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the miami hurricanes entered the peach bowl with a record @@ breaking offense that set the school mark for the most accumulated yards in school history with a total offensive mark of 3 @@ 756 yards leading the aerial portion of the miami offense was sophomore quarterback jim kelly who completed 109 of 206 passes for 1 @@ 519 yards 11 touchdowns and seven interceptions kelly 's 11 touchdowns tied the miami record for most touchdowns in a season at that time kelly 's favorite receiver was wide receiver larry brodsky who caught 33 passes for 570 yards and three touchdowns during the regular season one of brodsky 's touchdowns came on an 81 @@ yard reception that tied the longest pass reception in the history of miami football to that point
the hurricanes ' ground offense was led by running back smokey roan who carried the ball 152 times for 669 yards and five touchdowns roan was assisted by an able offensive line miami offensive tackle john <unk> was named as an honorable mention to the associated press all @@ america team which recognizes the best college football players in the country

= = = miami defense = = =

miami 's defense shut out one opponent and held six other opponents to single touchdowns or field goals middle guard jim burt was one of the hurricanes ' defensive leaders recovering four fumbles in a single game during the regular season in recognition of this and other performances burt was named to the associated press all @@ america list also recognized was defensive back fred marion who was named an honorable mention to the all @@ america list marion intercepted seven passes during the regular season tying him for second in miami history for the most interceptions in a season

= = = virginia tech offense = = =

throughout the regular season virginia tech 's offense was led by running back cyrus lawrence who accumulated what was then a school record of 1 @@ 221 yards during the regular season he also set a record for most carries by a tech player in a season with 271 tech quarterback steve casey was called the key man in the tech offense casey was tech 's starting quarterback and completed 97 of 176 passes during the regular season for 1 @@ 119 yards and 13 touchdowns at the time he ranked second among tech 's career passing leaders and was considered to be an offensive threat
casey 's favorite target was wide receiver sidney snell who caught a tech @@ record eight touchdown receptions during the regular season snell accounted for 568 yards on 43 receptions of all types tight end rob purdham only caught seven passes during the regular season but four of the catches were for touchdowns

= = = virginia tech defense = = =

the tech defense was ranked among the top five in the country during the regular season and set a school record for fewest points allowed during an 11 @@ game regular season tech permitted just 109 points during the season and allowed only 11 touchdowns in 11 games
the leading tackler on the tech defense was freshman linebacker ashley lee who accumulated 95 tackles during the regular season lee was one of two freshman linebackers for the hokies during their record @@ breaking defensive season
virginia tech 's defense also featured robert brown who accumulated 10 tackles including two quarterback sacks in the hokies ' regular @@ season finale against the virginia military institute tech head coach bill dooley lobbied in vain for brown 's inclusion in the annual all @@ america list recording the best college football players in the country saying robert brown is an all @@ american football player but because he was a transfer student he received no preseason buildup i guarantee the people who have seen him know he 's an all @@ american brown finished the regular season with 61 tackles broke up four passes and recovered three fumbles

= = game summary = =

the 1981 peach bowl kicked off at 3 pm est on january 2 1981 at fulton county stadium in atlanta georgia in front of a crowd estimated at 45 @@ 384 people more than 14 @@ 000 of those present were estimated to be fans of virginia tech weather at kickoff was sunny with a temperature of 46 ° f ( 8 ° c ) and a north @@ northwest wind estimated at 14 miles per hour ( 23 km / h ) the game was televised nationally on cbs with curt gowdy hank stram and frank <unk> serving as the announcers for the television broadcast william parkinson was the referee robert <unk> was the umpire and the linesman was richard farina miami won the traditional pregame coin toss used to decide first possession and elected to receive the ball to begin the game

= = = first quarter = = =

after the virginia tech kickoff and a short return miami began the first drive of the game at its 32 @@ yard line the game 's first play was an incomplete pass from miami quarterback jim kelly after a one @@ yard rush kelly completed his first pass of the game an 18 @@ yard toss that drove miami to the tech 49 @@ yard line and gave the hurricanes a first down miami then committed a 15 @@ yard penalty pushing the hurricanes back into their side of the field on the second play after the penalty kelly completed a 29 @@ yard pass that gave miami a first down the hurricanes were further aided by a 15 @@ yard roughing the passer penalty against virginia tech giving miami a first down at the tech 20 @@ yard line from there it took miami just three plays to score a touchdown the final play being a 15 @@ yard pass from kelly to larry brodsky with 12 37 remaining in the quarter miami took a 7 0 lead
following miami 's post @@ touchdown kickoff virginia tech began its first offensive possession of the game at its 24 @@ yard line a three @@ yard rush from fullback scott dovel was followed by two rushes from tech 's cyrus lawrence one for eight yards and a second for 17 more these drove tech into miami territory and gave the hokies a first down once there however miami 's defense stiffened and tech was forced to punt miami recovered the ball at its 12 @@ yard line and the hurricanes began their second possession of the game fullback chris hobbs and running back smokey roan alternated carries picking up yardage and first downs before entering virginia tech territory on the hurricanes ' first play on tech 's side of the field however miami committed two penalties pushing the hurricanes back 20 yards following the penalties miami was unable to pick up a first down and punted back to the hokies
tech recovered the punt at its 30 @@ yard line and began its second possession lawrence rushed for five yards and miami committed a five @@ yard offsides penalty giving tech a first down by penalty dovel and lawrence then combined for another first down after two plays tech was unable to gain another first down and punted the ball away attempting to field the ball miami 's fred marion fumbled the ball which was recovered by a tech defender at the miami 25 @@ yard line despite beginning with excellent field position tech was unable to score on the first play after the fumble recovery tech attempted to run a trick play involving a pass by lawrence the pass was intercepted by a miami defender at the hurricanes ' one @@ yard line and miami 's offense returned to the field
from their one @@ yard line the hurricanes ran a short rush up the middle then kelly connected on a 28 @@ yard pass to tight end mark cooper for a first down three short rushes by fullback speedy neal resulted in 12 yards and a first down with time running out in the quarter kelly attempted and completed a 27 @@ yard pass to wide receiver rocky belk driving the hurricanes to the tech 30 @@ yard line and bringing the quarter to an end miami led 7 0 at the end of the first quarter

= = = second quarter = = =

miami began the second quarter in possession of the ball and facing a first down at the virginia tech 30 @@ yard line from there it took miami just four plays to score roan ran for seven yards kelly completed an 11 @@ yard pass threw an incomplete pass then hobbs ran 12 yards for the touchdown the score and following extra point gave miami a 14 0 lead with 13 47 remaining before halftime
virginia tech received the post @@ touchdown kickoff and was promptly penalized 10 yards for an illegal block during the kickoff despite the initial setback tech made good the penalty with two passes from quarterback steve casey after gaining one first down the hokies gained several more with a combination of passes from casey and rushes from lawrence tech drove into miami territory and penetrated the hurricanes ' red zone in the process gaining a first down after facing a fourth down near midfield attempting to pass for a touchdown however casey threw an interception at the goal line to a miami defender the hurricanes thus again denied tech a scoring opportunity and the miami offense began anew
the hurricanes picked up a first down on one rush each from hobbs and roan but were unable to gain another after a miami punt tech returned to offense from its 46 @@ yard line casey picked up a first down on a pass then gained another after a seven @@ yard scramble that followed a three @@ yard rush by lawrence lawrence then gained a first down on his own after rushing for nine yards and five yards driving the hokies to the miami 15 @@ yard line in the process after entering the miami red zone however tech was unable to gain a first down and casey was sacked for a loss of 13 yards facing a fourth down and needing 20 yards for a first down tech coach bill dooley sent in kicker dennis laury to attempt a 42 @@ yard field goal the kick was successful and with 29 seconds left in the first half tech cut miami 's lead to 14 3
miami was penalized 15 yards for roughing the kicker during the field goal attempt allowing tech to kick off from the miami 45 @@ yard line following the score instead of kicking off to miami tech attempted an onside kick which would allow tech to retain possession if the ball was recovered by the kicking team after traveling 10 yards from the point at which it was kicked the ball did not travel the needed 10 yards however and miami began offense at its 37 @@ yard line where the ball rolled out of bounds on miami 's first play after the kick kelly attempted a long pass into tech territory but the ball was intercepted by tech 's mike schamus at the hokies ' 12 @@ yard line with just 21 seconds remaining in the first half tech attempted to gain quick yardage in an effort to close within field goal distance though lawrence picked up 15 yards and a first with a rush the hokies were unable to enter the miami side of the field before time expired at the end of the first half miami still held a 14 3 lead

= = = third quarter = = =

because miami received the ball to begin the game virginia tech received the ball to begin the second half after miami 's kickoff and a touchback tech began the first possession of the second half at its 20 @@ yard line the hokies picked up a quick first down off a rush each by lawrence dovel and casey lawrence picked up another with two rushes that resulted in 13 yards and drove the hokies to their 44 @@ yard line there casey completed his longest pass of the game a 42 @@ yard throw to tight end rob purdham that gave tech a first down at the miami 14 @@ yard line tech continued to drive picking up short yardage with multiple rushes the hokies suffered a near @@ disaster when lawrence fumbled the ball but tech retained possession when the ball rolled out of bounds at the one @@ yard line two plays after the fumble lawrence vaulted over the goal line for tech 's first and only touchdown of the game following the extra point tech cut miami 's lead to 14 10 with 8 52 remaining in the quarter
following the tech kickoff miami began a drive at its 20 @@ yard line and went three and out following the hurricanes ' punt tech 's offense began work at its 22 @@ yard line despite having a chance to take the lead with a successful drive the hokies also went three and out punting back to miami and allowing the hurricanes to begin a possession at their 33 @@ yard line this possession was more successful than miami 's first of the second half kelly ran for four yards then completed a six @@ yard pass for a first down tech committed a 15 @@ yard grabbing @@ the @@ facemask penalty and kelly completed a 15 @@ yard pass that pushed the miami offense to the tech 22 @@ yard line young picked up 12 yards and a first down with a rush to the left but kelly was sacked for a loss of 13 yards negating the gain unable to gain another first down or a touchdown miami was forced to settle for a field goal attempt the 31 @@ yard attempt was good and miami expanded its lead to 17 10 with 29 seconds remaining in the quarter
tech received miami 's kickoff for a touchback and the hokies ' offense began work at the tech 20 @@ yard line lawrence ran for six yards and time ran out in the quarter with one quarter remaining miami held a 17 10 lead

= = = fourth quarter = = =

tech began the fourth quarter in possession of the ball and facing a second down at its 26 @@ yard line despite needing just another four yards for a first down tech was unable to gain the needed yardage and was forced to punt during the kick miami was penalized five yards and began its first possession of the fourth quarter at its 18 @@ yard line after the penalty kelly completed an 18 @@ yard pass for a first down but miami was unable to gain another after punting to tech the hokies were likewise unable to gain a first down and went three and out after committing a delay of game penalty
tech 's punt was short and miami began a possession at the tech 41 @@ yard line the hurricanes picked up a first down with two rushes by roan for a total of 14 yards despite further short gains by roan the hurricanes were stopped short by the tech defense and were unable to gain another miami sent in kicker dan miller who kicked a 37 @@ yard field goal to give miami a 20 10 lead with 6 27 remaining in the game
tech received miami 's post @@ score kickoff needing to score quickly in order to have a chance to have a second opportunity on offense needed because tech was now two scores behind tech returned the kickoff to the 24 @@ yard line but were penalized 12 yards for an illegal block casey passed for an eight @@ yard gain and ran for three yards for a first down after that gain things went against the hokies casey was penalized 15 yards for intentional grounding and tech was unable to gain another first down the hokies punted and miami took over on offense at its 46 @@ yard line in possession of the lead miami began to run out the clock executing multiple rushing plays in succession in order to force the game clock to continue to count down tech 's defense forced a stop but because miami punted the ball with just 2 20 remaining in the game there was little chance that tech would be able to make up the needed two scores
tech received the ball at its 16 @@ yard line and casey completed a quick 14 @@ yard pass to purdham for a first down but tech was unable to gain another first down and after four plays were stopped short tech turned the ball over to miami after casey threw an incomplete pass on fourth down miami received the ball with 1 24 remaining and ran a series of inconsequential plays to draw down the clock and bring the game to an end miami earned the win 20 10

= = statistical summary = =

in recognition of their performances during the peach bowl miami quarterback jim kelly and nose guard jim burt were named the game 's offensive and defensive most valuable players of the game respectively kelly finished the game having completed 11 of his 22 pass attempts for 179 yards one touchdown and one interception burt the other mvp accumulated nine tackles the second @@ most of any player in the game including seven unassisted tackles and one tackle for loss
virginia tech running back cyrus lawrence finished the game with 27 carries for 137 rushing yards and a touchdown the 27 carries remain the most ever recorded by a single virginia tech player in a bowl game tech quarterback steve casey led the hokies in passing yardage completing nine of his 23 pass attempts for 119 yards and one interception
the hurricanes ' ground offense was led by smokey roan who carried the ball 16 times for 86 yards second to roan for miami was chris hobbs who contributed 66 yards and a touchdown on 10 carries hurricanes wide receiver larry brodsky finished with four catches for 80 yards and a touchdown miami turned the ball over four times during the course of the game tech 's 80 @@ yard touchdown drive in the third quarter remains tied for the longest ever recorded by a tech offense during a bowl game conversely the 99 @@ yard drive allowed to miami remains the longest scoring drive tech 's defense has ever allowed in a bowl game
on defense virginia tech linebacker ashley lee 's 15 tackles remains the most ever recorded by a tech defender in a bowl game three tech players were tied for second on the team with eight tackles behind defensive mvp burt miami had one player with eight tackles and two with seven fred marion one of the hurricanes with seven tackles also intercepted a tech pass and broke up another pass

= = postgame effects = =

in exchange for their participation each team received $ 663 @@ 389 miami 's win brought the hurricanes to a final record of 9 3 for the 1980 college football season likewise the loss dropped virginia tech to a final record of 8 4 miami 's win also was its first bowl @@ game victory since a similar win over tech in the 1966 liberty bowl
the 1980 peach bowl victory is sometimes cited as the turning point in the miami football program as the hurricanes went 9 2 and 7 4 over the next two season before participating in the 1984 orange bowl the championship game of the 1983 college football season tech also participated in a 1984 bowl game the 1984 independence bowl which followed the 1984 college football season the hokies did not win a bowl game until the 1986 peach bowl however the game had lasting effects on virginia tech 's football recruiting efforts eventual star players bruce smith and jesse penn signed letters of intent with virginia tech following the game
miami had a handful of players selected in the 1981 nfl draft cornerback john swain was picked with the 101st overall selection jim joiner with the 263rd pick and pat walker with the 290th pick miami quarterback jim kelly a sophomore during the 1981 peach bowl was selected in the first round of the 1983 nfl draft and went on to become a member of the pro football hall of fame in recognition of his performance during 10 seasons with the buffalo bills in 2002 kelly was named to the peach bowl hall of fame in honor of his performance in the 1980 game

= = later aftermath = =

miami and virginia tech would both be charter members of the big east conference 's football league in 1991 and in 2004 both schools moved to the atlantic coast conference which now has a tie @@ in for what is now called the chick @@ fil a bowl


= the magdalen reading =

the magdalen reading is one of three surviving fragments of a large mid @@ 15th @@ century oil on panel altarpiece by the early netherlandish painter rogier van der weyden the panel originally oak was completed some time between 1435 and 1438 and has been in the national gallery london since 1860 it shows a woman with the pale skin high cheek bones and oval eyelids typical of the idealised portraits of noble women of the period she is identifiable as the magdalen from the jar of ointment placed in the foreground which is her traditional attribute in christian art she is presented as completely absorbed in her reading a model of the contemplative life repentant and absolved of past sins in catholic tradition the magdalen was conflated with both mary of bethany who anointed the feet of jesus with oil and the unnamed sinner of luke 7 36 50 iconography of the magdalen commonly shows her with a book in a moment of reflection in tears or with eyes averted van der weyden pays close attention to detail in many passages in particular the folds and cloth of the woman 's dress the rock crystal of the rosary beads held by the figure standing over her and the lushness of the exterior
the background of the painting had been overpainted with a thick layer of brown paint a cleaning between 1955 and 1956 revealed the figure standing behind the magdalene and the kneeling figure with its bare foot protruding in front of her with a landscape visible through a window the two partially seen figures are both cut off at the edges of the london panel the figure above her has been identified as belonging to a fragment in the museu calouste gulbenkian lisbon which shows the head of saint joseph while another lisbon fragment showing what is believed to be saint catherine of alexandria is thought to be from the same larger work the original altarpiece was a sacra <unk> known only through a drawing virgin and child with saints in stockholm 's nationalmuseum which followed a partial copy of the painting that probably dated from the late 16th century the drawing shows that the magdalen occupied the lower right @@ hand corner of the altarpiece the lisbon fragments are each a third of the size of the magdalen which measures 62 @@ 2 cm × 54 @@ 4 cm ( 24 @@ 5 in × 21 @@ 4 in )
although internationally successful in his lifetime van der weyden fell from view during the 17th century and was not rediscovered until the early 19th century the magdalen reading can first be traced to an 1811 sale after passing through the hands of a number of dealers in the netherlands the panel was purchased by the national gallery london in 1860 from a collector in paris it is described by art historian lorne campbell as one of the great masterpieces of 15th @@ century art and among van der weyden 's most important early works

= = description = =

mary magdalene as depicted in early renaissance painting is a composite of various biblical figures here she is based on mary of bethany who is identified as the magdalene in the roman catholic tradition mary of bethany sat at jesus ' feet and listened to his word and thus is seen as a contemplative figure the counterpoint is mary 's sister martha who representative of the active life wished that mary would help her serve mary is shown by van der weyden as youthful sitting in quiet piety with her head tilted and eyes modestly averted from the viewer she is absorbed in her reading of a holy book the covers of which include a chemise of white cloth a common form of protective binding four coloured cloth bookmarks are tied to a gold bar near the top of the spine according to lorne campbell the manuscript looks rather like a 13th @@ century french bible and is clearly a devotional text it was rare for contemporary portraits to show women reading and if the model herself could read then she was likely from a noble family
van der weyden often linked form and meaning and in this fragment the semicircular outline of the magdalene reinforces her quiet detachment from her surroundings she is seated on a red cushion and rests her back against a wooden sideboard by her feet is her usual attribute of an alabaster jar in the gospels she brought spices to the tomb of jesus the view through the window is of a distant canal with an archer atop the garden wall and a figure walking on the other side of the water whose reflection shows in the water
van der weyden 's pose for the magdalene is similar to a number of female religious figures painted by his master robert campin or his workshop it closely resembles in theme and tone the figure of saint barbara in campin 's werl altarpiece and also the virgin in an annunciation attributed to campin in brussels typically for a van der weyden the magdalen 's face has an almost sculpted look and the elements of her clothes are conveyed in minute detail she wears a green robe in medieval art the magdalene is usually depicted naked ( sometimes clad only in her long hair ) or in richly coloured dress typically red blue or green almost never in white her robe is tightly pulled below her bust by a blue sash while the gold brocade of her <unk> is adorned by a jewelled hem art critic charles <unk> observed that the magdalen 's past as a fallen woman is hinted at by the nap in the fur lining of her dress and the few strands of hair loose from her veil <unk> wrote even her fingers absent @@ mindedly circled suggest completeness in her mix of purity and eroticism van der weyden 's magdalen feels whole but she isn 't in the medieval period fur symbolized female sexuality and was commonly associated with the magdalene medieval historian philip crispin explains that artists such as memling and matsys often portrayed the magdalen in furs and notes that she is noticeably dressed in fur @@ lined garments in the magdalen reading by rogier van der weyden
the level of detail used in portraying the magdalene has been described by campbell as far exceed [ ing ] van eyck her lips are painted with a shades of vermilion white and red which are mixed into each other to give a transparent look at the edges the fur lining of her dress is painted in a range of greys running from almost pure white to pure black rogier gave the fur a textured look by painting stripes parallel to the line of the dress and then feathering the paint before it dried the gold on the cloth is rendered with a variety of impasto grid and dots of varying colour and size
many of the objects around her are also closely detailed in particular the wooden floor and nails the folds of the magdalene 's dress the costume of the figures in the exterior and the beads of joseph 's rosary the effect of falling light is closely studied joseph 's crystal rosary beads have bright highlights while subtle delineations of light and shade can be seen in the sideboard 's tracery and in the clasps of her book mary is absorbed in her reading and seemingly unaware of her surroundings van der weyden has given her a quiet dignity although he is generally seen as the more emotional of the master netherlandish painters of the era in particular when contrasted with jan van eyck
lorne campbell describes the tiny figure of the woman seen through the window and her reflection in the water as small miracles of painting and says that the attention to detail far exceeds that of jan van eyck and the skill of execution is astounding he notes that these tiny details would have been impossible for a viewer to observe when the altarpiece was in its intended position other areas of the panel however have been described as dull and uninspired one critic wrote that the areas of the floor and most of the cupboard behind her seem unfinished and much too narrow and papery in effect a number of objects placed on the cupboard are now barely visible save for their bases the object on the right seated on legs alongside a box is likely a small pitcher possibly a reliquary a moulding to the left of the cupboard may represent a doorway

= = altarpiece fragment = =

virgin and child with saints a drawing in stockholm 's nationalmuseum is believed to be a study of a portion of the original altarpiece by a follower of van der weyden who possibly may have been the master of the <unk> <unk> the drawing has a loosely sketched background and shows from left to right an unidentified bishop saint with mitre and crosier making a blessing gesture a narrow gap with a few wavy vertical lines suggesting a start at the outline of a further kneeling figure a barefoot bearded figure in a rough robe identified as saint john the baptist a seated virgin holding on her lap the christ child who leans to the right looking at a book and holding the book a kneeling beardless male identified as john the evangelist the drawing stops at the end of john 's robe at about the point on the london panel where joseph 's walking stick meets john and the magdalene 's robes this suggests that the magdalene panel was the first to be cut from the larger work
at an unknown point before 1811 the original altarpiece was broken into at least three pieces possibly due to damage although the magdalen fragment is in good condition the black overpaint was likely added after the early 17th century when netherlandish painting had fallen from favour and was unfashionable campbell believes that after the removal of the background detail it looked sufficiently like a genre piece to hang in a well @@ known collection of dutch seventeenth @@ century paintings from the size of three surviving panels in relation to the drawing it is estimated that the original was at least 1 m high by 1 @@ 5 m wide the bishop and the magdalene seem to clearly mark the horizontal extremities but the extent of the picture above and below the surviving elements and the drawing cannot be judged such a size is comparable with smaller altarpieces of the period the background was overpainted with a thick layer of black / brown pigment until it was cleaned in 1955 it was only after the layer 's removal that it was linked to the upper body and head of joseph from the lisbon piece these two works were not recorded in inventory until 1907 when they appear in the collection of léo <unk> in suresnes france
the london panel shows much of the clothing of two other figures from the original altarpiece to the left of the magdalene is the red robe of what appears to be a kneeling figure the figure and robe and less precisely the background match a kneeling saint john the evangelist behind the magdalen is a standing figure in blue and red robes with linear rosary beads in one hand and a walking stick in the other a panel at the museu calouste gulbenkian in lisbon shows the head of a figure believed to be the saint joseph the background and clothes match with those of the figure behind the magdalen on the london panel
there is a further small panel in lisbon of a female head richly or royally dressed which first appeared in 1907 with the joseph panel when it was recorded in the inventory of leo nardus at suresnes the figure may represent saint catherine of alexandria and from both the angle of her cloth and the fact that the river behind her would be parallel to that in the exterior of the london panel it can be assumed that she was kneeling in the stockholm drawing she is omitted or only traces of her dress shown the joseph panel has a sliver of a view through a window to an exterior scene if the other female is presumed to be kneeling the trees above the waterway aligns with those in the london panel some art historians including martin davies and john ward have been slow to allow the catherine panel as part of the altarpiece though it is undoubtedly by van der weyden or a near @@ contemporary follower evidence against this link includes the fact that the moulding of the window to the left of the gulbenkian female saint is plain while that next to saint joseph is chamfered such an inconsistency in a single van der weyden work is unusual the panels are of equal thickness ( 1 @@ 3 cm ) and of near @@ identical size the saint catherine panel measures 18 @@ 6 cm × 21 @@ 7 cm ( 7 @@ 3 in × 8 @@ 5 in ) the saint joseph 18 @@ 2 cm × 21 cm ( 7 @@ 2 in × 8 @@ 3 in )
lorne campbell thinks that though the catherine head is obviously less well drawn and less successfully painted than the magdalen it seems likely that all three fragments came from the same original work he points out that about half way up the right edge of this fragment [ catherine ] is a small triangle of red outlined by a continuous <unk> brushstroke it is likely that the red is part of the contour of the missing figure of the baptist the small piece is on the outermost edge of the panel and only visible when it was removed from the frame ward believes the piece corresponds directly with the folds of john 's robes
the stockholm drawing contains a narrow blank gap to the right of the bishop with a few indistinct lines that could represent the lower profile of the kneeling figure of saint catherine although none of the faces in the three surviving panels match any in the drawing a 1971 reconstruction by art historian john ward which combined all of the works into a composition of a central virgin and child flanked by six saints is widely accepted the stockholm drawing 's original location or history before the 19th century is unknown except that the verso shows a surviving carving of the virgin and child attributed to a brussels workshop from about 1440 this carving is also now in portugal

= = iconography = =

van der weyden 's depiction of the magdalen is based on mary of bethany identified by the time of pope gregory i as the repentant prostitute of luke 7 36 50 she then became associated with weeping and reading christ 's mercy causes the eyes of the sinner to be contrite or tearful early renaissance artists often conveyed this idea by portraying contemplative eyes associating tears with words and in turn weeping with reading examples can be seen in 16th @@ century works by tintoretto and titian which show the magdalen reading often with her eyes averted towards her book ( and presumably away from a male gaze ) or looking up to the heavens or sometimes glancing coyly towards the viewer writing in the crying face mosche barasch explains that in van der weyden 's time the gesture of averting or concealing the eyes became a pictorial formula for crying
by the medieval period reading became synonymous with devotion which involved withdrawal from public view van der weyden 's placement of the magdalen in an interior scene reflects the increasing literacy of domestic or laywomen in the mid @@ 15th century the increased production of devotional texts showed that noble women of the period routinely read texts such as a psalter or book of hours in the privacy of their homes whether the magdalen herself was a reader by the 17th century she was firmly established as such in the visual arts because the magdalen was present at christ 's death and subsequent resurrection she was seen as the bearer of news a witness and hence directly associated with the text
the magdalen imagery further draws on the idea of christ as the word represented by a book with the magdalen as the reader learning of her own life story in a moment of reflection and repentance her devotion to reading reflects her traditional status as the piously repentant harlot as well as a prophetess or seer according to legend the magdalen lived the last 30 years of her life as a hermit in sainte @@ baume and is often shown with a book reading or writing symbolizing her later years of contemplation and repentance by the 13th century she acquired the imagery of a once @@ shamed woman who clothed in long hair now hid her nakedness in exile and borne by angels floats between heaven and earth
the magdalen 's ointment jar was common in the lexicon of art in van der weyden 's period mary of bethany may have used a jar when she repented of her sins at christ 's feet in her home by the renaissance the image of the magdalen was of the woman who bathed christ 's feet with her tears and dried them with her hair she signified the sacrament of anointing ( <unk> and unction ) by pouring precious spikenard on christ 's feet at his tomb

= = dating and provenance = =

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