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# George Trenholm
## *Gone with the Wind* {#gone_with_the_wind}
Popular legend suggests that Trenholm and his exploits inspired Margaret Mitchell\'s character of Rhett Butler in her Civil War novel, *Gone with the Wind*
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# Panniculus adiposus
The **panniculus adiposus** is the fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues, superficial to a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus.
It includes structures that are considered fascia by some sources but not by others. Some examples include the fascia of Camper and the superficial cervical fascia.
A group of disorders of inflammation of this layer is called panniculitis
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# Euxanthic acid
**Euxanthic acid** is a xanthonoid glycoside, a conjugate of the aglycone euxanthone with glucuronic acid. Its magnesium salt is the primary colourant of the pigment Indian Yellow
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# Euxanthone
**Euxanthone** is a naturally occurring xanthonoid, an organic compound with the molecular formula C~13~H~8~O~4~. It can be synthesized from gentisic acid, β-resorcylic acid, and acetic anhydride. It occurs naturally in many plant species. Commercial production is from purified root extract of *Polygala tenuifolia*. It has been investigated for bioactive properties
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# Scenery and Fish
***Scenery and Fish*** is the second album by the Canadian rock band I Mother Earth, released by Capitol and EMI in 1996. It is the band\'s most commercially successful album, going double platinum in Canada and selling 320,000 units in Canada by April 1999.
The album is the band\'s first studio record to feature bassist Bruce Gordon. Writing for the album began around January 1995, pre-production and recording took place in the fall, and mixing was done from November-December 1995. The album was somewhat of a continuance of the band\'s percussive, psychedelic sound, albeit this time with more of a post-grunge twist tinged with elements of both progressive rock and pop.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Scenery and Fish* won the 1996 CASBY Award for \"Favourite New Release\". The album was nominated for \"Rock Album of the Year\" at the 1997 Juno Awards.
## Personnel
- Edwin -- vocals
- Jagori Tanna -- guitars, backing vocals
- Bruce Gordon -- bass
- Christian Tanna -- drums
### Additional musicians {#additional_musicians}
- Alex Lifeson -- additional guitar on \"Like A Girl\"
- Luis Conte -- percussion
- Daniel Mansilla -- percussion
- Kenny Pearson -- Hammond B3 organ
## Track listing {#track_listing}
(All songs written by \"I Mother Earth\", later revealed to be Jagori and Christian Tanna) `{{Track listing
|title1 =Hello Dave!
|length1 = 0:47
|title2 =Like a Girl
|length2 = 4:40
|title3 =[[One More Astronaut]]
|length3 = 5:24
|title4 =Another Sunday
|length4 = 4:05
|title5 =Three Days Old
|length5 = 5:47
|title6 =Used to Be Alright
|length6 = 5:27
|title7 =Shortcut to Moncton
|length7 = 7:56
|title8 =Pisser
|length8 = 5:00
|title9 =Raspberry
|length9 = 5:45
|title10 =Songburst & Delirium
|length10 = 5:55
|title11 =Sense of Henry
|length11 = 5:16
|title12 =Earth, Sky & C
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# Edoardo Agnelli
**Edoardo Agnelli** (9 June 1954 -- 15 November 2000) was the eldest child and only son of Gianni Agnelli, the industrialist patriarch of Fiat S.p.A., and of Marella Agnelli, who was born *Donna* Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto. He converted to Shia Islam when he was living in New York City, and changed his name to Hisham Aziz. In mid-November 2000, he was found dead under a bridge on the outskirts of Turin.
## Biography
Agnelli was born in New York City to Italian parents; his maternal grandmother was American. His mother, Marella Agnelli, and his father, Gianni Agnelli, married in 1953. He had one sister, Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen. He had studied at the Liceo Classico Massimo d\'Azeglio in Turin, at Atlantic College in the Vale of Glamorgan in south Wales, and he read modern literature in Latin and Eastern philosophy at Princeton University. At the age of twenty-two, he argued in the press with Margherita Hack, defending the values of astrology.
After leaving Princeton, Agnelli traveled to Kenya, Iran, and India, where he met Sathya Sai Baba and pursued his interest in Eastern religions and mysticism. He was known by his friends in New York as \"Crazy Eddy\" due to his restless adolescence and wild behavior. For his anti-capitalist and religious views, including criticism of capitalism in an interview following the Peace March of Assisi, he was seen as a rebel and an heretic. According to *La Repubblica*, Agnelli\'s preoccupations became increasingly erratic, lecturing about mysticism, Franciscanism, and Buddhism, praising of the poor, and criticism of the behavior of Fiat. According to *The Guardian*, his views opposed to economic materialism made him move in a different direction than his parents.
As an adult, Agnelli was being groomed to be the heir apparent to the Fiat empire. In the night of 27 October 1986, he made public his disagreement with his father and proclaimed himself ready to take \"all the responsibilities that belong to the ownership of a large group like ours\"; his father, who had already been unhappy with his conversion to Islam, ensured that he would not inherit it. The only official position that the younger Agnelli held in the family businesses was as a director of Juventus FC. In doing so, he continued the tradition of the Fiat-owner family dating back to the 1920s. In this capacity, he was present at the Heysel disaster. In 1990, he was accused for heroin possession in Malindi; the charges were later dropped.`{{refn|Agnelli was charged based on the law n. 685 of 1975 concerning the "modest quantity for personal use". His position as a suspect arose from an investigation into the Roma Bene drug ring following a death by heroin overdose, which took place on 6 June 1988, of Ranieri Ferrara Santamaria, son of a well-known lawyer and a friend of Agnelli. Following the testimony provided by these who admitted their drug addiction, the investigating judge Stefano Meschini, and the findings of the telephone interceptions of some conversations between the defendant and the victim, thirty people were sent to trial; among the latter were the names of some drug dealers, as well as various members of the entertainment world and Roman high society. Agnelli was acquitted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Scottoni|first=Franco|date=7 October 1990|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/10/07/droga-party-della-roma-bene.html|title=I droga-party della Roma Bene processo a 30 vip, Agnelli Jr prosciolto|trans-title=Roma Bene's drug-party trial of 30 VIPs, Agnelli Jr. acquitted|work=La Repubblica|language=it|location=Rome|issn=0390-1076|access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref>|group=nb}}`{=mediawiki}
### Conversion to Islam {#conversion_to_islam}
Agnelli converted to Sunni Islam in an Islamic centre in New York where he was named Hisham Aziz. He then met Ali Khamenei in Tehran and was reported to have converted to Shia Islam. According to Mohammad Hassan Ghadiri Abyaneh, Agnelli recited his *shahada* in front of Fakhreddin Hejazi, became a Shia Muslim, and changed his name to Mahdi. He said: \"One day, while I was in New York, I was walking in a library and a Quran caught my glimpse. I was curious about what was in it. I started reading it in English and I felt that those words were holy words and cannot be the words of men. I was really touched and borrowed the book and studied it further and I felt like I was understanding it and I believed it.\"
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# Edoardo Agnelli
## Death
On 15 November 2000, 46-year-old Agnelli\'s body was found near Turin, on a river bed beneath a motorway viaduct on which his car was found. The viaduct is known as the bridge of suicides. According to a report by Marco Ellena, the doctor from the public health office of nearby city Cuneo, who examined Agnelli\'s body, said: \"He died because of deadly wounds after having fallen 80 meters.\" The report also stated that he was alive when his body impacted with the ground. His head, face, and chest were damaged due to the fall and an autopsy detected some internal injuries, which seemed to prove the suicide theory. Nothing was unusual in his death scene and police did not find anything in his car apart from phones, cigarettes, a walking stick, an address book, and a bottle of water. His conversion to Islam and the fast process of his funeral thereafter started some rumors about his suicide. Riccardo Bausone, the public prosecutor who was working on the case, closed the investigation and concluded that Agnelli\'s death was a suicide. His father joined police at the scene; he was reported to not have cried once he learned about Agnelli\'s death but was devastated.
Giuseppe Puppo, an Italian journalist and writer, published a book about Agnelli\'s death in 2009, using interviews and unpublished testimonies. Puppo regards some of the points as inconsistencies and oddities: the absence of the bodyguards of Edoardo Agnelli; the interval of two hours between leaving home and arriving on the Fossano viaduct; the cameras of Agnelli, whose images have never been released; the telephone traffic on the two phones; the total absence of witnesses along a road section that recorded at least eight cars per minute at that time; the lack of fingerprints on the car; and the hurried burial without a proper autopsy. He was buried next to his cousin, Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, in his family vault in the cemetery perched above the grounds of the Agnelli family villa at Villar Perosa. Giorgio Agnelli, the second son of Virginia Agnelli (born *Donna* Virginia Bourbon del Monte) and the elder Edoardo Agnelli, did not participate in the family business due to a serious illness and died by suicide at the age of 36 in 1965. Both Edoardo and Giorgio Agnelli were described as caring about their family and suffered from being marginalized
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# Shubenacadie Valley
The **Shubenacadie Valley** is a Canadian rural region in central Nova Scotia.
The picturesque Shubenacadie River flows through the valley, which is framed by low hills from its source at Shubenacadie Grand Lake in north-central Halifax County, then through a rolling landscape of rich soils left by glacial deposits through the border area of eastern Hants County and southwestern Colchester County.
The valley is a historic transportation corridor in the province, having once been a portage route for the Mi\'kmaq Nation and European settlers. The Shubenacadie River was incorporated into the ill-fated Shubenacadie Canal system which linked the Atlantic coast to the Bay of Fundy until it was made redundant shortly after completion by the Nova Scotia Railway which was built through the valley; this railway was merged into the Intercolonial Railway and today is owned and operated by CN Rail. During the 1970s, the Highway 102 expressway was constructed between Halifax and Truro to relieve traffic pressure on the historic Trunk 2.
Resulting from its location astride the Halifax-Truro transportation corridor, the communities in the Shubenacadie Valley are experiencing a high rate of residential growth as they become a suburban/exurban area of Halifax
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# Coal Bowl (basketball tournament)
The **Coal Bowl Classic** is a national invitational male/female high school basketball tournament, which is held at Breton Education Centre in New Waterford, Nova Scotia, Canada. The first tournament was held in 1982 with Queen Elizabeth High School of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada winning the cup. A major facilitating factor is that all team members are housed within one wing of the school. Breton Education Centre is a combined middle school and high school which opened in 1970.
The tournament, first held in 1982, takes its name from the former primary industry of New Waterford, coal mining. Coal mining employed thousands of men and was the main industry on the Island for over 100 years. All the mines on the island were closed in the 1980s and 90s. However Kameron Coal Ltd opened a coal mine in Donkin (just outside Glace Bay) in 2017.
The tournament held in February in the year of 2020 will be the Coal Bowl Classic\'s 38th year
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# John Trevor (Unitarian minister)
**John Trevor** (1855--1930) was an English Unitarian minister who formed The Labour Church.
## Early life {#early_life}
John was born in Liverpool; his mother died when he was still a child and he was raised by his maternal grandmother, a strict Johnsonian Baptist. He was converted by a Unitarian minister.
## Formation of the Labour Church {#formation_of_the_labour_church}
John Trevor formed The Labour Church in 1891 in Manchester. He left the Labour Church in 1900 and the Church never recovered from its loss and disappeared by World War I.
## Death
After a decade of increasing loneliness John Trevor died in 1930
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# Château Rauzan-Gassies
**Château Rauzan-Gassies** is a winery in the Margaux appellation of the Bordeaux region of France. Château Rauzan-Gassies is also the name of the red wine produced by this property. The wine produced here was classified as one of fifteen *Deuxièmes Crus* (Second Growths) in the original Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855.
## History
The domain began as the property of Gaillard de Tardes in the 16th century, and belonged to Bernard de Baverolles in the 17th century, and came to be a part of the vast Rauzan estate owned by Pierre de Mesures de Rauzan in the 18th century. Over time this estate was divided, and by the time of the 1855 Classification, had been separated into the estates of Rauzan-Gassies, Château Rauzan-Ségla, Château Desmirail, and Château Marquis de Terme. The estate was purchased by the Quié family in 1945 and remains in their holdings.
## Production
Château Rauzan-Gassies consists of 28.5 ha of vines, planted on the sandy-gravel soil typical to the Margaux appellation. There is a grape variety distribution of 65% Cabernet Sauvignon, 25% Merlot, 5% Petit Verdot and 5% Cabernet Franc. The neighbouring châteaux are Rausan-Ségla and Marquis de Terme.
Fermentation of the wine takes place in temperature-controlled stainless-steel tanks for about three weeks, after which the wine is aged for 14 to 18 months in oak barrels, 30% of which are new oak
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# Goodricke-Pigott Observatory
The **Goodricke-Pigott Observatory** is a private astronomical observatory in Tucson, Arizona. It was formally dedicated on October 26, 1996, and observations began that evening with imaging of Comet Hale--Bopp.
The observatory is named after John Goodricke and Edward Pigott, two late-eighteenth century astronomers who lived in York, England.
## Observatory telescopes {#observatory_telescopes}
The observatory opened with a Celestron C14, 0.35-meter aperture, f/11 Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. This instrument has been upgraded with a new optics lens and a new clock drive, and an ST-4 star tracker was attached to the telescope\'s side to correct a two-minute, ten-arc second periodic motional error. There is another telescope dubbed MOTESS (Moving Object and Transient Event Search System) which is essentially a giant camera aimed at the sky
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# Dédée d'Anvers
***Woman of Antwerp*** or ***Dédée of Antwerp*** (French: ***Dédée d\'Anvers*** `{{IPA|fr|dede dɑ̃vɛʁ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1948 French crime drama film directed by Yves Allégret and starring Bernard Blier, Simone Signoret, Marcello Pagliero and Marcel Dalio. The film was released in English-speaking markets under the titles *Dedee* and *Woman of Antwerp*.
## Plot
Forced to leave France, Dédée and her bullying pimp Marco have reached Antwerp, where she is one of the girls in René\'s bar and Marco is the doorman, doing drug deals on the side. Taking a stroll by the docks in the early evening, Dédée meets Francesco, sympathetic Italian captain of a cargo ship, who knows René. When he comes later to the bar, he discusses some secret deal with René and then takes Dédée to a hotel for the night.
The two have fallen for each other and he would like to take her away with him, but this would need the agreement of René and of Marco. René is happy to do a favour to Francesco, happy to free Dédée from the obnoxious Marco, who he throws out into the street, and says he is happy to drive Dédée to Francesco\'s ship once he has closed the bar for the night.
While Francesco is waiting on the jetty for Dédée to appear, Marco shoots him dead, drops his gun, and disappears. When René and Dédée arrive to find the body, they comb the nightspots of the city in search of Marco, eventually catching him at the railway station. At gunpoint they take him to a lonely spot where René, after knocking him out, runs the car over him.
## Cast
- Bernard Blier as Monsier René
- Simone Signoret as Dédée
- Marcello Pagliero as Francesco (as Marcel Pagliero)
- Marcel Dalio as Marco
- Jane Marken as Germaine
- Marcel Dieudonné as Le trafiquant
- Mia Mendelson as Felice - la prostituée flamande
- Marcelle Arnold as Magda - la prostituée au perroquet
- Claude Farell as La prostituée allemande (as Catherine Farrell)
- Denise Clair as La patronne du \"Kaffe Karel\"
- Gabriel Gobin as Paul
- Jo Van Cottom as Le diamantaire (as J
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# Zebraman
is a 2004 Japanese tokusatsu action comedy superhero film directed by Takashi Miike, written by Kankurō Kudō and stars Shō Aikawa as the main character, a superhero named \"Zebraman\".
In the film, a teacher feels frustrated with the failures of his career and his family life. He decides to assume the identity of the fictional superhero Zebraman, who he fondly remembers from his childhood. He exhibits actual superpowers, and learns that he has to face an alien invasion. He defies his new persona\'s predestined fate, as the original Zebraman story ended in the hero\'s death.
A 2010 sequel, titled *Zebraman 2: Attack on Zebra City*, featured the addition of Masahiro Inoue of *Kamen Rider Decade* to the cast.
## Plot
It is 2010. A failure as a 3rd grade teacher and a family man, Shinichi Ichikawa lives with his cheating wife, his teenage daughter who dates older men, and his son who is bullied because of his father\'s presence in the school. Escaping from everyday life, Shinichi secretly dresses up nightly as \"Zebraman\", the title character from an unpopular 1970s tokusatsu TV series which he watched as a child before it was canceled after the seventh episode.
As a result of meeting a wheelchair-using transfer student named Shinpei Asano, also a fan of Zebraman, Shinichi not only regains his love for teaching but also develops feelings for the boy\'s mother. At the same time, a rash of strange crimes and murders have been occurring around the school at which Shinichi teaches. On his way to Shinpei\'s house in his costume to give him a surprise, Shinichi fights a crab-masked serial killer whom he defeats when he starts exhibiting actual superpowers.
Confronting more criminals who are possessed by a strange slime-based alien force, Shinichi learns that the Zebraman series was actually a cautionary prophecy of an actual alien invasion written by the school\'s principal, revealed to be an alien who refused to go through with the invasion and attempted to keep his kind from getting out from below the school before they kill him off and attack in full fury.
Though he knows how the show ends (with Zebraman\'s death and the villains victorious), Shinichi defies his predestined fate as he is the only person who can stop the aliens from taking over the Earth. As a result, when the aliens emerge from the ground, the government informs the United States, which will perform an airstrike on the aliens. Realizing this, Shinichi learns of his powers and defeats the aliens.
## Cast
- Show Aikawa as Shinichi Ichikawa/Zebraman
- Kyōka Suzuki as Kana Asano/Zebra Nurse
- Naoki Yasukochi as Shinpei Asano
- Atsuro Watabe as Oikawa
- Koen Kondo as Segawa
- Makiko Watanabe as Yukiyo Ichikawa
- Yui Ichikawa as Midori Ichikawa
- Yoshimasa Mishima as Kazuki Ichikawa
- Ren Osugi as Kuniharu Kuroda
- Teruyoshi Uchimura as Ippongi
- Akira Emoto as Kitahara the Crab Man
- Ryo Iwamatsu as Kanda
- Yu Tokui as Pyromaniac
- Yoji Boba Tanaka
- Arata Furuta - Eggplant Vendor
- Kumiko Asō as Clerk
- Yoshihiko Hakamada
- Miyako Kawahara
- Hideki Sone
- Masayuki Fukushima
- Satoru Hamaguchi Midori\'s boyfriend
- Hiroshi Watari - 1978 Zebraman
## Other credits {#other_credits}
- Produced by
- Shigeyuki Endō - planner
- Kumi Fukuchi - planner
- Akio Hattori - producer
- Takashi Hirano - executive producer: TBS
- Mitsuru Kurosawa - executive producer: Toei/Tôei
- Makoto Okada - producer
- Production Design: Akira Sakamoto
- Sound Department: Yoshiya Obara - sound
- CGI producer: Misako Saka
- Lighting Director: Seiichirô Mieno
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# Zebraman
## Manga
The movie screenplay was adapted into a five volume manga by Reiji Yamada. The manga told its own story, focusing on the relationship the main character has with his two children. Unlike the movie, Zebraman never gains any powers, he is just a man in a suit
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# MusicFest Canada
**MusicFest Canada**, originally established as the **Canadian Stage Band Festival** (**CSBF**), is a national educational music festival in Canada. It was founded in 1972 by Robert Richmond (the founding president), Gary Wadsworth, and Paul Miner. The CSBF added vocal and concert band components in 1981 and 1985, respectively. The name was changed to MusicFest Canada in 1987, embracing the instrumental jazz, concert band and choral/vocal jazz divisions. In 2012, in partnership with the National Arts Centre, they added a 4th orchestra/strings division.
MusicFest Canada is an invitation-only event. Ensembles must earn an invitation by performing at an outstanding level at one of the 54 affiliated festivals from coast to coast. The average attendance at *The Nationals* is about 8,000.
Ensembles are adjudicated by noted Canadian and U.S. professionals in the jazz, band, orchestra and choral fields. Classifications are either by age (Jazz and Choral) or by an established level set by test piece (Concert Bands and Orchestras). Performing ensembles are ranked according to gold, silver, and bronze; awards and scholarships are also presented to individual musicians.
In addition, MusicFest hosts 6 national honour ensembles; the Jack Long Honour Band, the Woodshed Canadian Percussion Ensemble, the Thomastik-Infeld Canadian String Orchestra, the Ellison Canadian Concert Choir, the Conn-Selmer Centerstage Jazz Band, and the National Youth Jazz Combo.
## National finals {#national_finals}
*The Nationals* are officially held in spring (usually 5 days in May) in a select Canadian city. Regional competitions are held in several Canadian cities during the preceding three months. Nearly 250,000 musicians participate annually in the preliminary events; some 8,000 (in more than 350 jazz and concert bands, orchestras, jazz combos, and choral groups) proceeded to the finals.
Activities at the national finals have also included clinics and concerts, the latter offered over the years by the Boss Brass, Gary Burton, Canadian Brass, the Humber College Faculty Band, Maynard Ferguson, and Woody Herman big bands, the Montreal Jubilation Gospel Choir, Oscar Peterson, Quazz, UZEB, the Swingle Singers, the Nathaniel Dett Chorale, Vertical Voices, Sixth Wave, the Eastman Wind Ensemble, Diana Krall, the New York Voices and others. The festival\'s closing concert of winning ensembles has been documented by TV specials produced for TVOntario, CBC Television and in 1976, 1977 and annually beginning in 1980, CTV.
### Host cities {#host_cities}
- Toronto (1973--1977, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2024, and 2025)
- Winnipeg (1978 and 1990)
- Vancouver (1979, at Expo 86, 1991, 1998, 2005, 2007, 2011, and 2014)
- Ottawa (1980, 1987, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2019)
- Edmonton (1981 and 1993)
- Hamilton (1982)
- Calgary (1983, 1988, 1995, and 2002)
- Quebec City (1985)
- Halifax (1992)
- Montreal (2004)
- Markham (2009)
- Niagara Falls (2017, 2023, and 2026)
Additionally, the festival was hosted virtually in 2020, 2021, and 2022.
## Current executives {#current_executives}
Jim Howard was appointed as the national co-ordinator in 1984 and the executive director in 1985. In 2016, Neil Yorke-Slader was appointed treasurer and associate director, and later executive director in 2024.
### Board and officers {#board_and_officers}
- Peter Grant, Chairman
- Colin Clarke, President
- Carmella Luvisotto, Vice-President
- Kevin Merkley, Secretary
- Bryan Stovell, Director
- Lynne Watt, Director
- Mark Hopkins, Director
- Andy Morris, Director
- Jim Howard, Executive director
- Neil Yorke-Slader, Treasurer and executive director
### Ensemble leadership {#ensemble_leadership}
- Sharon Fitzsimmins, Chair (Concert Band)
- John Chalmers, Chair (Choral/Vocal Jazz)
- Tony Leong, Chair (Orchestra/Strings)
- Kelsley Grant, Chair (Instrumental Jazz)
- Isabelle Brassard-Porter, Vice-Chair (Concert Band)
- Pratik Gandhi, Vice-Chair (Concert Band)
- Scott Leithead, Vice-Chair (Choral/Vocal Jazz)
- Frank Lee, Vice-Chair (Choral/Vocal Jazz)
```{=html}
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```
- Shirantha Beddage, Vice-Chair (Instrumental Jazz)
- Marika Galea, Vice-Chair (Instrumental Jazz)
- Donnie Deacon, Vice-Chair (Orchestra/Strings)
- Marilyn Mann, Honour Ensembles Coordinator
- Darryl Ferguson, Co-Director (Canadian Honour Band Project)
- Mark Hopkins, Director
- Gillian MacKay, Director
## Former executives {#former_executives}
### Presidents
- Robert Richmond (1972--1984)
- John Nikel (1984--1986)
- Allen S
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# Selim E. Woodworth
**Selim E. Woodworth** (November 27, 1815 -- January 29, 1871) was a commander in the United States Navy, prominent San Francisco businessman, and member of the Woodworth political family.
## Early years {#early_years}
Woodworth was born in New York City, the second son of poet and dramatist Samuel Woodworth. He was a descendant of colonial settler Walter Woodworth. At age twelve he and his friend Tom Jacobs ran away to cross the continent, but relatives living north of the city apprehended them in the Catskills. In 1834, Woodworth and Jacobs sailed as captain\'s clerks on the ship *Margaret Oakley*, captained by Benjamin Morrell. Morrell explored islands in the Bismark Sea and established trading relations with previously uncontacted native inhabitants. Woodworth and Jacobs found an uninhabited atoll suitable for a new colony, a project they considered years later without ever making much progress. During *Margaret Oakley*\'s return, she wrecked while at anchor near a pirate trading colony in Madagascar, but there is suspicion that Morrell staged the wreck so he could sell the ship\'s cargo for personal gain. Woodworth eventually reached Mauritius and returned to New York after an absence of four years. Morrell, was now seen as piratical and on the run from authorities.
## U.S. Navy career {#u.s._navy_career}
Although Woodworth was associated with the disastrous and piratical *Margaret Oakley* expedition, he was not held culpable and his father worked to have him enlisted into the Navy. Appointed a midshipman on June 16, 1838, Woodworth was ordered to join the Wilkes Exploring Expedition because of the Polynesian language ability he had acquired in the Pacific. Because his orders were misdirected, he arrived to find the expedition had already sailed. He was instead sent to the Mediterranean Sea for duty in the ship of the line `{{USS|Ohio|1820|2}}`{=mediawiki}. On August 3, he was detached for a three-month leave; he received an additional leave of three months to visit Milan, Italy, and on December 24 was ordered to join the `{{USS|Falmouth|1827|2}}`{=mediawiki}, then fitting out at New York.
While serving on *Falmouth*, he learned of his father\'s death and returned to New York where he was assigned to the receiving ship `{{USS|North Carolina|1820|2}}`{=mediawiki}. He served on `{{USS|Lawrence|1843|2}}`{=mediawiki} and then entered the Philadelphia Naval School. On May 20, 1844, Woodworth was warranted a passed midshipman. After six months leave, he reported to the `{{USS|Jamestown|1844|2}}`{=mediawiki}, a new sloop-of-war, and served on the coast of Africa, helping suppress the slave trade. He was transferred to `{{USS|Truxtun|1842|2}}`{=mediawiki}, but detached on November 24, 1845, and granted a three-month leave.
In 1846, with the United States on the brink of war with Mexico, Woodworth was assigned to carry dispatches about the Navy\'s participation overland to the Pacific Squadron in Oregon. He set out with two companions from Independence, Missouri, on May 14 and arrived in Oregon 98 days later.
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# Selim E. Woodworth
## California pioneer {#california_pioneer}
Woodworth reported to naval authorities at the mouth of the Columbia River, where he remained until January 18, 1847, when he left for San Francisco. There he volunteered for the rescue efforts on behalf of the Donner Party, a group of overland emigrants that was trapped and starving in the Sierra Nevada. He was put in command and on February 7 sailed for Sacramento with supplies. He trekked into the mountains with men and provisions, but he failed to meet the rescue parties that were hoping to rendezvous with him. Donner Party survivors and rescuers regarded him as \"a braggart who had let them down\".
Woodworth arrived back in San Francisco on April 1, 1847, and reported on board sloop-of-war `{{USS|Warren|1827|2}}`{=mediawiki} at Monterey Bay, California, on May 17, 1847. On October 8, he requested a leave of absence in order to make a trip across the southern part of South America. He left *Warren* on February 16, 1848, to take command of the bark `{{USS|Anita||2}}`{=mediawiki}. From June 5, 1848, until 1850, naval registers carry him as attached to the Pacific Squadron; however, no record of him has ever been found.
In November 1849, a year before California became a state, Woodworth was elected to the legislature as a senator representing Monterey and immediately resigned his Navy commission. For a little more than a decade, he lived in San Francisco and played a prominent role in the development of the state. He and his brother Frederick were among the organizers of the vigilance committee, and Selim was the group\'s first President. Woodworth and his sons and brothers were original members of the Society of California Pioneers. With his brother, Woodworth ran Case, Heiser & Company, a successful commission merchant business. An abolitionist, Woodworth is credited with defining the state\'s policies concerning slavery while serving in California\'s first legislature.
Woodworth and his brother built the first house in San Francisco situated on a water lot, which later became the Clay Street Market. He owned several properties with his brother, including the lot at Market and Second Street that was later the site of the Grand Hotel. He was also the first owner and resident of Red Rock Island, where he built a cabin and maintained a hunting preserve.
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# Selim E. Woodworth
## Civil War service {#civil_war_service}
thumb\|right\|U.S. President Abraham Lincoln recommended Woodworth receive special thanks from Congress for his service in the war After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Woodworth returned to the east coast and reentered the Navy on September 10, 1861, as an acting lieutenant. On January 13, 1862, he assumed command of `{{USS|John P. Jackson|1860|2}}`{=mediawiki}, a former ferry boat converted to a steam gunboat. This vessel was assigned to the Mortar Flotilla raised by Comdr. David D. Porter to support Flag Officer David Farragut\'s conquest of New Orleans, Louisiana, and the lower Mississippi River. He assisted in the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip in April and participated in operations around Vicksburg, Mississippi, in June and July. Porter commended Woodworth for these services, and President Abraham Lincoln recommended him to Congress for special thanks. On September 29, 1862, at his own request, he was detached from command of *John P. Jackson* and allowed to return to the North. Later that autumn, he was assigned to the Mississippi Squadron and reported at Cairo, Illinois, for duty.
On January 1, 1863, he was given command of `{{USS|Glide|1862|2}}`{=mediawiki}, a \"tinclad,\" stern-wheel steamer. On January 24, Porter---now a Rear Admiral---recommended Woodworth for appointment to the regular Navy. Woodworth was commissioned a commander in April 1863, effective from July 16, 1862. After *Glide* was burned, he commanded the ram *General Price* from February 7, 1863, through August. After months of fighting up and down the Mississippi, Comdr. Woodworth was detached from *General Price* and sent to the Pacific where he took command of the bark `{{USS|Narragansett|1859|2}}`{=mediawiki} on October 7, 1863. After bringing *Narragansett* around Cape Horn, he reached New York on March 18, 1865. `{{USS|Monocacy|1864|2}}`{=mediawiki}, a double-ended gunboat, was his last command, which he assumed on November 30, 1865.
## Later years and legacy {#later_years_and_legacy}
Comdr. Selim E. Woodworth resigned from the Navy on March 2, 1866, and returned to San Francisco, where he lived with his family until his death in 1871.
The destroyer `{{USS|Woodworth|DD-460}}`{=mediawiki} (1942--1951) was named for him.
## Marriage and family {#marriage_and_family}
Woodworth married Lisette, by whom he had six children: Selim II, who married a daughter of California pioneer and assemblyman James S. Wethered; Frederick, who was suspended from the U.S. Naval Academy for hazing; and Benjamin, William, Lydia, and Samuel. After Woodworth\'s death in 1871, Lisette married Erasmus Dennison, son of Ohio Governor William Dennison Jr.
Lisette Woodworth testified in the state civil rights case *Pleasant v. North Beach & Mission Railroad Company* on behalf of Mary Ellen Pleasant, who had been refused service on a San Francisco streetcar in 1866. Pleasant, a Black abolitionist and entrepreneur, worked for the Woodworths earlier in the 1860s. The case outlawed segregation on public transportation in California
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# NTTV
**NTTV** (**North Texas Television**) is a student television station at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas, and is multicast locally on Spectrum channel 22 as well as on Verizon FiOS channel 46.
Run by volunteers, student staff and a faculty station manager, NTTV airs programming produced by (and geared toward) students. The station has also aired programming from National Lampoon Networks, Zilo, and other universities. Since 2004, NTTV has broadcast 24/7, and typically has 15 student shows in production each Fall and Spring semester, totaling over 100 hours of content.
In 2005, 2006, and 2007, NTTV won Lone Star Emmy awards for original entertainment programming and, in 2009 and 2010, won Emmys for original news coverage in both live and packaged formats.
## NTTV\'s Productions {#nttvs_productions}
### ntTV News {#nttv_news}
***ntTV Nightly News***
: *ntTV Nightly News* is UNT\'s half-hour, student-produced newscast that airs live at 6:00 PM CST, Monday through Thursday. The news broadcast has won Lone Star Emmy awards in 2009, 2010, and 2013.
***Noon News***
: *ntTV Noon News* is UNT\'s 15-minute, student-produced news cast that airs live at 12:00 PM CST, Monday through Thursday.
### Currently Produced Programming {#currently_produced_programming}
***Very Critical Reviews (VCR)***
: *VCR* is an entertainment show featuring various characters reviewing media, more often than not awful movies. Many different genres are covered, and it is currently the only review show on NTTV. It is currently in its fourth season.
***Late Night @ North Texas***
: *Late Night @ North Texas* is a late evening talk show featuring a host along with guests and correspondents, similar to Jimmy Fallon or Jimmy Kimmel. It is currently in its twenty-third season.
***Mean Green Gameday***
: *Mean Green Gameday* is a pre-game show broadcast live on-site at either Apogee Stadium or the Super Pit on days of North Texas home games. The show was created in 2016 and uses a student built set and production truck to carry out broadcasts. Over the shows young history, it has seen some high-profile guests such as NFL Hall of Famer, \"Mean\" Joe Greene, UNT President Neal Smatresk, and North Texas Athletic Director Wren Baker, all on the show\'s prediction segment. The show was founded by current Dallas Cowboys host and North Texas graduate, Kyle Youmans.
***Sports Zone (formerly Mean Green Sports Zone)***
: *Sports Zone* is ntTV\'s sports magazine program. The show provides sports analysis on UNT\'s 12 sports programs as well as local high school and college sports. The talent provides their opinions on the latest topics in sports, while recapping the progress of the university\'s sports teams during their respective seasons. The show also features a segment called Overtime, where anchors and reporters share their views in rapid-fire succession on the latest in sports.
***NTTV Sports***
: *NTTV Sports* covers several of the university\'s home basketball games live from the UNT SuperPit. All the features of a major network basketball broadcast are present, including play-by-play, color commentating, multiple camera angles, replay capability, and a complete graphics package with a scoreboard and game-clock. In 2007, the basketball crew was used to broadcast the Heartland Conference basketball tournament online as well as on the station. In addition, NTTV broadcast 2 Mean Green football games in 2013: the August 31st matchup against Idaho, and the October 12th game against Middle Tennessee. They also broadcast their 2014 and 2015 spring games, as well as their home game against Portland State in 2015.
***North Texas Now***
: *North Texas Now* is a magazine series (similar to NT Scene)which focuses on people and events in the North Texas region. Its predecessor NT Scene dates back to 1981.
***Ardillando***
: *Ardillando* is a Spanish show (the only one on NTTV not including the Spanish news)
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# NTTV
## NTTV\'s Productions {#nttvs_productions}
### Shows No Longer in Production But Currently On Air {#shows_no_longer_in_production_but_currently_on_air}
***The \_\_\_\_\_ Agency***
: *The \_\_\_\_\_ Agency* is a series about a group of students who form an agency which tailors to the individual needs of its clients.
***Axion Maxima***
: *Axion Maxima* is the first series on the network in which Spanish is the primary language. The series tours the Metroplex, highlighting things to do in the North Texas area.
***Eagle Access***
: *Eagle Access* is a student-affairs series which covers events surrounding the university, and features interviews with the Student Government Association president as well as the faculty.
***North Texas Sports Zone***
: *North Texas Sports Zone* is a weekly sports highlight series that features University of North Texas sports and Denton area high school athletics. The series is managed by the student Sports Director in the fall, and by the Assistant Sports Director in the spring.
***Breaking News***
: *Breaking News* is a comedy series which parodies news programs, and holds the distinction of being the first entertainment program to air live on the network. The live episode of the series was created as a special project in UNT\'s Advanced Video Production course in the fall of 2005.
***Deadly Cinema***
: *Deadly Cinema* is a comedy horror series about the adventures of host Jami Deadly, who lives in an unknown cemetery along with her neighborhood friends. The series won a Texas Intercollegiate Press Association award for \"Best Television Production\" in 2005.
***Elvis and Slick Monty***
: *Elvis and Slick Monty* is a comic science fiction series about the adventures of two roommates (a half-man/half-fly referee and an ex-musician loosely based on Elvis Presley) as they face off against the world domination plans of an evil mayor. The series won a Lone Star Emmy for \"Best Student Production\" in 2007.
***New Choice***
: *New Choice* is an improvisational comedy series, and features members of UNT\'s Improv Comedy Club.
***The Post Cognitive***
: *The Post Cognitive* is a throwback to the science fiction of the 1960s. The series won a Lone Star Emmy for \"Best Student Production\" in 2005. The following year, two episodes were nominated for the same award, of which one of them won.
***Homeless in Denton***
: *Homeless in Denton* is a semi-improvisational comedy series about two homeless bums who find a camera in a dumpster and begin their own show. The series won the \"Best Entertainment Show (People\'s Choice)\" award at the Golden Television Awards in 2005, and is currently available on DVD.
***SLAMFEST***
: *SLAMFEST* is a semi-improvisational comedy series from the team behind *Homeless in Denton*, and features the bums colorfully recounting death-match tournaments between pop-culture icons
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# Familial male-limited precocious puberty
**Familial male-limited precocious puberty**, often abbreviated as **FMPP**, also known as **familial sexual precocity** or **gonadotropin-independent testotoxicosis**, is a form of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty in which boys experience early onset and progression of puberty. Signs of puberty can develop as early as an age of 1 year.
The spinal length in boys may be short due to a rapid advance in epiphyseal maturation. It is an autosomal dominant condition with a mutation of the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor. As FMPP is a gonadotropin-independent form of precocious puberty, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH agonists) are ineffective. Treatment is with drugs that suppress or block the effects of gonadal steroidogenesis, such as cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, spironolactone, and testolactone. Alternatively, the combination of the androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide and the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole may be used.
Robert King Stone, personal physician to American president Abraham Lincoln, described the first case of FMPP in 1852
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# Jordan Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Jordan Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 220 and it contained 96 housing units. It is almost entirely agricultural and contains no incorporated towns.
## History
Jordan Township was created in 1850 from a section of the adjacent Liberty Township. At this time the land was marshy and not considered very good for farming, and was used largely for grazing livestock. Starting around 1880, some of the higher ground began to be farmed, and as the population increased this was expanded. The grain grown was either fed to livestock or hauled by wagon to elevators at Ambia, West Lebanon, or Rossville, Illinois.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 40.56 sqmi, of which 40.55 sqmi (or 99.98%) is land and 0.02 sqmi (or 0.05%) is water. The small town of Pence lies near the western edge of the township, which is also the Illinois border. An even smaller town, Stewart, is located about 2 mi east of Pence and now consists mainly of a grain processing facility. Near the southern border of the township lies the town of Hedrick. The town of Sloan once existed just east of Hedrick but no buildings now remain. Likewise, the town of Sycamore Corner was 2 mi east of Stewart at 40 21 36 N 87 26 04 W but is now entirely gone. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township\'s only cemetery is Jordan Cemetery. It lies just to the northeast of Pence at 40 22 1.21 N 87 30 25.05 W type:landmark; the earliest marker there is from 1850.
## Education
Jordan Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Jordan Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Jordan Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Chateau Yaldara
**Chateau Yaldara** is an Australian winery located near Lyndoch, South Australia, in the historic Barossa Valley wine-growing region.
## History
The winery was founded by the Hermann Thumm in 1947 after he emigrated to Australia from Europe in 1946. The site chosen for the winery was on the banks of the North Para River at an old flour mill dating back to 1855. The winery was named \"Yaldara\" after the local Aboriginal word meaning \"sparkling\".
The Seekers filmed the video for Turn, Turn, Turn at the winery in 1967.
After over fifty years ownership, Hermann Thumm sold the winery in 1999 to the wine company McGuigan Wines. In 2014, it was purchased by 1847, a wine company owned by Zhitai Wang of New South Wales and Kuifen Wang of Qingdao, in Shandong, China
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# Kent Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Kent Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 452 and it contained 189 housing units.
## History
Kent Township was created in September 1864 from a section of Mound Township.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 14.11 sqmi, of which 14 sqmi (or 99.22%) is land and 0.11 sqmi (or 0.78%) is water. It contains one town, State Line City, which is in the far western part of the township next to the Indiana / Illinois border. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains Gopher Hill Cemetery and Masonic Cemetery.
### Transportation
Both Indiana State Road 63 and Indiana State Road 263 pass through the eastern part of the township from north to south.
A Norfolk Southern Railway line enters the township from Danville, Illinois and passes through State Line City, continuing northeast toward the county seat of Williamsport.
## Education
Kent Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Kent Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides poor relief, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Kent Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Liberty Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Liberty Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 861 and it contained 370 housing units.
## History
Liberty Township was formed in March 1843.
The Andrew Brier House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 44.02 sqmi, of which 44 sqmi (or 99.95%) is land and 0.02 sqmi (or 0.05%) is water. It contains the Potholes at Fall Creek Gorge, a scenic natural location owned and maintained by the Nature Conservancy. Big Pine Creek enters the township from Adams Township to the north and winds to the southeast, briefly entering Warren Township before emptying into the Wabash River near Attica. The stream of Fall Creek also runs through this township.
The north end of the county seat of Williamsport extends into the southeast corner of the township. In addition, there are three small unincorporated towns in the township. Carbondale is located just north of the point where State Road 63 begins at U.S. Route 41. Judyville is about 2 mi west of Carbondale, near the western border of the township. Kramer is located about 3 mi east-southeast of Carbondale, near the site of the Hotel Mudlavia. The settlement of Five Points is now defunct, but existed along the present-day route of U.S. Route 41 in the southeastern part of the township. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains these five cemeteries: Bartlett, Brier, Goodwine, Kester and McCabe.
### Transportation
U.S. Route 41 enters the township from the north and makes its way to the southeast toward Attica. Indiana State Road 63 begins at U.S. 41 near the middle of the township, and heads to the southwest; Indiana State Road 263 leaves State Road 63 about 3 mi to the southwest and goes south through West Lebanon, re-joining its parent at the south end of the county. Indiana State Road 28 passes into the southeast corner of the township from Williamsport and leaves on its way to Attica. Indiana State Road 55 runs along the township\'s eastern border on its way from Attica in the south to Pine Village in the north.
## Education
Liberty Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Liberty Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Liberty Township is part of Indiana\'s 4th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Medina Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Medina Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 510 and it contained 200 housing units.
## History
Medina Township was one of the original four created when the county was organized in 1827.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 27.07 sqmi, of which 26.84 sqmi (or 99.15%) is land and 0.23 sqmi (or 0.85%) is water. It contains one town, Green Hill, which is in the southeast part of the township. The stream of Armstrong Creek runs through this township. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains Armstrong Chapel Cemetery, Davis Cemetery, and Pond Grove Cemetery.
### Transportation
Indiana State Road 26 runs across the north part of the township from west to east, connecting Pine Village (in neighboring Adams Township to the west) with Lafayette to the east.
## Education
Medina Township is part of the Benton Community School Corporation
## Government
Medina Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Medina Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 26, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Fremantle Football Hall of Legends
The **Fremantle Football Hall of Legends** was inaugurated by the Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new Australian Football League team\'s links with its home city\'s football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the West Australian Football League: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.
## 1995
- Jack Clarke (East Fremantle) 232 games 1952 - 1962. Sandover Medal 1957.
- George Doig (EF) 202 games 1933 - 1945. 1,111 goals; AFL Hall of Fame 2002; WA Football Hall of Fame Legend 2004.
- Stephen Michael (South Fremantle) 260 games 1975 - 1985. Sandover Medal 1980, 1981.
- Clive Lewington (SF) 188 games 1939 - 1951; SF coach 1950-58. Sandover Medal 1947.
- Steve Marsh (SF, EF) 281 games 1945 - 1960; EF coach 1957 - 58. Sandover Medal 1952; WA Football Hall of Fame Legend 2005.
- Jack Sheedy (EF, East Perth, South Melbourne) 363 games 1942 - 1963; EF coach 1949, 1952, EP coach 1956 - 62, 1969; WA Football Hall of Fame Legend 2005.
## 1996 {#section_1}
- William \'Nipper\' Truscott (Mines Rovers, EF) 400 games (est.) 1906 - 1927; Perth coach 1934-35; WA Football Hall of Fame Legend 2004.
- Brian Peake (EF, Geelong, Perth) 402 games 1972 - 1990. Sandover Medal 1977.
- John Todd (SF) 141 games 1955 - 1966; SF coach 1959, 1966--1968, 1995--1998, EF coach 1973-76, Swan Districts coach 1977-87, 1990--94, 2000 - 200I, West Coast coach 1988-89. Sandover Medal 1955; WA Football Hall of Fame Legend 2004.
- Bernie Naylor (SF) 209 games 1941 - 1954. 1,162 goals.
## 1997 {#section_2}
- Con Regan (EF) 261 games 1953 - 1965
- John Gerovich (SF) 221 games 1955 - 1969. 721 goals.
- Frank Treasure (SF) 254 games 1942 - 1957
- George Prince (EF) 231 games 1939 - 1952
## 1998 {#section_3}
- Frank Jenkins (SF) 150 games 1937 - 1949. Sandover Medal 1937.
- Jim Conway (EF) 180 games 1943 - 1956. EF coach 1951; Claremont coach. Sandover Medal 1950.
- Brian Ciccotosto (SF) 211 games 1967 - 1978.
- Doug Green (EF, South Melbourne and WA) 180 games 1970 - 1981.
## 1999 {#section_4}
- Tom Grljusich (SF, Central Districts) 258 games.
- Carlisle Jarvis (EF) EF coach; WA coach 1934.
## 2000 {#section_5}
- Maurice Rioli (SF, Richmond) 168 games; Norm Smith Medal 1982.
- Jerry Dolan (EF and East Perth) EF coach; EP coach.
- The broadcaster George Grljusich was inducted as an honorary member of the Hall of Legends in 1999, the same year as his brother Tom.
## Team
In 2001, the Fremantle Football Club yearbook put the inducted 22 players into a team, a team which would compete with any other Team of the Century named from any competition. A captain and coach were not selected, as it was too difficult to choose
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# Mound Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Mound Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 407 and it contained 199 housing units.
## History
Mound Township was one of the original four created when the county was organized in 1827.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 16.79 sqmi, of which 16.57 sqmi (or 98.69%) is land and 0.22 sqmi (or 1.31%) is water. The town of Foster is located just north of U.S. Route 136, about 1 mi east of the township\'s southwestern border. Extinct communities in the township include Baltimore, which thrived on the banks of the Wabash River in the early 19th century, and Romine Corner. The streams of Kitchen Creek and Possum Run run through the township. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains these three cemeteries: Baltimore, Rodgers and Upper Mound.
### Transportation
U.S. Route 136 runs across the south part of the township, connecting Danville, Illinois to the west with Covington to the east. Indiana State Road 63 runs from north to south in the eastern part of the township; its child route of Indiana State Road 263 joins State Road 63 just north of the intersection with U.S. Route 136. The 6 mi Vermilion Valley Railroad serves the Flex-N-Gate factory near Covington and runs west from the plant through the town of Foster to meet a CSX line in Danville.
## Education
Mound Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Mound Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Mound Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Pike Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Pike Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 1,167 and it contained 515 housing units.
## History
Pike Township was one of the four original townships in the county, formed on November 6, 1827.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 17.56 sqmi, of which 17.36 sqmi (or 98.86%) is land and 0.2 sqmi (or 1.14%) is water. The streams of Dry Branch, Foster Branch, Johnson Branch, Jordan Creek and Redwood Creek run through this township. Pike Township has two towns: West Lebanon, with a population of 793 and contains two-thirds of the residents of the township, and Old Town. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains two cemeteries. Shanklin Hill Cemetery is a small burial ground located on the western border of the township. West Lebanon Cemetery is much larger and is located southeast of the town.
### Transportation
Indiana State Road 28 passes through the north end of the township on its route from the Illinois state line in the west to Williamsport (and beyond) in the east. Indiana State Road 63 begins in Liberty Township just to the north, and runs through the western part of Pike Township on its way south to Terre Haute. Indiana State Road 263 begins at State Road 63 and passes through West Lebanon, re-joining State Road 63 in the south part of the county.
## Education
Pike Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County. It contains the county\'s only high school, Seeger Memorial Junior-Senior High School, located on State Road 263 north of West Lebanon; one of the three elementary schools, Warren Central Elementary School, is co-located with Seeger.
Pike Township is served by the West Lebanon-Pike Township Public Library.
## Government
Pike Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Pike Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38.
## Climate and weather {#climate_and_weather}
In recent years, average temperatures in West Lebanon have ranged from a low of 15 °F in January to a high of 85 °F in July, with a record low of -26 °F recorded in January 1994 and a record high of 105 °F recorded in August 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.80 in in February to 4.53 in in June
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| 0 |
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# Cedronella
***Cedronella*** is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Mentheae of the family Lamiaceae, comprising a single species, ***Cedronella canariensis***, native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira. It is also naturalized in various places (South Africa, St. Helena, New Zealand, California). Common names include **Canary Islands-balm**, **Canary balm**, and **Balm-of-Gilead**.
It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 1--1.5 m tall. The distinctive feature of these plants is the compound leaves consisting of 3 leaflets, unusual in the Lamiaceae, which usually have simple leaves. The leafy stems terminate in dense, short spikes of flowers with tubular 2-lipped white or pink flowers.
The genus name is a diminutive of *Cedrus*, though the only connection between this herb and the large conifers of *Cedrus* is a vaguely similar resinous scent of the foliage.
## Cultivation
Grown outdoors in mild climates, these perennials need protection in a sunny position in the herb garden and moist, well-drained soil. In cool climates they can be grown in a sunny conservatory. Water freely in the growing season. Propagate from seed or from cuttings
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# Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques
The **International Federation of Magic Societies (FISM)** (Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques) was founded on September 5, 1948, and is one of the most respected organizations in the magic community. It is an international body coordinating dozens of national and international clubs and federations around the world. Together these clubs represent approximately 80,000 magicians from 50 countries and 110 member organizations as of 2022. The organization hosts a self-named \"FISM\" conference every three years, where magicians compete for \"Best of\" categories. The most recent FISM was in 2022, held in Quebec City, Canada. Founded in 1948, it is one of the most recognized magic organizations in the magic circle. The FISM organizes a worldwide magic convention every three years. The member organizations fight for the right to host. Top magicians from all over the world will compete for the title of \"World Magic Champion\". Prior to this, various regions will hold regional selections. FISM Europe, FISM Asia, FISM North America, FISM Latin America, FISM Africa, FISM Oceania, and member organizations have the quotas recommended by their regional selection committees.
## History
The roots of the FISM began in Paris, France, in 1937, at a meeting of the 34-year-old ASAP, *Association Syndicale des Artistes Prestidigitateurs* (Association of prestidigitation artists), which had a monthly magazine *Le Journal de la Prestidigitation*. The group\'s vice-president, Dr. Jules Dhotel, wanted the ASAP to produce an international convention in Paris in October 1939, and then proceed to have the convention in a different country each year. Plans proceeded, but when the Nazis invaded Poland in September 1939, the convention was cancelled. After World War II, progress resumed. In 1946, a hotel in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, hosted an International Congress of Magicians, with over 300 registrants from around Europe. There were lectures, exhibits of antique books and apparatus, tours of Amsterdam, a public show, and a contest in which 20 magicians took part. There were no categories, so only one set of awards. First prize went to amateur French magician Jean Valton, for an exceptional routine of card juggling and manipulation; second went to Scotland\'s amateur magician John Ramsay, and third to a professional husband-wife duo, De Flezkis, who combined magic and dance.
The 1947 \"Congrès Magique International\" brought in 500 attendees from 18 countries, and 70 participants in the competition. Meetings at that convention were held to discuss the creation of a formal international organization, and that was where the FISM title was proposed. While details were worked out, the \"Congrès\" conventions continued annually.
## Mission
FISM\'s stated aim is to create a centralized \"voice\" for the magic world and to help develop, elevate, and promote the art of magic. It coordinates activities of member societies and encourages communication between them, as well as the exchange of services. It has a corporate identity and a team of professional marketers. It also serves a capacity in the realm of intellectual property, fighting against the copying or inappropriate release of magical inventions or routines.
## Board of directors {#board_of_directors}
The International President and two International Vice Presidents constitute the BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
At the General Assembly in Quebec City FISM WCM 2022 was elected the new BoD:
- FISM International President: Andrea Baioni
- FISM International Vice President (General Affairs): Satoru Yamamoto
- FISM International Vice President (Finance): Peter Din
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# Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques
## Convention
The FISM is probably best known for conducting one of the premier magic conventions in the world, the triennial \"**World Championship of Magic**\" (WCM).
Fred Kaps is the only three-time winner of the grand prize (1950, 1955, 1961).
The 2000 convention was held in Lisbon, Portugal, where the Grand-Prix award in stage magic was won by Scott & Muriel from Netherlands.
The 2003 convention was held in The Hague, Netherlands, where the Grand-Prix award in close-up magic was won by Jason Latimer from the US, and the Grand Prix award in the stage magic division was won by Norbert Ferré from France.
The 2006 convention was held in Stockholm, Sweden, where the Grand-Prix award in close-up magic was won by Rick Merrill from the US, and the Grand Prix award in the stage magic division was won by Pilou from France.
The 2009 convention was held in Beijing, China, where the Grand-Prix award in close-up magic was won by Shawn Farquhar from Canada, and the Grand Prix award in the stage magic division was won by Soma from Hungary.
FISM WCM 2012 was held in Blackpool, England: Grand Prix Stage: Yu Ho Jin (South Korea) - Grand Prix Close-up: Yann Frisch (France)
FISM WCM 2015 was held in Rimini, Italy, where the Grand Prix award in Stage was won by Hector Mancha (Spain) and Grand Prix Close-up was won by Pierric (Switzerland)
FISM WCM 2018 was held in Busan, South Korea, Grand Prix Stage: Miguel Muñoz (Spain), Grand Prix Close-up: Eric Chien (Taiwan)
FISM WCM 2022 was held in Quebec City, Canada, where the Grand Prix awards were won by Laurent Piron and Simon Coronel
### Winners
**2022**
- Grand Prix Stage: Laurent Piron (Belgium)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Simon Coronel (USA)
- Manipulation: Tie: Artem Shchukin (Russia), Junwoo Park (Korea)
- General Magic: Laurent Piron (Belgium)
- Invention Award Stage: Tie: Zhu Mingzhu (China), HJ (Taiwan), Ramó & Alegría (Spain)
- Invention Award Close-up: Tie: Martin Eisele (Germany), Daniel Mormina (Argentina)
- Micromagic: Tie: Simon Coronel (USA), Luis Olmedo (Spain)
- Card magic: Markobi (France)
- Parlour: Shoot Ogawa (USA)
- Stage Illusions: Yunke (Spain)
- Mentalism: Anca & Lucca (Austria)
- Most Original Close-up Act: Gleb (Lithuania)
- Most Original Stage Act: Ding Yang (China)
- Comedy Magic: Mortenn Christiansen (Denmark)
- Special awards:
- Creativity & Artistic Vision: Topas (Germany)
- History & Research: Richard Kaufman (USA)
- Theory & Philosophy: Dani DaOrtiz (Spain)
**2018**
- Grand Prix Stage: Miguel Muñoz (Spain)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Eric Chien (Taiwan)
- Manipulation: Tie: Ha Lim An (Korea), Florian Sainvet (France)
- General Magic: Miguel Muñoz (Spain)
- Invention: Tie: Javier Botia (Spain), Han Manho (Korea)
- Micromagic: Eric Chien (Taiwan)
- Card magic: Bill Cheung (China)
- Parlour: Marc Weide (Germany)
- Stage Illusions: (no winner)
- Mentalism: Javier Botia (Spain)
- Most Original Close-up Act: DK (Korea)
- Most Original Stage Act: Sangsoon Kim (Korea)
- Comedy Magic: (no winner)
- Special awards:
- Creativity & Artistic Vision: Derek DelGaudio (USA)
- History & Research: Stephen Minch (USA)
- Theory & Philosophy: Jeff McBride (USA)
**2015**
- Grand Prix Stage: Héctor Mancha (Spain)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Pierric (Switzerland)
- Manipulation: Héctor Mancha (Spain)
- General Magic: Young-Min Kim (Korea)
- Invention: Tie: Daniel Collado (Spain), Antonio Romero (Spain), Semba (Argentina)
- Micromagic: (no winner)
- Card magic: Tie: Horret Wu (Taiwan), Shin Lim (Canada)
- Parlour: Pierric (Switzerland)
- Stage Illusions: (no winner)
- Mentalism: Thommy Ten & Amelie (Austria)
- Most Original Close-up Act: DK (Korea)
- Most Original Stage Act: Yann Frisch (France)
- Comedy Magic: (no winner)
- Special awards:
- History & Research & Scholarship: Magic Christian (Austria)
**2012**
- Grand Prix Stage: Yu Ho Jin (South Korea)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Yann Frisch (France)
- Manipulation: Yu Ho Jin (Korea)
- General Magic: Marko Karvo (Finland)
- Invention Award Close-up: Tango (Argentina)
- Invention Award Stage: Haon Gun (Korea)
- Micromagic: Andost (USA)
- Cards: Jan Logemann (Germany)
- Parlour: Yann Frisch (France)
- Illusions: Marcel Prince of Illusions (Netherlands)
- Mentalism: *(no winner this year)*
- Most Original Close-up Act: Simon Coronel (Australia)
- Most Original Stage Act: Ted Kim (South Korea)
- Comedy Magic: Doble Mandoble (Belgium)
- Special awards:
- Creativity & Artistic Vision: Teller (USA)
- History & Research: Mike Caveney (USA)
- Theory & Philosophy: Eugene Burger (USA)
**2009**
- Grand Prix Stage: Soma (Hungary)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Shawn Farquhar (Canada)
- Manipulation (tie for first place): Yo Kato (Japan) and Han Seoi-Hui (Republic of Korea)
- General Magic: Soma (Hungary)
- Invention: Jorge Luengo (Spain)
- Micromagic: *(no winner this year)*
- Cards: Shawn Farquhar (Canada)
- Parlour Magic: Marc Oberon (England)
- Stage Illusions: Julius Frack (Germany)
- Mentalism: *(no winner this year)*
- Most Original Act: Charming Choi (Republic of Korea)
- Comedy: *(no winner this year)*
**2006**
- Grand Prix Stage: Pilou (France)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Rick Merrill (USA)
- Manipulation: Dai Bin Chun (China)
- General Magic: Lee Eun-gyeol (Republic of Korea)
- Invention Close-up: Mathieu Bich (France)
- Invention Close-up: Pierric (Switzerland)
- Invention Stage: Mickael & Bethy Ross (France)
- Invention Stage: Cesaral Magic (Spain)
- Micromagic: Martin Eisele (Germany)
- Close-up Card: Helder Guimaraes (Portugal)
- Parlour Magic: Gaston (Germany)
- Stage Illusions: Sittah (The Netherlands)
- Mentalism: *(no winner this year)*
- Most Original Act Stage: Hugo Valenzuela (Argentina)
- Most Original Act Close-up: Rocco (USA)
- Comedy: Die Zauderer (Germany)
- Comedy: Mikael Szanyiel (France)
- Comedy: Rick Merrill (USA)
- Comedy: Stonkel (Germany)
**2003**
- Grand Prix Stage: Norbert Ferré (France)
- Grand Prix Close-up: Jason Latimer (USA)
**2000**
- Grand Prix: Scott the Magician & Muriel (The Netherlands)
**1997**
- Grand Prix: Ivan Necheporenko (Russia)
**1994**
- Grand Prix: Franklin (Germany)
**1991**
- Grand Prix: Vladimir Danilin (Russia)
**1988**
- Grand Prix: Johnny Ace Palmer (USA)
**1985**
- Grand Prix: Javier & Ana (Spain)
**1982**
- Grand Prix: Lance Burton (USA)
**1979**
- Grand Prix: tie: Ger Copper (The Netherlands), Sultangali Shukurov & Sara Kabigujina (Russia)
**1976**
- Grand Prix: Pierre Brahma (France)
**1973**
- Grand Prix: Richard Ross (The Netherlands)
**1970**
- Grand Prix: Richard Ross (The Netherlands)
**1967**
- Grand Prix: Di Sato (Harry Thiery) (The Netherlands)
**1964**
- Grand Prix: tie: Mr Cox (Germany), Pierre Brahma (France)
**1961**
- Grand Prix: Fred Kaps (The Netherlands)
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# Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques
## Member organizations {#member_organizations}
Member Societies are organizationally grouped into six Continental Divisions
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# Julia Sarr
`{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
**Julia Sarr** is a Mezzo-soprano born in Dakar (Senegal) from the Serer ethnic group. As one of the most sought after backing vocalists, she has worked with several prominent artists over the years including Youssou N\'Dour, Lokua Kanza and Patrice Larose.
## Career
Julia launched her singing career based on West Africa\'s polyrhythmic signatures rooted in her Serer heritage with Fela Kuti (Fela Anikulapo Kuti) who was a Nigerian multi-instrumentalist musician and composer as well as the pioneer of Afrobeat music.
Julia became one of the most sought-after backing vocalist in Paris where she has lived for over twenty years working with artists like Jean-Jacques Goldman, Michel Fugain, MC Solaar, Julio Iglesias and the celebrated Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour.
For several years, Julia Sarr had shared the stage and studio with the Congolese singer, songwriter, guitarist and producer Lokua Kanza. She has also worked with Jean-Claude Petit (the French composer and arranger) singing in a cappella in his score for Raoul Peck\'s film Lumumba (2010) starring Eriq Ebouaney.
After nurturing her solo aspirations and songwriting quietly for years, Julia partnered with Patrice Larose, a flamenco-inspired French guitarist with whom she has released an album titled *\"Set Luna\"* (on the No Format! and Universal Jazz labels in Europe and on the boutique label Sunnyside Records in the United States). *\"Set Luna\",* from the Wolof language translates to \"So I've Observed\" which they performed in the United States at the Carnegie Hall on 24 October 2005 to great reviews
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# Pine Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Pine Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 499 and it contained 223 housing units.
## History
Pine Township was established in March 1830. There were originally four townships in the county; Pine and Washington were the first two new townships to be created.
Van Reed Farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.16 sqmi, of which 36.15 sqmi (or 99.97%) is land and 0.01 sqmi (or 0.03%) is water. Its only town is Rainsville, though a tiny hamlet named Brisco once existed to its west. Other extinct towns include Hooker Corner, Point Pleasant and Rocky Ford. The streams of Mud Pine Creek, Spring Branch and Stoney Creek run through this township. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains these six cemeteries: Brisco, Gray, Hooker, Jones, Rainsville and Van Reed.
### Transportation
U.S. Route 41 runs from north to south in the far western part of the township on its way to Attica. Indiana State Road 26 winds its way across the north part of the township on its route from the Illinois state line to Pine Village.
## Education
Pine Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Pine Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Pine Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Prairie Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Prairie Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 230 and it contained 110 housing units; the population density is the lowest of any township in the county, at 6.1 PD/sqmi.
## History
Prairie Township was formed in 1864 out of a portion of Pine Township.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 47.66 sqmi, all land. It is almost entirely agricultural and contains a single town, Tab. Two other small communities in the eastern part of the township, Locust Grove and Walnut Grove, dwindled away during the 20th century and are now extinct. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Transportation
U.S. Route 41 runs along a portion of the township\'s eastern border, starting at the northeastern corner and going south for about 1 mi before veering to the east. Indiana State Road 26 runs from the Illinois state line and across the northern part of the township, reaching U.S. Route 41 at the eastern border. Indiana State Road 352 leaves State Road 26 at the western border and runs north for about 1 mi before leaving the township (and the county) on its way through the small town of Ambia in Benton County. The township contains Dalton Airport.
## Education
Most of Prairie township lies in the Benton Community School Corporation, and the southern portion of Prairie Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Prairie Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Prairie Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Steuben Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Steuben Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. It was established in 1834. According to the 2020 census, its population was 493 and it contained 191 housing units. It contains no incorporated towns and is largely agricultural.
## History
The area that became Steuben Township was first settled in 1827. The township was officially created in March 1834 from a section of Pine Township (\"all of Pine Township south and west of Redwood Creek\") and was the seventh township to be formed. The township was named in honor of Baron Von Steuben, a Prussian soldier who fought for the Americans in the Revolutionary War.
The first settlements were in the more wooded areas near the river; it was only later that settlers realized the value of the prairie land for farming. The township grew rapidly in the 1830s and 1840s. In 1870, the population was 1068, and in 1882 the estimated taxable value in the Steuben Township was \$770,905, higher than any of the other townships at that time.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 39.57 sqmi, of which 39.55 sqmi (or 99.95%) is land and 0.03 sqmi (or 0.08%) is water. Most of its area is given over to agriculture. In the southeast there is approximately one mile of frontage on the Wabash River. The north and west portions are mostly open prairie and excellent farmland, whereas the south and east portions are more hilly and wooded. The streams of Chesapeake Creek, Mud Run and Possum Run pass through this township.
Steuben Township contains the towns of Johnsonville and Marshfield. The town of Chesapeake no longer exists, but was the first town in Steuben Township, about two miles east of present-day Marshfield; the first meetings of the township trustees were held there in the 1830s. Sloan, a small community that once existed on the township\'s northern border, is also extinct. The short-lived town of Dresser existed in the southeast part of the township around the turn of the 20th century. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
There have been at least 15 cemeteries and burial sites in Steuben Township. Some still exist, but many have been destroyed by nature or by people (in many cases having been farmed over). These include Tillotson Cemetery (destroyed), Cronkhite Cemetery (destroyed), Jordan Cemetery (destroyed), Sisson Cemetery, Tomlinson Cemetery, High Cemetery (destroyed), Redwood Point, Payne Cemetery, Lyons Cemetery, and the Irish Catholic Cemetery (also known as Saint Patrick\'s Cemetery).
### Transportation
Indiana State Road 28 runs from the western border of the township, which is also the Indiana state line, east across the northern part of the township. Indiana State Road 63 is a four-lane divided highway which runs roughly north to south in the eastern part of the township; a 12-mile portion of its original route is now designated Indiana State Road 263, which passes through the southeastern corner of the township.
A Norfolk Southern Railway line runs from southwest to northeast through the township on its way from Danville to Lafayette. A Conrail line used to run from Danville into the township and continued north; but the tracks have been removed in recent years, though the railroad grade is still present.
<File:Marshfeld>, Indiana elevators.png\|Marshfield <File:Johnsonville>, Indiana.png\|Johnsonville <File:Sloan>, Indiana.png\|Sloan
## Education
Steuben Township is served by the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
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# Steuben Township, Warren County, Indiana
## Government
Steuben Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Steuben Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 38
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# Warren Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Warren Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 717 and it contained 322 housing units.
## History
Warren Township was one of the original four created when the county was organized in 1827.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.4 sqmi, of which 35.9 sqmi (or 98.63%) is land and 0.51 sqmi (or 1.40%) is water. Kates Pond is in this township, and the streams of Dry Branch, Kickapoo Creek, Little Pine Creek, Middle Branch and West Fork Kickapoo Creek run through it.
The small town of Independence is on the shores of the Wabash River in the southeastern part of the township. Winthrop is in the northwest portion of the township.
The original county seat of Warrenton was located in the far southwestern corner of what is now Warren Township, though at that time the township had not yet been created; no trace of Warrenton now exists. Other towns in this township that have ceased to exist include Black Rock, and Glen Cliff. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains these three cemeteries: Bethel, Independence and James.
### Transportation
U.S. Route 41 passes through the far southwestern tip of the township on its way to Attica. Indiana State Road 55 runs along the western border of the township, connecting Attica with Pine Village to the north in neighboring Adams Township. The township contains Smith Brothers Airport.
## Education
Warren Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County.
## Government
Warren Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Warren Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 26, and Indiana State Senate District 23
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# Washington Township, Warren County, Indiana
**Washington Township** is one of twelve townships in Warren County, Indiana, United States. It is the most populous township in the county; according to the 2020 census, its population was 2,349, with 1,950 of those living in Williamsport, and it contained 1,001 housing units. It has the highest population density of the Warren County townships at about 120 PD/sqmi.
## History
The area that became Washington Township was first settled in 1827. Originally, the county was divided into four townships when it was formed in 1827; Washington Township was created a few years later in March 1830.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 19.51 sqmi, of which 19.12 sqmi (or 98.00%) is land and 0.38 sqmi (or 1.95%) is water. The Wabash River defines the township\'s southeastern border. Big Pine Creek flows through the far northeastern corner of the township on its way to the Wabash River. The streams of Clear Branch, Dry Branch, Fall Branch and Rock Creek also run through this township.
The county seat of Williamsport is in the east part of the township, near the river. Williamsport Falls, the highest waterfall in the State of Indiana, is in downtown Williamsport; the stream of Fall Creek flows through the town and falls 90 ft over a sandstone ledge. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Cemeteries
The township contains these four cemeteries: Highland, Hillside, Owens and Robb.
### Transportation
Indiana State Road 28 passes through the township from east to west. Coming from the Illinois state line and West Lebanon, it goes directly east, then veers to the northeast and goes through Williamsport, then crosses the river and passes east through Attica in Fountain County. U.S. Route 41 and State Road 55 pass through the northeastern corner of the township and briefly share the route of State Road 28.
A Norfolk Southern Railway line passes through the township from east to west, leaving the township when it also crosses the river. For much of its route through the township, it parallels State Road 28, running just south of the highway.
## Education
Washington Township is part of the Metropolitan School District of Warren County. It contains one of the three elementary schools in the county, located in Williamsport.
Washington Township is served by the Williamsport-Washington Township Public Library.
## Government
Washington Township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides relief to the poor, manages cemetery care, and performs farm assessment, among other duties. The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.
Washington Township is part of Indiana\'s 8th congressional district, Indiana House of Representatives District 42, and Indiana State Senate District 23.
## Climate and weather {#climate_and_weather}
In recent years, average temperatures in Williamsport have ranged from a low of 13 °F in January to a high of 84 °F in July, with a record low of -24 °F recorded in January 1999 and a record high of 99 °F in July 1995. Average monthly precipitation ranges from 1.59 in in February to 4.50 in in June
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# International Magicians Society
The **International Magicians Society** (**IMS**) is a magic society created by Tony Hassini to \"help promote and preserve the art of magic and provide a format where magicians could share their secrets and ideas.\" The society gives its own \"Merlin Award\" to magicians on a regular basis, though this award is recognized in the wider community, its authenticity has been questioned, and critics allege that the award can increase publicity.
## History
The IMS claims on its website that it was founded in 1968, though this date has been questioned, and asserted to actually be 1994. The IMS website also claims that the Merlin Award statuette, designed by Hassini, was created in 1964 by Carol Michaud, a New York University art student. Though the IMS site claims that the Merlin Award is the Academy Award of Magic, critics allege that it lacks much of the oversight that enhances the credibility of awards in other industries.
Illusionist Morgan Strebler blogged that he received a Merlin Award in 2011. Also in 2011, the Indian paper *The Hindu* wrote that magician Gopinath Muthukad was the second Indian magician to receive the award. In 2013, illusionist Cosentino was written up in the *Tasmanian Times* for receiving one.
The distribution of Merlin Awards to virtually unknown magicians in relatively remote areas of the world has drawn scrutiny. Many prominent magicians within the industry, as well as industry journalists, have now questioned the authenticity of the award
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# Alec G. Olson
**Alec Gehard Olson** (born September 11, 1930) is an American retired politician from the U.S. state of Minnesota who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1963 to 1967, a member of the Minnesota Senate from 1969 to 1976, and as Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota from 1976 to 1979.
## Biography
Olison was born in Mamre Township, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota. Olson attended public schools and graduated from Willmar High School in 1948. He farmed between 1948 and 1955, and was an insurance representative from 1955 to 1962. He was active in the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party from 1952 to 1962, serving as a district chairman for four years. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1960, 1964 and 1968.
Olson served in the U.S. House of Representatives from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1967, during the 88th and 89th Congresses. He lost his bid for re-election in 1966. Olson served in the Minnesota Senate from 1969 to 1976 and was Senate president from 1973 to 1976. When Wendell R. Anderson resigned the governorship to become a U.S. senator in 1976 and was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich, Olson became the new lieutenant governor; he served from December 29, 1976 to January 3, 1979, and was Perpich\'s running mate in Minnesota\'s 1978 gubernatorial race
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# Oakland Slammers
The **Oakland Slammers**, based in Oakland, California were members of the International Basketball League (2005-) for two seasons, and completed their second season in the league in 2006.
In its first year, the Slammers finished 5--14, good for seventh in the west, and was led by Solomon Wilkins 25.9 ppg, Delonte Hoskins 17.9 ppg, Carey Williams 17.5 ppg, Larry Morinia 16.2 ppg and Jairus Michael 11.6 ppg.
The Slammers played their home games at Merritt College in Oakland
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# Die Windrose
***Die Windrose*** (*The Windrose*) was a film made for the East German production company DEFA in 1957 and commissioned by the Women\'s International Democratic Federation. Alberto Cavalcanti was film director, with artistic input from Joris Ivens, Simone Signoret, Yves Montand and Helene Weigel, wife of German dramatist Bertold Brecht. All collaborated in the making of this film, a docu-drama about the struggle of female workers in Italy, Brazil, the Soviet Union, China and France, united as \"pioneers of the way which leads to a better future\".
## Cast
- Angela Brunner \... (voice)
- Aracy Cardoso
- Valdo César
- Marlene França
- Armida Gianassi \..
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# International Brotherhood of Magicians
**International Brotherhood of Magicians** (**I.B.M.**) is an organization for both professional and amateur close-up and stage magicians, with approximately 15,000 members worldwide. The headquarters is in St. Charles, Missouri. There are over 300 local groups, called Rings, in more than 88 countries, largely concentrated in cities of the United States and Canada. The organization publishes a monthly periodical entitled *The Linking Ring*, which features tricks, coverage of shows and events in the magic community, and interviews with magicians.
## History
The organization was founded February 10, 1922 in Winnipeg, Manitoba by Len Vintus (stage name of Melvin Justus Given McMullen) of Transcona, Manitoba, which would later amalgamate with Winnipeg. Gene Gordon (`{{aka}}`{=mediawiki} Gordon Avery) of Buffalo, New York, and Don Rogers (a.k.a. Ernest Schieldge). Unlike earlier magic clubs, such as the Society of American Magicians (S.A.M.) in the United States and The Magic Circle in England, the I.B.M. was begun by magicians living outside the major cities, who were unable to attend magic club meetings, and who kept in contact by post.
Gene Gordon established the first local group, Ring 1, in Rochester, New York. The original Ring 1 eventually disbanded, and St. Louis, Missouri later assumed the vacated title of Ring 1, which it continues to hold today. Since then, a new club, Ring 4, formed in Rochester.
The I.B.M. holds an annual convention, usually in June or July. Although the S.A.M. and the Magic Circle held banquets as early as 1905, the I.B.M. was the first to hold a magic convention, in Kenton, Ohio, on June 9--10, 1926. The 66th annual convention was held in Orlando, Florida.
## Organization
Each international territory has a Territorial Vice President who coordinates with the Rings in that country and other Territorial Vice Presidents.
The International Brotherhood of Magicians has a number of local clubs, located throughout the world, known as *Rings*. Each Ring was originally numbered in sequence, based on when it received its charter from the I.B.M. Since then, some clubs have dissolved, and newer clubs have assumed some of the vacated ring numbers.
## Membership
Membership is open to amateur and professional magicians, as well as those who collect magic apparatus and effects. Active members must be at least 18 years old, and youth members must be 7--17 years of age. Active members must have had an interest in magic for at least two years, or one year for youth members.
## Leadership
Since 1937, a new International President is elected to the I.B.M. each year.\
Past presidents include:
## Conventions
The International Brotherhood of Magicians holds annual conventions, usually in July. In 2008, 2014, and 2017, the I.B.M. and the Society of American Magicians hosted a combined convention. More than 1,900+ amateur and professional magicians from around the world attended the gatherings in Louisville, Kentucky, in July 2008, in St. Louis, Missouri, in July 2014, and again in Louisville, Kentucky, in July 2017.
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# International Brotherhood of Magicians
## Contest Awards {#contest_awards}
The International Brotherhood of Magicians held the world\'s first magic convention in 1926. Contests are held, and awards are given in several categories. Below is a listing of the First Place winners as noted in the I.B.M. Official publication, *The Linking Ring*. The Gold Cups and Gold Medal Awards are highly coveted and not awarded every year. Additional data for years not listed are available online and were published in the 2019 I.B.M. 91st Annual Convention souvenir program.
\+ The 2021 I.B.M. Convention was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Contests entries were selected from pre-recorded performance submissions.
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| Year | 1st Place\ | 1st Place\ | 1st Place\ | 1st Place\ | People\'s Choice\ | People\'s Choice\ | Gold Cups\ | Gold Medal\ |
| | Stage\ | Close-Up\ | Stage\ | Close-Up\ | Stage | Close-Up | Award | Award |
| | Adult | Adult | Youth | Youth | | | | |
+=======+=====================+==================+========================+=================+=====================+====================+=============+======================+
| 2023 | Danny King | Farren Poage | Olivier Henning | Not Awarded | Olivier Henning | Jeffrey Wang | Not Awarded | Not Awarded |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| 2022 | Artem Shchukin | Michael Bloemeke | Anja Steyn | Anja Steyn | Artem Shchukin | Michael Bloemeke | Not Awarded | Artem Shchukin |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| 2021+ | Ding Yang | Andy Deemer | Leonardo Panetti | Not Awarded | Ding Yang | Not Awarded | Not Awarded | Not Awarded |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| 2019 | Maysayo Sato | Josep Vidal | Colin Eleazer | Geno Ploeger | Maysayo Sato | Josep Vidal | Not Awarded | Not Awarded |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| 2018 | Red Star Seong | Erik Tait | Not Awarded | Not Awarded | Red Star Seong | Erik Tait | Not Awarded | Zhou-Zhou & Yuanyuan |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| 2017 | Stuart MacDonald | Omar Ferret | Not Awarded | Not Awarded | Stuart MacDonald | Jim Vines | Not Awarded | Not Awarded |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+-------+---------------------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+
| 2016 | Jordan K. | Jim Vines | Not Awarded | Not Awarded | Jordan K
| 368 |
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| 1 |
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# Spriggina
***Spriggina*** is a genus of early animals whose relationship to living animals is unclear. Fossils of *Spriggina* are known from the late Ediacaran period in what is now South Australia. *Spriggina floundersi* is the official fossil emblem of South Australia; it has been found nowhere else.
The organism reached 3-5 cm in length and may have been predatory. Its bottom was covered with two rows of tough interlocking plates, while one row covered its top; its front few segments fused to form a \"head.\"
The affinity of *Spriggina* is unknown; it has been variously classified as an annelid worm, a rangeomorph-like frond, a variant of *Charniodiscus*, a proarticulatan, an arthropod (perhaps related to the trilobites), or even an extinct phylum. The lack of known segmented legs or limbs, coupled with the presence of glide reflection instead of symmetric segments, suggests that an arthropod classification is unlikely despite some superficial resemblance.
The genus *Spriggina* originally contained three different species---*S. floundersi*, *S. ovata*, and *S. borealis*---but *S. ovata* is now considered a junior synonym of *Marywadea ovata*, while the phylogenetic status of *S. borealis* remains`{{as of when|date=May 2023}}`{=mediawiki} a subject of active debate.
## Description
*Spriggina* grew to 3-5 cm in length and was approximately oblong. The organism was segmented, with no fused segments; the segments were sometimes curved. The upper surface of the organism was covered by one row of overlapping cuticular plates, the underside with paired plates. The first two segments formed a \"head\". The front segment had the shape of a horseshoe with a pair of depressions on its upper surface; these may have represented eyes. The second segment may have borne antennae. Subsequent segments bore annulations.
Some fossils have what may be a circular mouth at the centre of the semicircular head, although interpretation is hampered by the small size of the creature relative to the large grains of sandstones in which it is preserved. Legs are not preserved.
The symmetry observed is not exactly bilaterian but appears to be a glide reflection, where opposite segments are shifted by half an interval. In some specimens the body segments tilt backwards, making roughly chevron patterns; while in others they are more or less straight. There appear to be fairly complex variations between these two extremes.
## Discovery and naming {#discovery_and_naming}
The genus was named after Reg Sprigg who discovered the fossils of the Ediacara Hills---part of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia---and was a proponent of their recognition as multicellular organisms. *Spriggina floundersi* is at present the only generally accepted species in this genus. The specific name \"*floundersi*\" refers to amateur South Australian fossil hunter Ben Flounders. *Spriggina ovata* has now been moved into its own genus, *Marywadea*.
*Spriggina* is known only from beds of Ediacaran age. Fossils from the Vindhyan basin, reliably dated to around `{{Ma|1650|million years old}}`{=mediawiki}, have been classified as *Spriggina*, but in all likelihood represent microbial artifacts.
*Spriggina* possessed a tough, though uncalcified body, evident from the fossils\' preservation: always as a mould in the lower surface of the fossiliferous bed.
## Classification
Like many of the Ediacara biota, the relationship of *Spriggina* to other groups is unclear. It bears some similarity to the living polychaete worm *Tomopteris* and Amphinomidae, but its lack of chaetae, along with other lines of evidence, suggests that it cannot be placed in this phylum. It was also compared to the rangeomorphs, frondose members of the Ediacara biota that may represent a separate kingdom. While its glide symmetry may suggest otherwise, some researchers like Mark McMenamin suggested *Spriggina* would be an arthropod; its superficial resemblance to the trilobites may suggest a close relationship to this class and even suggested to be predatory. However, later studies do not consider such Ediacaran biota like it and *Parvancorina* to be stem-arthropods, as they do not share compelling characters with arthropods, and there are no definite proof to make them related to arthropods or other extant bilaterians. This similarity to trilobites could also be an example of convergent evolution.
## Affinity
At first, *Spriggina* was thought to resemble a polychaete worm such as *Nereis*, but a close look at the segmentation reveals that the segments do not match across the midline, just as in *Dickinsonia*. In 1989 Seilacher turned the interpretation upside-down, suggesting that *Spriggina* could be another type of sea-pen, and that the 'head' was actually a holdfast.
A relationship with arthropods has also been suggested because of superficial similarities with the Cambrian trilobite, but the lack of limbs and exoskeleton casts profound doubt on an arthropod affinity. Furthermore, the broad pleural lobes of trilobites served primarily as a rigid hood under which the legs could process the sediment for food.
| 780 |
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| 0 |
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# Spriggina
## South Australia's fossil emblem {#south_australias_fossil_emblem}
In 14 February 2017 the *Spriggina* was adopted as South Australia's fossil emblem, due the fact it hasn't been found anywhere else. The uniqueness of this Ediacaran fossil has led it to become the official fossil emblem of South Australia, the 550-million-year-old fossil was chosen for best representing the state's geological and scientific prowess. More than 3500 South Australians cast their vote for a fossil to become the state's new emblem in an online poll
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3,725,674 |
# Googong Dam
**Googong Dam** is a minor ungated earth and rock fill with clay core embankment dam with concrete chute spillway plus a nearby 13 m high earthfill saddle embankment across the Queanbeyan River upstream of Queanbeyan in the Capital Country region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam\'s purpose includes water supply for Canberra and Queanbeyan. The impounded reservoir is called **Googong Reservoir**.
Googong Dam was created through enabling legislation enacted via the passage of the *Canberra Water Supply (Goodong Dam) Act, 1974*.
## History
A green ban was briefly imposed by the Builders Labourers Federation for a few days until adequate assurances that marine life in Lake Burley Griffin would not be harmed.
## Location and features {#location_and_features}
Completed in 1979, the Googong Dam is a minor dam on the Queanbeyan River and Bradleys Creek and is located approximately 5 km south of the city of Queanbeyan on the lower reaches of the river. The dam was built by Thiess based on designs developed by the Commonwealth Department of Construction; and is now managed by Icon Water.
The dam wall height is 66 m and is 417 m long. At 100% capacity the dam wall holds back 121083 ML of water at 663 m AHD. The surface area of Googong Reservoir is 696 ha and the catchment area is 873 km2. The ungated concrete chute spillway is capable of discharging 10500 m3/s. Successive flood events in 1978 and through the 1980s resulted in extensive erosion in the unlined section of the spillway chute, including a large erosion hole, up to 19 m deep and 25 m wide, in the upper part of the spillway chute. Staged remedial works were undertaken in the 1980s to protect the eroded structure. Remediation of spillway facilities occurred from 2006 through to 2010 that resulted in an increase in the capacity of the spillway, construction of walls in the spillway chute extension up to 17 m high, and a range of other enhancements to meet extreme flood events.
In 2016, with more regular spillway overflows, the dam\'s managing authority Icon Water, installed a 240m floating safety barrier, with authorised vessel access gate, across the spillway, to improve safety for waterway users
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# Panniculus carnosus
The **panniculus carnosus** is a part of the subcutaneous tissues in vertebrates. It is a layer of striated muscle deep to the panniculus adiposus. In humans, the platysma muscle of the neck, palmaris brevis in the hand, and the dartos muscle in the scrotum are described as a discrete muscle of the panniculus carnosus. Some of the muscles of facial expression in the head are part of the panniculus carnosus. In other parts of the body, the layer is vestigial, and may be absent or may exist only as microscopic, disconnected fibers.
In other animals, the panniculus carnosus is more extensive. For example, the panniculus carnosus in the echidna covers almost its entire body, enabling it to change its shape to a certain degree, most characteristically by rolling into a ball and presenting its spines to a potential predator
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3,725,696 |
# Don Willis
**Don Willis** (May 1, 1909 -- March 2, 1984) was a colorful pool hustler (known as the \"Cincinnati Kid\") from Canton, Ohio, who was considered one of the greatest money players of all time. In the late 1940s and 1950s, when pool was in decline and cash prizes for pool tournaments did not pay enough for a full-time income, Willis chose to travel America playing private pool games for money alongside world champion Luther Lassiter.
According to R. A. Dyer, Willis befriended Luther Lassiter in 1948 after beating Lassiter at nine-ball. Lassiter, who went on to become seven-time world champion, was perhaps America\'s best nine-ball player; together, the two men formed \"arguably the most formidable road team in American history\".`{{cite quote|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
As Willis told the *Evansville Courier & Press* in 1977: \"I broke Lassiter one night playing 9-ball in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. He suggested that we become road partners \.... We split everything we made---sometimes as much as \$5000 or \$10,000 over a period of several days.\" When hustling with Lassiter, Willis often went first, playing the `{{cuegloss|lemon}}`{=mediawiki} to set up a victim for Lassiter, who would then finish the opponent.
In addition to pool, Willis played the game of ping pong so well he could win games playing with a bottle as a paddle. He also mastered a variety of other unusual skills on which he was known to gamble: for example, he could make as many as 42 wing shots in a row, beat anyone in a race running backwards, and juggle three pool balls along with the chalk. Willis boasted that he had even won bets \"on the proposition that I can\'t name in order the hundred and thirty largest cities in the U.S.\" He threw 48 of 50 ringers against the horse shoe champion. He was also a basketball free throw hustler and a card player.
Although Willis \"never won a major tournament...most of the greats acknowledged gambling losses to the Ohio-born hustler.\" Willis very likely could have won tournaments had he chosen to compete, but like many hustlers, he knew he could make more money hustling if he remained unknown. To quote R. A. Dyer: \"he feared not defeat \... but rather exposure. He wanted no pictures in the paper.\" Because Willis did not play in tournaments, his talent was never widely recognized beyond a close circle of friends and family. The little documentation available on Willis tends to mention him chiefly in connection with Luther Lassiter, who said of him: \"If I ever had to have someone else shoot pool for my life, win or lose, live or die, the man that I\'d have shooting for me is Don Willis
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# Khopoli
**Khopoli** (`{{IPA|mr|kʰopoˈliː}}`{=mediawiki}, ISO: `{{Transliteration|mr|ISO|Khōpōlī}}`{=mediawiki}) is an industrial city in the Khalapur taluka of Raigad district, in the Indian state of Maharashtra, at the base of the Sahyadri mountains. Patalganga River, which is the tailrace channel of the Tata Hydroelectric Power Station, flows through Khopoli.
It is a municipal council and is a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Khopoli Municipal Council covers an area of 30 km2.
Khopoli is served by a railway station connected to the Mumbai suburban railway by a single line from Karjat. The distance between CSMT to Khopoli is 114.24 km along the Central Railway Suburban Line, which is a broad gauge line carrying electric locomotives.
Initially, Khopoli railway station had only one platform for both the up and down movement of local trains. In 2019, it was revamped with an additional platform.
It is also located on NH 4, about 80 km south of Mumbai and 80 km from Pune. Industries are well developed due to the strategic importance of the region as the Mumbai-Pune Expressway passes through the city. The city is called a city of waterfalls due to a number of waterfalls in the rainy season. Due to the presence of industries, the city has attracted migrants from across India. It is an industrial city with numerous industries and power plants located across it. Khopoli is located at the base of the Sahyadri Mountains range on the banks of the Patalganga river. This place also has several waterfalls, parks and hill stations. Because of its natural environment and scenery, Khopoli is a major spot for tourist attractions. Khopoli is connected with metro cities like Mumbai and Pune by rail and road. Imagica Theme Park, KP Falls and Zenith waterfall are the key attraction of this place. Khopoli is surrounded by tourist places like Khandala and Lonavala. The place has proximity to railway stations and bus stands. Also, cabs and rickshaws are common means of transport in Khopoli. The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Airport, which is 80 km away. Khopoli has several industrial hubs, MIDCs, and heavy industries which provide employment to the residents of this area. Khopoli is home to various steel, chemical and food and pulp industries.
Khopoli is home to various Marathi, English, Hindi and even international schools. It has seen rapid growth in industry.
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# Khopoli
## Geography and history {#geography_and_history}
Khopoli was called *Campoolie* during the British Raj. Khopoli is located at 18°45\' N, 73°20\' E. It is situated at about 61 m above mean sea level. It falls under three Pincodes - Khopoli 410203, Khopoli Power House 410204 and Jagdish Nagar 410216. STD code for Khopoli is (0)2192.
A colonial source describes Khopoli as follows: `{{cquote|The [[Bhor Ghat|Bhor ghat]] is formed of a succession of lofty eminences, towering above each other, the last of which attains a height of 2000 feet (610 m) above the [[Sea level|level of the sea]]. Its outline at a distance is bold and imposing; it presents a plane or table summit, with ranges of stupendous hills beyond, with the sublimity of which Europe possesses little that is analogous; at its foot stands the small and romantic village of Campolee, which has a noble tank and a Hindu temple, both built by [[Nana Fadnavis|Nana Furanvese]] (the [[Peshwa|Peishwa's]] prime minister) at his individual expense.<ref name="Colonial Library">{{Cite book
| last =Montgomery Martin
| first =Robert
| title =The British Colonial Library, Vol VIII, History of the Possessions of the Honorable East India Company; Vol I
| publisher =Whittaker & Co
| year =1837
| location =Ave Maria Lane, London.
| page =133
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=D1VkAAAAMAAJ&q=Campolee
}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} There was an *annachatra* or a free feeding house, in the vicinity of the Mahadev temple, but by 1882 all that remained of it were huge grinding stones. The GIPR line was extended to Khopoli in 1856.
Khopoli is the site of the first privately owned hydroelectric power station in India built by the Tatas.
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| 1 |
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# Khopoli
## Climate
Khopoli has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with little to no rainfall from November to May and extremely heavy rainfall from June to September with moderately heavy showers in October. `{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Khopoli
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 29.7
| Feb high C = 30.8
| Mar high C = 33.0
| Apr high C = 34.6
| May high C = 35.0
| Jun high C = 32.6
| Jul high C = 29.8
| Aug high C = 29.6
| Sep high C = 30.2
| Oct high C = 32.4
| Nov high C = 32.0
| Dec high C = 30.7
| Jan mean C = 23.2
| Feb mean C = 24.2
| Mar mean C = 26.9
| Apr mean C = 29.2
| May mean C = 30.5
| Jun mean C = 29.2
| Jul mean C = 27.2
| Aug mean C = 26.9
| Sep mean C = 27.0
| Oct mean C = 27.7
| Nov mean C = 25.9
| Dec mean C = 24.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 16.8
| Feb low C = 17.6
| Mar low C = 20.8
| Apr low C = 23.8
| May low C = 26.0
| Jun low C = 25.8
| Jul low C = 24.7
| Aug low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 23.0
| Nov low C = 19.9
| Dec low C = 17.4
|precipitation colour= green
|Jan precipitation mm=0
|Feb precipitation mm=0
|Mar precipitation mm=0
|Apr precipitation mm=4
|May precipitation mm=25
|Jun precipitation mm=618
|Jul precipitation mm=1695
|Aug precipitation mm=1182
|Sep precipitation mm=522
|Oct precipitation mm=125
|Nov precipitation mm=13
|Dec precipitation mm=3
|source 1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Khopoli climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Khopoli weather averages - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/khopoli-48546/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Demographics
In the 2011 India census, Khopoli had a population of 108,648. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Khopoli has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. Thirteen per cent of the population is under 6 years of age.
## Industries
The factories in Khopoli municipal limits are:
- Alta Laboratories Limited, a bulk chemical manufacturer and a pioneer and still India\'s largest producer of salicylic acid and its various derivatives.
- Bohler-Uddeholm India Limited
- Bombay Oxygen Limited
- Government Milk Scheme, Khopoli
- India Steel Works Limited, Bright Bar Division
- Innovassynth Technologies Limited (Formerly Indian Organic Chemicals)
- Isibars Limited, Special Steels Division
- Mahindra Sanyo Pvt Ltd
- Mohan Rockey Spring Water Breweries Limited
- Paper & Pulp Conversions Ltd (PAPCO), a pioneering paper & paperboard mill started by industrialist Baburaoji Parkhe. The first industry in Khopoli which brought electricity to the town. Started operations in Khopoli in 1949 and closed down in 1990.
- SANPlast PVT LTD Limited
- Tata Hydro Electric Power Supply Company Limited
- Tata steel BSL
- Wärtsilä India Limited. Wärtsilä Corp, its parent company, is a Finland-based equipment provider; it plans to convert this unit into a global manufacturing and sourcing unit.
- Wheelabrator Alloy Castings Limited
- Zenith Steel Pipes Limited
## Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
Various institutions run schools, colleges and a polytechnic.
### Khalapur Taluka Shikshan Prasarak Mandal {#khalapur_taluka_shikshan_prasarak_mandal}
Khalapur Taluka Shikshan Prasarak Mandal runs the following institutions in Khopoli:
1. Yak Public School (English Medium School CBSE affiliated)
2. Maharashtra IAS/MPSC Academy
3. Jagdish Chandra Mahindra Memorial School
4. Shishu Mandir Khopoli (English Medium School)
5. Vasant Deshmukh Memorial school and college
6. Janata Vidyalaya Junior College
7. Janata Vidyalaya (Marathi Medium School)
8. Khopoli Hindi Vidyalaya (Hindi Medium School)
9. K. M. C. College (affiliated to Mumbai University)
10. Khopoli Polytechnic
11. Sahyadri Vidyalaya
12. Zenith High School (English Medium School)
13. Gagangiri English International School, Khopoli
14. Anand Shala, Khopoli
| 674 |
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| 2 |
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# Khopoli
## Culture, religion, and tourism {#culture_religion_and_tourism}
Khopoli has a \"fine oval shaped reservoir\" and a temple of God Mahadev as Vireshwar built by Nana Phadnavis. The reservoir is built of solid and strong black rock and is oval shaped. The circumference of the reservoir is about 1207 m and it covers an area of about 75000 sq m. The reservoir holds excellent water throughout the year. The reservoir has surrounding walls also built in stone and are of a width of about 1.5 m to 1.8 m. The reservoir has stone steps leading to the water. The temple is of a height of about 22.9 m m from the base to the top and the foundation measures 12.2 m x 6.1 m. Inside is the image of God Shiva. The Sabha mandap measures about 6.1 m x 3.1 m. At the entrance of the temple is a samadhi. A fair is held in honor of the temple deity on Mahashivaratri day - Maagha Vadya 13.
The PAPCO Mill complex has a Parashurama temple and Fire temple or Agni Mandir which was built in 1971. The Gagangiri Maharaj Ashram is located in Khopoli, it is there that Gagangiri Maharaj died on 4 February 2008.
The Akhil Bharatha Ayyappa Seva Sangham, includes the Ayyappa Temple, in its list of Ayyappa temples in India and abroad.
The major tourist attractions in the city include Adlabs Imagica, which is India\'s largest theme park. Mahad Ganpati Temple, Zenith Waterfalls, and Gangangiri Maharaj Ashram Lonavala is just 8 km away from the city
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| 3 |
3,725,714 |
# Colquhounia
***Colquhounia*** is a genus of about six species of evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubs or subshrubs in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1822. They are native to the Himalaya and southwestern China south to Peninsular Malaysia.
They are shrubs growing to 1 to tall, rarely to 4 m. The aromatic leaves are to 3 to long and 1 to, finely toothed and borne in opposite pairs on the square stems. The flowers are tubular, two-lipped, and carried on terminal spikes.
Species include:
1. *Colquhounia coccinea* Wall. - Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand
2. *Colquhounia compta* W.W.Sm. - Sichuan, Yunnan
3. *Colquhounia elegans* Wall. - Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
4. *Colquhounia seguinii* Vaniot - Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Myanmar
5. *Colquhounia vestita* Wall
| 131 |
Colquhounia
| 0 |
3,725,721 |
# Rakfisk
***Rakfisk*** (`{{IPA|no|ˈrɑ̂ːkfɪsk|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Norwegian fish dish made from trout or char, salted and autolyzed for two to three months, or even up to a year. *Rakfisk* is then eaten without cooking and has a strong smell and a pungent salty flavor.
## Origin
The first record of the term *rakfisk* dates back to 1348, but the history of this food is probably even older. No sources are available as to the exact invention year of the *rakfisk* dish or the autolysis process that produces the raw material for it.
## General
### Etymology
*Fisk* is the Norwegian word for \"fish.\" *Rak* derives from the word *rakr* in Norse language, meaning \"moist\" or \"soaked\".
### Preparation method {#preparation_method}
*Rakfisk* is made from fresh trout or char. After gutting and rinsing, the fish is placed in a bucket and salted. Small amounts of sugar may be added to speed up the autolyzation process. The fish is then placed under pressure with a lid that fits down into the bucket and a weight on top. A brine is formed as the salt draws moisture from the fish. The rakfisk bucket is stored at under 5 degrees Celsius (41 degrees Fahrenheit) for one to three months.
### Eating
The finished product does not need cooking and is eaten as it is. Traditionally, *rakfisk* is served sliced or as a fillet on flatbrød or lefse, with almond potatoes. Some also include thinly sliced raw red onion, sour cream, and mustard-sauce (a mild form of mustard with dill)
| 255 |
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| 0 |
3,725,736 |
# Helianthella castanea
***Helianthella castanea*** is a rare plant endemic to California, and is found only in the San Francisco Bay Area, mostly in the hills east of the bay, including in Mount Diablo State Park, Wildcat Canyon Regional Park, Briones Regional Park, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness, and surrounding areas. Its common names include **Mount Diablo helianthella**, **Mount Diablo sunflower**, and **Diablo rockrose**.
*Helianthella castanea* is a herbaceous plant up to 45 cm (18 inches) tall. Leaves are up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. The plant usually produces one yellow flower head per stem. Each head contains both ray flowers and disc flowers
| 104 |
Helianthella castanea
| 0 |
3,725,756 |
# European Society of Gene and Cell Therapy
**European Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ESGCT)** formerly **European Society of Gene Therapy (ESGT)** is a legally registered professional body which emerged from a small working group in 1992 that focused on human gene therapy.
The objectives of the ESGT include the following:
- promote basic and clinical research in gene therapy;
- facilitate education (and the exchange of information and technologies) related to gene transfer and therapy;
- serve as a professional adviser to the gene therapy community and various regulatory bodies in Europe.
The official journal of the ESGT is *The Journal of Gene Medicine*.
## Collaborations
The ESGT works with other entities in the scientific communities in the event that an adverse effect to a specific gene therapy is discovered. Investigations the ESGT has been involved with include the adverse effects discovered during the French X-SCID gene therapy trial. The ESGT hosted a forum of 500 researchers from various facilities around the world, including representatives from the Stanford University and the Sloan Kettering Cancer Research Center
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# Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw
The **women\'s discus throw** was one of three women\'s throwing events on the Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics program in Tokyo. It was held on 19 October 1964. 22 athletes from 15 nations entered, with 1 not starting in the qualification round.
## Results
### Qualification
The qualification standard was 50.00 metres. Each thrower had three attempts to reach that standard.
Place Athlete Nation Best mark Throw 1 Throw 2 Throw 3
------- ------------------------ -------- ----------- -- --------- --------- ---------
1 Virzhiniya Mikhaylova 54.94 54.94 ---
2 Ingrid Lotz 54.82 48.38 54.82 ---
3 Kriemhild Limberg 54.54 46.59 48.63 54.54
4 Lia Manoliu 53.64 47.80 53.64 ---
5 Olimpia Cataramă 53.20 46.96 53.20 ---
6 Olga Connolly 53.17 49.99 53.17 ---
7 Yevgeniya Kuznetsova 52.44 49.40 52.44 ---
8 Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek 52.35 52.35 ---
9 Judit Stugner 52.30 48.96 48.49 52.30
10 Valerie Young 51.94 48.01 51.94 ---
11 Doris Lorenz 51.58 51.58 ---
12 Jiřina Němcová 50.64 50.64 ---
13 Tamara Press 50.28 50.28 ---
14 Nina Ponomaryova 50.18 44.69 44.89 50.18
15 Nancy McCredie 47.27 44.91 47.27 44.75
16 Hiroko Uchida-Yokoyama 47.18 46.19 47.18 34.48
17 Dashzevgiin Namjilmaa 44.55 43.37 40.26 44.55
18 Josephine de la Viña 42.27 40.05 42.27 41.71
19 Pranee Kitipongpitaya 38.73 36.21 38.73 34.20
20 Park Yeong-suk 37.50 37.50 33.27 34.97
21 Juliette Geverkof 30.05 X 30.05 X
--- Judit Bognár DNS ---
### Final
The marks for the qualification were ignored in the final. Each thrower had three attempts; the top six after those three received three more and counted their best mark of the six. All five of the top throwers defeated the old Olympic record.
Place Athlete Nation Best mark Throw 1 Throw 2 Throw 3 Throw 4 Throw 5 Throw 6
------- ----------------------- -------- -------------- -- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 Tamara Press 57.27 **OR** X 55.38 50.38 55.23 57.27 56.08
2 Ingrid Lotz 57.21 57.21 X 55.41 X 54.59 54.74
3 Lia Manoliu 56.97 55.90 X X 56.09 56.97 X
4 Virginia Angelova 56.70 47.38 56.56 52.19 56.70 55.77 55.54
5 Yevgeniya Kuznetsova 55.17 55.17 53.58 X X X 53.80
6 Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek 54.87 54.46 53.05 53.51 53.14 54.87 51.69
7 Kriemhild Limberg 53.81 48.35 53.81 53.02
8 Olimpia Catarama 53.08 53.08 49.99 51.28
9 Jiřina Němcová 52.80 49.06 52.80 51.13
10 Judit Stugner 52.52 50.88 50.47 52.52
11 Nina Ponomariova 52.48 52.15 51.12 52.48
12 Olga Connolly 51.58 51.21 X 51.58
13 Valerie Young 49.59 48.93 46.17 49.59
14 Doris Lorenz 45.63 X X 45
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# Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels
***Rachael Ray\'s Tasty Travels*** is a television show based on cook Rachael Ray and her travels around the world. The show is similar to her 2002 Food Network show, *\$40 a Day*, however she is not restricted by a budget and showcases food from more upscale eateries. She tries different types of food from each place she visits, and gives a \"Hot List of Values\", which includes some of her favorite places visited from *\$40 a Day*. The show airs on the Food Network and is her fourth Food Network program. It first aired on August 26, 2005. She provides voiceovers for most of the show and is shown at only one or two places. Her husband, John Cusimano, usually accompanies her at the one or two restaurants she visits per episode. The show was developed with Producer Wade Sheeler following the success of her first travel show on Food Network, *\$40 a Day*.
Forty-one episodes were produced during the series\' first two years; Ray stated on a September 7, 2007 appearance on *Late Show with David Letterman* that she had just completed work on twenty additional episodes, which had begun airing the previous week
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# Richard Fikes
**Richard Earl Fikes** (born October 4, 1942) is a computer scientist and Professor (Research) Emeritus in the Computer Science department of Stanford University. He led Stanford\'s Knowledge Systems Laboratory from 1991 to 2006, and has held appointments at Berkeley, Carnegie-Mellon, Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, Xerox PARC, and SRI International.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Fikes was born in Mobile, Alabama, and lived most of his early life in San Antonio, Texas. He graduated from Sam Houston High School (San Antonio, Texas) as valedictorian in 1960, received a B.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1963, and received an M.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1965. Fikes received his Ph.D. in computer science with a specialization in Artificial Intelligence from Carnegie Mellon University in 1968.
## Career
Before coming to Stanford, Fikes did seminal work in the development of automatic planning and plan execution monitoring systems for intelligent robots at SRI International's Artificial Intelligence Center, developed knowledge-based system technology at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), and led research groups at IntelliCorp Inc. and Price Waterhouse Technology Centre.
At Stanford, Fikes was an innovative leader in the development of techniques for effectively representing and using knowledge in computer systems. He led projects focused on developing large-scale distributed repositories of reusable computer-interpretable knowledge, collaborative development of multi-use ontologies, enabling technology for the Semantic Web, reasoning methods applicable to large-scale knowledge bases, and knowledge-based technology for intelligence analysts. He was principal investigator of major projects for multiple Federal Government agencies including the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Intelligence Community's Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA).
Fikes retired from his positions of Professor (Research) in the Computer Science department of Stanford University and director of Stanford\'s Knowledge Systems Laboratory in 2006. He was given a retirement party that was a large gathering of early luminaries in the field of artificial intelligence. A video from that party showing tributes and a career reflections speech by Fikes can be found at <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl2XBb2uGLw>.
Since retiring from Stanford, Fikes has been professionally active as a consultant on design and development of knowledge representation and reasoning technology, an expert witness in cases involving disputed patents of Artificial Intelligence technology, and a mentor of high school students learning how to do research. He has also been an interviewer of emeritus faculty for Stanford's Oral History Program, and serves on the committee that provides oversight and guidance to the Oral History Program.
## Memberships and awards {#memberships_and_awards}
Fikes has published numerous articles in journals and conference proceedings, and has also served as editor of several professional journals in artificial intelligence and related areas. Fikes has also chaired, co-chaired, organized, or served on the program committee of numerous professional conferences and symposia. In 1990 he was elected as a Founding Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
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# Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy
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# Blue Green Orange
***Blue Green Orange*** is the third album by the Canadian rock band I Mother Earth, released by Universal on July 13, 1999. It was the band\'s first album with new lead singer Brian Byrne. The album sparked 3 singles, \"Summertime in the Void\", \"All Awake\", and \"When Did You Get Back from Mars?\". The album featured covers in blue, green, or orange. The album was certified gold in Canada.
The album, while still in the vein of the prior jam-oriented albums, was mellower and offered several twists. These included tribal rhythms, computerized loops (most notable on \"Infinity Machine\") and instrumental elements similar to modern indie rock.
## Recording
The album was again produced by Jag Tanna and Paul Northfield. Bassist Bruce Gordon posted small updates for the fans to read on the bands former website from October 1998-April 1999, from the time the band began writing and pre-production for the album, all the way up to when the last song was mixed. Pictures of the band in the studio in early 1999 were also posted and some are still accessible via the Wayback Machine, as well as all the update blogs. Recording began at Le Studio for all the drum tracks, and the rest of recording was done at the bands (at the time) new studio, Stigsound. The band did however return to Morin Heights to mix the entire album.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by \"I Mother Earth\", later revealed to be Jagori and Christian Tanna, except \"My Beautiful Deep End\", by Jagori Tanna and Brian Byrne
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# Akron Lightning
The **Akron Lightning** was a team in the International Basketball League\'s inaugural 2005 campaign. The team played home games at Stow-Munroe Falls High School. Boasting a lineup of primarily local players, the Lightning finished with a dismal 2-15 record, the worst in the 17 team league. The team\'s only player to crack the league\'s top 25 scorers was Jason Edwin, who tied for 13th with 21.8 ppg. Later in the season, for away games, the team had to use a roster of players local to their opponent\'s area in order to save money.`{{Ref|battlecreek}}`{=mediawiki} The team was suspended after the season and the team eventually became what are now the Akron Quakers
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# Bob Pratt
**Harold Robert \"Bob\" Pratt** (31 August 1912 -- 6 January 2001) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the South Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and the Coburg Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).
Considered \"arguably the best full-forward in the history of Australian rules\", Pratt was one of the inaugural Legends inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996.
Known for spectacular diving and high-flying marks, Pratt topped South Melbourne\'s goalkicking for the first time in 1932 with 71 goals and for the next three seasons passed 100 goals. His total of 150 goals in 1934 was a VFL/AFL record which stood alone until Peter Hudson equalled it in 1971. Pratt also kicked ten or more goals in a game eight times, including 15 goals in a single game. His son, Bob Pratt Jr., also played for South Melbourne.
## Early life {#early_life}
The son of Harold Robert Pratt and Olive Pratt (née Fosbrook), Pratt was born in the inner-Melbourne suburb of Brunswick West on 31 August 1912. He grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Mitcham, and was known as \"Bob\" to avoid confusion with his father.
Playing as a junior for local club Mitcham, Pratt attracted the attention of rival VFL clubs South Melbourne and `{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki}. Whilst Hawthorn lost interest after a poor performance by Pratt in a match, South Melbourne signed him following a recommendation from the Mitcham coach.
## South Melbourne {#south_melbourne}
### 1929
Recruited from Mitcham, Pratt played his first game for the South Melbourne seconds against Hawthorn on 15 June 1929. He was one of the best on the ground in a team that won 15.16 (106) to 4.9 (33), scoring four goals.
Pratt played in the forward pocket for the seconds in the 1929 first semi-final against `{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki}, and was one of the best players for South Melbourne. He was replaced in the team for the preliminary final match against `{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} by Jack Richardson, most likely because Richardson had played 10 senior matches that year, rather than due to any disappointment in Pratt\'s performance (it was the prevailing wisdom that it was always better to play experienced senior players in seconds finals matches); Geelong won the match.
### 1930 {#section_1}
Pratt\'s senior VFL career began in the first round of the 1930 season, when---aged 17 years, 245 days---he played at centre half-forward for South Melbourne against Melbourne at South Melbourne\'s home ground, Lake Oval. Although South lost the match by 25 points, Pratt kicked four goals, and was considered to be his side\'s best player on the day.
He played the entire season of 18 home-and-away matches, kicking 43 goals for the season---his best score was five goals in round 10 against Fitzroy---and was second on South Melbourne\'s goalkicking list to full-forward Austin Robertson.
Pratt was thus considered to have \"immense promise\".
### 1931 {#section_2}
Still playing at centre half-forward, Pratt played 15 games and kicked 23 goals, becoming the equal third highest goalkicker for South. Leading VFL footballer turned journalist Wallace Sharland complimented Pratt on his pace, stating that he had plenty of \"toe\". South Melbourne finished seventh with nine wins from eighteen matches.
### 1932 {#section_3}
South Melbourne selected Roy Selleck, a recruit from Springvale, at full-forward, and selected Pratt at centre half-forward for the opening match of the 1932 season. Selleck was not a success (in fact, he only played three senior VFL games), and he was moved to the forward flank for the second match, while Pratt was moved to full-forward for the first time. In his first game as full-forward, Pratt kicked seven goals and one behind.
Pratt topped South Melbourne\'s goalkicking for the first time in 1932 with 71 goals, 50 of them coming by round nine. His tally broke the previous record for goals scored in a season by a South Melbourne player, held by Ted Johnson, who kicked 60 goals in each of the 1924, 1925 and 1928 seasons.
On 2 July 1932, in the round nine match against Fitzroy, playing at full-forward, Pratt kicked seven goals in a more accurate South Melbourne\'s 12.10 (82) win over Fitzroy 10.15 (75). *The Argus* noted that \"Pratt was keen and accurate \[up\] forward\", whilst *The Age* remarked on Pratt\'s \"extraordinary marking and kicking\". After the match, Pratt was reported by goal umpire Greenwood and boundary umpire Treloar for striking Fitzroy\'s back-pocket Frank Curcio in the back, near the right kidney, in the third quarter. At the VFL tribunal hearing on Thursday, 7 July 1932, the charge against Pratt was not sustained, as Curcio said that he had no recollection of having been struck. This was the only occasion that Pratt was reported in his entire VFL career.
### 1933 {#section_4}
South Melbourne underwent a massive recruiting drive prior to the 1933 VFL season, recruiting Laurie Nash and Frank Davies from Tasmania, Wilbur Harris and Ossie Bertram from South Australia and Western Australians Joe O\'Meara and John Bowe. After a slow start, the team melded well together to win the 1933 premiership. Pratt, who kicked 109 goals for the season from eighteen matches, was \"idolised by all South fans \... (who) flocked to the Lake Oval and other grounds to see him in action.\" Pratt kicked three goals in the grand final to overtake Gordon Coventry as the VFL\'s leading goalkicker for the season (however, the medal was presented based on regular season tallies only).
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# Bob Pratt
## South Melbourne {#south_melbourne}
### 1934 {#section_5}
Pratt had a disrupted pre-season, barely training and playing only one practice match, yet he kicked eight goals in the first round against Collingwood. At the age of just 20, Pratt had already become a fan favourite at South Melbourne. Local newspaper the *South Melbourne Record* wrote of his performances, \"Nothing gave South fans greater delight than to see Pratt soaring above the packs. The fruits of victory would not taste so sweet if Pratt failed to reap a bag of half a dozen majors.\"
On 19 May, in the round 3 match against `{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} at Lake Oval, Pratt set a new club record for the most goals kicked in a game by an individual player, registering 15 goals and three behinds in a 42-point win. Eight of those goals came in a ten-minute spell, a club record only broken since by Tony Lockett in 1995 (kicking 16.0). Pratt also kicked 12 goals against Footscray (including seven in a quarter) and 11 against Carlton and Essendon. He reached 100 goals for the season in the third quarter of the round 13 match against Carlton, the fewest games ever required to reach 100 goals in a season. Pratt would eventually finish the regular season with 138 goals, winning his first VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal.
South Melbourne dominated the competition throughout the season and were considered the clear favourite to win the 1934 premiership. However, in the grand final, South were outplayed by Richmond, losing by 39 points, with Pratt kicking two goals to take his season tally to 150 goals. Post-match rumours of South Melbourne players accepting bribes to play poorly were so strong that Pratt and teammate Peter Reville confronted several players they suspected of playing poorly.
Pratt\'s total of 150 goals in 1934 is a VFL/AFL record haul, shared with Peter Hudson, who equalled it in 1971. In addition to his 150 goals, Pratt kicked 94 behinds, which is still the record for the most behinds kicked in a season (Pratt is also second on the second on that list, having kicked 93 points in 1933).
Pratt had his best Brownlow Medal result in 1934, polling 14 votes to finish eighth, six votes behind the winner, Essendon\'s Dick Reynolds. For all of this, Pratt did not win South Melbourne\'s best and fairest award (won by Terry Brain). When Pratt asked a committee member why, he was given the response \"You\'re very spectacular but not very effective.\" He did, however, receive the 2021 equivalent of A\$1,133 from South Melbourne in recognition of his feat.
### 1935 {#section_6}
Pratt was again a star performer in 1935, kicking 103 goals for the year and, for the third year in a row, finished atop the VFL\'s goalkicking list after finals (an outstanding feat, given that his teammates Roy Moore and Laurie Nash scored 52 and 51 goals respectively for the 1935 season as well).
Following a convincing win in the second-semi final against `{{AFL Col}}`{=mediawiki}, when Pratt kicked six goals, South Melbourne were again considered favourite to win the premiership. However, Pratt missed the 1935 VFL grand final through bizarre circumstances. On the Thursday night prior to the game he was clipped by a truck carrying five tonnes of bricks moments after he stepped off a tram on High Street, Prahran. Pratt injured an ankle and lacerated both legs due to the accident and was unable to play.
In response to the accident, the *South Melbourne Record* wrote:
> The initial attack on the inhabitants of Adowa by Benito Mussolini\'s invading army upon Emperor Haile Selassie, is no greater shock than that received by SMFC officials when they learned on Thursday afternoon, through the press, that Bob Pratt had been involved in a collision with a motor truck.
The truck driver, a South Melbourne supporter, offered Pratt a packet of cigarettes as a way of apology. In Pratt\'s absence, Collingwood won the grand final by 20 points.
### 1936 {#section_7}
Pratt\'s son Bob junior was born on 24 March 1936, and Pratt suddenly found himself unemployed when the newspaper he worked for, *The Star*, unexpectedly folded.
Annoyed at what he considered unfair treatment by club management towards him compared to interstate recruits, Pratt first sought to leave South Melbourne for another club in June 1936, stating that he was unemployed and believed another club could find him employment. Pratt relented when local politician Robert Williams MLC found him a job in a brewery.
Perhaps driven by his financial circumstances, Pratt was the only South Melbourne player to play in every senior game in 1936. The South Melbourne players, including Pratt, had suffered a large number of injuries over the season, and 39 different men played at least one senior game that season, an astounding figure for the day. *The Age* described that \"of \[that 39\] Bob Pratt is the only one who has played in every engagement, and on occasions he has had to nurse injuries certain to have kept most other players out of the game\".
In the first round match against Melbourne, Pratt was well held by his opponent, Harry Long, who was the best Melbourne player on the day. Pratt kicked five goals and five behinds for the match; his first goal for the day came from an \"amazing mark\" which he took \"almost on the goal line\". That first goal of the 1936 season brought his VFL career total to 500 goals (in 106 matches).
### 1937 {#section_8}
Injuries---including a split nerve that had gone undiagnosed---restricted Pratt to just six games for twelve goals in 1937, leading him to consider retirement on a number of occasions.
Pratt walked out on South Melbourne after round eight, 1937, believing club officials considered him part of the furniture and did not see it necessary to offer him the same benefits (such as travel, accommodation and employment) as his interstate teammates like Laurie Nash. Carlton attempted to recruit Pratt, offering to pay him to stand out of football while waiting for a transfer from South Melbourne. South Melbourne, however, refused to transfer him.
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# Bob Pratt
## South Melbourne {#south_melbourne}
### 1938 {#section_9}
Pratt abandoned plans to join Carlton but continual injury problems delayed the start of his year. In April, Pratt announced he was considering a transfer to Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Preston, who were offering him £6. He advised South Melbourne that, if they would continue to pay him the usual rate of £3 a week and take the risk of his breaking down, he would not consider any other offer. If, on the other hand, South Melbourne was reluctant, he announced that he would transfer to Preston and take the risk of his leg keeping him out of the game.
The full story emerged at the end of June 1938 (30 June was the closing date for clearances), when Dick Mullaly, secretary of the South Melbourne Football Club, was interviewed by Percy Taylor, sporting editor of *The Argus*.
Mullaly explained that Pratt had sustained an ankle injury three years earlier during the exhibition match South Melbourne had played against Collingwood, in Sydney, on 3 August 1935, and that his injury in that match was so severe that he was unable to return to the field after the half-time break. Although he received immediate treatment, he was unable to play in South Melbourne\'s next match, against Carlton on 10 August 1935; but he was fit enough to play against North Melbourne on 17 August 1935, two weeks later (he kicked five goals in the match). He continued to play for the rest of the season.
Then, just two days before the 1935 grand final, Pratt was hit by a truck, badly injuring the same ankle. Pratt received immediate medical attention, including intensive massage treatment, and was later taken, by South Melbourne, to a leading surgeon. As a consequence of the treatment he received, Pratt was able to play in all of the 21 games that South Melbourne played in 1936, scoring 64 goals for the season. Then, in 1937, after the match against North Melbourne on 14 June 1937, Pratt complained of pain in his badly jarred ankle; his ankle was x-rayed, and South Melbourne took him to \"the best bone specialist in Melbourne\", who diagnosed \"arthritis\". They sought a second opinion; and Pratt also continued to receive extensive massage treatment as well. Pratt did not play again in 1937.
According to Mullaly, Pratt had begun training some two months before the 1938 season had started, and had played well in some of the club\'s practice games; only to have complained, once again, of ankle problems. He was appointed vice-captain to Herbie Matthews two weeks before the season began. Although not playing, he was retained on South Melbourne\'s training list and, as a consequence, was receiving £1 a week -- and only seemed to become anxious about the condition of his ankle as the closing date for clearances had approached, and had asked for the club to arrange another x-ray. Mullaly thought that it was \"absurd\" for Pratt to contemplate gaining a clearance to another club if, in fact, he was not fit to play for South Melbourne. The two medical men consulted by South Melbourne reported, on Friday 24 June, that Pratt had arthritis and that he must retire.
Suddenly and unexpectedly, on 28 June 1938 (two days before the VFL\'s clearance applications closed), Pratt appeared at South Melbourne\'s Tuesday night training session and, despite the medical advice that had been given to him, he declared that, despite his chronic arthritis, he wanted to play again with South Melbourne, and that he would train in earnest, and was hoping (despite his lack of condition, and his long absence from the playing field) to be selected in the next few weeks. He reported that he had previously found that \"he was not inconvenienced while on the field\", although he did experience great discomfort for some time after each game. He was also confident that, although he had a chronic injury, playing VFL football would not do his injury any further harm.
Pratt went on to play seven matches in 1938 (his first, against Collingwood, was in round 11, on 2 July 1938), kicking 32 goals, including nine goals against Geelong in the final round. South finished last on the ladder that season with two wins and sixteen losses.
### 1939 {#section_10}
In 1939, Pratt played 16 games with South Melbourne, scoring 72 goals for the season. Towards the end of the season, there were many rumours that he would retire from football and, when asked, he said that he would play the last match of the season, and implied that he would be returning to South Melbourne in 1940.
## Move to Coburg {#move_to_coburg}
In 1940, Pratt sought a clearance to fellow VFL side Carlton. When told that he would have to stand out of VFL football for three years to do so, he signed with Coburg Football Club in the VFA, although fellow VFA side Port Melbourne, much of whose territory was shared with South Melbourne, had offered Pratt substantially more.
Also transferring to the VFA for the 1940 season was Collingwood full-forward Ron Todd, who moved to Williamstown. With former South Melbourne teammate Laurie Nash at VFA club Camberwell (and still considered amongst the best footballers in the country), and the interest generated by the VFA having legalised throwing the ball in 1938, there was talk that the VFA, traditionally the lesser of the two leagues, would now match the VFL for crowds.
During his time in the VFA, Pratt continued his incredible goal scoring record, kicking 183 goals during 1941 (a mark bettered only once in VFA/VFL history, by Ron Todd in 1945), including 22 goals in a game against Sandringham. In all, Pratt played 40 games for Coburg, kicking 263 goals.
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# Bob Pratt
## War service {#war_service}
On 26 February 1942, Pratt enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), serving as a corporal in the 7th Medical Receiving Station, defending airfields in the Pacific and in Borneo.
While in service, Pratt had the opportunity to play football, representing the Stores team in the RAAF competition. Playing at full-forward, Pratt helped Stores to the 1942 RAAF premiership, kicking three goals in the grand final against the \"Rookies\".
Pratt was discharged on 14 November 1945.
## Post-war career {#post_war_career}
Returning from overseas duty, Pratt sought to play for South Melbourne in 1945 but was posted north by the RAAF and did not play during the season.
Pratt then caused a sensation when he attempted a comeback with South Melbourne in 1946 aged 33; he was reported to be marking and kicking at full-forward \"in something like his old style\" during the pre-season practice matches.
Freely granted a clearance from the VFA back to South Melbourne, and looking exceedingly well and seeming keen to play at his best, Pratt kicked two early goals in his return match against Carlton in the first round of the 1946 season. The match turned out to be a comparatively entertaining display of football, but also rather tame and blood-less compared with the teams\' last meeting in the 1945 \"Bloodbath\" grand final. During the match, Pratt received a career-ending leg injury.
Interviewed at the time, Pratt said, \"I\'m playing only for the money\", but when his wife Olive interrupted and said that he would still play for nothing, Pratt replied, \"Well, she might be right, too.\"
Asked late in life why he never coached, Pratt replied, \"It was no trouble to me to do things that the ordinary bloke couldn\'t do, but if he didn\'t do it, I couldn\'t understand why.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Pratt married Olive Sundstrom on 24 August 1935 at All Saints Church of England in St Kilda, after playing against Geelong earlier that day. His teammate James Reid was best man. Over a thousand people attended the wedding, with a further 400 people outside, jostling to see the couple. Two constables were required to keep the crowd away from the church doors and pickpockets took advantage of the crush of people to steal from the crowd.
Pratt had a son, Bob junior, who also played for South Melbourne, but following a string of injuries, retired due to increased business pressures.
Pratt worked at various times for the Melbourne *Star* newspaper, as an inspector of news agencies and as a sales representative for soft drink companies, as well as writing a football column for *The Argus* newspaper. He also raced greyhounds and played competitive lawn bowls.
Following a long illness, Pratt died on 6 January 2001 at Frankston Hospital.
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# Bob Pratt
## Style
Pratt was averse to weights training, believing that it took away from the athleticism required to play football. Instead, he trained with professional sprinters, which he believed helped him as it built his initial acceleration (essential to any footballer) and aided his kicking accuracy.
His contemporaries were full of praise for his exploits:
- South Melbourne teammate Laurie Nash once wrote of Pratt; \"He was the greatest high mark I have ever seen. How he didn\'t kill himself in some of his marking efforts I will never know.\"
- Richmond legend Jack Dyer wrote that it would be difficult to convey Pratt\'s greatness to future generations of football fans who had not been privileged to see him in action.
- Three-time Brownlow Medal winner Dick Reynolds of Essendon wrote that Pratt was the best forward he had seen, saying that \"none rivalled the greatness\" of Pratt, adding that he was a master of judgement and long kicking. Of his high-marking skills, Reynolds recalled that Pratt \"\[would\] be waist-up over the whole bloomin\' pack sometimes, then he\'d almost slide over the top of the squad, swing around over the pack and as he came down you\'d think he\'d break his neck, but lucky for him he knew how to fall and roll like a cat so he didn\'t hurt himself.\"
- Jack Regan, Collingwood\'s champion full-back of the 1930s, said that, in all of his years playing senior VFL football, Pratt was his most difficult opponent, and that he stood out from all the other full-forwards he had played against: \"The greatness of Pratt apart from his brilliant marking and fine kicking was his determined ground play. When beaten for the mark he would dash for the ball like a terrier\".
- In the opinion of the former West Australian champion rover Johnny Leonard, who had been the captain coach of South Melbourne in 1932 (he played 12 VFL games with South Melbourne in 1932), Pratt was a champion: \"I think Pratt was the most freakish footballer I ever saw. He was more freakish than Ted Flemming, and that\'s saying something. He had a heart as big as a grandstand and stood up to heavy punishment as well as risking a broken neck in his phenomenal leaps for the ball. He was a great footballer\".
## Honours and legacy {#honours_and_legacy}
Sydney named its Leading Goalkicker Award the \"Bob Pratt Trophy\" for a period in the early 1990s.
In 1996, Pratt was named as an inaugural member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame and, along with 11 other greats of the game, was immediately elevated to \"Legend\" status, the highest honour in Australian football.
In 2000, Pratt was named at full-forward in Coburg\'s Team of the Century\".
At the time of his death in 2001, Pratt was the last living member of the Swans 1933 grand final team.
In 2003, Pratt was named beside Tony Lockett in the forward pocket in their official Team of the Century.
In 2009, Along with Bob Skilton and Paul Kelly, Pratt was inaugurated into the Swans Hall of Fame as a \"Bloods Legend\"
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# A Duo Occasion
***A Duo Occasion*** is live performance video with Harry Connick Jr. on piano and Branford Marsalis on saxophone(s), released on DVD in November 2005. It was recorded at the *Library and Archives Canada* as part of the 25th anniversary of the Ottawa Jazz Festival on June 24, 2005.
The performance contains music from the album *Occasion : Connick on Piano, Volume 2*, except \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\" and \"Light the Way\"
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# Murong Huang
**Murong Huang** (`{{zh|c=慕容皝}}`{=mediawiki}; 297 -- 25 October 348), courtesy name **Yuanzhen** (元真), also known by his posthumous name as the **Emperor Wenming of Former Yan** (前燕文明帝), was the founding monarch of the Xianbei-led Former Yan dynasty of China. When he first succeeded his father Murong Hui in 333, he carried the Eastern Jin-bestowed title Duke of Liaodong, but in 337 claimed the title of Prince of Yan, which is traditionally viewed as the founding date of Former Yan. (Emperor Cheng of Jin did retroactively recognize Murong Huang\'s princely title in 341 after much debate among Eastern Jin officials.) After his son Murong Jun completely broke away from the Eastern Jin and claimed the title of emperor in January 353, he was posthumously elevated to imperial status. In the *Book of Jin*, Murong Huang was described as a strong looking tall man (approximately 1.91 metres).
## Early life {#early_life}
Murong Huang\'s father Murong Hui had initially been a Xianbei chief who fought Jin forces during the late reign of Emperor Wu of Jin, Jin\'s founding emperor, but he submitted as a Jin vassal in c. June 289. Under constant attack by fellow Xianbei chief Duan Jie (段階) of the Duan tribe, he humbly sought peace with the Duan and married one of Duan Jie\'s daughters. From this union came Murong Huang (in 297) and two of his younger brothers, Murong Ren (慕容仁) and Murong Zhao (慕容昭).
During Murong Hui\'s rule as tribal chief, the Jin dynasty\'s central government was in constant turmoil and eventually collapsed due to infighting and agrarian rebellions, the strongest of which was the Xiongnu state Han-Zhao. As a result, many refugees arrived in the relatively safe domain of Murong Hui\'s, and as he treated the ethnically Han refugees with kindness, most chose to stay, greatly strengthening his power, and as Jin forces in the north gradually fell to Han-Zhao\'s capable general Shi Le (who later established his own independent state Later Zhao), Murong Hui became the only domain in northern China still under titular Jin rule, carrying the Jin-bestowed title of the Duke of Liaodong. He entrusted Murong Huang with many important military tasks. These included fighting the powerful fellow Xianbei Yuwen tribe in 320 and 325. In early 322, Murong Hui named Murong Huang heir apparent. However, Murong Hui also greatly favored Murong Huang\'s brothers Murong Ren, Murong Zhao, and particularly Murong Han, who was regarded very highly as a general. Murong Huang became jealous and suspicious of these brothers, feelings which became known to them and which would sow the seeds of future troubles.
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# Murong Huang
## As Duke of Liaodong {#as_duke_of_liaodong}
On 4 June 333, Murong Hui died. Murong Huang took over his administration under the Jin-bestowed office of General Pingbei (平北將軍) and sent messengers to report his father\'s death to Emperor Cheng of Jin and request commission official for himself. Soon after, with Jin commission expected but not yet arrived, he claimed the title of Duke of Liaodong, which his father had carried.
Murong Huang carried out strict and harsh enforcement of laws and regulations, which unsettled some of his subordinates. His suspicions of Murong Han, Murong Ren, and Murong Zhao also became clear. Murong Han, in fear, fled to the Duan tribe (Dukedom of Liaoxi) and became a general for the Duan chief Duan Liao (段遼). Murong Ren and Murong Zhao conspired to have Murong Ren attack the capital Jicheng (棘城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning) from his defense post of Pingguo (平郭, in modern Yingkou, Liaoning) and for Murong Zhao to rise within Jicheng to join him, ready to divide the dukedom if they succeeded. Murong Ren soon launched a surprise attack, but scouts by Murong Huang discovered the attack and readied for the attack, so Murong Ren instead captured the cities in the eastern dukedom (Liaodong Peninsula). Forces that Murong Huang sent to attack him were repelled, and Murong Ren claimed for himself the Duke of Liaodong title as well. Jin messengers sent to bestow on Murong Huang the same titles his father had were intercepted and detained by Murong Ren.
Also in 334, Duan forces, under the commands of Murong Han and Duan Liao\'s brother Duan Lan (段蘭) attacked Liucheng (柳城, in modern Zhaoyang, Liaoning), and Murong Huang\'s forces sent to relieve Liucheng suffered a great defeat at Duan forces\' hands. Duan Lan wanted to further advance on Jicheng, but Murong Han, fearful that his own tribe would be destroyed, ordered a withdrawal. (While his comments were intended to force Duan Lan to agree to a withdrawal, Murong Han\'s comments at this time stating that Murong Huang was \"false and treacherous\" may indicate what his true feelings about Murong Huang were.)
In early 336, Murong Huang made a daring surprise attack, personally leading his army by a route that Murong Ren did not expect---over the frozen Bohai---arriving at Pingguo. Murong Ren, not realizing that it was a major attack, came out of the city to fight Murong Huang, who defeated and captured him, forcing him to commit suicide.
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# Murong Huang
## As Prince of Yan {#as_prince_of_yan}
In November 337, Murong Huang claimed for himself the title of Prince of Yan---a title that Jin had previously considered but declined to confer on his father Murong Hui. This is commonly viewed as the founding of Former Yan, particularly because he also set up a governmental structure mirroring Jin\'s imperial government, albeit with different office titles intentionally showing inferiority to Jin.
That same year, Murong Huang, countering his father\'s prior policy of having no contact at all with Jin\'s rival Later Zhao, sent messengers to Later Zhao promising to be a vassal and requesting a joint attack against the Duan. Later Zhao\'s emperor Shi Hu was very pleased, and they agreed on an attack in 338. In the spring, they launched the attacks. Murong Huang quickly attacked and pillaged the Duan cities north of its capital Lingzhi (令支, in modern Tangshan, Hebei), defeating Duan Lan\'s forces. He then withdrew, and when Later Zhao forces arrived, Duan Liao no longer dared to face them but instead abandoned Lingzhi and fled. Lingzhi surrendered to Later Zhao. Shi Hu was happy about the victory but angry that Murong Huang withdrew before the armies could meet, and he decided to turn his armies against Murong Huang instead. With Later Zhao\'s massive armies arriving in Former Yan territory, nearly all of the cities submitted to Later Zhao except the capital Jicheng. Murong Huang considered fleeing, but under advice of his general Muyu Gen, he stayed and defended the city for nearly 20 days, and Later Zhao forces were forced to withdraw; Murong Huang then sent his son Murong Ke to attack the retreating Later Zhao troops, scoring a great victory, and the only Later Zhao force remaining intact was that of Shi Min, Shi Hu\'s adopted grandson. After Later Zhao\'s withdrawal, Murong Huang recaptured the cities that had rebelled. He also took over cities formerly ruled by the Duan, extending into modern northern Hebei. In early 339, after Duan Liao sent conflicting requests to Later Zhao and Former Yan, requesting surrender, the Later Zhao and Former Yan forces engaged, and Murong Ke again won a great victory over Later Zhao. Murong Huang honored Duan Liao as a guest and merged Duan\'s remaining forces into his own. Later that year, however, Duan planned a rebellion and was killed by Murong Huang. (However, the Duan clan was not wiped out, and many members of the Duan clan later served as generals, officials, and imperial consorts of the Murongs.) From this point on, Former Yan forces would conduct yearly raids against Later Zhao\'s border region. They would also periodically attack the Yuwen tribe and Goguryeo.
Also in 339, Murong Huang married his sister to Tuoba Shiyiqian, the Prince of Dai, cementing an alliance between the two Xianbei powers. (The two would, however, engage in occasional battles after Princess Murong\'s death in 342.) He also sent messengers to the Jin capital to formally request from Emperor Cheng the Prince of Yan title---explaining that he needed it to increase his authority over the people but that he was still loyal to Jin. In 341, after several months of debate, Emperor Cheng decided to grant Murong Huang the princely title.
In 340, Murong Han, who had fled to the Yuwen after the Duan were defeated but who had subsequently been mistrusted and mistreated by the Yuwen, agreed to return under Murong Huang\'s command, and he fled back to Liaodong. Murong Huang gave him a military command.
In 341, Murong Huang moved his capital from Jicheng to a newly built city, Longcheng (龍城, in modern Zhaoyang, Liaoning).
In 344, Murong Huang, with Murong Han as his deputy, attacked Yuwen, greatly defeating it and forcing its chief Yuwen Yidougui (宇文逸豆歸) to flee. The Former Yan forces forcibly moved the Yuwen tribe south and merged them into Former Yan\'s own population. Later that year, Murong Huang, still apprehensive of Murong Han\'s abilities, forced him to commit suicide.
In 345, Murong Huang stopped using Jin\'s era names---which is viewed by some as the sign of Former Yan\'s formal independence.
In October 348, Murong Huang grew ill and died. He was succeeded by his son Murong Jun
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# Hon'inbō Shūei
**Hon\'inbō Shūei** (本因坊秀栄, November 1, 1852 -- February 10, 1907) was a Japanese professional Go player.
## Biography
Hon\'inbō Shūei, a younger son of the very strong Hon\'inbō Shūwa, served as the 17th and again 19th head of the Hon\'inbō house. He was also the 13th and final head of the Hayashi house before merging it with the Hon\'inbō house in 1884.
Hon\'inbō Shūei was a remarkable player, and his strength apparently exceeded his contemporaries by a considerable margin. Surviving game records show that he played a large number of handicap games. He was very active and innovative in the 1890s, a time of reviving fortunes for go, and participated in a number of *jubango*.
He attained the title of Meijin in 1906, becoming the ninth person to have done so. Shūei\'s style was characterized by his calm and confident approach to the game and his supreme positional judgement. He was also fond of making light shapes and *sabaki* tactics. He earned the nickname \"the master of miai\" for creating situations where he would have two equally good options at his disposal. He was one of the pioneer players opening frequently at *hoshi* points during *fuseki*, for which he was later greatly admired by the great Go Seigen.
He has also received praise from another top player, Fujisawa Hideyuki. Fujisawa commented in *Go World* that he thought Shūei was the strongest of the Meijins and Hon\'inbōs and in particular that Hon\'inbō Shūei was stronger than Hon\'inbō Shūsaku and Hon\'inbō Dōsaku, regarded by many as the two strongest of the Edo era. He went on to say that Shūei\'s flow of moves was like water. Fujisawa said, \"I always have the feeling that I\'d be no match for him \... I\'m far below his level\". Yet another top player Kobayashi Koichi also stated that Shūei was stronger than he was. Still another leading player, Takagawa Kaku was strongly influenced by Shūei, and edited a collection of his games, and wrote:
: When I was young I often enjoyed playing over the games of Shūei. That was because I liked the image of him winning without doing anything at all unreasonable. But today I wonder: did I really understand Shūei to that extent? In doing the commentaries for this book, I perused his collected games again after a long interval, and again was made to sigh in admiration at his strength. In particular his games as White after he reached 7-dan hide a fathomless strength amidst a serene and well-balanced flow, which we can perhaps describe as flexible on the outside, unbendable on the inside. In brief, the characteristic of Shūei\'s skill at go is not just about local things such as his skill at evaluating positions or his skill in seeing moves, but his mastery of go itself.
Ironically, as a boy he was given to the Hayashi house because he supposedly showed little promise. And the first time he was appointed Honinbo, he resigned in favor of Murase Shūho, his long time friend, with whom he had travelled Japan and who was the strongest player at the time (8-dan). This event also marked the reconciliation between the Hon\'inbō house and the Hoensha. It was celebrated with a jubango between Shūho and Shūei with the score being 5-5 (Shūei playing on all black). Shūho did not live very long, so Shūei accepted the title again, and later became much stronger than his contemporaries, so was awarded the Meijin title, which even his father had not achieved.
Shuei had a number of disciples. They include Hon\'inbō Shūgen, Takabe Dohei, Karigane Junichi, Nozawa Chikucho, Tamura Yasuhisa (later known as Honinbo Shusai, Meijin), Tanaka Masaki, Inoue Yasunobu, Hayashi Tokuzo, Seki Genkichi, Tsuzuki Yoneko, and Inoue Kohei
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# American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy
**American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy** (ASGCT) is a professional non-profit medical and scientific organization based in Milwaukee, dedicated to understanding, development and application of gene, related cell and nucleic acid therapies, as well as promotion of professional and public education on gene therapy. With more than 4,800 members in the United States and worldwide, today ASGCT is the largest association of individuals involved in gene and cell therapy research.
*Molecular Therapy* is the official journal of the ASGCT
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# Moses Josef Rubin
Rabbi **Moses Josef Rubin** (1892--1980) was leading rabbinic figure in Romania and later in the United States (New York City), a scion of the Kosov-Seret dynasty.
## Biography
Moses Josef Rubin was born in 1892 in the town of Wola Michowa in the Galicia region of Poland.
His father was Rabbi Mendel Rubin, who later became the Chassidic Rebbe in Siret, Bukovina. His mother was Beila Rubin née Horowitz.
When Moses Josef was a toddler he and his family moved from Galicia to Siret in the Bukovina where his father\'s family resided.
During his youth, Moses Josef was Rabbinically ordained by the leading Halachik figures of his time such as Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum of Sighet and Rabbi Yehuda Leib Tsirelson of Kishinev among others,
In 1921 he married Sarah Farkas. They had two sons; Dr. Samuel S. Rubin and Dr. Jacob K. Rubin.
During the years 1922--1940, in Greater Romania, he served as Chief Rabbi of the Jewish-Romanian community in Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Bukovina. From 1941 until 1946 he served as President of the Rabbinical Council of Romania and Chairman of Agudath Israel in Romania.
In 1940, on Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement, October 12), all Jewish homes in Câmpulung were plundered, and the Jews were assaulted by the pro-Nazi Iron Guard (*see Romania during World War II*). The valuable library of Rabbi Rubin was destroyed; he was mistreated and was given a document to sign which stated that he had hidden dynamite in the synagogue to be used in acts of sabotage. Because he refused to sign this document, he and his son were harnessed to a cart loaded with stolen goods, and driven at revolver point while being beaten and humiliated.[1](http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Bukowinabook/buk2_088.html) After the incident, the Rabbi and his family escaped to Bucharest.
During World War II, Rubin founded the first *Vaad Hatzalah* (emergency committee) in Bucharest, in order to aid Jewish people deported to the Transnistria concentration camps.[2](https://web.archive.org/web/20110702072241/http://bukowina.info/Klipper.pdf)
After the war, Rabbi Rubin emigrated to the United States where he founded the Center for European Rabbis, whose aims included distributing post-war reparations for European Rabbis who had lost their communities and source for income, as well as the Geder Avos project to prevent the destruction of Jewish cemeteries in Europe. More than four decades after Rabbi Rubin\'s passing the activities of Geder Avos continue, working in close cooperation with the Israel-based \"Oholei Zadikim\" run by Rabbi Israel Meir Gabay.[3](http://www.zadikim.org/index.asp?lang=english) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726075345/http://www.zadikim.org/index.asp?lang=english |date=2011-07-26 }}`{=mediawiki}, and separately with the German based ESJF European Jewish Cemeteries Initiative.
From 1962 until his passing in 1980, Rabbi Rubin served as the head of the Rabbinical court of Borough Park, Brooklyn
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# Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's javelin throw
The **Women\'s Javelin Throw** was one of three women\'s throwing events on the Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics program in Tokyo. It was held on 16 October 1964. 16 athletes from 10 nations entered.
## Results
### Qualification
The qualification standard was 51.00 metres. Each thrower had three attempts to reach that standard. Since only 7 throwers made the mark, the next five furthest-throwing athletes also advanced to meet the minimum 12 in the final.
Gorchakova set a new world record, besting the old one by more than 2.5 metres. Ozolina also had a good round, besting the old Olympic record to come in second in qualification.
Place Athlete Nation Best mark Throw 1 Throw 2 Throw 3
------- -------------------- -------- -------------- -- --------- --------- ---------
1 Yelena Gorchakova 62.40 **WR** 62.40 ---
2 Elvīra Ozoliņa 56.38 56.38 ---
3 Antal Marta Rudas 52.23 52.23 ---
4 Anneliese Gerhards 52.23 49.88 49.71 52.23
5 Rosemarie Schubert 51.20 X 51.20 ---
6 Mihaela Peneș 51.19 43.00 X 51.19
7 Maria Diaconescu 51.12 51.12 ---
8 Biruta Kaledene 50.84 49.70 50.84 48.87
9 Hiroko Sato 49.92 X 49.92 X
10 Sue Platt 49.88 X 49.88 48.72
11 Misako Katayama 49.23 39.80 46.11 49.23
12 Michele Demys 48.94 48.94 48.67 X
13 RaNae Bair 46.89 46.70 46.89 46.04
14 Ingeborg Schwalbe 45.55 45.55 44.41 39.47
15 Anna Pazera 44.87 41.58 44.87 X
16 Lee Hye-ja 34.95 33.24 34.95 29.05
### Final
The qualification marks were ignored for the final, each thrower receiving three new attempts. The top six throwers after those three received three more attempts, taking their best result of the six.
No one came close to equalling Gorchakova\'s qualifying round throw, her own attempts in the final not coming within 5 metres of it as she dropped to third place.
Place Athlete Nation Best mark Throw 1 Throw 2 Throw 3 Throw 4 Throw 5 Throw 6
------- -------------------- -------- ----------- -- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 Mihaela Peneş 60.54 60.54 52.76 X 50.72 51.44 53.77
2 Antal Marta Rudas 58.27 53.21 58.27 X 54.17 50.24 X
3 Yelena Gorchakova 57.06 56.43 49.21 53.10 57.06 55.23 X
4 Biruta Kaledene 56.31 53.79 X 54.13 56.31 54.68 X
5 Elvīra Ozoliņa 54.81 54.68 54.81 X X X X
6 Maria Diaconescu 53.71 X 53.71 50.49 51.21 51.35 52.00
7 Hiroko Sato 52.48 47.28 52.48 49.18
8 Anneliese Gerhards 52.37 52.37 46.79 45.88
9 Susan Mary Platt 48.59 48.59 48.00 48.55
10 Michele Demys 47.25 45.95 47.14 47.25
11 Katayama Misako 46.87 45.16 46.87 42.37
12 Rosemarie Schubert 46.50 X X 46
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# William I. Nolan
**William Ignatius Nolan** (May 14, 1874 -- August 3, 1943) was a politician from the U.S. State of Minnesota. He represented the state in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Nolan was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota and served in the Minnesota National Guard from 1891 to 1896.
He was member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1903 to 1907, 1911--1913, and 1917--1923, serving as speaker from 1919--1923. He was Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota from 1925--1929. Nolan was the chairman of the Minnesota Reforestation Commission in 1927.
Nolan was elected as a Republican to the 71st congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Walter Newton. Nolan was reelected to the 72nd congress and served from June 17, 1929, to March 4, 1933. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1932 to the 73rd congress and continued to be an unsuccessful candidate for nomination in 1934, 1936, and 1938. Nolan resumed his profession as a lecturer. He was elected State railroad and warehouse commissioner in 1942 and served until his death in Winona, Minnesota
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# Baron Boteler
**Baron Boteler** (sometimes modernly **Baron Butler** or **Baron Botiler**) was a title that was created three times in the Peerage of England.
The first barony, **Baron Boteler**, of Warrington, was created by writ on 23 June 1295 for William le Boteler. It became extinct on his death circa 1328.
The second barony, **Baron Boteler**, of Wem, was created by writ on 19 March 1308 in the Peerage of England for William Boteler, grandson of Gruffydd Maelor II. It fell into abeyance in 1411, on the death of his great-granddaughter.
The third barony, **Baron Boteler**, of Brantfield in the County of Hertford, was created by letters patent on 30 July 1628 for Sir John Boteler, 1st Baronet, Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire from 1625 to 1626. He had already been created a baronet, of Hatfield Woodhall in the County of Hertford, in the Baronetage of England on 12 April 1620. The titles became extinct on the death of his son, the second Baron, in 1657. George Boteler, half-brother of the first Baron, was created a baronet in 1643 (see Boteler baronets).
## Barons Boteler; First creation (1295) {#barons_boteler_first_creation_1295}
- William Boteler, 1st Baron Boteler of Warrington (died c. 1328)
## Barons Boteler; Second creation (1308) {#barons_boteler_second_creation_1308}
- William Boteler, 1st Baron Boteler of Wem (died 1334)
- William Boteler, 2nd Baron Boteler of Wem (died 1361), married Margaret, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 1st Earl of Arundel
- William Boteler, 3rd Baron Boteler of Wem (died 1369), married Elizabeth Holand
- Elizabeth Boteler, 4th Baroness Boteler of Wem (died 1411) (abeyant) Her first husband was summoned in 1375 as Sir Robert Ferrers of Wem, which by modern usage would represent a novel peerage, but he was likely summoned as Baron Boteler of Wem, *jure uxoris*. Their son was Sir Robert Ferrers, who married to Countess Joan Beaufort, daughter of Prince John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
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# Albert Hibbs
**Albert Roach Hibbs** (October 19, 1924 -- February 24, 2003) was an American mathematician and physicist affiliated with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). He was known as \"The Voice of JPL\" due to his gift for explaining advanced science in simple terms. He helped establish JPL\'s Space Science Division in 1960 and later served as its first chief. He was the systems designer for Explorer 1, the USA\'s first satellite, and helped establish the framework for exploration of the Solar System through the 1960s. Hibbs qualified as an astronaut in 1967 and was slated to be a crew member of Apollo 25, but he ultimately did not go to the Moon due to the Apollo program ending after the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.
## Education
Hibbs earned bachelor\'s degree in physics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1945, having attended Caltech under the sponsorship of the US Navy\'s V-12 program. He then obtained a master\'s degree in mathematics from the University of Chicago in 1947.
While working as a staff member at JPL, in 1955 Hibbs received a PhD in physics from Caltech with a thesis on \"The Growth of Water Waves Due to the Action of the Wind\". His thesis advisor was the Nobel laureate Richard Feynman. Hibbs became close friends with Feynman and together they published the textbook *Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals* (McGraw-Hill, 1965), which is still a standard reference on the path integral formulation.
## Career
Hibbs joined the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in 1950. He became head of JPL\'s Research and Analysis Section, and in this role, he was the systems designer for America\'s first successful satellite, Explorer 1, in 1958. After NASA took over JPL in 1958, Hibbs worked to establish the framework for planetary missions for the next decade.
In 1960, Hibbs was placed in charge of forming and leading the Space Science Division at JPL. As the division became successful, Hibbs emerged as the \"Voice of JPL\".
From 1962 to 1967, Hibbs left JPL to work on special assignment as staff scientist for the Arms Control Study Group (ACSG) of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), studying how arms-control treaties could be monitored from space.
From the late 1960s to the 1980s, he became the authoritative source of information on JPL missions, including: the Ranger and Surveyor missions to the Moon; the Mariner missions to Venus, Mars, and Mercury; the Viking missions to Mars; and the Voyager missions to the outer planets.
By the age of five, Hibbs had decided that he wanted to go to the Moon. He qualified as an astronaut in 1967, despite being 7 years over the age limit, and he was slated to be a crew member of Apollo 25. The Apollo program ended after Apollo 17, denying him his dream. Nevertheless, he has reflected that: \"Even though I didn\'t make it to the moon, my machines did.\"
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Hibbs hosted and produced several radio and television programs for adults and children. He won a Peabody award for the children\'s series *Exploring*, as well as two Thomas Alva Edison Foundation National Media Awards. He was also given NASA\'s Exceptional Service Medal, \"for his outstanding achievements in explaining the complexities and significance of space exploration to the general public via radio and television,\" and the NASA Achievement Award.
As a prominent member of the Southern California Skeptics, Hibbs was awarded a Fellowship from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP).
Hibbs also had an asteroid named after him (2441 Hibbs) in honor of Al Hibbs and his wife Marka as an acknowledgement of the role they played in introducing her to Space Science at Caltech.`{{Needs clarification|reason=Unclear role of wife here, generally unclear sentence|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### JPL in memoriam video {#jpl_in_memoriam_video}
file:In Memoriam of Al Hibbs.webm
## Other activities {#other_activities}
In 1947, Hibbs and Roy Walford took time off from graduate and medical school, respectively, to go to Reno and Las Vegas to beat the casinos at roulette. Studying biases in the roulette wheels, they made profits variously estimated between \$6,500 and \$42,000. According to Hibbs himself, during an episode of *You Bet Your Life* on which he was a contestant and won \$250, he made \"about \$12,000\" from his roulette exploits. The pair used the profits to spend over a year sailing around the Caribbean aboard a 40-foot sailboat, Adonde.
While working for JPL, Hibbs appeared on *You Bet Your Life* where he talked about his adventures in roulette.
Hibbs was a member of the project review committee for Biosphere 2 from 1987 to 1992 and was involved in artist Tom Van Sant\'s [Geosphere Project](https://vimeo.com/50738196) from 1989 to 1995 as a member of the Eyes on Earth Board of Directors. In his retirement, Hibbs pursued underwater photography at sites all over the world.
Hibbs enjoyed making kinetic sculpture as a hobby and was fascinated by miniaturised, independently operating machines---a field where he once again collaborated in a well known idea-experiment of Feynman\'s. According to Feynman, it was Hibbs who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for Feynman\'s theoretical micromachines (see nanotechnology). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) \"swallow the doctor\".
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# Albert Hibbs
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hibbs first married in 1950, to Florence Pavin, with whom he had two children. He was widowed in 1970. In 1971, he married Marka Oliver.
He died in February 2003 from complications following heart surgery at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California
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# The Fayetteville Observer
***The Fayetteville Observer*** is an American English-language daily newspaper published in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Founded in 1816, it is the oldest local newspaper published in North Carolina. The paper originally operated as the *Carolina Observer* before rebranding to the Fayetteville Observer in 1833.
It was locally owned by the McMurray family from 1923 to 2016, when it was acquired by GateHouse Media, which became Gannett in an acquisition in 2019.
## History
The *Fayetteville Observer* is the oldest newspaper in North Carolina. It was founded in 1816 as the *Carolina Observer*. The *Fayetteville Observer* was not published between 1865 and 1883, so the Wilmington *Star-News* (founded in 1867) is North Carolina\'s oldest continually published newspaper. The name was changed to the *Fayetteville Observer* in 1833. The *Observer*{{\'}}s offices were destroyed by William T. Sherman\'s invading army in 1865. It was refounded as *The Fayetteville Observer* in 1883. W. J. McMurray bought the paper in 1923, and his family-owned Fayetteville Publishing Company ran the paper for four generations.
Edward Jones Hale was the editor of the newspaper from 1825 to 1865. The paper was a leading supporter of the Whig party. The content of the paper during this time period included many historical articles about North Carolina and accounts of the Civil War. The Hale family moved to New York after the newspaper buildings were destroyed in the Civil War. His son, Edward Joseph Hale returned to North Carolina in 1883 to revive the newspaper and continued ownership of the newspaper until 1919 when it was sold to a group of local businessmen.
The Fayetteville Publishing Company was founded in 1923. A Sunday edition of the paper was started in 1957. Originally an afternoon paper, it began publishing a morning paper, *The Fayetteville Times*, in 1973. The two papers published combined editions on Sunday, and from 1982 onward published a combined Saturday edition as well. In 1990, the McMurrays merged the *Observer* and *Times* into a single morning paper, *The Fayetteville Observer-Times.* It dropped \"Times\" from its flag in 1999. The *Fayetteville Observer* launched its first website in 1995 and it has a presence on Facebook for distribution of news and interaction with readers.
## Awards
*The Fayetteville Observer* is a member of the North Carolina Press Association
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# James Todd (Canadian settler)
In 1865, **James Todd** (1832--1925) and his family established a ranch south-east of Kamloops, British Columbia. He and Lew Campbell could be considered the first settlers of Barnhartvale, British Columbia.
## Starting out in North America {#starting_out_in_north_america}
James Todd was originally from England. In 1849 he went to California for the gold rush. He does not appear to have struck it rich in California, but he made his living as a packer transporting supplies for the miners. In 1861 Todd began to raise horses and had built up a small herd. His small herd, however, was stolen near Sacramento, California, and he tracked the thieves through Oregon and Washington, and finally got his horses back near Hope, British Columbia. He stayed in British Columbia and worked as a packer on the Brigade Trail for the Hudson\'s Bay Company. After that, he was quite successful prospecting for gold at Scotch Creek. Todd purchased and very quickly sold again land in Pritchard and on the north side of the South Thompson River (part of the Harper Ranch).
## Acquired land {#acquired_land}
In 1865 Todd acquired 160 acre that stretched north and west from the present corner of Todd and Barnhartvale Roads. Todd acquired another 160 acre of land extending his property further north to the South Thompson River. In 1870 he purchased land in Barnhartvale along Campbell Creek. James Todd married Maggie Pablos (her father was the Buffalo King of Montana) and had two sons and three daughters.
## Children
One of James Todd\'s sons name was also James. This younger James married Margaret Manson, a daughter of fur trader William Manson who served at the fort in Kamloops in the 1850s and 1860s before settling at Lac La Hache in the Cariboo. James (the third) died in 1943 and Margaret lived until 1964. One of James Todd\'s and Maggie Pablo\'s daughters was named Helena. Helena went on to marry Robert Pratt. It is likely that the elder Todd had a house and barn located near where Todd Road and Pratt Road now meet.
## Brother and father {#brother_and_father}
In 1874 **Joseph Todd** (1831--1905), James Todd\'s brother, also acquired land in Barnhartvale. Joseph Todd got a crown grant on District Lot 470. His property would have included Campbell Creek valley from where Barnhartvale Road intersects with Campbell Creek Road for about one and one-half miles south up the valley.
Joseph and James\'s father (James Sr., died 1885) also moved out from Ontario and lived with Joseph and his wife. Joseph Todd moved to Quebec in 1904 and died the following year. Joseph Todd\'s house was situated by Campbell Creek where Barnhartvale Road crosses the creek. Another brother, John, joined James and Joseph. There does not seem to be much of a record of John. It appears that he went on to live in Victoria.
## Sold land {#sold_land}
By 1874 most of the lower portion of Barnhartvale was owned by the Todds. In the early 1880s the CPR rail line went through the property along the river and James Todd sold the remainder of his southern 160 acre `{{Clarify|post-text = Remainder ? - So he didn't own any more land ?|date=September 2010}}`{=mediawiki} to a man named Alfred Morris who established some type of stopping place there.
The Barnhartvale Road as it comes up the hill from Dallas is known as Todd Hill after the Todd family. Of course, Todd Road names the road that runs through the old Todd property and Todd Lake is one of the sources of Campbell Creek
| 594 |
James Todd (Canadian settler)
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# Louisiana's 1st congressional district
**Louisiana\'s 1st congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district comprises land from the northern shore of Lake Pontchartrain south to the Mississippi River delta. It covers most of New Orleans\' suburbs, as well as a sliver of New Orleans itself.
The district is currently represented by Republican House majority leader Steve Scalise.
## History
Since at least the 1840s, the 1st congressional district has been anchored in and around most of the Greater New Orleans area south of Lake Pontchartrain, with the district being anchored in most of the city itself, as well as the adjoining parishes of St. Bernard and Plaquemines, during most of the tenure of F. Edward Hébert, a former journalist for *The Times-Picayune* who represented the district for a record 18 terms from 1941 until his retirement in 1977, eventually serving as Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee from 1971 to 1975. While largely a Democratic district for most of its existence, with Louisiana being part of the Solid South during this era, the district eventually became friendlier to Republicans as many conservative Democrats began to increasingly vote Republican (or at least against the Democratic presidential nominee), with the district even giving a plurality of the vote to George Wallace in 1968.
In the 1970s round of redistricting, the Louisiana State Legislature (in complying with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, particularly the opportunity of racial minorities to elect a representative of their choosing) redrew the neighboring 2nd District, which previously contained most of the western parts of New Orleans as well as the Westbank suburbs (on the west side of the Mississippi River, hence the term) in neighboring Jefferson Parish, into a majority African American district. In exchange, the 1st District would now extend to the Northshore area (the Florida Parishes north of Lake Pontchartrain) for the first time, adding St. Tammany Parish which had been amongst the first areas of Louisiana to turn Republican in the post-World War II era. Accordingly, the new 1st gave Republican President Richard Nixon over 70 percent of the vote in his 1972 reelection, though it did give a narrow majority to Democrat Jimmy Carter in 1976. That same year, longtime incumbent Hébert retired from Congress, and was succeeded by State Representative and fellow Democrat Richard Tonry, who narrowly won the election that year over Republican assistant state attorney general Bob Livingston.
However, Tonry would quickly become the subject of a federal corruption investigation, including allegations of ballot stuffing in St. Bernard Parish as well as illegal campaign contributions, eventually pleading guilty, serving a six-month prison sentence and resigning from Congress after only four months in May 1977. In the ensuing special election, Livingston would defeat Democratic State Representative Ron Faucheux (who himself defeated Tonry in his party\'s primary for the special election), becoming the first Republican to represent the district as well as a large portion of New Orleans since Reconstruction; the district would also narrowly vote for Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election.
In the 1980s round of redistricting, the district shed virtually all of its precincts outside of New Orleans and Jefferson and St. Tammany parishes, with a mid-decade redistricting in 1984 making the district even more Republican. In particular, several central and eastern portions of New Orleans that were becoming increasingly African American and Democratic (including in particular New Orleans East, which would be adversely affected by the 1980s oil glut and the ensuing demographic changes that affected property values and crime rates there) were moved to the itself majority African American 2nd District. In exchange, the 1st added several heavily Republican areas of Jefferson Parish from the 3rd District (including the East Bank suburbs of Metairie and Kenner, as well as most of the Westbank suburbs including Terrytown, Estelle and Avondale) that not unlike St. Tammany Parish experienced a similar trend towards the GOP after World War II. From this newly redrawn district, Livingston (who himself would relocate from New Orleans to Metairie following the 1984 redistricting) would go on to win by margins exceeding 80 percent or higher, doing so in some cases unopposed, as the 1st became the most heavily Republican district in Louisiana and one of the most heavily Republican districts in the nation. President Reagan won more than 77 percent of the vote in the district in 1984, followed by 71 percent in 1988 for George H. W. Bush, who himself accepted his party\'s presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention held that year in New Orleans at the Louisiana Superdome.
In the 1990s round of redistricting, the district expanded deeper into the Florida Parishes, gaining Washington and most of Tangipahoa parishes from the 6th District, in addition to the same core of Saint Tammany Parish, most of Jefferson Parish and a northwestern portion of New Orleans centered on the Lakeview neighborhood (long considered one of the more Republican areas of the heavily Democratic city) associated with the district since the 1970s. During this decade, Livingston rose to become Chairman of the powerful House Appropriations Committee following the Republican takeover of the House of Representatives following the 1994 elections, and in 1996 the 1st District would be the only district in Louisiana to vote for Bob Dole (who would also be the last Republican to lose Louisiana in a presidential election as of 2025). After Livingston resigned from Congress in 1999 following a short-lived bid for Speaker of the House that unraveled upon revelations of an extramarital affair from years past, the district would remain in Republican hands, electing State Representative David Vitter to succeed Livingston.
In the 2000s round of redistricting, the district would become equally divided on both sides of Lake Pontchartrain, connected only by the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, with the slightly larger northern half consisting of the Florida Parishes of St. Tammany, Tangipahoa and Washington and the southern half consisting of most of Jefferson Parish, along with the Lakeview area of New Orleans carried over from the previous district and a section of St. Charles Parish extending as far west as Destrehan. With the smallest percentage of African Americans amongst Louisiana\'s then-delegation of seven congressional districts, the district was also the most Republican district in the state, giving over 70 percent of the vote to George W. Bush in 2004 and 72 percent to John McCain in 2008. Two of the district\'s representatives would eventually move up to higher office, with Vitter becoming the first Republican to be popularly elected to the Senate from Louisiana (and the first Republican Senator from the state since Reconstruction) in 2004 and Vitter\'s successor Bobby Jindal (also a Republican) being elected Governor of Louisiana in 2007. Jindal\'s successor, Republican Steve Senator Steve Scalise, would be elected in 2008 to succeed Jindal.
In 2012, following the 2010s round of redistricting which saw Louisiana lose a congressional seat due to population declines in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (which caused massive flooding and population displacement in the Greater New Orleans area), the district shed Washington and most of Tangipahoa parishes in the Northshore, while gaining back St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes for the first time since the early 1980s, and also gaining most of Lafourche Parish and southern Terrebonne Parish (historically associated with the previous 3rd District, which had been eliminated and combined with the old 7th district) for the first time. Following the 2012 election, Scalise would be elected as Chairman of the powerful Republican Study Committee, eventually rising to House Majority Whip after the 2014 elections, becoming House Minority Whip after the GOP lost control of the House in the 2018 elections, and eventually House Majority Leader after the 2022 elections.
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# Louisiana's 1st congressional district
## History
Throughout Scalise\'s time as the district\'s representative, the district has remained solidly Republican, giving more than two-thirds of the vote to Donald Trump in all three of his presidential elections between 2016 and 2024, with unprecedented Republican support in more rural areas of the district balancing out slight underperformances in more historically Republican suburban parts of the district during the Trump era. The district also voted twice against Democrat John Bel Edwards (who hails from just outside the district in Tangipahoa Parish) in both his successful election as Governor in 2015 and his reelection in 2019, with the 1st being the only district in Louisiana to vote for Edwards\' Republican challenger, then-U.S. Senator and former 1st District representative David Vitter, in the former election.
As of the 2020s round of redistricting, as well as a subsequent mid-decade redistricting that resulted in a second majority-African American district being created before the 2024 elections, the district remains about equally divided on both sides of Lake Pontchartrain, with the northern portion extending from all of St. Tammany Parish to southern portions of Tangipahoa, Livingston and Ascension parishes (the latter two located in the Baton Rouge metropolitan area) including as far west as Sorrento, and the southern portion split between Scalise\'s political base in the East Bank suburbs west of New Orleans on one end and the southeastern corner of the state across most of St. Bernard, Plaquemines and Lafourche parishes. Despite this fact, the district in its latter-day iteration has yet to be represented by a resident from north of Lake Pontchartrain. The reformulation of the 1st congressional district so that it virtually surrounds \"the nation\'s second-largest saltwater lake\" has generated a local joke that the voters in the district are outnumbered by the fish.
## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities}
For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities.
**Ascension Parish** **(1)**
: Sorrento
**Jefferson Parish** **(11)**
: Barataria, Elmwood, Estelle (part; also 2nd), Grand Isle, Harahan, Jean Lafitte, Jefferson, Kenner (part; also 2nd), Lafitte, Metairie, River Ridge (part; also 2nd)
**Lafourche Parish** **(9)**
: Bayou Blue (part; also 3rd; shared with Terrebonne Parish), Cut Off, Galliano, Golden Meadow, Larose, Lockport, Lockport Heights, Mathews, Raceland (part; also 3rd)
**Livingston Parish** **(3)**
: Albany (part; also 6th), Killian, Springfield
**Orleans Parish** **(1)**
: New Orleans (part; also 2nd)
**Plaquemines Parish** **(9)**
: All nine communities
**St. Bernard Parish** **(5)**
: Chalmette (part; also 2nd), Delacroix, Meraux (part; also 2nd), Poydras, Violet
**St. Charles Parish** **(5)**
: Destrehan, Montz, New Sarpy, Norco, St. Rose (part; also 2nd)
**St. Tammany Parish** **(11)**
: All eleven communities
**Tangipahoa Parish** **(2)**
: Hammond (part; also 5th), Ponchatoula
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# Louisiana's 1st congressional district
## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races}
Year Office Results
------ ------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|McCain 73% - 25%
2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Romney 73% - 27%
2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Cassidy 66% - 34%
2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Vitter 56% - 44%
Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 80% - 20%
2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 69% - 27%
Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Kennedy 74% - 26%
2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Rispone 55% - 45%
Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 80% - 20%
Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Landry 76% - 24%
2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 69% - 30%
2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Murrill 75% - 25%
2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 68% - 30%
## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district}
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Member | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history | District Location |
| | | | ress | | |
+================================================================================+==============================================================================+=====================================================================+===========================================+========================================================================================================================================+==============================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| District created March 4, 1823 | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic-Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1823 --\ | | Elected in 1822.\ | **1823--1833**\ |
| **Edward Livingston**\ | | March 3, 1825 | | Re-elected in 1824.\ | Ascension, Assumption, Saint Charles, Saint John, Lafourche, Orleans, Saint Bernard, Saint James, and Terrebonne parishes |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1826.\ | |
| | | | | Retired to run for U.S. Senator. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \| Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1825 --\ | | | |
| | | March 3, 1829 | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Anti-Jacksonian}}`{=mediawiki} \| Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1829 --\ | | Elected in 1828.\ | |
| **Edward Douglass White Sr.**\ | | March 3, 1833 | | Re-elected in 1830.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[Donaldsonville, Louisiana|Donaldsonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1832.\ | |
| | | | | Retired to run for governor and resigned when elected. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | nowrap \| March 4, 1833 --\ | **1833--1843**\ | | | |
| | November 15, 1834 | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | | nowrap \| November 15, 1834 --\ | | |
| | | | December 1, 1834 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Anti-Jacksonian | | nowrap \| December 1, 1834 --\ | | Elected to finish White\'s term.\ |
| **Henry Johnson**\ | | | March 3, 1837 | | Also elected to the next full term.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Donaldsonville, Louisiana|Donaldsonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1836.\ |
| | | | | | Retired to run for Governor of Louisiana. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \| Whig | | nowrap \| March 4, 1837 --\ | | |
| | | | March 3, 1839 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Whig | | nowrap \| March 4, 1839 --\ | | Elected in 1838.\ |
| **Edward Douglass White Sr.**\ | | | March 3, 1843 | | Re-elected in 1840.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1843 --\ | | Elected in 1842.\ | **1843--1853**\ |
| **John Slidell**\ | | November 10, 1845 | | Re-elected in 1844.\ | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Resigned. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| November 10, 1845 --\ | | | |
| | | January 29, 1846 | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Emile La Sére**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 29, 1846 --\ | | Elected to finish Slidell\'s term.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1851 | | Re-elected in 1846.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1848.\ | |
| | | | | Retired. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1851 --\ | | Elected in 1850.\ | |
| **Louis St. Martin**\ | | March 3, 1853 | | Retired. | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **William Dunbar**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1853 --\ | | Elected in 1852.\ | **1853--1863**\ |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1855 | | Lost re-election. | Plaquemines and Saint Bernard parishes, as well as the portion of Orleans Parish on the right (west) bank of the Mississippi River and on the left (east) bank below Canal Street in the city of New Orleans |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Know Nothing | nowrap \| March 4, 1855 --\ | | Elected in 1854.\ | |
| **George Eustis Jr.**\ | | March 3, 1859 | | Re-elected in 1856.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Know Nothing | nowrap \| December 3, 1859 --\ | | Elected in 1859.\ | |
| **J. E. Bouligny**\ | | March 3, 1861 | | Bouligny opposed Louisiana\'s secession and remained in Washington, D.C. during the Civil War. He never retook residency in Louisiana. | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 4, 1861 --\ | | Civil War | |
| | | February 17, 1863 | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Union | nowrap \| February 17, 1863 --\ | | Elected in 1862.\ | |
| **Benjamin Flanders**\ | | March 3, 1863 | | Retired. | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 3, 1863 --\ | | Civil War--Louisiana under occupation | **1863--1873**\ |
| | | July 18, 1868 | | | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| July 18, 1868 --\ | | Elected to finish the vacant term.\ | |
| **Jacob Hale Sypher**\ | | March 3, 1869 | | Term expired during election contest. | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 3, 1869 --\ | | Contested election of Louis St. Martin and Jacob Hale Sypher, House decided neither candidate entitled to seat. | |
| | | November 7, 1870 | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2; nowrap \| November 7, 1870 --\ | | Elected to finish the vacant term.\ | |
| **Jacob Hale Sypher**\ | | March 3, 1875 | | Re-elected in 1870.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1872.\ | |
| | | | | Lost re-election. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1873--1883**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 3, 1875 --\ | | Successfully contested Sypher\'s election, then retired after one day in office---the shortest service ever by a member of the House of Representatives. |
| | **Effingham Lawrence**\ | | March 3, 1875 | | |
| | `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1875 --\ | | Elected in 1874.\ |
| | **Randall Lee Gibson**\ | | March 3, 1883 | | Re-elected in 1876.\ |
| | `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1878.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1880.\ |
| | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1883 --\ | | Elected in 1882.\ | **1883--1893**\ |
| **Carleton Hunt**\ | | March 3, 1885 | | Retired. | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1885 --\ | | Elected in 1884.\ | |
| **Louis St. Martin**\ | | March 3, 1887 | | Retired. | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1887 --\ | | Elected in 1886.\ | |
| **Theodore Stark Wilkinson**\ | | March 3, 1891 | | Re-elected in 1888.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana|Plaquemines Parish]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3; nowrap \| March 4, 1891 --\ | | Elected in 1890.\ | |
| **Adolph Meyer**\ | | March 8, 1908 | | Re-elected in 1892.\ | |
| `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1894.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1896.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1902.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | |
| | | | | Died. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1893--1903**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1903--1913**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 8, 1908 --\ | | |
| | | | November 3, 1908 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| November 3, 1908 --\ | | Elected to finish Meyer\'s term.\ |
| | **Albert Estopinal**\ | | April 28, 1919 | | Also elected to the next full term.\ |
| | `{{Small|([[St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana|Estopinal]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1914.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ |
| | | | | | Died. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1913--1923**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| April 28, 1919 --\ | | |
| | | | June 5, 1919 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| June 5, 1919 --\ | | Elected to finish Estopinal\'s term.\ |
| | **James O\'Connor**\ | | March 3, 1931 | | Re-elected in 1920.\ |
| | `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ |
| | | | | | Lost renomination. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1923--1933**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1931 --\ | | Elected in 1930.\ |
| | **Joachim O. Fernandez**\ | | January 3, 1941 | | Re-elected in 1932.\ |
| | `{{Small|([[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1936.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1938.\ |
| | | | | | Lost renomination. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1933--1943**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=5; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=5; nowrap \| January 3, 1941 --\ | | Elected in 1940.\ |
| | **Felix Edward Hébert**\ | | January 3, 1977 | | Re-elected in 1942.\ |
| | (New Orleans)\ | | | | Re-elected in 1944.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1948.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1972.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1974.\ |
| | | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1943--1953**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1953--1963**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1963--1973**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1973--1983**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1977 --\ | | Elected in 1976.\ |
| | **Richard A. Tonry**\ | | May 4, 1977 | | Resigned after conviction for vote-buying. |
| | (Arabi)\ | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| May 4, 1977 --\ | | |
| | | | August 27, 1977 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=3; nowrap \| August 27, 1977 --\ | | Elected to finish Tonry\'s term.\ |
| | **Bob Livingston**\ | | March 1, 1999 | | Re-elected in 1978.\ |
| | (New Orleans 1977--83; Metairie 1984--99)\ | | | | Re-elected in 1980.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1982.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1986.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1988.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1990.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1992.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1994.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1996.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1998.\ |
| | | | | | Resigned following revelations of his extramarital affair. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1983--1993**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **1993--2003**\ | | | | | |
| `{{Data missing|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 2, 1999 --\ | | |
| | | | May 29, 1999 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2 nowrap \| May 29, 1999 --\ | | Elected to finish Livingston\'s term.\ |
| | **David Vitter**\ | | January 3, 2005 | | Re-elected in 2000.\ |
| | (Metairie)\ | | | | Re-elected in 2002.\ |
| | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **2003--2013**\ | | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 2005 --\ | | Elected in 2004.\ |
| | **Bobby Jindal**\ | | January 14, 2008 | | Re-elected in 2006.\ |
| | (Kenner)\ | | | | Resigned to become Governor of Louisiana. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 14, 2008 --\ | | |
| | | | May 7, 2008 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | rowspan=4 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=4 nowrap \| May 7, 2008 --\ | | Elected to finish Jindal\'s term.\ |
| | **Steve Scalise**\ | | present | | Re-elected later in 2008.\ |
| | (Jefferson)\ | | | | Re-elected in 2010.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2012.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2014.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2016.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2018.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2020.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2022.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 2024
| 2,848 |
Louisiana's 1st congressional district
| 2 |
3,726,028 |
# William A. McKeighan
**William Arthur McKeighan** (January 19, 1842 -- December 15, 1895) was an American politician.
McKeighan was born in Millville, New Jersey. He moved with his parents to Fulton County, Illinois, in 1848. He enlisted in the 11th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, in September 1861, to fight in the Civil War. When the war ended he was stationed on a farm near Pontiac, Illinois. He decided to take up farming. He moved to Nebraska in 1880 and continued farming near Red Cloud, Nebraska.
McKeighan started to take interest in creating the Farmers\' Alliance and was elected Probate Judge of Webster County from 1885 to 1887. He ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Representative in the 1888 election. He ran and won the 2nd district seat in 1890. Following the results of the 1890 census being apportioned, McKeighan ran for the newly created 5th district in 1892 and won again. He ran and lost for reelection in 1894, and died in Hastings, Nebraska, on December 15, 1895
| 167 |
William A. McKeighan
| 0 |
3,726,031 |
# Aurora Cavalry
The **Aurora Cavalry** is a defunct basketball team from the International Basketball League. They were based in Aurora, Colorado and played only one season in 2006. The team played its home games in a local high school gymnasium.
## Cavalry players {#cavalry_players}
---------------------------
**Aurora Cavalry Roster**
G/F
G
F
F
G
F
G/F
G
F
F
F/C
G
F
G/F
G
G
F
F
G/F
F
G
G
G
F
F
F
G
G
---------------------------
## Coaches
Dejon Jernagin, 2006 (10-7)\
A.B. Maxey, 2006 (3-0)
## All-Stars {#all_stars}
**2006**
- Sneed Deaderick, G
- Phillip Hillstock, F
- D.J. Stelly, F
## Team record {#team_record}
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------+
| Season | W | L | Win % | Result |
+====================+====================+====================+====================+===============================+
| 2006 | 13 | 7 | .650 | 3rd Place, Western Conference |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------+
## Franchise history {#franchise_history}
The Cavalry was created as an expansion team of the International Basketball League in September 2005. Initially named the Aurora Outlaws, the franchise became the Aurora Cavalry and from its inception became an above-average team in the league. The Cavalry tipped off their first game on March 31, 2006, beating crosstown team Colorado Crossover 140-132. Beginning their existence with a 5-game winning streak, Aurora, led by coach and former Harlem Globetrotter Dejon Jernagin (later replaced by A.B. Maxey), quickly gained a reputation for a balanced attack which was hard for their opponents to counter at first, but they went on to lose seven of their final fifteen games - four in a row in blowout fashion. Injuries to some players reportedly was to blame, while others left for better opportunities elsewhere. However, the Cavalry managed to finish 2006 in 4th place out of 12 teams in the Western Conference and 7th overall.
The Cavalry have since folded
| 298 |
Aurora Cavalry
| 0 |
3,726,033 |
# Serial shipping container code
The **Serial Shipping Container Code** (SSCC) is an 18-digit number used to identify logistics units. In order to automate the reading process, the SSCC is often encoded in a barcode, generally GS1-128, and can also be encoded in an RFID tag. It is used in electronic commerce transactions.
The SSCC comprises an extension digit, a GS1 company prefix, a serial reference, and a check digit. It is all numeric. It is applicable to the tertiary level of packing.
The SSCC is commonly used in the advance ship notice (ASN) EDI transaction.
The SSCC should not be confused with the GRAI or GIAI code of the (serialized) objects within the SSCC object: the SSCC is created in general during packing at a certain party (shipping party) and loses its value after receipt by or after unpacking by another party (the receiving party). The serialized objects within the SSCC container can always be identified by their GRAI or GIAI identifier, unless that GRAI or GIAI code is no longer valid, either because the serialized object itself is destroyed or its identifier is no longer valid
| 188 |
Serial shipping container code
| 0 |
3,726,064 |
# Cammell Laird 1907 F.C.
**Cammell Laird 1907 Football Club** is a semi-professional football club based in Birkenhead, Merseyside, England. The club are currently members of the `{{English football updater|CammellL}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Kirklands.
## History
The club was established in 1907 as Cammell Laird Institute Association Football Club, playing their first match against Tranmere Rovers on 2 September that year. They joined Division One the West Cheshire League for the 1907--08 season, finishing tenth. Despite finishing bottom of Division One in 1909--10 they were not relegated to Division Two.
After World War I the Cammell Laird company faced cutbacks due to reduced government spending on ships, and the football team was taken back in-house, with a company league set up and a representative team put forward to play in Wirral Football Association cup competitions. In 1922 a team was entered to Division Two of the Birkenhead & Wirral League under the name Kirklands Football Club, and in 1924--25 they were league champions. The club was disbanded in 1939 due to the outbreak of World War II, but reformed in 1946 under the name Cammell Laird Association Football Club.
The club rejoined the Birkenhead & Wirral League, before moving up to the West Cheshire League in 1948. After finishing fourth in 1950--51, the club were promoted to Division One. However, they were relegated back to Division Two after finishing second-from-bottom of Division One the following season. They won Division Two in 1957--58, but were not promoted. However, after winning it again the following season, they moved up to Division One. In 1968--69 the club won Division One without losing a match. They were league champions again in 1970--71 and went on to win five successive titles between 1974--75 and 1978--79. After finishing as runners-up in 1979--80, they won four successive titles between 1980--81 and 1983--84. They were champions again in 1986--87, before winning another four consecutive titles between 1988--89 and 1991--92. Further titles followed in 1993--94, 1998--99 and 2000--01.
After finishing as runners-up in 2003--04, Cammell Laird moved up to Division Two of the North West Counties League. They won the division at the first attempt, earning promotion to the Premier Division. They won the Premier Division the following season and were promoted to Division One of the Northern Premier League; the season also saw them reach the semi-finals of the FA Vase, eventually losing 5--0 on aggregate to Nantwich Town in the semi-finals. Their first season in the Northern Premier League saw them finish as Division One runners-up, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. However, after beating Colwyn Bay 3--2 in the semi-finals, they lost 2--1 to Eastwood Town in the final.
League reorganisation saw them placed in Division One South for the 2007--08 season, in which they finished as runners-up again, this time earning promotion without the need for play-offs as champions Retford United were denied promotion due to ground grading. However, despite finishing eighteenth in the Premier Division in 2008--09, the club were relegated after themselves failing to meet the ground grading criteria. The club returned to Division One South, but were moved to Division One North in 2010. Despite finishing bottom of the division in 2011--12, they avoided being relegated. The following season saw them finish second, again qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After beating Mossley 1--0 in the semi-finals, they lost 4--2 on penalties to Trafford in the final after a 0--0 draw.
After finishing eleventh in 2013--14, the club were disbanded and replaced by a new club, Cammell Laird 1907, which joined Division One of the North West Counties League. They finished as runners-up in their first season, earning promotion to the Premier Division. However, in 2016--17 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division, resulting in relegation back to Division One. A sixth-placed finish in 2017--18 saw the club qualify for the promotion play-offs. After beating Prestwich Heys 4--1 in the semi-finals, they were beaten 2--1 in the final by Whitchurch Alport.
| 658 |
Cammell Laird 1907 F.C.
| 0 |
3,726,064 |
# Cammell Laird 1907 F.C.
## History
### Season-by-season record {#season_by_season_record}
Season Division Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Position Notes Av. attendance
---------- ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ----- ----- ------ ----- ---------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------
2004--05 North West Counties League Division Two 36 27 6 3 142 34 +108 87 1/19 Promoted 83
2005--06 North West Counties League Division One 42 35 3 4 126 36 +90 102 1/22 Promoted 114
2006--07 Northern Premier League Division One 46 28 10 8 105 56 +49 94 2/24 Lost in play-offs 171
2007--08 Northern Premier League Division One South 42 27 5 10 82 54 +28 86 2/18 Promoted 148
2008--09 Northern Premier League Premier Division 42 12 11 19 58 70 −12 47 18/22 Relegated 161
2009--10 Northern Premier League Division One South 42 13 11 18 49 64 −15 50 16/22 Transferred 93
2010--11 Northern Premier League Division One North 44 13 8 23 66 94 −28 47 19/23 126
2011--12 Northern Premier League Division One North 42 8 4 30 34 103 −69 28 22/22 65
2012--13 Northern Premier League Division One North 42 26 8 8 86 58 +28 86 2/22 Lost in play-offs 57
2013--14 Northern Premier League Division One North 42 15 9 18 65 64 +1 54 11/22 Relegated 55
2014--15 North West Counties League Division One 36 28 5 3 114 35 +79 89 2/19 Promoted 54
2015--16 North West Counties League Premier Division 42 14 8 20 71 83 −12 50 15/22 66
2016--17 North West Counties League Premier Division 42 3 11 28 40 140 −100 20 22/22 Relegated 61
2017--18 North West Counties League Division One 42 22 6 14 84 58 +26 72 6/22 Lost in play-offs 66
2018--19 North West Counties League Division One South 38 10 11 17 55 73 −18 41 15/20 67
2019--20 North West Counties League Division One South 29 9 7 13 56 58 −2 34 -- Season abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic 91
2020--21 North West Counties League Division One South 7 2 0 5 6 10 −4 6 -- Season abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic 83
2021--22 North West Counties League Division One South 38 12 7 19 58 88 −30 43 14/20 85
2022--23 North West Counties League Division One South 38 9 6 23 51 86 −35 33 17/20 70\*
2023--24 North West Counties League Division One South 34 10 11 13 56 66 −10 41 13/18 105
2024--25 North West Counties League Division One South 33 13 5 15 58 59 −10 41 11/18 105
## Ground
The club initially played at the original Prenton Park, before moving to Park Road North in Birkenhead Park, where they played between 1909 and 1921, although league matches were played at the Bebington Oval after World War I. In 1922 they moved to Kirklands in Rock Ferry. It currently has a capacity of 2,000, of which 150 is seated
| 490 |
Cammell Laird 1907 F.C.
| 1 |
3,726,078 |
# Horminum
***Horminum*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, comprising a single species, ***Horminum pyrenaicum***. Common names include **dragonmouth** and **Pyrenean dead-nettle**.
## Description
*Horminum pyrenaicum* is a perennial plant growing to 45 cm tall. The square stems have small hairs with sessile glands. The leaves are produced in basal rosettes, 3--7 cm long and 2--5 cm broad, long-stalked, ovate, glossy deep green, quilted, with a bluntly toothed margin. The flowers are produced in whorls on the upper stems, violet-blue or dark purple, tubular or bell-shaped, 1.5--2 cm long, with two lips. The flowering period extends from July to August.
## Cultivation
Grow in peaty, well-drained but not overly rich soil in full sun. This is an alpine plant best suited to areas with mild summers where nights are cool. Keep evenly moist and feed once at the start of the growing season with a ration of slow-release fertiliser. Propagate from seed sown in autumn and exposed to low winter temperatures, or by dividing established clumps in spring.
## Distribution
This species is native to the Pyrenees and Alps in western Europe.
## Habitat
*Horminum pyrenaicum* prefers rocky slopes, pastures and grasslands at elevation of 1400 - above sea level.
## Gallery
File: Horminum pyrenaicum - Saint-Hilaire.jpg\|Illustration from \"La flore et la pomone françaises\" by J.H. Saint-Hilaire, 1832. File: Horminum pyrenaicum 600.JPG\|Plants File: Lamiaceae - Horminum pyrenaicum-001
| 231 |
Horminum
| 0 |
3,726,089 |
# Super Hunchback
, known in France as ***Le Bossu: Super Hunchback Quasimodo***, is platform video game released for the Game Boy in 1992 by Ocean Software in North America and Europe and Imagineer in Japan. It is a sequel to their 1984 conversion of the 1983 Century Electronics arcade game *Hunchback*. The title screen bears a 1991 copyright, the cartridge label records the year as 1992.
On June 2, 2021, the game was released on Windows PCs via Steam by Piko Interactive.
## Gameplay
The game featured a series of nine levels, each divided into five sections. The player, as Quasimodo, could advance from one section to the next by locating and ringing a giant bell. Progress is hindered by obstacles such as cannonballs (which can be ridden but will catapult Quasimodo across the screen if he takes a side hit), arrows, bubbles, swinging ropes and rolling logs. Some sections feature water portions. There is an emphasis on hidden sections and on quick play - losing a life causes the player to be returned to a nearby location with no break in gameplay.
Fruit is littered throughout the levels and can be collected for points. At the end of each level, the player is told what percentage of fruit they found and awarded an extra life if they managed to collect 100%. Each section is played against the clock, represented as a burning fuse at the bottom of the screen. Collecting hourglasses gives extra time.
Bonus levels, entered by jumping into a spinning warp, give a chance to earn an extra life if the player is able to collect ten pieces of fruit and get to the exit within a very short time. Only when this is successfully done is the bonus level considered complete. Subsequent warps will repeatedly return Quasimodo to the same bonus level until it is completed.
If time ran out then a giant bell, presumably *Emmanuel* from Notre Dame de Paris, would fall from the sky capturing Quasimodo and causing him to lose a life.
Despite coverage by the popular Nintendo Power video game magazine, the game sold relatively few copies in North America and was not widely released. Conversely the game received several highly positive reviews in Europe and was briefly very popular.
## Reception
German video gaming magazine Power Play gave *Super Hunchback* a score of 70% in their June 1992 issue. In episode 2 of season 1, British television show Bad Influence! gave it 4 out of 5 stars
| 417 |
Super Hunchback
| 0 |
3,726,090 |
# Selena (album)
***Selena*** is the debut studio album by American Tejano singer Selena, released on October 17, 1989, by EMI Latin. Its music incorporates a range of contemporary genres with a mix of cumbia and regional styles of Mexican music. The album was released following company president Jose Behar\'s failed crossover request for the singer. The project was denied by the heads of EMI Records\' pop division, believing the singer should first strengthen her fanbase. Selena\'s brother and principal record producer and songwriter, A.B. Quintanilla fought to remain the singer\'s producer. The band introduced Pete Astudillo and Joe Ojeda, who contributed to the album\'s experimental production and songwriting. Aside from A.B., Selena worked with two Mexican songwriters, Alejandro Montealegre and Reinaldo Ornelas.
Because *Selena* was the singer\'s first work on a major label, the album was expected to draw and lure large audiences to Selena. The goal of the album was to be introductory into the international Latin music market, with future sights into an English-language crossover. *Selena* peaked at number seven on the US *Billboard* Regional Mexican Albums, Selena\'s first entry in a national music chart. *Selena* performed better than other recordings from other contemporaneous female Tejano singers. The recording led Selena to win Female Vocalist of the Year and Female Entertainer of the Year at the 1990 Tejano Music Awards. Songs from the album, \"Contigo Quiero Estar\" was nominated for Song of the Year, while \"Amame, Quiereme\" was nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year.
*Selena* increased the singer\'s popularity, she became a sex icon after the album\'s release. Critics called the recording a moderate success that eventually \"opened the doors\" for the group. Beginning with *Selena*, the singer and her band began experimenting with various genres that led to the introduction of cumbia music. The genre was heavily used in subsequent releases, which became her trademark. The album spawned three singles, \"Contigo Quiero Estar\", \"Mentiras\", and a Spanish-language version of a Japanese song called \"Sukiyaki\".
In April 2025, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album gold, denoting 30,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.
| 352 |
Selena (album)
| 0 |
3,726,090 |
# Selena (album)
## Background and production {#background_and_production}
After starting a band with his children, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. became the group\'s manager and began promoting it. The group recorded an album with Freddie Records in 1984, though it was never released. Abraham provided two demos to Charlie Grever, father of Bob Grever owner of Cara Records, who signed then-thirteen year old Selena to the recording label. Manny Guerra, who separated from Cara Records, started his own record label. Guerra wanted to sign Selena to his recording label in 1985. Guerra dissolved the agreement between Cara Records and Selena when it was brought to his attention. Selena recorded five LP records for Manny\'s GP Productions by 1988, without a contract. Abraham expressed in an interview how he forgot to sign it, and noticed how Guerra stopped asking him about the contract after Selena became more popular. At the 1989 Tejano Music Awards, Selena was approached by Rick Trevino to be the opening act after La Sombra declined the offer. Jose Behar of newly formed EMI Latin and the heads of Sony Music attended the awards ceremony and were scouting for new acts. Behar wanted to sign Selena to his label, while Sony Music was offering twice EMI\'s offer. Behar believed he had discovered \"the next Gloria Estefan\", which his superior called him illogical since he had only been in Texas for a week. Abraham chose EMI Latin\'s offer because of the potential for a crossover, and he wanted his children to be the first musicians to sign with the company. Before Selena began recording her debut album, Behar and Stephen Finfer requested a crossover album for her. The singer recorded three English-language songs for the heads of EMI\'s pop division. Behar and Finfer\'s request for a crossover album was denied and Selena was told she needed a bigger fan base to sell such an album. Behar thought EMI Records and the public did not believe that a Mexican-American woman could have \"crossover potential\" after Charles Koppelman denied the project. The company believed Selena had potential in Mexico and South American markets when they signed the singer in 1989.
Initially, EMI Latin wanted a Grammy Award-winning producer to work with Selena on her album. Her brother and bass guitarist, A.B. Quintanilla became the singer\'s principal record producer and songwriter prior to signing with EMI Latin in 1989. EMI Latin felt that they were \"gambling\" when they opened a Latin division. Abraham went into an agreement that if A.B. failed to produce a successful album, then they would approve of a Grammy Award producer for her next recording. Under pressure, A.B. expressed how the band \"couldn\'t take a failure\" and worried that if they did, the band would be \"at the bottom of the totem pole\". The production of the album began on June 4, 1989, Selena expressed her excitement about the album; in an interview, she said: \"I am really happy, all the hard work paid off.\" The goal of *Selena* was to be an introductory into the international Latin music market, with future sights into an English-language crossover. The band became \"a bit more trendier and a little bit cutting-edge\" on *Selena* with experimental production and songwriting. It was the first album with any production and songwriting assistance from Pete Astudillo and Joe Ojeda; Astudillo was brought in to harmonize and sing duets with Selena, while Ojeda acted as a second keyboardist. Ojeda bought a Roland D-50 synthesizer; at the time of one of the most popular keyboards, which contributed to the overall \"flashy\" sounds in the album. Keyboardist, Ricky Vela said in an interview how he and Astudillo began elaborating the arrangements in their music production.
| 616 |
Selena (album)
| 1 |
3,726,090 |
# Selena (album)
## Recording and composition {#recording_and_composition}
*Selena* was recorded in its entirety, with the exception of \"Sukiyaki\" and \"My Love\", at Manny Guerra\'s AMEN Studios in San Antonio, Texas and was engineered by house engineer Brian \"Red\" Moore. \"Sukiyaki\" and \"My Love\" were recorded at Sunrise Studios in Houston, Texas. Selena wanted the album to concentrate on Tejano music and Latin pop. A.B. found the genres in *Selena* to be pop and R&B. *Selena* incorporates a range of contemporary genres with a mix of cumbia and regional styles of Mexican music. Boleros and polka music were other genres explored on *Selena*. Astudillo had written a concept and gave it to A.B. after the band\'s concert in Laredo, Texas. The resulting song was called \"Besitos\", it was the first recording A.B. and Astudillo collaborated, and the first song Astudillo wrote for the group. A.B. found \"Besitos\" as the \"pivotal point \[in Selena\'s career\]\" because of the introduction of cumbia music, a genre the band used heavily in subsequent releases. \"Besitos\" became a platform for the group in producing more cumbia-flavored tracks in Selena\'s second studio release, *Ven Conmigo* (1990).
Abraham suggested the idea of writing \"Sukiyaki\"---a 1960s Japanese song by Kyu Sakamoto---into a Spanish-language song. He expressed his interest after an English-language version by A Taste of Honey was released. Abraham worked with Astudillo to write the recording. The lyrics used were a Spanish version of an English version of the song by Janice Marie Johnson. Vela confirmed that he was supposed to help with the writing process of \"Sukiyaki\" but did not contribute. Vela expressed how Astudillo\'s songwriting skills and Spanish were more advanced and overall preferred Astudillo in writing \"Sukiyaki\". Joe Nick Patoski wrote in *Texas Monthly* that \"Sukiyaki\" is a \"sentimental\" track.
Astudillo was due to record backing vocals on \"Amame, Quiereme\", his first recording sessions in a studio, Suzette noticed how nervous he was at recording. He was removed from the recording studio after an unsuccessful session, he expressed his disappointment at not meeting the desired range in an interview. After his friend successfully recorded the track, Astudillo retried and met the required demands. Astudillo said how his aspirations of recording in a studio inspired him to not give up. Selena wrote \"My Love\", an English-language track that A.B. believed echoed works by Exposé and Sweet Sensation. He helped with the arrangements along with Astudillo. It was Selena\'s first attempt at songwriting. Biographer Joe Nick Patoski, believed \"My Love\" was paean to Madonna. Vela was chosen to record the accordion on \"Mentiras\", though he expressed how his instrument was not up to par and had faulty sounds that sounded \"un-accordion\". The group decided to hire professional studio accordions after Vela\'s \"cringy\" sounding instrument was brought to the band\'s attention. A.B. desperately needed more materials to record for *Selena*, Vela wrote some parts for a song called \"Tengo Ganas de Llorar\". In retrospect, Vela said how his part was not satisfactory even though A.B. liked it, for which Vela said he was \"just being polite, so he let it pass because we needed another song\". Though A.B. remained the singer\'s principle record producer and songwriter, he did not compose \"Sukiyaki\" (Abraham/Astudillo), \"Contigo Quiero Estar\" (Alejandro Montealegre), and \"No Te Vayas\" (Reinaldo Ornelas).
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# Selena (album)
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Selena* was initially scheduled for a summer 1989 release, but was pushed back to October 17, 1989. Unimpressed with the image Guerra presented, creative director Rubén Cubillos decided to express an image of \"natural beauty\" for Selena on this album\'s cover. The singer chose an outfit that her mother believed would upset her conservative father, and Cubillos had to distract Selena from looking at Abraham Quintanilla throughout the photoshoot. Selena\'s father was visibly uncomfortable with her clothing and makeup. Abraham came in and out during the shoot and complained to Cubillos that Selena loathed her makeup during their conversations. EMI Latin detested the album cover and called it \"the worst they\'d ever gotten.\" Cubillos believed the company \"didn\'t understand it\" and said he liked the cover because of \"the warmth of her skin.\" He claimed in retrospect that he regretted Selena\'s makeup and wished he had washed it off because \"she\'s not a model, she\'s not anything but a nice, fresh young woman with talent.\" Patoski argued that the cover unveiled a tall and sultry Selena, but expressionless, as if her mind was wandering. He noted that the band and Abraham Quintanilla were also unimpressed with the cover. Abraham later complained to Ramon Hernandez about Selena\'s nose \"looking too flat.\"
Because the album was released on a major record label, *Selena* expected presentation to a larger, global audience. EMI Latin\'s marketing team \"worked the radio stations as no independent producer had before\" to deliver Selena \"more chart action than she\'d ever enjoyed.\" An April 1989 survey found \"Contigo Quiero Estar\" as the most-played song on Tejano radio stations in the Corpus Christi area for two weeks. The album debuted at number 17 on the US *Billboard* Regional Mexican Albums chart for the week ending December 2, 1989. It was the highest debut for an album that week, beating out La Fiebre\'s *On the Right*, and was Selena\'s first album to chart on a national music chart. It promptly slipped off the charts the following week but returned to number 15 after the holiday season. *Selena* rose to number 12 for the week ending January 27, 1990. The album peaked at number seven in its seventh week on March 24, 1990. It was Selena\'s highest peaking album, until *Ven Conmigo* surpassed it a year later. During the twenty-year celebration of Selena-released music, *Selena* was repackaged and re-made available for physical and digital purchase on September 22, 2002. This limited-edition version included Selena\'s top 20 single \"La Bamba\" from (1987), as well as spoken liner notes with commentary and recollections of each track provided by the singer\'s family, friends, and band.
The album performed better than other recordings from other contemporary female Tejano singers. Selena became the \"dominant female vocalist in a predominately-male industry.\" The album\'s tour sent Selena to Arizona, New Mexico, Indiana, Illinois, Washington state, and Florida, areas where she had not been in prior demand. *Selena* was responsible \"for bringing a certain charm, innovative spirit, and new perspective \[to Tejano music\].\" Other critics attested that it was a \"door-opener\" for the group in the Tejano market. This was echoed by *Billboard* magazine, who believed Selena\'s recordings were not successful until she signed with EMI Latin and released *Selena* in 1989. Author Lee Stacy wrote that *Selena* \"achieved reasonable success.\"
Selena\'s popularity increased following the album\'s success and her provocative image made her a musical sex icon. According to *Latin Style* magazine, the tracks \"Sukiyaki\", \"Contigo Quiero Estar\", and \"Besitos\", were \"pivotal\" recordings that showcased Selena\'s \"mixed rhythm and sound\" which the magazine attributed to being her \"trademark\". At the 1990 Tejano Music Awards, Selena won Female Vocalist of the Year and Female Entertainer of the Year. A.B. was nominated for Songwriter of the Year. Songs from the album, \"Contigo Quiero Estar\" were nominated for Song of the Year, and \"Amame, Quiereme\" was nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
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# Selena (album)
## Personnel
Credits are taken from the album\'s liner notes.
- Selena -- vocals
- Pete Astudillo -- backing vocals
- Ricky Vela -- keyboards, composer
- Jose \"Joe\" C. Ojeda -- keyboards
- Suzette Quintanilla -- drums
- Roger Garcia -- guitars
- A.B. Quintanilla -- bass guitar, backing vocals, producer, composer, arranger
- Abraham Quintanilla Jr. -- executive producer, composer
- Manny Guerra -- recording engineer
- Brian \"Red\" Moore -- audio mixer, co-engineer
2012 re-issue
- Jorge A. Pino L. -- executive producer
- Guillhermo J
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