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# Tai Wan, Hung Hom **Tai Wan** (`{{zh|t=大環, formerly 大灣}}`{=mediawiki}) was a bay on the eastern Hung Hom, Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. The southern end of the bay joined with the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock. The name also refers to an area, which neighbours To Kwa Wan and the Whampoa Garden in Hung Hom. **Tai Wan Shan** (`{{zh|t=大環山|labels = no}}`{=mediawiki}) was a hill on the coast, that was the location of the \"Easy Battery\" later becoming a power station belonging to China Light and Power (now CLP Power). ## Name It is a common error that the character *灣* is mistakenly written with its homonym *環* in Hong Kong. This has caused major confusion amongst local people, including government officials. The name of its major thoroughfare Tai Wan Road, illustrates this phenomenon. ## History At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Tai Wan was 97. The number of males was 61. Dai Wan Shan and Kwun Yam Shan were levelled by the Hong Kong Government in the 1950s and 1960s, in order to build public housing. The Tai Wan Shan Resettlement Estate was completed in 1956, while the Hung Hom Estate was completed in 1968. ## Education Tai Wan Shan is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 35. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Ma Tau Chung Government Primary School (Hung Hom Bay)
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# Planaltina, Federal District **Planaltina** (`{{IPA|pt|plɐ.nawˈtʃi.nɐ}}`{=mediawiki}) is an administrative region in the Federal District in Brazil. It is located in the east of the Federal District, bordering Fercal, Sobradinho, and Itapoã to the west, and Paranoá to the south. With an area of 1.534 square kilometers, it is the largest administrative region of the Federal District. Planaltina has a population of 177.540. The region seat was founded in 1859 and is the oldest city in the Federal District. ## History Beginning in the first half of the 18th century, bandeirantes came to this region looking for gold and emeralds. Existing documents do not tell us the exact date of the foundation of Planaltina, but it is believed to be 1790. According to oral tradition, the first name of the settlement was Mestre d\'Armas because a blacksmith, expert in the art of fixing and dealing with weapons (armas), settled in the region. The founding of the nucleus, which gave birth to Planaltina is attributed to José Gomes Rabelo, a rancher who transferred from the former capital of the province of Goiás, to a small lake called Lagoa Bonita, later extending his land to the dwelling known as \"Mestre d\'Armas\". A chapel was erected to pay homage to Saint Sebastian, who had supposedly spared the settlers from an epidemic that attacked them at the time. Dona Marta Carlos Alarcão ordered a wooden statue of the saint from Portugal, which was later substituted for a larger one when the church was expanded. On 19 August 1859 the Assembléia Provincial de Goiás, created the District of Mestre d\'Armas, which belonged to the municipality of Formosa, Goiás. This date became the official date of the foundation of the city of Planaltina. In 1891, the Arraial de São Sebastião de Mestre d\'Armas was raised to the category of Vila by a decree of the governor of the province, Antônio de Faria Albernaz, separating from Formosa. In 1892, the Vila was officially installed, after the donation of houses for the establishment of the government, the jail, and a school. In this same year, the Cruls Commission came to the area to make the first studies for the implantation of the future national capital. The commission was made up of astronomers, doctors, pharmacists, geologists, botanists, etc. As a result of their work, an area of 14,400 km^2^ was set aside on paper where the future capital would be built. A report was also published giving details on the conditions of the region. Only much later would these studies be put into practice. In 1910, the name of the town, Mestre d\'Armas, was changed to Altamir, because of the beauty of the place seen from the surrounding heights. After 1917, the town began to attract small industries and dried meat producers, tanneries, shoe factories, a hydroelectric plant and a road linking Planaltina to Ipameri. In the same year the name was changed to Planaltina. In 1922, the centennial of Brazilian independence was celebrated and the national Deputy Americano do Brasil presented plans to the Chamber of Deputies and placed the Founding Stone of the future capital. The national President, Epitácio Pessoa, made a decree establishing the Founding Stone and designated the engineer Balduino Ernesto de Almeida, Director of the Railroad in Goiás, to lead the mission. On 7 September 1922, with a caravan consisting of 40 people the founding stone was placed on Centenário Hill, located 9 km from the town. In the decade of the 1930s, there was a cooling off of the movement to relocate the capital, but in 1945 the question was taken up again and Planaltina played host to a commission headed by President Eurico Gaspar Dutra. In 1955, the commission headed by Marechal José Pessoa Cavalcanti established the area and the location of the new capital. The square of the Federal District occupied an area of 5,814 km^2^ and was superimposed on three municipalities of Goiás, one of which was Planaltina, which saw its territory divided in two, with its nucleus remaining inside the Federal District. It lost then its position of a municipality and became an administrative region. The part that was left in the state of Goiás became known as Planaltina de Goiás, popularly called Brasilinha. After 1966 Planaltina underwent periodic changes with the establishment of housing tracts (*loteamentos*) to receive people who could not be settled in the Brasília. Some of these were Vila Vicentina, Setor Residencial Leste (Vila Buritis I, II, e III), Setor Residencial Norte A (Jardim Roriz) and an expansion of the Traditional Sector. In 1990, after 30 years of belonging to the Federal District, Planaltina, like the other administrative regions, voted for governor, senator and district deputy. Planaltina was founded on August 19, 1859, receiving the status of administrative region, according to Law 4545, of December 10, 1964.
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# Planaltina, Federal District ## Overview Originally a municipality of the state of Goiás dating from before the eighteenth century, it had part of its territory integrated into the new Federal District, when the capital was transferred from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília in 1960. To serve as the seat of the remaining municipality belonging to the state of Goiás, a small city was built, which also has the name Planaltina, but popularly known as Brasilinha (little Brasília). Planaltina, D.F., is therefore the oldest urban area of the Federal District. In recent years it has grown haphazardly with many new housing areas being built to accommodate landless and homeless migrants who arrive daily looking for work in Brasília. Today Planaltina is a divided city. The traditional sector keeps the characteristics of the interior. The buildings preserve an architecture dating from the end of the nineteenth century and the calm atmosphere reminds one of a small interior town. The new neighbourhoods, on the other hand, are crowded and lack infrastructure and basic services, such as health and education. According to research carried out by Companhia do Planalto Central (Codeplan) in 2004, more than 80% of the inhabitants of the urban area of Planaltina live without rain drainage and 45% do not have a sewage system. Likewise, 53% of the houses are on unpaved streets and 26% have no public lighting. With an area of 1,534 kmª (26.5% of the total area of 5,789.16) and a population of 147,114 (7.1% of the total of 2,051,146) in 2000, of whom 134,663 were classified as urban and 12,451 as rural. It is located in the east of the Federal District, approximately 43 kilometers from Brasília and can by reached by federal highway BR-020 (Brasília--Fortaleza). Planaltina is by far the largest of the administrative regions by area and, with a population density of 95.8 per square kilometer, it is the second most sparsely populated. The municipality contains the 10547 ha Águas Emendadas Ecological Station, a fully protected conservation unit that dates back to 1968 and preserves samples of various types of cerrado vegetation.
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# Planaltina, Federal District ## Health Planaltina is served by a regional hospital with 17 specialties. In 2002, there were 167 beds available. There are also three health centers in the urban area and 6 in the rural area. ## Education In 2004 there were 79 schools in the city and rural areas of which 65 were public. Public schools had over 600 classrooms. There was one library with over 5,000 books. There was one secondary agricultural school and one nursing school connected to the hospital. There were two university campuses connected to agriculture, one of the private UPIS and another of the federal university, University of Brasília (UnB). In 2004 the education levels were the following: - Illiterate: 3.9% - Can only read and write: 1.4% - Pre-school: 2.0% - Incomplete primary school: 41.1% - Finished primary school: 11.6% - Incomplete secondary school: 7.8% - Finished secondary school: 16.2% - Incomplete university: 1.8% - Finished university: 1.7% - Under the age of 7 without school: 11.4% ## Religion In 2005, there were 4 Catholic churches, 67 Protestant churches, 2 Spiritist, and 22 unclassified churches. Planaltina is the center of the syncretic religion known as \"Doutrina do Amanhecer\", whose holy city, Vale do Amanhecer (Valley of Dawn) is within the administrative region of Planaltina. ## Labor In 2000, the working population was divided thus: - agriculture: 13% - civil construction: 78% - transformation industry: 26% The gross monthly family income in 2000 was 5.0 minimum salaries while the per capita monthly income was 1.28 minimum salaries. 36% of the workers made between 2 and 5 minimum salaries. ## Economy In 2004 there were 45,200 head of cattle, 33,022 pigs, 2,700 sheep, and 5.7 million chickens. Agricultural production was the following: - beans: 7,296 hectares - corn: 19,198 hectares - soy beans: 32,000 hectares - wheat: 675 hectares There was also substantial production of garden vegetables to supply the Brasília market and fruits, including oranges, guava, lemon, passion fruit, and mangos. ## Tourist sites {#tourist_sites} Planaltina has the oldest church in the Planalto Central. An Igrejinha, as it is known by locals, was built around 1870, and financed by the families of Gomes Rabelo and Alarcão, who built the chapel in homage to Saint Sebastian, the saint who had supposedly saved the settlement from an epidemic. The Igrejinha de São Sebastião was declared a monument by Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico do Distrito Federal, in 1980, and today it is no longer used for religious celebrations. It still preserves details of the period in which it was built, such as the original stone floor. In the outskirts, at a distance of about 6 km. from the city, is the mystical community of Vale do Amanhecer, which has its own school and services for a population of over 5,000 people
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# Court Green **Court Green** is a house in North Tawton, Devon, England. It was the home the poets Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath moved to in late August 1961. Plath left the house on 10 December 1962, while Hughes lived there on and off for the rest of his life. It is the current home of his widow Carol Hughes. The house is listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England. ## Sylvia Plath {#sylvia_plath} Sylvia Plath wrote most of the *Ariel* (1965) poems at Court Green. She composed \"The Moon and the Yew Tree\" about the ancient yew in the nearby churchyard, which could be seen from her bedroom window; the tree can still be seen today. The poem \"The Bee Meeting\" concerns an event which Plath observed just outside the wool factory on the River Taw near the house. Percy Keys, a neighbour of the Hughes during their time at Court Green, is mentioned in *The Journals of Sylvia Plath*, and his funeral is remembered in Plath\'s poem \"Berck-Plage\". Keys is buried in the graveyard on the hill above the house. ## Ted Hughes {#ted_hughes} Ted Hughes wrote *Crow* (1970) and most of his later work at the house. He wrote standing at a lectern. Hughes died in 1998, and his friend Seamus Heaney read at the funeral service at the church across the lawn
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# OBK **OBK** is a Spanish synthpop music group from Barcelona (Spain) composed of Jordi Sánchez and Miguel Arjona. The group was famous for introducing the electronic music in Spain in the 1990s (in the early 1980s some Spanish synthpop bands as Azul y Negro and Aviador Dro, among others, had gained great success also). ## Members - Jordi Sánchez from 1990 to present - Miguel Arjona from 1990 to 2012 ## History ### The OBK boom {#the_obk_boom} Jordi Sanchez and Miguel Arjona met for first time in the Athletism club of Sant Feilu de Llobregat. They were fans of groups like Yazoo, OMD and especially Depeche Mode. They debuted in the musical scene with Konga Music, an indie record label which supported all kinds of electronic music. In 1991 appeared their first release, a mini album called *Llámalo sueño* (Call it a dream). This album is the most successful of their career and sold over 400,000 copies in Spain. In fact, they entered in the history of the Spanish pop music for being the first group that had such sales with a debut album. Four singles were released from the album. The first one was \"¿De que me sirve llorar?\" (What can I do by crying?), \"Oculta realidad\" (Hidden truth), \"La princesa de mis sueños\" (The princess of my dreams), and the most famous hit: \"Historias de amor\" (Love stories), which is considered the icon song from the group. Two years later appeared their second album, called *Momentos de fe* (Moments of faith), that was released with the label Blanco y negro music. This time the album was highly promoted, but it didn\'t have the success of the first album. It sold over 130,000 copies. The singles extracted from the album were: \"Dicen\" (They say), \"Robarle al tiempo\" (To steal from Time), \"Lágrimas de soledad\" (Loneliness tears) and \"Todavía\" (Still). The first single was very polemical because the title song was directed at the musical critics who used to make very bad reviews about their music. ### Decline in sales and popularity {#decline_in_sales_and_popularity} The third album, called \"Trilogía\" (Trilogy), was released in 1995. It was their first album released with the Spanish branch of EMI, the same label in which they would release their next albums. Trilogía was famous for its first single: \"Mi razón de ser\" (My reason for being), the first single that became an instantaneous hit. The following singles were: \"Nada soy sin ti\" (I\'m nothing without you), \"Dulce final\" (Sweet end), and \"Otra canción de amor\" (Another love song). In spite of being under promoted, the album was well received, but its success was only moderate: It sold 80,000 copies and was certified gold. This was much lower than expected, and was the start of a long bad relationship with their record label. One year later they released their fourth album, called *Donde el corazón nos lleve* (Where the heart may lead us). The title of the album was intended as an ultimatum to EMI in result of the bad relationship with this label. The sales of this album were a huge failure. In fact, the album was not certified, which led to a quick decline of the popularity of the group. In 1998 they released a compilation album *Singles 91/98*. This retrospective album was a \"goodbye\" to their fans because EMI had completely lost confidence in them. The album contained four new songs: \"En medio de nada\" (In the middle of nothing), \"Juicio interior\" (Inner judgment), a cover of \"De qué me sirve llorar?\", and a remix of \"Historias de amor\". The unexpected and surprising success of this album (200.000 copies) was one of the reasons why the group regained popularity, and gave them the chance to stay with EMI. ### Return to pre-eminence {#return_to_pre_eminence} In 2000, two years after the compilation album, they released their fifth studio album, called \"ANTROPOP\", the second best selling album of their career (300,000 copies sold in Spain and 800,000 in Latin America). This album was produced by Carlos Jean, one of the big names of the Spanish electronic music scene. This album had four singles: \"Tu sigue así\" (Keep on like that), whose music video won the Ondas award for the best promotional video. The second single \"El cielo no entiende\" (Heaven doesn\'t understand) was used as the main theme for Spain\'s cycling tour coverage. The remaining singles were: \"Falsa moral\" (False morality) and \"Lo tengo que dejar\" (I have to stop this). Babylon, Feeling, Ultimatum, and 20BK are the albums which complete their discography. In June 2012 they released a new single called \"Promises\", which will be included in the new studio album of original material that will be released in 2013.`{{update inline|date=August 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
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# OBK ## Discography ### Albums Kind Name Year Peak Kind Sales Seal/Company ------- ---------------------------- ------ ------ ----------------- ------------------------ -------------------------- LP/CD Llámalo sueño 1991 2 3× Platinum (300,000) **Blanco y Negro Music** Momentos de fe 1993 8 Platinum (100,000) Trilogía 1995 10 Gold (50,000) EMI / **Hispavox** Donde el corazón nos lleve 1996 27 \- Singles 91/98 1998 6 Compilation 2× Platinum (200,000) Antropop 2000 2 3× Platinum (300,000+) Extrapop 2001 10 Remix album Gold (50,000) Babylon 2003 2 Gold (50,000) EMI / Capitol Sonorama 2004 7 2nd compilation Gold (50,000) Feeling 2005 5 Gold (50,000) Ultimatum 2008 8 \- Warner Music Group 20BK 2011 1 \- Warner Music Group Live in Mexico 2016 39 \- Parlophone ### Singles - 1991: De que me sirve llorar - 1991: Oculta realidad - 1992: Historias de amor - 1992: La princesa de mis sueños - 1993: Dicen!\... - 1993: Robarle al tiempo - 1993: Lágrimas de soledad - 1994: Todavía - 1995: Mi razón de ser - 1995: Nada soy sin ti - 1995: Dulce final - 1996: Otra canción de amor - 1996: Si esto no es amor - 1997: Un día gris - 1998: A contrapié - 1998: Historias de amor (ASAP mix) - 2000: Tu sigue así\... - 2000: El cielo no entiende - 2000: Falsa moral - 2001: Lo tengo que dejar - 2003: Lucifer - 2003: Quiereme otra vez - 2004: La herida - 2005: Sin rencor - 2005: A ras del suelo - 2006: Yo no soy COOL♥ - 2008: Yo no me escondo - 2008: Siempre tú - 2011: Oculta realidad \'11 - 2011: El cielo no entiende \'11 - 2011: Historias de amor \'11 - 2012: Promises Ft
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# Symphony No. 3 (Ustvolskaya) **Symphony No. 3** (subtitled \"Jesus Messiah, Save Us!\") by Russian composer Galina Ustvolskaya was composed in 1983, and published in 1990. The premiere was given by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra in Leningrad conducted by Vladimir Altschuler with Oleg Popkov as reciter on 1 October 1987. It is scored for: groups of five oboes, trumpets, and double basses; a trombone; three tubas; two bass drums and tenor drums; piano; and a solo voice (reciter), which appeals in speech in Russian for salvation. The work lasts approximately 13-15 minutes. The symphony is based on the texts of the 11th-century German monk and musician Hermanus Contractus: the reciter repeating the invocation \"Almighty, True God, Father of Eternal Life, Creator of the World, save us\". Ustvolskaya noted that there was an error in the published score - an incorrect piano glissando in bar 88 - which persisted despite her request for it to be corrected
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# Take Back \"**Take Back**\" is a song recorded by Japanese singer-songwriter Kumi Koda, taken as her debut and lead single from her first studio album *Affection* (2002). It was released on December 6, 2000 via Rhythm Zone in two physical editions; a CD single and 12\" vinyl. Additionally, Sounday and Orpheus Records distributed the song in North America in May 2001 with four more formats, but was remixed as a dance number by Jonathan Peters. The track was written by Koda herself, composed by Kazuhito Kikuchi and produced by Max Matsuura. The result was finalized after she had won a competition to find another artist for the Avex Trax company, which later published Rhythm Zone under Matsuura\'s guidance. Musically, \"Take Back\" is an R&B number that incorporates elements of pop and electronic instrumentation, such as keyboards and synthesizers. Her inspiration towards the track was based on her interest with J-pop, and their revolving culture with the R&B scene, particularly with her admiration of label mate M-flo. Because an English version was adapted for the Jonathan Peters\' remix, she re-wrote it with Kikuchi. Upon its release, the single received positive reviews from music critics, who commended the sound and production, but understood its lack of general interest with the Japanese market. Commercially, \"Take Back\" experienced minimal success in Japan, reaching number 59 on the Oricon Singles Chart. Despite its lower peak, it fared better in the United States, where it charted inside the Dance Club Songs, Dance/Electronic Singles Sales and Hot Single Sales categories, all published by *Billboard*. In order to promote the single, Koda featured in its accompanying music video, directed by Toku, which featured her in various rooms with back-up dancers and singing the track. Furthermore, the singer performed it on various concert tours such as Best: First Things Live, Black Cherry and her 10th Anniversary tour, and made an appearance on her greatest hits album *Best: First Things* (2004).
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# Take Back ## Background and conception {#background_and_conception} In 2000, Koda auditioned for the Avex Trax competition \"Dream Audition\", and came second out of 120,000 female participants. Subsequently, Avex employed Japanese producer Max Matsuura to start-up a new sub-label in 1999, named Rhythm Zone, whilst still working with frequent female collaborators Ayumi Hamasaki and Namie Amuro. That same year, Avex appointed Koda to the Matsuura, and he eventually signed her to the label that same year. Her label had hired composer and arranger Kazuhito Kikuchi to compose \"Take Back\", but Avex instructed Koda to take singing lessons every weekend in Tokyo, Japan before recording it. At that time, she stated that she didn\'t feel \"anxious\" about the situation, having already spent 500,000 yen (approximately \$4056 USD) she won from the open audition towards food. However, Avex refused to promote Koda\'s work equally due to her excessive weight gain, and claims of her being \"ugly\". Matsuura was also unimpressed by Koda\'s image, declaring that they had tried to look for \"the best one\" for their label. Later on the stages, Avex executives threatened to fire Koda if no improvements were put into place, which she eventually did but wasn\'t notified until her single \"Real Emotion/1000 no Kotoba\". In mid 2000, Kumi was asked by Avex to make her promotional debut through a photo shoot with photographer Toku, which led to the shooting of the cover sleeve for \"Take Back\". The artwork features her sporting a red and gold outfit, standing outside of a tunnel. According to Toku, he said \"during the shooting of the cover for \[her\] single, \'Take Back\', no one had told \[her\] what the shoot was for, so \[she\] just stood in front of the camera clueless\". ## Composition \"Take Back\" was written by Kumi herself, composed by Kazuhito Kikuchi and produced by Max Matsuura. It was recorded at Avex and On Air Azabu Studios in Tokyo, Japan through mid-2000, whilst the sound and arrangement was handled by H-wonder. Musically, it is an R&B number that incorporates elements of pop and electronic instrumentation, such as keyboards and synthesizers. In a biographic article by Yahoo! Music Japan, an editor described it as a \"blend of pop and R&B\". Similarly, Seth Figlerowicz called it a \"soft R&B and pop song.\" During an interview with Nippop, Kumi said her earlier work was strictly R&B. Through the early stages of the song\'s parent album *Affection* (2002), she had only listened to Japanese music and enjoyed reading the lyrics. The singer also expressed her admiration with fellow label mate M-flo, whom was heavily into R&B, and wanted to \"emulate\" his style. However, executives at Rhythm Zone and Avex instructed her to infuse Western music into her work for a much wider musical influence, as she refused to approach the style at the start. For the North American release, Kumi (going only by her surname, **Koda**) re-recorded the song in English, and it was remixed by American DJ and producer Jonathan Peters. According to Kumi, \"\[they\] hadn\'t really intended to release \[the remix\], but remixes were all the rage then\". Particularly, Avex\'s New York office confessed that they thought the remix would do well thought the club scene.
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# Take Back ## Reception \"Take Back\" received positive reviews from music critics. In an article of Jame World, Seth Figlerowicz was positive towards it sound, labelling it very \"pleasant\". However, he did note that the composition was more suitable for the American audience than the Japanese music scene, hence the lack of success and \"commercial appeal\" in the latter region. Similarly, a contributing editor of *CD Journal* praised the song\'s longevity and R&B sound, and labelled it \"impressive\". An editor from Yahoo! Music Japan wrote on Koda\'s biography that the mixture of pop and R&B music was a \"perfect balance of contemporary charm and vocals.\" Adam Greenberg, a writer of AllMusic, did not mention the original recording, but wrote about the Sunset in Ibiza remix from her remix album *Koda Kumi Driving Hit\'s* (2006), and stated: \"When the DJs complement her voice just right, Koda can sound like any number of other singers. \[\...\] \"Real Emotion\" and \"Take Back\" come out as something very similar to Ayumi Hamasaki\'s works.\" Upon its release, Koda felt insecure about the singles commercial performance, fearing about its first week sales and peak position. To an extent, \"Take Back\" experienced minor impact in Japan. It debuted at number 62 on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart with over 4,000 units sold in its first week, and peaked at number 59 in its following charting phase. Oricon ranked the song as her lowest-performing single on their chart, and is one of her only singles to miss the top 40; it has sold over 22,680 units in that region. Similarly, it opened at number 66 on the Count Down TV chart and peaked at number 63 the following week. In the United States, the Jonathan Peter\'s remix in English experienced success on the *Billboard* charts. The single entered the Dance Club Songs chart at number 33, making her one of the first Japanese acts to enter on any *Billboard* affiliated chart in years. The remix move 15 positions forward to its peak position of number 18, and was reconginized as the \"greatest gainer\"---dated on May 5, 2001; it spent 13 weeks inside the top 50. \"Take Back\" reached number 10 on the US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart, making her the first Japanese artist to achieve a top ten rank on that chart. Additionally, the maxi single spent a sole week at number 20 on the Hot Singles Sales chart. However, the original mix in Japanese is available to stream on services such as Apple Music and Spotify.
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# Take Back ## Music video {#music_video} The accompanying music video for \"Take Back\" was directed by Toku, and took one day to shoot and two days to edit. According to Seth Figlerowicz, who reviewed the singers\' DVD compilation *7 Spirits*, the video opens with a \"young Koda Kumi that has long and black hair. She presents herself in this video in two different ways. In the first one, though wearing a leather dress, she looks natural, gentle and pretty. In the latter one, she is presented with disheveled hair and strange things plaited in it, but despite that, she still attracts the viewer\'s attention with her enthusiasm flowing out from the screen.\" In the video, Kumi is accompanied by her three fellow background dancers; they\'re dancing in a white photo shoot room, while she is sitting in a white chair. Seth Figlerowicz stated that the dancers complimented the early 2000s music video era: \"there are only three dancers near the singer, so it probably wouldn\'t distinguish from other PVs of the same era.\" Scenes interspersed through the main video show Koda lying nude on a crimson red Ferrari and clutching a microphone in her hand. Seth Figlerowicz commented that the video, in conjunction with her other videos on *7 Spirits*, \"didn\'t appeal to the Japanese audience\'s tastes \[\...\]. With some time, people\'s opinions of them might change, but they are worth taking a look at. ## Live performances and other appearances {#live_performances_and_other_appearances} \"Take Back\" has been included on numerous track lists of tours conducted by Koda Kumi. She included the single on her Secret First Class Limited Live tour, Koda Kumi Live Tour 2005: First Things tour, Live Tour 2007: Black Cherry, 10th Anniversary tour, her 2009 Taiwan concert tour, and the Premium Show: Love and Songs tour. The track was featured on Koda\'s 2005 greatest hits album, *Best: First Things*. \"Take Back\" was featured in the televised advertisement for Kracie\'s Hada-bisei facials.
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# Take Back ## Track listing {#track_listing} - **Japanese 12 inch Vinyl** 1. \"Take Back\" (Main Club Mix) -- 4:46 2. \"Your Song\" (Original Mix) -- 5:20 - **US 12 inch Vinyl** 1. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Pop Club Anthem) -- 7:07 2. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Dub Anthem) -- 7:07 3. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Club Mix) -- 6:29 4. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Sound Factory Dub) -- 10:26 - **US Maxi-single** 1. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Radio Mix) -- 3:31 2. \"Take Back\" (Hex Hector Main Radio Remix) 3. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Radio Mix) -- 3:47 4. \"Take Back\" (C. \"Tricky\" Stewart Remix) -- 4:38 5. \"Take Back\" (Hex Hector Main Club Remix) 6. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Club Mix) -- 6:29 7. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Pop Club Anthem) -- 7:07 8. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Pop Dub Anthem) -- 7:07 9. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Sound Factory Dub) -- 10:26 10. \"Take Back\" (Hex Hector Dub Remix) -- 7:43 - **Japanese CD single** 1. \"Take Back\" (Original Mix) -- 4:57 2. \"Your Song\" (Original Mix) -- 5:20 3. \"Take Back\" (C. \"Tricky\" Stewart Remix) -- 4:38 4. \"Take Back\" (Daylight Remix) -- 4:28 5. \"Take Back\" (Instrumental) -- 4:57 6. \"Your Song\" (Instrumental) -- 5:20 - **US CD Single** 1. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Radio Mix) -- 3:31 2. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Radio Mix) -- 3:47 3. \"Take Back\" (C. \"Tricky\" Stewart Remix) -- 4:38 4. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Club Mix) -- 6:29 5. \"Take Back\" (Junior\'s Pop Club Anthem) -- 7:07 6. \"Take Back\" (Jonathan Peters\' Sound Factory Dub) -- 10:26 - **Take Back/Trust Your Love Blackwatch Remix 12\" Vinyl** 1. \"Trust Your Love\" (Blackwatch Remix) -- 7:49 2. \"Take Back\" (Blackwatch Remix) -- 7:29 ## Credits and personnel {#credits_and_personnel} Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Affection*
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# Bob White (mayor) **Robert Howard White** `{{post-nominals|country=NZL|QSO|CStJ|JP}}`{=mediawiki} (25 December 1914 -- 4 January 2006) was a New Zealand local-body politician. ## Biography Born in Auckland on 25 December 1914, White was the son of Amy Charlotte and Alfred Horace White. He was educated at Seddon Memorial Technical College from 1927 to 1930. In 1941, he married Kitty Gwendolyn Mawkes, and the couple went on to have three children. White served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force. White was mayor of Papatoetoe from 1965 to 1986. During his tenure in the 1970s, he advocated for a rapid-rail system connecting South Auckland with Auckland City. In 1981 he successfully called for the inclusion of photographs on drivers licenses in an effort to reduce fraud. In 1977, White received the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1982 New Year Honours, he was made a Queen\'s Service Order for public services. In 1975, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of St John, and in 1985 he was promoted to Commander of the Order of St John. In 1990, White was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. Robert White Park in Papatoetoe is named after White
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# Worthington, Leicestershire **Worthington** is a village and civil parish in North West Leicestershire, England, about 4 mi north of the town of Coalville and a similar distance north-east of the market town of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. The population of the civil parish (including Gelsmoor, Griffydam and Newbold) at the 2011 census was 1,461. The village is about 5 mi from East Midlands Airport and junction 23a of the M1 motorway where it meets the A42 road. The parish also includes the hamlet of Newbold. ## History Worthington\'s toponym may derive from the family name \"Werden\" or a man called \"Weorth\". The Domesday Book of 1086 records Henry de Ferrers as holding four carucates of land at \"Werditone\". The Church of England parish church of Saint Matthew is Norman. Most of its present windows were added in the 13th century and the remainder were added in about 1300. Fragments remain of a Perpendicular Gothic screen that was added later in the Middle Ages. St. Matthew\'s is now part of the United Benefice of Breedon and Worthington. The parish lock-up is believed to have been built late in the 18th century. It is an octagonal building with an octagonal spire but is called the Round House. It is built of brick and is a scheduled monument. Worthington Methodist Chapel was built in 1820. In 1874 the Midland Railway extended its Melbourne branch through Worthington parish to `{{rws|Ashby-de-la-Zouch}}`{=mediawiki} and opened Worthington railway station to serve the village. The Midland\'s successor the London, Midland and Scottish Railway withdrew the line\'s passenger service in the 1930s and British Railways closed the line to freight traffic in 1980. Worthington Primary school opened in about 1926. The school use an image of the \'Round House\' as their logo which was created by Michael Colley, a local resident and landlord of the local pub the Malt shovel. He created the design in the early 1990s which substantially became the village logo. The parish was predominantly rural until the 20th century, when the village was rapidly expanded to house workers for nearby collieries including New Lount Colliery. By the 1990s many of the local collieries had ceased operating and the village began to lose its mining identity. Local nicknames for Worthington have included \"Paraffin City\" due to its late adoption of electricity, and \"Yawny Box\" which is an obsolete Derbyshire word for a donkey. ## Amenities Worthington has a public house, the Malt Shovel Inn. It used to have another pub called the Swan. The village has a post office. National Cycle Route 6 passes through the parish, and at the site of the former railway station it joins the trackbed of the former railway to Melbourne, Derbyshire. In the parish the cycle route is called the Cloud Trail. The parish is in the hunting country of the Quorn Hunt
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# David Martin (English politician) **David John Pattison Martin** (born 5 February 1945) is a British Conservative politician. ## Early life {#early_life} Martin is a farmer, barrister and former employee of the family caravans and motorhomes sales business \"Martins Caravans Company Ltd.\" founded by his father, the late John Besley Martin, CBE. He was educated at Kelly College, Tavistock and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge where he was also part of the Hawks\' Club and later a member of Inner Temple. ## Parliamentary career {#parliamentary_career} Martin served as a Teignbridge District councillor from 1979 to 1983. He stood for Yeovil at the 1983 general election but was defeated. He served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Portsmouth South from 1987 until 1997 general election, in 1990 serving as PPS to Defence Minister Rt Hon Alan Clark MP then from 1990 to 1994 PPS to Foreign Secretary Rt Hon Douglas Hurd. In 1997, he was unseated by the Liberal Democrat candidate Mike Hancock. He stood again at the 2001 general election in the seat of Rugby and Kenilworth and at the 2005 general election in the seat of Bristol West but was unsuccessful on both occasions. ## Family According to a source, he is married to Basia Dowmunt and has one son and three daughters, among which is the fiction novel author, Cesca Major (née Martin). He is also paternal uncle of Coldplay\'s lead vocalist, Chris Martin
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# Rottefella **Rottefella** is a Norwegian manufacturing company of winter sports equipment, more specifically ski bindings. The name \"Rottefella\" refers to the three-pin binding invented by Bror With in 1927, inspired on a couple of rat traps he had seen in a hardware store. The binding were more formally known as the \"75mm Nordic Norm\". The binding was the standard for cross-country skiing for decades. Rottefella also produces one of the two systems that have largely replaced the 75mm, the New Nordic Norm
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# John Platania **John Platania** is a session musician, guitar player, and record producer. He was born in 1948 in New York's Mid-Hudson Valley, in Ulster County, near Woodstock. ## Career ### Van Morrison {#van_morrison} Platania is best known for his work with Van Morrison, beginning on *Moondance*, and most recently on 2016\'s *Keep Me Singing*. In 1973 he toured with Morrison as a member of his band at the time The Caledonia Soul Orchestra. The double live album *It\'s Too Late to Stop Now* was released in 1974, which included songs from three nights of the tour. Platania also co-wrote two songs with Morrison, on his compilation album of out-takes *The Philosopher\'s Stone*, as well as playing guitar on several of the tracks on disc one. In July 1980, Platania played guitar with Van Morrison\'s band at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and appeared on the issued DVD *Live at Montreux 1980/1974* (2006). In 2006, Platania again reunited with Van Morrison, touring on Morrison\'s \"Pay the Devil\" tour and continued playing with the Van Morrison band in 2008. On September 15, 2006, he played in Van Morrison\'s band at the Austin City Limits Music Festival. A limited edition live album was issued from this concert --- *Live at Austin City Limits Festival*. He also appeared with Morrison in the Austin City Limits film that was made for television and shown in November 2006 on the CMT television channel. He played guitar on several of the tracks on the March 2008 release of Morrison\'s thirty-third studio album *Keep It Simple*. He again played guitar on several of the tracks on the September 2016 release of Morrison\'s thirty-sixth studio album *Keep Me Singing*. ### Giants In 1976, Platania formed a band in Los Angeles called Giants. Its members included Ron Elliott, formerly of The Beau Brummels, with Karl Rucker from the post-Jim Morrison Doors, and Bruce Gary, drummer who went on to The Knack. ### Solo works {#solo_works} In 2002, Platania released his solo debut *Lucky Dog*, a collaboration with cartoon artist Elwood H. Smith. In 2007, Platania released his second and predominantly instrumental CD entitled \'Blues Waltzes and Badland Borders\'. The album features narration by artists such as Jon Voight and Alejandro Escovedo. ### Work with others {#work_with_others} Platania played on numerous albums for Chip Taylor, songwriter of \"Wild Thing\" and \"Angel of the Morning\" and from 1974 through 1982, he recorded and or performed with Randy Newman, Bonnie Raitt, Natalie Merchant and Judy Collins. Platania began working with Don McLean in 1981 playing as his accompanist on every US, Canadian and overseas tour until 1996. John Platania has never been on any records with Don McLean, only on the road. In 2007, Don McLean said \"John Platania has been a great friend. He was a completely reliable, fantastically inspired, hard-working, funny and wise human being. I feel very fortunate to have found him and very fortunate that he was willing to devote as much of his time to me and my music as he did\" (Howard, 2007). In 1983, he produced and wrote the score for the Emmy winning musical revue *None for the Road*, a public service production to educate young people about the dangers of drinking, drugs and driving. Platania has worked as a producer on six albums for Guy Davis. He also produced Davis's \"I Will Be Your Friend," the title song for the Southern Poverty Law Center's \"anti-hate\" compilation CD. Platania has also worked with Davis on songs for tribute CDs to Charley Patton and Nick Lowe. He composed the music for Sail Production's stage version of *Harriet Tubman*, which toured the United States during Black History Month. From the 2010s to present, he has been the guitarist for Chip Taylor\'s backup band, The New Ukrainians.
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# John Platania ## Discography ### Solo albums {#solo_albums} - 2002: *Lucky Dog* (Double Dog) - 2007: *Blues, Waltzes And Badland Borders* (Train Wreck) ### With Van Morrison {#with_van_morrison} - 1970: *Moondance* (Warner Bros.) - 1970: *His Band and the Street Choir* (Warner Bros.) - 1973: *Hard Nose the Highway* (Warner Bros.) - 1974: *It\'s Too Late to Stop Now* (Warner Bros.) - 1986: *No Guru, No Method, No Teacher* (Mercury - 1998: *The Philosopher\'s Stone* (Polydor) - 2006: *Live at Austin City Limits Festival* (Exile) - 2008: *Keep It Simple* (Polydor / Exile) - 2009: *Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl* (Listen To The Lion) - 2016: *Keep Me Singing* (Exile) - 2016: *It\'s Too Late to Stop Now\...Vols. II, III, IV and DVD* (Legacy / Sony) ### With Chip Taylor {#with_chip_taylor} - 1972: *Gasoline* (Buddah) - 1973: *Chip Taylor\'s Last Chance* (Warner Bros.) - 1974: *Some of Us* (Warner Bros.) - 1975: *This Side of the Big River* (Warner Bros.) - 1976: *Somebody Shoot Out The Jukebox* (Columbia) with Ghost Train - 2000: *The London Sessions Bootleg* (Train Wreck) - 2001: *Black and Blue America* (Train Wreck) - 2006: *Unglorious Hallelujah* (Back Porch) - 2008: *New Songs of Freedom* (Train Wreck) - 2009: *Yonkers NY* (Train Wreck) - 2012: *Golden Kids Rules* (Train Wreck) - 2012: *F\*\*k All the Perfect People* (Train Wreck) - 2014: *Little Prayers Trilogy* (Train Wreck) - 2016: *Little Brothers* (Train Wreck) - 2017: *A Song I Can Live With* (Train Wreck) ### With Chip Taylor and Carrie Rodriguez {#with_chip_taylor_and_carrie_rodriguez} - 2002: *Let\'s Leave This Town* (Texas Music Group / Lone Star) - 2003: *The Trouble with Humans* (Texas Music Group / Lone Star) - 2004: *Angel of the Morning* (Texas Music Group / Lone Star) - 2010: *The New Bye & Bye* (Train Wreck) ### With Chip Taylor and Kendel Carson {#with_chip_taylor_and_kendel_carson} - 2011: *Rock & Roll Joe* (Train Wreck) ### With Giants {#with_giants} - 1976: *Thanks for the Music* (Casablanca) ### With Guy Davis {#with_guy_davis} - 2000: *Butt Naked Free* (Red House) - 2002: *Give In Kind* (Red House) - 2003: *Chocolate to the Bone* (Red House) - 2004: *Legacy* (Red House) - 2008: *Skunkmello* (Red House) - 2009: *Sweetheart Like You* (Red House) - 2015: *Kokomo Kidd* (M.C
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# Dina Kochetkova **Dina Anatolyevna Kochetkova** (*Дина Анатольевна Кочеткова*, born 27 July 1977 in Moscow, Russian SFSR) is a Russian gymnast who competed at the 1996 Olympics. An element she pioneered, a full-twisting back handspring on beam, remains in the Code of Points as \"the Kochetkova\". ## Career Kochetkova was a member of the Soviet national team from the early 1990s. She won four medals at the 1991 Junior European Championships, placing second on the floor exercise and third in the all-around, vault and balance beam. As a senior, she competed for the Russian Federation at multiple international meets including the 1992 European Championships. 1994 was Kochetkova\'s breakthrough year. She won the Russian National Championships, the Goodwill Games all-around, and three individual medals at the World Gymnastics Championships in Brisbane: bronze in the all-around, behind Shannon Miller and Lavinia Miloșovici, gold on the floor exercise and another bronze on the uneven bars. Her rise escalated when she ended the two-year winning streak of Shannon Miller in AA competition by defeating her for the AA title at the 1994 Goodwill Games in Saint Petersburgh. Kochetkova won three more medals (silver AA and team; bronze FX) at the European Championships and shared in the team bronze medal at the World Team Championships in Dortmund. However, by the Team World Championships she was suddenly finding herself outshone by rising teammate Svetlana Khorkina, who was placed after Kochetkova in the lineup on every event in Team Finals. At the 1995 World Championships, Kochetkova and the Russian team finished off the podium in the team competition; while Kochetkova qualified for the all-around and two event finals, subpar performances and a low vault score kept her out of medal contention. At the 1996 World Championships she rallied with a high balance beam score of 9.887 to win the event; and at the 1996 Europeans she earned a bronze on floor. Kochetkova was a member of the Russian team for the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, and was considered a medal contender for multiple individual events. Kochetkova, as one of the most experienced Russian team members, showed strong performances in the team competition, qualifying in third place to the individual all-around. In the all-around final, she was tied for the lead going into the last rotation. However, she ended on vault, her weakest apparatus. In an attempt to get the highest score possible, she attempted a difficult 1`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} twisting Yurchenko vault (a 10.0 start value vault), instead of her usual simpler 9.9 start value vault, but faultered on the harder skill. Her low vault score dropped her to sixth place for the individual competition. This was the highest placing out of the Russians, but still shy of a medal. In the event finals, Dina finished fourth on the balance beam and fifth on uneven parallel bars and floor exercise. The Olympics were her last major competition. ## Later life {#later_life} Kochetkova underwent knee surgery in 1997 after her retirement. She lives in Moscow with her husband, working as a personal trainer. ## Eponymous skill {#eponymous_skill} Kochetkova has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points. Apparatus Name Description Difficulty -------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ Balance beam Kochetkova Flic-flac with minimum `{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} turn (270°) before hand support D (0
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# William Hunt and Sons **William Hunt and Sons** or **WHS** is a British brand of masonry tools and other types of edge tools. The WHS 4\" pointing trowel is well known as a standard excavation implement in British archaeology. ## History The founder of the company, William Hunt, was an edge tool maker at Rowley Regis, near Dudley, Worcestershire, in the late 18th century. In 1782 he purchased the Brades Estate at Oldbury, near Birmingham, and established a new works there known as Brades Forge, or simply as The Brades. By 1805 they were also manufacturing steel on the site, which was now known as the Brades Steel Works. Around 1793, Hunt took W. Cliffe into partnership, and for a short period the firm was known as Hunt and Cliffe: this name appears in the company\'s first ledger, dated 9 May 1794. This partnership dissolved around 1803, and Hunt continued trading on his own account until 1809, when he took his sons into partnership and the firm became known as William Hunt & Sons. In 1828 the company acquired William Edwards and Sons (incorporating the Eagle Edge Tool Company), and later the business of Bache Bros, spade makers of Churchill Forge, near Stourbridge. In the late 19th century George Heaton became a major shareholder in the company. In 1951 the company amalgamated with Nash Tyzack to form Brades Nash Tyzack Industries, and later took over the business of Skelton. In 1962, together with Harrison, they became part of Spear & Jackson, who in 1967 also acquired Edward Elwell Ltd, all the companies coming together as parts of S&J by 1972. In 1985 S&J became part of the Neill Tools Group based in Sheffield, who still own the brand today. ## Brands The company\'s major UK trade marks were BRADES and WHS, but they had many others, some of which, such as Eagle, Giraffe and Pagoda, were only used on tools made for export.
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# William Hunt and Sons ## Archaeological trowels {#archaeological_trowels} The WHS pointing trowel is prized amongst archaeologists in the United Kingdom who find its strength useful in digging heavy deposits. In his 1946 book *Field Archaeology*, Richard J. C. Atkinson (best known for excavating Stonehenge), \"unequivocally\" recommended the use of a trowel for archaeology; during the postwar era, WHS and a competing brand from Bowden were predominant. By 1960, archaeologist Paul Stamper was told that a WHS trowel was a \"prerequisite\", and by 1999, he deemed it the \"industry standard\". *Current Archaeology* summed up the choices: `{{cquote|There are really only two contenders on the single-forged blade market, WHS (UK) and Marshalltown (US). WHS blades are thicker, but consequently become blunt as they start to wear down. Marshalltown blades are sharp, flexible, and strong enough to deal with most types of soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=7&Itemid=83 |title=Digs |author=Mark Anderson |publisher=[[Current Archaeology]] |accessdate=23 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209112834/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=7&Itemid=83 |archivedate=9 December 2007 }}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} In 2005, the company introduced a new version of its 4\" WHS pointing trowel. The thinner and more brittle design was designed for the construction industry, and encountered resistance from archaeologists who found it inferior to its predecessor model. Oxford Archaeology indicated it might switch to the American-made Marshalltown trowel; and British Archaeological Jobs Resource received complaints of breakages on site. In response, in the summer of 2006, the firm launched a new trowel, marked \"Archaeologists\' Trowel\" on the blade, the design of which took account of archaeologists\' concerns and the results of field trials. It incorporated a thicker, stronger blade, higher lift for extra knuckle clearance, and a flattened tang to prevent handle rotation
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# St Colman's Cathedral, Cobh The **Cathedral Church of St. Colman** (*Ardeaglais Naomh Colmán*), usually known as **Cobh Cathedral**, or previously **Queenstown Cathedral**, is a single-spire cathedral in Cobh, Ireland. It is a Roman Catholic cathedral and was completed in 1919. Built on Cathedral Place, it overlooks Cork harbour from a prominent position, and is dedicated to Colmán of Cloyne, patron saint of the Diocese of Cloyne. It serves as the cathedral church of the diocese. Construction began in 1868 and was not completed until over half a century later due to increases in costs and revisions of the original plans. With the steeple being 91.4 metres tall (300 ft), the cathedral is the tallest church in Ireland. It was considered to be the second-tallest, behind St John\'s Cathedral in Limerick which was believed to be 94 metres tall; newer measurements have shown that the St John\'s spire is in fact 81 metres tall and therefore only the fourth tallest church in Ireland. It is frequently cited as one of Ireland\'s most beautiful church buildings. ## History The Diocese of Cloyne had a pre-Reformation cathedral at the site of St. Colman\'s monastic settlement in Cloyne. ### 19th century {#th_century} A small church, known to parishioners as the \"Pro-Cathedral\" had been on the site of the present cathedral since 1769. On the death of Bishop Timothy Murphy in 1856, the dioceses of Cloyne and Ross were split, and Bishop William Keane decided that Cloyne should have a purpose-built cathedral. In 1867, a diocesan building committee made the decision to erect a new cathedral in Cobh, then named Queenstown. The committee obtained designs from three firms, Edward Welby Pugin & George Ashlin, James Joseph McCarthy, and George Goldie. Goldie and McCarthy were unhappy with the conditions of the competition, which they felt to be unfair. Firstly, they felt that the cost limit of IR£25,000 may be ignored by the committee, and they also believed that Pugin and Ashlin had powerful family connections to the selection committee: the bishop was a family friend of Ashlin\'s, and the assistant to the building committee\'s administrator was his brother. As a result, Pugin & Ashlin were the only firm which accepted the conditions of the competition, and were awarded the commission. The clerk of works was Charles Guilfoyle Doran, who supervised the project until his death in 1909. In 1867, parishioners collectively gave £10,000 towards the construction of the cathedral, and Puglin & Ashlin\'s draft plans were accepted in December that same year. Due to the need to level a 24-foot fall between the north and south walks, the foundations of the cathedral were costly, amounting to a total cost of £5,000.After construction of a temporary church on Bishop Street in February 1868, the old parish church was demolished. Excavation of the site began in 1868, and though the cornerstone was laid on 30 September that same year, the main contract was not let until April 1869. The total cost of the contract was given as £33,000. After construction had begun, and the walls had reached a height of 3.5m, Bishop Keane, unsatisfied with the proposed cathedral, advised that he preferred a more elaborate design. Consequently, with the exception of the ground plan, none of the original plans were followed. Pugin & Ashlin adjusted their plans, and added flying buttresses, traceried parapets, arcading, niches, and more. These extra works increased by many thousands of cubic feet of stone the quantity already provided for and substantially increased the cost. The builder, Michael Meade, refused to renegotiate the contract and withdrew from the site. After a brief period of inactivity on the site, work resumed on the site.When Pugin died in 1875, Ashlin took on the services of a Dublin architect, Thomas Aloysius Coleman, to assist him in the completion of the project. By 1879, work had progressed sufficiently to enable the congregation to gather in the cathedral, and mass was celebrated by Bishop John McCarthy, Bishop Keane\'s successor, for the first time on 15 June.Works continued until 1883, at which point the builders had run out of money, at construction ceased for six years. Construction restarted under Bishop McCarthy in 1889. The west front was finished the following year, by which point construction had already cost £100,000. Work on the interior began in 1893, and included cladding the walls with Bath and Portland stone, and sheeting the roof with vaults of pitch pine. ### 20th century {#th_century_1} The spire was erected between 1911 and 1915, and rises to a height of 300 feet. The building was completed in 1919 for a total cost of £235,000, far exceeding the original limit, and making it one of the most expensive churches ever built in Ireland. The cathedral was consecrated on 24 August 1919 by the Right Reverend Robert Browne, Bishop of Cloyne, in the presence of three of Ireland\'s archbishops Michael Logue, John Harty and Thomas Gilmartin. ## Architecture The cathedral measures 65 metres long, 37.5 metres wide, and at the highest point of the spire is 95.3 metres high. The architectural style is Gothic Revival, modelled in particular in an elaborate French Gothic style. It is primarily constructed of blue Dalkey granite with Mallow limestone dressings. The foundation is built of a large bed of sandstone, quarried at Carrigmore and Castle Oliver. The roof is made of Belgian blue slate.
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# St Colman's Cathedral, Cobh ## Architecture ### Exterior Both the west front and the transepts hold rose windows set in high pointed arches which are flanked by octagonal turrets. Pillars on the west front are constructed from red Aberdeen granite. The octagonal spire measures 90 metres, and is topped with a 3.3 metre bronze cross, which was blessed by Bishop Browne. The tower is made of Newry granite. The tower houses 47 bells, 42 of which were hung in 1916, and a further five in 1958. The total combined weight of the bells equal 17 tons. ### Interior The cathedral hosts an aisled nave of seven bays with triforium and clerestory, transepts with eastern chapels, an apsidal chancel, and a tower and spire at the south-west corner of the nave. Red Middleton marble is used in both the shrines and the first confessionals of both aisles; the other confessionals are of red Aberdeen granite.
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# St Colman's Cathedral, Cobh ## Carillon The tower contains Ireland\'s only carillon, which with 49 bells is the most of any in the British Isles. It contains Ireland\'s largest bell, named St Colman, which weighs 3.6 tons. Originally installed in 1916, the carillon was restored in 1998. An automated system strikes the hour and 15-minute intervals while it also rings the bells in appropriate form for Masses, funerals, weddings and events. The carillon is also played on special occasions and generally every Sunday afternoon by its current carillonneur Adrian Gebruers. ## Gallery <File:Cobh-Cathedral-West-Side-2012.JPG%7CCathedral> of St. Colman <File:Cobh-Cathedral-Internal-2012.JPG%7CAisle> leading up to the altar <File:Cobh-Promenade-and-Cathedral-2012.JPG%7CCobh> Cathedral towering above the town centre <File:Cobh> Cathedral, Saint Joseph, West door, left.JPG\|St
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# Proof of delivery thumb\|upright=1.25\|A 1917 international postal Avis de réception (proof of delivery) form for a registered letter from Melbourne delivered in Mexico `{{Admiralty law}}`{=mediawiki} A **proof of delivery** (**POD**) is a document that substantiates that goods have been delivered to their intended recipient. For example, a POD can establish that carrier has satisfied its terms of a contract of carriage for cargo by confirmation of delivery to the recipient or consignee. Proof of delivery is important when legal and financial documents are to be exchanged between two parties. In the United States, DHL, UPS and FedEx as well as the US postal service (USPS) provide proof of delivery. Commercial fleet operators also need to be able to confirm proof of delivery of goods to their customers. In e-commerce, businesses exchange millions of electronic documents to track delivery information using computer to computer communication techniques like email, FTP and EDI. These documents contain a variety of transaction details, including information regarding purchase orders, invoices, shipping details, product specifications, and price quotes. Electronic proof of delivery (ePOD) can exchange new data as well as corrections to previously transmitted messages. Legal complications can arise if the recipient company refutes receiving a corrected product specification or a message about a delayed shipment. Both companies could be in strong disagreement with each other, each proving/not proving the existence of that particular communication. When the sender sends multiple documents through the mail, there is a possibility of some not reaching the intended recipient. A post office may provide an additional service of guaranteed delivery, known as an avis de réception (advice or acknowledgment of receipt), wherein they require the recipient to sign a paper, and that paper is filed by the postal service for a specified number of days. Message-oriented middleware (MOM) is a class of software used to implement computer based business document exchange. Such systems provide proof of delivery services by employing techniques such as logging each send/receive activity. Companies also employ intermediate data brokers to exchange information. Employing such services provide not only proof of delivery but also other services like data integrity, multi-point delivery, and single point of contact for data exchange
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# Li Rusong **Li Rusong** (1549--1598) was a Chinese general of the Ming dynasty from Tieling, Liaodong. He was a Ming army commander in the first half of the Imjin War that took place in the Korean peninsula. Upon the request of the Korean King Seonjo of Joseon, the Ming Wanli Emperor sent reinforcements to support the Korean military in its war effort against the Japanese invasion masterminded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. His father, Li Chengliang, was also a Ming general, who defended Liaodong from the Jurchens. Based on historical documents, Li Rusong\'s 6th generation ancestor Li Ying (李英) was originally from present-day North Korea, but there are historical documents which state that the further ancestors were from central China who moved to Korea during wartime. Li Rusong was ultimately captured and executed when the Mongols invaded Liaodong province. ## Military career {#military_career} Li Rusong first rose to fame in early 1592, when he managed to defeat a major rebellion at Ningxia. The Ming army had been unable to move the rebels holed up in the city for the first six months, but after Li arrived the city fell within three months. Li was able to divert the waters of the Yellow River directly into the city, which led to its fall. He was immediately appointed the chief general of the expedition into Korea after this; he led a force of some 36,000 into Korea in the last few days of 1592. Together with Ming administrator Song Yingchang, Li Rusong was generally successful in Korea, first retaking the city of Pyongyang in a direct assault within two weeks of setting off (on January 8 of 1593), and then took back the city of Kaesong a couple week later. As he marched south towards the Korean capital of Hanyang (漢陽) in later January, the Ming army clashed with the Japanese forces in the Battle of Byeokjegwan, which resulted in the Ming army being pushed back briefly. Within two months after this he succeeded in recapturing Hanyang. He ordered Chinese and Korean troops to refrain from killing all Japanese soldiers and grant them the right to retreat. ## Sword Li knew of the sword art jedok geom during his stay in Korea. The Koreans published the sword-style in their martial arts manuals called Muyesinbo (1759) and Muyedobotongji (1791). ## Death In April 1598, the Mongols invaded the Ming province of Liaodong from the north when Li Rusong was leading a small scouting group around its forests. Surrounded by thousands of Mongol cavalry, he could not escape, and was captured and subsequently killed. He was posthumously given the title of Zhonglie (忠烈) (Lord of Fidelity)
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# Prince of Wales Hotel The **Prince of Wales Hotel** is a historic hotel located in Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada. It is within Waterton Lakes National Park, overlooking Upper Waterton Lakes. It was designed by and built for the Great Northern Railway company. It is currently managed by the Pursuit Collection. The Rustic-styled building was opened in July 1927. It is 37 m tall with seven floors. The building is considered one of Canada\'s grand railway hotels, and is the only grand railway hotel built by a company based in the United States. It was named a national historic site of Canada in November 1992. ## Location The Prince of Wales Hotel is on Alberta Highway 5, in the northern sections of Waterton Park, a hamlet within Waterton Lakes National Park. The hotel is adjacent to Upper Waterton Lakes. The hotel property is bounded by a roadway, parkland, and large bodies of water. To the west, the hotel is bounded by Highway 5, the only major roadway to the hotel. To the north and east, varying sections of Waterton Lakes bound the hotel, most notably the Bosporus, a narrow strait that connects the Upper Waterton Lakes with the rest of the lake. South of the hotel lies the Upper Waterton Lakes, as well as the Emerald Bay. The hamlet of Waterton Park lies on the other side of the bay. The hamlet of Waterton Park, along with the Prince of Wales Hotel, is within the Rocky Mountains, a large mountain range that serves as a continental divide for the Americas. Located within a Canadian national park, the hotel is near several major landmarks and local attractions. Major mountain peaks close to the hotel include Mount Alderson, Mount Boswell, and Mount Crandell. Given the park\'s ecological traits, the national park was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1979. Waterton Lakes National Park forms a part of a larger international park known as the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. The international park is a union between Waterton Lakes National Park, and Glacier National Park, in the United States. The international park is managed by Parks Canada and the U.S. National Park Service.
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# Prince of Wales Hotel ## Design ### Architecture The Prince of Wales Hotel is one of Canada\'s grand railway hotels, and the only one built by an American company, Great Northern Railway. The hotel was designed by Thomas D. McMahon, with construction contracted to Oland and Scott Construction of Cardston, Alberta. The design of the hotel was also influenced by Louis W. Hill, the president of Great Northern Railway. Maintaining contact with McMahon, he critiqued designs submitted by McMahon, placing a particular importance of functionality. Aside from functionality, he was a driving force in acquiring pictographs for the hotel from the Kainai Nation. An admirer of the Blackfoot culture, he prominently used native imagery as a marketing tool for his company. Hill was also the first to suggest the installation of power plugs in the guest rooms of the hotel for the purpose of clothes irons and curling irons. The hotel was designated as a national historic site of Canada on 6 November 1992. The building was designed in a Rustic architectural style. As a result, the building is primarily made of wood materials for its construction, cladding and detailing. The majority of the lumber was provided by sawmill in Somers, Montana. The Glacier Park Hotel and Many Glacier Hotel were initially used by McMahon as a design template for the new hotel. However, in an effort to place the focus of the room on the nature outside, McMahon designed a lobby for the Prince of Wales completely different from its templates. The lobby for the Prince of Wales Hotel is perpendicular to the length of the building, and incorporates two-storey windows facing Upper Lake Waterton. Other rustic elements within the hotel, including natural wood detailing, and a timber-framed lobby, with open spaces ascending to the building\'s roof. Wood pillars at the hotel are made of Douglas fir. The building\'s rotunda features hand-carved posts and beams, topped by queen posts. Early into the hotel\'s construction, the pace which Oland and Scott\'s crews worked outpaced the rate at which McMahon could produce new designs. During the hotel\'s construction, it was reported in the *Lethbridge Herald* that there was evidence Oland and Scott were only receiving their blueprints when the next stage of construction was underway, and were not always delivered on time. Redesigning the hotel based on the suggestions from Hill, the final plans McMahon sent to Oland and Scott deviated significantly from the original plans they were building off of. The redesign saw the hotel significantly enlarged, with the addition of three storeys for a total of seven floors, increasing the height of the lobby roof and the number of balconies, and added 12 dormers in place the original four gables on the hotel wings. The new designs attempted to save as much of the existing construction as possible, with few design changes made to the first three floors of the building. The most significant addition in the new design plans however was the addition of Swiss chalet architectural elements to the hotel. The idea to draw upon this style was from Hill, who suggested it to McMahon after his trip to Europe. This includes its tiers of continuous balconies with balustrades, large bracket supports for the balconies, steep pitched gable roofs, intersecting gables, two-storey dormers, a lantern cupola, and its brightly contrasting walls. ### Facilities The hotel building houses a number of guest rooms as well as two suites. The hotel also hosts food-services in the building, including the *Royal Stewart Dining Hall*. The formal dining hall features large windows overlooking Upper Lake Waterton, and hosts the restaurant\'s afternoon tea. The *Windsor Lounge* is a cocktail lounge that was carved out of the east wing of the hotel in 1960, replacing the *Maple Leaf Lounge*. The lounge was placed in the east wing in order to prevent passers-by on Highway 5 from viewing inside the lounge. ## History The hotel was constructed between 1926 and 1927 and was built by the Great Northern Railway of the United States to lure American tourists during the prohibition era. It was named after the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) in a transparent attempt to entice him to stay in the hotel on his 1927 Canadian tour, but the prince stayed at his own nearby ranch instead. In September 2017, a large forest fire engulfed most of Waterton Lakes National Park, with the fire reached to within about 100 metres of the hotel. However, the hotel remained unscathed, as a team of firefighters from Calgary, Waterton Park, and Coaldale worked for 31 hours to prevent the fire from reaching the hotel by using water pumped from Waterton Lake
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# Scheele's green **Scheele\'s green**, also called **Schloss green**, is chemically a cupric hydrogen arsenite (also called **copper arsenite** or **acidic copper arsenite**), `{{chem|CuHAsO|3}}`{=mediawiki}. It is chemically related to Paris green. Scheele\'s green was invented in 1775 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. By the end of the 19th century, it had virtually replaced the older green pigments based on copper carbonate. It is a yellowish-green pigment commonly used during the early to mid-19th century in paints as well as being directly incorporated into a variety of products as a colorant. It began to fall out of favor after the 1860s because of its toxicity and the instability of its color in the presence of sulfides and various chemical pollutants. The acutely toxic nature of Scheele\'s green as well as other arsenic-containing green pigments such as Paris green may have contributed to the sharp decline in the popularity of the color green in late Victorian society. By the dawn of the 20th century, Scheele\'s green had completely fallen out of use as a pigment but was still in use as an insecticide into the 1930s. At least two modern reproductions of Scheele\'s green hue with modern non-toxic pigments have been made, with similar but non-identical color coordinates: one with hex#3c7a18 (RGB 60, 122, 24) and another with hex#478800 (RGB 71, 136, 0). The latter is the more typically reported color coordinate for Scheele\'s green. ## Preparation The pigment was originally prepared by making a solution of sodium carbonate at a temperature of around 90 C, then slowly adding arsenious oxide, while constantly stirring until everything had dissolved. This produced a sodium arsenite solution. Added to a copper sulfate solution, it produced a green precipitate of effectively insoluble copper arsenite. After filtration the product was dried at about 43 C. To enhance the color, the salt was subsequently heated to 60 -. The intensity of the color depends on the copper : arsenic ratio, which in turn was affected by the ratio of the starting materials, as well as the temperature. It has been found that Scheele\'s green was composed of a variety of different compounds, including copper metaarsenite (`{{chem|CuO·As|2|O|3}}`{=mediawiki}), copper arsenite salt (`{{chem|CuHAsO|3}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{chem|Cu(AsO|3|)|2|·3H|2|O)}}`{=mediawiki}), neutral copper orthoarsenite (`{{chem|3CuO·As|2|O|3|·2H|2|O}}`{=mediawiki}), copper arsenate (`{{chem|CuAsO|2}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{chem|Cu(AsO|2|)|2}}`{=mediawiki}), and copper diarsenite (`{{chem|2CuO·As|2|O|3|·2H|2|O}}`{=mediawiki}). ## Uses Scheele\'s green was used to color wallpapers, paper furniture linings, and textiles used in clothing and bookbindings, along with paints, wax candles, and even some children\'s toys. Scheele\'s green is more brilliant and durable than the then-used copper carbonate pigments. However, because of its copper content it tends to fade and blacken when exposed to sulfides, whether in the form of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide or in pigment mixtures based on or containing sulfur. Emerald green, also known as Paris green, was developed later in an attempt to improve Scheele\'s green. It had the same tendency to blacken, but was more durable. Despite evidence of its high toxicity, Scheele\'s green was also used as a food dye for sweets such as green blancmange, a favorite of traders in 19th-century Greenock; this led to a long-standing Scottish prejudice against green sweets. Scheele\'s green was used as an insecticide in the 1930s, together with Paris green.
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# Scheele's green ## Toxicity In the 19th century, the toxicity of arsenic compounds was not readily known. Nineteenth-century journals contained reports of children wasting away in bright green rooms, of ladies in green dresses swooning, and of newspaper printers being overcome by arsenic vapors. There is one example of acute poisoning of children attending a Christmas party where dyed candles were burned.`{{better citation needed|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Although some European nations started banning arsenic-containing pigments in the 1830s and 1840s, Scheele\'s green did not completely fall out of favor until the 1860s. Publicity associated with the 1861 death of 19-year-old Matilda Scheueur as a result of her job dusting artificial foliage with the pigment increased public awareness of the toxicity of Scheele\'s green. An article \"Pretty Poison-Wreaths\" described her repeated illness from arsenic poisoning leading to her death, and detailed autopsy findings of eyes and fingernails turned green from the pigment. By the 1890s the last brand of wallpaper using it ceased production. ### Illness associated with arsenic containing wallpaper {#illness_associated_with_arsenic_containing_wallpaper} Two main theories on the cause of wallpaper poisoning events have been proposed: dust particles caused by pigment and paper flaking, and toxic gas production. Tiny particles of the pigment can flake off and become airborne, and then are absorbed by the lungs. Alternatively, toxic gas can be released from compounds containing arsenic following certain chemical processes, such as heating, or metabolism by an organism. When the wallpaper becomes damp and moldy, the pigment may be metabolised, causing the release of poisonous arsine gas (`{{chem|AsH|3}}`{=mediawiki}). Fungi genera such as *Scopulariopsis* or *Paecilomyces* release arsine gas, when they are growing on a substance containing arsenic. The Italian physician Bartolomeo Gosio published in 1893 his results on \"Gosio gas\", that was subsequently shown to contain trimethylarsine. Under wet conditions, the mold *Scopulariopsis brevicaulis* produced significant amounts of methyl arsines via methylation of arsenic-containing inorganic pigments, especially Paris green and Scheele\'s green. In these compounds, the arsenic is either pentavalent or trivalent (arsenic is in group 15), depending on the compound. In humans, arsenic of these valences is readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, which accounts for its high toxicity. Pentavalent arsenic tends to be reduced to trivalent arsenic and trivalent arsenic tends to proceed via oxidative methylation in which the trivalent arsenic is made into mono, di and trimethylated products by methyltransferases and an S-adenosyl-methionine methyl donating cofactor. However, newer studies indicate that trimethylarsine has a low toxicity, and could therefore not account for the death and the severe health problems observed in the 19th century. Arsenic is not only toxic, but it also has carcinogenic effects. ### Role in Napoleon\'s death {#role_in_napoleons_death} During his exile on St. Helena, Napoleon resided in a house in which the rooms were painted bright green, his favorite color. The cause of his death is generally believed to have been stomach cancer, and arsenic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Analysis of samples of his hair revealed significant amounts of arsenic. As St. Helena has a rather damp climate, it is likely that fungus grew on the walls. It has also been suggested that the presence of such abnormally high levels of arsenic might be due to attempts at preserving his body. However, more recent research has proven this theory to be false, and Napoleon did indeed die of stomach cancer
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# Town Green railway station **Town Green railway station** is a railway station in Town Green, Aughton, Lancashire, England, situated on the Ormskirk branch of Merseyrail\'s Northern Line. ## Location It is located at the junction of Town Green Lane and Middlewood Road with pedestrian and vehicular access from Middlewood Road. The booking hall opens onto the south bound platform and the Aughton police station now occupies rooms opening off the booking hall. ## Facilities The station is staffed throughout the day, with the ticket office open from start of service until 00:20. There is a waiting room in the main building and a shelter on the opposite side, with a footbridge linking them. Digital display screens, timetable posters and automatic announcements are used to convey train running information. There is step-free access to both platforms. ## Services Trains operate every 15 minutes (Monday to Saturday daytime) between Ormskirk and Liverpool Central, and every 30 minutes in the evening and all day Sunday. ## History Town Green station was regularly used as an overnight base for the royal trains when the royal family were visiting Knowsley Hall, the home of Lord Derby, or attending the Grand National race meeting at Aintree. see [Royal Trains List (p19/204)](https://www.railwaymuseum.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-03/Royal%20Trains%20List.pdf) . To the Liverpool end of Town Green station on the Ormskirk bound side and behind the signal box there used to be a small loop line with a very low white painted station which was the platform used by the train. This now forms the car park of the Aughton Institute. The signal box (erected by British Railways in 1949 to replace an earlier Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway structure dating from 1875) was closed and demolished when the line was resignalled in February 1994. From October 1970 until its demise, it remotely operated the points and signalling at Ormskirk as well as at this station. ## Gallery <File:Merseyrail> Class 507, 507016, Town Green railway station (geograph 3786789).jpg\|A Merseyrail Class 507 waits at the Ormskirk-bound platform. <File:Merseyrail> Class 507, 507002, Town Green railway station (geograph 3786772).jpg\|A Merseyrail Class 507 waits at the Liverpool-bound platform. <File:Town> Green railway station, Aughton (3).JPG\|The station as viewed from the roadside drop-off point. <File:Town> Green railway station, Aughton (5).JPG\|Aughton police station, on the Liverpool-bound platform
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# Aughton Park railway station **Aughton Park railway station** is a railway station that serves the village of Aughton, Lancashire, England, on the Ormskirk branch of the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network 11½ miles (19 km) north east of Liverpool Central. During the 2020/21 and 2021/22 periods, Aughton Park was the least used station on the Merseyrail Network. ## History The station is below ground level built into a cutting. Opened by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, Aughton Park Station was originally coupled with a freight siding, Crook\'s Sand Siding, which serviced two nearby quarries. The station became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. When sectorisation was introduced, the station was served by Regional Railways on behalf of the Merseyside PTE until the privatisation of British Railways. ## Facilities The station is staffed throughout the day (like all Merseytravel stations), with the ticket office open from start of service until the last train has called throughout the week. There are shelters on both platforms and a pay phone on platform 1. Train running information is provided by automated announcements and digital display screens. No step-free access to either platform is available. ## Services Trains operate every 15 minutes on Monday to Saturday daytimes between Ormskirk and Hunts Cross via Liverpool Central, and every 30 minutes at other times (evenings and Sundays)
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# Ava Gardner Museum The **Ava Gardner Museum** is a museum dedicated to American actress Ava Gardner. Located in downtown Smithfield, North Carolina, the museum holds an extensive collection of artifacts from Gardner\'s career and private life. The museum usually attracts 7,000 visitors a year. ## History The original collection was started in 1941 by a fan, Thomas \"Tom\" Banks, who at age 12 met Ava on the campus of Atlantic Christian College (now Barton College), where she was studying to become a secretary. When she did not return to school the next year, he saw a photograph of Gardner in a newspaper and learned that she had been signed to a movie contract with MGM. Banks and his wife, Lorraine, collected memorabilia and artifacts related to Gardner. In the early 1980s, Dr. Banks purchased the Brogden Teacherage building, the house where Ava lived from ages 2 to 13. Following Thomas Banks\' death in 1989, Lorraine Banks donated the museum\'s collection to the town of Smithfield. In 1999, the museum purchased its current home, a renovated 6,400 square foot building in downtown Smithfield. In 2020, the building experienced a flood due to a broken toilet. None of the collections were damaged, but repairs required the museum to close for a few weeks
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# Aintree railway station `{{Aintree Stations}}`{=mediawiki} **Aintree railway station** is a railway station that serves the village of Aintree, Merseyside, England. It is on the Ormskirk branch of the Merseyrail network\'s Northern Line. Until 1968 it was known as Aintree Sefton Arms after a nearby public house. The station\'s design reflects that it is the closest station to Aintree Racecourse, where the annual Grand National horse race takes place. ## History Opened by the East Lancashire Railway in April 1849, then taken over by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ten years later, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. The L&YR electrified both routes from `{{rws|Liverpool Exchange}}`{=mediawiki} in 1906 (two years after a successful trial of the system on the neighbouring line to `{{rws|Southport}}`{=mediawiki}), extending it subsequently as far as `{{rws|Ormskirk}}`{=mediawiki} by 1913. The western end of the North Mersey Branch from Gladstone Dock & Bootle (which had opened in 1866 and joined the main line immediately south of the station) was also equipped with the third rail in 1914, though Gladstone Dock station only remained open for passenger trains until July 1924. Services henceforth ran to `{{rws|Bootle Oriel Road}}`{=mediawiki} and on to Exchange until they were withdrawn by the British Transport Commission on 2 April 1951. The main line via Walton was also used by longer distance local & express trains from Exchange to `{{rws|Preston}}`{=mediawiki}, Blackpool, Scotland and East Lancashire in addition to the intensive electric commuter service and some of these also stopped at Aintree, especially when the nearby race course hosted the famous Grand National meeting. The Ormskirk line was not included in the list of routes to be closed in the 1963 Beeching Report (unlike the other two routes from Liverpool Exchange), but the route was subsequently reviewed by BR and reprieved in 1966. This came at some cost though, as all through trains between Liverpool, Preston and East Lancashire were to be either re-routed via `{{rws|Wigan North Western}}`{=mediawiki} to Liverpool Lime Street or withdrawn altogether. These alterations were mainly carried out in 1969, with all through running beyond Ormskirk ceasing from 4 May 1970. Exchange then closed to passengers on 30 April 1977, with services henceforth being integrated into the Merseyrail Northern Line and running via the new Link tunnel to Liverpool Central from the following Monday (2 May). The North Mersey line lost its connection into the docks in 1971, though it remained in use to serve a permanent way depot at Fazakerley until 1987 and for periodic engineers trains to/from Bootle & Edge Hill thereafter. It has seen no traffic since 2005, but Merseytravel has long-term ambitions to reopen it to passenger trains (as stated in the Liverpool City Region Long Term Rail Strategy published in 2014). When Sectorisation was introduced, the station was served by Regional Railways on behalf of the Merseyside PTE until the Privatisation of British Railways. ## Facilities The station is staffed throughout the day, with the ticket office open from the beginning of timetabled service until 00:10 each evening (seven days per week). A waiting room and food/drink vending machines are provided in the main building, along with shelters on both sides. Train running information is offered by automated announcements, digital display screens and timetable posters. Step-free access is available to both platforms (via the ramped footbridge for northbound trains). There is car parking for 104 vehicles and secure cycle storage for 32 bikes. ## Services On Mondays to Saturdays, trains run every 15 minutes towards Liverpool Central and every 15 minutes towards Ormskirk. On race days, the trains have 6 carriages (two trains coupled together). During the Grand National meeting, additional trains run to the station from Liverpool city centre. Connections for stations to Preston are available at Ormskirk. In the evening and on Sundays, trains call every 30 minutes in each direction.
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# Aintree railway station ## Gallery Image:Aintree Sefton Arms station geograph-2387124-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg\|An LMS 630v EMU approaching in 1959. Image:Looking south, Aintree railway station (geograph 3786870).jpg\|The view south along the Liverpool-bound platform. Image:Aintree railway station building AB1.jpg\|The station building viewed from the car park. Image:Merseyrail Class 507, 507012, Aintree railway station (geograph 3786883).jpg\|A Merseyrail Class 507 departs with a service
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# Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral **Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral** or the ***Co-Cathédrale de Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption*** is located in the Canadian prairie town of Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan. ## History The cathedral of the francophone former Roman Catholic Diocese of Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan, for sixty-eight years, and originally dedicated to St. Philomena, the parish church of Gravelbourg became the Cathedral of St. Philomena July 27, 1930 and was renamed the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in 1965. On September 14, 1998, Pope John Paul II suppressed the Diocese, merging it with the Archdiocese of Regina---a reflection of the steady depopulation of rural Saskatchewan. Our Lady of Assumption Cathedral was then designated a co-cathedral of the archdiocese. ## Specifications According to the Archdiocese of Regina website, > \"The architect, J. E. Fortin of Montreal, chose a style that combines Romanesque and Italian Renaissance. The church measures 54.8 metres in length, 25.9 metres in width at the transept, 15.8 metre in the nave and is 19.8 metres in height. It accommodates up to 1,500 people. Twin towers at the west end are capped with cupolas rising to a height of 53.3 metres. The building is steel frame with outer walls of tan-coloured brick trimmed with Indiana stone. Construction began in 1918 and the Most Reverend O. E. Mathieu, Archbishop of Regina, consecrated the completed structure on November 5, 1919. The interior decoration is entirely by Msgr. Charles Maillard, pastor of Gravelbourg, who carried out the work over a period of ten years from 1921 to 1931. The nave interior was altered in the 1960s to bring the church into conformity with the liturgical requirements issued by the Second Vatican Council.\" The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral
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# Matthew Rose (EastEnders) **Matthew Rose** is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera *EastEnders*, played by Joe Absolom from 26 August 1997 to 3 February 2000. He was introduced in 1997. In a deviation from typical casting protocol, the role of Matthew was constructed for Absolom after he auditioned for the production team; they were looking for new, raw talent and developed the character after they saw him perform. Matthew\'s most prominent storyline surrounded him being framed for murder and his wrongful imprisonment. The storyline captivated public interest with various newspapers starting nationwide campaigns for the character\'s release. Absolom decided to leave the soap, believing that the storyline could not be advanced further or bettered. He made his final appearance in February 2000 after taking revenge on his employer Steve Owen (Martin Kemp), the man who framed him for killing his old girlfriend Saskia Duncan (Deborah Sheridan-Taylor) on Valentine\'s Day 1999. Matthew was not killed off in the serial and producers at the time suggested that the door had been left open for a possible return. ## Creation and development {#creation_and_development} Absolom was asked to attend an audition for *EastEnders* by the producers at the time in 1997, despite there being no set part available at the time. He commented, \"I got a telephone call out of the blue asking me whether I would like to go in and see them. They didn\'t have a role for me but were looking for new faces and were keen for me to come on board.\" According to Absolom the producers were looking for someone who was \"new, raw, unaffected\". Absolom was initially uncertain about taking the role: \"I really had to think long and hard about it. Once you take on something like this, it really does change your life. After I\'d auditioned, they told me to go away and think things through. My parents said it was only me who could decide and my younger sister was no help. She tried to put me off. She said \"don\'t do it Joe, \'cos we\'ll have all the fans parked outside our house.\" However he accepted the role and made his first appearance on-screen in August 1997 as the son of already established character Michael Rose (Russell Floyd). Matthew\'s most prominent storyline spans a year and begins on the Valentine\'s Day episode in February 1999. After developing a friendship with club owner Steve Owen (Martin Kemp), Matthew is present to witness Steve accidentally killing his ex-girlfriend Saskia Duncan (Deborah Sheridan-Taylor) by hitting her on the head with a marbel ashtray following her jealous attack on him. Saskia\'s death was first screened in a lengthened 45-minute episode on a Sunday evening, deviating from *EastEnders*\' typical broadcasting weekday slots. Executive producer Matthew Robinson has alleged that Saskia\'s death scene had to be reshot because it was deemed too violent: \"When we played back the film, it was fantastic -- too fantastic. It looked so real that I knew we couldn\'t broadcast it. *EastEnders* goes out before the nine o\'clock watershed, children watch it -- and we can\'t show outright scenes of graphic violence. We had to do the whole thing again. It took almost two hours and the three actors were emotionally and physically exhausted. In the end we got what we wanted.\" After the killing, Steve fears that police will not believe it was an accident, convinces Matthew to help him cover-up the death and they bundle Saskia\'s body into a bin liner and bury it in a wood. Robinson said, \"This is an exciting plot and it\'ll keep us occupied for much of the next year.\" The storyline advances throughout 1999 with a police investigation, the discovery of Saskia\'s body and Steve framing Matthew. In episodes that first aired in October 1999, a court trial is screened, with both Matthew and Steve on trial for manslaughter. Throughout the court scenes different verdicts are insinuated as evidence swings to and fro against the two accused. The eventual verdict ends in a miscarriage of justice; Steve is exhonerated and Matthew is found guilty of manslaughter and imprisoned. A spokeswoman for EastEnders said at the time: \"We are expecting a huge public reaction over the storyline. Joe has already been sent T-shirts by two viewers that say \'Free Matt\'.\" Absolom announced he was quitting the role in October 1999. Absolom stated that he had enjoyed his time on the soap but believed it was the right time to move on, suggesting that the storyline airing at the time, his wrongful imprisonment for murder, would have been difficult to advance. He commented, \"I think people are getting quite bored of it. I\'ve cried so many times on telly, that people just go, \`he\'s crying again\', it\'s not like anything new now.\" Absolom remained on-screen until February 2000. Executive producer of *EastEnders*, Matthew Robinson, said of the actor, \"Joe Absolom has made a huge contribution to *EastEnders*, culminating in the huge success of the recent trial and verdict storylines\" and he added that the door would be left open for a future return. Absolom commented in 2000, \"I\'ve been told the door is always open for me, so you never know. Also, I hope to still see some of the cast, so I like to think it won\'t be my last visit.\" Matthew\'s final episode is a showdown of revenge against his enemy Steve Owen, the real culprit of the murder Matthew was framed for. Absolom described the episode as tough and intense. Two versions of the episode were filmed after the BBC decided that the initial version was too violent. In the broadcast version, Matthew holds Steve hostage at gunpoint and terrorises him with mind games, threatening to kill him and forcing Steve to beg for his life. Finally, Matthew empties a petrol can and pulls out a lighter, but in a final twist he reveals that the can is only filled with water.\" After humiliating Steve, Matthew departs. Of his leaving storyline, Absolom said, \"I wanted it to be a totally blow-your-mind storyline. This is why I knew it was the right time to move on. I really felt I couldn\'t top recent scenes and wanted to go out on a high and be remembered for work that I\'m proud of.\"
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# Matthew Rose (EastEnders) ## Storylines When Matthew arrives in August 1997, he starts out as a sulky teenager. His father, Michael Rose (Russell Floyd), is a market inspector in Albert Square and his mother, Susan Rose (Tilly Vosburgh), arrives later. She and Michael are divorced but he and Matthew take care of her because she has multiple sclerosis. Matthew eventually starts his own market stall, selling CDs. In early 1998, he gets engaged to Sarah Hills (Daniela Denby-Ashe) so he can have sex with her and later breaks off the engagement. He also has a brief relationship with Mary Flaherty (Melanie Clark Pullen). In 1999, Matthew starts working as a DJ for new e20 club owner Steve Owen (Martin Kemp). Steve Owen\'s past soon catches up with him when his obsessive ex-girlfriend Saskia Duncan (Deborah Sheridan-Taylor) arrives in the Square and starts stalking him. Steve gets Matthew involved and tells him to keep an eye out for Saskia and not let her into the club. On 14 February 1999, Saskia sneaks into Steve\'s office and tries to strangle him with his tie, angry because he had dumped her. Matthew comes in and tries to pull Saskia away but she pushes him away and continues strangling Steve. Steve reaches for the nearest object, an ashtray, and hits her over the head and she is killed instantly from the brutal blow. Matthew witnesses it and tries to run away from the scene but Steve threatens him and tells him he is already involved and can\'t run now or he will go to prison too. Steve and Matthew dump Saskia\'s body in Epping Forest. Matthew is worried someone will find out about Saskia but Steve assures him nothing will happen. Over the next few months, Matthew continues to be paranoid and is worried he will go to prison for Saskia\'s murder. Unknown to Steve, he keeps the CCTV tape showing Saskia\'s attack on Steve and subsequent death, but does not dare destroy it. When his flat is burgled and the rucksack in which he has hidden the tape is stolen, his fear and paranoia are heightened. Steve tries to keep him in control. The tape is subsequently recovered but useless as it was wiped by the magnetic field of the stereo speaker Matthew had hidden it in. In June 1999, Saskia\'s body is discovered and Matthew tries running away from Walford with girlfriend Teresa di Marco (Leila Birch). He and Teresa go to Nottingham to hide, using Steve\'s credit card to pay their expenses. He plans to go to Italy from there. Steve is hot on their trail and finds them in a hotel. Matthew and Teresa manage to escape but Matthew is arrested on the way to the airport because Steve has told the police Matthew had killed Saskia. Steve is arrested too for helping to dispose of Saskia\'s body. Matthew finds life tough in prison but his cellmate toughens him up and tells him he must never be scared of anyone. At the trial in October 1999, Matthew pleads not guilty. Steve, meanwhile, puts up an act and tells lies about how Matthew was obsessed with Saskia and killed her. In a cruel twist of fate, Matthew is found guilty of Saskia\'s manslaughter, and Steve walks away. Matthew\'s dad, Michael, shouts in court, \"He\'s innocent, my son is innocent!\" Matthew is released from prison in December 1999 after the police find the ashtray with Steve\'s fingerprints on, and he plans revenge on Steve. During January 2000, he stalks Steve -- trashing his flat, blocking the toilets in his e20 club and spraying graffiti on his door saying, \"DEAD MAN WALKING\". Steve tries investigating who is responsible and hires a detective to find out. The detective is unable to find out if Matthew is doing all this. On 3 February 2000, Matthew finally confronts Steve. He comes for a final showdown with Steve in the club where it all began with Saskia\'s murder a year earlier. Matthew reveals that he has been in the Square for weeks and that the detective Steve had hired was useless. He demanded £10,000 but Steve tries to bully him and throw him out but Matthew shows him a video of him planting light bulbs in Steve\'s flat. He makes Steve realise that if his sister, Jackie Owen (Race Davies), arrives home and turns on the lights they will explode. Steve isn\'t buying it and taunts Matthew about how stupid he is and that is what got him into prison. He pulls a gun on Matthew to try to scare him off. Matthew is one step ahead and had the gun emptied beforehand. Steve is shocked and after a struggle, Matthew hits him with a glass bottle, knocking him unconscious. He ties Steve to a chair and threatens to set the club on fire. Steve is reduced to a helpless and emotional wreck, which is what Matthew wants. He reveals that the video was fake and the petrol he used to threaten Steve is actually water. He gets his revenge, which is to see Steve beg for mercy. He leaves the Square for good and is not seen again. When Steve dies in a car crash two years later, flowers from Matthew saying \"Dear Steve, rot in hell\" are left on his grave.
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# Matthew Rose (EastEnders) ## Reception Absolom was touted as one of the BBC\'s rising stars due to his stint in *EastEnders*. Viewers were reportedly shocked and angered when the character was wrongly imprisoned for murder in 1999. Several newspapers began a campaign to free Matthew, who was dubbed the Walford One by the popular press. During Matthew\'s time in prison, Absolom received what he described as zany fanmail such as chocolate \"from people who thought it would sustain me in jail\" and an audio-taped copy of the episode in which Saskia was murdered by Steve \"So I could show it to the police and clear my name\". Absolom was nominated in the \'Most Popular Actor\' category at the 1999 National Television Awards for his performance as Matthew. In 1998 he won \'Best Soap Actor\' award at the TV Quick awards. In 2000, Absolom was awarded \'Best Actor\' at the British Soap Awards
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# Paw Tracks **Paw Tracks** (formerly known as **Soccer Stars**until 2000, then **Animal** until 2003) was an independent record label based in Washington, D.C. At first only records by Animal Collective were released on the label, but since 2004 it has also released records by other artists; the first was *The Doldrums* by Ariel Pink in October 2004. Although originally exclusively run by the members of Animal Collective, Paw Tracks is now co-owned by members of Carpark Records. A number of the artists on Paw Tracks were chosen by Animal Collective to perform at the All Tomorrow\'s Parties Festival 2011. The label\'s website features artwork by Abby Portner (sister of Animal Collective\'s Avey Tare and member of the Paw Tracks group Drawlings (formerly First Nation/Rings)). ## Roster - Animal Collective - Ariel Pink - Avey Tare - Avey Tare & Kría Brekkan - Black Dice - Dent May & His Magnificent Ukulele - Eric Copeland - Excepter - Jane - Kría Brekkan - Panda Bear - The Peppermints - Prince Rama - Rings (formerly First Nation) - Terrestrial Tones - Tickley Feather ## Soccer Stars discography {#soccer_stars_discography} - Panda Bear -- Panda Bear -- 1999 ## Animal discography {#animal_discography} - Avey Tare and Panda Bear -- Spirit They\'re Gone, Spirit They\'ve Vanished -- 2000 ## Paw Tracks discography {#paw_tracks_discography} - PAW1 -- Animal Collective -- Here Comes the Indian -- 2003 - PAW2 -- Panda Bear -- Young Prayer -- 2004 - PAW3 -- Black Dice / Animal Collective -- Wastered -- 2004 - PAW4 -- Ariel Pink\'s Haunted Graffiti -- The Doldrums -- 2004 - PAW5 -- Ariel Pink\'s Haunted Graffiti -- Worn Copy -- 2005 - PAW6 -- Jane -- Berserker -- 2005 - PAW7 -- The Peppermints -- Jesüs Chryst -- 2005 - PAW8 -- Ariel Pink\'s Haunted Graffiti -- House Arrest -- 2006 - PAW9 -- Terrestrial Tones -- Dead Drunk (album) -- 2006 - PAW10 -- First Nation -- Coronation 7\" -- 2006 - PAW11 -- First Nation -- First Nation -- 2006 - PAW12 -- Animal Collective -- Hollinndagain (Reissue) -- 2006 - PAW13 -- Panda Bear & Excepter -- Carrots/KKKKK 12\" -- 2007 - PAW14 -- Panda Bear -- Person Pitch -- 2007 - PAW15 -- Avey Tare & Kría Brekkan -- Pullhair Rubeye -- 2007 - PAW16 -- Black Dice -- Roll Up / Drool 12\" -- 2007 - PAW17 -- Panda Bear -- Take Pills -- 2007 - PAW17 2? -- Eric Copeland -- Hermaphrodite -- 2007 - PAW18 -- Black Dice -- Load Blown -- 2007 - PAW19 -- Excepter -- Burgers / The Punjab 12\" -- 2007 - PAW20 -- Rings -- Black Habit -- 2008 - PAW21 -- Excepter -- Debt Dept
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# Stefan Kieniewicz **Stefan Kieniewicz** (20 September 1907, in Dereszewicze -- 2 May 1992, in Konstancin) was a Polish historian and university professor, notable for his works on the 19th-century history of Poland. During his work at various universities he became the tutor of several generations of Polish historians and his views on the last two centuries of Poland\'s history remain influential in modern scholarly works. ## Life Stefan Kieniewicz was born on 20 September 1907 in his family\'s manor in the village of Dereszewicze in Polesie. In 1930 he graduated from the historical faculty of the Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, where he studied under tutorship of, among others, Marceli Handelsman and Adam Skałkowski, both being among the most notable historians of the epoch. In 1934 he passed his doctorate and started working as a historian at the Fiscal Archives in Warsaw. Among his pre-war works are a study on Polish society of Poznań during the Spring of Nations (published in 1935) and a biography of Adam Sapieha (published in 1939). After the outbreak of World War II he remained in Warsaw, where he became one of the members of the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the Headquarters of Armia Krajowa. After the failure of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 he was taken prisoner and sent to Dachau concentration camp, where he remained until the liberation. After the war he returned to Poland, where he took part in rebuilding the Warsaw University. After receiving habilitation in 1946 he became a deputy professor and since 1949 an extraordinary professor. In 1958 he became an ordinary professor. Between 1953 and 1968 he collaborated with the Historical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), after which in 1970 he became a full member of the PAN. In 1976 he was also awarded with honorary membership of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Awarded with doctorate honoris causa of the Lublin University, Kieniewicz died on 2 May 1992 in Konstancin near Warsaw, and was buried at Powązki Cemetery. His son, Jan Kieniewicz (born 1938), is an emeritus humanities professor, specialist in Iberian studies and former Polish ambassador to Spain
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# Fazakerley railway station **Fazakerley railway station** is a railway station in Fazakerley, Liverpool, England. It is situated on the Headbolt Lane branch of the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network. ## History The Liverpool and Bury Railway (L&BR) was authorised in 1845, but while it was under construction, the L&BR amalgamated with the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR) in 1846, and the M&LR in turn was renamed the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1847. The line opened on 20 November 1848; one of the original stations was *Simonswood*. This station was renamed twice: it had become *Aintree* by 1850, and in March 1860 it took its present name *Fazakerley* to avoid confusion with the nearby `{{stnlnk|Aintree}}`{=mediawiki} station on a different line, which had opened in 1849. At the time of opening, the mileage of the station was 29+1/2 mi from Bury, but this has since been amended to 31 mi from `{{stnlnk|Manchester Victoria}}`{=mediawiki} via Wigan. To the north-east of the station is Fazakerley Junction, 30 mi from Manchester Victoria, which is where the North Mersey Branch once headed westwards towards `{{stnlnk|Gladstone Dock}}`{=mediawiki}. The branch has closed, but the junction remains as the point where the double track out of Liverpool becomes single track for the last few miles into `{{stnlnk|Kirkby}}`{=mediawiki}. The line eastwards was singled in May 1970, though through running beyond Kirkby (to Wigan Wallgate and `{{rws|Bolton}}`{=mediawiki}) continued until the inauguration of electric operation in May 1977. ## Facilities In common with most Merseyrail stations, it is staffed throughout the day - the street-level ticket office opens 15 minutes prior to start of service and closes at 00:25 each evening (including Sundays). At platform level, there are digital display screens, timetable posters and shelters on each side; a P.A system also provides automated train running information. The ticket office is linked to the platforms via a footbridge - this has a lift installed on each side to provide step-free access. There are cycle racks for 4 cycles and secure cycle storage for 20 cycles. ## Services The station is currently served by four trains per hour in each direction during the day time Monday - Saturday. In late evenings and on Sundays services are reduced to two trains per hour in each direction. Services are operated using `{{brc|777}}`{=mediawiki} BEMUs. In the future, the service will be increased to up to four trains per hour in each direction as more battery operated Class 777 trains become available
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# Ray Seals **Raymond Bernard Seals** (June 17, 1965 -- April 4, 2025) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He was notable for being one of the rare players to have made it to the NFL without ever having attended college. Seals started in Super Bowl XXX as a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers. ## Playing career {#playing_career} Seals lettered in football at Anthony A. Henninger High School in Syracuse, New York. Seals went from playing for the minor-league Syracuse Express of the Empire Football League to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1989. He went to the Steelers in 1994 as a free agent and played two seasons as their starting right defensive end. He was injured in 1996, his third season with the Steelers, and finished with Carolina in 1997. Seals was famous for batting away a pass by then rookie quarterback Brett Favre, only to have it be caught by Favre himself, for the first completion in his long and storied career. ## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death} Seals was inducted into the American Football Association\'s Semi-Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992. Seals\'s cousin, Jonny Gammage, was killed after a traffic stop by Brentwood police officers in 1995. Seals died in Tampa, Florida on April 4, 2025, at the age of 59
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# List of little penguin colonies This is a **list of little penguin colonies** notable for their size, location or public profile. It is not exhaustive. Some little penguin (*Eudyptula minor*) colonies are particularly large, well-known, or are tourist attractions; even small colonies in urban areas may attract tours. Little penguins, also known as little blue or fairy penguins, exhibit site fidelity to their breeding colonies and nesting sites over successive years. They live year-round in large or small colonies, with each individual breeding pair forming a burrow, or using caves or crevices between rocks, in which to raise their chicks (of which two are born at a time, usually about two days apart). Although many breed in large, well-defined colonies, the penguins also occur in scattered locations along long stretches of coastline. In New Zealand numerous beaches, bays and coves are host to penguin colonies. Colony sizes may range from thousands to just a few nests, with some penguins ranging into urban areas. The total population is estimated to lie between 350,000 and 600,000 individuals. Most of these breed on offshore islands where they are not subject to predation by introduced mammals, nor to regular disturbance by people, and are relatively secure. Many colonies on the Australian mainland, as well as on the coasts of Tasmania and New Zealand\'s North and South Islands, are in decline. ## Tourism Little penguins typically return to their colonies to feed their chicks after sunset, which is when they are most visible to people and where tourist attention is focussed. Little penguins attract large numbers of tourists in Australia, and are important in several local economies. However, penguin tourism can also affect penguin breeding success through causing adults to desert nests and chicks to receive fewer meals. ## Predation Little penguins were once common along the southern coastline of mainland Australia but are now primarily confined to various small islands and isolated coastal locations due to predation by introduced feral and domestic cats, foxes or, in New Zealand, stoats and ferrets, and stray dogs on the mainland. The birds and their nests are also preyed on by native animals such as goannas and, in the vicinity of the colonies at sea, by fur seals. Where roads pass close to colonies, they may be killed by cars. Due to their diminutive size, the introduction of predators and the spread of human settlement, some colonies have been reduced in size by as much as 98% in just a few years. An example is the small colony on Middle Island, near Warrnambool, Victoria, which was reduced from 5,000 penguins to 100; a subsequent conservation management program using Maremma sheepdogs to guard the colony and deter foxes allowed numbers to start to recover.
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# List of little penguin colonies ## Australia ### Jervis Bay Territory {#jervis_bay_territory} Colonies in the Jervis Bay Territory include: - Bowen Island - 5000 pairs, restricted access ### New South Wales {#new_south_wales} Colonies in New South Wales include from the north: - Boondelbah Island, Cabbage Tree Island and Broughton Island, near Port Stephens - four small colonies constituting the most northerly breeding site of the species, restricted access - Lion Island - 300 pairs, nesting site threatened by invasive weeds, island subject to environmental rehabilitation program, restricted access - Manly Point - small, threatened urban colony in Sydney Harbour - Five Islands Nature Reserve - offshore from Port Kembla. Over 1000 occupied burrows in 1962, significant decline noted in 1990s. - Barunguba / Montague Island - up to 8000 pairs, largest NSW colony, tours conducted - Twofold Bay - small mainland colony in the Eagles Claw Nature Reserve adjacent to the town of Eden. This colony has gone extinct. ### South Australia {#south_australia} Colonies in South Australia include: - Althorpe Islands - Group of islands in Investigator Strait, southwest of Yorke PeninsulaWiebkin, A. S. (2011) [Conservation management priorities for little penguin populations in Gulf St Vincent. Report to Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board.](http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/2/Coast/Reports/FINAL%20for%20web%20-%20penguin%20report%2013-9-11.pdf) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182949/http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/2/Coast/Reports/FINAL%20for%20web%20-%20penguin%20report%2013-9-11.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }}`{=mediawiki} South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide. SARDI Publication No. F2011/000188-1. SARDI Research Report Series No.588. 97pp. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Goose Island, Little Goose Island & White Rock Island - aquatic reserve - Granite Island, Victor Harbor - colony in possibly terminal decline, from 1600 to 1800 individuals in 2000 to about 20 in 2012, evening tours and information centre - Greenly Island - Island offshore from Coffin Bay in the Great Australian Bight - Investigator Group - colonies on Dorothee Island, Pearson Island which was surveyed as having approximately 12,000 birds in 2004 and the Waldegrave Islands. - Kangaroo Island 1. Kingscote - about 700 individuals in 2010, guided tours were given each evening, but stopped in 2013 2. Penneshaw - small, declining colony threatened by fur seal predation, evening guided tours 3. Flinders Chase National Park - \"thousands\" inhabiting the park\'s shores, reported in 1972. Current status unknown. 4. Ravine de Casoars - population described as \"innumerable\" in 1972. Current status unknown. 5. Sandy Creek - \"dozens\" inhabiting limestone caves, reported in 1972. Current status unknown. - Lipson Island, north of Tumby Bay, Eyre Peninsula - colony appears to be stable at around 100 animals. - Louth Bay (Louth Island and Rabbit Island) - status unknown, previously a large colony in the 1800s - Royston Island, in Pondalowie Bay at the south-west end of Yorke Peninsula - as of 1982, the species was reported as being "most numerous" on the island. As of 2011, the status of the breeding colony was not known. - Sir Joseph Banks Group - island group in Spencer Gulf supporting multiple colonies - some in decline, others of unknown status - Thistle Island - large island in southern Spencer Gulf - Troubridge Island, off Edithburgh, Yorke Peninsula in Gulf St Vincent - formerly 3000-6000 individuals and one of South Australia\'s largest colonies, access by permit. As of 2013, colony is believed to be in decline. - Wardang Island - formerly the largest colony in Spencer Gulf. Population status is unknown. - Wedge Island ### Tasmania Colonies in Tasmania include: - Bicheno - colony of 200 pairs on Diamond Island adjacent to and accessible from the town; tours available - Bruny Island - declining colony of about 400 pairs at the Neck (sandy isthmus between North and South Bruny Island) attracts large numbers of tourists to its viewing platforms - Burnie - observation centre and tours - De Witt Island - 500 pairs; part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area (IBA) - Goat Island - part of the Three Sisters - Goat Island Nature Reserve - Lillico Beach near Devonport - small colony; viewing facilities - Low Head - small colony; guided tours - Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area - over 16,000 pairs spread over several small islands in the Southwest National Park; access difficult - St Helens Important Bird Area - up to 15,000 pairs at various sites around the fishing and holiday town of St Helens; tours available - Wynyard - tours available by appointment - Preservation Bay - Small colony - Babel Island - 20,000 pairs; IBA; access difficult - Betsey Island - 15,000 pairs; nature reserve and IBA - Chalky, Big Green and Badger Island Groups Important Bird Area - over 40,000 pairs spread over several islands in the Furneaux Group - Forsyth, Passage and Gull Island Important Bird Area - 80,000 pairs ### Victoria Colonies in Victoria, Australia include: - Gabo Island - up to 20,000 pairs - Lady Julia Percy Island - 2,000 breeding pairs - London Bridge beach, Port Campbell National Park - small colony; tours and viewing platforms - Middle Island - small, threatened colony protected by innovative conservation program using sheepdogs; restricted access - Phillip Island - 70,000 individuals; iconic colony and major Australian tourist attraction operating since 1928 - St Kilda Harbour Breakwater - small urban colony of approximately 1400 individuals
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# List of little penguin colonies ## Australia ### Western Australia {#western_australia} Colonies in Western Australia include: - 6-mile Island, Israelite Bay - Bald Island - Carnac Island, near Perth and north of Garden Island. Status unknown. - Coffin Island northeast of King George Sound - Daw Island, 150 km east of Condingup - Doubtful Islands - Eclipse Island (south of Albany) - Flinders Bay - Seal Island and St Alouarn Island - Garden Island, 6.5 km north of Penguin Island. Estimated 500-600 birds in monitored areas in 2011. - King George Sound - islands including Michelmas Island, Mistaken Island, Seal Island and Breaksea Island. Breaksea Island mentioned in an historical account from 1827, current status unknown. - Pasley Island - Penguin Island, near Perth, has the state\'s largest population. Population estimated at 1,000 birds in 2011. It is part of Shoalwater Islands Marine Park. - Quagering Island - Newdegate Island, at the mouth of Deep River. Historical account, current status unknown. - Recherche Archipelago - numerous islands including Cull Island, Figure of 8 Island, Hood Island, Mackenzie Island, Mondrain Island, Observatory Island, Ram Island, Remark Island, Sandy Hook Island, South East Isles, Wilson Island (present in 2001) and Woody Island (which supports a colony of unknown size at the island\'s Eastern end). - Shelter Island, near Torbay. Historic account, current status unknown. Skin of a specimen also collected there in 1988
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# Darra Adam Khel **Darra Adam Khel** (*درہ آدم خیل*) is the main town of Dara Adam Khel Tehsil (formerly known as \"Frontier Region Kohat\") in the Kohat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It has gained fame and notoriety for its bazaars packed with gunsmiths and weapons merchants. The town consists of one main street lined with multiple shops, while side-alleys and streets contain workshops. ## Economy A wide variety of firearms are produced in the town, ranging from anti-aircraft guns to pen guns. Weapons are handmade by individual craftsmen using traditional manufacturing techniques, which are usually handed down from father-to-son. Guns are regularly tested by test-firing into the air. Darra is controlled by the local tribesmen. The town has certain special laws compared to the rest of Pakistan. Most of the people here make or sell just one thing, i.e., guns, while the second largest business of the inhabitants is transport. Manufacturing of heavy ammunition, however, has been closed down. Tourism is not advisable because tribal police (Khasadar) visit the market to check for any local rules and law violation. Foreigners without permits are taken to secure places to avoid any mishaps. The Darra arms trade first fired up in 1897 and became popular with the Adam Khel Afridis. According to Vice News, the gun trade in the area was affected by Taliban and was forced to go underground. ## Tourism Michael Palin visited the town as part of his *Himalaya* television series, as did Ethan Casey in his travel book *Alive and Well in Pakistan* while Australian film director Benjamin Gilmour\'s feature drama *Son of a Lion* set in Darra Adam Khel premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival 2008. Suroosh Alvi of Vice Media also entered the market-town in 2006 for a segment of *Vice Guide to Travel*
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# White revolution (India) **White revolution**, or **Operation Flood**, launched on 13 January 1970, was the world\'s largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India\'s National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world\'s largest milk producer, surpassing the United States in 1998 with about 22.29 percent of global output in 2018. Within 30 years, it doubled the milk available per person in India and made dairy farming India\'s largest self-sustainable rural employment generator. The programme was launched to help farmers direct their own development and to give them control of the resources they create. It also promoted jersey cows and heavily increased lactose intolerance amongst Indians.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Dr Verghese Kurien, the chairman and founder of Amul, was named the Chairman of NDDB by Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Kurien thrust the programme towards success and has since been recognised as its architect. The making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk, termed the *Anand Pattern Experiment*at*Amul*, was also instrumental to the program\'s success; the man who made this possible was Harichand Megha Dalaya, alongside Kurien. It allowed Amul to compete successfully with cow milk-based suppliers such as Nestle. ## Introduction and objective {#introduction_and_objective} thumbnail\|250px \| Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, visits India and Amul with Harichand Megha Dalaya, in December 1980 Operation Flood is the programme that led to the \"White Revolution.\" It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities, reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen. At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers\' co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members. Operation Flood\'s objectives included: - Increase in milk production - Augmented rural incomes - Fair prices for consumers - Increased income and reduced poverty among participating farmers while ensuring steady supply of milk in return
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# White revolution (India) ## Program implementation {#program_implementation} Operation Flood was implemented in Three phases: ### Phase I {#phase_i} thumbnail\|250px \| Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, visits India and Amul with Harichand Megha Dalaya, in December 1980. Phase I (1970--1980) was financed by the sale of skimmed milk powder and butter oil donated by the European Economic Community (EEC) through the World Food Program (WFP). NDDB planned the programme and negotiated the details of EEC assistance. During this phase, Operation Flood linked 18 of India\'s premier milk sheds with consumers in India\'s major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, establishing mother dairies in the four metros. Operation Flood-I was originally meant to be completed in 1975, but it eventually lasted until the end of 1979, at a total cost of Rs.1.16 billion. At the start of Operation Flood-I, in 1970, certain aims were kept in view for the implementation of the programs: - Improving the organized dairy sector in metropolitan cities Mumbai (then Bombay), Kolkata (then Calcutta), Chennai (then Madras), and Delhi through marketing, - An increase in producers\' share in the milk market, - The speeding up of the development of dairy animals in rural areas to increase both production and procurement. ### Phase II {#phase_ii} Operation Flood Phase II (1981--1985) increased the number of milk sheds from 18 to 136; urban markets also expanded the outlets for milk to 290. By the end of 1985, a self-sustaining system of 43000 village co-operatives with 4,250,000 milk producers was covered. Domestic milk powder production increased from 22,000 metric tonnes in the pre-project year to 140,000 tonnes by 1989, with all of this increase coming from dairies set up under Operation Flood. In this way, EEC gifts and a World Bank loan helped promote self-reliance. Direct marketing of milk by producers\' co-operatives also increased by several million liters a day. ### Phase III {#phase_iii} Phase III (1985--1996) enabled dairy co-operatives to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first-aid health care services, feed, and artificial insemination services for co-operative members were extended, along with intensified member education. Operation Flood\'s Phase III consolidated India\'s dairy co-operative movement, adding 30,000 new dairy co-operatives to the 43,000 existing co-operatives organised during Phase II. The number of milk sheds peaked at 173 in 1988--89, with the numbers of female members and female dairy cooperative societies increasing significantly. Phase III also increased emphasis on research and development in animal health and nutrition. Innovations such as a vaccine for theileriosis, bypassing protein feed and urea-molasses mineral blocks, contributed to the enhanced productivity of milk-producing animals
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# Marshalltown trowel The **Marshalltown trowel** is an excavation implement frequently used by archaeologists and bricklayers. Manufactured by the Marshalltown Company of Marshalltown, Iowa, the trowel was first introduced in the 1890s. A patent filed for its handle by the company on July 12, 1927 was granted on December 23, 1930. The Marshalltown trowel is made of a single piece of metal. The 5-inch and 6-inch pointing trowels are most often used for archaeology. It is larger and more flexible than the WHS trowel preferred by archaeologists in the United Kingdom, which makes it better for cleaning sections but less suited to digging heavy clay and gravel deposits. It is also used by bricklayers in the United Kingdom
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# Russian chanson **Russian chanson** (*russkiy shanson*; from French \"chanson\") is a neologism for a musical genre covering a range of Russian songs, including city romance songs, author song performed by singer-songwriters, and blatnaya pesnya or \"criminals\' songs\" that are based on the themes of the urban underclass and the criminal underworld. ## History The Russian chanson originated in the Russian Empire. The songs sung by serfs and political prisoners of the Tsar are very similar in content to the songs sung in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation today. However, during the Soviet Union, the style changed, and the songs became part of the culture of samizdat and dissent. During the Khrushchev thaw, the Soviet Union released a lot of prisoners from the gulag. When the former prisoners returned from the gulags back to their homes in the 1950s, the songs that they had sung in the camps became popular with Soviet students and nonconformist intelligentsia. Then, in the second half of the 1960s, the more conservative Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin made a slight reversal to this process, albeit never reaching the tight, stringent controls experienced during the Stalin era. This, combined with the influx of cheap and portable magnetic tape recorders led to an increase in the popularity and consumption of the criminal songs. These songs were performed by Soviet bards; folk singers who sung with simple guitar accompaniment. Since Soviet culture officials did not approve of the songs, many of the bards initially became popular playing at small, private student parties. The attendees at these gatherings would record the concert with a tape recorder. The songs of the bards spread through the sharing and recopying of these tapes. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation, the musical style of the songs began to shift, although the content did not. Modern artists affiliated with the Chanson genre often sing not in the traditional style used even by the Khrushchev-era performers, but more professionally, borrowing musical arrangements from pop, rock, and jazz. Although the strict cultural control of the Soviet Union has ended, many Russian officials still publicly denounce the genre. Russia\'s prosecutor general, Vladimir Ustinov, referred to the songs as \"propaganda of the criminal subculture\". However, there is a radio station called Radio Chanson that broadcasts chanson round the clock. Radio Chanson is also the founder of the Chanson of the Year awards ceremony held annually at Russia\'s main concert venue, the State Kremlin Palace, awarding artists performing in the genre. Many politicians are fans of the genre, and one of the popular modern chanson singers, Alexander Rosenbaum, was a member of the Duma as part of the United Russia Party. Rosenbaum was also awarded the title of People\'s Artist of Russia by a decree of Vladimir Putin.
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# Russian chanson ## Reactions ### Soviet officials {#soviet_officials} Many of the Soviet bards also worked as writers and actors for the Soviet state. These artists were required to submit their works to government censors for approval. When bards performed uncensored pieces which fans would then distribute, they risked their official jobs. In December 1971 a popular Soviet bard, Alexander Galich, was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers for publishing uncensored works abroad and making his views known to large groups of people in the Soviet Union, which Galich claims happened after a Politburo member heard a tape of Galich's uncensored songs at his daughter\'s wedding reception. Galich describes the official backlash following his expulsion from the Union of Soviet Writers in an open letter to the International Committee on Human Rights that he wrote after being denied permission to travel abroad: "I am deprived of\...the right to see my work published, the right to sign a contract with a theater, film studio, or publishing house, the right to perform in public." Other bards who were not official Soviet artist still risked their job by performing uncensored songs. In 1968 Yuli Kim, a Russian language and literature teacher at a boarding school attached to Moscow State University, was dismissed for performing uncensored songs critical of the Soviet Union. Although the official stance of the Soviet Union towards these songs was intolerant, many Soviet officials enjoyed the uncensored tapes. Bulat Okudzhava, a bard often criticized by Soviet officials, was invited to give a concert at the Soviet embassy in Warsaw. In addition to active repression from the state, Soviet bards also faced criticisms on the literary merit of their songs from Soviet officials. Even songs that were not openly critical of the Soviet union, like the songs of Vladimir Vysotsky, came under attack for their content and the way they were performed. The transgression was not anti-Soviet content, like the songs of Galich, but content that was considered \"un-soviet\", and contributed the denigration of the Soviet people. During a meeting of 140 writers, artists and film workers in 1962, Leonid Ilyichev, chairman of the Ideological Commission of the Soviet Communist Party\'s Central Committee, criticized the songs of Okudzhava. Ilyichev called them \"vulgar songs\...designed to appeal to low and cheap tastes\" and said they were \"out of keeping with the entire structure of \[Soviet\] life\". Artists in Soviet service also criticized the bards that sung unapproved songs. The newspaper Sovetskaia Rossiia (Soviet Russia) attacked Vysotsky for offering \"Philistinism, vulgarity, and immorality\" under the \"guise of art\". Although Vysotsky was often criticized by officials, he never faced imprisonment or exile like other bards. This was in part due to his use of sarcasm as opposed to criticism, his lack of political activity, but mainly due to his immense popularity among the Soviet People. Gradually, Soviet authorities eased their reactions to the bards who sang outlaw songs. In 1981, after Vysotsky\'s death, the state allowed the publication of a collection of his poetry (although official state poets still attacked Vysotsky\'s poems). During Gorbachev's reign, Gorbachev\'s policy of glasnost made the outlaw songs officially acceptable. The songs which previously needed to be distributed unofficially through personally copied tapes could now be purchased in stores. In 1987, Vysotsky was posthumously awarded the state literary prize. The songs that were more directly critical of Soviet Union, however, authorities largely ignored. ### Soviet public {#soviet_public} The public appeal of the outlaw songs in the Soviet Union was fueled by the contrast between the outlaw songs and state-sanctioned music. The outlaw songs did not have the same civic-minded messages as their official counterparts, and were instead much more personal. They touched on subjects taboo in Soviet society, like antisemitism, the growing class divide and the power abuses of the political elite. The more personal nature of the music both in content and style, gave it a sense of authenticity, something that led to the mass appeal of the songs. The songs were often very crude, an aspect of which was heavily criticized by the state, and echoed by some Soviet Citizens outside of the government.
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# Russian chanson ## Themes Lyrically, Chanson songs are usually narrative-driven and are more similar to ballads than pop songs. In fact, this is one of the reasons for naming the genre after the French Chanson (the other being musical similarity). Chanson themes vary greatly depending on the time in which the songs were written and the places in which they are set. For example, songs set in the Odessa of the 1910s tend to be more cheerful, and are sharply contrasted by the dark, depressing, and violent songs set in the Stalinist era. The interesting thing is that it is common for a Chanson artist, regardless of the time in which he writes his songs, to include songs of all periods in his repertoire, and write songs set in an era different from his own. This often leads to confusion: for example, the bard Alexander Gorodnitsky reports being beaten up once after claiming authorship to one of his songs, which was attributed to a Gulag inmate living over 30 years earlier. Recurring themes in Chanson songs include: - Military and patriotic themes. There is a subgenre of Chanson known as Military chanson. - White Guard (anticommunist side of the Russian Civil War) - The execution of a traitor to a criminal gang (the first such song is probably \"Murka\"). This is usually in the context of the Russian criminals\' law, which punishes betrayal very harshly. - Being sent to, or released from, a labor camp. - Love in the context of criminal life, the conflict usually being either betrayal or separation due to imprisonment. - Glorification of the \'merry thief\' archetype. These songs are often set in the city of Odessa, where the Jewish Mafia was characterized as being particularly cheerful and colorful. Odessa Couplets often depict the rich and glorious life before Stalin\'s regime, when Odessa was among the only cities in the young Soviet Union to have free trade. These songs are often narrations of weddings and parties, sometimes based on real events. - Political satire of different forms. - Appeal to emotions towards relatives or beloved ones, often leading unlawful or morally controversial lives. As seen above, chanson is rooted in prison life and criminal culture, but some chanson performers insist that the genre transcends mere criminal songs, and look upon Alexander Vertinsky and Alla Bayanova as their precursors.
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# Russian chanson ## Musical style {#musical_style} The musical style of the older Russian criminal songs, much like the Russian Bard songs, are heavily influenced by the classical Russian romance genre of the 19th century, more specifically a subgenre known as the City or Urban Romance. Romance songs are almost always divided into four-line rhymed couplets, rarely have a chorus, and follow a fairly consistent chord progression (Am, Dm, and E, sometimes with C and G added). The strumming pattern is also predictable: it is either a march, or a slow 3/4 waltz pattern often utilizing fingerpicking rather than strumming. Romance songs were traditionally played on a Russian guitar, since its tuning makes playing these chords easier (most of them are played as a single-finger bar chord). ## Performers Criminal songs were prominently performed by artists like Arcady Severny, Vladimir Vysotsky, Alexander Gorodnitsky, and Alexander Rosenbaum. Notice that with the exception of Severny, these performers are usually better known for their Bard songs. Arkady was one of the rare performers who focuses exclusively on collecting and performing old criminal songs. Modern chanson performers include the band Lesopoval, Spartak Arutyunyan and Belomorkanal Band, Boka (Russian-Armenian Chanson), Ivan Kuchin, Butyrka, Aleksandr Novikov, Willi Tokarev, Mikhail Shufutinsky, Lubov\' Uspenskaya, and Mikhail Krug (murdered in 2002 at his villa in Tver). Some of the early performers are Leonid Utesov, Alexander Vertinsky, Pyotr Leshchenko, Izabella Yurieva, etc. A more recent artist who plays chanson with Rock music is Grigory Leps. Elena Vaenga, another recently popularized singer, actress and songwriter, sings in the styles of Russian shanson, folk music and folk rock. Mikhail Tanich was one of the most popular poets in this genre. British singer Marc Almond is the only western artist to receive acclaim in western Europe as well as Russia for singing English versions of Russian Romances and Russian Chanson on his albums *Heart on Snow* and *Orpheus in Exile*
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# World Animal Protection **World Animal Protection**, formerly **The World Society for the Protection of Animals** (**WSPA**), is an international non-profit animal welfare organization that has been in operation since 1981. The charity\'s mission is to create a better world for animals by protecting them. The charity has regional hubs in: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and North America, and offices in 14 countries. Its headquarters is in London. ## History The organization was known previously as the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA). This resulted from the merger of two animal welfare organizations in 1981, the World Federation for the Protection of Animals (WFPA) founded in 1950 and the International Society for the Protection of Animals (ISPA) founded in 1959. In June 2014, the charity became World Animal Protection. ## Campaigns ### Animals in the wild {#animals_in_the_wild} In 1985 WSPA launched a campaign to outlaw bullfighting in cities in France and Spain. In the 1990s, the charity contributed to the prohibition of bear dancing in Greece, Turkey, and India. In India, the charity funded a sanctuary for bears previously used in the trade. After a BBC investigation in September 2013, the charity launched a campaign against the caged civet coffee trade. Several retailers have since stopped selling coffee produced by caged civets. The charity campaigns in Asia for an end to the bear bile industry. In Pakistan they work to end bear baiting by campaigning for a change in law, offering alternative livelihoods to bear owners and housing bears rescued from bear baiting in a purpose built sanctuary. ### Animals in communities {#animals_in_communities} The organization is working to end the inhumane culling of stray dogs, which many countries do in an effort to eliminate rabies. The organization believes that vaccination programs are the only effective way to eliminate rabies, and work with governments on vaccination programs. In 2012, a mass vaccination program was started in the Shaanxi, Guizhou and Anhui Provinces of China, working with the Chinese Animal Disease Control Centre; as of June 2014, 750 veterinarians have been trained and over 90,000 dogs have been vaccinated. Mass vaccination programs have also been delivered in Bali, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Kenya, Zanzibar, and Kathmandu, Nepal. A second focus is on stray dog population management itself, through proven humane methods such as education, improved legislation, registration and identification of dogs, sterilisation and contraception, holding facilities and rehoming centres. They help governments design a program, and monitor and evaluate progress, using the model provided in the document \"Humane Dog Population Management Guidance\", developed in November 2007 by The International Companion Animal Management Coalition (ICAM Coalition), of which the organization is a member. Programs often include veterinary services such as mobile clinics for stray cats and dogs or those belonging to people who cannot afford veterinary care. The animals are sterilized, vaccinated, and provided other needed veterinary care. Such programs are provided in Sri Lanka, Zanzibar, Colombia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Sierra Leone, and Bali. A further focus is on helping working animals (horses, donkeys, and mules) in the West Bank, working with a partner organization, the Palestine Wildlife Society.\" ### Animals in disasters {#animals_in_disasters} The charity has disaster operations teams in Asia and Latin America. In the aftermath of disasters they travel to worst affected areas to administer emergency veterinary care, distribute food and reunite animals with their owners where possible. The work is of particular benefit in developing world countries, where communities rely on animals for food, transport and income. The charity also works with governments and local animal welfare groups in disaster-prone areas to set up national warning systems and teach communities how to protect their animals in the event of a disaster. In November 2013 the charity were filmed for a BBC documentary called *Vets in the Disaster Zone*, during disaster response work in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan. The programme aired on *BBC Two* on 28 April 2014. ### Animals in farming {#animals_in_farming} World Animal Protection works with governments, food businesses and farmers to improve the welfare of farmed animals. They encourage the general public to buy food produced in line with high welfare standards. In 2013 the charity joined with Compassion in World Farming to create a business benchmark on farm animal welfare (BBFAW). According to *The Guardian*, there has been a 10 per cent rise in companies publishing farm animal welfare policies since the benchmark launched. In 2024, World Animal Protection published a report \"Your Taxes, Their Farms: Funding Factory Farming Abroad\". It found that more than £116 million of UK\'s Taxpayer money has been used to fund \"cruel and damaging\" factory farms abroad in the past five years. ### Global animal welfare {#global_animal_welfare} The charity is campaigning for a universal declaration on animal welfare. In 2013 they successfully lobbied the United Nations to include language on animal welfare in two General Assembly Resolutions on agriculture and disaster risk reduction. In 2017, a World Animal Protection investigation uncovered a massive increase in harmful wildlife selfies on social media sites. Instagram vowed to take action, following an investigation by international NGO, World Animal Protection. In 2017, two Instagram personalities, Sal Lavallo and Jessica Nabongo streamed a live video of an endangered species, a pangolin being eaten in Gabon. As of 2020, videos and accounts showing cruelty to animals and abuses of endangered species are not banned.
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# World Animal Protection ## Campaigns ### Jeannette McDermott Award {#jeannette_mcdermott_award} In 2015 World Animal Protection awarded Marcelle Meredith, Executive Director of the National Council of Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals - South Africa (NSPCA), and former Board member of the World Animal Protection, with the Jeannette McDermott award for animal welfare. The award was created in Canada by World Animal Protection in 1996 \"in recognition of someone's life devoted to animal welfare.\" Dominique Bellemare, Chairman of WAP Canada stated: \"Marcelle has done amazing work for the past decade and for the cause of animal welfare. She has used her years on the international platform to advance the cause of animal welfare in Africa. I thank her profusely for all her work and dedication
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# Jānis Sprukts **Jānis Sprukts** (born January 31, 1982) is a retired Latvian professional ice hockey forward. ## Biography As a youth, Sprukts played in the 1996 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Riga. He was drafted by Panthers as their eighth-round pick, #234 overall, in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. Sprukts has played two seasons of hockey in North America, then three seasons in Europe with Odense Bulldogs, ASK/Ogre, HK Rīga 2000, HPK. In 2006, he returned to North America, where he signed with the Florida Panthers. He started the 2006/2007 season in Panthers farmclub American Hockey League team Rochester Americans. In October 2006, after 4 games in AHL, he was called up to the Florida Panthers. On 20 October he played his first NHL game against the Philadelphia Flyers, but on 21 December, playing against the New York Rangers, recorded his first point in the NHL. On April 6, 2007, Jānis scored his first career NHL goal against Marc Denis and the Tampa Bay Lightning in a Panthers 7-2 victory. In 2009, he left North America and then played in the KHL for Dinamo Riga and CSKA Moscow
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# Pat Devine **Pat Devine** is a radical socialist economist concerned mainly with industrial economics and comparative economic systems. Devine made one of the most thorough descriptions of a future post-capitalistic economy which is based upon social ownership of the means of production by those affected by the use of it. The allocation of consumer and capital goods would be made by a form of decentralized participatory economic planning called negotiated coordination of those at the most localised level of economic production. This model is notable for specifying an array of social ownership rights and an analytic distinction between market forces and market relations. Another key aspect of Devine's work has been a close reading of the notorious economic calculation debate and later attempts to offer a response to the objections by the Austrian school of economic theory. Similarly, Devine\'s work on the subject of industrial planning has largely constituted an extended critique of the Austrian theory of entrepreneurship. In this vein, Devine has argued that \"a major weakness in the modern Austrian School\'s emphasis on the need for tacit knowledge to be socially mobilised by entrepreneurs participating in the market process is that participation is restricted to those with access to capital, thus ignoring the tacit knowledge of the majority of people\". Devine is a joint author of the book *An Introduction to Industrial Economics* and author of *Democracy and Economic Planning*. He and collaborators Fikret Adaman and Begum Ozkaynak are particularly notable for their elaboration of a visionary socialist model that they call participatory planning. The most significant influences on Devine\'s economic thought were Karl Marx and the Marxian tradition associated with Antonio Gramsci as well as the economo-anthropologic theories of Karl Polanyi. As of 2008, Devine is an honorary research fellow at Manchester University. He began his academic studies in economics at Balliol College, Oxford
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# Thomas Jenkins Semmes **Thomas Jenkins Semmes** (December 16, 1824 -- June 23, 1899) was an American politician who served as a Confederate States Senator from Louisiana from 1862 to 1865. He was the 9th president of the American Bar Association 1886--1887. ## Biography Thomas Jenkins Semmes was born in Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), son of Raphael Semmes, of the Charles County, Maryland (Tayloe\'s Neck) Semmes, and Mary Matilda Jenkins Semmes. The Semmes family were merchants of English and French descent. He graduated from Georgetown College (now Georgetown University) in 1842, and received a law degree from Harvard University in 1845. He practiced law in Washington DC until 1850, when he moved to New Orleans. There he became active in the Democratic Party and was soon elected a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. President James Buchanan appointed him United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Louisiana in 1857, serving till 1859, He was appointed Attorney General of Louisiana in 1860, serving till 1864. He became a strong advocate of secession. In 1862, he was elected Confederate States Senator from Louisiana, serving until 1865. He was a strong supporter and advocate of Louisiana troops, including the famed Louisiana Tigers, in which his brother Andrew served as a regimental surgeon. Semmes was a close adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Due to the Union occupation of New Orleans in 1862, he resided in Richmond during the war, less than a block away from the White House of the Confederacy. Semmes was credited with creating the motto for the Confederacy, \"*Deo vindice*\" which appears on the seal. Senator Semmes, in proposing this motto, took pains to stress that the Confederacy had \"deviated in the most emphatic manner from the spirit that presided over the construction of the Constitution of the United States, which is silent on the subject of the Deity\", and he clearly expected this invocation to bring his side victory. Semmes\' home in Federal-occupied New Orleans was commandeered by order of General Benjamin Butler to quarter Union troops. After the war, Semmes resumed the practice of law in New Orleans. He became a professor of law at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University). He served as a member of the Louisiana Constitutional Conventions of 1879 and 1898. In 1886-1887, he served as President of the American Bar Association. Semmes was president of The Boston Club (an exclusive social club) in 1883--1892. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Semmes was married on January 8, 1850, in Montgomery, Alabama, to Myra Eulalia Knox and they had seven children. He continued to live in New Orleans, and also maintained a summer home at 191 Culpeper Street in Warrenton, Virginia, which was built in 1873. The home is known as \"The Louisiana House.\" In 1900 a public school at 1008 Jourdan Street in New Orleans was named for him. The building was sold to a non-profit and suffered significant damage in Hurricane Katrina. It continues to suffer from demolition by neglect. He died in New Orleans in 1899 and is interred in Metairie Cemetery. ## Family A first cousin was Raphael Semmes, captain of the CSS *Alabama* and later admiral. Raphael Semmes, son of Richard Thompson Semmes and Catherine Middleton Semmes, grew up with his cousin in Georgetown after Raphael\'s parents died. Thomas Jenkins Semmes\' sister, Cora Matilda Semmes Ives, was an American writer known for her pro-Confederate utopian novel *The Princess of the Moon: A Confederate Fairy Story*, published in 1869
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# Bombshell (1933 film) ***Bombshell*** is a 1933 American pre-Code romantic screwball comedy film directed by Victor Fleming and starring Jean Harlow, Lee Tracy, Frank Morgan, C. Aubrey Smith, Mary Forbes and Franchot Tone. It is based on the unproduced play of the same name by Caroline Francke and Mack Crane, and was adapted for the screen by John Lee Mahin and Jules Furthman. The story satirizes the stardom years of Clara Bow, the big screen\'s original \"It girl.\" Its character Lola Burns mirrors Bow, as Pops Burns does Robert Bow (her father), Mac does Daisy DeVoe (her secretary), Gifford Middleton does Rex Bell (her husband), and E. J. Hanlon does B. P. Schulberg (a producer at Paramount). Fleming, the director, was Bow\'s fiancée in 1926. ## Plot Movie star Lola Burns is angry with her studio publicist E. J. \"Space\" Hanlon, who feeds the press with endless provocative stories about her. Burns\'s family and staff are another cause of distress for her, as everybody is always trying to take her money. All Burns really wants is to live a normal life and prove to the public that she is not a sexy vamp, but a proper lady. She attempts a few romances and tries to adopt a baby, but Hanlon, who secretly loves her, thwarts all her plans. Burns decides she cannot stand any more of such a life, and flees. Far from the movie fluff, she meets wealthy and romantic Gifford Middleton, who hates the movies and therefore has never heard about Lola Burns and her bad press. They soon fall in love, and Gifford proposes marriage. Burns is to meet her fiancé\'s parents, but everything collapses when her family finds her, and the Middletons find out she is a movie star. Burns feels hurt by the rude way Gifford and his parents dump her, and accepts Hanlon\'s suggestion to return to Hollywood with no regrets. She does not know that the three Middletons were all actors hired by Hanlon himself. At the studio, Burns and Hanlon are kissing when the "Middletons" walk by her dressing room. They have been given jobs on the next Barrymore picture as a reward for helping to bring Burns back to the fold. Infuriated, she flees. Hanlon jumps into the moving car. They are about to kiss when the supposed lunatic who has been pursuing her throughout the film, claiming to be her husband, sticks his head in the window. He greets Hanlon and asks "How'm I doin'?" The shot fades out on the battling couple. ## Cast - Miki Morita as Yokohama (uncredited) - Jean Harlow as Lola Burns - Lee Tracy as E.J. \"Space\" Hanlon - Frank Morgan as Pops Burns - Franchot Tone as Gifford Middleton - Pat O\'Brien as Jim Brogan - Una Merkel as Mac - Ted Healy as Junior Burns - Ivan Lebedeff as Hugo, Marquis Di Binelli Di Pisa - Isabel Jewell as Lily, Junior\'s Girl Friend (as Isobel Jewell) - Louise Beavers as Loretta - Leonard Carey as Winters - Mary Forbes as Mrs. Middleton - C. Aubrey Smith as Mr. Wendell Middleton - June Brewster as Alice Cole ## Production Mahin said the project originally began as a serious melodrama about a girl who worked all her life and committed suicide. He suggested it be turned into a comedy, and Fleming suggested they base it in the life of Clara Bow. Its success led to Harlow\'s being widely known as a \"Blonde Bombshell.\"`{{r|b|page1=151, 162}}`{=mediawiki} The *Laredo Times* of Laredo, Texas, quotes Harlow in an interview about filming saying, \"Thank goodness, it was not necessary for me to get in the rain barrel in Bombshell. I had to pick too many splinters out of myself the last time,\" referring to the 1932 film *Red Dust*, in which Harlow takes a bath in a rain barrel. Early in the film, Lola Burns is told she has to shoot re-takes of *Red Dust* --- the title of an actual Harlow/Clark Gable vehicle from the year before. In fact, there\'s a brief kissing scene with Gable, in the frenetic opening sequence of photos, scenes, and shots of fans, taken from *Hold Your Man* (1933). According to the *Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations*, scenes in *Bombshell* were shot at MGM studios in Culver City. The nightclub scene was filmed at the Cocoanut Grove club, at the Ambassador Hotel in mid-town Los Angeles. It was demolished in 2006. ## Critical reception {#critical_reception} Critical reviews were generally favorable. *Motion Picture Herald* called the film \"a comedy wow of the first water,\" and \"one of the funniest, speediest, most nonsensical pictures ever to hit a screen.\" *The Daily News Standard* from Pennsylvania gave praise to the film, saying that \"Jean Harlow and Lee Tracy together for the first time as co-stars are said to have provided the biggest truckload of laughs to roll out of Hollywood in the hilarious picture.\" However, Mordaunt Hall for *The New York Times* said *Bombshell* has moments where \"the comedy is too rambunctious and scenes which are not precisely convincing.\" He did say it is merry for the most part, and that Jean Harlow was thoroughly \"in her element\" as the character Lola Burns
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# Shangri-La (The Kinks song) \]\] \| prev_year = 1969 \| next_title = Victoria \| next_year = 1969 }} \"**Shangri-La**\" is a song written by Ray Davies of the Kinks. The song appeared on the 1969 concept album, *Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire).* The song\'s inspiration can be traced back to when the band visited the Davies brothers\' sister, Rose, and her family in Australia, the \"designed community\" that the family lived in serving as the initial lyrical inspiration. The song\'s highly ironic lyrics comment on British class society while portraying Arthur, the album\'s ill-fated protagonist, and his empty life in the suburbs. The musical aspects of the song both reflect and comment on the mood of the lyrics. \"Shangri-La\" was released as the second single from *Arthur* in the United Kingdom, backed with \"This Man He Weeps Tonight.\" The single was a commercial failure, not reaching the charts in any countries besides the Netherlands. The members of the band, however, thought highly of the song, with both Dave Davies and John Dalton singling it out for praise. ## Lyrics and music {#lyrics_and_music} The initial inspiration for \"Shangri-La\" came when Rose Davies, the sister of Kinks members Ray and Dave Davies, emigrated with her husband, Arthur, to Australia. When the band performed a show in the area during January 1964, the Davies brothers visited their sister in the Adelaide suburb of Elizabeth, where she and her family lived in a semi-detached home in a \"designed community.\" This event was later used as the basis for the song in 1969. The track forms the centrepiece of *Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)*. The song opens quietly with the picking of an acoustic guitar in a minor key, soon to be joined by Davies singing. - chords and lyrics The lyrics are rife with commentary on British class society and are highly ironic, and in the beginning seemingly condescending, as they mock the illusions of the protagonist Arthur, speaking of his modest home, which he has paid for through a life of toil and hard work, as if it is a some kind of paradise or \"kingdom to command,\" replete with typical modern conveniences such as indoor plumbing and a rocking chair, unlike the kind of working-class house in which he grew up with \"lavatories in the back yard,\" but which has turned out to become strangling and prisonlike with \"mortgage hanging over his head,\" \"bills and the water rates and payments on the car,\" as well as nosy and meddlesome neighbors. Davies provides a note of empathy for Arthur\'s empty life in a line stating that he accepts this because \"he\'s conditioned that way.\" However, the bridge rocks harder as the lyrics express anger at the superficial suburban lifestyle that Arthur has bought into and his fear of confronting a \"false Eden.\" The band\'s guitarist, Dave Davies, has since said that the song\'s lyrics were misunderstood. He said, \"Particularly, I like \'Shangri-La,\' a very compassionate song which was totally misinterpreted as though we were having a go at the little, common man.\" ## Reception Music critic Johnny Rogan calls the song \"one of Davies\' best from the period,\" noting that \"his ambivalence to the subject is evident throughout as he takes an alternately affectionate and sardonic look at cosy middle class aspiration.\" Allmusic critic Stewart Mason agrees that \"Shangri-La\" is \"one of Ray Davies\' finest songs ever.\" George Starostin, on his music review website \"Only Solitaire\", praises the song, saying that it \"ranks as one of the top three or four Kinks\' songs ever\". \"Shangri-La\" was released as a single in Britain, but like the Kinks previous single, \"Drivin,{{\'\"}} \"Shangri-La\" failed to chart in the UK or US. Dave Davies has since expressed disappointment in the single\'s lack of commercial success, saying, \"Ray was writing fantastic, sensitive words that were so relevant to what was going on - better than any politician. I was really surprised at the response we got to (single) \'Shangri-La,\' because I thought it was going to be a massive, massive hit.\" He went on to say, \"As a creative person you may think you\'ve failed at something, then find out later that you\'ve really learned from it. I wish I\'d realised that when I was feeling really shitty about \'Shangri-La\' not being number one.\" It did reach number 27 in the Netherlands. Bassist John Dalton named the track his favourite Kinks song. ## Other appearances {#other_appearances} - The song is featured in a UK advert about reducing your carbon footprint and a UK trailer for the BBC3 comedy programme *The Wrong Door*. - A new recording 2009 can be found on the release *The Kinks Choral Collection* by Ray Davies with the Crouch End Festival Chorus. - The mid-season finale of season 3 of the American television series *Last Man on Earth* closes with the song
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# Guitar and Drum ***Guitar and Drum*** is the ninth studio album recorded by Stiff Little Fingers, released in 2003. ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"Guitar & Drum\" (Burns) -- 3:11 2. \"Strummerville\" (Burns) -- 3:19 3. \"Can\'t Get Away With That\" (McCallum) -- 3:16 4. \"Still Burning\" (Burns, Foxton, Grantley) -- 3:18 5. \"Walkin\' Dynamite\" (Burns) -- 3:51 6. \"Dead Man Walking\" (Burns) -- 3:34 7. \"Empty Sky\" (Foxton, Grantley) -- 2:36 8. \"Be True to Yourself\" (McCallum) -- 3:38 9. \"Best of Fools\" (Burns) -- 2:15 10. \"I Waited\" (Grantley) -- 3:10 11. \"Achilles\' Heart\" (Burns) -- 3:04 12. \"Who Died and Made You Elvis?\" (Burns) -- 3:37 13. \"High & Low\" (Burns) -- 2:13 14. \"Protect and Serve\" (Burns) -- 4:03 2009 Deluxe Edition bonus tracks 1. \"Tinderbox\" (Live) -- 4:05 2. \"Strummerville\" (Live) -- 4:19 3. \"Can\'t Get Away with That\" (Live) -- 3:35 4. \"Guitar and Drum\" (Live) -- 3:19 5
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# Arthur Highway The **Arthur Highway** (A9) is a Tasmanian highway which runs from Sorell in the near south to Port Arthur in the far south-east. ## Route description {#route_description} From a roundabout with the Tasman Highway outside Sorell the highway runs northeast to another roundabout roughly housing its former alignment inside Sorell, crossing Iron Creek before turning south-east to Forcett. From there it continues in an easterly direction, crossing the Carlton River, to Copping, where it turns south to Dunalley. Here it crosses the Denison Canal via a swing bridge to the Forestier Peninsula, before continuing south-east to Eaglehawk Neck, the entry to the Tasman Peninsula. After following the southern shore of Eaglehawk Bay to the west the highway turns south and continues in that direction to Port Arthur where it transitions to route B37 (Nubeena Road). ## History Port Arthur (the town) was named for George Arthur, the lieutenant governor of Van Diemen's Land. It is likely that the name of the highway was derived from this source. The first \"proper\" crossing of the Carlton River, near the line now followed by the highway, was opened in 1883. It consisted of multiple wooden bridges and causeways. Work commenced on a concrete bridge, a replacement for all three wooden bridges on a slightly altered alignment, in 1944. The Denison Canal opened in 1905 with a wooden, manually operated swing bridge. This was replaced by an electrically operated bridge in 1965. The highway used to end at traffic signals at a rather space-limited dogleg intersection with Tasman Highway and Station Lane in the centre of Sorell. The first stage of the Sorell Bypass opened in 2022, slightly extending Arthur Highway south toward Hobart just outside Sorell, avoiding the town. This allowed traffic to bypass Sorell instead of going right through the town on Tasman Highway or using Parsonage Place (to which was applied a 5-tonne limit, despite accompanying stop-gap improvements and a rename). There is a reserve towards William Street in which Tasman Highway will once bypass the town, but currently the traffic must still use the old Arthur Highway terminus to exit the town northwest
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# Julius Caesar (1950 film) ***Julius Caesar*** is a 1950 film adaptation of the Shakespeare play *Julius Caesar* starring Charlton Heston. The first film version of the play with sound, it was produced and directed by David Bradley using actors from the Chicago area. Heston, who had known Bradley since his youth, and who was establishing himself in television and theater in New York City, portrayed Mark Antony. He was the only paid cast member. Bradley himself played Brutus, and Harold Tasker had the title role. ## Plot ## Cast - Charlton Heston as Mark Antony - David Bradley as Brutus - Harold Tasker as Julius Caesar - Bob Holt as Octavius Caesar ## Production The 16 mm film was shot in 1949 on several locations around the Chicago area, including Soldier Field, the Museum of Science and Industry, the Field Museum of Natural History, the downtown post office, and the Elks National Veterans Memorial. The Indiana sand dunes on Lake Michigan were used for the Battle of Philippi. One indoor set was built in the Chicago suburb of Evanston. To save money, around 80% of the film was shot silently, with the dialogue dubbed in later by the actors. Jeffrey Hunter appears in a small part. ## Release After its premiere in Evanston in 1950, the film had only a limited distribution in the United States, where it was mainly shown in schools and colleges. In 1951, it played at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, then opened in New York City in late 1952. The film was shown at the Locarno Film Festival in 1953 where it tied for first place for the first prize. On the basis of a private screening in Hollywood, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer hired Bradley as a directing intern in 1950. Two decades later, Heston reprised his role as Mark Antony in both *Julius Caesar* and *Antony and Cleopatra*. ### Critical reception {#critical_reception} Upon the film\'s opening in New York City, *The New York Times* credited its \"company of earnest collegians\" with giving \"firm pictorial character\" to classic drama
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# Annuities in the European Union Under European Union law, an **annuity** is a financial contract which provides an income stream in return for an initial payment with specific parameters. It is the opposite of a settlement funding. A Swiss annuity is not considered a European annuity for tax reasons. ## Immediate annuity {#immediate_annuity} An immediate annuity is an annuity for which the time between the contract date and the date of the first payment is not longer than the time interval between payments. A common use for an immediate annuity is to provide a pension to a retired person or persons. It is a financial contract which makes a series of payments with certain characteristics: - either level or fluctuating periodical payments - made annually, or at more frequent intervals - in advance or arrears - duration may be: - fixed (annuity certain) - during the lifetime or one or more persons, possibly reduced after death of one person - during the lifetime but not longer than a maximum number of years - during the lifetime but not shorter than a minimum number of years ### Annuity certain {#annuity_certain} An annuity certain pays the annuitant for a number of years designated. This option is not suitable for retirement income, as the person may outlive the number of years the annuity will pay. ### Life annuity {#life_annuity} A life annuity or lifetime immediate annuity is most often used to provide an income in old age (i.e., a pension). This type of annuity may be purchased from an insurance (Ireland and the UK, Life Assurance) company. This annuity can be compared to a loan which is made by the purchaser to the issuing company, who then pay back the original capital with interest to the *annuitant* on whose life the annuity is based. The assumed period of the loan is based on the life expectancy of the annuitant but life annuities are payable until the death of the last surviving annuitant. In order to guarantee that the income continues for life, the investment relies on cross-subsidy. Because an *annuity population* can be expected to have a distribution of lifespans around the population\'s mean (average) age, those dying earlier will support those living longer (longevity insurance). Cross-subsidy remains one of the most effective ways of spreading a given amount of capital and investment return over a lifetime without the risk of funds running out. #### Life annuity options {#life_annuity_options} Although this will reduce the available payments, an annuity can be arranged to continue until the death of the last survivor of two or more people. For example, many annuities continue to pay out (perhaps at a reduced rate) to the spouse of the main annuitant after his or her death, for as long as the spouse survives. The annuity paid to the spouse is called a reversionary annuity or survivorship annuity. However, if the annuitant is in good health, it may be more beneficial to select the higher payout option on their life only and purchase a life insurance policy that would pay income to the survivor. Other features such as a minimum guaranteed payment period irrespective of death, known as life with period certain, or *escalation* where the payment rises by inflation or a fixed rate annually can also be purchased. Annuities with guaranteed periods are available from most providers. In such a product, if death takes place within the guaranteed period, payments continue to be made to a nominated beneficiary. Impaired life annuities for smokers or those with a particular illness are also available from some insurance companies. Since the life expectancy is reduced, the annuity rate is better (i.e. a higher annuity for the same initial payment). This can have the unfortunate appearance of one \"betting against\" the nominee. Life annuities are priced based on the probability of the nominee surviving to receive the payments. Longevity insurance is a form of annuity that defers commencement of the payments until very late in life. A common longevity contract would be purchased at or before retirement but would not commence payments until 20 years after retirement. If the nominee dies before payments commence there is no payable benefit. This drastically reduces the cost of the annuity while still providing protection against outliving one\'s resources.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## Deferred annuity {#deferred_annuity} The second usage for the term *annuity* came into its own during the 1970s. This is a *deferred annuity* and is a vehicle for accumulating savings, and eventually distributing them either as an immediate annuity or as a lump-sum payment. Note that this is different from an immediate annuity. Under the heading of deferred annuities, there are contracts which may be similar to - bank deposits in that they offer the buyer interest on their money and a guaranteed return of capital, or - stock index funds or other stock funds (such as ETFs), where the growth or shrinkage of the account depends on the performance of the market. Contracts may also be linked to other investments such as property (real estate) or government bonds, or any combination of the above selected by the investor or his advisors. All varieties of deferred annuities owned by individuals have one thing in common in many jurisdictions: any increase in account values is *not* taxed until those gains are withdrawn. This is also known as tax-deferred growth. To complete the definitions here, a deferred annuity where the benefits are fixed at the outset, either in terms of a lump sum or an annuity, can be called a *fixed deferred annuity*. A deferred annuity that permits allocations to stock or bond funds and for which the account value is not guaranteed to stay above the initial amount invested is called a *variable annuity*. Other than annuities provided by pension schemes, annuity contracts are usually issued by an insurance company. They are distributed by, and available for purchase from, duly licensed bank, stock brokerage, and insurance company representatives. Some annuities may also be purchased directly from the issuer, i.e., the insurance company writing the contract. In a typical immediate annuity contract, an individual would pay a lump sum or a series of payments (sometimes called *annuity considerations*) to an insurance company, and in return pay the annuitant a series of periodic payments for the rest of their life. The exact terms of an annuity product are set out in the contract. In common with other types of insurance contract, both immediate and deferred annuities will typically pay commission to the sales person (or *advisor*). A wide variety of features have been developed by annuity companies in order to make their products more attractive. These include death benefit options and living benefit options.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## Investment considerations {#investment_considerations} ### Immediate annuities {#immediate_annuities} Because immediate annuities generally provide a series of guaranteed payments, the annuity company normally matches its liabilities with government bonds and other high grade bonds, and the market yield available on these bonds largely determines the retail pricing of the annuities. (The companies are usually required by law to invest their funds in this way, to reduce the risk of default.) These investments are generally regarded as less risky than other investments, such as those linked to the stock market, and probably offer a lower expected return. However fixed annuities do not protect the purchaser against the effects of inflation, which is a material risk. For many elderly people, the financial risk of living longer than expected and running out of money is a bigger risk than investment risks such as exposure to a falling stock market. Immediate annuities protect against this risk. ### Deferred annuities {#deferred_annuities} Deferred pensions are often used as a savings vehicle by higher rate taxpayers, as in some jurisdictions they get higher rate tax relief on their pension contributions and their fund accumulates without investment returns being subject to tax. The proceeds will be taxed when they are taken as benefits, but maybe at a lower rate. Those in lower tax brackets may be told to avoid deferred pensions because they may not be able to recoup the charges made by the annuity company. (In some jurisdictions, some or all of the proceeds must by law be applied to purchase a pension.) ## Actuarial considerations {#actuarial_considerations} Actuarial formulae are used to model annuities and determine their price. ### Payment options for immediate annuities {#payment_options_for_immediate_annuities} In technical language an annuity is said to be payable for an assigned *status*, this being a general word chosen in preference to such words as \"time\", \"term\" or \"period\", because it may include more readily either a term of years certain, or a life or combination of lives. The *magnitude* of the annuity is the sum to be paid (and received) in the course of each year. Thus, if £100 is to be received each year by a person, he is said to have \"an annuity of £100\". If the payments are made half-yearly, it is sometimes said that he has \"a half-yearly annuity of £100\"; but to avoid ambiguity, it is more commonly said he has \"an annuity of £100, payable by half-yearly instalments\". An annuity is considered as accruing during each instant of the status for which it is enjoyed, although it is only payable at fixed intervals. If the enjoyment of an annuity is postponed until after the lapse of a certain number of years, the annuity is said to be *deferred*. If an annuity, instead of being payable at the end of each year, half-year, etc., is payable in advance, it is called an *annuity-due*. The holder of an annuity is called an *annuitant*, and the person on whose life the annuity depends is called the *nominee*. Upon immediate annuitization, a wide variety of options are available in the way the stream of payments is paid. If the annuity is paid over a fixed period independent of any contingency, it is known as an *annuity with period certain*, or just *annuity certain*; if it is to continue for ever, it is called a *perpetuity*; and if in the latter case it is not to commence until after a term of years, it is called a *deferred perpetuity*. An annuity depending on the continuance of an assigned life or lives would commonly be called a *life annuity*, but also known as a *life-contingent annuity* or simply *lifetime annuity*; but more commonly the simple term \"annuity\" is understood to mean a life annuity, unless the contrary is stated. The payments can also be paid over the lifetime of the nominee(s) or for a fixed period, whichever is longer. This is known as *life with period certain*. A hybrid of these is when the payments stop at death, but also after a predetermined number of payments, if this is earlier: known as a *temporary life annuity*. The difference with the period certain annuity is that the period certain annuity will keep paying after the death of the nominee until the period is completed. If not otherwise stated, it is always understood that an annuity is payable yearly, and that the annual payment (or rent, as it is sometimes called) is a single currency unit. Instances of perpetuities are the dividends upon the public stocks in England, France and some other countries. Thus, although it is usual to speak of £100 consols, the reality is the yearly dividend which the government pays by quarterly instalments. The practice of the French in this is arguably more logical. In speaking of their public funds (*rentes*) they do not mention the ideal capital sum, but speak of the annuity or annual payment that is received by the public creditor. Other instances of perpetuities are the incomes derived from the debenture stocks of railway companies, also the feu-duties commonly payable on house property in Scotland. The number of years\' purchase which the perpetual annuities granted by a government or a railway company realize in the open market, forms a very simple test of the credit of the various governments or railways. In the United Kingdom, the income from *compulsory purchase annuities* purchased with pension funds or by an employer immediately on retirement (a *Hancock* annuity) is treated as taxable income. The income from *purchased life annuities*, bought by any other means, has an element which is considered return of capital, and only the excess over this is considered a gain that is subject to income tax. The element considered capital return is based on life expectancy and will therefore increase with age.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## Government incentives {#government_incentives} Because of cross-subsidy and the guarantees an annuity can give against running out of income and becoming dependent on state welfare in old age, annuities often have a favourable tax treatment, which may affect how attractive they are relative to other investments. Immediate annuities are a compulsory feature of certain pension saving schemes in some countries, where the government grants tax deductions, provided that savings are paid into a fund which can only (or mainly) be withdrawn as an annuity. The Netherlands has such schemes and United Kingdom used to until A day in 2006. From 2003 the tax deduction in the Netherlands is only allowed if, without additional savings, the old age income would be less than 70% of the current income. The French government currently honors a very unusual debt contract: an annuity that was issued in 1738 and currently yields €1.20 per year. ### UK In the United Kingdom contributions into pension savings are generally net of income tax (i.e. tax relief is available), up to certain limits. On retirement if an annuity is not purchased, retirement income up until the age of 75 can be drawn from the pension fund by using *pension income withdrawal* commonly known as *income drawdown*. This is an unsecured pension as opposed to an annuity which is a secured backed pension. Unsecured pensions operate under age-related income limits calculated by the Government Actuarial Department to prevent the fund being eroded too fast. Before A-day, individuals could vary withdrawals between 35% and 100% of a maximum limit, recalculated every three years at what was known as the *triennial review*. Following changes introduced by HMRC as part of the A-day legislation, individuals can now draw an income between zero and 120% of the \"GAD rate\". On reaching 75, the individual must then secure their pension fund by the purchase of an annuity, except that up to 25% of the fund can be taken as tax-free cash, also known as the pension commencement lump sum, or enter into an alternatively secured pension (ASP). Under an ASP arrangement the rate of income must fall between 55% and 90% of the GAD rate for a 75-year-old. The GAD rates are subject to periodic review and are based on the return of a level, single life annuity paid monthly in arrears without any guarantee or value protection for an individual in good health. These rates are in turn largely dependent on long-term gilt yields and mortality data. Unsecured or alternatively secured pensions carry both the investment risk of the invested pension fund and mortality drag that occurs from the loss of cross-subsidy and advancing average age expectancy that occurs in the time over which annuity purchase is delayed.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## Terminable annuities {#terminable_annuities} Terminable annuities are employed in the system of British public finance as a means of reducing the National Debt. This result is attained by substituting for a perpetual annual charge (or one lasting until the capital which it represents can be paid off *en bloc*), an annual charge of a larger amount, but lasting for a short term. The latter is so calculated as to pay off, during its existence, the capital which it replaces, with interest at an assumed or agreed rate, and under specified conditions. The practical effect of the substitution of a terminable annuity for an obligation of longer currency is to bind the present generation of citizens to increase its own obligations in the present and near future in order to diminish those of its successors. This end might be attained in other ways; for instance, by setting aside out of revenue a fixed annual sum for the purchase and cancellation of debt (Pitt\'s method, in intention), or by fixing the annual debt charge at a figure sufficient to provide a margin for reduction of the principal of the debt beyond the amount required for interest (Sir Stafford Northcote\'s method), or by providing an annual surplus of revenue over expenditure (the \"Old Sinking Fund\"), available for the same purpose. All these methods have been tried in the course of British financial history, and the second and third of them are still employed; but on the whole the method of terminable annuities has been the one preferred by chancellors of the exchequer and by Parliament. Terminable annuities, as employed by the British government, fall under two heads: 1. Those issued to, or held by private persons; 2. those held by government departments or by funds under government control. The important difference between these two classes is that an annuity under (1), once created, cannot be modified except with the holder\'s consent, i.e. is practically unalterable without a breach of public faith; whereas an annuity under (2) can, if necessary, be altered by interdepartmental arrangement under the authority of Parliament. Thus annuities of class (1) fulfil most perfectly the object of the system as explained above; while those of class (2) have the advantage that in times of emergency their operation can be suspended without any inconvenience or breach of faith, with the result that the resources of government can on such occasions be materially increased, apart from any additional taxation. For this purpose it is only necessary to retain as a charge on the income of the year a sum equal to the (smaller) perpetual charge which was originally replaced by the (larger) terminable charge, whereupon the difference between the two amounts is temporarily released, while ultimately the increased charge is extended for a period equal to that for which it is suspended. Annuities of class (1) were first instituted in 1808, but were later regulated by the Government Annuities Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. 24). They may be granted either for a specified life, or two lives, or for an arbitrary term of years; and the consideration for them may take the form either of cash or of government stock, the latter being cancelled when the annuity is set up. Annuities (2) held by government departments date from 1863. They were created in exchange for permanent debt surrendered for cancellation, the principal operations having been effected in 1863, 1867, 1870, 1874, 1883 and 1899. Annuities of this class do not affect the public at all, except of course in their effect on the market for government securities. They are merely financial operations between the government, in its capacity as the banker of savings banks and other funds, and itself, in the capacity of custodian of the national finances. Savings bank depositors are not concerned with the manner in which government invests their money, their rights being confined to the receipt of interest and the repayment of deposits upon specified conditions. The case is, however, different as regards forty millions of consols (included in the above figures), belonging to suitors in chancery, which were cancelled and replaced by a terminable annuity in 1883. As the liability to the suitors in that case was for a specified amount of stock, special arrangements were made to ensure the ultimate replacement of the precise amount of stock cancelled. ## Annuity calculations {#annuity_calculations} The mathematical theory of life annuities is based upon a knowledge of the rate of mortality among mankind in general, or among the particular class of persons on whose lives the annuities depend, see actuarial present value. In practice simply tables may be used, which vary in different places, but which are easily accessible.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## History of calculating life annuities or pensions {#history_of_calculating_life_annuities_or_pensions} Abraham Demoivre, in his *Annuities on Lives*, put forth a very simple law of mortality: out of 86 children born alive, 1 will die every year until the last dies between the ages of 85 and 86. This law agreed sufficiently well at the Middle Ages of life with the mortality deduced from the best observations of his time; but, as observations became more exact, the approximation was found to be not sufficiently close. This was particularly the case when it was desired to obtain the value of joint life, contingent or other complicated benefits. Therefore, Demoivre\'s law is devoid of practical utility. No simple formula has sufficient accuracy. The rate of mortality at each age is, therefore, in practice usually determined by a series of figures deduced from observation; and the value of an annuity at any age is found from these numbers by means of a series of arithmetical calculations. The first writer who is known to have attempted to obtain, on correct mathematical principles, the value of a life annuity, was Jan De Witt, grand pensionary of Holland and West Friesland. Our knowledge of his writings on the subject is derived from two papers contributed by Frederick Hendriks to the *Assurance Magazine*, vol. ii. (1852) p. 222, and vol. in. p. 93. The former of these contains a translation of De Witt\'s report upon the value of life annuities, which was prepared in consequence of the resolution passed by the states-general, on 25 April 1671, to negotiate funds by life annuities, and which was distributed to the members on 30 July 1671. The latter contains the translation of a number of letters addressed by De Witt to Burgomaster Johan Hudde, bearing dates from September 1670 to October 1671. The existence of De Witt\'s report was well known among his contemporaries, and Hendriks collected a number of extracts from various authors referring to it; but the report is not contained in any collection of his works extant, and had been entirely lost for 180 years, until Hendriks discovered it among the state archives of Holland in company with the letters to Hudde. It was the very first document on the subject that was ever written.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## History of calculating life annuities or pensions {#history_of_calculating_life_annuities_or_pensions} ### De Witt\'s mortality table {#de_witts_mortality_table} Age Living Dying Age Living Dying ----- -------- ------- ----- -------- ------- 10 10,000 79 54 6791 129 11 9,921 0 55 6662 153 12 9,921 40 56 6509 150 13 9,881 35 57 6359 152 14 9,846 40 58 6207 156 15 9,806 22 59 6051 153 16 9,784 0 60 5898 184 17 9,784 41 61 5714 186 18 9,743 59 62 5528 191 19 9,684 68 63 5337 200 20 9,616 56 64 5137 206 21 9,560 67 65 4931 215 22 9,493 59 66 4716 220 23 9,434 73 67 4496 220 24 9,361 64 68 4276 237 25 9,297 48 69 4039 246 26 9,249 64 70 3793 213 27 9,185 60 71 3580 222 28 9,125 71 72 3358 268 29 9,054 67 73 3090 243 30 8,987 74 74 2847 300 31 8,913 65 75 2547 241 32 8,848 74 76 2306 245 33 8,774 73 77 2061 224 34 8,701 76 78 1837 226 35 8,625 71 79 1611 219 36 8,554 75 80 1392 196 37 8,479 81 81 1196 191 38 8,398 87 82 1005 173 39 8,311 88 83 832 172 40 8,223 81 84 660 119 41 8,142 85 85 541 117 42 8,057 87 86 424 92 43 7,970 84 87 332 72 44 7,886 93 88 260 74 45 7,793 97 89 186 36 46 7,696 96 90 150 34 47 7,600 107 91 116 36 48 7,493 106 92 80 36 49 7,387 113 93 44 29 50 7,274 120 94 15 0 51 7,154 124 95 15 5 52 7,030 120 96 10 10 53 6,910 119       : TABLE OF MORTALITY---HM, HEALTHY LIVES---MALE. *Number Living and Dying at each Age, out of 10,000 entering at Age 10.* It appears that it had long been the practice in Holland for life annuities to be granted to nominees of any age, in the constant proportion of double the rate of interest allowed on stock; that is to say, if the towns were borrowing money at 6%, they would be willing to grant a life annuity at 12%, and so on. De Witt states that \"annuities have been sold, even in the present century, first at six years\' purchase, then at seven and eight; and that the majority of all life annuities now current at the country\'s expense were obtained at nine years\' purchase\"; but that the price had been increased in the course of a few years from eleven years\' purchase to twelve, and from twelve to fourteen. He also states that the rate of interest had been successively reduced from 6-¼% to 5%, and then to 4%. The principal object of his report is to prove that, taking interest at 4%, a life annuity was worth at least sixteen years\' purchase; and, in fact, that an annuitant purchasing an annuity for the life of a young and healthy nominee at sixteen years\' purchase, made an excellent bargain. He argues that it is more to the advantage, both of the country and of the private investor, that the public loans should be raised by way of grant of life annuities rather than perpetual annuities. It appears from De Witt\'s correspondence with Hudde, that the rate of mortality assumed was deduced from the mortality that had actually prevailed among the nominees on whose lives annuities had been granted in former years. De Witt appears to have come to the conclusion that the probability of death is the same in any half-year from the age of 3 to 53 inclusive; that in the next ten years, from 53 to 63, the probability is greater in the ratio of 3 to 2; that in the next ten years, from 63 to 73, it is greater in the ratio of 2 to 1; and in the next seven years, from 73 to 80, it is greater in the ratio of 3 to 1; and he places the limit of human life at 80. If a mortality table of the usual form is deduced from these suppositions, out of 212 persons alive at the age of 3, 2 will die every year up to 53, 3 in each of the ten years from 53 to 63, 4 in each of the next ten years from 63 to 73, and 6 in each of the next seven years from 73 to 80, when all will be dead. De Witt calculates the value of an annuity in the following way. Assume that annuities on 10,000 lives each ten years of age, which satisfy the Hm mortality table, have been purchased. Of these nominees 79 will die before attaining the age of 11, and no annuity payment will be made in respect of them; none will die between the ages of 11 and 12, so that annuities will be paid for one year on 9921 lives; 40 attain the age of 12 and die before 13, so that two payments will be made with respect to these lives. Reasoning in this way we see that the annuities on 35 of the nominees will be payable for three years; on 40 for four years, and so on. Proceeding thus to the end of the table, 15 nominees attain the age of 95, 5 of whom die before the age of 96, so that 85 payments will be paid in respect of these 5 lives. Of the survivors all die before attaining the age of 97, so that the annuities on these lives will be payable for 86 years. Having previously calculated a table of the values of annuities certain for every number of years up to 86, the value of all the annuities on the 10,000 nominees will be found by taking 40 times the value of an annuity for 2 years, 35 times the value of an annuity for 3 years, and so on---the last term being the value of 10 annuities for 86 years---and adding them together; and the value of an annuity on one of the nominees will then be found by dividing by 10,000. Before leaving the subject of De Witt, we may mention that we find in the correspondence a distinct suggestion of the law of mortality that bears the name of Demoivre. In De Witt\'s letter, dated 27 October 1671 (*Ass. Mag*. vol. iii. p. 107), he speaks of a \"provisional hypothesis\" suggested by Hudde, that out of 80 young lives (who, from the context, may be taken as of the age 6) about 1 dies annually. In strictness, therefore, the law in question might be more correctly termed Hudde\'s than Demoivre\'s. De Witt\'s report being thus of the nature of an unpublished state paper, although it contributed to its author\'s reputation, did not contribute to advance the exact knowledge of the subject; and the author to whom the credit must be given of first showing how to calculate the value of an annuity on correct principles is Edmund Halley. He gave the first approximately correct mortality table (deduced from the records of the numbers of deaths and baptisms in the city of Breslau), and showed how it might be employed to calculate the value of an annuity on the life of a nominee of any age.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## History of calculating life annuities or pensions {#history_of_calculating_life_annuities_or_pensions} ### De Witt\'s mortality table {#de_witts_mortality_table} Previously to Halley\'s time, and apparently for many years subsequently, all dealings with life annuities were based upon mere conjectural estimates. The earliest known reference to any estimate of the value of life annuities rose out of the requirements of the Falcidian law, which in 40 B.C. was adopted in the Roman Empire, and which declared that a testator should not give more than three-fourths of his property in legacies, so that at least one-fourth must go to his legal representatives. It is easy to see how it would occasionally become necessary, while this law was in force, to value life annuities charged upon a testator\'s estate. Aemilius Macer (A.D. 230) states that the method which had been in common use at that time was as follows:\--From the earliest age until 30 take 30 years\' purchase, and for each age after 30 deduct 1 year. It is obvious that no consideration of compound interest can have entered into this estimate; and it is easy to see that it is equivalent to assuming that all persons who attain the age of 30 will certainly live to the age of 60, and then certainly die. Compared with this estimate, that which was propounded by the praetorian prefect Ulpian was a great improvement. His table is as follows: Age Years\' purchase Age Years\' purchase ------------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ Birth -- 20 30 45 -- 46 14 20 -- 25 28 46 -- 47 13 25 -- 30 25 47 -- 48 12 30 -- 35 22 48 -- 49 11 35 -- 40 20 49 -- 50 10 40 -- 41 19 50 -- 55 9 41 -- 42 18 55 -- 60 7 42 -- 43 17 60 and upwards 5 \| 43 -- 44 16     44 -- 45 15     Here also we have no reason to suppose that the element of interest was taken into consideration; and the assumption, that between the ages of 40 and 50 each addition of a year to the nominee\'s age diminishes the value of the annuity by one year\'s purchase, is equivalent to assuming that there is no probability of the nominee dying between the ages of 40 and 50. Considered, however, simply as a table of the average duration of life, the values are fairly accurate. At all events, no more correct estimate appears to have been arrived at until the close of the 17th century. The mathematics of annuities has been very fully treated in Demoivre\'s *Treatise on Annuities* (1725); Simpson\'s *Doctrine of Annuities and Reversions* (1742); P. Gray, *Tables and Formulae*; Baily\'s *Doctrine of Life Annuities*; there are also innumerable compilations of *Valuation Tables* and *Interest Tables*, by means of which the value of an annuity at any age and any rate of interest may be found. See also the article interest, and especially that on insurance. *Commutation tables*, aptly so named in 1840 by Augustus De Morgan (see his paper \"On the Calculation of Single Life Contingencies,\" *Assurance Magazine*, xii. 328), show the proportion in which a benefit due at one age ought to be changed, so as to retain the same value and be due at another age. The earliest known specimen of a commutation table is contained in William Dale\'s *Introduction to the Study of the Doctrine of Annuities*, published in 1772. A full account of this work is given by F. Hendriks in the second number of the *Assurance Magazine*, pp. 15--17. William Morgan\'s *Treatise on Assurances*, 1779, also contains a commutation table. Morgan gives the table as furnishing a convenient means of checking the correctness of the values of annuities found by the ordinary process. It may be assumed that he was aware that the table might be used for the direct calculation of annuities; but he appears to have been ignorant of its other uses. The first author who fully developed the powers of the table was John Nicholas Tetens, a native of Schleswig, who in 1785, while professor of philosophy and mathematics at Kiel, published in the German language an *Introduction to the Calculation of Life Annuities and Assurances*. This work appears to have been quite unknown in England until F. Hendriks gave, in the first number of the *Assurance Magazine*, pp. 1--20 (Sept. 1850), an account of it, with a translation of the passages describing the construction and use of the commutation table, and a sketch of the author\'s life and writings, to which we refer the reader who desires fuller information. It may be mentioned here that Tetens also gave only a specimen table, apparently not imagining that persons using his work would find it extremely useful to have a series of commutation tables, calculated and printed ready for use. The use of the commutation table was independently developed in England-apparently between the years 1788 and 1811---by George Barrett, of Petworth, Sussex, who was the son of a yeoman farmer, and was himself a village schoolmaster, and afterwards farm steward or bailiff. It has been usual to consider Barrett as the originator in England of the method of calculating the values of annuities by means of a commutation table, and this method is accordingly sometimes called Barrett\'s method. (It is also called the commutation method and the columnar method.) Barrett\'s method of calculating annuities was explained by him to Francis Baily in 1811, and was first made known to the world in a paper written by the latter and read before the Royal Society in 1812. By what has been universally considered an unfortunate error of judgment, this paper was not recommended by the council of the Royal Society to be printed, but it was given by Baily as an appendix to the second issue (in 1813) of his work on life annuities and assurances. Barrett had calculated extensive tables, and with Baily\'s aid attempted to get them published by subscription, but without success; and the only printed tables calculated according to his manner, besides the specimen tables given by Baily, are the tables contained in Babbage\'s *Comparative View of the various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives*, 1826. In 1825 Griffith Davies published his *Tables of Life Contingencies*, a work which contains, among others, two tables, which are confessedly derived from Baily\'s explanation of Barrett\'s tables. Those who desire to pursue the subject further can refer to the appendix to Baily\'s *Life Annuities and Assurances*, De Morgan\'s paper \"On the Calculation of Single Life Contingencies,\" *Assurance Magazine*, xii. 348-349; Gray\'s *Tables and Formulae* chap. viii.; the preface to Davies\'s *Treatise on Annuities*; also Hendriks\'s papers in the *Assurance Magazine*, No. 1, p. 1, and No. 2, p. 12; and in particular De Morgan\'s \"Account of a Correspondence between Mr George Barrett and Mr Francis Baily,\" in the *Assurance Magazine*, vol. iv. p. 185. The principal commutation tables published in England are contained in the following works:\--David Jones, *Value of Annuities and Reversionary Payments*, issued in parts by the Useful Knowledge Society, completed in 1843; Jenkin Jones, *New Rate of Mortality*, 1843; G. Davies, *Treatise on Annuities*, 1825 (issued 1855); David Chisholm, *Commutation Tables*, 1858; Nelson\'s *Contributions to Vital Statistics*, 1857; Jardine Henry, *Government Life Annuity Commutation Tables*, 1866 and 1873; *Institute of Actuaries Life Tables*, 1872; R. P. Hardy, *Valuation Tables*, 1873; and Dr William Farr\'s contributions to the sixth (1844), twelfth (1849), and twentieth (1857) *Reports* of the Registrar General in England (English Tables, I. 2), and to the *English Life Table*, 1864.
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# Annuities in the European Union ## History of calculating life annuities or pensions {#history_of_calculating_life_annuities_or_pensions} ### De Witt\'s mortality table {#de_witts_mortality_table} The theory of annuities may be further studied in the discussions in the English *Journal of the Institute of Actuaries*. The institute was founded in 1848, the first sessional meeting being held in January 1849. Its establishment has contributed in various ways to promote the study of the theory of life contingencies. Among these may be specified the following:\--Before it was formed, students of the subject worked for the most part alone, and without any concert; and when any person had made an improvement in the theory, it had little chance of becoming publicly known unless he wrote a formal treatise on the whole subject. But the formation of the institute led to much greater interchange of opinion among actuaries, and afforded them a ready means of making known to their professional associates any improvements, real or supposed, that they thought they had made. Again, the discussions which follow the reading of papers before the institute have often served, first, to bring out into bold relief differences of opinion that were previously unsuspected, and afterwards to soften down those differences,\--to correct extreme opinions in every direction, and to bring about a greater agreement of opinion on many important subjects. In no way, probably, have the objects of the institute been so effectually advanced as by the publication of its *Journal*. The first number of this work, which was originally called the *Assurance Magazine*, appeared in September 1850, and it has been continued quarterly down to the present time. It was originated by the public spirit of two well-known actuaries (Mr Charles Jellicoe and Mr Samuel Brown), and was adopted as the organ of the Institute of Actuaries in 1852, and called the *Assurance Magazine and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries*, Mr Jellicoe continuing to be the editor,\--a post he held until the year 1867, when he was succeeded by Mr T. B. Sprague (who contributed to the 9th edition of this Encyclopaedia an elaborate article on \"Annuities,\" on which the above account is based). The name was again changed in 1866, the words \"Assurance Magazine\" being dropped; but in the following year it was considered desirable to resume these, for the purpose of showing the continuity of the publication, and it is now called the *Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine*. This work contains not only the papers read before the institute (to which have been appended of late years short abstracts of the discussions on them), and many original papers which were unsuitable for reading, together with correspondence, but also reprints of many papers published elsewhere, which from various causes had become difficult of access to the ordinary reader, among which may be specified various papers which originally appeared in the *Philosophical Transactions*, the *Philosophical Magazine*, the *Mechanics\' Magazine*, and the *Companion to the Almanac*; also translations of various papers from the French, German, and Danish. Among the useful objects which the continuous publication of the *Journal* of the institute has served, we may specify in particular two:\--that any supposed improvement in the theory was effectually submitted to the criticisms of the whole actuarial profession, and its real value speedily discovered; and that any real improvement, whether great or small, being placed on record, successive writers have been able, one after the other, to take it up and develop it, each commencing where the previous one had left off
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# Ulrich of Zell **Ulrich of Zell**, also known as **Wulderic**, sometimes **of Cluny** or **of Regensburg** (c. 1029 -- 1093), was a Cluniac reformer of Germany, abbot, founder and saint. ## Life Ulrich was born at Regensburg in Bavaria (formerly also known as Ratisbon) in early 1029. His father Bernhold was from Bavaria; his mother Bucca from Swabia, a niece of Bishop Gebhard II of Regensburg and also related to Ulrich of Augsburg. Pious and wealthy, they were childless for many years and made a pilgrimage to Magnus of Füssen, vowing to dedicate a son to the religious life. Ulrich was probably educated at the school of St. Emmeram\'s Abbey, along with William of Hirsau, with whom he remained friends throughout his life, but in 1043 he was called to the court of his godfather, Henry III, King of the Germans where he acted as page to Queen Agnes, who was of the ducal house of Aquitaine, patrons of the reforming Abbey of Cluny. Ulrich later had to leave the court because his father had been accused of collaborating with enemies from Hungary and had been executed. Ordained deacon by his uncle Nidger, Bishop of Freising, he was made archdeacon and provost of the cathedral there, but was deeply moved by the spirit of reform that was sweeping from Cluny through the 11th century church. On his return from a journey to Rome he distributed his possessions to the poor, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and, after another short visit to Rome, returned to Regensburg, where he founded a religious community, and then entered the Abbey of Cluny in 1061. Here he soon became personal secretary to Abbot Hugo. Here he was ordained priest and Hugo commissioned Ulrich to spread the Cluny reforms. He was appointed confessor to the convent at Mareigny in the diocese of Autun, and prior of the community of men in the same place. He also lost an eye and was obliged to return to Cluny.
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# Ulrich of Zell ## Later life {#later_life} Om 1082 Ulrich was named prior at Peterlingen (now Payerne) in the Diocese of Lausanne. He took part in the synod in 1084 that elected Gebhard III, bishop of Basel. The following year, due to troubles with Bishop Burchard von Oltingen, a partisan of Henry IV, whom he had accused of breaking celibacy, Ulrich returned again to Cluny, where he acted as adviser to the abbot. Around 1072 Lütold of Rümligen granted to Cluny property and estates around Rüeggisberg. Ulrich as sent to establish a priory. During the construction period he lived in a cave, the \"Pfaffenloch\". Rüeggisberg became the first Cluniac priory in German-speaking lands. He then went to Augsburg to reform St. Ulrich\'s and St. Afra\'s Abbey. The project failed because the population drove Ulrich out of the city. Ulrich took over an already existing monastic community, founded before 1072 on the Tuniberg by Hesso of Eichstetten and Rimsingen. sometime between 1077 and 1080 Kloster Tuniberg moved to Grüningen. Not finding the locality suitable, he and his monks moved in 1087 to Zell, in the Möhlin valley, where there had previously been a cell of the Abbey of Saint Gall. Ulrich\'s high reputation soon brought him many disciples. He enjoyed the good opinion of Bishop Gebhard, whom he probably helped in reforming the monastery of St. Alban. In 1090 he established Bollschweil Priory, a Cluniac nunnery at *Bolesweiler* (now Bollschweil), about a mile from Zell. Around 1090, Ulrich went blind, resigned as prior in St. Ulrich, but refused the offer to return to Cluny for the sake of better care. He died at Zell, later known as St. Ulrich im Schwarzwald, probably on 10 July 1093. He was buried in the cloister, but three years later his body was brought into the church. ## Veneration Around 1300, the village of Zell was renamed St. Ulrich in honour of the monastery founder. Ulrich\'s memory is commemorated at the annual three-day festival in St. Ulrich with a varied programme. His feast was celebrated for the first time on 14 July 1139, and 14 July remains his feast day. ## Works His work *Consuetudines cluniacenses* (*\"Uses of Cluny\"*) was composed at the request of William of Hirsau, in three books. The first two, written between 1079 and 1082, treat of liturgy and the education of novices; the third, written not later than 1087, speaks of the administration of monasteries. His life of Hermann of Zähringen, Margrave of Baden, later a monk of Cluny, is lost. ## Biographies Two biographies of him exist: the first (with selected passages from the \"Vita posterior\") was written anonymously around 1109 by a monk of Zell at the request of Adalbert, a recluse near Regensburg; the other (the *Vita posterior*), also anonymous, was written between 1109 and 1130. Particulars of his life are also contained in his writings. ## Literature - Michael Buhlmann: Benediktinisches Mönchtum im mittelalterlichen Schwarzwald. Ein Lexikon. Vortrag beim Schwarzwaldverein St. Georgen e.V., St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, 10. November 2004, Teil 2: N--Z (= Vertex Alemanniae, H. 10/2), S. 102. - Dieter Heck: Ulrich von Zell. Der Reform verpflichtet (Hagiographie/Ikonographie/Volkskunde; Nr. 105). Schnell + Steiner, München und Zürich 1992. - Johannes Madey: Ulrich von Zell. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 19, Bautz, Nordhausen 2001, `{{ISBN|3-88309-089-1}}`{=mediawiki}, Sp. 1453--1455. - Florian Lamke: Cluniazenser am Oberrhein. Konfliktlösungen und adlige Gruppenbildung in der Zeit des Investiturstreits (= Forschungen zur oberrheinischen Landesgeschichte, Bd. 54), Freiburg / München 2009, bes. S. 136--152. - Wolfgang Müller: St. Ulrich. In: Die Benediktinerklöster in Baden-Württemberg. (= Germania Benedictina, Bd. 5), Ottobeuren 1976, S. 615 - E. Tremp: Ulrich von Zell. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters (LexMA). Band 8, LexMA-Verlag, München 1997, `{{ISBN|3-89659-908-9}}`{=mediawiki}, Sp. 1205--1026
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# Wolverton A.F.C. **Wolverton Association Football Club**, often known simply as **Wolverton**, was an English football team representing the town of Wolverton (and, for a time, Milton Keynes). The club\'s motto was \"In Omnia Paratus\" (lit: \"In all things prepared\"). The club was wound up in 1992. Until 2007, its former home ground, Wolverton Park had what was believed to be the oldest football stand in the United Kingdom. The ground and immediate area has since been redeveloped into a housing area, [Wolverton Park housing development](http://www.wolvertonpark.co.uk/). In November 2012, the football stand structure is still in place, but it has been stripped to act as an ornamental feature on the edge of the community park which has been built on top of the old football pitch. ## Club names {#club_names} The club has had a number of different names during its history, and at one time held the record for the longest club name in English football: \"Newport Pagnell & Wolverton London & North Western Railway Amalgamated Association Football Club\". ------------ --------------------------------------------------------------- 1887--1888 \- Wolverton 1888--1889 \- Wolverton London & North Western Railway 1889--1890 \- Newport Pagnell & Wolverton London & North Western Railway 1890--1902 \- Wolverton London & North Western Railway 1902--1948 \- Wolverton Town 1948--1981 \- Wolverton Town & B.R. 1981--1987 \- Wolverton Town 1987--1988 \- Wolverton Town (Milton Keynes) 1988--1990 \- Milton Keynes Wolverton Town (aka Milton Keynes Wolves) 1990--1992 \- Wolverton ------------ --------------------------------------------------------------- ## Achievements - **Berks & Bucks Senior Cup:** - **Winners (1):** 1892/93 - **Runners-up (4):** 1888/89, 1891/92, 1895/96, 1969/70 - **Berks & Bucks Benevolent Cup:** - **Winners (2):** 1947/48, 1949/50 - **Berks & Bucks Junior Cup:** - **Winners (1):** 1904/05 - **FA Cup:** - **4th Qualifying Round (1):** 1957/58 - **FA Vase:** - **3rd Round (4):** 1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77, 1977/78 - **Southern Football League:** - **Division 2 Champions (1):** 1895--96 - **Division 2 (London Section) Runners-up (1):** 1898--99 - **Isthmian League:** - **Division 2 North Runners-up (1):** 1986/87 - **South Midlands League:** - **Premier Division Champions (2):** 1938/39, 1945/46 - **Premier Division Runners-up (1):** 1990/91 - **United Counties League:** - **Champions (1):** 1913/14 - **Spartan League:** - **Premier Division Runners-up (1):** 1951/52 - **Western Division Runners-up (1):** 1946/47 - **Bucks & Contiguous Counties League:** - **Division 1 Runners-up (1):** 1898/99 - **Athenian League Cup:** - **Runners-up (1):** 1983/84 - **United Counties League Cup:** - **Runners-up (1):** 1966--67 - **Kettering & District Charity Cup:** - **Runners-up (2):** 1892/93, 1893/94 - **Luton & District Charity Cup:** - **Winners (1):** 1926/27 - **Runners-up (1):** 1893/94 - **Wolverton & District Charity Cup:** - **Winners (2):** 1893/94, 1894/95 - **Runners-up (2):** 1895/96, 1896/97 ## Notable former players {#notable_former_players} 1\. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).\ 2. Players with full international caps.\ 3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club. - George Henson went on to play for Northampton Town, Bradford Park Avenue, Sheffield United, Swansea Town and Wolverhampton Wanderers between 1932 and 1939
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# It Started in Naples ***It Started in Naples*** is a 1960 American romantic comedy film directed by Melville Shavelson and produced by Jack Rose from a screenplay by Suso Cecchi d\'Amico, based on the story by Michael Pertwee and Jack Davies. The Technicolor cinematography was directed by Robert Surtees. The film stars Clark Gable, Sophia Loren, Vittorio De Sica and an Italian cast. This was Gable\'s final film to be released within his lifetime and his last film in color. Hal Pereira, Roland Anderson, Samuel M. Comer and Arrigo Breschi were nominated for an Oscar for its art direction The film was released by Paramount Pictures on August 7, 1960. ## Plot Only a few days before his wedding, Michael Hamilton, a Philadelphia lawyer, travels to Naples in southern Italy to settle the estate of his late brother, Joseph, with Italian lawyer Vitale. In the opening narration, he states that he \"was here before with the 5th US Army\" in World War II. In Naples, Michael discovers that his brother had a son, eight-year-old Nando, who is being cared for by his maternal aunt Lucia, a cabaret singer. Joseph never married Nando\'s mother but drowned with her in a boating accident. Joseph\'s actual wife, whom he had left in 1950, is alive in Philadelphia. Michael discovers to his dismay that his brother spent a fortune on fireworks. After seeing Nando handing out racy photos of Lucia at 2 a.m., Michael wants to enroll Nando in the American School at Rome, but Lucia wins custody of the boy. Despite the age difference, romance soon blossoms between Michael and Lucia, and he decides to stay in Italy. ## Cast - Clark Gable as Michael Hamilton - Sophia Loren as Lucia Curcio - Vittorio De Sica as Mario Vitale - Carlo Angeletti (\"Marietto\") as Nando Hamilton - Paolo Carlini as Renzo - Giovanni Filidoro as Gennariello - Claudio Ermelli as Luigi - Bob Cunningham as Don Mc Guire (train passenger) - Marco Tulli - Carlo Rizzo - Yvonne Monlaur ## Production Loren performs a tongue-in-cheek musical number, \"Tu vuò fà l\'americano\" (\"You Want to Play American\"), written by famed Neapolitan composer Renato Carosone. Angeletti did not speak English and learned his lines phonetically, which he had also done in his previous film, in which he mouthed German lines without knowing how to speak German. On the second day of filming of a courtroom scene, an actor portraying one of the judges seen in the first day\'s footage was unavailable because he had plans to take his family to the beach. The actor sent his brother in his place, who did not resemble him. It was filmed on location in Rome, Naples and Capri.
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# It Started in Naples ## Reception Writing in *The New York Times*, critic Bosley Crowther called the film a \"featherweight, obvious romance\" but praised Loren: \"Among the scenic attractions \... is an eyeful named Sophia Loren. \... And the Bay of Naples, the Blue Grotto, the port of Capri and numerous vistas on the Mediterranean are scarcely as stunning as she.\", and that even Clark Gable \"lets himself be exposed throughout the picture as a sort of sourpuss in the shadow of the girl.\" *Variety* said that the script and Shavelson\'s direction \"try too hard to make the film up-roariously funny and risque. When the wit flows naturally, it is a delight; when it strains, it pains.\" However, Gable and Loren are \"a surprisingly effective and compatible comedy pair\", and that above all, Loren offered \"a vigorous and amusing performance\". Conversely, film critic Leonard Maltin said that the star duo \"never clicks as love match, but they do their best\". French newspaper *Le Monde* wrote that *It Started in Naples*, \"even more than the world of comics, evokes that of the easy picturesque postcards in favor of foreign tourists. This film, imbued with a sentimentality of charming songs, is helmed by an American, Melville Shavelson, who has hired, no doubt for the purposes of the co-production, Sophia Loren and Clark Gable. Both lack conviction, and we cannot blame them. It is however not unpleasant to look at Sophia Loren who, in spite of some added grimaces, remained superb of casualness, of health. Clark Gable bears his role with despondency, and over his marked face passes a kind of weary tension, as if it already foreshadows the illness that would suddenly take him away.\" (The review was written in February 1961, three months after Gable\'s death the previous November.) For the German *Lexikon des internationalen Films* (\"Lexicon of International Films\"), *It Began in Naples* is a \"star comedy\" that could come up with \"many whimsical punchlines\" and was \"amiably entertaining\". German film magazine *Cinema* thought it was \"gorgeous how the fiery Loren is allowed to sing, dance and above all rant wildly to her heart\'s content\", while saying that the romance portrayed between her and Clark Gable is convincing \"but at most is on paper.\" German supplement *Prisma* said that the \"thoroughbred woman Sophia Loren is in her element\", and that in the film she is \"as we know her and like to see her best.\" ## Home media {#home_media} It was released to DVD in North America in 2005
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# Basil Cameron **Basil Cameron** CBE (18 August 1884 -- 26 June 1975) was an English conductor. ## Early career {#early_career} He was born **Basil George Cameron Hindenberg** at 34 Waylen Street, Reading, the son of a German immigrant family. His father, Frederick Clementz Hindenberg, was a piano tuner. He took up the violin at age 8, and studied with the organist and composer Tertius Noble at York Minster, and then for four years at the Berlin Hochschule, where his violin teachers were Joseph Joachim and Leopold Auer. Back in England he joined Henry Wood\'s Queen\'s Hall Orchestra in 1908 and then the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1912, Hindenberg began conducting at the resort of Torquay, where he included music by Delius and Stravinsky in the repertoire alongside more popular seaside favorites. He also organized festivals dedicated to the music of Wagner (1913) and Strauss (1914), raising the profile of the orchestra. ## World War I and after {#world_war_i_and_after} In 1914, at the start of World War I, it was considered less than ideal in England to bear such a Germanic-sounding name as Hindenberg, so the family name was discreetly dropped and he adopted his third name, Cameron, as his professional surname. Various sources have suggested that the name Hindenberg had initially been adopted because German-sounding conductors could find work more easily than English ones could. It has also been suggested that the name Cameron was his mother\'s maiden name. Both of these assertions are incorrect. During the war, Cameron served in the British Army from November 1915 to August 1918, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant and was wounded in action at Bullecourt in 1918. After the war, Cameron led orchestras in many other British seaside resorts, including Brighton, Hastings (from 1923) and Harrogate (from 1924, succeeding Howard Carr). Laudatory reviews by George Bernard Shaw and Percy Grainger increased his renown, and led to London engagements from the Royal Philharmonic Society. Eric Coates, who had been a violinist with Cameron in the Queen's Hall Orchestra, dedicated his *Four Ways Suite* of 1927 to him. It had been commissioned by Cameron and was premiered in Harrogate that year. In 1929 Cameron organized an all-British festival in Harrogate, including the music of Bax, Delius, Henry Balfour Gardiner, Joseph Holbrooke, William Hurlstone and Peter Warlock. Also in 1929, Cameron auditioned the pianist Moura Lympany, then aged just 12 years old, and immediately organized her concert debut with him at Harrogate, playing Mendelssohn\'s G minor Piano Concerto. In 1930 he guest-conducted with the San Francisco Symphony, and was later invited to become its music director, where from 1930 and 1932 he served as joint music director with Issay Dobrowen. In 1932 he was appointed music director of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, where he stayed until February 1938. ## Return to England {#return_to_england} In 1938, he returned to England where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1940, he joined the conducting staff of the Proms as an associate conductor to Sir Henry Wood and began conducting for various orchestras, the London Philharmonic Orchestra most frequently. With the LPO, Cameron conducted the first UK performance of Benjamin Britten\'s Violin Concerto (on 6 April, 1941), and the first UK performance of the *Sinfonia da Requiem* at the Royal Albert Hall on 22 July, 1942. Cameron played an essential role in the immediate post World War II period at the Henry Wood Promenade Concerts held in the Royal Albert Hall where, with Malcolm Sargent, he was responsible for the bulk of the programming, including the Bach/Brahms evenings. One notable occasion was on 7 September 1945 when Cameron conducted the first performance in England of Schoenberg\'s Piano Concerto, with the 23-year-old pianist Kyla Greenbaum as the soloist. Despite some underlying hostility the work was received by the audience with unexpected enthusiasm, and (according to *The Musical Times*) Greenbaum played with \"immense courage\". Other premieres he conducted at the Proms included E. J. Moeran\'s Serenade in G (on 2 September 1948) and Alan Bush\'s Violin Concerto (on 25 August 1949). ## Retirement and death {#retirement_and_death} Cameron was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1957. On March 31, 1960, while conducting the London Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall with Wilhelm Backhaus as soloist, Cameron became ill and could not continue. He retired in 1964, aged 80 years, with a final concert featuring the Symphony No 4 by Brahms and the *Symphony of Psalms* by Stravinsky.  He was married twice, first to Frances James, and second to Phyllis MacQueen, but died (unmarried) in a Leominster nursing home, aged 91
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# Lombard's paradox **Lombard\'s paradox** describes a paradoxical muscular contraction in humans. When rising to stand from a sitting or squatting position, both the hamstrings and quadriceps contract at the same time, despite them being antagonists to each other. The rectus femoris biarticular muscle acting over the hip has a smaller hip moment arm than the hamstrings. However, the rectus femoris moment arm is greater over the knee than the hamstring knee moment. This means that contraction from both rectus femoris and hamstrings will result in hip and knee extension. Hip extension also adds a passive stretch component to rectus femoris, which results in a knee extension force. This paradox allows for efficient movement, especially during gait
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# John Boyd Thacher **John Boyd Thacher** (September 11, 1847 -- February 25, 1909) was a businessman and politician from Albany, New York. The son of a former mayor of Albany, Thacher served in the New York State Senate from 1884 to 1885 and was mayor of Albany from 1886 to 1888 and again from 1896 to 1897. A native of Ballston, New York, Thacher was raised in Albany and educated primarily by private tutors. He then attended Williams College, from which he graduated *cum laude* in 1869 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Williams later awarded Thacher his Master of Arts as in course. After graduation, Thacher joined his father\'s business manufacturing railroad car wheels. A Democrat in politics, Thacher served in the state senate from 1884 to 1885. He was Albany\'s mayor from 1886 to 1888 and 1896 to 1897. A supporter of hard money during the 1890s debate over U.S. monetary policy, in 1896, he won the Democratic nomination for governor of New York. William Jennings Bryan, a supporter of free silver, won the party\'s presidential nomination, and most statewide Democratic nominees that year were supporters of free silver, so Thacher declined to run. Thacher was a historian and authored several books and articles on topics related to U.S. history. As a collector of historical memorabilia, he acquired numerous autographs of prominent figures, including every signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. A philanthropist, among his gifts was a large tract of land in rural Albany County, which was later added to the state\'s parklands as John Boyd Thacher State Park. In 1872, Thacher married Emma Treadwell, the great-granddaughter of Connecticut governor John Treadwell. Among his family members were nephews John Boyd Thacher II, who served as mayor of Albany, and Ebby Thacher, who played an important role in Bill Wilson\'s creation of Alcoholics Anonymous. Thacher died in Albany, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery. ## Early life {#early_life} John Boyd Thacher was born in Ballston, New York on September 11, 1847, the son of George Hornell Thacher and Ursula Jane (Boyd) Thacher. The Thachers were descended from Thomas Thacher, the first minister of Boston\'s Old South Church. George Thacher operated a foundry and operated a successful business manufacturing wheels and undercarriages for railroad cars, and was the primary supplier to the New York Central Railroad. In addition, he served as Albany\'s mayor from 1860 to 1862, 1866 to 1868, and 1870 to 1874. John Thacher was educated primarily by private tutors before enrolling at Williams College. He graduated *cum laude* with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1869. He then completed a course of practical instruction at Folsome's Business College (later Albany Business College), then joined his father\'s business. Thacher was a member of the Kappa Alpha Society, and Williams later awarded him his Master of Arts degree \"as in course.\" After the death of their father in 1887, Thacher and his brother George Hornell Thacher (1851--1929) succeeded to ownership of the business. Thacher was a Freemason, and attained the 33rd degree of the Scottish Rite. As part of his work as a historian, Thacher amassed a library of Masonic literature, which he donated to Albany\'s Masters Lodge No. 5. In 1872, Thacher married Emma Treadwell (1850--1927). They were married until his death and had no children. Thacher\'s family also included nephews John Boyd Thacher II and Ebby Thacher, the sons of his brother George.
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# John Boyd Thacher ## Political career {#political_career} ### State senator {#state_senator} Thacher was active in politics as a Democrat and served as a member of Albany\'s board of health. In 1883, he was elected to the New York State Senate, and he served from January 1884 to December 1885. In the senate, he secured funding for completing construction of the New York State Capitol, which had begun in 1867, and was completed in 1899. He also secured social reforms including regulations for tenements, and an 1885 statewide census that enabled reapportionment of state legislative districts. Upon becoming president in 1869, Ulysses S. Grant retired from the army. During Grant\'s final illness in 1884 he was in financial distress, and Thacher introduced a legislative resolution calling on New York\'s congressional delegation to enact a law restoring Grant to the army\'s retired list so he would qualify for a pension. The resolution passed, and Thacher traveled to Washington, D.C. to personally lobby members of Congress, who passed the law in early 1885. ### Mayor of Albany {#mayor_of_albany} Thacher served as Albany\'s mayor from 1886 to 1888 and again from 1896 to 1898. During his first term, Thacher presided over extensive ceremonies to celebrate the bicentennial of Albany\'s 1686 chartering as a city. In February 1888, he organized and presided over a three day long winter carnival, the first celebration of its type south of Montreal. During his second term, Thacher oversaw the start of several construction projects, most notably Union Station at the corner of Broadway and Steuben Street. When the kidnapping of a five-year-old boy took place in August 1897, while the city\'s police chief was on vacation, Thacher acted as chief for several days as the crime was investigated and searchers attempted to locate the victim. The kidnapped boy was recovered by searchers several days later, and the three kidnappers were each sentenced to fourteen years in prison. In 1890, Thacher was appointed a commissioner from New York for the 1893 World\'s Columbian Exposition, and he served until 1895. During this service, he was appointed chairman of the exposition\'s executive committee on awards. Thacher served without pay, and at the close of the exposition, New York\'s governor and the presidential administration of Benjamin Harrison requested him to submit a request for reimbursement of his expenses, which he declined to do. Thacher supported hard money and the gold standard during the 1890s debate over U.S. monetary policy. In 1896, he was chosen by the state Democratic convention as the party\'s nominee for governor of New York. Free silver supporter William Jennings Bryan won the party\'s presidential nomination, and most statewide Democratic nominees that year were supporters of free silver, so Thacher declined to run.
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# John Boyd Thacher ## Historian Thacher was a historian who specialized in the early history of the Americas and the United States. His historical works included: - *The Continent of America, Its Discovery and Its Baptism; An Essay on the Nomenclature of the Old Continents, etc.* (1896) - A drama, *Charlecote: or the Trial of William Shakespeare* (1896) - *The Cabotian Discovery* (1897) - *Christopher Columbus, His Life, His Works, His Remains, together with an Essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé de las Casas, the first Historians of America* (two volumes, 1903) - *Outlines of the French Revolution told in Autographs* (1905) ## Death and burial {#death_and_burial} Thacher died in Albany on February 25, 1909. He was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery. ## Legacy ### Memorabilia collections {#memorabilia_collections} Thacher was a collector of historical memorabilia. Among his collections were: - The signatures of all the signers of the Declaration of Independence - Early maps of the Americas. - Material pertaining to the French Revolution - Autographs of prominent individuals - Rare books After Thacher\'s death, his wife donated most of his collections to the Smithsonian Institution. ### Thacher Park {#thacher_park} Thacher purchased a large plot of land in central Albany County, New York which his widow donated to the state in 1914, and is now known as John Boyd Thacher State Park
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# James Thacher **James Thacher** (February 14, 1754 -- May 26, 1844) was an American physician and writer, born in Barnstable, Massachusetts. ## Biography When Thacher was 16 he became an apprentice for Abner Hersey, a doctor from Barnstable, Massachusetts. From 1775 to 1783 he was a surgeon in the Revolution, in the Massachusetts 16th Regiment. Afterward, he practiced in Plymouth, Massachusetts until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1803. He was married to Susannah Hayward of Bridgewater, Massachusetts. They had six children. However, only two daughters lived into adulthood. Thacher was stationed at West Point in 1780 and supported the execution by George Washington of the British spy John André. ## Works - *Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War* (1823) - *Observations Relative to the Execution of Major John André as a Spy in 1780* (1834) - *American New Dispensatory* (1810; fourth edition, 1821) - *History of the town of Plymouth, from its first settlement in 1620, to the present time* (1835) - *An Essay on Demonology, Ghosts and Apparitions, and Popular Superstitions* *Also, an Account of the Witchcraft Delusion at Salem*, (1692) - Several other books
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# Wilbur Fisk Tillett **Wilbur Fisk Tillett** (1854--1936) was an American Methodist clergyman and educator. ## Early life {#early_life} Wilbur Fisk Tillett was born August 25, 1854, in Henderson, North Carolina, which at that time was in Granville County (later Vance). He was named for the early 19th-century Methodist theologian Willbur Fisk. His father was an itinerant Methodist minister in North Carolina, John Tillett (1812--1890). Tillett graduated from Randolph&ndash;Macon College in 1877 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1880. ## Career Tillett spent the bulk of his teaching career at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He was Professor of Systematic Theology and Dean of the Theological Faculty after 1884 and vice chancellor after 1886. During his tenure, he invited Booker T. Washington to speak at Vanderbilt on the topic, \"How can a young Southern man help in the lifting up of the Negro race?\". Tillett argued that the United States had been established by God himself to usher in the Kingdom. Moreover, he argued that the emancipation of black slaves as a result of the American Civil War of 1861--65 had been good for white Southern men as it had turned them into self-reliant hard workers instead of idle planters. ## Death Tillett died on June 4, 1936, in Nashville. ## Secondary source {#secondary_source} - Lester Hubert Colloms, *Wilbur Fisk Tillett, Christian educator* (Cloister Press, 1949)
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# Stade de l'Amitié **Stade de l\'Amitie** or **Friendship Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium in Cotonou, Benin. It is currently used for football matches and also has facilities for athletics. The stadium has a capacity of 35,000 people. The stadium is home to Benin\'s national football team
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# Chynna Ortaleza **Lara Serena Roque Ortaleza-Cipriano** (born December 6, 1982), professionally known as **Chynna Ortaleza**, is a Filipino actress, television host, and model. She is formerly a contract star of GMA Network. She is also Vice President for Production & Artist Management for O/C Records a fast rising music & entertainment agency in the Philippines. ## Career Ortaleza landed her first TV gig as a junior reporter on the children\'s magazine show *5 and Up*. She left the show after three years to concentrate on her studies. She returned to acting after graduating from high school, when she became known as Sprite\'s Kitikitxt girl via a popular TV commercial that launched her showbusiness career. Ortaleza was later cast as Mimi on GMA Network\'s teen drama, *Click*, where she starred next to Richard Gutierrez. In 2004, Ortaleza began to focus on her hosting career. After the success of the first season of *StarStruck,* Ortaleza hosted the *StarStruck*\'s Friday live show, *Stage 1 Live*, with Cogie Domingo and Raymond Gutierrez. *Stage 1 Live* was cancelled after one season. She was then added to the new youth segment of *SOP (Sobrang Okey Pare)*, titled as *SOP Gimikada* then changed to *SOP Gigsters*. She was then cast as host in the second season of 3R with Iza Calzado and Bettina Carlos. She was also a cast member of Joyride. In 2010 to 2012, she played more than five major villainess character roles. In 2013, Ortaleza was cast as the hard-hearted and soft-spoken Minerva on *Kakambal ni Eliana*, along with Sherilyn Reyes-Tan and Lexi Fernandez, the three of them are the lead villains to the main heroine, Eliana. Ortaleza\'s character in the end became snake and tries to murder Eliana as a revenge for Nora\'s demise (Sherilyn Reyes-Tan). In 2005, Ortaleza appeared in the first issue of Pump Magazine. She was also a part of Metro Magazine and *FHM*{{\'}}s \"100 Sexiest Women in the World.\" Ortaleza then starred in the soap opera *Sugo* and joined the MTV VJ Hunt to become one of the 16 finalists. Though she did not win the title, she got the People Choice awards. For the year 2006, Ortaleza was on the list again of FHM 100 sexiest women. In 2014 she played as Colleen on *Second Chances* and on 2018 she played the kind-hearted and tough Lynette on *Victor Magtanggol*. Her Lynette character was slightly hateful to her mother for abandoning them but later learns to forgive her. ## Personal life {#personal_life} In November 2015, Ortaleza married singer and actor Kean Cipriano. On April 20, 2016, the couple had their first child, a daughter named Stellar. The name of their daughter was inspired by one of the songs of their favorite band Incubus. On September 25, 2019, Ortaleza gave birth to their son, Salem. The name of their son means \"peace\" in Hebrew. ## Filmography ### Television Year Title Role ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 1997--2002 *5 and Up* Herself/host 1999--2004 *Click* Mimi Mendez 2001 *Ikaw Lang ang Mamahalin* Melanie Fuentebella *GMA Telecine Specials* Various 2002 *Campus Romance* 2002--2003 *Habang Kapiling Ka* Donna Javellana-Capistrano 2002 *Maynila* Various *Click Barkada Hunt* Host 2003--2004 *Joyride* Lea 2003 *Love to Love: Maid For Each Other* Jen *Love to Love 2: My 1, 2 Love* Nikki 2005 *Bahay Mo Ba \'To?* Tingting *Love to Love 7: Haunted Love House* Nadia 2005--2006 *Sugo* Rebecca 2006 *Now and Forever*: *Linlang* Jane *Atlantika* Vera 2007 *Sine Novela*: *Pati Ba Pintig ng Puso* Mabel 2007--2008 *La Vendetta* Joanna Alumpihit 2008 *Codename: Asero* Fran Guevarra 2009 *Sine Novela*: *Paano Ba ang Mangarap?* Maya Benitez *Dear Friend: Kay Tagal Kitang Hinintay* Dianne *SRO Cinemaserye: The Eva Castillo Story* Pilar *Adik Sa\'Yo* Lisa 2010 *The Last Prince* Lourdez *Dear Friend: Tisay* *Claudine* *Sine Novela*: *Trudis Liit* Precious Toledo *Jillian: Namamasko Po* Mavic 2011 *Magic Palayok* Natasha Ledesma *Pepito Manaloto* Nancy *Pahiram ng Isang Ina* Sophia 2012 *Legacy* Young Eva Altamirano-Alcantara *Luna Blanca* Young Divine Alvarez-Buenaluz (1st and 2nd chapter) 2012--2013 *Sana ay Ikaw na Nga* Olga Villavicer / Dulce 2013 *Kakambal ni Eliana* Minerva San Beda *My Husband\'s Lover* Stella 2013--2014 *Adarna* Janelle 2014 *Dading* Celine Pacheco-Rodriguez 2015 *Second Chances* Colleen Paredes *The Rich Man\'s Daughter* Batchi Luna *Karelasyon* Julia *Juan Tamad* Ellen Da General 2016 *Magpakailanman: Hula ng kamatayan: The Marivic Celi Story* Marivic Celi *Magpakailanman: The Happy and Sad Adventures of Tekla: The Romeo Librada Story* Ayrin 2017 *Mulawin vs
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# Barthélemy Boganda Stadium **Stade Barthélemy Boganda**, in Bangui, is the national stadium of the Central African Republic. It is located at Complexe Sportif Barthélemy Boganda and it is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 35,000 for sports matches. It is named after the former president of the country, Barthélemy Boganda. It was first constructed in 2003 by the Chinese company *Complan*, it first started on 16 June 2006 and completed on 30 December by president François Bozizé. The stadium is home to one of several popular clubs in the country including AS Tempête Mocaf
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# Addis Ababa Stadium **Addis Ababa Stadium** (Amharic: አዲስ አበባ ስታዲየም) is a multi-purpose stadium in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is used mostly for football matches although it also has athletics facilities. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people. ## History Addis Ababa Stadium was constructed in 1940 in the Italian ruled Addis Ababa, with the name \"Stadio Littorio\". I It hosted several matches during the 1962, 1968 and 1976 African Cup of Nations, including the final of the 1962 (won by Ethiopia over the United Arab Republic) and 1968 editions and the final group stage of the 1976 tournament. Later in 1999, it was renovated for the 2001 CAF African Youth Championship held in Ethiopia. In this championship, the Ethiopia\'s National Youth team came fourth. The Ethiopian youth team thereby qualified for the first time for the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship that took place in Argentina. Addis Ababa Stadium is located at the heart of Addis Ababa near Legehar train station and Meskel Square. The stadium hosts both international soccer and athletics competitions. Great athletes like the legendary Abebe Bikila and Haile Gebrselassie have competed at the stadium. According to IAAF certification, Addis Ababa stadium has Class II certificate for its athletics facilities. Between 30 April and 4 May 2008, Addis Ababa Stadium hosted the 16th African Athletics Championships. ### Stands The small section immediately to the right of the main stand was called \"Kemeneshe\" while the stand in the right corner of the stadium was called \"Abebe Bikila\" because there was a shop with the same name under stands on the exterior side. The stands to the left of the main stand was called \"Fasika Ber\", named after advertisements displayed in this section of the stadium. The section immediately to the left of this was called \"Tesera\". The stands opposite of the main stand are historically known as \"Katanga\", alluding to the military personnel that used to sit in these stands after returning from peace keeping missions in Katanga, DRC. The stadium has 12 entrance tunnels. ## Future ### Renovations In January 2021, the sport commission of the stadium signed an agreement for design, consultation and management of renovations to the stadium. ### New Stadium {#new_stadium} Construction on a new FIFA and Olympic-standard 62,000 seat stadium is due in 2019. LAVA, DESIGNSPORT and local Ethiopian firm JDAW won the international competition held by the Federal Sport Commission, Ethiopia to design the stadium and sports village. The design combines local identity, such as rock cut architecture and the massob basket, with new technology. The stadium is being built by the China State Construction Engineering Corporation
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# Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex The **Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Stadium** (frequently abbreviated **SKD Stadium**) is a multi-purpose stadium which is part of the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex in Paynesville, Liberia, a suburb of the country\'s capital, Monrovia. Built in 1986, it is used mostly for football matches and has an athletics track, though it has also been used for a reggae concert, political rallies, IDP refuge, and Ebola treatment. The largest stadium in Liberia, its spectator capacity is 22,000. ## Background The stadium was commissioned by President William Tolbert, who did not start the construction and was removed from power in a 1980 coup d\'état by 17 enlisted men of the Armed Forces of Liberia led by Samuel Doe. Completed during Doe\'s reign, he named the facility after himself. During Liberia\'s second civil war, thousands sought refuge in the stadium. On 24 June 2003, following the breakdown of a ceasefire, there were a reported 58,000 IDPs in the stadium, more than 5% of Monrovia\'s estimated 1,000,000 residents. The stadium has had frequent problems with overcrowding, due on at least one occasion to illegal ticket sales. In 2008, eight people died of suffocation following a football match, and in 2014, spectators were reported to have fainted. The stadium has been the site of international concerts, national political events, and multiple World Cup qualifying matches. In 1988, the Reggae Sunsplash concert was held in SKD. The 24-hour long event featured Burning Spear, Yellowman, and other well-known roots and dancehall reggae artists flown in from Jamaica. During the campaign for the Liberian general election in 2011 the Congress for Democratic Change held exclusive rallies in the stadium. In 2022, the stadium was used as the endpoint for all races during the 2022 Liberia Marathon. ## Renovations In September 2005, a \$7.6 million (\~\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=7600000|start_year=2005}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}) renovation funded by China was announced and Chinese company Hunan Constructing Engineering Group Corporation was named as the contractor. After the two-year renovation was complete, Liberia lacked the expertise to manage the electronic scoreboard. The grass was badly damaged after a 2009 international women\'s conference. In October 2013, another agreement was signed between the governments of Liberia and China funding a \$18 million (\~\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=18000000|start_year=2013}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}) renovation of the stadium. The plans for the second renovation included the practice pitch and tennis courts that were not repaired six years earlier. In February 2020, Shao Kaipeng of the Hebei Construction Group, the Chinese construction firm renovating the SKD, pleaded with Liberians to maintain the stadium. Shao said, \"I do not understand why people will come to watch game and break the things that can make the stadium beautiful; why will they throw garbage on the stadium?\" and requested that the government hire more people to clean the stadium and to provide security after games. Matches between Liberian county teams were reported in early 2014. ## Ebola treatment {#ebola_treatment} During the Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia, SKD was the site of a Chinese-built Ebola treatment unit. The 100-bed hospital, constructed by the Chinese firm CNQC, was planned for 160 specialized medical personnel from China. It opened in November 2014 with a ceremony attended by President Sirleaf In May 2015 the ETU was decommissioned after treating 10 confirmed cases and admitting 110 patients. The 20-room facility and its more than 920,000 items, including more than 1,500 kinds of medical instruments and materials worth approximately \$7 million, was turned over to the Liberian government. As part of the ceremony, President Sirleaf was presented with a flag of the People\'s Liberation Army medical team. In August 2015, Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi visited SKD stadium and met with Chinese workers
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# San'yō-Onoda right\|thumb\|270px\|street in San\'yō-Onoda is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. `{{As of|2023|05|31}}`{=mediawiki}, the city had an estimated population of 59,867 in 29,122 households and a population density of 530 persons per km^2^. The total area of the city is 133.09 sqkm. ## Geography San\'yō-Onoda is located in the southwestern part of Yamaguchi Prefecture. It is long in the north-south direction and has a fan shape that opens to the Seto Inland Sea. The Asa River flows from the north to the central area, and the Ariho River flows from the northeast to the east, flowing south into the Seto Inland Sea. The city hall is located on the west bank of the Ariho River mouth. ### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities} Yamaguchi Prefecture - Mine - Shimonoseki - Ube ### Climate San\'yō-Onoda has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification *Cfa*) with very warm summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Hikari is 16.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1732 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 27.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 6.4 °C. ## Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of San\'yō-Onoda peaked in the 1960s, and has remained relatively steady since the 1970s ## History The area of San\'yō-Onoda was part of an ancient Nagato Province. During the Edo Period, the area was part of the holdings of Chōshū Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, the villages of Asai, Sue, and Takachiho were established within Asa District, Yamaguchi with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Asai became the town of Asa on October 1, 1918 and Sue was elevated to town status on April 3, 1920 and renamed Onoda. Takachiho was elevated to town status on April 1, 1938 and merged with Onoda on November 3, 1940 to become the city of Onoda. Asa merged with the town of Habu to form the town of San\'yō on September 30, 1956. Onoda and San\'yo merged to form the city of San\'yō-Onoda on March 22, 2005. ## Government San\'yō-Onoda has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members. San\'yō-Onoda contributes three members to the Yamaguchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Yamaguchi 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. ## Economy San\'yō-Onoda is an industrial city centered on the chemical industry based on cement and oil refining. Along with neighboring Ube, it is part of the Setouchi industrial area. ## Education San\'yō-Onoda has 13 public elementary school and six public junior high schools operated by the city government, and three public high schools operated by the Yamaguchi Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private high school
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# Mogadishu Stadium **Mogadishu Stadium** (Somali: Garoonka Muqdisho) is a stadium in Mogadishu, Somalia. During the Somali Civil War, the stadium was heavily damaged by foreign troops who used the structure as a base. The stadium has been completely rebuilt and artificial turf was laid on 27 March 2020. ## History The facility was constructed in 1977 during the Siad Barre administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. Although Mogadishu Stadium was mainly used for hosting sporting activities, presidential addresses and political rallies were also held there. The first game ever held at the stadium occurred soon after construction completed during 1978 between the Somali national team and a Chinese club Leonen. In 1987, the popular singer Magool staged the famous \"Mogadishu and Magool\" concert at basketball hall (adjacent to football stadium) which is part of this wide sports facility/village. It was among the largest such musical events held at the time, with thousands of people in attendance. ### Civil War {#civil_war} Following the start of the civil war in the early 1990s, the stadium was used as a base by various armed factions. A few football matches from that period were intermittently staged, but the facility remained under the control of militants. During UNOSOM II, American and Pakistani forces used the stadium as a base and caused significant damage. Following the UN withdrawal in 1995, the Somali Football Federation repaired most of the destruction and games resumed. During 2006, FIFA financed the installation of a new artificial pitch at the Mogadishu Stadium. However, the venue along with other local facilities gradually incurred infrastructural damage over the following years. During the 2007--2009 occupation of Mogadishu, the Ethiopian National Defence Force used the stadium as a military base. In those two years Ethiopian troops caused far more damage to the structure than the American and Pakistani UNOSOM forces based there over a decade earlier. When Ethiopian troops withdrew in January 2009, more than 50% of the stadium was destroyed. The day following the Ethiopian withdrawal from the city on 14 January 2009, the Somali Football Federation inspected and assessed the stadium for use. Remnants of the Islamic Courts Union would hand over the stadium to the SFF after announcing that the stadium was meant for recreational and not military use. In the months following, Al-Shabaab seized control of the stadium and used it as a base of operations. When the group laid siege to much of Mogadishu and other southern areas in 2008, it prohibited sporting activities. In August 2011, during the 2010\'s Battle of Mogadishu, the Somali National Army (SNA) backed by AMISOM troops recaptured the capital and stadium from the militants. ### Reconstruction In 2013, the newly established famous Federal Government of Somalia began renovating the stadium in conjunction with Chinese officials. By 2015, the artificial turf had been refurbished. The stadium also began again serving as one of the main sporting venues in the capital for Somali League football matches. ## Renovations In September 2013, the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official bilateral cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. Under the terms of the accord, the Chinese authorities were slated to reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks in the Somali capital and elsewhere, including the Mogadishu Stadium. The renovation was completed in 2020 and it hosted the sixtieth anniversary of independence on 1 July 2020. ## Capacity and facilities {#capacity_and_facilities} Mogadishu Stadium has a capacity of 65,000 spectators. It features a tournament ground, as well as grounds for track and field, football, basketball, volleyball and tennis.
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# Mogadishu Stadium ## Attendance record {#attendance_record} In July 2021, 65,000 people showed up for a domestic top-flight football league game between Horseed FC and Mogadishu City Club at the Mogadishu Stadium. It was the best-attended Somali league game ever
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# Team of the century In team sport, **team of the century** and **team of the decade** are hypothetical best teams over a given time period. For the century team, it can be either 100 years, or for a century (always the 20th). Similarly the team of the decade can be for 10 years or a decade (for example the 1980s). Teams of the decade and century are selected for both leagues and clubs and sometimes selected for other reasons, such as to honour the contribution of a particular ethnic group. Teams of the 20th century in particular have been controversial due to their loose criteria and the systemic bias toward current players, given that the performance of players before the advent of broadcasting of matches cannot be reviewed and relies on hearsay and archival records. The Team of the Century concept used extensively in the sport of Australian rules football, where, since the mid-1990s, leagues (such as the VFL/AFL or SANFL), as well as football clubs, have named their best team (see Football (Australian rules) positions). Teams of the decades followed. One of the most famous examples of the team of the century concept was in 1996, when the AFL Team of the Century was named on 2 September 1996, during the League\'s centenary season. An example from Ireland was when in 1984 the GAA selected their Football Team of the Century and Hurling Team of the Century to celebrate the first 100 years of the GAA. The term was used again in 2011 when the Team of Century from the Sigerson Cup was chosen
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# Antti Miettinen **Antti Markus Miettinen** (born July 3, 1980) is a Finnish ice hockey coach and former professional forward, who last played professionally with HPK of the Liiga. He had previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild and Winnipeg Jets. ## Playing career {#playing_career} Miettinen was drafted by the Dallas Stars as their seventh-round pick, 224th overall, in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. Prior to playing in the NHL, he played for five years in the SM-Liiga with HPK Hämeenlinna picking up the Kultainen kypärä and the Lasse Oksanen trophy in his final year in Finland. Miettinen spent two-years in the American Hockey League (AHL) before playing his first full season in the NHL in the 2005--06 season with the Stars. He was chosen to play for Finland in the 2006 Winter Olympics but was unable to participate due to an upper body injury. He was replaced on the team by Stars teammate Niklas Hagman. On July 3, 2008, Miettinen signed a 3-year \$7 million contract with the Minnesota Wild. When that contract ended, he moved to the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). On December 12, 2011, Miettinen agreed on a two-year deal to return to the NHL with the Tampa Bay Lightning. However, the following day he was claimed off re-entry waivers by the Winnipeg Jets. A free agent at the conclusion of his two-year contract with the Jets, Miettinen once again left the NHL and signed a one-year contract with Swiss club HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A on July 22, 2013. In the 2013--14 season, Miettinen was hampered again by injury but posted a credible 7 goals and 22 points in 34 games with Fribourg. After one season in Germany, he returned to HPK for one final season before retiring and becoming an assistant coach with the club. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Miettinen used to be in a band named Cement, formed by Miettinen and a few friends. He played the guitar and wrote a few songs with the band. Although not very widely known, they did get one gig---at his wedding. He has a son, Noel, who was born in December 2009 and a daughter named Olivia, who was born in 2011. ## Awards - 2002--03 SM-Liiga Kultainen kypärä - 2002--03 SM-Liiga Lasse Oksanen trophy ## Career statistics {#career_statistics} ### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}     Regular season ------------------- ----------------------- --------- ----- ---------------- Season Team League GP G 1996--97 HPK FIN U18 36 24 1997--98 HPK FIN U18 34 13 1997--98 HPK FIN U20 8 1 1998--99 HPK FIN U20 21 5 1998--99 HPK SM-l 13 0 1998--99 FPS FIN
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# Taoyuan City Stadium The **Taoyuan City Stadium** (`{{zh|c=桃園市立體育場|p=Táoyuán Shìlì Tǐyùchǎng}}`{=mediawiki}) is a multi-use stadium in Taoyuan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. It is currently used mostly for football matches and it also has an athletics track. The stadium has a capacity of 30,000 people. ## History The stadium was originally built in 1993 as **Taoyuan County Stadium** (`{{zh|c=桃園縣立體育場|p=Táoyuán Xiàn Lì Tǐyùchǎng}}`{=mediawiki}). In 2014, it was changed to **Taoyuan City Stadium**. ## Transportation The stadium is accessible within walking distance east of Taoyuan Station of Taiwan Railways Administration
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# Les Visiteurs du Soir ***Les Visiteurs du Soir**\'\' (US:***The Devil\'s Envoys**\'\') is a 1942 film by French film director Marcel Carné. The film was released on 5 December 1942 in Paris during the Nazi occupation. ## Plot In May 1485, two of the devil\'s envoys, Gilles (Alain Cuny) and Dominique (Arletty), arrive at the castle of Baron Hugues (Fernand Ledoux) on the night of a celebration for his daughter\'s engagement. The Baron\'s daughter, Anne (Marie Déa), is set to marry Renaud (Marcel Herrand), a warlord who prefers talking about battle more than reciting love poems. Disguised as traveling minstrels, Gilles and Dominique enter the castle and use their powers of enticement to ruin the upcoming nuptials. Gilles seduces the innocent Anne, while both the Baron and Renaud become bewitched with Dominique. But, when Gilles accidentally falls in love with Anne, the Devil (Jules Berry) arrives to ensure that any true happiness is destroyed. When Gilles and Anne are caught together in her room, Gilles is thrown into the dungeon, and Anne and Renaud\'s engagement is called off. When the Baron and Renaud realize that they are both in love with Dominique, they duel to the death and Renaud is killed. Following the Devil\'s orders, Dominique leaves the castle and entices the Baron to follow her in suit. Intrigued by Anne\'s unusual purity and faith in love, the Devil decides he wants Anne for himself. Making a deal with the Devil, Anne agrees to be with him in return for the Devil releasing Gilles from chains. Once Gilles is free, the Devil strips Gilles of his memory and Gilles walks off leaving Anne with the Devil. But, once Gilles is gone, Anne reveals that she lied and that she could never love the Devil. Returning to the fountain where she and Gilles first pronounced their love, Anne and Gilles reunite and through the power of love, Gilles recovers his memory. Finding the two once again in love, the Devil changes them both into statues, but finds that, even underneath stone, their hearts continue to beat. ## Cast - Arletty as Dominique, a minstrel - Alain Cuny as Gilles, a minstrel - Jules Berry as the Devil - Marie Déa as Anne Hugues - Fernand Ledoux as Baron Hugues, Anne\'s father - Marcel Herrand as Baron Renaud, Anne\'s fiance - Pierre Labry as the Lord - Jean d\'Yd as the playboy - Roger Blin as the monster showman - Gabriel Gabrio as the executioner - Simone Signoret as plain maid made beautiful by Gilles ## Production The film was shot in Nice, in Vichy France, and due to the war, Carné faced a number of difficulties in making the film. Due to the increased censorship during the war, Carné wanted to make a historical and fantastical film that would have little difficulty with the censors. ## Reception The film premiered at Paris's Madeleine Cinema on 4 December 1942 and was one of the biggest film events during the war. It was called \"the grandest film of the Occupation.\" One of the reasons that the film was such a huge success was murmuring before the film was released that the film was an allegory for the current situation. Many people saw the character of the Devil as representing Hitler and the continued beating hearts of the lovers as representing France living under German rule, but not giving up hope. Carné maintained until his death that the film was not an intentional allegory for the war and that any relationship was purely unconscious
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# Ben Rutten **Benjamin Rutten** (born 28 May 1983) is a former Australian rules football player and coach. He was the senior coach of the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) in 2021 and 2022. As a player, he played for the Adelaide Football Club and was known for his size, strength and ability to contain some of the game\'s best forwards. ## Playing career {#playing_career} ### Adelaide Recruited from South Australian National Football League (SANFL) club West Adelaide in the 2001 Rookie Draft, Rutten made his AFL debut in 2003 for Adelaide Crows as a forward, joining an elite club of players who have goaled with each of their first three kicks. Rutten was moved to defence and made a name for himself as a tough full-back, coming of age in the 2005 AFL season, where he was part of Adelaide\'s sturdy defensive unit, and often held his opponents to two goals or less. This earned Rutten All-Australian selection in 2005, and Rutten became an integral part of Adelaide\'s defence for the rest of his career. He and fellow All-Australian defender Nathan Bock formed one of the most capable defensive partnerships in the AFL prior to Bock\'s transfer to the Gold Coast Suns. Rutten gave away the game-deciding free kick in the 2009 semi-final by holding the arm of Collingwood forward Jack Anthony who scored Collingwood\'s winning goal in the last 55 seconds, which ended Adelaide\'s season. On 1 July 2014, Rutten announced that he would retire at the end of the 2014 season, hinting a possible move into coaching. He played his last game against St Kilda on 31 August 2014, scoring his ninth and final AFL goal in the last kick of his career.
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# Ben Rutten ## Coaching career {#coaching_career} ### Richmond On 10 September 2014, Rutten became an assistant coach at Richmond under senior coach Damien Hardwick, serving as the club\'s defence coach. Rutten was also part of the coaching group in the club\'s 2017 AFL Grand Final win. Rutten left the Richmond Football Club at the end of the 2018 season. ### Essendon On 24 August 2018, Essendon announced Rutten would be joining their coaching department as an assistant coach under senior coach John Worsfold for the 2019 season, Rutten served as assistant coach in the position of the Team Defence and Key Position Coach. On 17 September 2019, it was announced that Rutten would succeed John Worsfold as the senior coach of `{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} at the conclusion of the 2020 AFL season. At the end of the 2020 season, Essendon senior coach Worsfold handed over the coaching reins to his assistant coach Rutten as part of the planned transition. Rutten then officially became the senior coach of Essendon Football Club. In Rutten\'s first season as Essendon Football Club senior coach in the 2021 season, he guided Essendon to finish eighth on the ladder, therefore making the finals. They were eliminated by the eventual runners-up, the Western Bulldogs in an elimination final. Following an unsuccessful 2022 season in which Essendon under Rutten won seven out of 22 games, David Barham replaced Paul Brasher as Essendon\'s club president on 15 August and immediately attempted to sign four-time Hawthorn premiership coach Alastair Clarkson, all whilst Rutten was still under contract for 2023. On 19 August, Clarkson instead signed as senior coach of `{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki}, stating that the Bombers\' offer came \"far too late\" to seriously attract his interest. Several media outlets subsequently described Rutten\'s position as untenable and expected him to be sacked during that Sunday\'s board meeting. The next day, Essendon suffered a 66-point round 23 loss to Richmond, with Rutten stating in his post-match press conference that he \"deserved better\" and that Essendon needed \"to come together as a whole football club and stick to a plan.\" The following day, Rutten was sacked as senior coach of Essendon. Rutten was then replaced by Brad Scott as senior coach of Essendon Football Club. ### Return to Richmond {#return_to_richmond} On 16 September 2022, it was announced that Rutten returned to Richmond as an assistant coach under senior coach Damien Hardwick for the 2023 season.
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