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# Ben Rutten
## Statistics
:
\|- \| 2003 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 6 \|\| 7 \|\| 13 \|\| 7 \|\| 0 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 0.0 \|- \| 2004 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 9 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 55 \|\| 50 \|\| 105 \|\| 40 \|\| 10 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.1 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 11.7 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 1.1 \|- \| 2005 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 25 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 143 \|\| 137 \|\| 280 \|\| 95 \|\| 27 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.7 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 11.2 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.1 \|- \| 2006 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 24 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| 175 \|\| 158 \|\| 333 \|\| 135 \|\| 35 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 7.3 \|\| 6.6 \|\| 13.9 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 1.5 \|- \| 2007 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 20 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 122 \|\| 137 \|\| 259 \|\| 113 \|\| 24 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.1 \|\| 6.9 \|\| 13.0 \|\| 5.7 \|\| 1.2 \|- \| 2008 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 22 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 157 \|\| 182 \|\| 339 \|\| 147 \|\| 20 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 7.1 \|\| 8.3 \|\| 15.4 \|\| 6.7 \|\| 0.9 \|- \| 2009 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 24 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 164 \|\| 204 \|\| 368 \|\| 142 \|\| 29 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.8 \|\| 8.5 \|\| 15.3 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 1.2 \|- \| 2010 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 22 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 128 \|\| 212 \|\| 340 \|\| 128 \|\| 46 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 9.6 \|\| 15.5 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 2.1 \|- \| 2011 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 21 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 143 \|\| 174 \|\| 317 \|\| 107 \|\| 30 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.8 \|\| 8.3 \|\| 15.1 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 1.4 \|- \| 2012 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 25 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 148 \|\| 136 \|\| 284 \|\| 125 \|\| 40 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 11.4 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 1.6 \|- \| 2013 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 21 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 140 \|\| 132 \|\| 272 \|\| 114 \|\| 24 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.7 \|\| 6.3 \|\| 13.0 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 1.1 \|- \| 2014 \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 25 \|\| 14 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 72 \|\| 80 \|\| 152 \|\| 52 \|\| 24 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 5.7 \|\| 10.9 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 1.7 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 229 ! 9 ! 5 ! 1453 ! 1609 ! 3062 ! 1205 ! 309 ! 0.0 ! 0.0 ! 6.3 ! 7.0 ! 13.3 ! 5.3 ! 1
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# David Bradley (director)
**David Shedd Bradley** (6 April 1920 in Winnetka, Illinois -- 19 December 1997 in Los Angeles, California) was an American motion picture director, actor, film collector, and university instructor. He is known for the films *12 to the Moon* and *They Saved Hitler\'s Brain* (an edited version of *Madman of Mandoras* and listed as one of the worst films of all time).
## Biography
David Shedd Bradley was a grandson of Charles Banks Shedd, a prominent Chicago real estate investor, banker, and financier, and civic leader who also served as an executive officer of the Knickerbocker Ice Company of Chicago, which had been founded principally by Edward Avery Shedd, younger brother of Charles Banks Shedd. He attended the Todd School for Boys (from which Orson Welles had graduated in 1931) from 1935 to 1937, and Lake Forest Academy during 1937--1940. He then spent a year at the Goodman Memorial Theatre Drama Department of the Art Institute of Chicago. During this time, he also directed a feature-length 16 mm version of *Peer Gynt* with 17-year-old Charlton Heston in the title role; Bradley having known Heston since high school.
His studies at Northwestern University were interrupted by three years' service in the U.S. Army Signal Corps motion picture section during World War II. He worked as a combat photographer during the European campaign, eventually filming the arrival of the Allies in Paris.
He graduated in 1950 with Bachelor of Science degree from the university\'s School of Speech. On the basis of the 16 mm feature *Julius Caesar* that he had produced and directed in Chicago (and which also starred Charlton Heston), he was hired as a directing intern by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1950.
## Later years {#later_years}
After the teen drama *Dragstrip Riot* (1958), he went on to direct *Madmen of Mandoras*, padded for television into the infamous *They Saved Hitler\'s Brain*, which proved to be his final output.
Bradley later taught film studies at UCLA and Santa Monica City College
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# Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)
Admiral **Sir Tom Spencer Vaughan Phillips**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}`{=mediawiki} (19 February 1888 -- 10 December 1941) was a Royal Navy officer who served during the First and Second World Wars. He was nicknamed \"Tom Thumb\", due to his short stature. He is best known for his command of Force Z during the Japanese invasion of Malaya, where he went down with his flagship, the battleship `{{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}}`{=mediawiki}. Phillips was one of the highest ranking Allied officers killed in battle during the Second World War.`{{Cref2|A}}`{=mediawiki}
## Early and private life {#early_and_private_life}
Phillips was the son of Colonel Thomas Vaughan Wynn Phillips, Royal Artillery and Louisa Mary Adeline de Horsey Phillips, daughter of Admiral Algernon de Horsey. Phillips was married to Lady Phillips, of Bude, Cornwall.
Phillips was 5 ft tall. At the time of his death at the age of 53, he was one of the youngest admirals in the Royal Navy and one of the youngest commanders-in-chief.
## Navy career {#navy_career}
Phillips joined the Royal Navy in 1903 as a naval cadet following education at Stubbington House School. He became a midshipman in 1904 and trained aboard `{{HMS|Britannia|1904|6}}`{=mediawiki}. He was promoted to sub-lieutenant on 9 April 1908, and to lieutenant on 20 July 1909.
In the First World War, Phillips served on destroyers in the Mediterranean and in the Far East. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 July 1916.
Phillips attended the Royal Navy Staff College from June 1919 to May 1920. He was a military adviser on the Permanent Advisory Commission for Naval, Military, and Air Questions Board at the League of Nations from 1920 to 1922.
Phillips was promoted to commander in June 1921, and to captain in June 1927. On 4 September 1928, he assumed command of the destroyer `{{HMS|Campbell|D60|6}}`{=mediawiki}, a position he held until August 1929.
Between 24 April 1930 and September 1932, Phillips served as assistant director of the Plans Division in the Admiralty. He then served for three years in the Far East as the flag captain of a cruiser. In 1935, he returned to the Admiralty to head the Plans Division.
In 1938, Phillips was promoted to commodore, commanding the destroyer flotillas of the Home Fleet.
On 10 January 1939, Phillips became a rear admiral after serving as an aide-de-camp to King George VI. From 1 June 1939 until 21 October 1941, Phillips was Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff and then Vice Chief of the Naval Staff.
Phillips gained the confidence of Winston Churchill, who had him appointed acting vice admiral in February 1940.
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# Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)
## Force Z {#force_z}
Phillips was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the China Station in late 1941, an action which raised some controversy in the higher echelons of the Royal Navy, where he was considered a \"desk admiral\". He was appointed acting admiral, and he took to sea on 25 October 1941 en route to his headquarters in Singapore. He travelled with a naval detachment then designated as Force G, consisting of his flagship, the new battleship `{{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}}`{=mediawiki}, together with the veteran Great War-era battlecruiser `{{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}}`{=mediawiki}, and the four destroyers `{{HMS|Electra|H27|6}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{HMS|Express|H61|6}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{HMS|Encounter|H10|6}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{HMS|Jupiter|F85|6}}`{=mediawiki}.
The deployment of the ships was a decision made by Winston Churchill. He was firmly warned against it by the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, and later by his friend, Field Marshal Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa, who prophesied the fate of the capital ships, when he addressed the crew of HMS *Repulse* just before she left Durban for Singapore.
It was intended that the new aircraft carrier `{{HMS|Indomitable|92|6}}`{=mediawiki} would also travel out to Singapore, but she ran aground on her maiden voyage in the West Indies, and was not ready to sail from England with the other ships. Phillips and the vessels arrived in Singapore on 2 December 1941, where they were re-designated Force Z. Without a formal declaration of war, the Japanese landed in Malaya on 8 December 1941, on the same day as the attack on Pearl Harbor (on the other side of the International Date Line). The Japanese, by striking at three points almost simultaneously, hoped to attract all available land-based fighters of the Royal Air Force and leave Phillips without air cover when they were ready for him; and he steamed right into this trap.
The earlier grounding of the carrier `{{HMS|Indomitable|92|6}}`{=mediawiki} left the capital ships without naval air cover. Phillips had long held the opinion that aircraft were no threat to surface ships, and so he took Force Z, consisting of HMS *Prince of Wales*, HMS *Repulse*, and four destroyers (HMS *Electra*, HMS *Express*, `{{HMAS|Vampire|D68|6}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{HMS|Tenedos|H04|6}}`{=mediawiki}) to intercept the Japanese without air cover. That decision has been discussed ever since. Force Z sailed from Singapore at 17:35 on 8 December. Admiral Phillips left his chief of staff, Rear Admiral Arthur Palliser, at the command post ashore. Phillips used HMS *Prince of Wales* as his flagship.
Phillips hoped to intercept any further Japanese convoys to prevent the landing of more troops. He signalled his fleet upon departure, \"We are out looking for trouble, and no doubt we shall find it. We hope to surprise the enemy transports tomorrow and we expect to meet the `{{ship|Japanese battleship|Kongō|up=yes}}`{=mediawiki}.\"
Shortly after midnight, Phillips\'s chief of staff radioed that the Royal Air Force was so pressed by giving ground support to land operations that the Admiral could expect no air cover off Singora. Japanese heavy bombers were already in southern Indochina, and General Douglas MacArthur had been asked to send General Lewis H. Brereton\'s B-17 Flying Fortresses to attack their bases. By this time, the Japanese invasion force was already well established in the peninsular section of Thailand, which had already surrendered. At Kota Bharu within British Malaya, there was bitter fighting in a series of rear guard actions fought desperately by British and native troops. But by the time the British warships arrived, their opportunity had passed; the vulnerable transports were already returning to base. Admiral Phillips did not realize this.
Force Z steamed north, leaving the Anambas Islands to port. At 06:29 on 9 December, Phillips received word that destroyer *Vampire* had sighted an enemy plane. He was entering the Japanese air radius without air cover, but he still hoped to surprise a Japanese convoy at Singora. The task force sailed on to a position 150 miles south of Indochina and 250 miles east of the Malay Peninsula.
At 14:15, the Japanese submarine `{{Jsub|I-65||2}}`{=mediawiki} under command of Lieutenant Commander Harada Hakue reported sighting \"two enemy battleships, course 240, speed 14 knots.\" *I-65* surfaced and started a tail chase, but a sudden squall cloaked the British ships. While Harada continued the chase, a Kawanishi E7K \"Alf\" from the `{{ship|Japanese cruiser|Kinu|up=yes}}`{=mediawiki} buzzed the *I-65*, mistaking it for an enemy submarine. Harada ordered a crash-dive. When the *I-65* surfaced 30 minutes later, the contact with Phillips\'s force had been lost.
At 18:30, when the weather cleared and three Japanese naval reconnaissance planes were sighted from the flagship, Phillips realized that his position was precarious and untenable. Reluctantly, he reversed course to return to Singapore at high speed. As Phillips steamed south, dispatches from Singapore portrayed impending doom on the shores of Malaya. The British Army was falling back fast. Shortly before midnight on 9 December, word came through of an enemy landing at Kuantan, halfway between Kota Bharu and Singapore. Phillips, in view of the imminent danger to Singapore, decided to strike at Kuantan.
At dawn on 10 December, an unidentified plane was sighted about 60 miles off Kuantan. Phillips continued on his course while launching a reconnaissance plane from *Prince of Wales*. The reconnaissance plane found no evidence of the enemy. The destroyer *Express* steamed ahead to reconnoitre the harbour of Kuantan, found it deserted, and closed with the flagship again at 08:35. Phillips had not yet realized that his intelligence from Singapore was faulty, and he continued to search for a nonexistent surface enemy, first to the northward and then to the eastward.
Ten Brewster Buffalo fighters of No. 453 Squadron RAAF at RAF Sembawang were allocated to Force Z. They were designated the Fleet Defence Squadron for this task, with Flight Lieutenant Tim Vigors given the radio procedures used by Force Z. After the war, Vigors remained bitter towards Admiral Phillips for his failure to call for air support. Phillips decided not to ask the Royal Australian Air Force for an air screen because he considered it more important to maintain radio silence. At about 1020 on 10 December, a Japanese plane was sighted shadowing *Prince of Wales.* The crews immediately assumed anti-aircraft stations.
At 11:00, by which time the sea was brilliantly sunlit, nine Japanese planes were sighted at an altitude 10,000 feet. They flew in single file along the length of the 32,000-ton battle cruiser *Repulse*. A bomb hit the catapult deck and exploded in the hangar, setting a fire below decks.
At 11:15, Captain William Tennant of *Repulse* radioed the RAAF for help. At 11:40, the *Prince of Wales* was attacked by torpedo bombers. She was hit astern, knocking out her propellers and rudder. Several waves of torpedo bombers swooped in on the *Repulse.* The *Prince of Wales* signalled, asking whether she had been hit. The *Repulse* replied, \"We have avoided 19 torpedoes till now, thanks to Providence.\" Australian air protection was still not on hand at 12:20 p.m. CBS reporter Cecil Brown, who was on board the *Repulse*, described the battle:
> \"Stand by for barrage,\" comes over the ship\'s communication system. One plane is circling around. It\'s now at 300 or 400 yards, approaching us from the port side. It\'s coming closer head-on, and I see a torpedo drop. A watcher shouts, \"Stand by for torpedo\", and the tin fish is streaking directly for us.
>
> Some one says: \"This one\'s got us.\"
>
> The torpedo struck the side on which I was standing, about twenty yards astern of my position. It felt like the ship had crashed into a well-rooted dock. It threw me four feet across the deck, but I did not fall, and I did not feel any explosion---just this very great jar.
>
> Almost immediately, it seemed, we began to list, and less than a minute later there was another jar of the same kind and same force, except that it was almost precisely the same spot on the starboard.
>
> After the first torpedo, the communications system coolly announced: \'Blow up your lifebelts.\' I was in this process when the second torpedo struck, and the settling ship and crazy angle were so apparent that I didn\'t continue blowing the belt.
>
> The communications system announced: \"Prepare to abandon ship. May God be with you.\"
*Prince of Wales* and *Repulse* were sunk by Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941 by 86 Japanese bombers and torpedo bombers from the 22nd Air Flotilla based at Saigon. The destroyers saved 2,081 of the 2,921 crew on the stricken capital ships, but 840 sailors were lost. *Prince of Wales* Captain John Leach and Phillips went down with their ship. As both the British warships sank, the RAAF planes finally appeared.
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# Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)
## Aftermath of the sinking of *Prince of Wales* and *Repulse* {#aftermath_of_the_sinking_of_prince_of_wales_and_repulse}
After the destruction of the British fleet, the Japanese continued to advance in Malaya. British Lieutenant General Arthur Percival ordered a retreat from Malaya to Singapore on 27 January 1942. On 15 February, Percival surrendered his remaining army of 85,000 British, Indian, and Australian troops to the Japanese, the largest capitulation in British history.
Regarding Phillips\'s decision to proceed without air cover, Naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote:
> Those who make the decisions in war are constantly weighing certain risks against possible gains. At the outset of hostilities \[U.S.\] Admiral Hart thought of sending his small striking force north of Luzon to challenge Japanese communications, but decided that the risk to his ships outweighed the possible gain because the enemy had won control of the air. Admiral Phillips had precisely the same problem in Malaya. Should he steam into the Gulf of Siam and expose his ships to air attack from Indochina in the hope of breaking enemy communications with their landing force? He decided to take the chance. With the Royal Air Force and the British Army fighting for their lives, the Royal Navy could not be true to its tradition by remaining idly at anchor.
Morison wrote, that as a result of the sinking of *Prince of Wales* and *Repulse*: `{{blockquote|...[T]he half-truth "Capital ships cannot withstand land-based air power" became elevated to the dignity of a tactical principle that none dared take the risk to disprove. And the Japanese had disposed of the only Allied battleship and battle cruiser in the Pacific Ocean west of Hawaii. The Allies lost face throughout the Orient and began to lose confidence in themselves.<ref name="Morison"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
U.S. Admiral Thomas Hart, Phillips\'s American counterpart, was critical of the air support to Force Z. He was unaware of Phillips\'s change of plan and preference for radio silence at the time. Hart told *Time* magazine in 1942: `{{blockquote|The only thing that would have saved Singapore would have been the success of Admiral Sir Tom Phillips's attempt to place his heavy ships where they could sink the Japanese transports at sea. We have never heard why the R.A.F. fighters, which were half an hour away, gave Admiral Phillips no help whatever.<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851523,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014140553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851523,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2010|title=Tommy Hart Speaks Out|work=[[Time Magazine]]|date=12 October 1942|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Phillips\'s name is inscribed at the Plymouth Naval Memorial in Plymouth, England
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# David Walker (banker)
**Sir David Alan Walker** (born 31 December 1939) is a British banker and former chairman of Barclays. He was chairman of Morgan Stanley International from 1995 to 2001, and 2004 to 2005, and remains a senior advisor. Walker was previously Assistant Secretary at the Treasury (1974--77), chairman of the Securities and Investments Board (1988--92), executive director for finance and industry at the Bank of England (1989--95) and deputy chairman of Lloyds TSB (1992--94). In 1994 he also joined the Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty.
In 2007, Walker was commissioned by the UK private equity industry to produce guidelines for disclosure and transparency in private equity. On 9 February 2009, he was appointed to lead a government enquiry into banks\' corporate governance; the appointment was criticised. On 9 August 2012, he was appointed Chairman of Barclays effective 1 November.
On 1 July 2015, Sir David Walker was appointed to global investment manager, Winton Capital Group, as its non-executive chairman to support the group's ambition of becoming a global institutional asset-management group.
## `{{anchor|Private life}}`{=mediawiki}Personal life {#personal_life}
Walker was educated at Chesterfield School and Queens\' College, Cambridge (hon. fellow 1989; double first, economics). He married Isobel Cooper in 1963; they have one son and two daughters. Walker was knighted in 1991.
## Career
Walker joined HM Treasury in 1961, and was private secretary to the joint permanent secretary from 1964--66. He served on the staff of the International Monetary Fund in Washington from 1970--73, and was assistant secretary in HM Treasury from 1973--77. Walker joined the Bank of England as chief adviser and chief of the economic intelligence department in 1977 and was a director from 1981--93 (1988--93 as a non-executive). He chaired Johnson Matthey Bankers (later Minories Finance) from 1985--88, and was president of the Old Cestrefeldians\' Society from 1986--88. Walker held positions with the SIB from 1988--92 and the Agricultural Mortgage Corporation from 1993--94, and was deputy chair of Lloyds Bank from 1992--94. He was a director at Morgan Stanley from 1994--97, executive chair of Morgan Stanley Group (Europe)---later Morgan Stanley Dean Witter (Europe)---from 1994--2000, chair of Morgan Stanley International from 1995--2000 and on the management board of Morgan Stanley Dean Witter from 1997--2000.
Walker chaired the steering committee of the Financial Markets Group on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) from 1986--93, and served on the board of the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) from 1987--89. He has chaired the Russian Venture Company (RVC) Greenhouse Fund since 1999, and was non-executive director at National Power in 1990 and from 1993--94. Walker was also associated with British Invisibles from 1993--97 and Reuters Holdings from 1994--2000. He was a nominated member of the Council of Lloyd's from 1988--92, chairing the 1992 inquiry into the LMX Spiral, 1992. Walker has been associated with the Legal & General Assurance Co. since 2002, and has been its vice-chair since 2004. He has been a member of the Group of Thirty since 1993, its treasurer since 1998 and a trustee since 2007. Walker chaired the London Investment Bankers\' Association from 2002--04. He belonged to the Moroccan British Business Council from 2000--07, and has been a chairman of the University of Cambridge 800th Anniversary Campaign since 2005. Walker was a governor of Henley Management College from 1993--99 and chaired Community Links, an East End charity. He received an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Exeter in 2002.
Sir David is also the Chairman of Financial Blockchain Start-up [SETL Ltd](https://www.setl
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# Fūrinkazan
`{{Nihongo|'''''Fūrinkazan'''''|風林火山||"Wind, Forest, Fire, Mountain"|lead=yes}}`{=mediawiki} is a popularized version of the battle standard used by the Sengoku period *daimyō* Takeda Shingen. The banner quoted four phrases from Sun Tzu\'s *The Art of War*: \"as swift as wind, as gentle as forest, as fierce as fire, as unshakable as mountain.\"
## Original version {#original_version}
The original version of the banner is mentioned in the Kōyō Gunkan, a record of the military exploits of the Takeda clan. It is based on four phrases from Sun Tzu, which in the original Chinese appear in two consecutive passages:
Chapter 7, passage 17: \"故其疾如風,其徐如林\" *Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your gentleness that of the forest.*
Chapter 7, passage 18: \"侵掠如火,不動如山\" *In raiding and plundering be like fire, be immovable like a mountain.*
## Four-character version {#four_character_version}
The four-character version (*yojijukugo*) appears to be a later invention. Historian Masaya Suzuki, citing the work of an authority on the military insignia of the time, argues that there is no evidence in the historical record for the four-character phrase, and that it became popular with the publication of a historical novel of the same name by Yasushi Inoue in 1953.
## Use in popular culture {#use_in_popular_culture}
Takeda Shingen and his \"shadow\" are the main characters of Akira Kurosawa\'s Kagemusha (1980). The battle standard and its message are prominent aspects of the film.
The character Ryu from the video game series *Street Fighter* has the Furinkazan on his belt as well as highly stylised versions of the Japanese characters on his gloves. The characters can also be seen to the left of the character\'s stage in the game *Street Fighter II*.
The mascot of Yamanashi Prefecture in Central Japan, a samurai Kai Ken dog named Takeda Hishimaru, carries a *gunbai* (war fan) with the four-character version of the phrase in homage to Takeda Shingen.
The character Sanada Genichirō, a tennis player with a kendo background from the manga series *Prince of Tennis* employs a set of techniques in his style of tennis named after the Furinkazan; \"Fū\" is an extremely fast swing that is based on a sword-drawing technique that makes the ball invisible to the eye, \"Rin\" is a slice that neutralizes the spin on the ball, \"Ka\" is an extremely powerful shot to overwhelm the opponent and \"Zan\" is Sanada\'s \"Iron Wall of Defence\" in a figurative sense, allowing him to return any ball the opponent may hit towards him.
Popular Japanese Enka singer Hachirō Kasuga included a song titled \"Fuurinkazan\" in his album \"Byakko Kasuga Hachirou no Subete Original Hit Vol.3\"
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# Jay Burton
**Jay Burton** (born 25 October 1972) is an Australian rules footballer. He played as a ruckman and began his football career at Subiaco.
## Football career {#football_career}
Burton was drafted by `{{AFL Ric}}`{=mediawiki} with the 77th selection in the 1991 Australian Football League (AFL) draft. He didn\'t play a senior AFL game, playing instead for Richmond reserves and Oakleigh Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA). He returned to Subiaco to play in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) in 1994. At the end of the year he was recruited to be an inaugural squad member of the Fremantle, along with his older brother, Matthew. He only played two games for Fremantle, both of which were when his brother was out of the team. He performed well for Subiaco, however, being selected to represent Western Australia in the interstate match against Queensland, and finishing equal ninth in the 1995 Sandover Medal.
After suffering repeated dislocated knee injuries, he was delisted by Fremantle at the end of the 1995 season. However, after surgery, he was re-drafted in the 1995 national draft. He wouldn\'t fully recover, and wouldn\'t play a senior game for neither Fremantle nor Subiaco in 1996. He was again delisted by Fremantle at the end of the 1996 season. Recovering for the 1997 season, he was named captain of Subiaco, but a broken jaw and further knee injuries would restrict him to playing only four games for Subiaco in 1997.
His father, Peter, also played for and captained Subiaco, including being a member of their 1973 WANFL Premiership winning team. He was the Subiaco coach in 1979 and part of 1980. A younger brother, Travis, also played for Subiaco and was drafted by West Coast in the 1992 AFL draft, but did not play an AFL game
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# Earle Bruce
**Earle Bruce** (March 8, 1931 -- April 20, 2018) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of Tampa (1972), Iowa State University (1973--1978), Ohio State University (1979--1987), the University of Northern Iowa (1988), and Colorado State University (1989--1992), compiling a career college football record of 154--90--2. At Ohio State, Bruce succeeded the legendary Woody Hayes and won four Big Ten Conference titles. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2002. Bruce returned to coaching in 2001 to helm the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League for a season and also later guided the Columbus Destroyers.
## As a player and player/coach {#as_a_player_and_playercoach}
Earle played for the Campers of Allegany High School in Cumberland, Maryland. Bruce was recruited as a fullback at the Ohio State University by head coach Wes Fesler. He played on the OSU freshman team in 1950, but before he could join the varsity team in 1951 he suffered a torn meniscus, ending his football playing career. Ohio State football coach Woody Hayes asked Bruce to join the coaching staff, which he did until his graduation in 1953. He was a member of Chi Phi fraternity while attending Ohio State.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Bruce accumulated a collegiate coaching record of 154--90--2 with five different universities. Preceding that, Bruce was one of the most successful high school football coaches in Ohio history, accumulating a record of 82--12--3 in 10 seasons of head coaching positions with three Ohio high schools. He led four different college teams to bowl games, where he had a 7--5 record.
### High school coaching {#high_school_coaching}
Upon graduating from Ohio State, Bruce accepted a position as an assistant coach at Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Ohio. In 1956, Bruce accepted his first head coaching position, at Salem High School in Salem, Ohio. Over the next four seasons, he led the Quakers to a record of 28--9. From 1960 until 1963, Bruce coached the Blue Streaks at Sandusky High School, Sandusky, Ohio. He compiled a record at Sandusky of 34--3--3.
Massillon High School then hired Bruce as head coach, where his teams went undefeated in 1964 and 1965. Though the Massillon Tigers have gained national fame for their football teams over the years, Bruce remains the only undefeated head football coach in Massillon High School history.
### College coaching {#college_coaching}
On the strength of his success at Massillon, Bruce returned to Ohio State in 1966 as a position coach for the offensive line and later defensive backs. After five seasons the University of Tampa brought Bruce on as head coach in 1972. During what would be his only season, Tampa went 10--2, including a win in the Tangerine Bowl. Bruce moved into the head coaching position at Iowa State University following his success at Tampa. Iowa State experienced some success in six seasons with Bruce as head coach, including the third and fourth bowl appearances in school history. He is the only coach in modern times to leave Iowa State with a winning record. In 2000, Iowa State inducted Bruce into their school hall of fame, named the Louis Menze Hall of Fame.
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# Earle Bruce
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Ohio State {#ohio_state}
After Woody Hayes was fired from Ohio State, Bruce was offered that head coaching position. Bruce was Ohio State\'s head coach from 1979 to 1987. In Bruce\'s first year, Ohio State went undefeated in the regular season and played in the Rose Bowl, losing the game---and at least a share of the national championship---by a single point.
The Buckeyes would win at least nine games in each of Bruce\'s first eight years, including a 10-win season in 1986. They also won or shared three more Big Ten titles (outright in 1984, shared in 1981 and 1986). However, they would only appear in one more Rose Bowl (after the 1984 season--Ohio State\'s last Rose Bowl appearance until after the 1996 season) and would only tally one more top ten finish (in 1986). This rankled a fan base used to contending for a national title every year. In 1987, Ohio State was sent reeling when star receiver Cris Carter was kicked off the team for signing with an agent. Without Carter, the school\'s all-time leader in receptions, the Buckeyes appeared to be a rudderless team. They lost to Indiana for the first time in 38 years, with Bruce calling the loss "the darkest day in Ohio State football", and never recovered. Ultimately, the Buckeyes suffered their first non-winning record in Big Ten play since 1966, and only their sixth non-winning conference record since the end of World War II.
Bruce was fired on November 16, just prior to the last game of the season---against Michigan---but was allowed to finish out the year. Athletic director Rick Bay resigned rather than carry out the order to fire Bruce. School president Edward H. Jennings would not say what the reason was for Bruce\'s dismissal, while Bruce noted his displeasure with the firing, saying \"I don't particularly care for the president. I don't care for some members of the Board of Trustees, but I have no selection in that. I guess the best way to explain it is, they're not my kind of guys, that's all, my kind of people. Probably, that's why I'm fired, because I'm not their kind."
Bruce was able to defeat Michigan at Ann Arbor, assuring them of a .500 conference record. After the game, Bo Schembechler told Bruce, \"I always mind losing to Ohio State but I didn\'t mind so much today.\"
Bruce filed a lawsuit against Ohio State after being fired. Twelve days after his firing, Bruce won an out-of-court settlement for \$471,000, with both Bruce and Jennings writing apology statements and agreeing not to make detrimental comments or alter the deal.
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# Earle Bruce
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### After Ohio State {#after_ohio_state}
Bruce was the leading candidate to replace Bob Valesente as head coach of the Kansas Jayhawks after the 1987 season, but due to a contract dispute, KU did not hire him. KU instead hired Glen Mason out of Kent State. Bruce took over the head coaching position at the University of Northern Iowa for one year, and then finished his intercollegiate coaching career at Colorado State University. In his second season, he led the Rams to a winning record and a victory over Oregon in the Freedom Bowl, their first bowl appearance since 1948 and their first bowl victory ever. However, this did not last, and the Rams would only win a total of eight games in the next two years. Bruce was fired after the 1992 season for, among other things, verbally and physically abusing his players and discouraging players from taking classes that conflicted with football practice.
In his final season at Fort Collins, he coached the Rams to a 17--14 victory over LSU in Baton Rouge. Five years earlier, his final Ohio State team played LSU to a 13--13 tie in Tiger Stadium in a nationally televised game.
After Colorado State, he moved on to the Arena Football League, where he coached the Cleveland Thunderbolts in 1994 and the St. Louis Stampede in 1995 and 1996 before retiring.
## Return to coaching and later life {#return_to_coaching_and_later_life}
In 2003, Bruce came out of retirement to coach the final ten games for the Arena Football League\'s Iowa Barnstormers, guiding them to a 7--3 record. In 2004, Bruce returned to Ohio to become the head coach for the Columbus Destroyers, who were moving from Buffalo to Columbus that year. He retired to a front office position after coaching the Destroyers to a 6--10 record in 2004, and was replaced as head coach by Chris Spielman, who played for Bruce at Ohio State. Bruce finished with a 19--25 record over four seasons in the AFL.
Thereafter, Bruce worked as an Ohio State football analyst for WTVN 610AM in Columbus as well an analyst for ONN on their OSU programming. On October 1, 2016, Bruce was honored during the Rutgers-Ohio State halftime and dotted the \"i\" during Script Ohio.
In his private life, Bruce was married with four children. It was revealed, on August 25, 2017, that Bruce was in the early stages of Alzheimer\'s disease. His death from complications of that disease was announced by his family on April 20, 2018
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# Arkansas Highway 102
**Highway 102** (**AR 102**, **Ark. 102**, **Hwy. 102**) is an east--west state highway in Benton County, Arkansas. The highway connects two of western Benton County\'s population centers to Bentonville and Interstate 49 (I-49), the main north--south route in the Northwest Arkansas region.
Created as an original state highway in 1926, the route has been extended or truncated around once per decade until 2004. A single spur route runs north--south as **Main Street** in Centerton. Both highways are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
## Route description {#route_description}
ArDOT maintains Highway 102 as part of the state highway system. Including concurrencies, the highest traffic segment in 2021 was between Walton Boulevard and Greenhouse Road in Bentonville, with 36,000 vehicles per day on average. It remains over 30,000 VPD heading east from this segment, but drops as it travels west, with 14,000 VPD west of Highway 102B, 3,900 west of Centerton, and 1,800 west of Decatur.
The segment of Highway 102 between Walton Boulevard and I-49 is part of the National Highway System (NHS), a network of roads important to the nation\'s economy, defense, and mobility.
Highway 102 begins in the northwestern corner of Arkansas, less than 10 miles (16 km) from the OKARMO Corner in Springfield Plateau of the Ozark Mountains. Beginning at a junction with Highway 43, the route runs east through sparsely populated agricultural land, curving south to cross Spavinaw Creek before curving back east and running into the small town of Decatur. Upon entering Decatur, Highway 102 intersects Highway 59; the two routes form a short concurrency south as **Main Street**. The concurrency ends when Highway 102 turns east onto Roller Avenue, with the highway exiting the city eastbound shortly thereafter. After passing through another rural section of Benton County, Highway 102 curves to become a section line road entering Centerton, where it briefly overlaps Highway 279 before becoming a main commercial thoroughfare known as **Centerton Boulevard**. Highway 102 passes just north of the Centerton State Fish Hatchery and serves as the western terminus of its only business route, **Highway 102B** (Main Street) near downtown Centerton. East of this junction, Highway 102B enters Bentonville, the county seat of Benton County, becoming known as **14th Street**. The highway passes through residential and commercial districts of Bentonville before crossing Walton Boulevard (former US 71B). Continuing east, Highway 102 serves as the southern boundary of Walmart headquarters before meeting I-49/US 62/US 71. The roadway continues east as US 62, toward Northwest Arkansas Community College and Rogers.
## History
Highway 102 was created during the 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering, making it one of the original state highways. **State Road 102** ran between Oklahoma and Decatur, but was extended to US 71 (now AR 72) in Centerton in 1929. Around 1945, the route was truncated to Decatur.
The Arkansas General Assembly passed the Act 148 of 1957, the Milum Road Act, creating 10--12 miles (16--19 km) of new state highways in each county. As part of the act, the Arkansas Highway Department extended Highway 102 east from Main Street in Centerton to US 62 on July 10, 1957. This created a three-way junction of AR 102 in Centerton. Fourteen months later, the highway\'s eastern terminus was truncated to AR 94 in Rogers.
On March 2, 1960, the Arkansas State Highway Commission resolved to apply to AASHTO concurrently with the Missouri State Highway Department for a rerouting of US 71 onto AR 100. The application was approved, which caused AR 102 between Maysville and Gravette to be redesignated as AR 72, truncating the route at Decatur. On October 28, 1970, a connection was reestablished between Decatur and Maysville when AR 102 was extended west from Decatur, supplanting Benton County Road 1002. After the opening of the new freeway (initially designated US 62, later to become I-540, presently I-49), the section east of the freeway was redesignated as US 62.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
Mile markers reset at concurrencies. `{{Jcttop|state=AR|county=Benton|length_ref=<ref name="clf">{{Cite map |orig-year=September 29, 2014 |edition=Updated |title= Arkansas Centerline File |url= https://gis.arkansas.gov/product/arkansas-centerline-file/ |date=May 13, 2022 |format= GIS Map |access-date= April 28, 2022 |publisher= [[Arkansas Department of Transformation and Shared Services]] |via= GIS Office }}</ref><ref name="benras" />}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|location=none
|mile=0.000
|road={{Jct|state=AR|AR|43|city1=Siloam Springs|city2=Maysville}}
|notes=Western terminus
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|type=concur
|location=Decatur
|lspan=2
|mile=8.940
|road={{Jct|state=AR|AR|59|dir1=north|name1=Main Street|city1=Gravette}}
|notes=Western end of AR 59 concurrency
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|type=concur
|mile=0.000
|road={{Jct|state=AR|AR|59|dir1=south|name1=Main Street|city1=Siloam Springs}}
|notes=Eastern end of AR 59 concurrency
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|type=concur
|location=Centerton
|lspan=3
|mile=
|road={{Jct|state=AR|AR|279|dir1=north}}
|notes=Western end of AR 279 concurrency
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|type=concur
|mile=
|road={{Jct|state=AR|AR|279|dir1=south|name1=Vaughn Road|location1=Vaughn|location2=Benton County Fairgrounds|extra=airport}}
|notes=Eastern end of AR 279 concurrency
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|mile=11.364
|road={{Jct|state=AR|AR|102B|AR|72|to2=yes|name1=Main Street|dir1=east}}
|notes=Western terminus of AR 102B
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ARint
|location=Bentonville
|mile=17.244
|road={{Jct|state=AR|I|49|name1={{jct|state=AR|US|71|noshield=yes}}|US|62|name2=Hudson Road|city1=Springdale|city2=Fayetteville|city3=Bella Vista}}
|notes=Eastern terminus; exit 86 on I-49
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jctbtm|keys=concur}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Arkansas Highway 102
## Centerton business route {#centerton_business_route}
`{{Infobox road small
|state=AR
|route=102
|type=AR-Bus
|length_mi=1.757
|length_ref=<ref name="benras" />
|formed=August 18, 2004<ref name="brnum" />
|location=[[Centerton, Arkansas|Centerton]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Highway 102 Business** (**AR 102B**, **Ark. 102B**, and **Hwy. 102B**) is a business route of 1.757 mi in Centerton. The route\'s southern terminus is at Highway 102 (Centerton Boulevard) with its northern terminus at Highway 72 (SW 2nd St) in Bentonville, southeast of Hiwasse.
History
The highway was added to the state highway system as part of an extension of AR 102 on 1929. Following another extension to Rogers on July 10, 1957, the highway had two termini. This situation continued until August 18, 2004, when the Arkansas State Highway Commission redesignated the segment running along Main Street in Centerton as **AR 102B**
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# Project Alberta
**Project Alberta**, also known as **Project A**, was a section of the Manhattan Project which assisted in delivering the first nuclear weapons in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.
Project Alberta was formed in March 1945, and consisted of 51 United States Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, including one British scientist. Its mission was three-fold. It first had to design a bomb shape for delivery by air, then procure and assemble it. It supported the ballistic testing work at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, conducted by the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Project W-47), and the modification of B-29s to carry the bombs (Project Silverplate). After completion of its development and training missions, Project Alberta was attached to the 509th Composite Group at North Field, Tinian, where it prepared facilities, assembled and loaded the weapons, and participated in their use.
## Origins
The Manhattan Project began in October 1941, just before U.S. entry into World War II. Most of the project was concerned with producing the necessary fissile materials, but in early 1943, the project director, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves Jr., created the Los Alamos Laboratory, also known as Project Y, under the direction of Robert Oppenheimer to design and build atomic bombs. Within the Los Alamos Laboratory, responsibility for delivery lay with its Ordnance Division, headed by Captain William S. Parsons. With the Ordnance Division, the E-7 Group was created with responsibility for the integration of design and delivery. Led by physicist Norman F. Ramsey, it consisted of himself, Sheldon Dike and Bernard Waldman.
The size of the 17 ft Thin Man bomb under development at Los Alamos in 1943 reduced the number of Allied aircraft that could deliver the bomb to the British Avro Lancaster and the American Boeing B-29 Superfortress, although the latter required substantial modification. Any other airframe would have had to be completely redesigned and rebuilt, or carry the bomb externally. Parsons arranged for tests to be carried at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia in August 1943. No B-29s or Lancasters were available so a 9 ft scale model Thin Man was used, and dropped from a Grumman TBF Avenger. The results were disappointing, with the bomb falling in a flat spin. This indicated that a thorough test program was required.
Further testing of Silverplate B-29 aircraft and Thin Man and Fat Man bomb shapes was carried out at Muroc Army Air Field in March and June 1944. Testing shifted to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, in October. Project Y controlled the scheduling and contents of the tests, which were carried out by the Flight Test Section of the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit as Project W-47. The tests were supervised by Ramsey until November, when Commander Frederick Ashworth became Parsons\'s head of operations, and assumed responsibility for the test program. The test bombs were assembled by the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit\'s Special Ordnance Detachment. Tests continued until the end of the war in August 1945. At first only the Ordnance Division\'s fuse and delivery groups were involved, but as the tests became more detailed, and live explosives were incorporated into the test bombs, other groups were drawn into the test program.
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# Project Alberta
## Organization
Project Alberta, also known as Project A, was formed in March 1945, absorbing existing groups of Parsons\'s Ordnance (O) Division that were working on bomb preparation and delivery. These included Ramsey\'s delivery group, now called O-2, Commander Francis Birch\'s O-1 (Gun) Group, Kenneth Bainbridge\'s X-2 (Development, Engineering, and Tests) Group, Robert Brode\'s O-3 (Fuse Development) Group and George Galloway\'s O-4 (Engineering) Group.
Parsons became the head of Project Alberta, with Ramsey as his scientific and technical deputy, and Ashworth as his operations officer and military alternate. There were two bomb assembly teams, a Fat Man Assembly Team under Commander Norris Bradbury and Roger Warner, and a Little Boy Assembly under Birch. Philip Morrison was the head of the Pit Crew, Bernard Waldman and Luis Alvarez led the Aerial Observation Team, and Sheldon Dike was in charge of the Aircraft Ordnance Team. Physicists Robert Serber and William Penney, and US Army Captain James F. Nolan, a medical expert, were special consultants. All members of Project Alberta had volunteered for the mission.
In all, Project Alberta consisted of 51 Army, Navy and civilian personnel. Army personnel were two officers, Nolan and First Lieutenant John D. Hopper, and 17 enlisted men from the Manhattan Project\'s Special Engineer Detachment. Navy personnel were Parsons, Ashworth, Lieutenant Commander Edward C. Stephenson, Lieutenant (junior grade) Victor A. Miller, and eight ensigns. The remaining 17 were civilians. The 1st Technical Service Detachment, to which the personnel of Project Alberta were administratively assigned, was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Peer de Silva, and provided security and housing services on Tinian.
In addition, there were three senior officers on Tinian, who were part of the Manhattan Project but not formally part of Project Alberta: Rear Admiral William R. Purnell, the representative of the Military Liaison Committee; Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, Groves\' Deputy for Operations; and Colonel Elmer E. Kirkpatrick, who was responsible for base development, and was Farrell\'s alternate. Purnell, Farrell and Parsons became informally known as the \"Tinian Joint Chiefs\". They had decision-making authority over the nuclear mission.
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# Project Alberta
## Tinian
Manhattan Project and United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) officials agreed in December 1944 that operations would be based in the Mariana Islands, and the following month Parsons and Ashworth held a conference with USAAF officers to discuss the logistics of establishing such a base. In February 1945, Ashworth traveled to Guam bearing a letter for Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz informing him of the Manhattan Project. Up to this point it had been expected that the 509th Composite Group would be based on Guam, but Ashworth was struck by the congestion in the harbor and the shortage of construction units there. USAAF suggested that he take a look at Tinian, which had two good airfields, and was 125 mi further north, an important consideration for potentially overloaded aircraft. Ashworth toured Tinian with the island commander, Brigadier General Frederick V. H. Kimble, who recommended North Field. Ashworth agreed, and had Kimble hold them for future use.
Groves sent Kirkpatrick to supervise construction on Tinian by the Seabees of the 6th Naval Construction Brigade. Four air-conditioned Quonset huts of a type normally used for bombsight repair were provided for laboratory and instrument work. There were five warehouses, a shop building, and assembly, ordnance and administrative buildings. Ramsey overcame the problem of how to ship through the San Francisco Port of Embarkation. The port wanted a detailed list of what was being sent so it could track it to ensure delivery, but what needed to be shipped was still subject to last-minute change. He simply designated everything as a \"bomb assembly kit\". Three of these, one for Little Boy, one for Fat Man and one spare, were shipped to Tinian, which was now codenamed Destination O, commencing in May. Kirkpatrick arranged for everything to be shipped direct to Tinian rather than via Guam, as was usual.
To meet the schedule, the 509th Composite Group\'s commander, Colonel Paul Tibbets, had his ground echelon depart Wendover on 25 April, followed by his air echelon in May. The 1st Ordnance Squadron carefully packed the Pumpkin bombs and Fat Man assemblies that they had received from Project Camel, the assemblies being sets of bomb components without the fissile pit or modulated neutron initiators. Uniforms were issued to Project Alberta\'s civilian personnel, and Nolan administered immunization shots. A Project Alberta Advance Party was created, consisting of Sheldon Dike for Air Force liaison, Theodore Perlman for Little Boy, and Victor Miller and Harlow Russ for Fat Man. The rest of the Fat Man team prepared the \"Gadget\", the case-less Fat Man bomb used for the Trinity nuclear test. Parsons and Warner had decided that the combat use of the Little Boy would proceed regardless of the outcome of the Trinity test.
The Advance Party departed Los Alamos for Kirtland Field, New Mexico, by bus on 17 June. Accompanied by Major Bud Uanna and other members of the 1st Technical Service Detachment, they flew in C-54 \"Green Hornets\" of the 509th Composite Group\'s 320th Troop Carrier Squadron via the Port of Aerial Embarkation at Hamilton Field, California, and arrived on Tinian on 23 June. Sheldon Dike accompanied bombers of the 509th Composite Group\'s 393d Bombardment Squadron on practice bombing missions against airfields on Japanese-held Truk, Marcus, Rota, and Guguan. The rest of the Advance Party prepared the Little Boy assembly facility. They were joined on 6 July by a team under Edward B. Doll of the Fusing Group, who prepared for Pumpkin Bomb missions.
The rest of Project Alberta departed for Tinian following the successful completion of the Trinity test on 16 July. The remainder of the Little Boy assembly team arrived on 22 July, followed by Parsons, Ashworth, Purnell, Farrell and the remainder of the Fat Man assembly, Pit, Observation and Firing teams. The whole of Project Alberta was assembled on Tinian by 25 July, except for members who were couriers for bomb parts. Nolan arrived on 26 July on the cruiser `{{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}}`{=mediawiki}, along with Major Robert Furman and Captain Charles H. O\'Brien of the 1st Technical Services Detachment, with the Little Boy assembly and active material. Jesse Kupferberg and Raemer Schreiber arrived by C-54 with the remainder of the Little Boy active material and the plutonium Fat Man pit.
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# Project Alberta
## Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki {#bombing_of_hiroshima_and_nagasaki}
### Preparations
Although Project Alberta had no attack orders, it proceeded with the plan to have the Little Boy ready by 1 August 1945 and the first Fat Man ready for use as soon as possible after that. In the meantime, a series of twelve combat missions were flown between 20 and 29 July against targets in Japan using high-explosive Pumpkin bombs. Project Alberta\'s Sheldon Dike and Milo Bolstead flew on some of these missions, as did the British observer Group Captain Leonard Cheshire. One serious incident occurred when a Pumpkin bomb was released in the bomb bay of the B-29 *Strange Cargo* while it was taxiing. The bomb fell through the closed bomb bay doors onto the taxiway. The aircraft and bomb came to a halt in a shower of sparks, but fire fighters doused the plane and the bomb in foam, and the bomb did not explode. The aircraft had to be jacked up to remove the bomb.
Four Little Boy assemblies, L-1, L-2, L-5 and L-6 were expended in test drops. L-6 was used in the Iwo Jima dress rehearsal on 29 July. This was repeated on 31 July, but this time L-6 was test dropped near Tinian by *Enola Gay*. L-11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb. The Little Boy team had it completely assembled and ready for use on 31 July. The final item of preparation for the operation came on 29 July 1945. Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on 25 July under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy, the acting Chief of Staff of the United States Army, since General of the Army George C. Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with the President. The order designated four targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki, and ordered the attack to be made \"as soon as weather will permit after about 3 August.\"
Assembly of a Fat Man unit was a complex operation involving personnel from the HE-ME, Pit, Fusing and Firing teams. To prevent the assembly building from becoming overcrowded and thereby causing an accident, Parsons limited the numbers allowed inside at any time. Personnel waiting to perform a specific task had to wait their turn outside the building. The first Fat Man assembly, known as F13, was assembled by 31 July, and expended in a drop test the next day. This was followed by F18 on 4 August, which was dropped the next day. Three sets of Fat Man high explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, arrived on a B-29 of the 509th Composite Group and 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit on 2 August. On inspection, the high explosive blocks of F32 were found to be badly cracked and unserviceable. The other two were assembled, with F33 earmarked for a rehearsal and F31 for operational use.
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# Project Alberta
## Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki {#bombing_of_hiroshima_and_nagasaki}
### Hiroshima
In the space of a week on Tinian, four B-29s crashed and burned on the runway. Parsons became very concerned. If a B-29 crashed with a Little Boy, the fire could cook off the explosive and detonate the weapon, with catastrophic consequences. Consideration was given to evacuating the 20,000 personnel on Tinian from the island, but instead it was decided to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech to arm the bomb in flight.
*Enola Gay* took off at 02:45 (6 August), 7.5 lt overweight and near maximum gross weight. Arming of the bomb began eight minutes into the flight and took 25 minutes. Parsons, as the \"weaponeer\", was in command of the mission. Parsons and his assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson of the 1st Ordnance Squadron, made their way into the bomb bay of the *Enola Gay* along the narrow catwalk on the port side. Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires, removed the breech plug, inserted the powder bags, replaced the breech plug, and reconnected the wires. Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target, Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red. The bomb was then fully armed. Jeppson monitored its circuits.
Four other members of Project Alberta flew on the Hiroshima mission. Luis Alvarez, Harold Agnew and Lawrence H. Johnston were on the instrument plane *The Great Artiste*. They dropped \"Bangometer\" canisters to measure the force of the blast, but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time. Bernard Waldman was the camera operator on the observation aircraft. He was equipped with a special high-speed Fastax movie camera with six seconds of film in order to record the blast. Unfortunately, Waldman forgot to open the camera shutter, and no film was exposed. In addition, some members of the team flew to Iwo Jima in case *Enola Gay* was forced to land there, but this was not required.
The mission was flown as planned and executed without significant problems. The three target-area aircraft arrived over Iwo Jima approximately three hours into the mission and departed together at 06:07. The safeties on the bomb were removed at 07:30, 90 minutes before time over target, and 15 minutes later the B-29s began a climb to the 30000 ft bombing altitude. The bomb run began at 08:12, with the drop three minutes later. Simultaneously *The Great Artiste* dropped its three Bangometer canisters, after which the B-29s immediately performed steep 155-degree diving turns, *The Great Artiste* to the left and *Enola Gay* to the right. The detonation followed 45.5 seconds after the drop. Primary and \"echo\" shock waves overtook the B-29s a minute following the blast, and the smoke cloud was visible to the crews for 90 minutes, by which time they were almost 400 mi away. The only footage of the mushroom cloud was taken by Harold Agnew while Robert \"Bob\" Caron took the definitive photograph of the cloud from the tail gunner position of the *Enola Gay* before the bomber returned to Tinian at 14:58.
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# Project Alberta
## Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki {#bombing_of_hiroshima_and_nagasaki}
### Nagasaki
Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz and Curtis LeMay met on Guam on 7 August, the day after the Hiroshima attack, to discuss what should be done next. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have a Fat Man bomb ready by 11 August, as originally planned, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if it could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to do so.
For this mission, Ashworth was the weaponeer, with Lieutenant Philip M. Barnes, USN, of the 1st Ordnance Squadron as his assistant weaponeer on the B-29 *Bockscar*. Project Alberta\'s Walter Goodman and Lawrence H. Johnston were on board the instrumentation aircraft, *The Great Artiste*, along with William L. Laurence, a correspondent for *The New York Times*. Leonard Cheshire and William Penney were on the observation plane *Big Stink*. Project Alberta\'s Robert Serber was supposed to be on board but was left behind by the aircraft commander, group operations officer Major James I. Hopkins Jr., because he had forgotten his parachute. Since Serber was the only crew member who knew how to operate the high-speed camera, the whole point of the aircraft\'s mission, Hopkins had to be instructed by radio from Tinian on its use.
The weather that forced the mission to be advanced by two days also dictated a change in rendezvous to Yakushima, much closer to the target, and an initial cruise altitude of 17000 ft instead of 9300 ft, both of which considerably increased fuel consumption. Pre-flight inspection discovered an inoperative fuel transfer pump in the 625 usgal aft bomb bay fuel tank, but a decision was made to continue anyway. The plutonium bomb did not require arming in flight, but did have its safeties removed 30 minutes after the 03:45 takeoff when *Bockscar* reached 5000 ft of altitude.
It was discovered that the red arming light on the black box connected to Fat Man was lit, indicating that the firing circuit had closed. It took Ashworth and Barnes half an hour to isolate the failed switch that had caused the malfunction and correct the problem. When the daylight rendezvous point was reached at 09:10, the photo plane failed to appear. The weather planes reported both targets within the required visual attack parameters while *Bockscar* circled Yakushima waiting for the photo plane because Ashworth did not want to proceed without *The Great Artiste* and under radio silence it was not certain that it was that aircraft that had rendezvoused with them. Finally the mission proceeded without the photo plane, thirty minutes behind schedule.
When *Bockscar* arrived at Kokura 30 minutes later, cloud cover had increased to 70% of the area, and three bomb runs over the next 50 minutes were fruitless in bombing visually. The commanders decided to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to Nagasaki, bombing by radar if necessary. The bomb run began at 11:58 (two hours behind schedule) using radar, but the a hole in the clouds enabled Fat Man to be dropped visually at 12:01. The photo plane arrived at Nagasaki in time to complete its mission, and the three aircraft diverted to Okinawa, arriving at 13:00. Trying in vain for 20 minutes to contact the control tower at Yontan Airfield to obtain landing clearance, *Bockscar* nearly ran out of fuel.
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# Project Alberta
## Later activities {#later_activities}
Project Alberta still had three test assemblies, F101, F102 and F103, but the damaged F32 was unserviceable, so new explosive blocks would have to be flown in from Project Camel. There were also shortages of some components, notably detonator chimneys. These were fabricated on Tinian. Seven B-29s of the 509th Composite Group flew Pumpkin bomb missions on 14 August. Word that Japan had surrendered reached Tinian the following day.
Farrell organized a mission to assess the damage done at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which included personnel from Project Alberta, the 1st Technical Service Detachment, and the 509th Composite Group. The remainder of Project Alberta began packing up. The unused F101, F102 and F103 assemblies were packed along with spare components and shipped back to Los Alamos. For security reasons, components not returned to the United States were dumped at sea.
Project Alberta\'s scientific and technical personnel departed Tinian for the United States on 7 September. Kirkpatrick and Ashworth remained behind to supervise the disposal of Manhattan Project property. Project Alberta was then discontinued. Most of its personnel were transferred to the new Z Division, which began moving to Sandia Base
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# The Way West
***The Way West*** is a 1949 western novel by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. The book won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1950 and became the basis for a film starring Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, and Richard Widmark.
The novel is one in the sequence of six by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. dealing with the Oregon Trail and the development of Montana from 1830, the time of the mountain men, to \"the cattle empire of the 1880s to the near present\". The publication sequence started with *The Big Sky*, followed by *The Way West*, *These Thousand Hills*, *Arfive* (1971), *The Last Valley* (1975), and *Fair Land, Fair Land*.
The first three books of the six in chronological story sequence (but not in the sequence of publishing) --- *The Big Sky*, *The Way West*, and *Fair Land, Fair Land* --- are in themselves a complete trilogy, starting in 1830 with Boone Caudill leaving Kentucky to become a mountain man and ending with the death of Caudill and later the death of Dick Summers in the 1870s.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
Former senator William Tadlock leads a wagon train along the Oregon Trail from Missouri with the help of hired guide Dick Summers. After several accidents which cost settlers\' lives, a mutiny of sorts develops and his position is overtaken by Lije Evans. Soon, different factions develop amongst the people of the train as they try to survive their trek to Oregon.
## Release details {#release_details}
- 1949, US, W
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# Dust: A Tale of the Wired West
***Dust: A Tale of the Wired West*** is a computer game made for PC and Macintosh. It was released on June 30, 1995, and was produced by CyberFlix and published by GTE Entertainment.
The game is a point-and-click adventure in which the player, playing a character called The Stranger, travels around a virtual old western desert town in the New Mexico desert in 1882. In addition to the main gameplay, there are several minigames in *Dust*, including blackjack and poker games where the player can choose to play honestly or cheat, and a shooting range which helps prepare the player for a later segment of the game.
The characters encountered in *Dust* are rendered by way of photographs of professional actors given limited animation in sync with dialogue. A later game produced by the same company, *Titanic: Adventure Out of Time*, uses the same technique and contains several references to *Dust*, including a reappearance of the character Buick Riviera.
*Dust: A Tale of the Wired West---The Official Strategy Guide* (Prima Publishing, 1995; re-released by the author, 2019) was written by Steve Schwartz in cooperation with CyberFlix.
## Story
Set in 1882, the game opens by introducing the mysterious protagonist known only as \"the Stranger\", who is playing cards with a fictionalized version of Billy the Kid in an unknown town in the American West. The Stranger discovers that The Kid is cheating, and The Kid draws his gun and begins firing. After stabbing The Kid with an ornate Plains Indian dagger, The Stranger runs out of the saloon and escapes. In the early morning hours, The Stranger finds himself in the desert town of Diamondback, New Mexico, whose inhabitants treat him with suspicion. The Stranger discovers that there is a target range, a general store, a saloon, a brothel, and a mining camp with a cockfighting ring (though the mining camp cannot be visited). The Mayor\'s daughter, Marie Macintosh, recognizes The Stranger. It is revealed that The Stranger has some renown for fighting in the Comanche Wars.
The Stranger trades for a new pair of boots which were recovered from a corpse. He then learns that local sheriff William Purvis was recently murdered, and that a local resident who immigrated from Malmö, Sweden has Purvis\' six-shot revolver concealed in the bucket of the well from which he waters his pigs. During the night, The Stranger takes the stolen revolver for himself. Later, The Stranger uses a distraction to steal a cache of ammunition from Levon Deadnettle by giving him some risqué burlesque photographs to put in his collection. The Stranger has to save \"Help\", a Chinese storekeeper, whose shop is about to be burnt down by brothers Cobb and Dale Belcher, drunkard troublemakers who come from a battered family. The two were motivated to drive out \"Help\" because U.S. President Chester A. Arthur had recently signed the Chinese Exclusion Act. The Stranger uses force to stop the two men, winning support from much of the town and receiving the post of town sheriff. In doing so, however, The Stranger attracts the attention of The Kid, who travels to Diamondback.
A woman whom locals call \"Sonoma\", one of the few remaining members of the fictional Yunni Tribe, asks The Stranger to recover five sacred objects belonging to her tribe, in exchange for helping him find the legendary Devil\'s Breath silver mine. Other tasks for The Stranger include helping Nate Trotter, a local rancher, treat his melancholia and saving the life of Herodotus Mezamee. Mezamee is an African-American poker player who is being hunted by corrupt bounty hunters because he killed a white man in self-defense.
The Kid arrives, sending in gunmen ahead of him to kill The Stranger, but The Stranger eliminates the attackers and kills The Kid in the duel that follows. Then he returns the Yunni objects to \"Sonoma\". Keeping her word, Sonoma helps the player gain access to the Devil\'s Breath silver mine, the entrance to which is hidden under the town\'s abandoned schoolhouse.
In the mine, The Stranger encounters a mysterious Guardian who reveals that The Stranger\'s actual name is Ahote---in reality a Hopi name meaning \"restless one\". The Guardian discloses that The Stranger is a member of the Yunni tribe who was separated at birth, and is destined to help restore the Yunni tribe. The Guardian tasks him with one final puzzle while also urging Ahote to remove a box that appears. He explains that early Spanish colonists massacred much of the Yunni tribe in their attempt to steal the box. Ahote solves a puzzle, which reveals that the box is filled with treasure, but then Ahote is held at gunpoint by Radisson Bloodstone-Hayes, a wealthy English aristocrat who seeks to take the treasure for his own gain. Making use of mystical Yunni rituals, Ahote performs an invocation to summon the Yunni Thunderbird. The apparition strikes Hayes down and kills him.
Upon leaving the mine with the treasure, Ahote finds the town gathered to meet him. He is offered five choices on what to do with the treasure. The game\'s five endings depend on what choice the player picks. Ahote can go into the ranching business with Nate Trotter, go into the lead business with Mayor Cosimo Macintosh, run away with Marie to live in opulence, leave town with the treasure, or give the treasure to Sonoma to help rebuild the Yunni tribe.
## Development
*Dust* was built from a script of 400 pages.
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# Dust: A Tale of the Wired West
## Reception
*Dust* was a commercial failure; Chris Hudak of GameSpot later wrote that it \"drew high praise from critics but still somehow sold less than 50,000 copies\". According to Jack Neely of *Metro Pulse*, its sales reached roughly 30,000 units by 1999.
Reviewing the Macintosh version, a critic for *Next Generation* summarized that \"*Dust* fulfills all the requirements for a successful adventure: largely nonlinear, multiple solutions to problems, multiple story endings, no hand-holding (yes, you can die), and a strong but not constricting plotline.\" He said that the characters having only their mouths animated looks \"hokey\" but is an acceptable sacrifice for more dialogue and gameplay (since presenting all the dialogue in full-motion video would have been impossible due to space constraints). Additionally praising the fully 3D environment and the real-time interactions between characters, he gave the game four out of five stars.
The editors of *Macworld* gave *Dust* their 1995 \"Best Multimedia Game\" award. Steven Levy of the magazine summarized, \"All in all, *Dust* is a high-spirited period romp that puts the fun back in computer adventuring.\" Recommending the game in *PC Magazine*{{\'}}s 1995 Christmas buyer\'s guide, Bernard Yee called *Dust* \"a refreshing mix of adventure and first-person action.\" Writing in the 1996 edition of *The Macintosh Bible*, Bart Farkas stated that \"PowerPC technology has allowed computer games to venture ever closer into the realm of virtual reality. No game comes as close as *Dust*\"
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# The Scar of Shame
***The Scar of Shame*** is a silent film shot in the winter of 1927 and released in April 1929. It is a silent melodrama film featuring black actors and was written for a predominantly black audience. It premiered from April 13--17, 1929 in the M&S Douglas Theatre in New York City. Its second screening ran from April 15--20, 1929 at Gibson\'s Theatre, Philadelphia.
It was produced by the Colored Players Film Corporation of Philadelphia, in one of the early examples of race movies, in which an entirely black cast performed a feature film specifically for a black audience. The film was produced and written by David Starkman and was directed by Frank Peregini, both white. It was one of the later silent race movies.
Melodramas were the genre of choice for early 20th-century black filmmakers. This film emerged during a time of great breakthroughs in not only African American film but all art with the Harlem Renaissance when "a new sense of black consciousness emerged" likely after witnessing the bravery of African-American soldiers in World War I. This was a collaboration of a "black cast, white crew and interracial production team" produced by the conspicuously named "Colored Players" who were mostly white, in 1927. *The Scar of Shame* was one of three films produced by this company, founded in 1926 in Philadelphia.
## Cast
- Harry Henderson as Alvin Hillyard
- Norman Johnstone as Eddie Blake
- Ann Kennedy as Lucretia Green
- Lucia Lynn Moses as Louise Howard
- William E. Pettus as \'Spike\' Howard
- Lawrence Chenault as Ralph Hathaway
- Pearl McCormack as Alice Hathaway
- Charles Gilpin as Lido Club Gambler (uncredited)
- Shingzie Howard as Louise\'s Maid (uncredited)
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# The Scar of Shame
## Plot
While practicing piano, Alvin looks out his window to see Louise being beaten by Spike, and he rescues her and then brings her back to Lucretia's house. Lucretia, the owner of the boarding house where Alvin is residing, allows Louise to stay in return for chores around the house. Eddie meets with Spike, who has a black eye after the incident, and the former attempts to convince Spike to let Louise work as an entertainer for him. Spike doesn't seem enthusiastic and shows regret for beating her, which he later credits to his alcoholism. Spike has some desire to allow his daughter to escape the kind of life he is stuck in, but he is unable to change any of his actions without being sucked into his old lifestyle by the alcohol supplied by Eddie.
Eddie learns the truth about the confrontation between Alvin and Spike during dinner at Lucretia's. Later in the evening, Eddie forcefully attempts to bring Louise back to her "old pappy" but again Alvin intervenes. Drunk again from Eddie's liquor, Spike continues to harass Louise who contemplates suicide if it continues. Alvin proposes to Louise after rescuing her again from the altercation, claiming that she wouldn't need to worry about harm if they were married. After he defends Louise from Eddie at Lucretia's house, Alvin exclaims "I'll teach you to treat our women like that!"
Over more alcohol, Eddie schemes with Spike to distract Alvin with a fake telegram announcing his mother's illness while they kidnap Louise. Alvin cannot take Louise with him because he hasn't informed his mother of their marriage, which she would not have approved of because of her concern with class. Louise laments in life and finds a letter from Alvin's mother urging him to marry another woman who is "part of our set," referring to the same level in social stratification. She proceeds to rip the letter and then the marriage certificate.
Before they go through with the plan, Spike once again hesitates, remarking that she is better off away from people like him. Alvin comes back to confront Eddie after learning he had been tricked, and that his mother was visiting friends out of town. The scene is cut between Alvin\'s being in the car in the suburbs and Louise\'s tearing up mementos of their marriage. Eddie breaks into the house and entices Louise with far-fetched possibilities of becoming rich. As Alvin enters and guns are pulled, someone accidentally shoots Louise in the neck leaving a scar. Louise becomes involved with Eddie\'s gambling while Alvin is in prison. Eddie refers to Alvin as a "dicty sap", which insults his ambitions to move up the rungs of the class system.
Alvin escapes prison by filing the bars in his cell and re-establishes himself as a music instructor with a false name. Alvin falls in love with his student, Alice, but "lives a daily lie" because he has hidden the secrets of his past. Louise is involved with Alice's father so Alvin meets her after dropping an urgent note to Alice's father. Alice's father unknowingly pairs the two together for a dance. Later that night, Louise makes advances on Alvin, threatening to expose him, and he gives in for a moment but in a later scene Alvin rejects her and leaves. In distress, Louise kills herself after writing a revealing letter of repentance and apology. In it, she confesses that it was really Eddie who shot her neck, and he wouldn't allow her to tell the truth during the trial.
Alvin feels compelled to inform Alice and her family about his secrets after hearing of Louise's death, and they forgive him. The lament of Alice's father mirrors the earlier foreword in blaming the environment and Louise's lack of education, finishing with the statement: "our people have much to learn."
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# The Scar of Shame
## Social insight and significance {#social_insight_and_significance}
This film depicts the struggles to advance from a poor environment. With the new emergence of a black bourgeois class, the film provides "a manual for those on the make," embodied in Alvin Hilliard, but also "a caution to the weak willed who might be diverted from success by urban temptations." For example, Louise is tempted by the opportunity of a "big break" as a cabaret singer, and her father is unable to resist alcohol.
The message is not so straightforward, and we see those who strive for more ending up hurting those they care about and deserting those less fortunate of the same race by the desire for success. *The Scar of Shame* provides insight into a "detailed anatomy of the conflicting strata of black urban life:" The "strivers" are in conflict with those who feel unable to leave their place in society, and the latter are resentful towards strivers who abandon them.
There is also the problem of by being assimilated into white culture, seen when Alvin seems to only compose "white music" on the piano, and losing track of one's black heritage. Generally in the film, a darker skin tone is associated with lower class whereas those more close to white skin are higher class. The message is that it is not the skin that determines the character's fate but rather their ambition. (However, it can be argued that Alice is slightly more white and portrayed in more alluring camera shots than Louise and Spike.)
A common theme throughout the film is the conflict between the higher and lower classes and their roles in the degradation of black women. It seems that the lower classes were thought to inflict sinful temptations, ill repute, and loose morals. Simultaneously the top class tried so hard to separate itself from the rest that it did not allow for those trapped below to advance.
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# The Scar of Shame
## Library of Congress {#library_of_congress}
The film has been preserved by the Library of Congress, but it is not on the National Film Registry preservation list. On all Library of Congress VHS/DVD prints, *The Scar of Shame* is accompanied by a 1923 short film, in which Noble Sissle sings jazz tunes while Eubie Blake plays the melody on the piano. The short film, titled *Sissle and Blake* by the Library of Congress, was filmed in the Lee DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process, and is one of the early examples of sound-on-film technology
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# Gausbert
**Gausbert** (died 931) was the count of Empúries and Rosselló from 915 until he died. He was the son of Sunyer II of Empúries and brother of Bencion.
With the murder of his father, the counties passed to him and Bencion, but Bencion died in 916 and all the inheritance fell to Gausbert. In 924, he participated in a campaign with the margrave of Gothia against invading Moors. In 927, he rebuilt Saint Martin of Ampurias
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# Georg von Derfflinger
**Georg von Derfflinger** (20 March 1606 -- 14 February 1695) was a field marshal in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia during and after the Thirty Years\' War (1618--1648).
## Early years {#early_years}
Born 1606 at Neuhofen an der Krems in Austria, into a family of poor Protestant peasants, Derfflinger had to leave his home due to religious persecution under the Catholic Habsburg dynasty in the course of the Counter-Reformation. He probably fought side-by-side with insurgent Bohemian nobles led by Jindřich Matyáš Thurn and served in the armed forces of various Protestant combatant powers, at first in the Saxon army, but most of the time in that of Sweden. Until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia he distinguished himself as an able and daring cavalry leader and gained a reputation for brilliance and bravery, which in 1654 persuaded Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg to offer Derfflinger a senior position in his army.
## Personality
Derfflinger was supposedly a notorious drunkard who constantly drank schnapps, but his fondness for alcohol did not impede his military abilities. His marriage in 1646 to an heiress of the Brandenburg nobility had already secured him a number of possessions, which he was able to augment with estates granted to him for his military exploits. A lifelong soldier, Derfflinger had no formal education, but was entrusted by the Elector with numerous important military tasks and played a central role in the reform of the Brandenburgian cavalry and artillery. He had a very stormy relationship with Frederick William and argued with him incessantly, at one point quitting. In order to gain back the Elector\'s employ, he wrote down a list of incredible demands, which included a clause stipulating that no man charge into battle ahead of him and that he take a certain percentage of plunder and captured officers from every engagement.
## Brandenburg service {#brandenburg_service}
In 1674, Derfflinger was elevated to a *Reichsfreiherr* by Emperor Leopold I. A year later, he was decisive in defeating the Swedes and driving them out of Brandenburg. He impersonated a Swedish officer (a feat he was able to do because he had served in the armies of Sweden), and was able to convince the Swedes to open the gates of Rathenow, allowing him and 1,000 nearby dragoons to storm the fortress. He was also a commander in the Battle of Fehrbellin, where he won a decisive victory over the Swedes under Charles XI, who were occupying Brandenburg, pillaging the countryside, and abusing the locals. His last military campaign was in 1690 against King Louis XIV of France, when he was 84 years old. Derfflinger died at his estates in Gusow.
## Legacy
The Imperial German Navy\'s battlecruiser SMS *Derfflinger* was named after him
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# Giz Watson
**Elizabeth Mary \"Giz\" Watson** (born 18 January 1957) is an English-born Australian politician and a former leader of The Greens, Western Australia. She served as a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for the North Metropolitan Region from 22 May 1997 until her retirement on 21 May 2013.
## Biography
Watson was born in 1957 in Eastleigh, a town in Hampshire, England, and emigrated to Western Australia in September 1967, travelling extensively through the state. She studied environmental science at Murdoch University and, after leaving university to do voluntary work for a couple of years, graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1980. Watson was involved in protests in Western Australia against the Vietnam War in the early 1970s. She also became involved in 1979 in the first forest blockades at Wagerup against clear felling of jarrah forests for bauxite mining.
She returned to the United Kingdom in the 1980s, where she was involved with training women to participate in the peace camp outside the Royal Air Force base RAF Greenham Common, which protested against the deployment of nuclear cruise missiles at the base. In 1985 she participated in the first encirclement by women protestors of Greenham Common. In 1984 Watson attained a trade certificate in carpentry from the City and Guilds of London Institute in London. It was soon after this that she joined an anarchist building collective in London, with everyone from architects to labourers getting the same pay, making decisions equally and subsidising worthy projects.
In 1985 she returned to Australia and ran a building and construction business in Western Australia. In 1992, Watson became one of only three women to be registered as builders in Western Australia. During this time Watson also worked as the coordinator for the Marine & Coastal Community Network in Western Australia.
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# Giz Watson
## Political career {#political_career}
Watson joined the Greens WA party in 1990, and in the federal election that year, stood for the House of Representatives seat of Forrest. Shortly afterwards, she became the co-convener of the Greens WA party. Watson was narrowly elected to the state\'s Legislative Council at the 1996 election, as a member for the North Metropolitan Region. She was re-elected in 2001, 2005 and 2008. At the 2013 Western Australian state election, Watson decided to move Legislative Council regions, switching from running for re-election in her seat in the Northern Metropolitan region, to candidacy in the South West region. However, Watson was unsuccessful as she was not elected in this region.
During her political career she had portfolio responsibilities for an enormous range of matters, including not only biodiversity, environment and climate change but also health, justice and prisons, human rights, mandatory sentencing, and the over-representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the criminal justice system. In addition, throughout her Parliamentary career Watson maintained a steadfast commitment to the principles of open and accountable government. Her parliamentary career has been characterised by -- in her words -- \"working in the spirit of consensus but also standing firm on matters of principle\". Watson was the first openly lesbian parliamentarian in Australia and she played a significant role in lesbian and gay law reform in Western Australia. Her parliamentary career also included an active role in the achievement of abortion law reform in Western Australia. Watson\'s activism in the causes of gay and lesbian rights, social justice, indigenous rights, and peace and environmentalism, together with her parliamentary service made a major contribution to civil and human rights in Western Australia. Her service and contributions were recognised in 2011 when she was inducted into the Western Australian Women\'s Hall of Fame. Watson campaigned in parliament on a number of issues, including the banning of uranium mining and radioactive waste disposal in Western Australia. She also campaigned against female genital mutilation since at least 1998, and in 2004 successfully lobbied Jim McGinty, the WA Attorney-General, to introduce laws making the practice a crime. She introduced legislation to manage cats and another to protect WA\'s biodiversity. Watson and Labor MP Sally Talbot have spoken out against uranium mining, nuclear power, and radioactive waste disposal in WA.
Watson was a WA Senate candidate for the Greens in the 2019 federal election but was unsuccessful. She is the Green candidate for the Division of O\'Connor in the 2025 Australian federal election.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Watson, a graduate of Murdoch University from the 1980s, was awarded an honorary doctorate from the university in 2015.
Since 1990, Watson has lived with her same-sex partner, June Lowe, a social researcher
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# Ugento
**Ugento** (Salentino: *Ušèntu*) is a town and *comune* in the province of Lecce, Apulia, southern Italy. It has a small harbour on the Gulf of Taranto of the Ionian Sea.
## History
The city is the ancient ***Uxentum***, and claims to have been founded by Uxens, who is mentioned in the Eighth Book of the *Aeneid*. In ancient times it was an important city. In 1537 it was sacked by the Turks. Under Byzantine domination it had Greek bishops.
## Economy
Economy is mostly based on agriculture (wine and olives), fishing, shepherding, food processing and tourism
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# Adam Hauser
**Adam Aaron Hauser** (born May 27, 1980) is an American former ice hockey goaltender. He played one game in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings during the 2005--06 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 2002 to 2012, was spent in the minor leagues and then in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Hauser played his college career at the University of Minnesota, culminating his college career with an NCAA Division I National Championship in 2002. He finished his career with 83 wins, which was a WCHA record. Hauser is the Minnesota career leader in games played, and saves.
Initially selected by the Edmonton Oilers, 81st overall, in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Hauser signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Kings\' organization prior to the 2004--05 season. In the year, Hauser set several records for the Kings\' AHL affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs. These records included best GAA (1.93), best save percentage (.933), and most shutouts (12). In his third year within the Kings\' organization he made his NHL debut, and only game, on January 14, 2006, against the Buffalo Sabres.
Hauser then left for Europe the following season and has played with Kölner Haie, Adler Mannheim and the Kassel Huskies in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.
After the Huskies folded prior to the 2010--11 season, Hauser joined the neighboring Austrian Hockey League, signing a try-out contract with the Vienna Capitals on September 16, 2010.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ -------------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP W
1997--98 U.S
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# Mainichi Film Awards
The `{{Nihongo|'''Mainichi Film Awards'''|毎日映画コンクール|Mainichi Eiga Konkūru}}`{=mediawiki} are a series of annual film awards, sponsored by *Mainichi Shimbun* (毎日新聞), one of the largest newspaper companies in Japan, since 1946. It is the first film festival in Japan.
## History
The origins of the contest date back to 1935, when the *Mainichi Shinbun* organized a festival then called *Zen Nihon eiga konkūru* (全日本映画コンク ー ル^?^ ). It was interrupted during World War 2. The current form of the Mainichi Film Awards officially came into being in 1946
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# Mexicanos, al grito de guerra (film)
***Mexicanos, al grito de guerra**\'\' (English:***Mexicans, to the Cry of War**\'\') is a 1943 historical drama movie produced in Mexico starring Pedro Infante. The main story revolves around a soldier, a woman, love and an impending war.
## Plot
The film opens in the mid 1860s and Napoleon III (Sala) is gearing up towards an invasion of Mexico by French forces, although he\'s not completely sure where it is. General Almonte informs him that they will have to cross the Atlantic Ocean to get there. It is now circa 1854 and Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna announces that he is holding a competition to write the national anthem of Mexico to and Poet Francisco González Bocanegra (Riquelme) is urged to write the lyrics of the anthem by his cousin, Lupe (Cortés), to write the lyrics to the anthem, however Bocanegra feels that the lyrics need to be grand and solemn as well as unite people as brothers. He doesn\'t feel that he is the right person to do that since his poetry is more romantic and not patriotic. Lt. Luis Sandoval (Infante), who is a trumpet player, suggests that Spaniard Jaime Nuno (Carrasco) compose the music to the national anthem, however Nuno feels he is the least qualified, and counters that the lyrics haven\'t been written yet.
Lupe locks Bocanegra in a room and refuses to let him out until he\'s written the lyrics to the national anthem, but he insists he will not write it. After he sees several items in the room that instill patriotism, he finally sits down to attempt to write. Days later he slips the manuscript under the door, and Lupe and her father agree to let him out. Nuno receives a copy of Bocanegra\'s lyrics and is inspired to compose the music. Luis meets and falls in love with Esther Dubois (Montes) who is the daughter of the French ambassador, Count Dubois of Saligny. Esther and her friends plan to go to the Paseo de las Cadenas that evening. By chance, Luis and his friend see Esther at the park and he sings to her. Her friend tosses a coin to Luis, who tries to give it back but the man insists he keep it. Luis accepts but regrets that he can\'t give the man change, and insinuates that the man needs it more than Luis does.
President Santa Anna (Quiroz) needs to raise funds to cover the costs of the additional military personnel, he imposes a tax on the number of windows and doors that face the street, which prompts city residents to seal windows and roos with brick, to reduce the amount of taxes they will have to pay.
In one battle where the Mexican forces were near the brink of defeat Luis decides to grab a trumpet and play the song \"Mexicanos, al grito de guerra\", the national anthem of Mexico. Upon hearing it played, the Mexican soldiers rally and overcome the French forces. However, Luis is shot and dies in the end at the same time his love escapes imprisonment.
## Cast list {#cast_list}
- Pedro Infante - Lt. Luis Sandoval
- Lina Montes - Esther Dubois
- Miguel Arenas - Conde Dubois de Saligny
- Miguel Ángel Ferriz - Gen. Ignacio Zaragoza
- Miguel Inclán - President Benito Juárez
- Armando Soto La Marina - Pastelero (as Chicote)
- Salvador Carrasco - Jaime Nunó
- Margarita Cortés - Lupe
- Carlos Riquelme - Francisco González Bocanegra
- Francisco Jambrina - Gen. Juan Prim
- Manuel Arvide - Gen. Lorencez
- Eduardo Arozamena
- Guillermo Nuñez K.
- Salvador Quiroz - Antonio López de Santa Anna
- Arturo Soto Rangel - Sandoval, Papá de Lt. Luis Sandoval
- Roberto Corell
- Ramón G. Larrea - Gen. Jurien
- José Goula - Mr. Wyckie
- Teresa Vega
- Pedro Elviro - Lombardini (as Pitouto)
- Angel T. Sala - Napoleon III
- Ramón Larrea
- Max Langler
- Manuel Noriega Ruiz (as Manuel Noriega)
- José Soula
- Ignacio Peon
- Ricardo Carti - Gen
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# Less Than Hero
\"**Less Than Hero**\" is the fourth episode in the fourth season of the American animated television series *Futurama*, and the 58th episode of the series overall. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 2, 2003. The episode was directed by Susie Dietter and written by Ron Weiner. The plot centers on Fry, Leela, and Bender as they masquerade as superheroes after being granted superpowers through the use of a \'miracle cream\'. The subplot focuses on the relationship between Leela and her parents. The episode\'s title itself is a play on the Brett Easton Ellis novel *Less than Zero*, as well as the 1987 film of the same name.
## Plot
Professor Farnsworth orders a supercollider from πKEA; after assembling it, Fry and Leela are left with sore muscles, so Dr. Zoidberg prescribes them \"Dr. Flimflam\'s Miracle Cream\". While Fry and Leela are returning the broken supercollider to the store, a homeless man attempts to mug them, but Fry and Leela fight back. They discover they are immune to laser fire and physical attacks, a side effect of the \'miracle cream\'; they also gain the abilities of super strength and super speed. They form a team of superheroes, the New Justice Team, taking the names \"Captain Yesterday\", and \"Clobberella\", with Bender joining them as \"Super King\".
Leela makes a visit to CitiHall, and procures a special one-day surface pass for her mutant parents from the sewers. Shortly after, the mayor summons the New Justice Team to deal with a criminal threat. The Museum of Natural History is going to be robbed of the Quantum Gemerald at 9 a.m. by a criminal mastermind called the Zookeeper, who uses trained animals to aid him in his crimes.
Leela, planning her day, schedules her parents\' surface visit for 10 a.m. at the same museum. Her plans are ruined when the Zookeeper is an hour late for the theft. The New Justice Team foils the robbery, but the Zookeeper escapes. Leela\'s parents are convinced that Leela did not meet them because she is ashamed of them.
Leela makes a trip to her parents\' home, where she apologizes. They forgive her, saying she could never disappoint them, but her guilt is too much for her to bear, and she reveals her superhero identity, so her parents understand why she did not meet them. Leela swears them to secrecy for their own protection, but Morris cannot hold his tongue for long and tells his friends, and the word spreads. Planet Express receives a call from the Zookeeper, who has kidnapped Leela\'s parents. He is willing to ransom them for the Quantum Gemerald, which he demands they steal for him.
The New Justice Team resolves to steal the gem. They have run out of miracle cream and are forced to commit the robbery without superpowers. The museum guards still think The New Justice Team have superpowers, and the Gemerald is retrieved successfully. They give the Quantum Gemerald to the Zookeeper, who releases Leela\'s parents and escapes. Leela and her parents resolve their issues. Bender and Fry set off to commit a few more crimes while they still have their superhero costumes.
## Broadcast and reception {#broadcast_and_reception}
In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 5.0/9.
Zack Handlen of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode an A, saying: \"Seeing Leela, Fry, and Bender work together as a team nearly always makes for something grand, and on the whole, "Less Than Hero" doesn\'t disappoint. Its ambitions are modest, and it makes the most of them. Plus, it offers the rare chance to see super-heroes being ridiculous for no other reason than they want to. We could use more of that, really
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# Shadow and Light
***Shadow and Light**\'\' (French:***Ombre et lumière**\'\') is a 1951 French psychological drama film directed by Henri Calef and starring Simone Signoret, María Casares and Jean Marchat.
The film\'s sets were designed by Daniel Guéret and Rino Mondellini
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# Blue diaper syndrome
**Blue diaper syndrome** is a rare, autosomal recessive or X linked recessive metabolic disorder characterized in infants by bluish urine-stained diapers. It is also known as Drummond\'s syndrome, and hypercalcemia.
It is caused by a defect in tryptophan absorption. Bacterial degradation of unabsorbed tryptophan in the intestine leads to excessive indole production and thus to indicanuria which, on oxidation to indigo blue, causes a peculiar bluish discoloration of the diaper (indoluria). Symptoms typically include digestive disturbances, fever and visual problems. Some may also develop disease due to the incomplete breakdown of tryptophan.
It was characterized in 1964, and inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern although X-linked recessive inheritance has not been completely ruled out since reported patients have been male.
If this syndrome is X linked, the chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25%. If an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. Carrier females usually do not display symptoms of the disorder because it is usually the X chromosome with the abnormal gene that is \"turned off\".
Parents can undergo genetic testing to see if their child will get this syndrome, but most do not find out until they see the symptoms mentioned below.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
The signs and symptoms of blue diaper syndrome may include irritability, constipation, poor appetite, vomiting, and poor growth. Some children experience frequent fevers and intestinal infections.
Hypercalcemia could be a potential issue in affected children. Some children with blue diaper syndrome have eye or vision issues, particularly underdeveloped portions of the eye, including the cornea and optic disc.
## Genetics
Blue diaper syndrome affects males and females equally. The number of people affected in the general population is unknown.
Although the disease is most likely recessive, it could be X-linked.
Recent research indicates that mutations in the *LAT2* and *TAT1* genes might be involved in causing this syndrome.
It is linked to X linked gene and in order for a person to develop it, both parents must carry the gene. This syndrome is diagnosed through clinical evaluation and a fresh urine sample
## Diagnosis
A diagnosis is usually made through clinical evaluation, observing detailed patient history then identifying the possible characteristic symptoms and testing fresh urine samples to enhance such evidence.
## Treatment
Children with blue diaper syndrome are put on restricted diets. This is in effort to reduce kidney damage. Restrictions include: calcium, protein, vitamin D, and tryptophan. Calcium is restricted to help prevent kidney damage. Examples of food with high levels of tryptophan include turkey and milk. Diets are also expected to be low in protein, which will help prevent symptoms, along with restricting vitamin D intake. Antibiotics may be used to control or eliminate particular intestinal bacteria.
Genetic counseling can also be beneficial, as well as taking part in clinical trials
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# Paul McGrath (politician)
**Paul McGrath** (born 13 February 1948) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Longford--Westmeath and Westmeath constituencies from 1989 to 2007.
McGrath, a native of Ballymore, County Westmeath was educated at St Finian\'s College, Mullingar and at Leeds Trinity and All Saints College. Prior to entering national politics, he worked as a primary schoolteacher in County Westmeath.
McGrath was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1989 general election as a Fine Gael candidate in the Longford--Westmeath constituency, replacing the retiring Fine Gael TD, Patrick Cooney. He retained his seat in all subsequent elections, which since the 1992 general election has been part of the Westmeath constituency. In 1991, he was elected as a member of Westmeath County Council and Mullingar Town Council, and was a member of both bodies until his retirement from local politics in 2002.
In Dáil Éireann, he served as Fine Gael spokesperson on Public Works from 1993 to 1994 and as front bench spokesperson on Education in 1994, while Fine Gael were in opposition. During Fine Gael\'s period in government between 1995 and 1997, he was not appointed as a senior or junior minister, but was chairperson of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on the Family between 1995 and 1997.
In 1993 McGrath spoke against the decriminalisation of homosexuality. In the debate he remarked that \"if this Bill is passed, I am concerned about the possible effect on Irish society. Will we now see exhibitions in public by homosexuals holding hands, kissing, cuddling, etc? Is homosexual behaviour to be put on a par with heterosexual behaviour?\".
In the 29th Dáil elected in 2002, he was a member of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Finance and the Committee on the Houses of the Oireachtas, as well as being Fine Gael\'s deputy spokesperson on Finance.
In 2005, his Westmeath constituency was re-constituted into the new Longford--Westmeath constituency. In an unexpected move, McGrath retired at the 2007 general election. Among the reasons cited were his age, his dissatisfaction with Fine Gael\'s proposed candidate selection strategy in the new constituency, and that he felt it unlikely that he would be chosen as a minister if Fine Gael were returned to government
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# Curtis Manning (24)
**Curtis Manning** is a fictional character on the television series *24*, portrayed by Roger Cross.
## Characterization
Before joining CTU, he was a member of the Boston Police Department\'s SWAT unit and had served in the United States Army Special Forces during Operation Desert Storm. Manning had a B.A. degree in Sociology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
## Appearances
### 24: Season 4 {#season_4}
Manning was at this time the Chief of Staff of the Los Angeles Domestic Unit of the Counter Terrorist Unit under Special Agent in Charge Erin Driscoll. He used to be Head of Tactical and Assistant Director of Field Operations in that same unit. He came to Los Angeles from the Boston Domestic Unit, where he was a field agent and later that unit\'s Assistant Director of Field Operations.
Curtis was serving under Ronnie Lobell, who had replaced Jack Bauer as Director of Field Operations. When Lobell was killed in the line of duty, Jack is given the position again, and worked alongside Curtis for much of the day. He was briefly involved with CTU analyst Marianne Taylor, who was revealed to be a traitor. Throughout the day, he heads or takes part in many of the operations to capture Habib Marwan. During the final attempt to capture Marwan, Curtis was wounded in the arm by Marwan himself, but survived and stood alongside Jack to see the nuclear warhead be safely neutralized.
### 24: Season 5 {#season_5}
Curtis, now the Director of Field Operations initially suspects that Jack may be involved in the murders of David Palmer and Michelle Dessler, but Jack regains his trust during a hostage crisis at Ontario National Airport. This coincides with the arrival of a Division bureaucrat Lynn McGill, who is placed in charge of CTU to coordinate their efforts to find 20 canisters of Sentox nerve gas stolen by Vladimir Bierko.
Curtis aids Jack when CTU attempts to bring in terrorist conspirator Jacob Rossler. When in the lobby Curtis takes a bullet in the chest, hitting his bulletproof vest. He also aids in the interrogation of Rossler.
When Lynn begins to exhibit signs of mental instability, Curtis relieves him of command by invoking Article 112 (which allows a ranking agent to remove a mentally unfit director), shortly after which he reinstates Bill Buchanan.
Curtis later prevents a nerve gas attack on Tyler Memorial Hospital, meaning that he was away from CTU during a nerve gas attack that killed 40% of its staff. Afterwards, he again becomes Jack\'s partner in the field for the remainder of the crisis.
Curtis helps Jack and other CTU agents infiltrate and destroy a Gas Refinery being used as a distribution center for the Sentox nerve gas. Curtis survives and shortly thereafter Jack appears out of the smoke with Bierko. Curtis is told to take Bierko back to CTU Medical. During this time, Homeland Security have taken over CTU and removed all major staff, excluding Chloe O\'Brian. Curtis later leads a team that apprehends Christopher Henderson and kills his men.
Later, Curtis meets Jack at a Los Angeles Highway. He is able to avoid the U.S. Marines swarming the area and brings Jack to CTU safely. His last action in Day 5 comes in a sting operation to discover Bierko\'s last target, in which Curtis is non-critically injured.
### 24: Season 6 {#season_6}
At the start of Day 6, Curtis and Bill Buchanan meet Jack Bauer at an airfield as he is released from Chinese custody. He accompanies Bill primarily as backup in case Jack is mentally unstable.
President Wayne Palmer authorizes a pardon of Assad in exchange for his continued cooperation. Soon after, Jack learns Curtis\'s history with Assad: shortly after Desert Storm, Assad\'s fighters ambushed Curtis\'s Special Forces team, killing five outright and capturing --- and later publicly beheading --- two. Curtis was badly wounded and could not go after his captured comrades. As Curtis is transporting Assad to CTU, Jack realizes that Assad\'s life is in danger. Jack rushes outside and sees Curtis holding a gun to Assad\'s head. Jack raises his weapon and tells Curtis to drop his own, but Curtis refuses. Jack begs Curtis to let Assad go, telling him that he gave his word that he would protect him (Assad), and Jack never breaks his word. Curtis tells Jack that he \"can\'t let this animal live\". Left with no other option, Jack shoots Curtis in the neck, killing him
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# Emily (1976 film)
thumb \|Wilton House, main location of the film
***Emily**\'\', also known as***The Awakening of Emily**\'\', is a 1976 British erotic historical drama film set in the 1920s directed by Henry Herbert, produced and written by Christopher Neame, and starring Koo Stark.
The story revolves around a seventeen-year-old girl who is pursued by various middle aged men and women. The main setting of the film is Wilton House, which was the director\'s ancestral seat, and the countryside around it.
An X-rated film, it has a cast of mainstream actors including Victor Spinetti, Sarah Brackett, Constantin de Goguel, Ina Skriver, Jeremy Child, Jack Haig, and Richard Oldfield. Its music was composed and sung by the singer and poet Rod McKuen.
## Plot
Emily Foster is an American-born seventeen-year-old brought up in London. Her father died when she was a small child, while her mother, Margaret Foster, is supported by a lover. The film, set in 1928, follows Emily as she returns home from a finishing school in Switzerland to her mother\'s country house in the English countryside, where she meets several characters who would like to seduce her, and follows her induction into sensual pleasures. The film follows her interactions with these adult pursuers. Richard Walker, her mother\'s lover, is a middle-aged man-about-town who quietly sets his sights on Emily, while a young American writer and schoolteacher named James Wise tries to impress her by sensual acrobatics in his flying machine. However, her first sexual experience is an encounter with a woman --- Augustine Wain, a Swedish painter who lives nearby. Emily then has her first sexual encounter with a man, Wain\'s husband, the middle aged Rupert Wain in a scene indicating penetrative sex.
Meanwhile, perhaps intended to mark the contrast in the sexual mores of the different British classes at the time, housemaid Rachel (Jane Hayden) and her soldier boyfriend Billy (David Auker) are engaged to be married, but Rachel tries to insist on waiting until after their wedding before they have sexual intercourse.
## Cast
- Koo Stark as Emily Foster
- Sarah Brackett as Margaret Foster
- Victor Spinetti as Richard Walker
- Jane Hayden as Rachel
- Constantin de Goguel as Rupert Wain
- Ina Skriver as Augustine Wain
- Richard Oldfield as James Wise
- David Auker as Billy Edwards
- Jeremy Child as Gerald Andrews
- Jack Haig as taxi driver
- Jeannie Collings as Rosalind
- Pamela Cundell as Mrs Prince
## Production
The film was produced by Christopher Neame, who also wrote the screenplay, claiming to have completed it in seventeen hours. It was intended as a vehicle for him to move into production, and *Emily* did indeed become his first film. He secured the services of Henry Herbert as director, together with his large house and estate in Wiltshire as location. Neame later wrote that this was \"a country house of faded grandeur, but it suited the narrative well with its plush reds and rich greens, all set in a golden landscape\". Neame went on to produce *Danger UXB*, *The Flame Trees of Thika*, *The Irish R.M.*, *Soldier, Soldier*, and *Monsignor Quixote*.
The director, Henry Herbert, had begun by making documentaries about musicians but was directing only his second feature film. His first had been *Malachi\'s Cove* (1974), starring Donald Pleasence, which he had both written and directed, based on a short story by Anthony Trollope. The art director of *Emily*, Jacquemine Charrott Lodwidge, had also worked on *Malachi\'s Cove*. The film editor, Keith Palmer, had worked with Lodwidge on another country house picture, *Blue Blood* (1973), filmed at the nearby Longleat House. The film was Peter Bennett\'s first as assistant director.
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# Emily (1976 film)
## Release
### Box Office {#box_office}
*Emily* was a moderate success at the box office in the 1970s, but in the early 1980s it had a revival and did far better, gaining publicity due to a romance between Koo Stark and Prince Andrew. Around that time the film was often shown on HBO and other cable TV channels.
### Critical reception {#critical_reception}
The critics did not like the script. Alan Brien wrote in *The Observer* that Neame and Herbert should have been less tame with a scene in the drawing room, as censorship had been relaxed and the sexuality could have been more explicit. For Kenneth Tynan, *Emily* \"failed to get to first base\" in his realm of eroticism.
*Variety* wrote:
> Story set in England in 1928 deals with teenage Emily returning from finishing school and her subsequent sexual awakening. It is sufficiently well told to sustain screen interest throughout although the acting performance of the cast is collectively unimpressive. Director Henry Herbert lacks consistency, but given the modest budget has put a lot on the screen. Rod McKuen\'s music score is incongruous at times and never outstanding. A first-time effort for producer Christopher Neame (son of Ronald), this Brent Walker release is a classier than normal British-made entry with highly effective camera work by Jack Hildyard. It has good international playoff potential in selected situations with some strong built in exploitation angles, notably topliner Koo Stark, who will look good on posters, front of house stills, etc.
*The Motion Picture Guide* (1986) commented: \"Rod McKuen contributes a typically wretched soundtrack.\"
In their book *Great Houses of England & Wales* (1994), Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd and Christopher Simon Sykes later wrote: \"The present Lord Pembroke is (as Henry Herbert) a film and television director, best known for the Civil War drama series *By the Sword Divided* and for *Emily*, starring Miss Koo Stark.\"
The historian Simon Sebag Montefiore went to see the film while at school, expecting a skin flick, thanks to sensational press coverage, and later described it as \"one of the biggest disappointments of my adolescence\".
### Certification
In 1983, the film was rejected by the British Board of Film Classification because of a scene showing two women embracing in a shower.
### Aftermath
The film\'s leading lady, Koo Stark, suffered in later years from press misrepresentation. In a libel action in 2007, she won an apology and substantial damages from *Zoo Weekly*, which had described her as a porn star. She commented \"I am relieved that my name has been cleared of this false, highly damaging and serious allegation.\" In June 2019 Stark again won damages for libel in an action against Viacom, whose MTV company had referred to her in the same terms
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# North Para River
The **North Para River** is a river located in the Barossa Valley of the Australian state of South Australia.
The river\'s name is based directly on the Kaurna word *pari* which means river. The \"north\" descriptor distinguishes it from the South Para River with which it merges.
## Course and features {#course_and_features}
The North Para River rises in the Barossa Ranges near Eden Valley and follows a meandering path through the Barossa Valley, firstly north to the east of Angaston, then arcs around to the southwest to pass through the towns of Nuriootpa and Tanunda, before merging with the South Para River in Gawler forming the Gawler River. The river descends 351 m over its 79 km course.
The North Para River catchment is one of the key watersheds in the northern Mount Lofty Ranges. It plays a very important role in the economy of South Australia, providing much of the water used by viticulture in the Barossa Valley. Its waters are also used for livestock production, cereal cropping and recreation
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# Korora
***Korora oliveri***, also referred to as **Oliver\'s penguin**, is a genus and species of extinct penguin from the Waitakian Stage (Late Oligocene to Early Miocene) of New Zealand. It was relatively small and slender, similar in size to one of the larger crested penguins. The penguin was described by Brian Marples in 1952 from fossil material (a tarsometatarsus) he collected in the Hakataramea Valley, in the Canterbury region of the South Island. The genus name *Korora* is the Māori term for the extant little penguin. The specific epithet honours Walter Oliver (1883--1957) a former director of the Dominion Museum
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# Clash of the Tartans
***Clash of the Tartans*** is the second album by the band The Real McKenzies, originally released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). \"Mainland\" was the selected single, with an accompanying video directed by Danny Novak.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Stone of Kings\" (Real McKenzies, Walker) -- 2:35
2. \"Thistle Boy\" (Priske, Real McKenzies \...) -- 2:29
3. \"Mainland\" (Walker) -- 3:56
4. \"Kings o\' Glasgow\" (Chapman, Real McKenzies \...) -- 3:24
5. \"Will Ye Be Proud\" (MacLeod) -- 2:38
6. \"Ceilidh\" (McKenzie) -- 2:28
7. \"Wild Mountain Thyme\" (Francis McPeake) -- 1:45
8. \"Pagan Holiday\" (Walker) -- 3:43
9. \"Scots Wha\' Ha\'e\" (Burns, Priske, Walker) -- 2:53
10. \"Bastards\" (McKenzie, Robertson) -- 2:30
11. \"McPherson\'s Rant\" (Robert Burns, Real McKenzies) -- 2:56
12. \"To the Battle\" (McKenzies, Walker) -- 3:46
13. \"Auld Lang Syne\" (Robert Burns) -- 2:11
14. \"MacLeod\" (Macleod) -- 2:57
## Personnel
- Brian \"Who\" Else -- Engineer
- Randy \"Tex\" Iwata -- Layout Design, Cover Design
- Paul McKenzie -- Vocals
- Kurt Robertson - Guitars
- Rich Priske - Bass
- Anthony \"Tony Balony\" Walker - Guitars L
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# Barradão
**Estádio Manoel Barradas**, is a multi-purpose stadium in Salvador, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a current maximum capacity of 34,535 spectators. The stadium was built in 1986 and reinaugurated in 1991.
The Barradão is owned by Esporte Clube Vitória. The stadium is named after Manoel Barradas, who was a Vitória\'s counselor.
## History
In 1986, the works on Barradão were completed. The inaugural match was played on November 9 of that year, when Vitória and Santos drew 1-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Santos\' Dino.
In 1991, the stadium was reformed. The reinaugural match was played on August 25 of that year, when Vitória and Olimpia of Paraguay drew 1-1. The first goal of the stadium after the reinauguration was scored by Olimpia\'s Jorge Campos.
The stadium\'s attendance record currently stands at 51,756, set in 1999 when Vitória beat Atlético Mineiro 2--1
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# Estadio Ester Roa
**Estadio Alcaldesa Ester Roa Rebolledo** is a multi-purpose stadium in Concepción, Chile. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium was built in 1962, as **Estadio Regional**, with an original capacity of 35,000 people. In 2015, it was completely renovated with new seats and a roof; currently has a capacity of 30,448 seats.
Until 2010 it was known as Estadio Municipal de Concepción. The stadium took its new name, Ester Roa Rebolledo, who was a former Concepción city mayor.
The stadium was being renovated by Spanish company COPASA, but in May 2014, after continuing delays, the contract was terminated. In September 2014 the municipality of Concepción hired Chilean company Claro Vicuña Valenzuela to finish the works. The stadium was not completed in time to host two 2015 Copa América group stage matches, which were moved to Santiago\'s Estadio Monumental David Arellano. It was finally reopened on 25 June 2015, in time to host three Copa América matches.
The Ester Roa is currently the home stadium for Universidad de Concepción, Fernández Vial and Deportes Concepcion; Huachipato and Lota Schwager has also played some important home games at the stadium.
The highest ever recorded attendance was 43,340 on November 12, 1967 at the Primera Division match between Huachipato and Colo-Colo.
The stadium was also featured as a Copa América venue when the 1991 tournament was held in Chile.
In October 1987, the stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA U-20 World Cup.
In January 2004, it co-hosted the South American Pre-Olympic Tournament.
In October & November 2015, the stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA U-17 World Cup.
The stadium is also occasionally used for music concerts and athletics tournaments.
## 1991 Copa América {#copa_américa}
Date Team #1 Res. Team #2 Round Attendance
--------------- --------- ------ --------- ------------- ------------
July 8, 1991 4--2 First Round 18,798
July 12, 1991 4--1 10,000
## 2015 Copa América {#copa_américa_1}
Date Team #1 Res
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# Alejandro Villanueva Stadium
The **Estadio Alejandro Villanueva**, popularly known as **Matute**, is a football stadium located in the Matute neighborhood of the La Victoria district in Lima, Peru. The venue is owned by Club Alianza Lima, and it is here that the club plays at home in the Peruvian Primera División, and in international tournaments such as the Copa Libertadores or the Copa Sudamericana. With a capacity of 33,938, it is often nicknamed *La Caldera*, \'\'the Boiler\'\', for its intense atmosphere during home games. It is named after one of Alianza Lima\'s greatest ever players, Alejandro Villanueva.
The stadium was registered as an alternate venue of the Peru national football team for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification and was also considered as a possible venue for the 2019 Pan American Games held in Lima. It was designed by Uruguayan engineer, Walter Lavalleja, who also participated in the construction in seven other stadiums in South America.
## History
In 1951, the President of Peru donated the land where the Alianza Lima stadium would be built which was owned by the Peruvian State. On February 15, 195, in commemoration of the club\'s fiftieth anniversary, General Manuel Odría laid the first stone of the new stadium. However, due to economic problems, the project was postponed indefinitely. Initially, the stadium was planned to have a capacity of 60,000 spectators. During this stage, the idea of naming the stadium after the historic player Alejandro Villanueva arose, a fact that occurred decades later.
On April 11, 1965, it was announced at a press conference by Walter Lavalleja that a stadium was to be built in Lima for the club Alianza Lima. This was made possible by the president at that time, Manuel Odria, who donated a piece of land for the construction of the stadium. On May 30, 1969, the first phase of the project began.
The stadium was inaugurated with the \"Señor de Los Milagros\" tournament featuring Alianza Lima, city rivals Universitario de Deportes, Nacional of Uruguay, and Independiente of Argentina. The stadium opened on December 27, 1974, with a capacity of 36,966 spectators and was inaugurated with Alianza Lima drawing 2--2 with Nacional. On March 2, 1975, the first Peruvian Clásico at the stadium was held between Alianza Lima and Universitario, resulting in a 3--1 victory for the home team. Later, in July 1, 1975, the stadium held its first national team match, a friendly between Peru and Ecuador, in which Peru won 2--0. It was one the venues used by Peru during the 1975 Copa América, in which they won.
In December 1987, after the 1987 Alianza Lima plane crash, that was transporting the Alianza Lima squad from Pucallpa to Lima, the stadium hosted the wake of the bodies rescued from the waters of the Ventanilla Sea. In the following days, a double of international friendlies was held (Universitario vs Universidad Católica and Alianza Lima vs Independiente) with the purpose of raising money for the relatives of the Alianza Lima delegation, barristas and three referees. 40,019 spectators attended, making it the record attendance at the stadium.
The stadium has carried the club name since its opening. However, in 2000, with Alianza Lima\'s centennial anniversary approaching, the club rechristened the stadium name to Estadio Alejandro Villanueva in honor one of one their most important players, Alejandro Villanueva.Currently, the Blue and Whites Fund, a group of investors managed by the club, is considering development of an ambitious project for the expansion and total modernization of the stadium. This would include the 4 tribunes, playing field, underlying buildings, alternate court, Villa Intima and surroundings of the enclosure. The expansion is expected to provide Alejandro Villanueva with a capacity of 55,000 spectators. Multiple concepts for the future stadium were presented, but none were ever constructed.
On November 8, 2023, the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva held the away match between Alianza Lima and Universitario de Deportes to determine the champion of 2023 Liga 1. Previously, security measures were agreed between the National Police of Peru, and the Peruvian Football Federation. After Universitario\'s 2--0 victory, the stadium lights went out, preventing the award ceremony. Although the Universitario players celebrated with a flare thrown by an Alianza Lima fan. Days later, José Sabogal, Administrator of Alianza Lima, admitted to ordering the lights to be turned off after defeat for security, assuming responsibility for the consequences. The FPF\'s Justice Commission sanctioned Alianza Lima, prohibiting it from playing at home in its stadium for seven months in competitions organized by them, due to previous incidents and the blackout caused at the end of the match.
In June 2024, Alianza Lima presented a new, European style concept of the new stadium. With more money from the club, the new renovated stadium is now able to begin construction. It is planned to have a capacity of over 47,000 spectators and its construction is expected to begin between 2026 and 2027.
## Facilities
The main infrastructure of the stadium consists of the main field, three P10 LED screens of 25 m² each and an LED perimeter fence that is used to display advertising during matches. Likewise, the stadium has a lighting system of 1700 luxes, exceeding the CONMEBOL and FIFA requirements for international matches. As of 2025, the stadiums official capacity is 33,938, however in some cases it can increase to 35,000.
In the same way, within the stadium land is the complex of the club\'s lower divisions that includes the Teófilo Cubillas auxiliary field that is located behind the north stand, and the Intimate Village, which is the place where the first team is concentrated. The stadium grounds also contains administrative offices, gym, press room, trophy room, medical department, and a museum
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# Chemical Society Reviews
***Chemical Society Reviews*** is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, for review articles on topics of current interest in chemistry. Its predecessors were ***Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society*** (1947--1971) and ***Royal Institute of Chemistry, Reviews*** (1968--1971); it maintained its current title since 1972. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 40.4. The current editor-in-chief (chair of editorial board) is Jennifer Love (University of Calgary).
*Chemical Society Reviews* publishes occasional themed issues on new and emerging areas of research in the chemical sciences. These issues are edited by a guest editor who is a specialist in their field. Since 2005, *Chemical Society Reviews* has published reviews on topics of broad appeal, termed \"social interest\" reviews, such as articles on art conservation, forensics, and automotive fuels.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and UGC.
## Journal Rankings {#journal_rankings}
The table below provides an overview of recent bibliometric ranking indicators for *Chemical Society Reviews*:
Source Category Rank Percentile Quartile
---------------------- ------------------------------- ------- ------------ ----------
Scopus General chemistry (Chemistry) 2/408 99.51 Q1
IF (Web of Science) Chemistry, multidisciplinary 2/230 99.30 Q1
JCI (Web of Science) Chemistry, multidisciplinary 5/231 97.84 Q1
: Bibliometric rankings for *Chemical Society Reviews* (2023)
## Article types {#article_types}
*Chemical Society Reviews* publishes \"Tutorial reviews\" and \"Critical reviews\". The former are written to be of relevance both to the general research chemist who is new to the field, as well as the expert, whereas the latter aim to provide a deeper understanding of the topic in hand, but retain their accessibility through an introduction written for the general reader
| 277 |
Chemical Society Reviews
| 0 |
3,724,889 |
# William Peterfield Trent
**William Peterfield Trent, LL.D., D.C.L.** (10 November 1862 -- 7 December 1939) was an American academic and the author/editor of many books. He was a professor of English literature at Sewanee: The University of the South and Columbia University. While at Sewanee, he founded the *Sewanee Review* in 1892, a literary journal that continues to operate.
## Early life {#early_life}
Trent was born in Richmond, Virginia. His grandfather, Joseph Trent, had an M.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania. His father, Peterfield Trent, also became a doctor and served as a surgeon for the Confederate States Army during the war. His mother, née Lucy Carter Burwell, came from a long line of Virginians.
Trent was first educated at Thomas Norwood\'s University School. In 1880 he began studying at the University of Virginia, where his fellow students included Woodrow Wilson and Oscar W. Underwood. Here he became the editor of the *Virginia University Magazine* before graduation. He left with a master of arts. In 1887 he began studying at Johns Hopkins University. He was a member of the Seminary of Historical Political Science, which was directed by Herbert B. Adams. It was rare for a student to read more than one report per academic year for the Seminary, but Trent read three.
## Career
While still at university, Trent accepted an offer to teach at Sewanee: The University of the South. He served as professor of English and the acting professor of history in Sewanee, Tennessee, from 1888 until 1900, and from 1893 was dean of the academic department. While there, he founded (1892) and edited *The Sewanee Review*. He also created the Sewannee Historical Society at the University of the South. He was a speaker at the Vanderbilt Southern History Society at Nashville. Both groups were developed to build a stronger collection of history documents and books in the South.
In 1900, Trent became professor of English literature at Columbia University, in New York City. There he turned his attention to the study of Daniel Defoe and to English history and literature of the 1680 to 1730 period. He edited *Robinson Crusoe* and wrote a biography and bibliography of Defoe in ten volumes (in manuscript to 1916). He collaborated in numerous literary undertakings, for example *Colonial Prose and Poetry*, editions of Shakespeare and Thackeray and the *Cambridge History of American Literature*.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
In 1896 William P. Trent married Alice Lyman. They had two children, Lucia Trent and William P. Trent Jr. He resided in Hopewell Junction, New York.
Trent died on December 7, 1939, in Hopewell Junction.
## Works
- *English Culture in Virginia* (1889)
- *William Gilmore Simms* (1892)
- *Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime* (1897)
- *The Authority of Criticism* (1899)
- *Robert E. Lee* (1899)
- *John Milton* (1899)
- *War and Civilization* (1901)
- *Progress of the United States during the Nineteenth Century* (1901)
- *A History of American Literature 1807-1865* (1903)
- *A Brief History of American Literature* (1904)
- *Greatness in Literature, and Literary Addresses* (1905)
- *Longfellow and Other Essays* (1910)
- *Great American Writers* (with John Erskine) (1912)
- *Defoe --- How to Know Him* (1916)
- *A New South View of Reconstruction*
Edited works:
- *Select Poems of Milton* (1895)
- *Essays of Macaulay* (1897)
- *Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe* (1898)
- Balzac\'s *Comédie Humaine*, school text (1900)
- *Colonial Prose and Poetry*, school text (with B. W. Wells, 3 vols
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| 0 |
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# Estadio José Pachencho Romero
**Estadio José Encarnación \"Pachencho\" Romero** is a sports stadium in Maracaibo, capital of the Zulia state, in Venezuela. The stadium holds 40,800 spectators. The pitch was originally surrounded by both a running track and a scorched concrete cycling track, the latter being replaced with new stands due to the celebration of Copa América 2007.
The building is regarded as national cultural heritage of the Zulia state (code IFA 063,045). And their maintenance responsibility Case runs idem, Foundation attached to the Mayoralty Maracaibo. It was built because of the Bolivarian Sports Games of 1971 and remodeled on the occasion of the Games Central American and Caribbean Maracaibo 1998 in which the national team won a gold medal at the selection of Mexico. His name is in honor of a prominent athlete Zulia dedicated to athletics.
It was one of 9 locations in the Copa América Venezuela 2007 being the headquarters of the Grand Final, where they conducted a classic South American football selections found Argentina and Brazil, where the latter was entitled to defend his champion title Perú 2004.
On 2 July 2007 when he was still in development in the country\'s Copa América, the President of CONMEBOL Dr. Nicolás Leoz, announced that the Pachencho Romero stadium would host the World Cup Under-15 category 2008.
This stadium is one of many who belong to a conglomerate of several sports stadiums known as Polideportivo Luis Aparicio Jr. where others are also among the Luis Aparicio el Grande (baseball) and Peter Elías Belisario Aponte Gymnasium (basketball).
## Expansion and remodeling {#expansion_and_remodeling}
Prior to the Copa América, in the stadium renovation work was done to accommodate a total of 40,800 spectators with the addition of two new stands in the large space behind the arc and use the cycling track. In order to obtain the right to host the final, the local committee decided to increase the capacity, putting a platform in the velodrome which disappeared and was replaced by a VIP area with capacity for 8 thousand people. These renovations were made to mark of the 2007 Copa América, where the stadium was used as one of 9 officers and headquarters as the venue that hosted the final.
## 2007 Copa América {#copa_américa}
The Estadio José Pachencho Romero hosten five matches during 2007 Copa América, including the final.
+--------------+------------+------------+---------------------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| Date | Local time | Team No. 1 | Result | Team No
| 405 |
Estadio José Pachencho Romero
| 0 |
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# Rotorua International Stadium
**Rotorua International Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium located on Devon Street West in the Westbrook suburb of Rotorua, New Zealand. It is currently used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches, being one of three home stadiums for the Bay of Plenty Rugby Union (the others being Baypark Stadium and Tauranga Domain in Tauranga).
In addition, a softball field is sited at the northern end.
The stadium has a capacity of 26,000 people. The stadium was originally built in 1911, and renovated several times since. The stadium features a covered stand seating up to 5,000 with a concrete seating area on the western side of the field.
In rugby union the stadium has been used for the 1987 Rugby World Cup 3rd/4th playoff, Test matches and British and Irish Lions tours matches. To many it is considered the rightful home of Bay of Plenty rugby, despite the recent majority of home matches being scheduled in Tauranga.
Rotorua International Stadium has hosted four rugby league Test matches. The first, held on 16 July 1989 saw the Wally Lewis led Australians defeat New Zealand 8--0 in front of 26,000 fans. This remains the highest attendance at the venue for any sport. The second Test was held seven years later when New Zealand defeated Papua New Guinea 62--8 in front of only 4,800 fans on 5 October 1996. The last rugby league international held at the venue as of 2020 was when the Kiwis defeated the PNG Kumuls 76--12 in front of 6,000 fans. This match was played as part of the 2010 Rugby League Four Nations tournament.
The stadium hosted three matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The first game on 10 September saw Fiji defeat Namibia 49--25 in front of 10,100. Game two saw Samoa defeat Namibia 49--12 in front of 12,752 fans, while the final game at the stadium saw Ireland defeat Russia 62--12 in front of 25,661 fans.
In 2023 the stadium will host the annual NRL pre season NRL All Stars match
## Rugby league test matches {#rugby_league_test_matches}
List of rugby league test and World Cup matches played at Rotorua International Stadium.
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Test# | Date | Result | Attendance | Notes |
+=======+=================+========================================================================================================+============+====================================================+
| 1 | 16 July 1989 | def. `{{rl|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} 8--0 | 26,000 | 1989 Trans-Tasman Test series -- 2nd Test\ |
| | | | | First rugby league international played in Rotorua |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | 5 October 1996 | New Zealand `{{flagicon|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} def. `{{rl|PNG}}`{=mediawiki} 62--8 | 4,800 | |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | 14 October 2009 | New Zealand `{{flagicon|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} def. `{{rl|TON}}`{=mediawiki} 42--24 | 8,000 | |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | 30 October 2010 | New Zealand `{{flagicon|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} def
| 455 |
Rotorua International Stadium
| 0 |
3,724,942 |
# Dig (I Mother Earth album)
***Dig*** is the debut album by the Canadian rock band I Mother Earth, released by Capitol and EMI on August 10, 1993. The album was certified Gold in Canada in its initial run, and stands at platinum today. It also won a Juno Award in 1994 for *Best Hard Rock Album*.
The album was noted for its metallic sound, balanced with psychedelic-style lyrics and instrumentals, and further backed by Latin percussion. The latter two were often brought into play during lengthy jam sessions.
It is the band\'s only studio album not to feature bassist Bruce Gordon, who joined the band during the recording sessions and is credited in the album liner notes. However, his parts were actually performed by guitarist and composer Jagori Tanna.
## Personnel
- Edwin -- vocals
- Jagori Tanna -- guitars, backing vocals, bass (actual performer)
- Bruce Gordon -- bass (credited)
- Christian Tanna -- drums
### Additional musicians {#additional_musicians}
- Luis Conte -- percussion
- Armando Borg -- percussion
- Mike Finnigan -- Hammond B3 organ
## Track listing {#track_listing}
(All songs written by \"I Mother Earth\", later revealed to be Jagori and Christian Tanna) `{{Track listing
|title1 =The Mothers
|length1 = 2:34
|title2 =Levitate |
|length2 = 4:57
|title3 =Rain Will Fall
|length3 = 5:18
|title4 =[[So Gently We Go]]
|length4 = 7:04
|title5 =Not Quite Sonic
|length5 = 5:55
|title6 =Production
|length6 = 4:00
|title7 =Lost My America
|length7 = 6:29
|title8 =No One
|length8 = 6:56
|title9 =Undone
|length9 = 5:06
|title10 =Basketball
|length10 = 5:12
|title11 =And the Experience
|length11 = 5:54
|title12 =The Universe in You
|length12 = 8:19
|total_length = 67:50
}}`{=mediawiki}
## In other media {#in_other_media}
- \"Rain Will Fall\" and \"Levitate\" appeared on the soundtrack for the 2003 video game *True Crime: Streets of LA*
- \"Levitate\" is a downloadable track available for the games in the *Rock Band* series, being also featured in the *Metal Track Pack*
| 328 |
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| 0 |
3,724,945 |
# Georgia State Route 280
**State Route 280** (**SR 280**) is a generally south-to-north state highway located in the Atlanta metropolitan area in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It runs from Georgia 139 in western Atlanta to Interstate 75 (I-75) in Marietta. The road has the odd shape of a shepherd\'s hook.
## Route description {#route_description}
Georgia 280 begins in western Atlanta at an intersection with Georgia 139 (Martin Luther King Jr. Drive), where the roadway continues as **Hamilton E. Holmes Drive**. The route travels north along Hamilton E. Holmes Drive meeting I-20 at an interchange or exit 52, then continues north to an intersection with U.S. 78/U.S. 278/Georgia 8 (Donald Lee Hollowell Parkway). The route then continues on as **James Jackson Parkway**, to the Atlanta neighborhood of Riverside, where the route curves to the northwest. It then crosses the Chattahoochee River into Cobb County, where it is known as **South Cobb Drive**, and continues northwest until it is an interchange or exit 15 of I-285 in Smyrna, continuing through western portions of Smyrna.
In Fair Oaks, the route has a short concurrency with Georgia 5 at Austell Road. After arcing to the northeast past Chattahoochee Technical College\'s main campus, Georgia 5 departs the concurrency at Atlanta Road. (It is unclear why this arbitrary routing of SR 5 was chosen, since it could simply skip 280 and go directly from Austell Road to Atlanta Road -- itself an arbitrary rerouting from the original route through Powder Springs to an equally congested route through Austell.) Georgia 280 then curves to the southeast, passing through Dobbins Air Reserve Base, and then to the east to an intersection with U.S. 41/Georgia 3 or **Cobb Parkway**. There, SR 280 becomes known as **Delk Road**. The route heads nearly due east until it meets its northern terminus at I-75, exit 261 (former exit 111) in Marietta, though the roadway continues east as Delk Road. The road originally ended at Powers Ferry Road, but was extended a block eastward around 1989 to Terrell Mill Road, after a county sales tax was passed to fund it and other projects.
The route has at least four lanes north of Donald Lee Hollowell Pkwy and has six lanes in Marietta and between U.S. 41 and I-75.
Georgia 280 is a major urban arterial, with portions of the route seeing an average annual daily traffic (AADT) of over 30,000 vehicles, especially around Dobbins Air Reserve Base. It serves as a major commuter route in southern Cobb County and for those traveling to Dobbins Air Reserve Base and the adjacent Lockheed Martin plant in Marietta.
In 2006, the bridge over the Chattahoochee River was rated one of the worst in the state, according to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The bridge was rebuilt in 2008 by Georgia DOT. This new bridge was dedicated on August 8, 2012, to Georgia State Patrol Trooper First Class Chadwick "Chad" LeCroy, who was killed in the line of duty in December 2010.
## History
In northwest Atlanta, Georgia 280 was known as **Hightower Road**, but was renamed in 1996 to honor Hamilton E. Holmes. The Hightower MARTA station was likewise renamed as Hamilton E. Holmes station. Wayne Williams, suspected perpetrator of the Atlanta murders of 1979-1981, was pulled over by police on the Jackson Parkway Bridge over the Chattahoochee River in 1981: officers were staking out the bridge expecting the killer to dump a body into the river, and his car\'s presence on the bridge coincided with an officer hearing a loud splash; a body washed up several days later. Williams was convicted of that and one other murder in 1982, but maintains his innocence in those and the other Atlanta murders
| 621 |
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| 0 |
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# Digbeth Institute
The **Digbeth Institute** (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the **O~2~ Institute**) is a music venue located in Birmingham, England. The venue opened in 1908 as a mission of Carrs Lane Congregational Church. It has also served as an event centre, civic building and nightclub.
It has three main rooms: the 1,500-capacity main auditorium called O~2~ Institute1 (formerly \"The Institute\") which has two seated upper balcony levels, the downstairs room which holds up to 500 people called O~2~ Institute2 (formerly \"The Library\") and the 250-capacity upstairs room O~2~ Institute3 (formerly \"The Temple\").
The venue also used to house \"Un-Plug\", an intimate club with a capacity of 400, located in the building\'s cellar. The space formerly operated as the \"Midland Jazz Club\", \"Jug \'O Punch Folk Club\", Dance Factory and \"Barfly\".
## History
Designed by Arthur Harrison, it was officially opened 16 January 1908 by the wife of the Pastor of Carrs Lane Church, John Henry Jowett, as an institutional church associated with Carr\'s Lane Congregational Church. In the week that followed, it hosted a variety of acts. The area which surrounded it was predominantly slums and industrial buildings.
In 1954, the building was put up for sale by the trustees as they felt the building was not needed for its originally intended use. It was bought by Birmingham City Council in 1955 for £65,000 and was used as a civic hall. People known to have made speeches at the Digbeth Institute include Neville Chamberlain, Henry Usborne, Florence L. Barclay and Herbert Hensley Henson. The Church relocated to Yardley as Digbeth-in-the-Field Congregational Church.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s it housed the Midland Jazz club. Wrestling was held at the venue when it was known as Digbeth Civic Hall. Digbeth Civic Hall hosted the likes of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1983). In 1987, the building was used as a film studio by the Birmingham Film and Video Workshop for the Channel 4 film \'Out of Order\'. The venue also played a part as one of the main locations in the feature film \'Lycanthropy\', filmed in 2005--06.
In the 1985 and 1997, the venue was refurbished. In 1998, \"The Sanctuary\" opened, which was to be the original home of the Cambridge/Northampton born club night event Godskitchen. It also played host to other events such as: Atomic Jam, Uproar, Slinky, Sundissential, Athletico, Ramshackle, Insurrection, Inukshuk and Panic.
In 2005, Channelfly Company bought the downstairs \"cellar\" room, and turned it into the Birmingham Barfly. This 400 capacity venue was host to touring bands and local bands. The MAMA Group acquired Channelfly as a subsidiary in 2006.
In 2008, the MAMA Group took over the lease of the whole building. Work was started on renovating the building, especially the historic features. The work was due to be finished in September 2009 (but was not completed until March 2010). In January 2009, HMV bought a 9.9% stake in The MAMA Group (by taking 50% of the Mean Fiddler). In January 2010 HMV bought the remaining percentage of the MAMA group for £46 million.
After a £4 million refurbishment, the HMV Institute opened on 18 September 2010.
In December 2012, HMV sold its assets to Lloyds Development Capital (LDC) for under £8 million. In 2015, the venue was acquired by Live Nation, and re-branded as O~2~ Institute Birmingham, as part of the O~2~ Academy Group.
## Naming history {#naming_history}
- Digbeth Institute `{{small|(16 January 1908–1955;<ref>{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Robert T. |date=2005 |title=The Golden Age of Preaching: Men Who Moved the Masses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXX_X9p6H8oC&q=Digbeth%20Institute%201908&pg=PA282 |location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]] |publisher=[[iUniverse]] |page=282 |isbn=0595362222 }}</ref> August 1990–1998)}}`{=mediawiki}
- Digbeth Civic Hall `{{small|(1955–1990)}}`{=mediawiki}
- The Institute `{{small|(1990–1997)}}`{=mediawiki}
- Sanctuary Nightclub `{{small|(1998–2008)}}`{=mediawiki}
- HMV Institute `{{small|(18 September 2010–10 October 2015)}}`{=mediawiki}
- O~2~ Institute `{{small|(11 October 2015–present)}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Digbeth Institute
## Exterior
The exterior is a mixture of red brick and grey terracotta. The grey terracotta forms the more ornate features of the façade including the three towers, the 1.65-metre tall allegorical figures and the window and door frames. The six allegorical figures are believed to be the work of John Evans, the chief modeller for Gibbs & Canning. Two hold open books and two have musical instruments (a third\'s instrument is lost). The final figure holds a purse, representing public charity. The drawings of the building by Arthur Harrison do not include the figures, indicating that these were probably added in 1909. The building is Grade B locally listed
| 113 |
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| 1 |
3,724,988 |
# HyperZone
is a rail shooter video game developed and published by HAL Laboratory for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). It used the SNES\' Mode 7 capability.
## Gameplay
*HyperZone* is a rail shooter game. The object of the game is to navigate each level while shooting enemies and earning points until encountering a boss enemy, at the end of each level. After enough points are acquired, the player earns an extent and their ship is upgraded at the beginning of the next stage. The player\'s ship can receive up to six upgrades.
As a racing game, the resemblance is visual. The mode 7 tracks are similar to the well-known progenitor of mode 7 racing, *F-Zero*. As a scrolling shooter, it is also similar to *Star Fox* in that the player\'s ship is constantly pushed forward through each level. While it is possible to slow down, doing so gradually causes damage to the player\'s ship.
*HyperZone* contains eight levels. After the initial game is finished, it restarts from the beginning with the player continuing in their final ship and keeping score; the game loops infinitely.
## Synopsis
The game is set in the year 2089, where Earth has become unable to support life due to humankind\'s ignorance. The Earth Council has turned their attention to the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter - a place virtually untouched by civilization. But a hostile race of cybernetic beings has taken up residence there, and if humankind is to survive, the infestation must be eradicated\...
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
*HyperZone* has a resemblance to *Eliminator*, a game released for the Amiga and various 8-bit computers.`{{Or|date=June 2009}}`{=mediawiki} The game\'s perspective and its unusual landscapes were inspired by the \"Star Gate\" sequence of *2001: A Space Odyssey*. The offtrack landscape in the Material Factory (Area 1 in the US/European version, Area 3 in the Japanese version) is a tessellation of flashing tetrominos that resemble those in *Tetris*; the boss in Area 3 resembles the right part of the SNES controller, and buttons---of the same four colors as the Japanese and PAL region SNES logo---circle around it. Another HAL game, *Kirby\'s Dream Land 3*, references this game: The final area in the game is called Hyperzone, and several other areas share names.
Stereoscopic 3D support was partially added, but is not enabled unless the user enters a cheat code on the gamepad. It is supposed it requires LCD shutter glasses, or perhaps future programming to enable anaglyph.
### Regional differences {#regional_differences}
The Japanese version is called *Hyper Zone*, and its logotypes in and out of the game differ from those in the western version. Levels 1 and 3 underwent a graphics swap between the two versions: the level layout and enemy positioning (aside from each boss encounter) is still the same, but the graphics set and background music are different. It is unknown why this was done because levels 1 and 3 have bosses that do not fit into their respective color schemes in the western versions.
## Reception
According to *Nintendo Power*, *HyperZone* proved to be a top selling game in Japan. *Entertainment Weekly* gave the game an \"A\" rating, summarizing, \"With lots of practice, you can learn to forestall annihilation, but when you finally blow up (and believe me, you will finally blow up), it\'s like reliving every grisly driver\'s-ed film you saw in high school
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| 0 |
3,724,991 |
# U Know What's Up
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 110, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Flanders Tip|4|artist=Donell Jones|song=U Know What's Up|access-date=July 19, 2018|rowheader=true}}
^
``
| 27 |
U Know What's Up
| 0 |
3,724,997 |
# National Association of Private Special Education Centers
The **National Association of Private Special Education Centers** is a non-profit association that represents private special education centers and their leaders. The group promotes programs for individuals with disabilities and their families and advocates for access to alternative placements and services. It is the National Commission for the Accreditation of Special Education Services parent organization
| 63 |
National Association of Private Special Education Centers
| 0 |
3,725,004 |
# Josh Graves
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 56, column 5):
unexpected 's'
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;
^
``
| 19 |
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| 0 |
3,725,024 |
# Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
**The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press** (**RCFP**) is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., that provides pro bono legal services and resources to and on behalf of journalists. The organization pursues litigation, offers direct representation, submits *amicus curiae* briefs, and provides other legal assistance on matters involving the First Amendment, press freedom, freedom of information, and court access issues.
## History
The Reporters Committee was formed in 1970 after *New York Times* reporter Earl Caldwell was ordered to reveal his sources within the Black Panthers. This led to a meeting among journalists---including J. Anthony Lukas, Murray Fromson, Fred Graham, Jack Nelson, Robert Maynard, Ben Bradlee, Tom Wicker, and Mike Wallace, among others---to discuss the need to provide legal assistance and resources to protect journalists\' First Amendment rights. The journalists in attendance formed a part-time committee dedicated to this issue, and they eventually garnered enough support from foundations and news organizations to build a staff and recruit attorneys willing to volunteer their services.
Jack Landau, the Reporters Committee\'s first executive director, implemented many of the legal defense projects that are central to the organization today. He started the legal defense hotline for journalists seeking guidance on free press and information issues, the first magazine for the press devoted to news media law developments, and the first service center offering free help to the press on accessing federal and state public records.
In the early years after its founding, the Reporters Committee was a plaintiff in several early test-case lawsuits, including efforts to seek access to 41 million of President Richard Nixon\'s White House documents and tapes, as well as former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger\'s official telephone transcripts. Other lawsuits sought access to FBI arrest records, and to block telephone companies from giving secret access to media telephone records.
In 1985, Jane E. Kirtley replaced Landau as executive director. One of Kirtley\'s top priorities was ensuring journalists had access to knowledge of reliable legal resources. Under her direction, the Reporters Committee created the \'Open Government Guide\', an online resource that reviews the open records and open meetings laws in every state and Washington, D.C. The guide includes expert commentary from attorneys who are familiar with the provisions of their state\'s code, as well as court rulings and informal practices that affect the public\'s ability to obtain copies of public documents and attend government meetings. \'Agents of Discovery\' a series of installments reporting on subpoenas served to the news media, was another of Kirtley\'s major projects. Kirtley also led the Reporters Committee\'s efforts to produce \'The First Amendment Handbook\', a tool that provides basic information about media law for reporters and newsrooms and helped launch a fellowship program for the next generation of media attorneys.
Since 2012, Bruce Brown has served as the executive director of the Reporters Committee, and worked to expand the organization\'s pro bono legal services and resources. With the help of Legal Director Katie Townsend, who joined the organization in 2014, he has built a growing litigation practice that offers journalists and media organizations representation, amicus curiae support, and other legal services in cases involving public records and court access, subpoena and libel defense, and more.
In 2014, the Reporters Committee led an effort to unseal transcripts of witness testimony in a grand jury investigation of the *Chicago Tribune*. The newspaper ran a front-page story about the Battle of Midway. The subsequent grand jury investigation of reporter Stanley Johnston and the Tribune marks the only time in U.S. history that the government has attempted to prosecute a major newspaper for violating the Espionage Act for publishing leaked classified information. The Reporters Committee won the release of the transcripts, which are currently stored at the National Archives.
The Reporters Committee has been a part of several cases involving law enforcement\'s impersonation of journalists. In 2014, it was revealed that the FBI had impersonated an Associated Press reporter during the course of a 2007 investigation. The Reporters Committee and the AP filed a lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act for records around the FBI\'s policies for impersonation, and secured a victory in the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2017.
In 2016, the Reporters Committee and Time Inc. filed a motion with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to unseal documents from the 1999 class action lawsuit settlement regarding the construction of Trump Tower. In 2017, the case was returned to the district court, where the request was granted and documents detailing the terms of the more than \$1 million settlement were released for the first time.
In 2018, the Reporters Committee also filed a similar lawsuit over the FBI\'s impersonation of documentary filmmakers.
The Reporters Committee also filed a federal open records lawsuit in 2018 against U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security seeking access to records regarding the government\'s use of a summons authority in an attempt to force Twitter to reveal the users behind an anonymous account. A court order required CBP to release the records, which showed the summons had been issued improperly.
The Reporters Committee won a four-year lawsuit in 2018 on behalf of journalist Ziva Branstetter and Tulsa World over access to public records related to Oklahoma\'s botched execution of Clayton Lockett. The court ordered thousands of pages of records to be released and ruled for the first time that public officials\' delays in releasing the information violated the public\'s right of access and Oklahoma Public Records Act.
In 2022, representing the Los Angeles Times in court, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press forced the partial release of the search warrant affidavit in the Senator Richard Burr insider trading investigation.
In November 2024, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press helped the Institute for Nonprofit News secure press credentials for all of its 475 member news organizations
| 987 |
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| 0 |
3,725,026 |
# Imagined Communities
***Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism*** is a book by Benedict Anderson about the development of national feeling in different eras and throughout different geographies across the world. It introduced the term \"imagined communities\" as a descriptor of a social group---specifically nations---and the term has since entered standard usage in myriad political and social science fields. The book was first published in 1983 and was reissued with additional chapters in 1991 and a further revised version in 2006.
The book is widely considered influential in the social sciences, with Eric G.E. Zuelow describing the book as \"perhaps the most read book about nationalism.\" It is among the top 10 most-cited publications in the social sciences.
## Historical argument {#historical_argument}
According to Anderson\'s theory of imagined communities, the main historical causes of nationalism include:
- the increasing importance of mass vernacular literacy,
- the movement to abolish the ideas of rule by divine right and hereditary monarchy (\"the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm\....\[N\]ations dream of being free\...The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state\...\", 1991, 7);
- and the emergence of print capitalism (\"the convergence of capitalism and print technology\... standardization of national calendars, clocks and language was embodied in books and the publication of daily newspapers\")
All of these phenomena coincided with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
## Nation as an imagined community {#nation_as_an_imagined_community}
According to Anderson, nations are socially constructed. For Anderson, the idea of the \"nation\" is relatively new and is a product of various socio-material forces. He defined a nation as \"an imagined political community---and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign\". As Anderson puts it, a nation \"is imagined, because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet, in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.\" While members of the community probably will never know each of the other members, face-to-face, they identify as part of the same nation and may have similar interests. Members hold, in their minds, a mental image of their affinity: the nationhood felt with other members of your nation when your \"imagined community\" is in conflict with neighboring nations or when participating in an international event such as the Olympic Games.
Nations are \"limited\" in that they have \"finite, if elastic boundaries, beyond which lie other nations\". They are \"sovereign,\" since no dynastic monarchy can claim authority over them, in the modern period: `{{quote|text=[T]he concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism [incongruence, divide] between each faith's ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gauge and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.<ref name="ic"/>}}`{=mediawiki} Even though we may never see anyone in our imagined community, we still know they are there through communication means, such as newspapers. He describes the act of reading a daily paper as a \"mass ceremony:"
> \"It is performed in silent privacy, in the lair of the skull. Yet each communicant is well aware that the ceremony he performs is being replicated simultaneously by thousands (or millions) of others of whose existence he is confident, yet of whose identity he has not the slightest notion.\" (35)
Finally, a nation is a community, because, `{{quote|regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.<ref name="ic"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Imagined Communities
## Critique
The first major critique of Anderson\'s theory was Partha Chatterjee, who contends that European colonialism de facto imposed limits to nationalism: \"Even our imaginations must remain, forever, colonized\" (Chatterjee, 1993: 5).
Feminist historians, such as Linda McDowell, have noted a much broader but also unreflexive acceptance of nationalism, as a gendered vision: \"the very term horizontal comradeship \[\...\] brings with it connotations of masculine solidarity\" (McDowell, 1999: 195). *Imagined Communities* does not directly address the gendered nature of nationalism.`{{fact|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Adrian Hastings criticized the modernist interpretations of Anderson and another Marxist historian, Eric Hobsbawm, for restricting the emergence of nationalism to the modern period and the eighteenth century as ignoring the national feelings of the medieval period and the framework for national coexistence within the Bible and Christian theology.
Dean Kostantaras argued that Anderson\'s study of nationalism was far too broad, and the topic required a much more thorough investigation.
Writing in a retrospective essay for *The New Republic* in 2024, Samuel Clowes Huneke argued that the book suffered from flaws in its Marxist framework, stating that it \"cannot explain the devotion that nations have and continue to inspire,\" while arguing, further, that Anderson\'s emphasis on \"nations inspiring love\" ignores a history of racism in the rise of nationalism, ultimately claiming that while the book \"offers a compelling account of nationalism's origins, then, it speaks little to the guises in which nationalism has reappeared in the twenty-first century, at the same time \"\[t\]he notion that the conjoined spread of capitalism and nationalism---both of which were amply wrapped up in colonialism---had nothing to do with racism is risible
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# Estádio Municipal João Lamego Netto
**Estádio Municipal João Lamego Netto**, usually known as **Lamegão** or **Ipatingão**, is a multi-purpose stadium in Ipatinga, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. Ideal futebol Clube usually play their home matches at the stadium. Social Futebol Clube, from the neighbor city Coronel Fabriciano, has its own stadium, but sometimes plays its home matches at Ipatingão, because of its larger capacity and better structure. The stadium has a current maximum capacity of 10,000 people and was built in 1982.
Lamegão is owned by the Ipatinga. It is named after a former mayor of Ipatinga named João Lamego Netto. The stadium was previously named Estádio Municipal Epaminondas Mendes Brito, after Epaminondas Mendes Brito, who was the engineer responsible for the stadium\'s construction. He died shortly before the stadium inauguration.
## History
In 1982, the works on Ipatingão were completed. The inaugural match was played on November 23 of that year, when Cruzeiro beat Ipatinga All Stars 3--0. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Cruzeiro\'s Eudes.
The stadium\'s attendance record currently stands at 25,000, set on April 7, 1996 when Atlético Mineiro beat Cruzeiro 2--1.
It was renamed to Estádio Municipal João Lamego Netto in 2011, after the former mayor of Ipatinga João Lamego Netto died in April of that year.
<File:Na> cadeiras do Ipatingão Ipatinga-x-Vasco-2009.jpg\|Interior <File:Foto> Matheus Luan - Ipatinga Inter-22 (36689730493)
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# Alfred Hertz
**Alfred Hertz** (15 July 1872 -- 17 April 1942) was a Prussian-born conductor.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in Frankfurt, Province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia (in present-day Germany). As a child, he contracted infantile paralysis and walked with a cane after that.
In 1898, Hertz met the British composer Frederick Delius, who was then living in Paris, and on 30 May 1899, at the age of 26, Hertz conducted the first concert of Delius\'s music, in St James\'s Hall in London.
## Career
Hertz first came to prominence conducting Wagner at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Some of the performances he conducted were experimentally recorded by the Met\'s librarian Lionel Mapleson on what are now known as the Mapleson Cylinders and later issued on LP. He first came to San Francisco as a conductor of the Metropolitan Opera during its 1906 tour and was present when the city was devastated by earthquake and fire.
In 1913 he conducted the Berlin Philharmonic\'s first recording session, in excerpts from *Parsifal*. He later became music director of the San Francisco Symphony, a post he held from 1915 to 1930, receiving praise and a cover story in *Time* for his leadership and accomplishments. Longtime San Francisco violinist David Schneider noted, in his history of the orchestra, that Hertz returned as a guest conductor of the orchestra after 1930.
Hertz led the San Francisco Symphony\'s first recordings, for the Victor Talking Machine Company, released from 1925 to 1930. The initial recordings were made with the old acoustical process in Victor\'s Oakland plant, where the orchestra\'s first electric recordings were also made; the 1927 recordings were made in the Columbia Theater, which was renamed the Geary Theater, in San Francisco, and the 1928 sessions took place in Oakland\'s Scottish Rite Auditorium. The recordings have been digitally remastered and were issued for the first time on CD by Pristine Classical, as the San Francisco Symphony celebrated its centennial during the 2011-2012 season.
Hertz also conducted the orchestra in its first radio broadcasts, beginning in 1926. After 1930, Hertz guest conducted the orchestra, including *The Standard Hour* radio broadcasts on NBC. Hertz spent much of later life in Berkeley, California (where a UC Berkeley concert hall, the Alfred Hertz Memorial Concert Hall, is named after him), but died in San Francisco, at age 69 from heart disease.
Hubert Roussel, longtime music critic for the *Houston Post*, notes that Hertz also served as a guest conductor for the Houston Symphony during its 1935--1936 season (a period when it was without a music director), calling Hertz\'s concerts there a turning point in that orchestra\'s search for quality. The guest conductor insisted that the orchestra\'s board hire five new musicians he considered needful, and gave the then-provincial Texas ensemble \"the most strict and intensive music lessons it had ever sustained.\" Writes Roussel: \"No one who attended that season would ever forget the visit of its midwinter conductor, or the things he did with the orchestra\.... \[Alfred Hertz\'s concerts\] form a cardinal page in the musical history of the city, for they showed it for the first time what its orchestra could be like, given certain improvements and with the full authority present before it
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# São Paulo Brazil Temple
{{ LDS Temple/São Paulo Brazil Temple \|format= Infobox LDS Temple }} The **São Paulo Brazil Temple** (formerly the **São Paulo Temple**) is the 19th constructed and 17th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Located in the Brazilian city of São Paulo, it was the first Latter-day Saint temple built in South America, and the first to use a single story, single spire design. The spire is 101 feet (31 m) tall. The intent to build the temple was announced on March 1, 1975, by church president Spencer W. Kimball at an area conference. A groundbreaking ceremony, to signify the beginning of construction, was held on March 20, 1976, conducted by James E. Faust.
## History
### The LDS Church in Brazil {#the_lds_church_in_brazil}
There have been church members in Brazil since 1913, when German immigrants and church members, Max and Amalie Zapf, immigrated to the country. Several more church members immigrated to Brazil in the 1920s, but the church\'s first missionaries weren't sent until 1928, with the first converts baptized in 1929. In 1930, the first branch was established. The church continued to grow in Brazil, reaching 3.700 members by the end of the 1950s. As of 2012, the church had over a million members in Brazil, and Brazil has the "third-largest Church population in the world, after the United States and Mexico."
### The São Paulo Temple {#the_são_paulo_temple}
The intention to construct a temple in São Paulo was announced by the LDS Church on March 1, 1975, with construction beginning twelve months later. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on March 20, 1976, marking the commencement of construction. This ceremony was presided over by James E. Faust and attended by local church members and community leaders. Hundreds of local church members gathered to clear the site, which included removing brush, weeds, and banana trees. Hundreds more members donated their time to produce fifty thousand blocks of cast stone composed of quartz, marble chips, and white concrete for the exterior of the temple. It was dedicated on October 30, 1978, by church president Spencer W. Kimball. The temple has two ordinance rooms and four sealing rooms, and has a total floor area of 59,246 square feet (5,504 m^2^).
On August 20, 2003, a gold-leafed statue of the angel Moroni was added to the temple during an extensive renovation and enlargement project 25 years after its dedication. Church president Gordon B. Hinckley rededicated the temple on February 22, 2004.
In 2020, like all the church\'s temples, the São Paulo Brazil Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
## Design and architecture {#design_and_architecture}
The building has Spanish-influenced modern design, coupled with a traditional Latter-day Saint temple design. Designed by Emil B. Fetzer, the temple\'s architecture reflects both the cultural heritage of the region and the spiritual significance to the church.
### Site
The temple sits on a 1.85-acre plot, and the landscaping around the temple features flowerbeds and a water fountain. These elements provide a tranquil setting that enhances the sacred atmosphere of the site. There is also a visitors\' center on the temple grounds.
### Exterior
The structure stands 101 feet tall, constructed with reinforced concrete faced with quartz and marble aggregates. The exterior is characterized by a single attached end spire with an angel Moroni statue, elements which were each chosen for their symbolic significance and alignment with temple traditions. The design uses elements that reflect both the local culture and the broader church symbolism.
### Interior
The temple includes a baptistry, two ordinance rooms, four sealing rooms, and a celestial room, each arranged for ceremonial use. Symbolic elements are integrated into the design, providing deeper meaning to the temple\'s function and aesthetics.
### Symbols
Incorporated into the design are symbolic elements representing Latter-day Saint symbolism, which provide deeper spiritual meaning to the temple\'s appearance and function. Symbolism is important to church members. Church members believe temples function as literal houses of the Lord, and symbolize the relationship between him and his followers.
## Renovations
Over the years, the temple has undergone several renovations to preserve its structural integrity, update facilities, and enhance its spiritual and aesthetic appeal. The most significant renovation project commenced in 2002.
The renovations included expanding the temple, updating the mechanical systems, and adding a statue of the Angel Moroni to the spire. These changes were made to ensure the temple\'s compliance with contemporary building standards and to accommodate the evolving needs of the church and its members.
The renovation included refurbishment of the original furniture, which was made in the factory of Walter Spat, who was the first president of the first stake in Brazil. The furniture "remains in excellent condition because of the high quality of the original work." This highlights the care taken to maintain the original design of the temple.
The renovated temple was rededicated on February 22, 2004, by Gordon B. Hinckley.
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# São Paulo Brazil Temple
## Cultural and community impact {#cultural_and_community_impact}
The temple and its surrounding grounds hosted a cultural celebration on February 21, 2004, to commemorate the temple's rededication. Despite torrential rain, approximately 60,000 people gathered in Pacaembu Stadium for the event. The celebration featured dancers in traditional costumes, characters from Brazilian children's literature, and a 1,200-person choir.
The visitors\' center helps educate and spiritually uplift the community by providing insights into the history of the church in Brazil. The visitors\' center was dedicated on January 21, 2019, and was the first visitors' center in South America. It is equipped with a Christus statue and interactive exhibits. The visitors' center provides members and non-members with understanding of "the love of the Brazilian people for one another and for the Savior" and the temple\'s unique place in church history.
## Temple presidents {#temple_presidents}
The church\'s temples are directed by a temple president and matron, each serving for a term of three years. The president and matron oversee the administration of temple operations and provide guidance and training for both temple patrons and staff.
The first president of the São Paulo Brazil Temple was Finn B. Paulsen, with the matron being Sara M. Paulsen. They served from 1978 to 1979. As of 2024, Reinaldo de Souza Barreto is the president, with Glaucia R. Barreto serving as matron.
Other notable temple presidents include: Helio R. Camargo (1990--93); Athos M. Amorím (1993--96); and Jairo Mazzagardi (2006--09).
## Admittance
When the temple was completed, an open house was held in September 1978. The temple was then dedicated by Spencer W. Kimball in ten sessions from October 30-November 2, 1978. Following the temple's renovation period from 2002-2004, another open house was held from January 17-February 14, 2004, with around 99,000 people attending. The temple was then rededicated on February 22, 2004, by Gordon B. Hinckley. Like all the church\'s temples, it is not used for Sunday worship services. To members of the church, temples are regarded as sacred houses of the Lord. Once dedicated, only church members with a current temple recommend can enter for worship. The visitors' center is available to the public
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# List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
This is a **list of films condemned by the National Legion of Decency**, a United States Catholic organization. The National Legion of Decency was established in 1933 and reorganized in 1965 as the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures (NCOMP). Under each of these names, it rated films according to their suitability for viewing, assigning a code of A, B, or C, with that of C identified as \"Condemned\" for viewing by Catholics. The C rating was issued from 1933 until 1978. The Legion\'s ratings were applied to movies made in the United States as well as those imported from other countries. Since it reviewed films when released for distribution, the Legion usually rated non-U.S. films a few years after their first release in their country of origin, occasionally years after. For example, it rated Marcel Pagnol\'s 1936 *César* in 1948 and Marlene Dietrich\'s 1930 *The Blue Angel* in 1950.
The rating system was revised in 1978 and the designation \"condemned\" has not been assigned to films since then. Instead, films that would earlier have been rated C or B were all rated O, which meant \"morally offensive\". NCOMP reassigned ratings to old films based on its new system, making it impossible to determine from their own database whether a film it now classifies O was originally B or C. In 1980, NCOMP ceased operations, along with the biweekly *Review*, which by then had published ratings for 16,251 feature films.
Legion-organized boycotts made a C rating harmful to a film\'s distribution and profitability. In some periods the Legion\'s aim was to threaten producers with a C rating, demand revisions, and then award a revised B rating. At other times the Legion, preferring to avoid the notoriety and publicity that films gained from having a C rating revised to B, refused to remove their original rating, which resulted in industry self-censorship that achieved the Legion\'s aims with less public conflict. For example, Elia Kazan\'s *A Streetcar Named Desire* was cut by 4 minutes to avoid a C rating, and Billy Wilder cut scenes from the original play to avoid a C for *The Seven Year Itch*. *Spartacus* underwent similar editing to avoid a C rating.
Most condemned films were made outside of the studio system, being either exploitation films produced by Poverty Row studios or movies made outside the United States for audiences that were principally non-American and non-English speaking, often distributed by exploitation presenters. Of the 53 movies the Legion had placed on its condemned list by 1943, only Howard Hughes\' *The Outlaw* was the product of a major U.S. studio and it would not receive a wide release until 1946. After *The Moon is Blue* (1953) and *Baby Doll* (1956) received C ratings, it was a decade before two more major Hollywood movies received the C rating: *The Pawnbroker* (1964) and *Kiss Me, Stupid* (1964).
Films are often reported to have been condemned in general terms, that is, they were criticized or even denounced, when they did not receive the Legion\'s C rating. Some rely on a list of films that were condemned early in the 1930s by the Archdiocese of Chicago in advance of the Legion of Decency\'s rating system, Turner Classic Movies, for example, has programmed a festival of \"Movies Condemned by the Catholic Legion of Decency\" that included several that were not rated C by the Legion.
## 1936
- *Adolf Strongarm*, a Swedish import (*Adolf Armstarke*).
- *Extase* or *Ecstasy* (1933), an import from Czechoslovakia.
- *Elysia* (1933), an exploitation pseudo-documentary about nudism by Bryan Foy
- *Les Amours de Toni* (1935), a French import directed by Jean Renoir.
- *Carnival in Flanders*, a French import
- *Gambling with Souls*, an exploitation film described by *The New York Times* as \"a so-called exposé of the vice racket\".
- *Living Dangerously*, an English import produced by British International Pictures.
- *Pitfalls of Youth*, possibly an alternative title for the exploitation film *Marihuana*, by Dwain Esper.
- *The Private Life of Henry VIII* (1933), an English import starring Charles Laughton.
- *Whirlpool of Desire*, a French import originally titled *Remous*.
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# List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
## 1937 {#section_1}
- *Assassin of Youth*, an exploitation film about marijuana.
- *Club de femmes* (1936), a French import.
- *Damaged Goods*, an exploitation film released by Grand National Films Inc., a minor producer-distributor that operated from 1936--1939. Also distributed as *Marriage Forbidden*.
- *Damaged Lives*, a sexploitation film about venereal disease, purportedly commissioned by a health council.
- *The Lie of Nina Petrovna*, a French import.
- *Lucrezia Borgia* (1935), a French historical drama directed by Abel Gance.
- *Slaves in Bondage*, an exploitation film about prostitution.
## 1938 {#section_2}
- *Children of the Sun*, an exploitation pseudo-documentary.
- *Human Wreckage*, a sexploitation film about venereal disease, also distributed as *Sex Madness*.
- *It\'s All in the Mind* (1937), an exploitation film by Bernard B. Ray, dealing with hypnosis with a sex-positive message.
- *The New Testament* `{{aka}}`{=mediawiki} *Indiscretions*, a French comedy from Sacha Guitry.
- *Orage*, a French import, which the Legion calls *L\'Orage*.
- *The Pace That Kills* (1935), an exploitation film about cocaine use.
- *The Puritan*, a French import.
- *Race Suicide*, an exploitation film about prostitution and abortion.
- *The Wages of Sin*, an exploitation film about prostitution.
## 1939 {#section_3}
- *The Human Beast* (1938), a French import originally titled *La Bête Humaine*, directed by Jean Renoir.
- *Le Jour Se Lève* or *Daybreak*, a French import directed by Marcel Carné, condemned for its \"general atmosphere of sordidness and abnormality\".
- *Last Desire (1939 film)*, a French--Italian import.
- *Mad Youth*, an exploitation film by Willis Kent.
- *Rasputin*, a French import directed by Marcel L\'Herbier.
- *Reefer Madness*, an exploitation film about marijuana by George Hirliman, also distributed as *Tell Your Children*.
- *Sinful Daughters*, a sexploitation film about abortion endorsing birth control.
- *Smashing the Rackets*, an exploitation film loosely based on the early career of Thomas E. Dewey.
- *With a Smile*, a French import directed by Maurice Tourneur.
## 1940 {#section_4}
- *Hôtel du Nord*, a French import directed by Marcel Carné.
- *The Kiss of Fire*, a French import
- *Lash of the Penitentes* (1936/1937), an exploitation film from Harry Revier.
- *The Merry Wives*, a Czech import.
- *Pépé le Moko* (1937), a French import directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Jean Gabin.
- *Souls in Pawn*, a sexploitation film, one of several directed by Melville Shyer.
- *Stolen Paradise*, a sexploitation film by George Hirliman, also released as *Adolescence* and condemned by the Legion under that title.
- *Strange Cargo*, initially condemned. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer made revisions and the Legion changed its rating to \"unobjectionable for adults\".
- *This Thing Called Love*, initially condemned for failing to reflect the \"Christian concept of marriage\"; the Legion revised the rating to B after Columbia Pictures removed fifteen lines of dialogue the Legion objected to.
- *Time in the Sun*, a documentary compiled from footage shot by Sergei Eisenstein. The Legion called its account of Mexican history \"an ideological perversion of the subject to purposes of Marxian Communism\".
## 1941 {#section_5}
- *City of Sin*, a sexploitation film
- *Fighting the White Slave Trade*, a sexploitation film.
- *Nine Bachelors*, a French import.
- *The Girl from Maxim\'s* (1933), a British import. The Legion said: \"Vice is portrayed attractively; virtue ridiculed.\"
- *No Greater Sin*, a sexploitation film about a campaign to prevent the spread of venereal disease.
- *Le Roi* (1936), a French import.
- *Two-Faced Woman*, Greta Garbo\'s last film, initially condemned for its \"immoral and un-Christian attitude toward marriage and its obligations; impudently suggestive scenes, dialogue, and situations; \[and\] suggestive costumes\". Within a month Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer made changes sufficient for the Legion to revise its rating to B.
- *Volpone (1941 film)*, a French film directed by Maurice Tourneur.
## 1942 {#section_6}
- *Passion Island*, a Mexican import directed by Emilio Fernández as *La Isla de la Pasiòn*.
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# List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
## 1943 {#section_7}
- *¡Ay qué tiempos señor don Simón!*, a Mexican import.
- *Child Bride* (1938), also presented under the title *Dust to Dust*, an exploitation film about underage marriage.
- *Confessions of a Vice Baron*, a sexploitation film.
- *Tentaciòn*, a Spanish import directed by Fernando Soler.
- *The Outlaw*, a Western produced and directed by Howard Hughes, initially condemned. Rating changed to B in 1950 after revisions.
## 1945 {#section_8}
- *Mom and Dad*, a sexploitation film that purported to teach sexual hygiene.
## 1947 {#section_9}
- *Black Narcissus*, a British import from the Powell and Pressburger team about Anglican nuns challenged by life in an exotic environment, initially condemned. The Legion reclassified it A-II (morally unobjectionable for adults) after revisions to \"all prints of this film\".
- *Forever Amber*, when 20th Century Fox encountered distribution problems because of the C rating, its president Spyros Skouras got the Legion to call off its pickets and boycott campaign by making cuts to the film, adding \"an innocuous prologue\", and making \"a humiliating public apology\" to the Legion.
- *Nais*, a French import.
## 1948 {#section_10}
- *The Bandit*, an Italian import starring Anna Magnani.
- *César*, a French import from 1936 by Marcel Pagnol, in which the Legion found \"Irreverent and blasphemous treatment of religious practices\".
- *Dedee*, a French import condemned for its \"low atmosphere\" and \"sordidness\".
- *Devil in the Flesh*, a French import condemned for its \"sympathetic portrayal of illicit actions.\"
- *Fric-Frac*, a French import produced a decade earlier.
- *The Genius and the Nightingale*, an Italian import produced in 1943 and titled *Maria Malibran*, a biopic of soprano Maria Malibran (1808--1836).
- *Incorrigible*, a Swedish import (*Rötägg*) directed by Arne Mattsson.
- *Merry Chase*, an Italian import (*La resa di Titì*) starring Rossano Brazzi.
- *Passionelle*, a 1947 French film by Roger Blin, also known as *Pour une nuit d\'amour*, initially condemned. Rated B following revisions for copies distributed in the U.S. and Canada.
- *The Room Upstairs*, a French import starring Marlene Dietrich and Jean Gabin.
- *Sins of the Fathers*, a Canadian import.
- *Street Corner*, an exploitation film.
- *Torment*, 1944 Swedish film with a screenplay by Ingmar Bergman, initially condemned. When revised, its rating was changed to B for prints distributed in the U.S.
- *When Love Calls*, an Italian romantic musical.
## 1949 {#section_11}
- *The Blue Lagoon*, a British import from director Frank Launder, starring Jean Simmons, condemned as \"too shocking and almost pornographic\". Universal-International cut 15 minutes for its U.S. release to satisfy the Legion of Decency.
- *The Devil\'s Sleep*, an exploitation film.
- *Germany, Year Zero*, an Italian import from director Roberto Rossellini.
- *Hollywood Burlesque*, an exploitation film featuring a filmed performance from the Hollywood Theater, San Diego.
- *Just a Big Simple Girl*, a French import condemned as \"totally lacking in moral compensation\".
- *Rozina, the Love Child*, a Czech import.
- *The Story of Bob and Sally*, an exploitation film.
- *The Wench*, a French import.
## 1950 {#section_12}
- *Bitter Rice*, an Italian import (*Riso Amaro*), initially condemned for \"Suggestive situations and costuming. Suicide in plot solution.\" Revisions earned a B rating, which applied only to prints in the U.S.
- *The Blue Angel* (1930), a release of the original German-language version of the film starring Marlene Dietrich.
- *Bullet for Stefano*, an Italian import starring Rossano Brazzi
- *Flesh Will Surrender*, an Italian import.
- *Gigi*, a French import starring Danièle Delorme.
- *Hoboes in Paradise*, a French import.
- *Jungle Stampede*, which according to the Legion \"purports to be a documentary and educational in nature\" but condemned for its handling of its subject matter, \"native customs and habits\".
- *Lovers of Verona*, a French import.
- *Manon*, a French import; the Legion said it \"condones immoral actions\".
- *No Orchids for Miss Blandish*, a British gangster film.
- *Oh, Amelia*, a French import.
- *The Paris Waltz*, a French import.
- *a Royal Affair (film)*, a French import starring Maurice Chevalier.
- *Scandals of Clochemerle*, a French import.
- *The Sinners (film)*, a French import directed by Julien Duvivier.
- *Los Olvidados* (also known as *The Young and the Damned*), a Mexican film directed by Luis Buñuel.
## 1951 {#section_13}
- *Behind Closed Shutters*, an Italian import.
- *It\'s Forever Springtime*, an Italian import.
- *Latuko*, a sexploitation film in the form of an anthropological pseudo-documentary about a tribe in Sudan better known as the Lotuko people.
- *A Lover\'s Return*, a French import.
- *La Marie du port*, a French import starring Jean Gabin.
- *Miss Julie*, a Swedish import.
- *Paris Nights (film)*, a French import.
- *The Raven*, a French import.
- *La Ronde*, a French import directed by Max Ophüls starring Simone Signoret.
- *Scarred*, an Italian import starring Anna Magnani.
- *She Shoulda Said No!*, a film about the dangers of marijuana.
- *The Ways of Love*, the umbrella title used for distributing three foreign language films, which the Legion condemned as a group. The principal film, both in length and in terms of the controversy it generated, was Roberto Rossellini\'s *The Miracle* (1948), distributed in Europe as *L\'Amore* with a companion film, *The Human Voice*, also by Rossellini. The two other short films that *The Ways of Love* included were Jean Renoir\'s \"A Day in the Country\" (1936) and Marcel Pagnol\'s *Jofroi* (1933).
- *White Cargo*, a French film. Listed by the Legion of Decency as *French White Cargo*.
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# List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
## 1952 {#section_14}
- *Cocaine: The Thrill That Kills* (`{{aka}}`{=mediawiki} *Letter at Dawn*), an Italian import.
- *Of Love and Bandits*, an Italian import.
- *The Savage Triangle*, a French import.
- *The Strollers (film)*, a French import.
- *Women Without Names*, an Italian import.
## 1953 {#section_15}
- *Girls Marked Danger*, an Italian import.
- *The Moon Is Blue*, an Otto Preminger comedy for United Artists. Denied Production Code approval as well.
- *Le Plaisir*, a French anthology film import directed by Max Ophüls.
- *The Seven Deadly Sins*, a French--Italian production.
- *Three Forbidden Stories*, an Italian import.
- *Times Gone By*, an Italian import.
## 1954 {#section_16}
- *The Bed*, a French import.
- *The French Line*, an RKO musical starring Jane Russell, condemned for \"grossly obscene, suggestive and indecent action, costuming and dialogue\". The Legion said it was \"capable of grave, evil influence upon those who patronize it, especially youth\".
- *Garden of Eden*, a sexploitation film set in a nudist colony.
- *Karamoja*, a sexploitation film.
- *Mademoiselle Gobete*, an Italian import that the Legion said \"dwells constantly on a farcical presentation of the virtue of purity\".
- *One Summer of Happiness*, a Swedish import.
- *Sensualità*, an Italian import starring Marcello Mastroianni.
- *Summer Interlude*, a Swedish import directed by Ingmar Bergman. Condemned under the title *Illicit Interlude*.
- *Violated*, a U.S. crime drama.
- *We Want a Child!*, a Danish import.
## 1955 {#section_17}
- *Adorable Creatures*, a French import.
- *The Desperate Women*, a Majestic Pictures film; the Legion said that \"it ignores completely essential and supernatural values associated with questions of this nature\".
- *A Husband for Anna*, an Italian import.
- *I Am a Camera*, a British import the Legion condemned for its \"basic story, characterization, dialogue and costuming\".
- *The Game of Love*, a French import.
- *Rififi*, a French import, initially condemned; assigned a B after \"substantial revisions\".
- *Son of Sinbad*, RKO film described as \"a challenge to decent standards of theatrical entertainment\" and \"an incitement to juvenile delinquency\".
## 1956 {#section_18}
- *And God Created Woman*, a French import directed by Roger Vadim and starring Brigitte Bardot.
- *Baby Doll*, produced by Elia Kazan and Tennessee Williams; the Legion called its subject matter \"morally repellent both in theme and treatment\" and said its \"scenes of cruelty are degrading and corruptive\".
- *Bed of Grass*, a Greek import the Legion charged with \"sheer animalism\", originally titled *Agioupa, to koritsi tou kampou*.
- *Female and the Flesh*, also released as *The Light Across the Street*; a French import.
- *Fruits of Summer*, a French import.
- *Letters from My Windmill*, a French import directed by Marcel Pagnol.
- *The Miller\'s Beautiful Wife*, an Italian import.
- *Passionate Summer*, a French--Italian import.
- *Rossana*, a Mexican import.
- *The Naked Night*, a Swedish import directed by Ingmar Bergman, also distributed as *Sawdust and Tinsel*.
- *Sins of the Borgias*, a French import.
- *Stella*, a Greek import starring Melina Mercouri.
- *Stain in the Snow*, a French import the Legion called *Snow was Black*.
- *Nana*, a French import.
- *Woman of Rome*, an Italian import.
## 1957 {#section_19}
- *The Flesh Is Weak* (1957), a British import.
- *Mademoiselle Striptease* (1956), a French import also distributed as *Please! Mr. Balzac*.
- *Maid in Paris* (1956), a French import.
- *Mitsou* (1956), a French import.
- *The Night Heaven Fell*, a French import.
- *Smiles of a Summer Night* (1955), a Swedish import from Ingmar Bergman; condemned for \"unmitigated emphasis on illicit loves and sensuality\".
- *Untamed Youth* (1957)
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# List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
## 1958 {#section_20}
- *Heroes and Sinners* (1955), a French import.
- *Lady Chatterley\'s Lover* (1955), a French import starring Danielle Darrieux.
- *Liane, Jungle Goddess* (1956), a German import.
- *Love Is My Profession* (1958), a French import.
- *Lovers of Paris* (1957), a French import, originally *Pot-Bouille* and based on the Zola novel of that name.
- *A Question of Adultery* (1958), a British drama condemned for justifying artificial insemination.
## 1959 {#section_21}
- *The Third Sex* (1957), a German import directed by Veit Harlan; also known as *Bewildered Youth* or *Different from You and Me*, originally *Das dritte Geschlecht*.
- *The Savage Eye* (1959), Los Angeles dramatized documentary.
## 1960 {#section_22}
- *Breathless*, French import directed by Jean-Luc Godard.
- *Never on Sunday*, Greek import directed by Jules Dassin.
- *Oscar Wilde*, a British import starring Robert Morley.
- *The Trials of Oscar Wilde*, a British import starring Peter Finch.
## 1961 {#section_23}
- *L\'Avventura*, Antonioni\'s 1960 Italian film was deemed \"totally unacceptable\", \"grossly suggestive and pornographic in intent\". The Legion said that \"the theme of this film is developed in an atmosphere of complete moral ambiguity\".
- *A Cold Wind in August*
- *Jules and Jim*
- *Viridiana* The Vatican protested when this film shared the grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival.
## 1962 {#section_24}
- *Boccaccio \'70* The Legion objected to its \"grossly suggestive concentration upon indecent costuming, situations and dialogue\". By this time the Legion had adopted a policy of not reconsidering a film\'s rating once it was widely distributed, even if revised, but in this case the Legion allowed that the film\'s C rating would not be valid once the film was edited for television broadcast.
## 1963 {#section_25}
- *8½*, Italian import directed by Federico Fellini.
- *Contempt* (*Le Mépris*), French-Italian import directed by Jean-Luc Godard
## 1964 {#section_26}
- *Kiss Me, Stupid*, produced and directed by Billy Wilder.
- *Of Human Bondage*
## 1965 {#section_27}
- *The Pawnbroker*, condemned \"for the sole reason that nudity has been used\".
## 1966 {#section_28}
- *Blowup*, Michelangelo Antonioni\'s first English language film. One of the known films that would eliminate the Hays Office Code in favor of the MPAA rating system in 1968. It was condemned for its explicit sexual content.
## 1967 {#section_29}
- *Beach Red*
- *Hurry Sundown*
- *The Penthouse*
- *Reflections in a Golden Eye*
- *Valley of the Dolls*
## 1968 {#section_30}
- *Barbarella*, condemned for the main reason nudity is used. It was later edited to earn the PG rating by removing such obscene content in the 1970s.
- *Birds in Peru*, a French film starring Jean Seberg
- *If He Hollers, Let Him Go!*
- *The Magus*
- *Rosemary\'s Baby*, a horror film with depicted Satanism.
- *Weekend*, a French import directed by Jean-Luc Godard
## 1969 {#section_31}
- *The April Fools*
- *Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice*
- *I Am Curious (Yellow)*
- *The Killing of Sister George*
- *Marlowe*
## 1971 {#section_32}
- *Billy Jack*
- *A Clockwork Orange*
- *The Devils*
- *The Last Picture Show*, a coming-of-age drama film in an early 1950s setting with excessive sexual content.
## 1972 {#section_33}
- *The Carey Treatment*
- *Pink Flamingos*, a black comedy film condemned for its explicit content before it received the NC-17 rating later in 1997. It was banned in several countries because of it.
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# List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
## 1973 {#section_34}
- *High Plains Drifter*
- *Last Tango in Paris*, an erotic drama film condemned by the Legion for its raunchy nature.
- *Lemora, A Child\'s Tale of the Supernatural*, deemed notorious for its consideration of anti-Catholicism.
- *The Wicker Man*
## 1975 {#section_35}
- *The Rocky Horror Picture Show*, a musical comedy horror film with LGBT themes and sexuality.
## 1976 {#section_36}
- *Carrie*, a supernatural horror film based on Stephen King's novel that was deemed obscene and religiously insensitive.
- *J. D.\'s Revenge*
- *The Omen*, a supernatural horror film condemned by the Legion for misrepresenting Christian eschatology.
- *The Outlaw Josey Wales*
- *Taxi Driver*
## 1978 {#section_37}
- *Dawn of the Dead*
- *Ice Castles*, one of the last few films condemned by the Legion for the use of foul language and abuse.
- *Pretty Baby*, one of the last few films condemned by the Legion due to child pornography concerns
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# The Crucible (1957 film)
*The Crucible* (1996 film)}} `{{Infobox film
| name = The Crucible
| image = Lessorciersdesalem.jpg
| caption = Original French film poster
| director = [[Raymond Rouleau]]
| producer = [[Raymond Borderie]]
| screenplay = [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Crucible]]''|[[Arthur Miller]]}}
| starring = [[Simone Signoret]]<br>[[Yves Montand]]<br>[[Mylène Demongeot]]<br>[[Jean Debucourt]]<br>[[Pierre Larquey]]
| music = [[Georges Auric]]<br>[[Hanns Eisler]]
| cinematography = [[Claude Renoir]]
| editing = [[Marguerite Renoir]]
| studio = Compagnie Industrielle Commerciale Cinématographique<br>Films Borderie<br/>[[DEFA]]
| distributor = [[Variety Distribution]]
| released = {{Film date|1957|04|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = France<br />East Germany
| language = French
| budget =
| gross = $12.7 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=13343|title=Les Sorcières de Salem (1957)|website=Jpbox-office.com|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} ***The Crucible*** (*Les Sorcières de Salem*, *Die Hexen von Salem* or *Hexenjagd*) is a 1957 French-language historical drama film directed by Raymond Rouleau with a screenplay adapted by Jean-Paul Sartre from the 1953 play *The Crucible*, by Arthur Miller.
## Plot
1692, Salem, Massachusetts. John Proctor is the only member in the town\'s assembly who resists the attempts of the rich to gain more wealth at the expense of the poor farmers, thus incurring the wrath of deputy governor Danforth. Proctor\'s sternly puritanical wife, Elizabeth, is sick and has not shared his bed for months, and he was seduced by his maid, Abigail. When he ends his affair with her, Abigail and several other local girls turn to slave Tituba. Reverend Parris catches the girls in the forest as they partake in what appears to be witchcraft. Abigail and the rest deny it, saying that they have been bewitched. A wave of hysteria engulfs the town, and Danforth uses the girls\' accusations to instigate a series of trials, during which his political enemies are accused of heresy and executed. When Abigail blames Elizabeth Proctor, the latter rejects John\'s pleas to defraud Abigail as an adulteress. Eventually, both Proctors are put on trial and refuse to sign a confession. The townspeople rebel, but not before John is hanged with other defendants; his pregnant wife has been spared. Elizabeth tells the angry crowd to let Abigail live.
## Cast
- Simone Signoret as Elizabeth Proctor
- Yves Montand as John Proctor
- Chantal Gozzi as Fancy Proctor
- Mylène Demongeot as Abigail Williams
- Alfred Adam as Thomas Putnam
- Françoise Lugagne as Jane Putnam
- Raymond Rouleau as Thomas Danforth
- Pierre Larquey as Francis Nurse
- Marguerite Coutan-Lambert as Rebecca Nurse
- Jean Debucourt as Samuel Parris
- Darling Legitimus as Tituba
- Michel Piccoli as James Putnam
- Gerd Michael Henneberg as Joseph Herrick
- Yves Brainville as John Hale
- Pascale Petit as Mary Warren
- Véronique Nordey as Mercy Lewis
- Jeanne Fusier-Gir as Martha Corey
- Jean Gaven as Peter Corey
- Aribert Grimmer as Giles Corey
- Alexandre Rignault as Samuel Willard
- Pâquerette (Marguerite Jeanne Martine Puech) as Sarah Good
- Gérard Darrieu as Ezekiel Cheever
- François Joux as Judge
- Sabine Thalbach as Kitty
- Ursula Körbs as Wollit
- Hans Klering as Field
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# The Crucible (1957 film)
## Production
Jean-Paul Sartre began writing the script in late 1955, during what author David Caute defined as \"the height of his rapprochement with the Soviet Union\". He was inspired by the success of Marcel Aymé\'s French-language adaptation of Miller\'s *The Crucible*, titled *Les sorcières de Salem*, which was staged in Paris\' Sarah Bernhardt Theater, starring Simone Signoret as Elizabeth Proctor. Sartre later said he was moved to write his adaptation because \"the play showed John Proctor persecuted, but no one knows why\... His death seems like a purely ethical act, rather than one of freedom, that is undertaken in order to resist the situation effectively. In Miller\'s play\... Each of us can see what he wants, each public will find in it confirmation of its own attitude\... Because the real political and social implications of the witch-hunt don\'t appear clearly.\" The screenplay was 300 pages long. Sartre\'s version was different from the original play in many ways; Elizabeth saves Abigail from lynching and the townspeople rise up against Thomas Danforth, who becomes the chief antagonist.
The film was one of four major Franco-East German co-productions made during the late 1950s - the others were *Till Ulenspiegel\'s Adventures*, *Les Misérables* and *Les Arrivistes*. The Democratic Republic\'s government authorized the DEFA studio to collaborate with companies outside the Eastern Bloc in order to gain access to Western audiences, thus bypassing the limitations imposed by West Germany\'s Hallstein Doctrine; eventually, they intended their films to reach also the public in the Federal Republic. The French, on their part, were interested in reducing costs by filming in East Germany. Principal photography took place in DEFA\'s Babelsberg Studios from August to mid-October 1956, with additional shooting in Paris during early November.
Pascale Petit made her debut in the film. She was discovered working as a hairdress by Françoise Lugagne who recommended her to her husband Raymond Rouleau.
The sets and costumes were designed by Lila de Nobili and Rotislav Doboujinsky.
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# The Crucible (1957 film)
## Reception
*Les Sorcières de Salem* sold 1,686,749 tickets. For their appearance in it, Signoret won the 1957 BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress and Mylène Demongeot was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Film in the same year. In the 1957 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, the Best Actor Award was given to \"all actors of *Les Sorcières de Salem* in collective, and especially to Yves Montand.\"
*The New York Times* film critic Bosley Crowther wrote: \"out of *The Crucible*\... Jean-Paul Sartre and Raymond Rouleau have got a powerful and compelling film\... For now Mr. Miller\'s somewhat cramped and peculiarly parochial account\... comes forth as a sort of timeless drama\... This is a persistently absorbing film.\" *Time* magazine\'s reviewer commented that \"*Witches of Salem* is a foredoomed but fascinating attempt\... But it hardly helps the scriptwriter\'s case\... When he sums the whole story up as an early American instance of class warfare.\"
Michel Contat and Michel Rybalka, who edited and annotated Sartre\'s writings, wrote that Sartre introduced a strong element of communist class struggle into his adaptation of Miller\'s play, especially by turning Danforth from merely sanctimonious to a calculated villain who pulls the strings behind the trial, while making the character of Abigail more complex and consequently, almost sympathetic. In the introduction to the 2010 edition of *The Crucible*, editor Susan C. W. Abbotson described the film\'s plot as a \"conflict between capitalists and heroic Marxists\", writing that \"Miller felt the Marxist references were too heavy-handed. Most critics agreed.\" Abbotson also commented that \"Sartre changed the play\'s theme\... His version becomes despiritualized\... As it desires to present us the heroic representatives of Communism.\" In another occasion, Miller told that he disliked the film because it \"reduced man to a digit in the socialist dialectic.\"
According to Susan Hayward, the picture\'s release shortly after the crushing of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising by the Soviets caused several critics to attack it as a work of pro-communists, who resisted Joseph McCarthy and the French War in Algeria but supported the Kremlin. Hayward, however, viewed it as standing in favor of the right to exercise free speech in general.
Arthur Miller wrote: \"Mylene Demongeot, was \[in *The Crucible*\] truly beautiful and so bursting with real sexuality as to become a generalized force whose effects on the community transcended herself.\"
## Releases
For decades, general exploitation of the film was blocked at Arthur Miller\'s request, as Miller, who had been granted partial distribution rights, claimed to disapprove of Sartre\'s adaptation, endorsing instead the 1996 film directed by Nicholas Hytner. However, rumors often mentioned that Miller had a grudge against Yves Montand, because Montand had an affair with Miller\'s then-wife Marilyn Monroe during production of *Let\'s Make Love* (1960). This theory was later confirmed by cast member Mylène Demongeot. French studio Pathé was ultimately able to purchase the stake owned by Arthur Miller\'s estate in the distribution rights, and a restored version of the film was released on home video in France in 2017
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# Matthew Burton (Australian footballer)
**Matthew \"Spider\" Burton** (born 19 May 1970) is a retired Australian rules footballer. He played as a ruckman and began his Football career at Subiaco. \"Spider\" Burton, as he\'s commonly known, because of his 210 cm frame, was formerly the AFL\'s tallest player. He has since been eclipsed by another Docker in Aaron Sandilands, Geelong Football Club and Western Bulldogs\' Peter Street, Geelong Football Club and GWS Giants Dawson Simpson and Collingwood's Mason Cox, all of whom stand at 211 cm tall.
## West Coast {#west_coast}
Selected by West Coast with pick #36 in the 1990 National Draft, Burton spent four seasons on the Eagles\' senior list before he was eventually delisted (without playing a game for the club) at the end of the 1994 season (under an AFL ruling that clubs cut list numbers back from 52 to 40).
## Fremantle Dockers {#fremantle_dockers}
In 1994, Fremantle picked up Burton in the pre-season draft. He played in Fremantle\'s first match in the AFL. In 1999, he was made vice-captain of the club but played only seven games that year before being delisted.
## Kangaroos
In 1999, Burton was picked by the Kangaroos with selection 74 in the pre-season draft. He retired in 2003 having played a total of 147 games
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# Morristown station
**Morristown station** is a NJ Transit rail station on the Morristown Line, serving the town of Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. It serves an average of 1,800 passengers on a typical weekday. Construction of the historic station began in 1912 and the facility opened November 3, 1913. A station agent and waiting room are available weekdays. The station\'s interior was featured in Cyndi Lauper\'s \"Time After Time\" video in 1984. Just west of the station, at Baker Interlocking, the Morristown and Erie Railway branches off the NJT line. The M&E\'s offices and shop are here.
Morristown received accessible mini-high level platforms in 2005 to make the station handicapped accessible. The eastbound ramp is near Morris Street and the westbound ramp is just west of the old freight house. Morristown station has 455 parking spaces spread across three different lots near the station.
## History
A predecessor station was the terminus of the Morris and Essex Railroad, using the same railbed, constructed in 1835.
Ultimately the line extended to the east to Hoboken and the Hudson River connecting to New York by ferry.
The line was previously used by a series of Delaware, Lackawanna and Western and Erie Lackawanna railway companies from the 19th century until the 1960s. The Morristown and Erie Railroad (not to be confused with the Morris and Essex) operated passenger service to `{{stn|Essex Fells}}`{=mediawiki} until 1928. In earlier years long distance trains, such as the *Chicagoan* and the *Lackawanna Limited,* stopped at the station on their trips west. Since 1947, main line interstate trains going west beyond Dover station bypassed the station. However, in spring 2021, Amtrak announced plans for potential New York--Scranton route. Amtrak included Morristown station as an intermediate stop between Summit station and Dover station.
In 1913, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western station house was built, designed by Frank J. Nies. In 1980, it was named to the National Register of Historic Places.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station has two tracks, each with a mini-high and low-level side platform
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# CoDeeN
**CoDeeN** is a proxy server system created at Princeton University in 2003 and deployed for general use on PlanetLab. It operates as per the following:
1. Users set their internet caches to a nearby high bandwidth proxy that participates in the system.
2. Requests to that proxy are then forwarded to an appropriate member of the system that is in charge of the file (should be caching it) and that has sent recent updates showing that it is still alive. The file is forwarded to the proxy and thence to the client.
What this means for normal users is that if they use this and a server is slow, however the content is cached on the system, then (after the first upload) requests to that file will be fast. It also means that the request will not be satisfied by the original server, equivalent to free bandwidth.
For rare files this system could be slightly slower than downloading the file itself. The system\'s speed is also subject to the constraint of number of participating proxies.
For the case of large files requested by many peers, it uses a kind of \'multi-cast stream\' from one peer to the others, which then distribute out to their respective proxies.
CoBlitz, a CDN technology firm (2006--2009), was a take-off of this, in that files are not saved in the web cache of a single member of the proxy-system, but are instead saved piece-wise across several members, and \'gathered up\' when they are requested. This allows for more sharing of disk space among proxies, and for higher fault tolerance. To access this system, URLs were prefixed with <http://coblitz.codeen.org/>. Verivue Inc. acquired CoBlitz in October 2010
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# Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put
The **women\'s shot put** was one of three women\'s throwing events on the Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics program in Tokyo. It was held on 20 October 1964. 17 athletes from 12 nations entered, with 1 not starting the qualification round.
## Results
### Qualification
The qualification standard was 15.00 metres. Each thrower had three attempts to reach that standard.
Place Athlete Nation Best mark Throw 1 Throw 2 Throw 3
------- ----------------------- -------- --------------- -- --------- --------- ---------
1 Tamara Press 16.57 16.57 ---
2 Valerie Young 16.40 16.40 ---
3 Renate Culmberger 16.32 16.32 ---
4 Irina Press 15.67 15.67 ---
5 Margitta Helmbold 15.61 15.61 ---
6 Judit Bognár 15.52 14.44 15.52 ---
7 Earlene Brown 15.44 13.84 14.67 15.44
8 Johanna Hübner 15.38 15.38 ---
9 Ana Sălăgean 15.31 15.31 ---
10 Ivanka Khristova 15.24 15.24 ---
11 Galina Zybina 15.17 15.17 ---
12 Nancy McCredie 15.10 15.10 ---
13 Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek 14.52 14.48 14.39 14.52
14 Mary Elizabeth Peters 14.46 13.44 X 14.46
15 Seiko Obonai 13.70 13.70 13.47 12.70
16 Juliette Geverkof 9.17 X 8.79 9.17
--- Namjilmaa Dashzeveg Did not start ---
### Final
The scores from the qualification were ignored, each thrower having three fresh attempts. The top six after those three received three more, taking their best throw from the six.
Place Athlete Nation Best mark Throw 1 Throw 2 Throw 3 Throw 4 Throw 5 Throw 6
------- ------------------- -------- -------------- -- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 Tamara Press 18.14 **OR** 17.51 17.72 17.18 16.49 X 18.14
2 Renate Culmberger 17.61 17.41 17.10 16.38 17.61 17.00 17.01
3 Galina Zybina 17.45 17.38 17.25 17.45 17.42 16.65 17.36
4 Valerie Young 17.26 17.08 15.84 16.81 17.26 17.24 17.23
5 Margitta Helmbold 16.91 16.67 15.87 X 16.60 16.91 16.34
6 Irina Press 16.71 X 16.50 X 15.81 15.78 16.71
7 Nancy McCredie 15.89 15.89 15.13 15.27
8 Ana Sălăgean 15.83 15.79 15.83 15.70
9 Johanna Hubner 15.77 15.77 X X
10 Ivanka Khristova 15.69 15.69 X 15.35
11 Judit Bognar 15.65 15.65 X X
12 Earlene Brown 14.80 14.25 13.43 14
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# Labour Church
The **Labour Church** was an organization intended to give expression to the religion of the labour movement. It had a Christian socialist outlook, specifically called theological socialism.
## History
The first Labour Church was founded at Manchester in October 1891 by a Unitarian minister, John Trevor. Five principles were adopted. The service included the Lord\'s Prayer, hymns social in character, readings from Whitman, Emerson, Lamennais, Lowell, Whittier, Ruskin, Carlyle, and Maurice, and an address. In 1892 the *Labour Prophet* was started, and the *Labour Hymn Book* and tracts were published. It asserted that \"improvement of social conditions and the development of personal character are both essential to emancipation from social and moral bondage, and to that end insists upon the duty of studying the economic and moral forces of society.\"
Soon the Church expanded to other towns including Birmingham, Bradford, Bolton, Leeds, London, Nottingham, Oldham, Plymouth and Wolverhampton. In July 1893, a Labour Church Union of 14 churches and 31 congregations was organized. In December 1893 the first Labour Church in the United States was opened in Essex County, Massachusetts. By the next November there were 24 churches. Some of these churches were formed in a direct response to another church, or church minister, in the town promoting liberal views. Within five years of the first Labour Church there were over 50. The Labour Churches were at that time attracting between 300 and 500 members to each congregation. The peak of the Labour Church in Britain was reached in 1895 with 54 congregations. In 1896 a Labour Church was founded in Australia at Melbourne by Archibald Turnbull, as well as a *Socialist Church*, based on the Labour Churches, being opened in New Zealand at Christchurch. By 1897 there were at least 4 Labour Churches in Massachusetts.
After John Trevor left in 1900, the Labour Church began to decline. At the annual conference of 1909, held in Ashton-under-Lyne, the name \"Labour Church\" was changed to \"Socialist Church\". However, by the beginning of World War I the recently renamed Church had disappeared
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# Adua and Her Friends
***Adua and Her Friends*** (*Adua e le compagne*), also known as *Hungry For Love*, is a 1960 Italian film directed by Antonio Pietrangeli with a collaborative screenplay by the film\'s director together with Ruggero Maccari, Ettore Scola and Tullio Pinelli. The movie is about four prostitutes who start a restaurant after their brothel is shut down by the Merlin law, which made brothels illegal in Italy.
## Plot
In 1958, the Merlin law made brothels illegal in Italy. Adua, Lolita, Marilina and Milly are four prostitutes whose brothel in Rome is shut down. Under Adua\'s leadership, they pool their savings, two million lire apiece, to open a restaurant on the outskirts, which will be a cover for an illegal brothel. They rent a run-down building and hire workmen to fix it up but, when they apply for a permit to open the restaurant, their application is rejected because of their history of prostitution. One of Adua\'s former customers, Ercoli, agrees to buy the building and use his connections to get the permit in his name, in return for a rent of one million lire a month.
The restaurant turns out to be unexpectedly successful, and the women effectively abandon their plans to offer sexual services and start to lead respectable lives. Marilina brings her young son to live with her and Milly falls in love and plans to marry. But the restaurant doesn\'t earn as much as they could make as a brothel, and they can\'t pay Ercoli his rent. Ercoli gives them an ultimatum: start working as prostitutes again, and pay him his rent, or he will kick them out in 24 hours. When Ercoli returns, Adua refuses to pay and humiliates him, and he leaves. In revenge, he has them all arrested for prostitution. Their pictures appear in the newspapers and their respectable lives are destroyed. Adua, who has sworn never to suffer the fate of a worn-out old prostitute, ends up working in the streets again. In the final scene, on a dismal rainy night, she is rejected in favor of a younger woman
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# Culture of Botswana
Besides referring to the language of the dominant people groups in Botswana, *Setswana* is the adjective used to describe the rich cultural traditions of the Batswana - whether construed as members of the Setswana ethnic groups or of all citizens of Botswana. the Batswana believe in the rich culture of Botho-Ubuntu, \"People are not individuals, living in a state of independence, but part of a community, living in relationships and interdependence.\" Batswana believe in working together and in being united.
The name Batswana is used as a nationality for the people of Botswana and as an ethnicity for people who practice the same culture and speak the same language in neighbouring South Africa. There are different ethnic groups in the country of Botswana, among them are the Tswana (Barolong, Bakwena, Bangwato, Batlokwa, Bakgatla, Baphuthing, Bataung, Bangwaketse, Batawana, Bahurutshe, Balete); BaKalanga (BaLilima, Baperi, BaWumbe, BaNambya); Ovaherero (Baherero, Ovambanderu); Wayei, Bambukushu; Veekuhane (Basubiya in Setswana); Khoe & San groups; Batswapong and Batshweneng. All these tribes believe in different customs; however, because of living together and inter-marrying for more than a century, they have now developed some similarities, which are seen in the changing or developing languages in the country as well as shared cultures. The languages differ significantly from one area to another or by the ethnic dialects but they are all regarded as Botswana languages. Some Tswana people are based in the Northwest Province of the Republic of South Africa, and Botswana.
## Literature
### Alexander McCall Smith {#alexander_mccall_smith}
Botswana forms the setting for *The No. 1 Ladies\' Detective Agency*, a series of popular mystery novels by Alexander McCall Smith (born 1948). Their protagonist, Precious Ramotswe, lives in Gaborone. The first novel in the series, *The No. 1 Ladies\' Detective Agency*, appeared in 1998 in the UK (and 2001 in the US). The light-hearted books are appreciated for their human interest and local color. A BBC Television series adaption of the same name was filmed, with a pilot appearing on 23 March 2008 in the United Kingdom, and the full series starting on 15 March 2009.
### Norman Rush {#norman_rush}
Norman Rush, who served as a Peace Corps director in Botswana from 1978 to 1983, uses the country as the setting for all of his published books, which generally focus on the expatriate community.
### Unity Dow {#unity_dow}
Unity Dow (born 1959) is a judge, human rights activist, and writer from Botswana. She comes from a rural background that tended towards traditional African values. Her mother could not read English, and in most cases decision-making was done by men. She went on to become a lawyer with much of her education being done in the West. Her Western education caused a mixture of respect and suspicion.
As a lawyer, she earned acclaim most for her stance on women\'s rights. She was the plaintiff in a case that allowed the children of women by foreign nationals to be considered Batswana. The tradition and law before this stated that nationality only descended from the father. She later became Botswana\'s first female High Court judge.
As a novelist, she has had three books published. The subject matter of these books is often issues concerning the struggle between Western and traditional values. They also involve Dow\'s interest in gender issues and her nation\'s poverty.
### Bessie Head {#bessie_head}
Bessie Head (1937--1986) is a writer well known in Southern Africa. In 1964, she fled the apartheid regime in South Africa to live in and wrote about Botswana. She lived there from 1964 (when it was still the Bechuanaland Protectorate) until her death at the age of 49 in 1986. She lived in Serowe, and her most famous books, *When Rain Clouds Gather*, *Maru*, and *A Question of Power* are set there.
### Susan Williams {#susan_williams}
British author and historian Susan Williams\' book, *Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation*, tells the story of the interracial marriage and resulting struggles of Sir Seretse Khama and Lady Ruth Williams Khama.
A collection of humorous true short stories, *Whatever You Do, Don\'t Run* (released in the United Kingdom and South Africa as *Don\'t Run, Whatever You Do*), contains many stories from Botswana written by a safari guide, Peter Allison.
### Michael Stanley {#michael_stanley}
In 2008, a mystery novel (*A Carrion Death*) by Michael Stanley introduced Detective David \"Kubu\" Bengu of the Botswana Criminal Investigation Department. The memorable Kubu lives in Gaborone. The novel is a police procedural that also provides an excellent introduction to today\'s Botswana.
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# Culture of Botswana
## Literature
### Other writers {#other_writers}
- Caitlin Davies, born in Britain
- Unity Dow
- Bessie Head, born in South Africa
- Moteane Melamu
- Barolong Seboni, poet
- Andrew Sesinyi
## Media
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# Culture of Botswana
## Visual arts {#visual_arts}
In the northern part of Botswana, the Wayeyi and Hambukushu women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are noted for their skill at crafting baskets (baskets from Botswana) from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these baskets is being steadily enhanced through color use and improved designs as they are increasingly produced for commercial use.
Other notable artistic communities include Thamaga Pottery or Botswelelo and Oodi Weavers, both located in the southeastern part of Botswana.
The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, both animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (Kung San!/Bushmen) over 20,000 years ago within the Kalahari desert.
## Music
Botswana is made up of numerous ethnic groups, though the Batswana are the most numerous. Music is an omnipresent part of Botswana culture, and include popular and folk forms. Church choirs are common across the country. Music education is an integral part of the educational system. Children of all ages are taught traditional songs and dances.
### Folk music {#folk_music}
Tswana music is mostly vocal and performed without drums; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Tswana folk music has got instruments such as Setinkane, Segankure/Segaba and for the last few decades, a guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music. The guitar was originally played in a manner similar to Segaba but with a better rhythm due to plucking, almost completely replacing the violin-like Segaba until such prodigies of Segaba as Ratsie Setlhako re-popularised Segaba in the 80s with the help of radio. In the absence of instruments a clapping rhythm is used in music with the typical chant and answer manner of singing. The absence of drumming is predominant and is peculiar of an African tribe.
#### Styles
- Borankana
- Chesa
- Huru
- Mokomoto
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- Ndazola
- Phathisi
- Selete
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- Setapa
- Stibikoko
- Tsutsube
#### Folk musicians {#folk_musicians}
- Culture Spears
- Dikakapa
- George Swabi
- Jonny Kobedi
- Kwataeshele
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- Machesa Traditional Troupe
- Matsieng
- Mokorwana
- Ratsie Setlhako
- Shirley
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- Shumba Ratshega
- Speech Madimabe
- Stampore
- Stikasola
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# Culture of Botswana
## Music
### Popular music {#popular_music}
Like many African countries, much of the popular music there is called Jazz, though it has little resemblance to the African American genre of that name. There has been a push in recent years to focus on revitalizing the Botswana music industry instead of purchasing foreign releases. Most popular music in Botswana still comes from South Africa, United States, Europe or elsewhere in Africa. Gumba-gumba is a form of modernized Zulu and Tswana music, mixed with traditional jazz; the word *gumba* comes from township slang for party.
#### Hip hop {#hip_hop}
Botswana hip hop crews include The Wizards, a long-standing crew that fuses hip hop with ragga and R&B. The television show Strictly Hip Hop, hosted by Draztik and Slim (both of the Cashless Society Crew and co-founders of Unreleased Records), has done much for the Botswana scene. The record label Phat Boy is also very important.
#### Kwasa Kwasa {#kwasa_kwasa}
An African version of rhumba popularized in Central Africa has taken a strong following in Botswana and has produced highly acclaimed musicians such as Frank Lesokwane of Franco and Afro Musica, Jeff Matheatau, Chris Manto 7 and Alfredo Mos and Les Africa sounds. It has a slower Rhythm than the original type and predictably tends to get a rapid rhythm in the middle of the song. It is still not as hectic as its parent Afro rhumba. Unlike Rhumba, Kwasa Kwasa has a simple leg routine, focusing more on an erotic movement of hips and buttocks.
Some artists have attempted to speed it up and made it more Danceable to breakdance with great success. Artist Vee is one of them and his version is known as Kwaito Kwasa, from a combination of Kwaito music with a Kwasa Kwasa rhythm and guitar.
#### Rock
The development of rock as a genre in Botswana has been a slow one. The music has however started to gain some momentum, partly due to the youth\'s exposure to mainstream media like MTV, Channel O and the internet. Metal Orizon, the country\'s first heavy metal band, was formed in the early 1990s. The native Batswana have since showed appreciation for this genre. Ever since the year 2000, a lot of bands have been formed. Most these have played locally and a few have toured southern Africa. Fans keep up to date with the music through word of mouth, tape trading and social networks, and there is a 50-minute show broadcast on national radio which plays metal music. The rock culture is now evidently recognised, with bands coming together to fight AIDS under a tour titled \"Rock Against AIDS\".
Notable bands include:
- Wrust - albums include *Soulless Machine* (2007) and *Intellectual Metamorphosis* (2013): the most popular metal band in Botswana, they have toured South Africa and have supported Sepultura
- Metal Orizon - one album (Miopic Illusion)
- Nosey Road - several albums
- Stealth
- Stane
- Skinflint - *Massive Destruction* (2009), *IKLWA* (2010), *Gauna* (2011)
### Music institutions {#music_institutions}
The National Music Eisteddfod is held annually in Selebi-Phikwe
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# Michael Clark (sportsman)
**Michael Wayne Clark** (born 31 March 1978) is an Australian former cricketer and Australian rules footballer.
## Football career {#football_career}
Clark had shoulder problems when he played with Swan Districts in 1996, and in 1997 required a knee reconstruction.
The son of former Australian Test cricketer Wayne Clark, he pursued a career in the Australian Football League with the Fremantle Dockers. Drafted in the 1997 AFL Draft, he played only 1 game with the Dockers in 1999. He was delisted at the end of that year to be re-drafted by the Collingwood Football Club in the 1999 AFL Draft, but did not manage a senior game with the club, being delisted during the 2000 season after fracturing his fibula.
## Cricket career {#cricket_career}
He made his debut with Western Australia in the 2000--2001 season, and after chronic back-injury problems, announced his retirement from cricket in February 2006
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# Bliss (Muse song)
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# Jennifer Granick
**Jennifer Stisa Granick** (born 1969) is an American attorney and educator. Senator Ron Wyden has called Granick an \"NBA all-star of surveillance law.\" She is well known for her work with intellectual property law, free speech, privacy law, and other things relating to computer security, and has represented several high-profile hackers.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Granick was born and raised in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. Both of her parents were local educators. She attended Glen Ridge High School and then New College in Sarasota, Florida, from which she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1990. After that, she moved to San Francisco to attend Hastings Law School, from which she graduated in 1993.
## Career
Granick began her career in criminal defense, first at the state public defender\'s office, then as a trial attorney at the law firm Campbell & DeMetrick. From 1996 to 2001 she worked in private practice specializing in defending cases involving computer crime. It was during this period that she defended notorious cybercriminal Max Butler, who was on trial for hacking into Defense Department computers.
in 2001, Granick became the executive director of the Center for Internet and Society at Stanford Law School, where she was a lecturer in law and taught classes on cyber law. She founded and directed the Law School\'s Cyberlaw Clinic where she supervised students in working on some of the most important cyberlaw cases that took place during her tenure. She was selected by Information Security magazine in 2003 as one of 20 \"Women of Vision\" in the computer security field.
Granick has been a speaker at conferences such as Def Con and ShmooCon, and has also spoken at the National Security Agency as well as to other law enforcement officials. She delivered the keynote \"Lifecycle of a Revolution\" at the 2015 Black Hat USA conference.
She was one of the primary crafters of a 2006 exception to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act which allows mobile telephone owners to legally circumvent the firmware locking their device to a single carrier.
Granick was the Civil Liberties Director at the Electronic Frontier Foundation from 2007 to 2010. She was then an attorney at Washington DC--based law firm Zwillinger Genetski from 2010 to 2012, and General Counsel of Worldstar, LLC for a brief period in early 2012.
In 2012, Granick returned to the Center for Internet and Society as its Civil Liberties Director, where she specialized in surveillance law.
Internet activist Aaron Swartz sought Granick\'s counsel after his arrest for downloading articles from JSTOR, for which he faced 35 years imprisonment. Granick both defended Swartz and challenged the scope of the law under which he was prosecuted. Swartz committed suicide in January 2013, two months before his trial.
In 2016, Granick was honored with the Duo Security\'s Women in Security Academic Award.
In 2017, Granick published her first book, *American Spies: Modern Surveillance, Why You Should Care, and What to Do About It*.
The American Civil Liberties Union announced that Granick would be joining the organization as Surveillance and Cybersecurity Counsel in September 2017.
## Writings
- [American Spies: Modern Surveillance, Why You Should Care, and What to Do About It](https://www.amazon.com/American-Spies-Modern-Surveillance-Should/dp/1107501857/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1493945100&sr=8-1&keywords=granick), Cambridge University Press, 2017
- [Chapter One: Legal and Ethical Issues](http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/9780596009632/#rr), \"Security Power Tools\", 2006
- \"Faking It: Calculating Loss in Computer Crime Cases\", [*A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society*](http://www.is-journal.org/V02I02/2ISJLP207-Granick.pdf), *Cybersecurity*, Volume 2, Issue 2 (2006)
- [\"The Price of Restricting Vulnerability Publications\"](https://ssrn.com/abstract=874846), SSRN
- *Circuit Court*, a bi-weekly column for *Wired News*
- \"PAS or Fail: The Use and Abuse of the Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test\", *The Champion*, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, April 1996
- [\"Scotty, Beam Down the Lawyers: When Free Speech Collides With Trademark Law\"](https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.10/cyber_rights.html), *Wired*, October 1997
## Selected cases and clients {#selected_cases_and_clients}
- Represented Christopher Soghoian, creator of a fake boarding pass generator, in 2006
- Represented Michael Lynn in 2005 as part of the Cisco/ISS incident at the Black Hat technology conference
- Represented Kevin Poulsen
- Represented Jerome Heckenkamp
- Represented Luke Smith and Nelson Pavlosky in *Online Policy Group v. Diebold Election Systems* (now Premier Election Solutions), a copyright misuse case related to electronic voting
- Represented calculator hobbyists against [threats from Texas Instruments](https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2009/10/13)
- Wrote amicus briefs regarding application of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in *[American Airlines v. Farechase](http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/taxonomy/term/4/all)*, *[United States v. Lowson](https://www.eff.org/cases/u-s-v-lowson)*, *United States v
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# The Ice Sports Forum
The **Ice Sports Forum** is the official practice facility of the National Hockey League\'s Tampa Bay Lightning, who won the Stanley Cup in 2004, 2020, 2021. The facility contains two NHL regulation rinks and a state-of-the-art laser tag arena. It is located in Brandon, Florida. The ISF opened in the fall of 1997.
Apart from hosting many figure skating and high school hockey events, the Ice Sports Forum is also home to the USF Ice Bulls, an ACHA Division III hockey club.
In 2001, the forum\'s No Bull adult ice hockey team won the USA Hockey Adult 30+ National Championship. A picture of the team can be found on practically every wall, a practice facilitated by the Hockey Director John Finnie. Finnie, as the locals call him, boasted a 5.98 GAA through 10 seasons as a bottom half back-up goaltender.
On June 29, 2017, the Tampa Bay Lightning announced that Lightning owner and chairman Jeff Vinik will invest \$6 million in the Ice Sports Forum to create a brand new locker room and training facilities for the team. The Ice Sports Forum will also be investing \$500,000 into the project. The expansion will be an 18,000-square foot addition. This is an increase over the current 5,500-square foot facility there. The expansion is also larger than the facility at Amalie Arena, which is approximately 14,500 square feet. The new addition will feature all team spaces including locker room, weight room, training room, dedicated press room, and expanded player lounge and more. It also will feature amenities that are not currently available at the team\'s arena, including hydrotherapy facilities and a video room/theater. The upgrades will be adding a new rink dasher system for the North Rink. The team also announced that it had signed a new lease agreement with the Ice Sports Forum for 10-years, which will run through the 2026--27 season
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# National Players
The **National Players** is the longest-running classical touring company in the United States.
## Classical Touring Company {#classical_touring_company}
After 70 consecutive seasons of touring, this acting company has given approximately 6,600 performances and workshops on plays by Shakespeare, O\'Neill, Molière, Shaw, Kafka, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Aristophanes, Stoppard and Peter Shaffer. Currently a program of Olney Theatre Center, National Players has performed for the public in 41 states, reaching young audiences in areas that are isolated geographically or economically -- audiences that would otherwise never see live performances of classic plays. In response to invitations from the Department of Defense and the State Department, Players have toured Europe, Asia, and the Middle East performing for American military. During the Korean War, they made a six-week tour of Japan and Korea to entertain GIs, and have been to 5 White House receptions in appreciation for outstanding service.
### History
National Players was founded in 1949 by Father Gilbert V. Hartke, OP, a prominent arts educator and head of the drama department at Catholic University of America. His mission---to stimulate young people's higher thinking skills and imaginations by presenting classical plays in surprisingly accessible ways---is as urgent and vital today as it was sixty-four years ago. A single twin-bill truck-and-station-wagon company, traveling under the banner of \"Players, Incorporated,\" \"University Players, \" \"Players,\" and finally \"National Players,\" has continued to bring classic productions across the country from September to May.
### How Players Works {#how_players_works}
A nationwide search of graduates of college and university theater programs leads to the casting of members of the touring company. In the tradition of traveling players, the troupe arrives a few hours before the scheduled performance to prepare the stage: raise the set, hang and focus the lights, check sound equipment and props, and arrange dressing rooms, before donning costumes and make-up. When the final curtain falls, they do everything in reverse.
### Production History {#production_history}
The company went on hiatus during the COVID-19 Omicron wave and will remain so until at least 2026 due to improvements to the Olney Theatre Center campus.
Tour 70: Shakespeare\'s *Twelfth Night,* a stage adaptation of Jules Verne\'s *Around the World in 80 Days,* and Arthur Miller\'s *The Crucible*.
Tour 69: Shakespeare\'s *Othello,* a stage adaptation of Lewis Carroll\'s *Alice in Wonderland,* and an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald\'s *The Great Gatsby*.
Tour 68: Shakespeare\'s *Hamlet,* a stage adaptation of John Steinbeck\'s *The Grapes of Wrath,* and an adaptation by Eric Coble of Lois Lowry\'s *The Giver*.
Tour 67: Shakespeare\'s *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream* and *Julius Caesar*; Benjamin Kingsland\'s adaptation of Charles Dickens\' novel *A Tale of Two Cities*
Tour 66: Shakespeare\'s *As You Like It* and *The Tempest*; Christopher Sergel\'s adaptation of Harper Lee\'s novel *To Kill a Mockingbird*
Tour 65: Shakespeare\'s *Macbeth* and *Comedy of Errors*; an adaptation of Homer\'s *Odyssey*
### Credits
The National Players have received accolades from Walter Kerr, drama critic emeritus of *The New York Times*; Patrick Hayes, founder and managing director of the Washington Performing Arts Society; and the late Helen Hayes. Players\' alumni include John Heard, Laurence Luckinbill, Gino Conforti, John Slattery, Daniel Hugh Kelly, Stan Wojewodski (former Dean of the Yale School of Drama) and David Richards (drama critic for the New York Times). Most recently, National Players received special recognition from The Shakespeare Guild, presenter of The Golden Quill, the Sir John Gielgud Award for Excellence in the Dramatic Arts
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# Jorge Valls
**Jorge Valls Arango** (February 2, 1933 -- October 22, 2015) was a Cuban activist and poet of who spent more than two decades in prison for his opposition to Fidel Castro.
He was born in Mañanan, now part of Havana. He was the son of a Catalan father and Cuban mother, and could read and write Catalan. He was first arrested in 1952 while a student at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Havana, when he demonstrated his opposition to the 1952 Batista *coup d\'état*. Valls was sentenced to a year in prison on July 22, 1955, for possession of a pipe bomb. University of Havana Chancellor Clemente Inclán persuaded Batista to quickly pardon him. In 1956, he joined the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, a student group fighting the new regime. During the trial of Batista police informant Marcos Rodríguez in 1964, Valls was denounced for having been \"a known anti-Communist\" in the University of Havana \"who demanded that the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil be an anti-Communist organization, and that Jorge Valls pronounced for the expulsion of Communist students from the university struggles.\" He was later a Christian socialist.
He was arrested in April 1964 after testifying on behalf of Batista police informant Marcos Rodríguez, with whom he had \"a great friendship\" and \"a great affinity\" between 1955 and 1959. The prosecutor accused Valls of \"not being a revolutionary,\" of \"defending\" Rodríguez and \"believing that he is innocent.\" He spent more than 20 years behind bars in many Cuban prisons and was released in 1984. After his release, he moved to Miami, Florida where in 1986, he wrote a book *Twenty Years and Forty Days: Life in a Cuban Prison*, in which he speaks about his experiences behind bars. He also published a couple of poem books in Spanish including *Donde estoy no hay luz y está enrejado*. He was the international secretary of the Democratic Social-Revolutionary Party of Cuba.
He died of cancer in 2015
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# Kennebunk High School
**Kennebunk High School** is a public high school located in Kennebunk, Maine, United States. It is part of Maine Regional School Unit 21 for the towns Arundel, Kennebunk and Kennebunkport. The school has approximately 760 students enrolled. In 1982--83 and in 1990--91, Kennebunk High School was named a National Blue Ribbon School. It is currently a First Amendment School.
Starting in the 2008--09 school year, Kennebunk High School became an International Baccalaureate school.
In 2013, Kennebunk High School ranked 4th in the United States by the Center for Digital Education \"for its use of information technology to improve service delivery and quality of education.\" In 2015, Kennebunk High School rose to #1 in this position for schools with less than 3000 students.
Also in 2013, Kennebunk High School was recognized as one of only three schools in Maine to be honored by the College Board by making AP Honor Roll. This was because of \"increasing access to Advanced Placement (AP) course work while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the percentage of students earning scores of 3 or higher on AP Exams.\"
## Facilities
The main building of Kennebunk High School, located on Fletcher Street, was built in 1938 to replace the previous building located on Park Street at the site of where Park Street School used to stand. In 1951, an addition was added to the right of the building which provided two wings, one to house the former Kennebunk Junior High School, and the other to house the High School gymnasium and technical education facilities. In the early 1970s, an addition to those wings was added to house the high school\'s musical and science programs. In 1981, all portions of the three-part \'wing\' were incorporated into the Kennebunk Junior High School when a larger wing, built onto the left side of the main building on Memorial Field was added to replace the facilities in the older addition(s).
By the mid-1990s, all buildings were at capacity, and 15 portable classrooms were added to the high school campus. With the aid of state financing, in 2004 MSAD71 completed construction of a new middle school in West Kennebunk, upon completion of which the high school moved back into the wings it had previously occupied, eliminating the need for many of the portable classrooms.
The main building has been extensively remodeled throughout the years, most notably during the construction of the 1981 addition. Before 1981, the main building had two identical wings on both the left and right sides of the facade. The wing to the left, which housed the English department, was completely leveled to make room for the larger addition. Other 1981 changes to the main building include the replacement of the wooden staircases in favor of fire-retardant steel, the installation of lower \'hanging\' ceilings and the placement of carpets over the tiled floors.
In 2018 the school completed another extensive renovation project, that cost \$42.8 million to complete. The gymnasium was renovated and new support spaces were built. New science labs, new Industrial Arts classrooms, a new second gym, cafeteria, administrative offices, a new library, and a new two-story classroom wing were part of the additions and renovations.
**Alexander Economos Auditorium**\
The main building houses the Alexander Economos Auditorium, named after a popular English and drama teacher whose tenure extended from the 1950s into the early 1980s. Though included in the remodeling of 1981, the auditorium still features the extensive original decorative tile work along the walls and surrounding the stage. Previous to its incarnation as an auditorium, the room had served as a gymnasium, cafeteria, library and a band room for the school. This is now a lecture hall.
## Renovation plan {#renovation_plan}
On Tuesday, January 21, 2014, Kennebunk, Kennebunkport and Arundel voted to reject a proposed \$75 million bond to renovate three schools. The process was covered on news channels across Maine. A new plan was voted on in June 2015, which passed.
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# Kennebunk High School
## Academics
**Advanced Placement**\
Kennebunk High School offers Advanced Placement courses following the College Board AP curriculum. Subjects include "Art, Computer Science, Biology, English Literature, English Language and Composition, Calculus (Levels AB and BC), U.S. History, European History, US Government, Comparative Governments, Chemistry, Statistics, and Physics C."
**International Baccalaureate**\
Kennebunk High School also offers courses within the International Baccalaureate curriculum, as set by the IB Organization. Students are able to obtain certificates and the full IB diploma following the completion of their high school career. Courses taught following the International Baccalaureate curriculum include History of the Americas HL, Visual Arts, Languages (Spanish SL, French SL, and English HL), Mathematics (SL and HL), Sciences (Environmental Science SL and Biology SL), and Music SL.
## Sports
Kennebunk has teams for the following sports: `{{div col|colwidth=10em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Football
- Skiing
- Baseball
- Soccer
- Volleyball
- Field hockey
- Cheerleading
- Cross country
- Basketball
- Wrestling
- Hockey
- Swimming
- Track and field
- Softball
- Golf
- Tennis
- Lacrosse
## Mascot
KHS\'s school mascot is a bipedal ram named Bunky.
## Music
Kennebunk High School has a large music program, with two choirs and two bands, as well as the \"Kennefunk Jazz\" club. The jazz band meets at nights for two hours once a week.
The music classes that are offered include, but are not limited to: IB Music Theory, guitar, steel pans, piano, wind ensemble, ukulele, concert band, chamber choir, and concert chorus. Wind ensemble and chamber choir are both classes that require an audition and are an honors level class. For concert band and chorus, no audition is required.
There is marching band that performs during homecoming parade, May Day parade, and the Memorial Day parades. They also do outside performances. The choir does caroling around the December holiday, during a local time of year called prelude, and does multiple different concerts throughout the school year.
## Notable faculty {#notable_faculty}
- Thomas W. Murphy, Jr
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# Central Berkshire Regional School District
The **Central Berkshire Regional School District** is the largest school district (by area) in the state of Massachusetts, covering over 214 square miles. It serves seven towns, six in central Berkshire County, Massachusetts; Becket, Dalton, Hinsdale, Peru, Washington, and Windsor; the seventh is the town of Cummington in Hampshire County, Massachusetts . The district has 3 elementary schools: Becket-Washington School (servicing the towns of Becket and Washington), Craneville (servicing the towns of Cummington, Dalton and Windsor), and Kittredge (servicing the towns of Hinsdale and Peru). The district has a regional Middle School (Nessacus) and High School (Wahconah) which are both are located in Dalton and service the entire district. As of the 2006--2007 school year, the district had 2,144 pupils enrolled in grades K-12
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# George Trenholm
**George Alfred Trenholm** (February 25, 1807 -- December 9, 1876) was a South Carolina businessman, financier, politician, and slaveholding planter who owned several plantations and strongly supported the Confederate States of America. He was appointed as its Secretary of the Treasury during the final year of the American Civil War.
His merchant firm was estimated to have made \$9 million by blockade running with its 60 ships during the war. Although he was imprisoned briefly after the war and suffered economic setbacks, Trenholm prospered. In the postwar years, Trenholm was a prominent philanthropist, aiding black and white South Carolinians. He also served on railroad and bank boards. He was elected to state office again in 1874 and died in office.
He was one of the few Confederate cabinet members who returned to political office in the United States after the Civil War.
## Early and family life {#early_and_family_life}
George Alfred Trenholm was born on February 25, 1807, in Charleston, South Carolina to Elizabeth Irene (de Greffin) Trenholm and her merchant husband, William Trenholm. His maternal grandfather, Comte de Greffin, was a major plantation owner in Saint Domingue (before the slave revolution; it is now Haiti). His paternal grandfather, William Trenholm (1737-1822), was born in Yorkshire, England, but he lived and worked in Charleston most of his adult life. He was forced to leave during the American Revolutionary War due to his Loyalist sympathies and business associations. He lived in New York, the Netherlands, and Santo Domingo but returned to Charleston in 1785, shortly after the war\'s end, and lived there for another 37 years. He introduced his son William (1772-1824) into the family business. When his father died, George Trenholm left school and went into business.
At age 21, George Alfred Trenholm married Anna Helen Holmes on April 3, 1828. Her father, John Holmes, owned a plantation on Johns Island, South Carolina outside Charleston. The couple had thirteen children; five (including their first four) died in infancy. In 1860, their daughters Emily (b. 1839), Anna (b. 1842), Eliza (b. 1848), Christiana (b. 1851), and sons Alfred (b. 1844), Frances (b. 1846), Edwin (b. 1850) were still living with their parents. Also in the household were their married eldest son William Trenholm (b. 1846), his wife, their young sons, and Anna\'s mother.
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# George Trenholm
## Career
At 16, George Trenholm had begun working for a major cotton broker, John Fraser and Company in Charleston. He rose to become a partner, and by 1853, when he was 46, he led the company. Fraser died in 1854, and it became Fraser and Trenholm. By 1860 Trenholm became one of the wealthiest men in the Southern United States, owning real estate worth \$90,000 (`{{Inflation|US|90000|1860|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}) and personal property (including enslaved people) valued at about \$35,000 (`{{Inflation|US|35000|1860|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}). His financial investments included steamships, hotels, wharves, cotton and plantations. Trenholm\'s family enslaved about 39 persons as domestic staff Trenholm was also director of the Bank of Charleston and a South Carolina railroad.
A member of the Democratic Party, Trenholm was elected to the South Carolina legislature in 1852 and served until 1856. After President Abraham Lincoln\'s election in 1860, Trenholm strongly supported the secession of the Confederacy, which South Carolina led among the top six of the major slave states.
### American Civil War {#american_civil_war}
When the American Civil War broke out, Trenholm immediately moved his company\'s head office from New York to the Bahamas and Bermuda. He was appointed to South Carolina\'s State Marine Battery Commission, where he oversaw the construction of the Confederate ironclad *Chicora*. Trenholm personally financed the construction of a twelve-vessel flotilla for Charleston\'s defense.
Trenholm\'s wealth increased as his 60 commercial ships ran the U.S. Navy blockade. The ships carried cotton, tobacco, and turpentine to England and brought back coal, iron, salt, guns, and ammunition. Josiah Gorgas, the Confederate chief of ordnance, estimated that by March 1863, Trenholm\'s company had made \$9 million (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|9|1963}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}) by blockade running. His company - now called Fraser, Trenholm and Company - became the Confederate government\'s overseas banker. The office in Liverpool arranged cotton sales and financed its own fleet. The U.S. consul in Liverpool, Thomas Dudley, estimated Trenholm\'s fleet imported \$4.5 million of cotton into Great Britain. However, Confederate President Jefferson Davis vetoed Trenholm\'s suggestion that the Confederacy buy decommissioned British East India Company ships for \$10 million.
Trenholm and his Liverpool-based partner Charles K. Prioleau (son of a Charleston lawyer) worked with fellow American James Dunwoody Bulloch as Confederate foreign agents in Britain to manage their arrangements, especially shipping munitions home. Britain depended on the South\'s cotton exports. Continuing cotton exports to Britain helped the Confederacy financially and shaped British public opinion toward the Confederate cause.
Trenholm served again in the South Carolina legislature from 1860 to 1863. In 1863, he purchased the Annandale Plantation from Andrew Johnstone; located south of Georgetown, it was a highly successful rice operation that had worked 230 enslaved people in the 1850s.
In January 1864, Trenholm\'s daughter Emily married William Miles Hazzard, a Confederate scout. Trenholm deeded the Annandale and Beneventum plantations to Hazzard shortly after the war\'s end, trying to protect them from potential confiscation by the United States government.`{{page needed|date=September 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
Confederate Treasury Secretary Christopher Memminger, a fellow Charlestonian and friend, used Trenholm as an unofficial adviser for almost four years. When Memminger resigned on July 1, 1864 (due to public outcry after he issued millions of Confederate bank notes at one-third the value of the old ones), and moved back to North Carolina, Trenholm succeeded him. He was formally appointed on July 18, 1864. Trenholm was a more charismatic figure than his predecessor. Together with his constant published updates, he had better press relations and contact with the Confederate Congress. Trenholm had a \"never give up the ship\" personality but could do little to stop the financial havoc as the rebel government grew insolvent and printing money caused inflation. Trenholm advocated direct taxation, reducing the circulation of paper currency, further public subscriptions for war bonds, and purchasing blockade runners (rather than continuing to rely on private shippers), but the Confederate Congress refused to pass those measures.
He signed off on payments for Confederate spies, including operations in Canada and Washington, D.C., as well as for the defense of Richmond, Virginia. He moved to the Confederate capital after severing ties with his businesses in Charleston. Trenholm arranged for a large loan to the Confederate government from a French consortium, but the proceeds arrived too late to assist their war effort.
Trenholm\'s lavish entertaining in Richmond (at the house that later became the Valentine Museum) and paying for a massive Christmas dinner (postponed until New Year\'s Day 1865) endeared him to Richmond\'s elite. On February 6, 1865, the Confederate Congress proposed to President Jefferson Davis that he fire his entire cabinet except for Trenholm. Davis declined, but Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned and was replaced by General John C. Breckinridge.
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# George Trenholm
## Career
### Flight from Richmond {#flight_from_richmond}
During the war\'s final days, Trenholm arranged for the Confederate treasury, archives, and bullion owned by it and Richmond banks to be transported from the imperiled capital into North Carolina by a train guarded by Captain William Howard Parker and Confederate naval midshipmen. The bullion and specie were later estimated to be worth between a quarter to a half million dollars. The last published account of it reported \$86,000 in specie hidden in the false bottom of a carriage and entrusted to James A. Semple, a Naval paymaster and son-in-law of ex-President John Tyler. He was supposed to take it to Liverpool to pay Confederate accounts. Secretary of State Judah Benjamin used a \$1,500 gold warrant signed by Trenholm to secure his passage on a boat to Britain.
Other accounts trace \$40,000 used by Major Raphael J. Moses (General Longstreet\'s commissary officer) to assist Confederate veterans struggling to return home. Some believe Trenholm ordered the bullion dumped off railroad bridges on the journey described below (noting his son William patented a hydroscope for finding lost items in the water after the war), or had money smuggled to England by Sylvester Mumford (who later returned to Georgia, where it became an endowment to educate orphans), or taken to Canada.
Trenholm sent his daughters out of Richmond on Friday, April 3, 1865, with First Lady Varina Davis by train, escorted by midshipman James Morris Morgan (who would later marry one of the Trenholm daughters). The women rode to Charlotte, North Carolina and then reached a rented house in Abbeville, South Carolina, where they met their brother William Trenholm and his family. Though ill, George Trenholm (with his wife as his nurse, the only woman among 30 male officials) evacuated Richmond on Sunday night, April 5, 1865, bound for Danville, Virginia, on the same train as the rest of the Confederate government. He was said to have self-medicated with peach brandy, shared with fellow travelers, and morphine.
Days later, Trenholm was transported by ambulance to another train carrying the Confederate government into North Carolina, where they learned President Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated on April 14. Eventually, the Confederate government, including Trenholm, reached Fort Mill, South Carolina. Upon hearing of General Robert E. Lee\'s surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virginia on April 9, the local commander in Charlotte, North Carolina, General John Echols, had offered his troops the choice of surrendering or continuing to fight. Half his cavalry and almost all infantry left for home. Only 1,000 men followed General Echols to meet with President Jefferson Davis and the remaining Confederate cabinet members in Fort Mill. Trenholm asked President Davis to accept his resignation, citing his ill health, and Davis accepted with his thanks on April 27, 1865.
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# George Trenholm
## Career
### Imprisonment and parole {#imprisonment_and_parole}
Trenholm had six rice plantations to manage in Georgetown County, South Carolina alone, having bought many in 1863 before assuming his public role. He traveled from Abbeville to South Carolina College in Columbia, South Carolina for the wedding on June 1, 1865, of his son Frank to Mary Elizabeth Burroughs in the house of the college president. Trenholm, his wife, and daughters moved into their newly purchased estate, now named *DeGreffin*, near Columbia, South Carolina. U.S. Army troops had burned it in a raid. They left the Abbeville house to William and his family.
Around June 12, a U.S. officer asked Trenholm to come to them in Charleston to answer questions. Escorted by his future son-in-law James M. Morgan (or by his son William, under alternate accounts) and carrying a bag of gold pieces, Trenholm drove to Orangeburg, South Carolina. He took the train to Charleston, where he was arrested at the depot and escorted to jail by United States Colored Troops on June 13. The U.S. government accused him of making off with millions in Confederate assets. He was soon joined in jail by Theodore Dehon Wagner, the manager of Trenholm, Fraser & Co.
Trenholm was briefly imprisoned at Hilton Head, South Carolina, but General Quincy Gillmore, who knew him and of his kindnesses toward U.S. prisoners during the war and recognizing his physical disability, issued him a written parole on June 25 to allow him to return to his home and the corporate limits of Columbia, South Carolina. In July, Gillmore was relieved of his command, and Trenholm was arrested again on July 12. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton suspected him of involvement in President Lincoln\'s assassination.
Blockade runners Theodore Jervey and A.S. Johnson were also arrested in July. Trenholm was imprisoned at Fort Pulaski near Savannah, Georgia. He was allowed guests, including many former high Confederate officials. Fellow prisoners included James A. Seddon, David Yulee, R.M.T. Hunter, former Florida governor A. K. Allison, Charles Clark of Mississippi, A. G. Magrath, and assistant Secretary of War, James A. Campbell---all of whom were allowed liberty around the island after giving their parole of honor on August 21.
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# George Trenholm
## Career
### Postwar business, charity and politics {#postwar_business_charity_and_politics}
Pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and ordered released on October 11, 1865 (along with Clark, Campbell, Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, and Postmaster John H. Reagan of Texas), Trenholm returned to his business. Manager James Welsman had been pardoned in August. On September 29, President Johnson had ordered property returned to Charleston firms, including Trenholm\'s, over the objection of Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs. U.S. lawyers filed suit in Britain against the firm\'s assets to recover funds and against several principals, including T.D. Wagner and Charles Prioleau. The U.S. Government sued Canada for reparations for damages caused by British firms acting on behalf of the Confederacy but settled claims including \$3 million for damages to U.S. shipping by the British-built *CSS Alabama*.
Trenholm\'s son Fred sailed home from England to attend his sister Helen\'s wedding to James Morris Morgan. Trenholm also created trusts and deeded plantations to his children and their spouses. The U.S. government ultimately confiscated some of these properties based on the failure of the Trenholm firm to pay customs duties on the many items imported by blockade runners during the war.
Trenholm\'s cotton brokerage firm went bankrupt in 1867. It successfully reorganized as George A. Trenholm & Son and shifted to take advantage of the state\'s postwar phosphate mining boom. Trenholm was elected as a director of the Blue Ridge Railroad in 1868; the railroad was planned to link Charleston and the American Midwest, but it reportedly went bankrupt due to embezzlement by an official who escaped to the North. It was also likely to have been mismanaged, as the southern railroads were over-capitalized in this period.
In the postwar period, Trenholm became known for his philanthropy to blacks and whites in the South Carolina Low County. He wrote in 1865 that emancipation of blacks was necessary and argued for their uplift. Many South Carolinians were unhappy with Congressional Reconstruction and governor Robert Kingston Scott. He led an effort to invest in public welfare and infrastructure, which resulted in a trebling of state debt as there had been little public investment before the war. He survived an impeachment vote. Voters elected Trenholm to the South Carolina legislature in 1874, and he died in office.
The 1874 campaign season for governor was filled with violence as white Democrats worked to suppress the black Republican vote. The paramilitary Red Shirts were armed and rode openly in groups; they were particularly militant and succeeded in intimidating many black voters. Despite the black Republican majority, Democrat Wade Hampton III, a former Confederate general, was elected governor. White Democrats retained state legislature control for most of the following century.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Trenholm died in Charleston on December 9, 1876, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery. The Library of Congress holds the Confederate Treasury\'s records, many created by Trenholm.
North Carolina erected a historical highway marker near his estate *Solitude*, where he and Memminger spent summers during his final years. Trenholm is the great-great-grandfather of Virginia politician Charles S. \"Chuck\" Robb.
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