are the human side of The Australian Advanced Air Traffic System (TAAATS).
They are charged with ensuring the data inputted into the Flight Data Processor (FDP) (Flight Plans, changes to flight plans, departures etc.) conform to ICAO DOC 4444 and Australian AIP.
Their duties also include inputting inter-centre messages via the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunciations Network (AFTN), relay of SARTIME informatation, voice communications with internal and external stake-holders and specialised project work
| 92 |
Flight Data Coordinator
| 0 |
3,723,087 |
# Pioneer Rocketplane
**Pioneer Rocketplane** was an aerospace design and development company intent on developing affordable crewed space flight. The company is most famous for advocating a horizontal takeoff, turbo-jet and rocket propelled, aerial-refueled, rocket plane concept called the Pathfinder. The company still exists, but is no longer in operation. Pioneer\'s intellectual property is now owned by Rocketplane Limited, Inc., however Rocketplane Limited does not employ any of the principals of Pioneer Rocketplane.`{{citation needed lead|date=November 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
### The \"Black Horse\" study {#the_black_horse_study}
The \"Black Horse\" study began with a bar napkin at the White Sands Missile Range Officers' Club on May 12, 1993. The original concept was developed by then Air Force Captain Mitchell Burnside Clapp, who envisioned an aerial refueled, rocket-powered single-stage to orbit (SSTO) vehicle using jet fuel and hydrogen peroxide. This concept seemed a natural match for the Air Force\'s TransAtmospheric Vehicle (TAV) mission and studies began at the USAF Phillips Laboratory. Aerospace engineering legend Burt Rutan and noted aircraft designer Dan Raymer contributed input to the development of the design.
During the winter of 1993--94, the U.S. Air Force\'s Phillips Laboratory conducted a six-week study with WJ Schafer Associates and Conceptual Research Corporation which developed the Aerial Propellant Transfer (APT) concept further. This concept used existing components, existing tankers, landing gear, and conventional technology as much as possible.
### The \"Black Colt\" study {#the_black_colt_study}
Another study of a somewhat different APT concept was done at Martin Marietta during January through May 1994, this one of a near-term suborbital X-Plane that could serve as a demonstration vehicle for the APT concept. The study was led by engineer Robert Zubrin, who wrote about his experiences in his book *Entering Space*. Because the vehicle was about half the size of Black Horse, it was called \"Black Colt.\"
This concept used an existing NK-31 RP/O2 rocket engine with two Garrett F-125 turbofans used for takeoff, loiter during aerial propellant transfer, and landing propulsion. Also, rather than push for the very high performance required to achieve true SSTO operation, the Black Colt was a suborbital vehicle, with the 1000-lb payload then being delivered to orbit by means of a Star 48V upper stage.
### The private sector {#the_private_sector}
Mitchell Burnside Clapp left the Air Force in 1996. Teaming up with Robert Zubrin and promoter Charles Lauer, he founded Pioneer Rocketplane. To help the new company get started, it allied with Dr. Zubrin\'s research company, Pioneer Astronautics, in Lakewood, Colorado. General Tony McPeak, now retired from the Air Force, joined the company as chairman of the board. During this time Pioneer Rocketplane refined the concept for the Pathfinder rocketplane. It had to require no new engine developments, which would postpone the first flight by years. It had to be built by subcontractors to avoid the time and expense of building an in-house manufacturing capability. Most importantly, it must be able to support the requirements for the new low Earth orbit communications satellites. This led to the switch from hydrogen peroxide to liquid oxygen as the preferred oxidizer, and drove an increase in overall size.
Version 2.0 of the Pathfinder concept was delivered in 1997 by Conceptual Research Corporation.
### Rocketplane Limited {#rocketplane_limited}
In 2001, Rocketplane Limited, Inc. was formed. Pioneer Rocketplane is a part owner of Rocketplane Limited, but ceased operations as an independent company. Rocketplane Limited purchased the intellectual property of Pioneer and put in place an all new management and engineering team to push the development of the Rocketplane XP. In 2006, it acquired Kistler Aerospace
| 588 |
Pioneer Rocketplane
| 0 |
3,723,091 |
# Joe Louis Clark
**Joe Louis Clark** (May 8, 1938 -- December 29, 2020) was an American educator and administrator, who was best known for his tenure as principal of Eastside High School in Paterson, New Jersey from 1982 to 1989. He gained national attention for his unconventional and controversial disciplinary measures while leading the school, and was the subject of the 1989 film *Lean on Me*, starring Morgan Freeman.
## Early life {#early_life}
Clark was born in Rochelle, Georgia, on May 8, 1938. At the age of 6, Clark and his family moved to Newark, New Jersey, where he would graduate from Central High School. He went on to receive a bachelor\'s degree from William Paterson College, a master\'s degree from Seton Hall University, and an honorary doctorate from the U.S. Sports Academy. Clark was a Sergeant in the US Army Reserve, where he was assigned as a drill sergeant. He was selected for *honoris causa* membership in Omicron Delta Kappa in 1997 at SUNY Plattsburgh.
## Career
Clark began his career at the elementary school level, and later ran the camps and playgrounds system for Essex County, New Jersey.
### Eastside High School {#eastside_high_school}
In 1982, he was appointed principal of Eastside High.
Clark was seen as an educator who was not afraid to get tough on difficult students, one who would often carry a bullhorn or a baseball bat at school. When criticized for this, Clark explained the bat was never meant to be used as a weapon, but rather as a metaphor for life: \"A student could either strike out or hit a home run.\"
During his time as principal, Clark expelled over 300 students who were frequently tardy or absent from school, sold or used drugs in school, or caused trouble in school. Though some argue that his tough practices made the school far safer, its academic accomplishments remained woefully inadequate. \"While math scores are up 6% during Clark\'s reign, reading scores have barely budged: they remain in the bottom third of the nation\'s high school seniors. While a few more students are going to college \-- 211, up from 182 in 1982 \-- Clark has lost considerable ground in the battle against dropouts: when he arrived, Eastside\'s rate was 13%; now \[in 1988\] it is 21%.\" In 1986, he had the school\'s doors chained shut to keep intruders away, though city officials eventually ordered them to be removed, saying that the practice represented a violation of fire safety laws.
Clark\'s tough tactics earned him substantial attention, with particular praise from President Ronald Reagan; in 1988, Clark was briefly considered for a position in the Reagan White House. He was the subject of a *Time* magazine cover story, which noted that Clark\'s style as principal was primarily disciplinarian in nature, focused on encouraging school pride and good behavior, although Clark was also portrayed as a former social activist in the film *Lean on Me*. \"Clark\'s use of force may rid the school of unwanted students,\" commented Boston principal Thomas P. O\'Neill Jr., \"but he also may be losing kids who might succeed.\" George McKenna, former principal of Washington Preparatory High School in Los Angeles, often cited as a contemporary of Joe Clark as a school reformer with a similarly outgoing approach, was also critical. \"Our role is to rescue and to be responsible,\" McKenna told *Time*. \"If the students were not poor black children, Joe Clark would not be tolerated.\"
Other educators defended and praised Clark. \"You cannot use a democratic and collaborative style when crisis is rampant and disorder reigns,\" said Kenneth Tewel, a former principal. \"You need an autocrat to bring things under control.\" Some critics focused on the fact that while Clark had reestablished cleanliness and order, education scores had not substantially improved, which resulted in Eastside High being taken over by the state one year after Clark\'s departure in 1991; the very outcome he sought to avoid.
Separate criticism focused on the social impact of expelling delinquent students to improve test scores, claiming that \"tossing out the troublesome low achievers\" simply moved the problems from the school onto the street. Clark defended the practice, saying teachers should not have to waste their time on students who do not want to learn; however, *Time* noted that the national dropout rate for such students remained high across the country and, with few alternatives available, each inner city school that had been able to reverse the trend had done so through \"a bold, enduring principal\" such as Clark. Further, he was \"able to maintain or restore order without abandoning the students who are in trouble.\"
After his tenure as principal of Eastside High concluded in 1989, Clark became a public speaker.
### Essex County Detention House {#essex_county_detention_house}
In 1995, he was appointed director of the Essex County Detention House in Newark, New Jersey, a juvenile detention facility. He resigned in 2002, amid an investigation into whether he was allowing the use of excessive force and punitive punishments against detainees, which included placing some detainees in handcuffs for up to 11 days, or in straitjackets for up to a day; and in other instances, detaining some to their cells for 23 hours a day, for over a month in some cases. The state\'s Juvenile Justice Commission also cited him for allowing the facility to be filmed for a television program.
Clark defended his tactics, saying that the official guidelines were \"anarchistic\" and unsafe, and resigned in protest of the commission, who he dismissed as \"regal-minded, nonsensical, condescending louts\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Clark was the father of Olympic track athletes, daughters Joetta Clark Diggs and Hazel Clark, and J.J. Clark, his son, who is a track coach. He was also the father-in-law of Olympic track athlete Jearl Miles Clark.
He resided in Newberry, Florida, during his retirement. He died at home on December 29, 2020, at the age of 82
| 985 |
Joe Louis Clark
| 0 |
3,723,095 |
# HMS Grenville (R97)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 7, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 20 |
HMS Grenville (R97)
| 0 |
3,723,098 |
# Ramilisonina
**Ramilisonina** is an archaeologist from Madagascar.
His work has focused on the prehistory of Madagascar, especially the period between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. His work with Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield has also contributed to the study of megalithic monuments in Europe. He conducted the first archaeological survey of Teniky
| 56 |
Ramilisonina
| 0 |
3,723,101 |
# Alexander Mourouzis
**Prince Alexander Mourouzis** (*Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης*; Romanian: Alexandru Moruzi; 1750/1760 -- 1816) was a Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia. Open to Enlightenment ideas, and noted for his interest in hydrological engineering, Mourouzis was forced to deal with the intrusions of Osman Pazvantoğlu\'s rebellious troops. In a rare gesture for his period, he renounced the throne in Wallachia, and his second rule in Moldavia was cut short by the intrigues of French diplomat Horace Sébastiani.
## Biography
A member of the Mourouzis family of Phanariotes and the son of Constantine Mourouzis (one of the few Ottoman-appointed Princes to die in office), he was educated to speak six languages in addition to Greek. His mother was a member of the Ghica family. Alexander was Grand Dragoman of the Porte under Sultan Selim III, in which capacity he helped mediate the 1791 Treaty of Jassy, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787--1792. Selim rewarded his service by appointing him to the throne in Iași (Moldavia) in January 1792, and transferred a year later to the throne of Bucharest (1793--1796), where his first year in office coincided with a bubonic plague outbreak (which he dealt with by quarantining and confining the ill to the village of Dudești).
Dismissed owing to intrigues at the Ottoman court, he was reinstated in Bucharest (1798--1801). In 1799, he passed a resolution ending the labor conflict at the cloth factory in Pociovaliște (presently part of Bucharest). After reforming its system of worker employment and payment, as well as hiring Saxon experts from Transylvania to manage the industry, he denied the workers\' request to institute two weeks off for each week of labor, and ordered activities to be resumed, while stressing that it was imperative to respect the Ottoman demand for textiles (*see Labor movement in Romania*). At the time, the employees did not receive payment, but worked in exchange for tax exemptions.
Over the following year, Mourouzis had to deal with the incursion of Pazvantoğlu\'s rebellious troops in Oltenia, which resulted in the plundering and burning down much of the city of Craiova. News of the Craiova\'s destruction reached Bucharest and Mourouzis forbade fleeing the city; however, this did not prevent the boyars from sending their wealth into Habsburg lands for safekeeping. Mourouzis built fortifications on the road to Craiova and on the banks of Olt River; he attacked Pazvantoğlu\'s troops, who used the city\'s ruins as barricades --- after several days of fighting, Pazvantoğlu and his troops fled Craiova and returned to Vidin. Powerless against the latter\'s destructive attacks, he asked to be relieved of his position, and, in a highly unusual gesture, paid off Ottoman authorities in exchange for his own replacement.
At the insistence of the French Empire, he was again appointed Prince of Moldavia (1802--1806 and 1806--1807), but was ultimately dismissed through another French intervention at the Porte - on August 12, 1806, Horace Sébastiani, the French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, called on Selim III to punish Constantine Ypsilantis\' pro-Russian activities in Wallachia, and to prevent a Moldavian-Wallachian-Russian alliance. This last event constituted one of the causes for the Russo-Turkish War of 1806--1812.
Mustafa IV ordered Mourouzis to be sent to the galleys, but he was pardoned soon after. He died at his home in Constantinople, and rumor had it that he was poisoned.
| 562 |
Alexander Mourouzis
| 0 |
3,723,101 |
# Alexander Mourouzis
## Achievements
Mourouzis was an Enlightenment prince, whose time on the two thrones was connected with modernization. The prince belonged to the Freemasonry, having affiliated with two separate Lodges: in 1773, he was a member of the one active in the Transylvanian city of Hermannstadt, and, after 1803, belonged to the Moldavian Freemason branch in Galați. His Western contacts and his political ideals were probably connected with the goal of uniting the two Danubian Principalities under a single prince, as a symbolic legacy of Dacia: an 1800 atlas published in Vienna referred to his two rules as a single leadership of \"the two Dacias\". As local legislation was primarily based on Byzantine law, he acknowledged the importance given to the *Hexabiblos* of 14th century Byzantine jurist Konstantinos Armenopoulos, and ordered it to be translated into Romanian --- although it failed to become official law in Wallachia, the *Hexabiblos* was widely used for reference by the Bucharest Divan.
During his rules in Bucharest, Mourouzis notably rebuilt the princely residence of Curtea Nouă, instituted a boyar office as centralized tax collection in the capital city, and increased the water supply by tapping sources in the Cotroceni area. His interest in waterworks was also manifested during his stay in Moldavia, where he tapped water and built a reservoir for the capital Iași (through a system leading up to Golia Monastery) and provided Focșani with water from over the Milcov River (achieved following an understanding with Wallachia\'s Alexander Ypsilantis). It was in 1793 that the first modern retailing firm was inaugurated in Wallachia, maintained by the Frenchman Hortolan.
Under his rules, Wallachian and Moldavian ships for navigation on the Danube were built at newly created shipyards. He also organized the first mail delivery system in Moldavia. Like his father before him, Alexander Mourouzis founded schools and donated six-year scholarships for disadvantaged children. Among the educational institutions he created was the Orthodox seminary in Iași\'s Socola Monastery. He took a personal interest in scientific education, and attended experiments in physics at the Moldavian capital\'s Princely School.
During his first reign over Moldavia, Mourouzis notably passed a resolution clarifying the surface of land which boyars were required to allocate to peasants working on their estates. It is the first document to divide agricultural workers into the three traditional categories, based on the number of oxen owned, of *fruntași* (\"foremost people\"), *mijlocași* (\"middle people\") and *codași* (\"backward people\"). At the time, it was recorded that associations of *fruntași* could function as estate leaseholders in the service of boyars or Orthodox monasteries. This right was suppressed in 1815
| 433 |
Alexander Mourouzis
| 1 |
3,723,107 |
# Freedom and Revolution
**Freedom and Revolution** (in Portuguese: *Liberdade e Revolução*) is a Marxist political grouping in Brazil, consisting mainly of members of the Socialist Democracy, and some former members of the Articulation of the Left, who have left or been expelled from the Workers\' Party (PT) and joined the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL). Members include: senator Heloísa Helena, PSOL\'s chair; presidential candidate in 2006 election, the economist João Machado; the journalist Gilberto Maringoni. Members of Freedom and Revolution publish the online magazine Marxismo Revolucionario Atual.
Within Freedom and Revolution, supporters of the reunified Fourth International (FI) form a group called the \"Socialist Democracy Collective - 4th International\" which the FI\'s International Committee in a resolution dated February 2006 referred to as \"Another sector of the FI in Brazil\" beside the largest group of FI members, Socialist Democracy
| 140 |
Freedom and Revolution
| 0 |
3,723,110 |
# Store Skagastølstind
**Store Skagastølstind** (also known as **Storen**) is the third highest peak in Norway. It is situated on the border between the municipality of Luster and Årdal in Vestland county, Norway. The 2405 m mountain is part of the Hurrungane range. The mountains Vetle Skagastølstind and Midtre Skagastølstind lie immediately to the north of this mountain and the mountains Sentraltind and Jervvasstind lie immediately to the east of this mountain.
The summit is a popular destination for mountaineers, but it is fairly difficult to climb. The first ascent of Store Skagastølstind was made by William Cecil Slingsby on 21 July 1876. There are a number of different routes, the most popular being Heftyes renne (Heftye\'s couloir). Another popular route of ascent is via Andrews renne (Andrew\'s couloir), used in the first ascent of A. W. Andrews and party in 1899. It is part of the Skagastøl Traverse, one of Norway\'s most challenging climbing routes. The first ascent of the traverse was made by George Wegner Paus, Harold Raeburn, Kristian Lous and Kristian Tandberg on 5 August 1902. Store Skagastølstind and the mountaineering of the late 19th century in Norway is traditionally linked to the historical hotel Turtagrø.
## Name
The first element is the genitive of the name of the mountain farm *Skagastølen* and the last element is *tind* which means \"mountain peak\". The mountain farm (dairy farm) Skagastølen belongs to the farm Skagen in Luster and *stølen* is the finite form of *støl* which means \"mountain farm\". *Skagen* is the finite form of *skage* which means \"headland\" or \"promontory\" and the name is equivalent with the famous Skagen in Denmark. *Store* or *Storen* means \"The Big\".
## Ascents
Slingsby\'s first ascent in 1876 was hailed as a major achievement, and Johannes Heftye soon felt it eclipsed his own first ascent of Store Knutsholstinden the year before. He set out to ascend Storen in 1880 and successfully used the popular route that is now named after him to reach the summit. This route is significantly more difficult than Slingsby\'s route, and also more difficult than Heftye\'s own route on Store Knutsholstind, however, Heftye downplayed this achievement to emphasize his own first ascent. His main claim was that Store Knutsholstind was at least as difficult as Storen, thus, must be regarded a first grade mountain.
While Heftye\'s route on Store Knutsholstind may have been slightly more difficult than Slingsby\'s route on Storen, Heftye was at the time unaware that there were an easier route on Store Knutsholstind. Slingsby was approached by Marie Sønstenes, a woman who lived on farm near Store Knutsholstind, who claimed that she knew a straightforward route. Together, they ascended the mountain by this route. Heftye, who was very outspoken against female mountaineers, was humiliated and deeply offended.
It is part of the Skagastøl Traverse, one of Norway\'s most challenging climbing routes. The first ascent of the traverse was made by George Wegner Paus, Harold Raeburn, Kristian Lous and Kristian Tandberg on 5 August 1902
| 499 |
Store Skagastølstind
| 0 |
3,723,116 |
# Bastar division
**Bastar division** is an administrative division of Chhattisgarh state in central India. It includes the districts of Bastar, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur, Sukma, Kondagaon and Kanker.
Bastar Division was created in 1999, when the larger Bastar District was divided into the present-day districts of Jagdalpur, Dantewada, and Kanker. The division became part of the newly created state of Chhattisgarh. In 2007, Bijapur and Narayanpur districts were also divided, and Sukma and Kondagaon in 2012. The present Divisional Commissioner is Mr. Shyam Dhawade (IAS).
Bastar is the southernmost region in the state of Chhattisgarh. It is a forested mineral rich region with a population of 2.5 million people and a rich cultural heritage. Spread over a geographical area 39,117 km^2^, it is divided into seven administrative districts: Kanker, Narayanpur, Kondagaon, Bijapur, Dantewada, Jagdalpur and Sukma. An estimated 19, 98, 987 voters live in the Bastar Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency and an estimated 16, 39, 249 voters live in the Kanker Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency. There were 12 Member of Legislative assembly constituency seats, in Bastar Division, Jagdalpur City, Bastar (Jagdalpur rural), Chitrakot (Jagdalpur west), Dantewada, Konta, Bijapur, Kondagaun, Narayanpur, Kanker, Bhanupratappur, Antagarh and Keshkal. In recent times, the area has become the hub of Naxal or Left Wing Extremism (LWE) related conflict . Government statistics highlight the disproportionate number of incidents of violence and deaths in this area. The latest census of India (2011) indicates declining population trend in the LWE districts in Bastar.
Some of the most vulnerable population groups in India live in Bastar. The area is home to a number of different tribal groups (Scheduled tribes) and a variety of languages and dialects are spoken locally such as Halbi, Bhatri, Gondi ,Dhurwa etc\....and Hindi is common among the people here . Human developmental shortfalls among these groups has given rise to left-wing extremism in the region. Local agriculture, animal husbandry and forest based livelihood systems as well as weekly markets and transport networks have been disrupted by prolonged conflict. In a region where standard human development indicators were relatively low to begin with, widespread absence and worsening access to healthcare, education, drinking water, sanitation and food is creating an alarming situation. Availability of state functionaries responsible for delivering these basic minimum services in the conflict affected areas is also very low. Not surprisingly the health and nutrition indicators of all the districts are well below the state average
| 402 |
Bastar division
| 0 |
3,723,119 |
# Malacara
**Malacara** (c. 1878 -- 1909) was a horse which gained a place in the history of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Argentina, by a daring leap which saved the life of his rider, John Evans, on a trip to explore the upper Chubut valley and the Andes.
was three years old when he arrived in Patagonia with the first shipload of Welsh emigrants in 1865. As the colony developed the upper Chubut valley was explored, and John Evans played a prominent part in this, using skills he learnt from the local Tehuelche people. In November 1883 he led a group westwards towards the Andes, looking for gold and exploring. On the way they met an army contingent escorting Tehuelche prisoners to Valcheta, part of one of the last campaigns in the Conquest of the Desert. Some of the group decided to turn back, but four men, led by Evans, continued.
By the end of February 1884 they had reached the river now called Gualjaina, and there they met three members of the tribe led by the *cacique* Foyel. One of the three, Juan Salvo, knew them, and said that he suspected them to be spies for the army. He tried to take them to Foyel, and when they refused a quarrel resulted. The four explorers decided to head back to the lower Chubut valley, 600 km away, pursued by Foyel\'s warriors. On 4 March they were ambushed, and Evans\'s three companions killed. Evans, riding Malacara, took the only way of escape by spurring Malacara towards a precipitous slope into a deep canyon. Malacara made the leap successfully and scrambled up the other side of the canyon. None of Evans\'s pursuers dared to make the same leap, and the lead he gained while they went round the canyon enabled him to reach safety. Evans continued to explore this area and was a leading figure in the setting up of Welsh settlements here, which in turn led to the area becoming part of Argentina rather than Chile.
Malacara lived on until 1909, dying at the age of 31. Evans buried him at Trevelin in a grave bearing the inscription: `{{quote|Aquí yacen los restos de mi caballo Malacara que me salvó la vida en el ataque de los indios en el Valle de los Mártires 4-3-84 al regresarme de la cordillera R.I.P. John Daniel Evans.}}`{=mediawiki}
Spanish for `{{quote|Here lie the remains of my horse Malacara, who saved my life in the Indian attack in the Valley of the Martyrs 4 March 1884 when returning from the mountains. R.I.P. John Daniel Evans.}}`{=mediawiki}
Malacara\'s grave is now one of the tourist attractions of Trevelin.
While not challenging the truth of the story of John Daniel Evans and Malacara, Paul W. Birt remarks that it has the hallmarks of a legendary tale, comparing it to a traditional Welsh tale in which King Arthur escapes from a group of Saxons by riding a horse down a cliff
| 492 |
Malacara
| 0 |
3,723,136 |
# Stereo 974
**Stereo 974** (call sign: **3WRB**) was an Australian community radio station broadcasting to the western suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. First broadcast in 1978 from studios in Braybrook, at the time of closure the station was based in Brooklyn and broadcast a mix of country music and programming in languages other than English (LOTE).
## History
Stereo 974 commenced broadcasting as **3WRB**, initially covering a broader area; encompassing the Werribee and Melton areas now served by WYN FM and 979fm respectively. Previous committee members include the then-Member for Lalor, Barry Jones MP, who served as chairman between 1980 and 1982.
In December 1990, the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal held a hearing to determine whether additional conditions should be placed on the 3WRB licence, or to suspend the station\'s licence entirely. Consequently, Western Radio Broadcasters was restructured from a corporation structure to a membership committee, and in 1992 the Tribunal ruled 3WRB would retain its licence, albeit with extra conditions including amendments to the licensee\'s constitution.
In 1994, Southern Cross Broadcasting, owners of commercial radio stations 3AW and 3MP, sought a Federal Court injunction against 3WRB and 3INR from broadcasting the 1994 AFL season. 3WRB had intended to broadcast games featuring Footscray, as it did in the 1993 season. The injunction was granted, however the Australian Broadcasting Authority (ABA) later ruled that both stations were not in breach of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992. In both cases, the broadcast of Australian Football League matches did not constitute a profit-making enterprise, and thus \"do\[es\] not change the nature of the service from community to commercial.\"
Western Radio Broadcasters was also found to have breached the Broadcasting Services Act and the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA) Code of Practice on several occasions. In February 1999, the ABA found the station had breached clauses 6.3 and 6.4 of the CBAA code for its handling of a dispute between a presenter and the committee of management. The station was also found in breach of its community radio licence for broadcasting advertisements during episodes of its Vietnamese language program in April and May 2000 and July 2001.
In 1991, following the Coode Island fire, the station established an emergency warning system. In 2010, the station signed a memorandum of understanding and was certified as an official emergency broadcaster in its Melbourne West licence area.
### Closure
On 16 January 2020 the station ceased broadcasting. Management declined to comment to the *Star Weekly*, with the newspaper reporting that a lack of funding may have made the station financially nonviable. Trade publication *Radioinfo* was told a general meeting of the station\'s members had been informed the station\'s site was to be redeveloped, and that the organisation \"couldn\'t survive the costs of a relocation\".
## Programming (at time of closure) {#programming_at_time_of_closure}
At the time of closure, programming was presented by volunteer presenters. English language programs included country music shows and the long-running *Let It Be Beatles*, which had aired on the station since 1992. LOTE programming was produced in languages including Vietnamese, Spanish, Maltese, Sudanese Arabic, Sinhalese and Ethiopian. Funding for these programs was made available by the Community Broadcasting Foundation.
## Awards
Stereo 974 had won several awards from the Southern Community Media Association, which incorporates community broadcasters from regional and suburban Australia
| 547 |
Stereo 974
| 0 |
3,723,140 |
# Army of Shadows
*Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917--1948*\|the Quebec documentary *L\'Armée de l\'ombre*\|Manon Barbeau}} `{{Infobox film
| name = Army of Shadows
| image = ARMY OF SHADOWS 1SH.jpg
| caption = 2006 theatrical re-release poster
| director = [[Jean-Pierre Melville]]
| writer = Jean-Pierre Melville
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Army of Shadows''|[[Joseph Kessel]]}}
| producer = Jacques Dorfmann
| starring = [[Lino Ventura]]<br>[[Paul Meurisse]]<br>[[Jean-Pierre Cassel]]<br>[[Simone Signoret]]<br>[[Paul Crauchet]]<br>Claude Mann<br>[[Christian Barbier]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Pierre Lhomme]]
| editing = [[Françoise Bonnot]]
| music = [[Éric Demarsan]]
| studio = [[Les Films Corona]]<br>Fono Roma
| distributor = Valoria Films (France)<br>Fida Cinematografica (Italy)
| released = {{Film date|1969|09|12|France|1970|10|6|Italy|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = France<br>Italy
| language = French<br>German<br>English
| budget =
| gross = $928,632<ref name=BOM>{{Cite web |title= Army of Shadows (2024) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0064040/ |website= [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 21, 2024 |archive-date= May 4, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240504231205/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0064040/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} ***Army of Shadows*** (*L\'Armée des ombres*; *L\'armata degli eroi*) is a 1969 Franco-Italian World War II suspense-drama film written and directed by Jean-Pierre Melville, and starring Lino Ventura, Paul Meurisse, Jean-Pierre Cassel, and Simone Signoret. It is an adaptation of Joseph Kessel\'s 1943 book of the same name, which mixes Kessel\'s experiences as a member of the French Resistance with fictional versions of other Resistance members.
The film follows a small group of Resistance fighters as they move between safe houses, work with the Allied militaries, kill informers, and attempt to evade the capture and execution that they know is their most likely fate. While portraying its characters as heroic, the film presents a bleak, unromantic view of the Resistance.
At the time of its initial release in France, *Army of Shadows* was not well-received, as, in the wake of the events of May 1968, French critics denounced it for its perceived glorification of Charles de Gaulle. American art-film programmers of the time took their cues from *Cahiers du cinéma*, which attacked the film on this basis, so it was not released in the United States until 2006, after a reappraisal of the film and Melville\'s oeuvre published in *Cahiers du cinéma* in the mid-1990s led to its restoration and re-release. The film was critically acclaimed in the U.S. and appeared on many critics\' lists of the best films of 2006.
| 394 |
Army of Shadows
| 0 |
3,723,140 |
# Army of Shadows
## Plot
Philippe Gerbier, the head of a French Resistance cell, is arrested by Vichy French police on suspicion of Resistance activity. Although he is acquitted due to a lack of evidence, he is still sent to an internment camp. He and a young Communist work on an escape plan, but before they can execute it, Gerbier is transported to Paris. While waiting to be questioned by the Gestapo, he manages to kill a guard and flee.
In Marseille, Gerbier, Félix Lepercq, Guillaume \"Le Bison\" Vermersch, and Claude \"Le Masque\" Ullmann trick Paul Dounat, the young agent who betrayed Gerbier, into meeting them. They take him to a house, but discover the neighboring house is newly occupied, so they cannot use their guns to kill Dounat. Lacking a decent knife, they strangle their former associate.
Félix meets his old friend Jean-François Jardie in a bar and recruits the risk-loving former pilot to join the Resistance. While on a mission to Paris, Jean-François visits his older brother Luc, a renowned philosopher who appears to live a detached, scholarly life. He then travels to the Mediterranean coast to help evacuate some Allied soldiers, along with Gerbier and the \"Big Boss\", to London via a submarine to Gibraltar. Jean-François does not recognize him in the dark, but the Big Boss turns out to be Luc, whose identity is a closely guarded secret.
In London, Gerbier tries to arrange additional support for the Resistance from the Free French leadership, and Luc is decorated by Charles de Gaulle. When Gerbier learns Félix has been arrested by the Gestapo, he cuts his trip short and parachutes into the French countryside.
After Félix\'s arrest, Mathilde, a Parisian housewife who is part of the Resistance, moves down to Lyon to run Gerbier\'s cell. Gerbier is impressed by her abilities, so he keeps her around. She devises a plan to rescue Félix, who is being tortured at the Gestapo headquarters. Jean-François, after hearing the details, writes Gerbier a letter of resignation and incriminates himself with an anonymous letter to the Gestapo so he will be jailed with Félix. Mathilde, Le Masque, and Le Bison try to rescue Félix disguised as Germans and with a forged order to transfer him to Paris, but their plan fails when the prison doctor pronounces him unfit for transport, as he is barely alive. When Jean-François, who has also been badly beaten, sees the rescue has failed, he gives Félix his only cyanide pill.
Having seen Gerbier\'s picture on a wanted poster during the rescue attempt, Mathilde urges him to lie low, but he says there is no one who can take his place at the moment. He is swept up in a raid by Vichy police and handed over to the Germans. Taken to be executed, Gerbier and his cellmates are told that, if they can reach the far wall of a room before they are killed by machine gunners, they will be allowed to live a little longer. Once the shooting starts Gerbier runs to the wall, when suddenly Mathilde and Le Bison appear by a window and throw smoke bombs to block the Germans\' view and a rope to help Gerbier. He climbs it and escapes with the group.
Gerbier goes to hide out for a month in an abandoned farmhouse. One day, Luc arrives to discuss what to do about Mathilde, who has been arrested. He worries she will inform on her confederates, as her teenage daughter has been threatened. Luc hides when Le Masque and Le Bison arrive with the news that Mathilde is free and two members of the Resistance have been captured. Gerbier orders Mathilde\'s immediate execution, but Le Bison refuses to do so and swears to prevent Gerbier from killing her, so Luc emerges and convinces Le Bison that Mathilde would want them to kill her before she is forced to identify anyone else.
Luc accompanies Gerbier, Le Bison, and Le Masque to Paris. They locate Mathilde on the street, and Le Bison shoots her twice before they drive away. Closing text reveals that all four men were captured and died within less than a year, either through suicide or at the hands of the Nazis. Gerbier\'s precise fate is succinctly described as \"on 13 February 1944, he decided not to run this time\".
## Cast
Nathalie Delon, who had made her big-screen debut in Melville\'s previous film, *Le Samouraï* (1967), has a cameo appearance in *Army of Shadows* as the woman with Jean-François at the bar in Marseille. The film\'s editor, Françoise Bonnot, plays the secretary at the talent agency in Lyon.
| 771 |
Army of Shadows
| 1 |
3,723,140 |
# Army of Shadows
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
When it was originally released in France in 1969, the film had a poor critical reception due to the political context of the time, as the events of May 68 had hurt de Gaulle\'s reputation, and the glorification of the Resistance had become taboo during the Algerian War. As a result of the poor reviews, it was not initially distributed widely outside of France, but it was very well-received when it was finally released in the U.K. in the late 1970s. American audiences were unable to discover the film until 2006, when a restoration was released, and the film then appeared on many critics\' top ten lists of the best films of 2006.
- 1st -- David Ansen, *Newsweek*
- 1st -- Ella Taylor, *LA Weekly*
- 1st -- Glenn Kenny, *Premiere*
- 1st -- Manohla Dargis, *The New York Times*
- 1st -- Scott Foundas, *LA Weekly*
- 1st -- Stephanie Zacharek, *Salon*
- 2nd -- Jonathan Rosenbaum, *Chicago Reader* (tied with *Statues Also Die*)
- 2nd -- Michael Sragow, *The Baltimore Sun*
- 2nd -- Nathan Lee, *The Village Voice*
- 2nd -- Wesley Morris, *The Boston Globe*
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- 3rd -- Stephen Hunter, *The Washington Post*
- 4th -- Shawn Levy, *The Oregonian*
- 4th -- Sheri Linden, *The Hollywood Reporter*
- 5th -- Marjorie Baumgarten, *The Austin Chronicle*
- 7th -- Richard James Havis, *The Hollywood Reporter*
- 7th -- Richard Schickel, *Time* magazine
- 8th -- Michael Wilmington, *Chicago Tribune*
**Unranked top ten**
- Steven Rea, *The Philadelphia Inquirer*
- V.A. Musetto, *New York Post*
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 97% approval rating based on 76 reviews, with an average score of 8.6 out of 10; the site\'s \"critics consensus\" reads: \"Originally made in 1969, this recently reissued classic is a masterful examination of the inner workings of the World War II resistance efforts.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 99 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".
Upon its 2006 release, Roger Ebert added *Army of Shadows* to his \"Great Movies\" list, writing: \"This restored 35mm print, now in art theaters around the country, may be 37 years old, but it is the best foreign film of the year.\"
Cinematographer Roger Deakins has added *Army of Shadows* in his favorite films list, describing it as a movie with \"sense of mood and the sense of place\" and \"uncluttered\", as has director Lawrence Kasdan.
## Home media {#home_media}
In Europe, the British Film Institute released the film on Region 2 DVD in November 2006. It was released on Blu-ray as part of the StudioCanal Collection in 2013, with a bonus documentary and a booklet as special features.
In the United States, the film was released by the Criterion Collection on both Region 1 DVD and Blu-ray in May 2007. This release was out of print by 2010 and re-issued in April 2020
| 500 |
Army of Shadows
| 2 |
3,723,141 |
# White-bellied go-away-bird
The **white-bellied go-away-bird** (***Crinifer leucogaster***) is a bird of eastern Africa in the family Musophagidae, commonly known as turacos.
## Taxonomy
German naturalist Eduard Rüppell described this species in 1842.
The white-bellied go-away-bird is placed in the bird family Musophagidae (\"banana-eaters\"), which includes plantain-eaters and other go-away-birds. Although traditionally, this group was placed within cuckoos in the order Cuculiformes, recent genetic analysis have strongly supported separate placement in the full order of Musophagiformes.
They are semi-zygodactylous meaning the fourth (outer) toe can be switched back and forth. Musophagidae often have prominent crests and long tails. Some species are renowned for their bright pigments.
There is an ongoing discussion over generic-level classification: *C. leucogaster* is often referred to as being in the genus *Corythaixoides* or *Criniferoides*. Most earlier taxonomic treatments place it within Corythaixoide, however many concluded that it required the genus, Crinifer.
## Description
This species averages 51 cm (20\") in length. Its long, pointed grey and black tail with a white median band is characteristic of the species. It has a white under-wing patch, visible in flight. The adult has a grey head and leading to a dark grey to blackish pointed crest with an approximate length of 6 cm. The belly and under-tail coverts are white, giving the bird the first part of its name \"white-bellied\".
The bill is black in male, pea-green in the female (becoming yellowish during the breeding season). Females also tend to be larger, weighing 225g - 250g, where as males only weighed 170g - 225g. The juvenile is similar to adults, with the plumage being more brown, especially on wing-coverts.
Typical calls are a nasal *haa-haa-haa*, like bleating of a sheep, and a single or repeated *gwa* (or *g\'away*), this distinctive call is where the bird gets the latter part of its name \"go-away\". It flies from tree to tree in loose straggling groups, calling loudly.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Their habitat consists of hot acacia-steppe, savanna, and woodland areas. It avoids deep forest, but the species has been seen at a range of elevations, from sea level up to 2000m.
Go-away birds are limited to their local ranges due to water availability, but the species occurs across a vast area in and around the Horn of Africa. It is found in Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, northern and eastern Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, northeastern Uganda, and southwards into the eastern plateau of Tanzania.
## Behavior
The white-bellied go-away-bird is sedentary in its range, wandering locally when searching for water and food sources. They are gregarious birds that do not migrate but move in family groups of up to 10. They are territorial and a breeding pair likely maintains its territory year round.
**Feeding**
The white-bellied go-away-birds feed primarily on plant matter such as fruits, flowers, nectar, seeds and buds of acacias. The species is also known to eat some invertebrates, such as winged termites found when foraging. The species are very agile climbers, allowing for easy foraging in the tree tops. As a result of these feeding habits the White-bellied Go-away-bird is considered a pest in some regions, raiding orchards and plantations of fruiting trees and vegetable crops.
**Breeding**
During the breeding season (which usually starts with the rainy season), white-bellied go-away-birds become much more vocal. This varies according to range. The birds exhibit courtship behaviour, including chases from tree to tree and displays, where the birds bow and flick the long tail whilst raising and lowering the crest. The black and white pattern is enhanced by these postures and this is believed to be the purpose of the patterning. The white-bellied go-away-bird is monogamous and mutual feeding has been recorded between partners.
The nest is placed in acacia-type tree, 3-12m above the ground. The female lays 2--3 pale bluish eggs. Both sexes incubate for approximately 4 weeks. The first flight of chicks occurs approximately 4--5 weeks after hatching. However, they still depend on parents for food for several weeks after fledging.
## Conservation status {#conservation_status}
The population of white-bellied go-away-birds has not been quantified. Its conservation status is stated to be \"of least concern\". This is because the population is not believed to be below 10,000 mature individuals and the bird has a wide distribution of over 3 million km^2^, meaning it does not meet vulnerability criteria. Furthermore, the population appears stable and not to be in decline.
| 731 |
White-bellied go-away-bird
| 0 |
3,723,141 |
# White-bellied go-away-bird
## Gallery
<File:Corythaixoides> leucogaster -Buffalo Springs National Park, Kenya-8.jpg\|Male in Kenya <File:Corythaixoides> leucogaster -Kambi ya Tembo, Tanzania-8.jpg\|Female <File:Corythaixoides> leucogaster -Ethiopia -male-8.jpg\|Male White-bellied go-away-bird Corythaixoides leucogaster 20160710
| 29 |
White-bellied go-away-bird
| 1 |
3,723,152 |
# Union of Democratic Control
The **Union of Democratic Control** was a British pressure group formed in 1914 to press for a more responsive foreign policy. While not a pacifist organisation, it was opposed to military influence in government. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## World War I {#world_war_i}
The impetus for the formation of the UDC was the outbreak of the First World War, which its founders saw as having resulted from largely secret international understandings which were not subject to democratic overview. The principal founders were Charles P. Trevelyan, a Liberal government minister who had resigned his post in opposition to the declaration of war, and Ramsay MacDonald who resigned as Chairman of the Labour Party when it supported the government\'s war budget. Also taking a key role in setting up the Union were politician Arthur Ponsonby, author Norman Angell and journalist E. D. Morel. Following an initial letter circulated on 4 September 1914, an inaugural meeting was organised for 17 November. While non-partisan, the UDC was dominated by the left-wing of the Liberal and Labour Parties.
## List of early supporters {#list_of_early_supporters}
### Liberal Party {#liberal_party}
- Charles Trevelyan MP
- Philip Morrell MP
- Arnold Rowntree MP
- Arthur Ponsonby MP
- Richard Denman MP
- Hastings Lees-Smith MP
- R.L. Outhwaite MP
- Joseph King MP
- E.T. John MP
- Charles Buxton
- Morgan Philips Price
- E. D. Morel
- Norman Angell
- C. P. Scott
- Graham Wallas
- J. A. Hobson
- Ottoline Morrell
- George Cadbury
- Konni Zilliacus
- Bertrand Russell
- Sophia Sturge
### Labour Party {#labour_party}
- James Ramsay MacDonald MP
- Frederick William Jowett MP
- Philip Snowden MP
- William Crawford Anderson MP
- Frederick Pethick-Lawrence
- Tom Johnston
- David Kirkwood
- Helena Swanwick
- Isabella Ford
- H. N. Brailsford
- R. H. Tawney
- Mary Agnes Hamilton
- Margaret Bondfield
The Union did not call for an immediate end to the war but for a full examination of the war aims in public and by Parliament. It did strongly oppose conscription and wartime censorship along with other restrictions on civil liberties. As a result of this, the UDC was denounced by right-wingers such as *The Morning Post* newspaper as undermining the British war effort. The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) provided general backing and most of the funds for the Union came from wealthy Quakers. There were also close links between the Union and the supporters of women\'s suffrage.
By 1917 the UDC had more than a hundred local branches across Britain and Ireland, and 10,000 individual members; it also had affiliations from organisations which represented 650,000 more. It became increasingly influential in the Labour Party, to which its members increasingly graduated due to the continued support for the war from the Liberals. The UDC criticised the Versailles Treaty as being unjust to Germany, and also advocated the withdrawal of Allied troops from Russia. A. J. P. Taylor said the UDC was \"the most formidable Radical body ever to influence British foreign policy\".
## Subsequent activity {#subsequent_activity}
At the end of the war, no thought was given to disbanding the Union and it continued to be active through the 1920s. In the first Labour government in 1924, fifteen Government ministers were members of the UDC.
As time went on, the UDC became more supportive of outright pacifism and Arthur Ponsonby published his pacifist statement *Now is the Time* in 1925 under UDC sponsorship. Ponsonby also started a petition of those who \"refuse to support or render war service to any government which resorts to arms\", and in 1928 published Falsehood in War-Time which claimed that public opinion was invariably peaceful unless roused by propaganda.
In the 1930s the UDC was led by Dorothy Woodman who reshaped it as an anti-fascist research and propaganda campaigning group. Membership was on a steep decline by this point. While the Union continued to exist in some form until the 1960s `{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} Harold Wilson was briefly a UDC member in the 1950s`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} it had very little influence. It finally dissolved in 1966.
## Secretaries
: 1914: E. D
| 690 |
Union of Democratic Control
| 0 |
3,723,154 |
# The Grand Duel
***The Grand Duel*** (Italian: *Il Grande duello*), also known as ***Storm Rider*** and ***The Big Showdown***, is a 1972 Italian-language spaghetti Western film directed by Giancarlo Santi, who had previously worked as Sergio Leone\'s assistant director on *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly* and *Once Upon a Time in the West*. The film stars Lee Van Cleef as a sheriff who seeks justice for a man accused of murder.
## Plot
Philip Wermeer has escaped from prison where he serves a sentence for the murder of Ebenezer Saxon, the patriarch of Saxon city, who in his turn is believed to be behind the murder of Wermeer\'s father. Wermeer is holed up in Gila Bend by a swarm of bounty killers, who want his \$3,000 reward, posted by Saxon\'s three sons David, Eli and Adam. A sheriff named Clayton arrives on a stagecoach and bosses his way through the cordon set up by the local lawmen. While walking to the saloon, he performs actions that tip off Wermeer as to where some of the besiegers are hidden (like throwing a lit match so a man hidden in hay has to put it out). Wermeer makes it to the saloon, where Clayton, who has counted Wermeer\'s shots and knows that he is out of bullets, arrests him. Hole, a spokesman for the bounty killers, calls on Wermeer to surrender. A shot rings out and Clayton emerges dragging the \"dead\" convict. They argue that Clayton is a sheriff and therefore he cannot collect bounty, and that he instead should give up the body. The disagreement develops into a gunfight. Wermeer jumps up on a horse and escapes, pursued by the pack (though not Clayton). Wermeer makes the bounty hunters follow his horse, then hitches a ride with the stagecoach, where he finds Clayton among the passengers.
When the group stay the night at Silver Bells, Wermeer goes for a shotgun hanging on the wall, but Clayton stops him. A drunken stationmaster assures the gun is empty, but Clayton retorts: \"Never consider a gun empty\". Then he and Wermeer play cards, Wermeer betting his \$3,000 bounty. Wermeer wins and Clayton promises to take him to Saxon city as he wants. Wermeer steals a revolver from Clayton\'s bag, but is told that it is empty. Wermeer repeats Clayton\'s earlier saying and pulls the trigger, but Clayton shows him the bullet, taking it out of his mouth. Wermeer tries to leave, but Clayton shoots the door, this time with the other five bullets. Meanwhile, the bounty hunters led by Hole surround the house. They give Wermeer thirty seconds. He and Clayton are inside with Elisabeth, a female passenger who has earlier shown interest in Wermeer. Clayton tells her that Wermeer is innocent and that he saw who did it, but if Wermeer walks out the door he will never know. Wermeer gives himself up. Hole and two of the bounty hunters now kill the others in their pack, then ride off with Wermeer.
Clayton finds them beating and questioning Wermeer in a waterfall, asking where the silver of his father is and offering to let him go if he tells. Clayton shoots off the rope and liberates him. Wermeer asks if he is still a prisoner. When Clayton says no, he holds a gun against Clayton and rides off to Saxon city on the latter\'s horse. After arriving Wermeer confronts the Saxon sons, Adam and Eli. He accuses Eli (who is the town\'s sheriff) and asks who killed his father. We also learn that Hole was sent by Eli to find out who really killed the old man Saxon. Clayton arrives and demands that the Saxons reopen Wermeer\'s case. Wermeer sends word to his friends and people loyal to his father to gather at the silver mine. A duel between Hole and Wermeer is supervised by Clayton after he reveals that it was Hole who killed Wermeer\'s father, following orders from Ebenezer Saxon. An ambusher is there helping Hole, but Wermeer shoots him without Clayton interfering. (In a German-language version, the dying Hole says he killed Wermeer because the latter refused to share the silver.)
David Saxon, the oldest of the brothers and the one responsible of running the town, orders Adam to stop the people heading to the silver mine. Shortly after, Adam massacres Wermeer\'s followers with hidden explosives and a machine gun. He also kills his own men, following his brother David\'s instructions to not leave any witnesses. Meanwhile David meets with Clayton, who says that they both know who killed the old man Saxon. David offers \$25.000 if he and Wermeer leave town. Clayton relays the offer that the charge will be dropped. Wermeer replies that the Saxons made the offer because \"dead people don\'t need a leader\", and reveals the wagon in which he carries the bodies of those killed by Adam. Adam shoots him from a window, though Elisabeth, who arrived in town to marry Adam, cries out a warning. Clayton escapes during the gunfight.
In the morning, Wermeer is to be hanged. Clayton says he knows who is the real killer. David wants the hanging to continue but Eli says that he must know. Clayton confesses that he himself did it, explaining that Ebenezer Saxon killed Wermeer\'s father, and that David Saxon bought the judge who sentenced Philip Wermeer and stripped Clayton of his title of Sheriff after he stood in trial to declare him innocent, so justice could only be done \"the Saxon way\". Clayton also denounces the massacre at the silver mine, and the Saxons agree to meet Clayton at the cattle pens. At the confrontation, when Clayton approaches, David says that the three must draw first to overcome Clayton\'s faster and expert gunplay. Wermeer, from a distance, shoots off Clayton\'s hat so that he draws first. It works and Clayton reacts by killing the three men and only getting a small wound. Wermeer picks up his hat, gun, and star, and says that Clayton can now go back to being a sheriff. Wermeer leaves for Mexico with Elisabeth, not caring about the silver. The old man from the stagecoach that carried the initial group, now friends with Wermeer, drives them down the road, while Clayton goes his own way.
## Cast
- Lee Van Cleef as Sheriff Clayton
- Alberto Dentice as Philip Wermeer/Philip Premier (credited as Peter O\'Brien)
- Jess Hahn as Bighorse, The Stage Driver
- Horst Frank as David Saxon/Ebenezer Saxon
- Marc Mazza as Sheriff Eli Saxon
- Klaus Grünberg as Adam Saxon
- Antonio Casale as Hole, The Head Bounty Hunter (credited as Antony Vernon)
- Dominique Darel as Elisabeth
- Alessandra Cardini as Anita, One of Madame Oro\'s Girls (credited as Sandra Cardini)
- Elvira Cortese as Madame Oro
- Memè Perlini as Henchman
- Remo Capitani as Bounty Hunter (credited as Ray O\'Connor)
- Angelo Susani as Bounty Hunter
- Franco Fantasia as Bounty Hunter
- Ottorino Polentini as Bounty Hunter
| 1,166 |
The Grand Duel
| 0 |
3,723,154 |
# The Grand Duel
## Reception
In his investigation of narrative structures in Spaghetti Western films, Fridlund writes that the relationship between Wermeer and Clayton before their arrival to Saxon City follows the stories of the (commercially more successful) Spaghetti Western films *Death Rides a Horse* and *Day of Anger*, about the relationship between an older gunfighter and a younger protagonist, and he further traces the root of this type of plot to the play between the younger and the older bounty killer in *For a Few Dollars More*. In all four films the older party is played by Lee Van Cleef. Subsequently, Wermeer\'s return to his home town and quest for the truth about the death of his father, and the massacre of innocents are closer to what happens in films like *Massacre Time* and *Texas, Adios* that are more influenced by another genre highlight, *Django*.
The film\'s music was composed by future Academy Award winner Luis Enríquez Bacalov. The film\'s title score was later used in Quentin Tarantino\'s film *Kill Bill: Volume 1*.
## Release
Wild East released this alongside *Beyond the Law* under its American title, *The Grand Duel*, on an out-of-print limited edition R0 NTSC DVD in 2005. In 2013 Blue Underground re-released the film, again under its American title, in a newly transferred and fully restored R0 NTSC DVD. It was later released on Blu-ray by Mill Creek Entertainment as a double-feature with *Keoma* utilizing the same restored print
| 244 |
The Grand Duel
| 1 |
3,723,159 |
# Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
The **Afro-Asian Cup of Nations**, also called the **AFC Asia/Africa Challenge Cup**, was an intercontinental football competition endorsed by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), contested between representative nations from these confederations, usually the winners of the Africa Cup of Nations and the winners of the AFC Asian Cup or the Asian Games. All editions were official competitions of CAF and AFC
## History
- The first edition was in 1978. Iran defeated Ghana 3--0 in the first leg, but the second leg was cancelled due to political problems in Iran, and the trophy was not awarded.
- The competition was completed in 1985, 1987, 1991, 1993 and 1995, but the 1989 competition was cancelled.
- The 1997 edition was severely delayed to 1999, while the \"true\" 1999 edition (between Egypt and Iran) was also cancelled.
- The competition was discontinued following a CAF decision on July 30, 2000, after AFC representatives had supported Germany rather than South Africa in the vote for hosting the 2006 World Cup. The competition was scheduled to be resumed in 2005 with the match Tunisia-Japan, but was then cancelled once again.
- The competition resumed in 2007 under the name \"AFC Asia/Africa Challenge Cup\". The 2008 edition was scheduled to be played in November 2008 between Iraq and Egypt in the neutral venue of Saudi Arabia, but was eventually cancelled.
## Results and statistics {#results_and_statistics}
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| Year | Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Venue | Location | Attendance |
+======+=====================================================================+=====================================+============+=================================+=========================+============+
| 1978 | | 3--0 | | Aryamehr Stadium | Tehran, Iran | 8,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | | *`{{small|Cancelled}}`{=mediawiki}* | | Accra Sports Stadium | Accra, Ghana | |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | *The trophy was not awarded, because the second leg was cancelled.* | | | | | |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| Year | Winners | Score | Runners-up | Venue | Location | Attendance |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 1985 | | 4--1 | | Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium | Yaoundé, Cameroon | 80,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | | 1--2 | | King Fahd Stadium | Taif, Saudi Arabua | 20,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | Cameroon won 5--3 on aggregate. | | | | | |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 1987 | | 1--1 `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | Khalifa International Stadium | Doha, Qatar | 15,000 |
| | | `{{pen|4–3}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 1991 | | 1--2 | | Azadi Stadium | Tehran, Iran | 100,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | | 1--0 | | Stade du 5 Juillet | Algiers, Algeria | 30,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | Aggregate 2--2, Algeria won on away goals. | | | | | |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 1993 | | 1--0 `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki} | | National Stadium | Tokyo, Japan | 53,302 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 1995 | | 3--2 | | Pakhtakor Central Stadium | Tashkent, Uzbekistan | 55,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | | 1--0 | | National Stadium | Lagos, Nigeria | 60,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | Nigeria won 4--2 on aggregate. | | | | | |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 1997 | | 1--0 | | Green Point Stadium | Cape Town, South Africa | 20,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | | 0--0 | | King Fahd International Stadium | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 50,000 |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------+------------+
| | South Africa won 1--0 on aggregate
| 560 |
Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
| 0 |
3,723,163 |
# Walton Newbold
**John Turner Walton Newbold** (8 May 1888 -- 20 February 1943), generally known as **Walton Newbold**, was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom.
## Biography
### Early years {#early_years}
John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth, Lancashire, on 8 May 1888, and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester.
On leaving university, Newbold lectured in history and politics, and was engaged in industrial and economic research. In 1908, he joined the Fabian Society, connected with the Labour Party, and then the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1910. In line with the ILP\'s pacifist position on World War I, he joined the No Conscription Fellowship, and was a conscientious objector, although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service. He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. Whilst still a research student, he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916.
### Political career {#political_career}
In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs\' League and the British Socialist Party (BSP). He had a number of articles published in *The Call*, the paper of the BSP. By 1920, he was a committed communist, stating \"my loyalty, at any rate, is now -- as it has been for two and a half years -- first and foremost to the position of the Third International\". In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain, becoming a member of its first central committee.
In the 1922 general election, Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons. Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups, from leading social Sunday schools, and adult education and campaigns, and some say he was supported because he was \'Madge\'s man\'. Newbold received the support of the Labour Party, but unlike many other Communist candidates, including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election, he stood under the label \"Communist\". Additionally, he was refused permission to take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group. As such, he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain, although others cite Cecil L\'Estrange Malone, who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920, as the first Communist MP.
Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Party\'s parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected. This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity, however, and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible. Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr.
Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament, mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing, but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party. He lost his seat in the 1923 general election, after just over a year in Parliament. Increasingly disillusioned with communism, he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party. In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation, and edited its journal, *Social Democrat*, from 1929 until 1931, when he supported the National Labour split from Labour.
He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election. In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK.
### Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Newbold died in February 1943, aged 54
| 616 |
Walton Newbold
| 0 |
3,723,167 |
# Rowing Australia
**Rowing Australia** (**RA**) is the governing body for the sport of rowing in Australia.
Established in 1925, it is the only organisation recognised by the Federation Internationale des Societies d'Aviron (FISA), the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), and the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC), to conduct rowing activities in, and on behalf of Australia.
## History
RA was initially established on 1 May 1925 as the Australian Amateur Rowing Council. It was incorporated on 15 November 1982, changed its name to Australian Rowing Council Inc in 1984, changed its name to Rowing Australia Inc on 2 March 1996 and finally became a public company in January 2007 and so became Rowing Australia Ltd.
Prior to 1925, the Interstate Championships and representation at the Olympic Games were managed by the State Associations. A proposal to form the Australian Amateur Rowing Council failed at the 1909 inter-state conference, in favour of the continuation of the conference system.
Regulations were brought into effect for the conduct of the Intercolonial and Interstate Championships well prior to the formation of RA. While there were many debates over rules from the first race, the first request for a conference came from New South Wales in February 1887, in order to discuss the possibility of sending a combined crew from all colonies to compete in England.
## Members
Rowing Australia and its affiliates represent in excess of 15,000 active members ranging from young rowers at school through to those at universities and in the wider community right through to veterans rowing.
Rowing Australia member associations operate in seven states with over 185 schools and 156 clubs offering rowing programs.
## Competition
RA is responsible for selection of representative Australian teams for the Olympic Games, World Championships, World Under 23 Championships, Trans Tasman teams and Junior World Championships
| 301 |
Rowing Australia
| 0 |
3,723,169 |
# Vasilije Mokranjac
**Vasilije Mokranjac** (Belgrade, 11 September 1923 -- Belgrade, 27 May 1984) was a Serbian composer, professor of composition at the Faculty of Music in Belgrade and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He was one of the most prominent Serbian composers in the second half of the 20th century. Although famed for his symphonies, he also wrote piano music, as well as music for radio, film and theatre. He won the most prestigious awards in former Yugoslavia, including the October Prize, the award of the Yugoslav Radio-Diffusion, as well as the Lifetime Achievement Award.
## Biography
Vasilije Mokranjac was born into one of the most prominent Serbian musical dynasties. His father, the cellist Jovan Mokranjac, was a nephew of the composer Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac; his mother Jelena, of Czech origin, was also a cellist. However, Vasilije Mokranjac chose to study piano: from 1932 to 1942 he was studying privately with Alexei Butakov, and then he enrolled at the Belgrade Music Academy (nowadays Faculty of Music) to study with Emil Hajek; he graduated in 1948. However, while studying piano, he became interested in composing music, so he enrolled to study composition with Stanojlo Rajičić and graduated in 1951. After graduating, he devoted himself to composing and teaching, and he never performed as a pianist. From 1948 to 1956 he taught at music schools "Josif Marinković" and "Mokranjac" (named after his grandfather) in Belgrade. In 1956 he became a Lecturer at the Music Academy; in 1965 he was promoted into a Senior Lecturer, and in 1972 he became a Professor. From 1962 to 1965 he held the post of the President of Association of Serbian Composers. He became an Associate Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1967, and in 1976 he was elected a full member. Also in 1976, he received the award for lifetime achievement.
In 1984, he jumped from the window of his New Belgrade flat, for unknown reasons. Given his premature death, Mokranjac also had many unfinished works. He was survived by his wife Olga and daughter Alexandra.
| 350 |
Vasilije Mokranjac
| 0 |
3,723,169 |
# Vasilije Mokranjac
## Personal style {#personal_style}
Vasilije Mokranjac\'s entire oeuvre is dedicated to instrumental music. His personal style can be positioned within the broadly defined neoclassicism and moderated modernism. Mokranjac\'s early output is mostly neo-romantic, but embroidered with elements of stylised folklore: such a stylistic orientation was forced upon young composers after the end of World War Two, when the ideology of Socialist Realism, "imported" from the USSR, was prescribed by the cultural officials. Furthermore, Mokranjac\'s composition teacher Stanojlo Rajičić was a conservative, who insisted that his students should express themselves in traditional forms of absolute music (such as sonata-form). On the other hand, Mokranjac\'s mature works exhibit a synthesis of neo-expressionist and neo-impressionistic elements.
Mokranjac\'s oeuvre can be divided in three stages, distinguishable by the visible changes in the composer\'s stylistic orientation, but also by the changing interest in certain genres and performing forces.
### First period (until 1958) {#first_period_until_1958}
Almost all of Mokranjac\'s early works are written for piano (except for the works written during his studies at the Music Academy, when he had to write for various ensembles). Among his student works, one finds relatively successful neo-romantic pieces such as *Theme with Variations* for piano (1947), String Quartet (1949), as well as his diploma work *Dramatic Ouverture* (1950).
Mokranjac\'s piano works are very virtuosic and they reveal their author as an experienced pianist. It is not an exaggeration to say that Mokranjac\'s piano works rank among the very best pages of Serbian music. Almost all of his piano works have been published and they have long established themselves both as popular concert pieces, often performed by the most distinguished pianists, and as irreplaceable instructive pieces, taught and played at almost all music schools in Serbia. A majority of his piano works have been written either in the form of the suite, or a cycle of miniatures; in both cases, they consist of a number of character pieces. (The only exceptions are two Sonatinas from 1953--54, as well as *Sonata Romantica* written in 1947, when Mokranjac was still a student).
The piano works such as *Etudes* (1951--52), *Two Sonatinas* (1953--54), *Fragments* (1956) and *Six Dances* (1950--57) demonstrate Mokranjac\'s departure from neo-romanticism and its enrichment with elements of jazz and blues, of Bartok\'s "barbaro" style and Hindemith\'s neoclassicism. As to harmony, Mokranjac expands his basically tonal idiom with bitonal and bimodal episodes. Individual movements in these works are usually written in traditional, rounded forms (such as ternary form) and they can be performed independently from the rest of the cycle. However, Mokranjac aimed to achieve a coherent whole on the realm of the entire cycle, and the individual movements have precisely defined roles in the dramaturgy of the work.
Mokranjac\'s typical piano texture is multilayered: it is distinguished by "hidden" melodies in inner parts, dense polyphony, broken chords in open positions, and frequent pedals which contribute towards the static or ambivalent feel of the harmony. *Concertino* for piano, two harps and strings (1958) rounds up Mokranjac\'s first creative phase. In this three-movement work, Mokranjac combines an essentially neo-baroque form and content with elements of stylised folklore.
### Second period (1961--1972) {#second_period_19611972}
The central period of Mokranjac\'s output is mostly devoted to orchestral works. It is dominated by three symphonies (written in 1961, 1965 and 1967 respectively). In his First Symphony, Mokranjac introduces a core motif -- a "chord" consisting of a perfect fourth and major seventh. This "pra-motif" will frequently reappear in Mokranjac\'s later works. All three symphonies are neo-expressionistic, and the Third contains a twelve-note row. However, Mokranjac does not follow the rules of dodecaphonic and serial music, but he uses the twelve-note row as a passing sound illustration. Although all three symphonies follow the traditional four-movement symphonic design, Mokranjac\'s employment of a single motivic core, as well as his gradual erasing of borders between the movements, lead towards the single-movement symphonies and "poems" typical of his final creative period.
Simultaneously with the symphonies, Mokranjac wrote some more modest orchestral works. These are mostly neoclassical and inspired by the likes of Stravinsky (*Ouverture* for orchestra, 1962) or Hindemith (*Divertimento*, 1967; *Symphonietta*, 1969; both works scored for string orchestra). At the same time, Mokranjac wrote a substantial number of film and theatre music scores. It is remarkable that, in this stage of his career, Mokranjac did not write piano music at all. However, the piano is a stand-out instrument in Mokranjac\'s orchestra and it is often given important, almost solo episodes.
| 743 |
Vasilije Mokranjac
| 1 |
3,723,169 |
# Vasilije Mokranjac
## Personal style {#personal_style}
### Third period (1972--1984) {#third_period_19721984}
Since the early 1970s Mokranjac has gradually transformed his style and achieved a synthesis of all compositional procedures that he had used in earlier decades with a new, refined, lyrical sound world, embroidered with elements of neo-impressionism and the New Simplicity.
All of Mokranjac\'s works from his final creative phase (the Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, *Lyric Poem* for orchestra, *Musica Concertante* and *Poem*, both for piano and orchestra) have been written in a single-movement form (regardless of whether it is labelled as "symphony" or "poem"), mostly unfolding as an enormous dynamic and dramatic arch. In terms of harmony, Mokranjac experiments with Olivier Messiaen\'s system of "modes with limited transposition": for example, in his *Lyric Poem* (1974) and Fifth Symphony (subtitled *Quasi una poema*, 1979) Mokranjac employs Messiaen\'s Second Mode. A twelve-note row is also used, but this time, instead of being treated as a passing illustration (as it happened in the Third Symphony), it is now treated as a true theme which is subjected to a traditional thematic/motivic development (for example in the Fourth Symphony and *Musica Concertante*).
The piano makes a full return, in particular in two very successful suites-poems written in 1973 -- *Intimacies* and *Echoes*. Individual movements in these suites are written in free forms, and they are so intertwined and mutually dependent that they cannot be performed as separate character pieces. Therefore, the genre of suite is transformed into a single-movement poem.
Suite-poem *Intimacies* is created in the shape of a massive arch, starting from the timid quasi-improvisational neo-impressionistic figurations in the first movement (paired with a quotation of Josip Slavenski\'s song "Water Springs"). The piece then develops through a series of alternating slow and fast sections, which culminate in a very dramatic fifth movement, and then gradually decline towards the Coda. In this work -- one of the most personal works in Mokranjac\'s entire oeuvre -- the composer opens the door into his inner world, introverted and meditative, and then reveals its incompatibility with the outer world, which he perceives as discordant, aggressive and threatening.
While the second suite-poem from the year 1973, *Echoes*, shares a very similar formal and stylistic design with *Intimacies*, it nevertheless reveals a completely different side to the composer\'s personality: his quest for spirituality, roots, ancestral heritage, and his desire to use them as a shield against the external pressures. The work was inspired by Byzantine chants and church bells; Mokranjac simulates various elements of a church rite -- chanting, prayer, choral responses, on the background of the omnipresent "bells", which are depicted with different piano texture in each of the eleven movements of *Echoes*. Mokranjac does not attempt to illustrate or restore the religious service, but he recalls its constituent parts and demonstrates how they "echo" in his (sub)consciousness.
*Lyric Poem* (1974), Mokranjac\'s best known orchestral piece, is quite similar to *Intimacies* and *Echoes*. It unfolds through a series of contrasting episodes unified by the same thematic core, characterised by a narrow range and based on the mode built out of alternating half-tones and tones (known as Rimsky-Korsakov\'s Mode, Scriabin\'s Mode, Messiaen\'s Second Mode, etc.) One may also notice elements of stylised folklore, both in the pastoral timbre of woodwinds, and in the quasi-vocal heterophony of melodic lines. Besides, Mokranjac employs self-referencing, by quoting a segment from his 1962 orchestral work *Ouverture*.
Fifth Symphony, subtitled *Quasi una poema* (1979), shares many common traits with Lyric Poem, not only because it is also based on Messiaen\'s Second Mode, but also thanks to the Symphony\'s largely meditative, contemplative, non-conflicting dramaturgy. At the same time, Mokranjac employs his "pra-motif", established as far back as the First Symphony. The programme note for the first performance of his Fifth Symphony quotes Mokranjac\'s words which could well apply to all his works from the final creative period: "The experience of darkness and light inside and around us, an attempted leap from the realm of reality into the astral world, occasional screaming in the dark, a realisation that a man, in a poet\'s words, is only separated from the cosmos by his skin -- these are the ideas that form the basis of a dramatic plot of my Fifth Symphony."
## Mokranjac as a professor {#mokranjac_as_a_professor}
Vasilije Mokranjac enjoyed a reputation of being a tolerant and broad-minded professor, who did not force his students to write in any particular styles and was willing to support his students in their quest for novel means of artistic expression. His most prominent students were the composers who are recognised as the first Serbian minimalists (and who later went on to form a fluxus-inspired group OPUS 4): Vladimir Tošić, Miroslav Savić, Miodrag Lazarov and Milimir Drašković. However, due to being supportive of his students, Mokranjac got into a confrontation with his former professor Rajičić and other professors of composition (Aleksandar Obradović, Petar Ozghian, Rajko Maksimović) who promoted a more conservative approach to teaching composition. Mokranjac was criticised for defending his students and allowing them to express their artistic goals freely. Aside from these members of the OPUS 4 group, Mokranjac taught other prominent composers, such as Rastislav Kambasković, Vlastimir Trajković, Aleksandar Vujić, Svetlana Maksimović et al
| 868 |
Vasilije Mokranjac
| 2 |
3,723,174 |
# Luca Lionello
**Luca Lionello** (born 9 January 1964) is an Italian actor.
## Biography
Born in Rome to actor and voice dubbing artist Oreste Lionello, he has been actor since 1986. Since then, Lionello came to international attention in 2004, when he played the role of Judas Iscariot in Mel Gibson\'s *The Passion of the Christ*.
He was an atheist until 2004, when he became a Catholic, owing to his experience filming *The Passion of the Christ*.
He has also played at least two other Apostles: St. Barnabas in *Imperium: St. Peter*, starring Omar Sharif, and St. Thomas in Abel Ferrara\'s *Mary*
| 103 |
Luca Lionello
| 0 |
3,723,184 |
# Agrominerals
**Agrominerals** (also known as **stone bread** or **petrol fertilizer**) are minerals of importance to agriculture and horticulture industries for they can provide essential plant nutrients. Some agrominerals occur naturally or can be processed to be used as alternative fertilizers or soil amendments. The term agromineral was created in the 19th century and is now one of the leading research topics for sustainable agriculture. These geomaterials are used to replenish the nutrients and amend soils. Agrominerals started with small uses most often seen in hobbyist gardening but are moving to a much larger scale such as commercial farming operations that take up 100\'s acres of land. In this transition the focus changed to be more on ground nutrients, mainly on the three major plant nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Two of the three elements are only being harvested from a geomaterial called potash. Alternative sources are being researched, due to potash finite supply and cost.
The process of using agrominerals starts with crushing rocks into a \"rock powder,\" than using the powder to replenish soil nutrients. The process of replenishing mineral levels in a soil is called soil remineralization. While studying alternative ways to replenish ground nutrients, it has been found that agrominerals can also help mitigate other issues such climate change, water preservation and soil management.
## History
The study of agrominerals is termed agrogeology, and agrogeologists are concerned with issues such as the replenishment of soil fertility in areas where agrominerals have been depleted by unsustainable farming methods. With current farming practice, the system is expected to have high crop production with low soil quality. Over time with this type of practice, ground nutrients have been depleted which has led to an increase in chemical fertilizer usage. Chemical fertilizers have been shown to have runoff and it can contaminate groundwaters and are not economically feasible for third world countries. One of the major sources for chemical fertilizers is potash ore. The other concern with the potash ore is the supply is finite and is running out, hence the increase in pricing. Potash is one of the major sources for potassium and phosphorus and one of the original agrominerals. Finding alternative sources for these agrominerals was a concept that was created to focus on soil remediation, to increase productivity in a low-cost manner.
At first agrominerals were used to help recreate soil conditions for exotic plants. These were simple practices that occur on a much smaller scale. These include using perlite to enhance the aeration of the soil, using pumice to control evaporation while one can use vermiculites and zeolites to store moisture. This soil modification was the start of the agromineral concept and has evolved into looking for alternative sources to obtain the three major nutrient elements. Remineralization has been the term created for implementing rock powders into soils as a source of nutrients. This process has been implemented into bigger operations and has found great success in places like Brazil, Germany, Norway, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Uganda. thumb\|upright=1.5\|Change in potash ore between 1800 and 2015
| 513 |
Agrominerals
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.