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= = = literature and art = = =
romeo and juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature before then romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy in harold bloom 's words shakespeare invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death of shakespeare 's works romeo and juliet has generated the most and the most varied adaptations including prose and verse narratives drama opera orchestral and choral music ballet film television and painting the word romeo has even become synonymous with male lover in english
romeo and juliet was parodied in shakespeare 's own lifetime henry porter 's two angry women of abingdon ( 1598 ) and thomas dekker 's blurt master constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay the play directly influenced later literary works for example the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in charles dickens ' nicholas nickleby
romeo and juliet is one of shakespeare 's most @@ illustrated works the first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene thought to be by elisha <unk> which appeared in nicholas rowe 's 1709 edition of shakespeare 's plays five paintings of the play were commissioned for the boydell shakespeare gallery in the late 18th century one representing each of the five acts of the play the 19th century fashion for pictorial performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration which in turn influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre in the 20th century the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions
in 2014 simon & schuster will publish juliet 's nurse a novel by historian and former college professor lois m leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse the nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play only the eponymous characters have more lines
= = = screen = = =
romeo and juliet may be the most @@ filmed play of all time the most notable theatrical releases were george cukor 's multi @@ oscar @@ nominated 1936 production franco zeffirelli 's 1968 version and baz luhrmann 's 1996 mtv @@ inspired romeo + juliet the latter two were both in their time the highest @@ grossing shakespeare film ever romeo and juliet was first filmed in the silent era by georges méliès although his film is now lost the play was first heard on film in the hollywood revue of 1929 in which john gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite norma shearer
shearer and leslie howard with a combined age over 75 played the teenage lovers in george cukor 's mgm 1936 film version neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically <unk> considered the film too arty staying away as they had from warner 's a midsummer night dream a year before leading to hollywood abandoning the bard for over a decade renato castellani won the grand prix at the venice film festival for his 1954 film of romeo and juliet his romeo laurence harvey was already an experienced screen actor by contrast susan <unk> as juliet was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a london pub and was cast for her pale sweet skin and honey @@ blonde hair
stephen orgel describes franco zeffirelli 's 1968 romeo and juliet as being full of beautiful young people and the camera and the lush <unk> make the most of their sexual energy and good looks zeffirelli 's teenage leads leonard whiting and olivia hussey had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity zeffirelli has been particularly praised for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out @@ of @@ control the film courted controversy by including a nude wedding @@ night scene while olivia hussey was only fifteen
baz luhrmann 's 1996 romeo + juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the mtv generation a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters far darker than zeffirelli 's version the film is set in the crass violent and superficial society of verona beach and sycamore grove leonardo dicaprio was romeo and claire danes was juliet
the play has been widely adapted for tv and film in 1960 peter ustinov 's cold @@ war stage parody romanoff and juliet was filmed the 1961 film of west side story set among new york gangs featured the jets as white youths equivalent to shakespeare 's montagues while the sharks equivalent to the capulets are puerto rican the 1994 film the punk uses both the rough plot outline of romeo and juliet and names many of the characters in ways that reflect the characters in the play in 2006 disney 's high school musical made use of romeo and juliet 's plot placing the two young lovers in rival high school cliques instead of feuding families film @@ makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from romeo and juliet the conceit of dramatising shakespeare writing romeo and juliet has been used several times including john madden 's 1998 shakespeare in love in which shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair an anime series produced by gonzo and sky perfect well think called romeo x juliet was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest english @@ language film based on the play in 2013 sanjay leela bhansali directed the bollywood film goliyon ki raasleela ram @@ leela a contemporary version of the play which starred ranveer singh and deepika padukone in leading roles the film was a commercial and critical success in february 2014 <unk> released a filmed version of the 2013 broadway revival of romeo and juliet the production starred orlando bloom and <unk> rashad the film was released internationally in april 2014
= = = modern social media and virtual world productions = = =
in april and may 2010 the royal shakespeare company and the <unk> production company presented a version of the play entitled such tweet sorrow as an improvised real @@ time series of tweets on twitter the production used rsc actors who engaged with the audience as well each other performing not from a traditional script but a grid developed by the <unk> production team and writers tim wright and bethan marlow the performers also make use of other media sites such as youtube for pictures and video
= = scene by scene = =
= reptar on ice =
reptar on ice is the tenth episode of the second season of the animated television series rugrats it is the first segment of the twenty @@ third episode for the entire series the episode was written by peter gaffney and directed by howard e baker it was originally broadcast on november 8 1992 reptar on ice followed the infant main characters tommy chuckie phil and lil going to an ice show with their parents that follows the love story of the babies ' favorite monster reptar there the babies attempt to return a lizard to the actor assuming it is his child
reptar on ice continued rugrats ' employment of the character reptar a satirical parody of godzilla the episode included several other cultural references the basic theme lampoons the commercialization of children 's media products and its plethora of merchandise tie @@ ins the ice show the children see is referent to real @@ life ice shows such as disney on ice and its plot centers around a beauty and the beast @@ style love story
the episode was released on the dvd and vhs compilation decade in diapers which included the favorite episodes of rugrats in their respected category as voted on by fans on nickcom and was celebratory of the show 's tenth anniversary reptar on ice in particular was categorized as the favorite reptar @@ <unk> episode gord lacey of <unk> described it as one of his favorite episodes from the compilation tied with vacation special it was adapted into an audio story which was featured prominently on the cd and cassette tape in search of the mighty reptar
= = plot = =
the babies discover a tiny lizard in tommy pickles ' backyard that they are convinced is the offspring of reptar a fictitious green dinosaur and main character of many action movies of which the rugrats are fond after learning about the extinction of the dinosaurs tommy decides to return the lizard to reptar just as his family has purchased tickets for a musical ice show based on the character after tommy 's parents and grandfather have fallen asleep the babies sneak into the ice rink and present the lizard to leo the actor portraying reptar who coincidentally happens to possess a phobia of lizards stu pickles tommy 's father sees the <unk> and must retrieve them from the ice rink
= = production = =
reptar on ice was written by peter gaffney and directed by howard e baker it was the tenth episode of season two of rugrats which was created by arlene klasky and gabor csupo along with paul germain founders of the self @@ titled company klasky @@ csupo reptar on ice was originally broadcast on november 8 1992 on nickelodeon john schuck guest starred as reptar in the episode reptar is played by a man named leo who was used during season one 's reptar 's revenge dressed as reptar for a state fair reptar 's revenge was also written by gaffney
= = themes = =
reptar had been used since season one episode three at the movies as a satirical parody of the fictional japanese monster godzilla despite being a green dinosaur he still embodies the character and though he is portrayed comically his name is referent to the way a child would pronounce velociraptor made famous for its appearance in jurassic park though that film is highly unlikely to have been the inspiration since it was released after reptar 's début reptar is used to demonstrate and subsequently lampoon the ever growing domination of japanese culture into children 's society
reptar on ice continues this satirical tradition heavily displaying the over commercialization where media is dragged on into several merchandising tie @@ ins angelica is insistent on only eating reptar brand cereal which stu states has no actual food in it the ice show the babies attend mocks several different real life ice shows including disney on ice and barney on ice another reference in the episode is the subsequent joke about beauty and the beast in the romantic plot of the entire reptar on ice performance
= = reception and home media releases = =
reptar on ice was originally broadcast on november 8 1992 the 1997 vhs tape return of reptar was the first home video release with this episode four years later in 2001 the episode is featured on a vhs and dvd compilation for the show 's tenth anniversary entitled decade in diapers it included ten episodes that were voted by fans on nickcom as their favorites in specific categories reptar on ice was listed as the favorite reptar @@ <unk> episode the decades in diapers video had originally been released as a vhs in 2001 and though paramount studios intended to concurrently put it as a dvd as well they opted to wait a year the episode was most recently re @@ released to dvd in june 2009 as a part of the rugrats season 2 dvd set
gord lacey of <unk> named the episode one of his favorites on the compilation tying with the episode vacation special which followed the families going to las vegas to relax reptar on ice was adapted onto a cd entitled in search of the mighty reptar it features a story @@ time set of two adventures the babies have the second story features another reptar story entitled journey to the center of the basement where they venture to their basement in order to rescue their reptar jr toy the cd was as well made for cassette tapes both being released on july 20 1999 in search of the mighty reptar was a part of nickelodeon 's rugrats go reptar event that published several different other merchandise types for rugrats including direct @@ to @@ video releases and magazines
= keith moon =
keith john moon ( 23 august 1946 7 september 1978 ) was an english drummer who played with the english rock band the who he was noted for his unique style and his eccentric often self @@ destructive behaviour his drumming continues to be praised by critics and musicians he was posthumously inducted into the modern drummer hall of fame in 1982 becoming only the second rock drummer to be chosen and in 2011 moon was voted the second @@ greatest drummer in history by a rolling stone readers ' poll
moon grew up in alperton a suburb of wembley northwest london and took up the drums during the early 1960s after playing with a local band the beachcombers he joined the who in 1964 before they recorded their first single moon remained with the band during their rise to fame and was quickly recognised for his drumming style which emphasised tom @@ toms cymbal crashes and drum fills he occasionally collaborated with other musicians and later appeared in films but considered playing in the who his primary occupation and remained a member of the band until his death in addition to his talent as a drummer however moon developed a reputation for smashing his kit on stage and destroying hotel rooms on tour he was fascinated by blowing up toilets with cherry bombs or dynamite and by destroying television sets moon enjoyed touring and socialising and was bored and restless when the who were inactive his 21st birthday party in flint michigan has been cited as a notorious example of decadent behaviour by rock groups
moon suffered a number of setbacks during the 1970s most notably the accidental death of chauffeur neil boland and the breakdown of his marriage he became addicted to alcohol particularly brandy and champagne and acquired a reputation for decadence and dark humour his nickname was moon the loon after moving to los angeles with personal assistant peter dougal butler during the mid @@ 1970s moon recorded his only solo album the poorly received two sides of the moon while touring with the who on several occasions he passed out on stage and was hospitalised by their final tour with him in 1976 and particularly during production of the kids are alright and who are you the drummer 's deterioration was evident moon moved back to london in 1978 dying in september of that year from an overdose of <unk> a drug intended to treat or prevent symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
= = early life = =
keith john moon was born to alfred charles ( alf ) and kathleen winifred ( kit ) moon on 23 august 1946 at central middlesex hospital in northwest london and grew up in wembley he was hyperactive as a boy with a restless imagination and a particular fondness for the goon show and music moon attended alperton secondary modern school after failing his eleven plus exam which precluded his attending a grammar school his art teacher said in a report retarded artistically <unk> in other respects his music teacher wrote that moon has great ability but must guard against a tendency to show off
moon joined his local sea cadet corps band at the age of twelve on the bugle but found the instrument too difficult to learn and decided to take up drums instead he was interested in practical jokes and home science kits with a particular fondness for explosions on his way home from school moon would often go to macari 's music studio on ealing road to practise on the drums there learning his basic skills on the instrument he left school at age fourteen around easter in 1961 moon then enrolled at harrow technical college this led to a job as a radio repairman enabling him to buy his first drum kit
= = career = =
= = = early years = = =
moon took lessons from one of the loudest contemporary drummers screaming lord sutch 's carlo little at ten shillings per lesson moon 's early style was influenced by jazz american surf music and rhythm and blues exemplified by noted los angeles studio drummer hal blaine his favourite musicians were jazz artists particularly gene krupa ( whose flamboyant style he subsequently copied ) moon also admired elvis presley 's original drummer dj fontana the shadows ' original drummer tony meehan and the pretty things ' viv prince he also enjoyed singing with a particular interest in motown moon idolised the beach boys roger daltrey later said that given the opportunity moon would have left to play for the california band even at the peak of the who 's fame
during this time moon joined his first serious band the escorts replacing his best friend gerry evans in december 1962 he joined the beachcombers a semi @@ professional london cover band playing hits by groups such as the shadows during his time in the group moon incorporated theatrical tricks into his act including shooting the group 's lead singer with a starter pistol the beachcombers all had day jobs moon who worked in the sales department at british gypsum had the keenest interest in turning professional in april 1964 at age seventeen he auditioned for the who as a replacement for doug sandom the beachcombers continued as a local cover band after his departure
= = = the who = = =
a commonly cited story of how moon joined the who is that he appeared at a show shortly after sandom 's departure where a session drummer was used dressed in ginger clothes and with his hair dyed ginger ( future bandmate pete townshend later described him as a ginger vision ) he claimed to his would @@ be bandmates that he could play better he played in the set 's second half nearly demolishing the drum kit in the process in the words of the drummer they said go ahead and i got behind this other guy 's drums and did one <unk> ' road runner ' i 'd several drinks to get me courage up and when i got onstage i went <unk> on the drums broke the bass drum pedal and two skins and got off i figured that was it i was scared to death afterwards i was sitting at the bar and pete came over he said ' you come ' ere ' i said mild as you please ' yes yes ' and roger who was the spokesman then said ' what are you doing next monday ' i said ' nothing ' i was working during the day selling plaster he said ' you 'll have to give up work there 's this gig on monday if you want to come we 'll pick you up in the van ' i said ' right ' and that was it moon later claimed that he was never formally invited to join the who permanently when ringo starr asked how he had joined the band he said he had just been filling in for the last fifteen years
moon 's arrival in the who changed the dynamics of the group sandom had generally been the peacemaker as daltrey and townshend feuded between themselves but because of moon 's temperament the group now had four members frequently in conflict we used to fight regularly remembered moon in later years john [ entwistle ] and i used to have fights it wasn 't very serious it was more of an emotional spur @@ of @@ the moment thing moon also clashed with daltrey and townshend we really have absolutely nothing in common apart from music he said in a later interview although townshend described him as a completely different person to anyone i 've ever met the pair had a rapport in the early years and enjoyed practical jokes and improvised comedy moon 's drumming style affected the band 's musical structure although entwistle initially found moon 's lack of conventional timekeeping problematic it created an original sound
moon was particularly fond of touring since it was his only chance to regularly socialise with his bandmates and was generally restless and bored when not playing live this later carried over to other aspects of his life as he acted them out ( according to journalist and who biographer dave marsh ) as if his life were one long tour these antics earned him the nickname moon the loon
= = = = musical contributions = = = =
moon 's style of drumming was considered unique by his bandmates although they sometimes found his unconventional playing frustrating entwistle noted that he tended to play faster or slower according to his mood he wouldn 't play across his kit he later added he 'd play zig @@ zag that 's why he had two sets of tom @@ toms he 'd move his arms forward like a skier daltrey said that moon just instinctively put drum rolls in places that other people would never have thought of putting them
who biographer john atkins wrote that the group 's early test sessions for pye records in 1964 show that they seemed to have understood just how important was moon 's contribution contemporary critics questioned his ability to keep time with biographer tony fletcher suggesting that the timing on tommy was all over the place who producer jon astley said you didn 't think he was keeping time but he was early recordings of moon 's drumming sound tinny and disorganised it was not until the recording of who 's next with glyn johns ' no @@ nonsense production techniques and the need to keep time to a synthesizer track that he began developing more discipline in the studio fletcher considers the drumming on this album to be the best of moon 's career
unlike contemporary rock drummers such as ginger baker and john bonham moon hated drum solos and refused to play them in concert at a madison square garden show on 10 june 1974 townshend and entwistle decided to spontaneously stop playing during wasp man to listen to moon 's drum solo moon continued briefly and then stopped shouting drum solos are boring however in 1977 he made a guest appearance in a led zeppelin concert joining john bonham for his moby dick drum solo the concert was bootlegged as for <unk> only
although not an especially gifted vocalist moon was enthusiastic about singing and wanted to sing lead with the rest of the group while the other three members handled the lion 's share of onstage vocals moon would attempt to sing backup ( particularly on i can 't explain ) he provided humorous commentary during song announcements although sound engineer bob pridden preferred to mute his vocal microphone on the mixing desk whenever possible moon 's knack for making his bandmates laugh around the microphone led them to banish him from the studio when vocals were being recorded this led to a game in which moon would sneak in to join the singing at the end of happy jack townshend can be heard saying i saw ya to moon as he tries to sneak into the studio the drummer 's interest in surf music and his desire to sing lead spawned lead vocals on several early tracks including bucket t and barbara ann ( ready steady who ep 1966 ) and high backing vocals on other songs such as pictures of lily moon 's performance on bell boy ( quadrophenia 1973 ) saw him abandon serious vocal performances to sing in character which gave him ( in fletcher 's words ) full licence to live up to his reputation as a lecherous drunk it was exactly the kind of performance the who needed from him to bring them back down to earth
moon composed i need you ( which he also sang ) the instrumental cobwebs and strange ( from the album a quick one 1966 ) the single b @@ sides in the city ( co @@ written with entwistle ) and girl 's eyes ( from the who sell out sessions featured on thirty years of maximum r & b and a 1995 re @@ release of the who sell out ) dogs part two ( 1969 ) tommy 's holiday camp ( 1969 ) and <unk> ( 1972 ) moon also co @@ composed the ox ( an instrumental from their debut album my generation ) with townshend entwistle and keyboardist nicky hopkins the setting for tommy 's holiday camp ( from tommy ) was credited to moon the song was primarily written by townshend and although there is a misconception that moon sings on it the album version is townshend 's demo
the drummer produced the violin solo on baba o 'riley moon sat in on congas with east of eden at the lyceum and afterwards suggested to violinist dave arbus that he play on the track
= = = = equipment = = = =
moon played a four then a five @@ piece drum kit during his early career his 1965 set consisted of ludwig drums and zildjian cymbals by 1966 feeling limited by this setup and inspired by ginger baker 's double bass drum he switched to a larger premier kit this setup did not have a hi @@ hat since moon used crash and ride cymbals instead he remained a loyal customer of premier
moon 's classic red sparkle premier setup consisted of two 22 @@ inch ( 56 cm ) bass drums three 14 @@ inch ( 36 cm ) mounted toms two 16 @@ inch ( 41 cm ) floor toms and a 14 @@ inch ( 36 cm ) ludwig <unk> 400 snare his cymbals consisted of two paiste giant beat 18 @@ inch ( 46 cm ) crashes and one 20 @@ inch ( 51 cm ) ride this kit was not used at the who 's performance at the 1967 monterey pop festival from 1967 to 1969 moon used the pictures of lily drum kit ( named for its artwork ) which had two 22 @@ inch ( 56 cm ) bass drums two 16 @@ inch ( 41 cm ) floor toms and three mounted toms in recognition of his loyalty to the company premier reissued the kit in 2006 as the spirit of lily
by 1970 moon had begun to use timbales gongs and timpani and these were included in his setup for the rest of his career in 1973 premier 's marketing manager eddie haynes began consulting with moon about specific requirements at one point moon asked premier to make a white kit with gold @@ plated fittings when haynes said that it would be prohibitively expensive moon replied dear boy do exactly as you feel it should be but that 's the way i want it the kit was eventually fitted with copper fittings and later given to a young zak starkey
= = = = destroying instruments and other stunts = = = =
at an early show at the railway tavern in harrow townshend smashed his guitar after accidentally breaking it when the audience demanded he do it again moon kicked over his drum kit subsequent live sets culminated in what the band later described as auto @@ destructive art in which band members ( particularly moon and townshend ) elaborately destroyed their equipment moon developed a habit of kicking over his drums claiming that he did so in exasperation at an audience 's indifference townshend later said a set of skins is about $ 300 [ then £ 96 ] and after every show he 'd just go bang bang bang and then kick the whole thing over
in may 1966 moon discovered that the beach boys ' bruce johnston was visiting london after the pair socialised for a few days moon and entwistle brought johnston to the set of ready steady go which made them late for a show with the who that evening during the finale of my generation an altercation broke out on stage between moon and townshend which was reported on the front page of the new musical express the following week moon and entwistle left the who for a week ( with moon hoping to join the animals or the nashville teens ) but they changed their minds and returned
on the who 's early us package tour at the rko theatre in new york in march and april 1967 moon performed five shows a day kicking over his drum kit after every show later that year during their appearance on the smothers brothers comedy hour he bribed a stagehand to load gunpowder into one of his bass drums the stagehand used about ten times the standard amount during the finale of my generation he kicked the drum off the riser and set off the charge the intensity of the explosion singed townshend 's hair and embedded a piece of cymbal in moon 's arm a clip of the incident became the opening scene for the film the kids are alright
although moon was known for kicking over his drum kit haynes claimed that it was done carefully and the kit rarely needed repairs however stands and foot pedals were frequently replaced the drummer would go through them like a knife through butter
= = = other work = = =
= = = = music = = = =