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the ship then loaded refugees and left swinemünde she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to kiel arriving on 18 march her stern turret had its guns replaced at the deutsche werke shipyard by early april during the repair process most of the ship 's crew went ashore on the night of 9 april 1945 a general raf bombing raid by over 300 aircraft struck the harbor in kiel admiral scheer was hit by five tallboy bombs and capsized she was partially broken up for scrap after the end of the war though part of the hull was left in place and buried with rubble from the attack in the construction of a new quay the number of casualties from her loss is unknown


= barrhill new zealand =

barrhill is a lightly populated locality in the canterbury region of new zealand 's south island it is situated on the canterbury plains on the right bank of the rakaia river about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) inland from rakaia it was founded by cathcart wason in the mid @@ 1870s and named by him after his old home barrhill in south ayrshire scotland wason set it up as a model village for the workers of his large sheep farm the population of the village peaked in the mid @@ 1880s before the general recession initiated a downturn for the village wason had expected for the methven branch railway to run past barrhill but the line was built in 1880 on an alignment many miles away which caused barrhill population to decrease
three of the original buildings of barrhill plus the gatehouse at wason 's homestead were constructed of concrete and they still exist to this day one of those buildings st john 's church is registered by heritage new zealand as a category ii heritage building and the gatehouse is a museum that is open on request today few buildings exist in the village but the formal layout of avenues still exists giving the setting a charming appearance

= = geography = =

barrhill is a small settlement between the rakaia barrhill methven road and the rakaia river located 210 metres ( 690 ft ) above sea level it is about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the town of rakaia and 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from methven the four outer streets one of which is the rakaia barrhill methven road form a trapezoid with the longest side at 200 metres ( 660 ft ) two internal roads run at right angles to one another dividing the area into four quadrants the intersection of the internal roads forms the market place
apart from the main road there are five avenues each planted in its own species and named accordingly oak poplar birch lime and sycamore the tree @@ lined avenues give barrhill a charming appearance wason had trees planted in an unusual pattern around the market square residents only noticed in 1975 when viewing an aerial photo that those trees form what appears to be the three circles of trinity with the two inner avenues possibly symbolising a crucifix

= = history = =

wason emigrated from scotland to new zealand in late 1868 in february 1869 or april 1870 ( sources vary ) he bought the <unk> sheep run ( run 116 ) in mid @@ canterbury <unk> was a 20 @@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) run on the south bank of the rakaia river the land had first been taken up by john hall but had changed ownership several times before wason bought it including 1 @@ 250 acres ( 5 @@ 1 km2 ) of freehold land wason renamed his property corwar after his father 's lands in scotland and the first advertisement placed in newspapers by wason mentions corwar in october 1869 hence the april 1870 date appears less likely wason set about trying to create an estate village on land bought from the adjacent lavington run ( run 117 ) he also bought part of the hororata station on the other side of the rakaia river from john cordy ( run 67 )
his planting of pine trees and of oaks walnuts and poplars extended over 600 acres ( 2 @@ 4 km2 ) and allowed shelter from the prevailing north @@ west winds to allow sheep farming and the growing of wheat while water power was used for agricultural machinery he bought and sold land and by 1882 corwar was consolidated as a freehold estate of just over 5 @@ 000 acres ( 20 km2 ) with a large mansion overlooking the river complete with gate lodge and gate @@ keeper
on the estate wason built a model village called barrhill with avenues forming a grid layout and a central market square barrhill had 28 sections including a post office bakery school church other facilities and fifteen cottages were built wason named the village after his old home in south ayrshire scotland the post office opened in 1876 and in the same year construction of the church began and these buildings mark the beginning of barrhill
however wason had expected the methven branch railway to be built near barrhill but when it was built on a more southerly route along thompsons track and what was later to become known as lauriston the village began to decline dwindling population forced the closure of the school in 1938 although the church of st john the evangelist is still in use most of the buildings were constructed from pine wood grown on the estate but the three original concrete buildings remain church school and schoolhouse
without the railway wason saw his project as doomed and sold up in 1900 a rural mail service was discussed for the ashburton district in september 1924 and after the contracts were let in february 1925 the barrhill post office was closed the school closed in 1938
the ashburton branch of new zealand historic places trust since renamed to heritage new zealand unveiled an information panel on anzac day in 2012 in barrhill 's market square it was their last project as a branch committee before the pending disestablishment of branch committees through the heritage new zealand <unk> <unk> bill and they chose barrhill to relaunch themselves as the historic places mid canterbury regional society as part of the unveiling of the historic panel

= = = population = = =

barrhill flourished until about 1885 when population in the village itself peaked at 50 and two effects caused a population decline firstly a recession set in across new zealand that made people move to where work opportunities presented themselves and locally those opportunities were created near the stations of the methven branch railway wason began to gradually sell off parts of his land holdings from the mid @@ 1880s
more recent population data can be obtained from statistics new zealand the smallest unit for which data are available is a meshblock and barrhill is located within the meshblock with id <unk> this meshblock has an area of 36 square kilometres ( 14 sq mi ) ie a rural area much larger than just the village and 5 square kilometres ( 1 @@ 9 sq mi ) is within the river bed population in this meshblock was recorded at 60 in the 1996 census 60 in 2001 69 in 2006 and 66 in 2013

= = notable places = =

three buildings in the township remain from the time of its founding in addition there is the historic gatehouse some 2 @@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @@ 4 mi ) northwest of barrhill those buildings remain partly because they were built in concrete with some of the walls 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) thick the cement was landed in barrels on <unk> spit barged across lake ellesmere / te <unk> and then transported by dray overland and along the bed of the rakaia river all four buildings are registered as category a ( high value ) heritage structures by ashburton district council
st john 's church was mostly paid for by wason and construction started in 1876 with the first service held on 8 july 1877 by the vicar of ashburton w e paige a vicarage was also envisaged but it was never built a lych gate was added as a centennial project st john 's belongs to the rakaia parish of the waipounamu diocese of the anglican church in aotearoa new zealand and polynesia with services each second sunday of the month the church was registered as a heritage building by the new zealand historic places trust ( since renamed to heritage new zealand ) on 23 june 1983 with registration number 1765 classified as c with the change of the classification system the building later became a category ii listing the church is owned by church property trustees ( ie the anglican church )
after the land had been surveyed the first buyer was the education board securing land for a school in the market square and a teacher 's house on the adjacent section both these buildings were also built in concrete and exist to this day the school was built to a northern hemisphere design and has windows on the south side only to stop children from becoming distracted but the windows are on the wrong side to utilise the sun since the school closed in 1938 it has been used for functions and as a hall the former teacher 's house is used as a bach both buildings are owned by ashburton district council
the other remaining 1870s concrete building is the gate house located some distance away on the rakaia barrhill methven road wason 's homestead was at the end of a drive starting at this gate house on a cliff top overlooking the rakaia river the homestead burnt down not long after wason had left the country and a new homestead was built nearby the gatekeeper 's lodge originally had a slate roof but this was later replaced by iron the last family moved out in 1935 during the second world war the iron was stripped off the empty building and it fell into ruin a later owner colin mclachlan donated the land and the ruin to the people of the district it is now vested in the ashburton district council the renovation began in 1970 with work carried out and financed by descendants of previous inhabitants of the building a plaque on the building states that it was reopened in march 1979 by the prime minister of the time robert muldoon but his plane ran late and the opening ceremony was conducted by colin mclachlan the gate house is fitted out as a museum and viewing can be arranged through the ashburton or methven information centres
barrhill cemetery is located 200 metres ( 660 ft ) south @@ west of the village on lauriston barrhill road it is one of 11 open cemeteries in the ashburton district the oldest recorded burial was in 1881

= = notable people = =

barrhill 's founder cathcart wason was a member of parliament in two countries first in new zealand for a total of six years and then in the united kingdom for twenty years new zealand actress tania nolan born in nearby rakaia lived in barrhill for two years as a child


= 243 ida =

243 ida ( / <unk> / ) is an asteroid in the koronis family of the asteroid belt it was discovered on 29 september 1884 by austrian astronomer johann palisa and named after a nymph from greek mythology later telescopic observations categorized ida as an s @@ type asteroid the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt on 28 august 1993 ida was visited by the unmanned galileo spacecraft while en route to jupiter it was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite
like all main @@ belt asteroids ida 's orbit lies between the planets mars and jupiter its orbital period is 4 @@ 84 years and its rotation period is 4 @@ 63 hours ida has an average diameter of 31 @@ 4 km ( 19 @@ 5 mi ) it is irregularly shaped and elongated and apparently composed of two large objects connected together its surface is one of the most heavily cratered in the solar system featuring a wide variety of crater sizes and ages
ida 's moon dactyl was discovered by mission member ann <unk> in images returned from galileo it was named after the <unk> creatures which inhabited mount ida in greek mythology dactyl being only 1 @@ 4 kilometres ( 4 @@ 600 ft ) in diameter is about one @@ twentieth the size of ida its orbit around ida could not be determined with much accuracy however the constraints of possible orbits allowed a rough determination of ida 's density which revealed that it is depleted of metallic minerals dactyl and ida share many characteristics suggesting a common origin
the images returned from galileo and the subsequent measurement of ida 's mass provided new insights into the geology of s @@ type asteroids before the galileo flyby many different theories had been proposed to explain their mineral composition determining their composition permits a correlation between meteorites falling to the earth and their origin in the asteroid belt data returned from the flyby pointed to s @@ type asteroids as the source for the ordinary chondrite meteorites the most common type found on the earth 's surface

= = discovery and observations = =

ida was discovered on 29 september 1884 by austrian astronomer johann palisa at the vienna observatory it was his 45th asteroid discovery ida was named by moriz von <unk> a viennese brewer and amateur astronomer in greek mythology ida was a nymph of crete who raised the god zeus ida was recognized as a member of the koronis family by kiyotsugu hirayama who proposed in 1918 that the group comprised the remnants of a destroyed precursor body
ida 's reflection spectrum was measured on 16 september 1980 by astronomers david j tholen and edward f tedesco as part of the eight @@ color asteroid survey ( <unk> ) its spectrum matched those of the asteroids in the s @@ type classification many observations of ida were made in early 1993 by the us naval observatory in flagstaff and the oak ridge observatory these improved the measurement of ida 's orbit around the sun and reduced the uncertainty of its position during the galileo flyby from 78 to 60 km ( 48 to 37 mi )

= = exploration = =


= = = galileo flyby = = =

ida was visited in 1993 by the jupiter @@ bound space probe galileo its encounters of the asteroids gaspra and ida were secondary to the jupiter mission these were selected as targets in response to a new nasa policy directing mission planners to consider asteroid flybys for all spacecraft crossing the belt no prior missions had attempted such a flyby galileo was launched into orbit by the space shuttle atlantis mission sts @@ 34 on 18 october 1989 changing galileo 's trajectory to approach ida required that it consume 34 kg ( 75 lb ) of propellant mission planners delayed the decision to attempt a flyby until they were certain that this would leave the spacecraft enough propellant to complete its jupiter mission
galileo 's trajectory carried it into the asteroid belt twice on its way to jupiter during its second crossing it flew by ida on 28 august 1993 at a speed of 12 @@ 400 m / s ( 41 @@ 000 ft / s ) relative to the asteroid the onboard imager observed ida from a distance of 240 @@ 350 km ( 149 @@ 350 mi ) to its closest approach of 2 @@ 390 km ( 1 @@ 490 mi ) ida was the second asteroid after gaspra to be imaged by a spacecraft about 95 of ida 's surface came into view of the probe during the flyby
transmission of many ida images was delayed due to a permanent failure in the spacecraft 's high @@ gain antenna the first five images were received in september 1993 these comprised a high @@ resolution mosaic of the asteroid at a resolution of 31 38 m / pixel the remaining images were sent in february 1994 when the spacecraft 's proximity to the earth allowed higher speed transmissions

= = = discoveries = = =

the data returned from the galileo flybys of gaspra and ida and the later near shoemaker asteroid mission permitted the first study of asteroid geology ida 's relatively large surface exhibited a diverse range of geological features the discovery of ida 's moon dactyl the first confirmed satellite of an asteroid provided additional insights into ida 's composition
ida is classified as an s @@ type asteroid based on ground @@ based spectroscopic measurements the composition of s @@ types was uncertain before the galileo flybys but was interpreted to be either of two minerals found in meteorites that had fallen to the earth ordinary chondrite ( oc ) and stony @@ iron estimates of ida 's density are constrained to less than 3 @@ 2 g / cm3 by the long @@ term stability of dactyl 's orbit this all but rules out a stony @@ iron composition were ida made of 5 g / cm3 iron and nickel @@ rich material it would have to contain more than 40 empty space
the galileo images also led to the discovery that space weathering was taking place on ida a process which causes older regions to become more red in color over time the same process affects both ida and its moon although dactyl shows a lesser change the weathering of ida 's surface revealed another detail about its composition the reflection spectra of freshly exposed parts of the surface resembled that of oc meteorites but the older regions matched the spectra of s @@ type asteroids
both of these discoveries the space weathering effects and the low density led to a new understanding about the relationship between s @@ type asteroids and oc meteorites s @@ types are the most numerous kind of asteroid in the inner part of the asteroid belt oc meteorites are likewise the most common type of meteorite found on the earth 's surface the reflection spectra measured by remote observations of s @@ type asteroids however did not match that of oc meteorites the galileo flyby of ida found that some s @@ types particularly the koronis family could be the source of these meteorites

= = physical characteristics = =

ida 's mass is between 3 @@ 65 and 4 @@ 99 × 1016 kg its gravitational field produces an acceleration of about 0 @@ 3 to 1 @@ 1 cm / s2 over its surface this field is so weak that an astronaut standing on its surface could leap from one end of ida to the other and an object moving in excess of 20 m / s ( 70 ft / s ) could escape the asteroid entirely
ida is a distinctly elongated asteroid with an irregular surface ida is 2 @@ 35 times as long as it is wide and a waist separates it into two geologically dissimilar halves this constricted shape is consistent with ida being made of two large solid components with loose debris filling the gap between them however no such debris was seen in high @@ resolution images captured by galileo although there are a few steep slopes tilting up to about 50 ° on ida the slope generally does not exceed 35 ° ida 's irregular shape is responsible for the asteroid 's very uneven gravitational field the surface acceleration is lowest at the extremities because of their high rotational speed it is also low near the waist because the mass of the asteroid is concentrated in the two halves away from this location

= = surface features = =

ida 's surface appears heavily cratered and mostly gray although minor color variations mark newly formed or uncovered areas besides craters other features are evident such as grooves ridges and protrusions ida is covered by a thick layer of regolith loose debris that obscures the solid rock beneath the largest boulder @@ sized debris fragments are called ejecta blocks several of which have been observed on the surface

= = = <unk> = = =

the surface of ida is covered in a blanket of pulverized rock called regolith about 50 100 m ( 160 330 ft ) thick this material is produced in impact events and redistributed across ida 's surface by geological processes galileo observed evidence of recent downslope regolith movement
ida 's regolith is composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene its appearance changes over time through a process called space weathering because of this process older regolith appears more red in color compared to freshly exposed material
about 20 large ( 40 150 m across ) ejecta blocks have been identified embedded in ida 's regolith ejecta blocks constitute the largest pieces of the regolith because ejecta blocks are expected to break down quickly by impact events those present on the surface must have been either formed recently or uncovered by an impact event most of them are located within the craters lascaux and mammoth but they may not have been produced there this area attracts debris due to ida 's irregular gravitational field some blocks may have been ejected from the young crater azzurra on the opposite side of the asteroid

= = = structures = = =

several major structures mark ida 's surface the asteroid appears to be split into two halves here referred to as region 1 and region 2 connected by a waist this feature may have been filled in by debris or blasted out of the asteroid by impacts
region 1 of ida contains two major structures one is a prominent 40 km ( 25 mi ) ridge named townsend <unk> that stretches 150 degrees around ida 's surface the other structure is a large indentation named vienna regio
ida 's region 2 features several sets of grooves most of which are 100 m ( 330 ft ) wide or less and up to 4 km ( 2 @@ 5 mi ) long they are located near but are not connected with the craters mammoth lascaux and <unk> some grooves are related to major impact events for example a set opposite vienna regio

= = = craters = = =

ida is one of the most densely cratered bodies yet explored in the solar system and impacts have been the primary process shaping its surface cratering has reached the saturation point meaning that new impacts erase evidence of old ones leaving the total crater count roughly the same it is covered with craters of all sizes and stages of degradation and ranging in age from fresh to as old as ida itself the oldest may have been formed during the breakup of the koronis family parent body the largest crater lascaux is almost 12 km ( 7 @@ 5 mi ) across region 2 contains nearly all of the craters larger than 6 km ( 3 @@ 7 mi ) in diameter but region 1 has no large craters at all some craters are arranged in chains
ida 's major craters are named after caves and lava tubes on earth the crater azzurra for example is named after a submerged cave on the island of capri also known as the blue grotto azzurra seems to be the most recent major impact on ida the ejecta from this collision is distributed discontinuously over ida and is responsible for the large @@ scale color and albedo variations across its surface an exception to the crater morphology is the fresh asymmetric fingal which has a sharp boundary between the floor and wall on one side another significant crater is afon which marks ida 's prime meridian
the craters are simple in structure bowl @@ shaped with no flat bottoms and no central peaks they are distributed evenly around ida except for a protrusion north of crater <unk> which is smoother and less cratered the ejecta excavated by impacts is deposited differently on ida than on planets because of its rapid rotation low gravity and irregular shape ejecta blankets settle asymmetrically around their craters but fast @@ moving ejecta that escapes from the asteroid is permanently lost

= = composition = =

ida was classified as an s @@ type asteroid based on the similarity of its reflectance spectra with similar asteroids s @@ types may share their composition with stony @@ iron or ordinary chondrite ( oc ) meteorites the composition of the interior has not been directly analyzed but is assumed to be similar to oc material based on observed surface color changes and ida 's bulk density of 2 @@ 27 3 @@ 10 g / cm3 oc meteorites contain varying amounts of the silicates olivine and pyroxene iron and feldspar olivine and pyroxene were detected on ida by galileo the mineral content appears to be homogeneous throughout its extent galileo found minimal variations on the surface and the asteroid 's spin indicates a consistent density assuming that its composition is similar to oc meteorites which range in density from 3 @@ 48 to 3 @@ 64 g / cm3 ida would have a porosity of 11 42
ida 's interior probably contains some amount of impact @@ fractured rock called megaregolith the megaregolith layer of ida extends between hundreds of meters below the surface to a few kilometers some rock in ida 's core may have been fractured below the large craters mammoth lascaux and undara

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