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cyclone calasanjy caused heavy damage in western madagascar with a peak wind gust of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) in maintirano the storm caused the morondava river to increase to a flow rate of 2 @@ 702 m3 / s ( 95 @@ 420 ft3 / s ) with a peak height of 4 @@ 08 m ( 13 @@ 4 ft ) during the storm reforms enacted after previous cyclones kamisy and honorinina helped facilitate repairs following this storm
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= = = tropical depression dona = = =
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on january 10 a tropical disturbance formed east @@ northeast of st brandon which is a small archipelago belonging to mauritius it originally consisted of a small weak vortex although it gradually organized the system moved to the southwest and quickly intensified into a tropical depression reaching peak winds of 50 km / h ( 30 mph ) despite it only being a depression the mauritius meteorological service named the depression dona due to the threat to the island the system turned more to the south ahead of a trough passing east of st brandon and later to the west of rodrigues later dona turned to the southeast dissipating on january 14 without affecting land
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= = = severe tropical storm edme = = =
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on january 20 a tropical disturbance formed about 240 km ( 150 mi ) west of the cocos islands that day the jtwc classified it as tropical cyclone 07s although it had monitored the system for the preceding three days the nascent disturbance moved to the south and gradually intensified becoming moderate tropical storm edme on january 21 on the next day the jtwc upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane as edme was aided by favorable upper level conditions beneath an anticyclone on january 23 the agency estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) however the mfr only assessed peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) just shy of tropical cyclone status by the time of peak intensity edme had begun moving southwestward and thereafter weakened due to increasing wind shear imparted by a trough in the westerlies on january 26 the storm weakened to tropical depression status as it turned to the south edme dissipated the following day
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= = = tropical cyclone firinga = = =
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firinga developed on january 24 well to the northeast of mauritius after initially moving to the southeast it began a southwest motion that it would continue for several days during that time the system intensified into moderate tropical storm firinga and the jtwc upgraded it to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on january 28 early the next day it intensified to tropical cyclone status reaching peak winds of 135 km / h ( 85 mph ) around that time firinga passed 50 km ( 30 mi ) west of mauritius producing 190 km / h ( 120 mph ) wind gusts shortly thereafter the cyclone struck réunion still at peak intensity producing wind gusts as strong as 216 km / h ( 134 mph ) firinga turned more to the south as it weakened degenerating into a tropical disturbance on january 31 it fluctuated in intensity after turning to the southeast and executing a loop to the southwest dissipating on february 7
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on mauritius firinga destroyed 844 homes heavy crop damage occurred on the island and damage nationwide was estimated at $ 60 million ( 1989 usd ) one person was killed in mauritius the storm dropped torrential rainfall in the southern portion of réunion including 24 ‑ hour totals of 1 @@ 309 mm ( 51 @@ 5 in ) at pas de bellecombe and 1 @@ 199 mm ( 47 @@ 2 in ) at casabois both of which set records for the locations the rains caused widespread river flooding and resulted in 32 mudslides firinga isolated several towns from the flooding and left power and water outages a total of 2 @@ 746 houses were damaged or destroyed leaving 6 @@ 200 people homeless damage was estimated at around ₣ 1 billion ( 1989 francs $ 157 million 1989 usd ) and there were 10 deaths on the island
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= = = severe tropical storm gizela = = =
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a tropical disturbance formed on february 16 to the southeast of diego garcia it moved to the west @@ southwest intensifying into moderate tropical storm gizela on february 18 that day the jtwc began classifying it as tropical cyclone 12s due to a passing trough gizela turned to the south and southeast gradually strengthening on february 20 the mfr estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) while the jtwc upgraded it to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane influenced by a ridge gizela turned back to the southwest and slowly weakened while remaining far away from any landmasses on february 22 it weakened to tropical depression status while turning to the south and gizela dissipated two days later
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= = = tropical cyclone leon @@ hanitra = = =
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a weak low pressure area was evident in the australian basin as early as february 13 between the cocos islands and christmas island it meandered for several days executing a small loop before beginning a westward motion after passing south of the cocos islands the system intensified into a tropical storm on february 18 and was named leon on the next day the storm crossed into the south @@ west indian ocean whereupon the mauritius meteorological service renamed it hanitra the storm quickly intensified once it entered the basin the jtwc which designated the storm as tropical cyclone 11s upgraded hanitra to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane late on february 19 on february 22 the agency estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) by which time hanitra had begun a steady southwest motion by contrast the mfr assessed slower strengthening only upgrading it to tropical cyclone status on february 23 and estimating peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 95 mph ) the storm gradually accelerated to the south and weakened becoming extratropical over time the motion shifted to the southeast on february 28 and hanitra dissipated the next day
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= = = moderate tropical storm iana = = =
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before iana formed there was a persistent area of cloudiness across the mozambique channel in late february a low pressure area originated over eastern mozambique and moved eastward over water emerging near beira on february 25 a tropical disturbance formed off the west coast of southern madagascar and moved east @@ northeastward steered by a ridge to the south shortly thereafter the center passed just north of europa island by the next day it intensified into moderate tropical storm iana reaching peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) late on february 26 the storm made landfall in western madagascar near morombe iana weakened slightly while moving east @@ southeastward through the country emerging into the indian ocean on february 27 near farafangana on the next day the storm weakened to tropical depression status as it curved southward iana became extratropical the next day the storm was not tracked by the jtwc
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on europa island iana produced 86 km / h ( 53 mph ) wind gusts while on madagascar gusts peaked at 80 km / h ( 49 mph ) at morondava
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= = = severe tropical storm jinabo = = =
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a tropical disturbance originated just east of st brandon on march 23 initially consisting of a disorganized area of convection without a distinct center moving briskly westward it slowly organized becoming moderate tropical storm jinabo on march 25 that day the jtwc classified the system as tropical cyclone 19s the storm turned to the southwest due to a trough in the region bringing it parallel to the east coast of madagascar on march 26 the jtwc upgraded jinabo to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane and early the next day the mfr estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) around that time the storm stalled about 110 km ( 70 mi ) east of the coast of madagascar later turning to the southeast due to a ridge quickly weakening jinabo was only a minimal tropical storm by march 29 on the next day it turned back to the south jinabo weakened to tropical depression status on march 31 and dissipated the next day having become extratropical and joining the <unk>
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the storm brought gusty winds and rainfall to madagascar and réunion on the former island gusts reached 107 km / h ( 67 mph ) at mahanoro along the coast on réunion the storm drenched the island for six days with a peak of 565 mm ( 22 @@ 2 in ) at sainte @@ rose
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= = = tropical cyclone krisy = = =
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about a week after jinabo formed another tropical disturbance formed in the basin on march 28 south of diego garcia in its formative stages it moved erratically although generally to the southwest on march 30 it intensified into moderate tropical storm krisy the same day that the jtwc classified it as tropical cyclone 21s due to a ridge to the south krisy 's track shifted to the west that day before turning southward on april 1 during that time the jtwc assessed that krisy intensified to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane the mfr upgraded the storm to cyclone status on april 2 and on that day the jtwc estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) on april 3 the mfr estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 95 mph ) as the cyclone turned to the west @@ southwest over the next few days the storm slowly weakened passing 100 km ( 60 mi ) north of rodrigues on april 5 as a moderate tropical storm on the next day krisy brushed the east coasts of mauritius and réunion passing just 30 km ( 18 mi ) east of the former island it weakened to tropical depression status on april 7 while curving to the south and later to the east becoming extratropical a ridge turned the remnants of krisy to the north toward tropical depression lezissy and the two systems merged on april 11
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krisy first affected rodrigues producing 122 km / h ( 76 mph ) gusts and 97 @@ 6 mm ( 3 @@ 84 mm ) of rainfall gusts reached 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) on réunion and high waves affected the island for several days however effects were worst on mauritius while passing south of the island krisy produced wind gusts of 155 km / h ( 96 mph ) at plaisance airport on mauritius rainfall on the island reached 182 mm ( 7 @@ 2 in ) over a 24 period on the island the passages of firinga and krisy decreased the output of the sugar crop by 20 @@ 000 tons accounting for 15 of the sugar cane mostly in the southeastern portion of the island several other crops were affected by the two cyclones resulting in a 50 decrease of the banana output as krisy struck just two months after firinga residents heeded alerts and were well @@ prepared and 800 people sought shelter there were no direct deaths although one farmer committed suicide due to the threat of the storm
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= = = moderate tropical storm lezissy = = =
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the final storm of the season formed on april 6 to the east @@ southeast of diego garcia while krisy was active near rodrigues that same day the jtwc classified it as tropical cyclone 24s it quickly intensified into moderate tropical storm lezissy as it took a westward trajectory reaching peak winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) by late on april 6 influenced by a broad area of low pressure lezissy turned to the southwest gradually weakening it approached former cyclone krisy and the two systems merged by april 11 both losing their circulations and leaving behind a disorganized remnant low
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= instant karma =
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instant karma sometimes referred to as instant karma ( we all shine on ) is a song written by english musician john lennon released as a single on apple records in february 1970 in the uk the single was credited to lennon / ono with the plastic ono band the song reached the top five in the british and american singles charts competing with the beatles ' let it be in america where it became the first solo single by a member of the band to sell a million copies
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instant karma was written recorded and released within a period of ten days making it one of the fastest @@ released songs in pop music history the recording was produced by phil spector marking a comeback for the american producer after his self @@ imposed retirement in 1966 and leading to him being offered the producer 's role on the beatles ' let it be album ( 1970 ) recorded at london 's abbey road studios instant karma employs spector 's signature wall of sound technique and features contributions from george harrison klaus voormann alan white and billy preston the b @@ side was a song composed and performed by yoko ono titled who has seen the wind recently shorn of the long hair synonymous with their 1969 campaign for world peace lennon and ono promoted the single with an appearance on britain 's top of the pops
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instant karma has appeared on many lennon compilations including shaved fish ( 1975 ) lennon legend ( 1997 ) and power to the people the hits ( 2010 ) a version recorded at the one to one concerts in august 1972 was included on his posthumously released live in new york city album ( 1986 ) the song continues to receive critical praise as one of the finest recordings from lennon 's solo career paul weller duran duran and u2 are among the acts who have covered instant karma the chorus of which inspired the title to stephen king 's 1977 novel the shining
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= = background = =
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together with his wife yoko ono john lennon spent new year 1970 in aalborg denmark establishing a relationship with ono 's former husband artist tony cox and visiting cox and ono 's daughter kyoko the visit coincided with the start of what lennon termed year 1 ap ( after peace ) following his and ono 's much @@ publicised bed @@ ins and other peace @@ campaign activities throughout 1969
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to mark the new era on 20 january 1970 the couple shaved off their shoulder @@ length hair an act that britain 's daily mirror described as the most sensational <unk> since the red indians went out of business lennon and ono pledged to auction the shorn hair for a charitable cause having similarly announced on 5 january that they would donate all future royalties from their recordings to the peace movement also while in denmark the lennons cox and the latter 's current partner <unk> kendall discussed the concept of instant karma whereby the causality of one 's actions is immediate rather than borne out over a lifetime author philip norman writes of the concept 's appeal the idea was quintessential lennon the age @@ old buddhist law of cause and effect turned into something as modern and synthetic as instant coffee and simultaneously into a bogey under the stairs that can get you if you don 't watch out
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= = composition = =
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on 27 january 1970 two days after returning to the uk lennon woke up with the beginnings of a song inspired by his conversations with cox and kendall working at home on a piano lennon developed the idea and came up with a melody for the composition which he titled instant karma
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the song employs a similar chord structure to that of three blind mice and some other guy after lennon had used the same progression in his 1967 composition for the beatles all you need is love later in 1970 he would adopt the melody of three blind mice an english nursery rhyme for his song my mummy 's dead
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in their book the words and music of john lennon ben urish and kenneth bielen suggest that in the first verse of instant karma lennon rebukes his listeners with the sarcastic lines get yourself together / pretty soon you 're gonna be dead norman comments on the hippie catchphrase of the moment contained in the first of these two lines which together provide a warning that is obviously not to be taken literally author mark hertsgaard notes the lyric why in the world are we here as a further example of lennon asking what purpose his life on earth was to serve after his 1966 composition strawberry fields forever
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as with give peace a chance and power to the people lennon singles from 1969 and 1971 respectively the chorus has an anthem @@ like quality as he sings we all shine on like the moon and the stars and the sun norman describes the chorus as lennon restating his message of peace campaigning and non @@ violent optimistic togetherness lennon biographer john blaney writes that the song is an appeal for mankind to take responsibility for its fate and that it was lennon developing his own brand of egalitarianism
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lennon completed the writing of instant karma in an hour he then telephoned bandmate george harrison and american producer phil spector who was in london at the invitation of the beatles ' apple corps manager allen klein according to lennon 's recollection he told spector come over to apple quick i 've just written a monster
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= = recording = =
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although still officially a member of the beatles lennon had privately announced his departure from the group in september 1969 he was now keen to issue instant karma immediately as a single the third under his and ono 's plastic ono band moniker the recording session took place at abbey road studios in north @@ west london on the evening of 27 january lennon 's fellow musicians at the session were harrison klaus voormann alan white and billy preston all of whom had performed at the december 1969 peace for christmas concert as part of the plastic ono supergroup the recording engineer for instant karma was emi mainstay phil mcdonald spector produced the session arriving late after harrison had found him at apple 's office and persuaded him to attend
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according to author bruce spizer the line @@ up for the basic track before overdubs was lennon ( vocals acoustic guitar ) harrison ( electric guitar ) preston ( organ ) voormann ( bass ) and white ( drums ) lennon later recalled of the recording phil ( spector ) came in and said ' how do you want it ' and i said ' 1950s ' and he said ' right ' and boom he played it back and there it was the song uses a similar amount of echo to 1950s sun records recordings
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the musicians recorded ten takes the last of which was selected for overdubbing to create what spector biographer mark ribowsky terms a four @@ man wall of sound production lennon added grand piano onto the basic track while harrison and white shared another piano and voormann played electric piano in addition beatles aide mal evans overdubbed chimes ( or tubular bells ) and white added a second muffled drum part with lennon feeling that the chorus was missing something preston and evans were sent to bring in a group of people from a nightclub to provide backing vocals these newcomers and all the musicians along with allen klein then added chorus vocals with harrison directing the singing
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although lennon and spector disagreed over the bass sound lennon was ecstatic about the producer 's work on instant karma author peter doggett writes white 's drums assumed the role of a lead instrument positioned prominently in the mix of which spector biographer richard williams would write in 1972 no beatles record had ever possessed such a unique sound spector had used echo to make the drums reverberate like someone slapping a wet fish on a marble slab and the voices sounded hollow and decayed spector wanted to add a string section to the track in los angeles but lennon insisted that the recording was complete
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having only recently returned to producing after the commercial failure of ike & tina turner 's 1966 single river deep mountain high in america spector had passed the audition according to beatles forever author nicholas schaffner instant karma was the first of many beatles @@ related recordings that spector worked on during the early 1970s starting with the band 's final album release let it be ( 1970 )
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= = = who has seen the wind = = =
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as with the plastic ono band 's previous singles give peace a chance and cold turkey lennon and ono recorded an ono composition as a b @@ side produced by lennon who has seen the wind was recorded at trident studios in central london also in late january 1970 the opening verse sung a cappella by ono is from a work by nineteenth @@ century english poet christina rossetti the instrumentation on the recording includes lennon playing acoustic guitar john barham harrison 's regular collaborator and arranger on harpsichord ono on flute and various percussion instruments spizer suggests that harrison may also have participated on acoustic guitar
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= = release = =
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instant karma ranks as one of the fastest @@ released songs in pop music history arriving in uk record stores just ten days after it was written lennon remarked to the press that he wrote it for breakfast recorded it for lunch and we 're putting it out for dinner apple records issued the single on 6 february 1970 in britain credited to the plastic ono band and on 20 february in america where the a @@ side was retitled instant karma ( we all shine on ) and credited to john ono lennon spector remixed instant karma for the us release without lennon 's knowledge
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as with cold turkey the single 's standard apple records a @@ side face label carried the words play loud in both the uk and america reflecting the tender sound of who has seen the wind the b @@ side label read play <unk> ( or play <unk> in the us ) the front of the us picture sleeve featured a black @@ and @@ white photo of lennon along with a prominent producer 's credit for spector while the reverse had a similar picture of ono
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= = = promotion = = =
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following a year of highly publicised peace campaigning by the lennons in 1969 apple press officer derek taylor was concerned that they had exhausted the media 's interest in their causes on 4 february 1970 lennon and ono donated a large plastic bag full of their hair along with apple 's poster for the new single to north london @@ based black power activist michael x in return for a pair of muhammad ali 's bloodstained boxing shorts the final proof of the lennons ' <unk> [ ure ] according to taylor was that there was a large press turnout for the event yet nobody printed anything
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on 11 february lennon and ono filmed an appearance on bbc television 's top of the pops to promote instant karma accompanied by white voormann evans and bp fallon while the other musicians mimed their contributions lennon sang a live vocal over a mix of the song 's instrumental track prepared by emi engineer geoff emerick this was the first appearance on the program by any member of the beatles since 1966 as well as the public unveiling of the lennons ' new cropped look two versions of instant karma known as knitting and cue card were taped for top of the pops and aired on 12 and 19 february respectively
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the clips differ from one another in terms of lennon 's attire and the nature of ono 's role as in author robert rodriguez 's description an onstage focal point around which all activity was staged in addition lennon 's vocal was treated with echo for the 19 february broadcast in the knitting clip lennon is wearing a black polo @@ neck jumper as ono sits beside his piano blindfolded and knitting throughout in cue card lennon wears a flower @@ pattern shirt under a denim jacket while ono holds up a series of cryptically worded cue cards the messages on which include smile hope and peace as she speaks into a microphone although ono appears to have a more active role she is again blindfolded and the words she speaks cannot be heard rodriguez describes both clips as terrifically engaging providing suitably dynamic visuals to a powerful song yet he considers that the cue card performance captures much more of the ambience with frequent shots of white 's stellar work and the studio dancers
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= = = commercial success and aftermath = = =
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instant karma was commercially successful peaking at number 3 on america 's billboard hot 100 chart number 2 in canada and number 5 on the uk singles chart the single also reached the top ten in several other european countries and in australia the release took place two months before paul mccartney announced the break @@ up of the beatles whose penultimate single the george martin @@ produced let it be lennon 's record competed with on the us charts instant karma went on to become the first single by a solo beatle to achieve us sales of 1 million earning gold certification by the recording industry association of america on 14 december 1970 until lennon 's death in december 1980 instant karma remained his sole riaa @@ certified gold single
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despite the stated intentions for lennon and ono 's year 1 ap the proceeds from the auctioning of their hair benefited michael x 's black house commune rather than the peace movement and in the words of beatles diary author barry miles the pledge to donate their royalties was also discreetly forgotten in march 1970 lennon publicly split with the organisers of the planned toronto peace festival as he and ono began treatment under arthur janov 's primal therapy before heading to california in april for intensive therapy through the summer lennon accused mccartney of using the beatles ' break @@ up to sell his album mccartney and admitted that he wished that he himself had announced the break @@ up months before to promote his own solo release
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= = critical reception = =
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on release chris welch of melody maker declared instant hit john lennon is singing better than ever with a beautiful rock ' n ' roll echo chamber on his mean but meaningful vocals and some superb drumming it makes up the plastics ' best piece of boogie yet writing in the nme in 1975 charles shaar murray wrote of the song 's volcanically desperate optimism and rated it a classic shaar murray added with reference to cold turkey also i can 't remember anybody else who put out two such utter killers in a row over the same period of time
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village voice critic robert christgau has described instant karma as lennon 's best political song while other reviewers consider it his finest post @@ beatles recording in their 1975 book the beatles an illustrated record roy carr and tony tyler describe instant karma as a snappy little rocker that owes as much to the skilful production of phil spector as to the vitality of the overall performance on which [ d ] <unk> alan white excels carr and tyler remark that who has seen the wind would have made a marvellous soundtrack for the movie of henry james ' ' the turn of the screw ' being a somewhat sinister ditty sung à la wunderkind bruce spizer describes ono 's song as evok [ ing ] images of minstrels at a renaissance fair and considers the single a far cry and welcome relief from the avant @@ garde discs issued by john and yoko in 1969
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another to highlight white 's drumming amid the collective genius of all the participants on instant karma author robert rodriguez concludes of lennon 's activities on 27 january 1970 not many days in the history of rock and roll proved as everlastingly fruitful in 1981 nme critic bob woffinden wrote of the single it was excellent lennon was characteristically simple and direct but this time on a song with one of those magically catchy refrains
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among lennon 's biographers ben urish and kenneth bielen view instant karma as a chiding though positive message for humanity while jon wiener praises lennon 's rich deep voice on a recording where the sound is irresistible philip norman describes the song as similar to ' cold turkey ' in tempo but far more relaxed and humorous adding that spector 's production gave lennon 's voice a taut expressiveness it had not had since ' norwegian wood ' while noting the significance of the session for george harrison 's career author simon leng praises the recording as being full of urgency and sheer excitement
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in 1989 rolling stone magazine ranked instant karma the 79th best single of the previous 25 years in nme originals beatles the solo years 1970 1980 david stubbs lists the song second among lennon 's ten solo gems ( behind cold turkey ) with the comment ' instant karma ' epitomises the lennon paradox melding hippie idealism and rock 'n'roll primal energy in an exhilarating mix matt melis of consequence of sound placed it third on his 2009 list of top ten songs by ex @@ beatles according to the website acclaimed music instant karma has also appeared in the following critics ' best @@ songs lists and books among others dave marsh 's the 1001 greatest singles ever made ( 1989 at number 638 ) 1000 songs that rock your world by dave thompson ( 2011 number 56 ) the nme 's the 100 best songs of the 1970s ( 2012 number 77 ) and q magazine 's the 1001 best songs ever ( 2003 number 193 ) the rock and roll hall of fame includes the track among its 500 songs that shaped rock and roll
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= = re @@ releases and live version = =
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