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= = history = =
= = = early history = = =
the order was founded in 1783 a year after the grant of substantial autonomy to ireland as a means of rewarding ( or obtaining ) political support in the irish parliament the order of the bath founded in 1725 was instituted for similar reasons the statutes of the order restricted membership to men who were both knights and gentlemen the latter being defined as having three generations of noblesse ( ie ancestors bearing coats of arms ) on both their father 's and mother 's side in practice however only irish peers ( and occasional foreign princes with tenuous or no irish connections ) were ever appointed to the order the cross of st patrick ( a red saltire on a white background ) was chosen as one of the symbols of the order a flag of this design was later incorporated into the union flag its association with st patrick or with ireland prior to the foundation of the order is unclear however one of the first knights was the 2nd duke of leinster whose arms carry the same cross
the order of st patrick earned international coverage when in 1907 its insignia known generally as the irish crown jewels were stolen from the bedford tower in dublin castle shortly before a visit by the order 's sovereign king edward vii their whereabouts remain a mystery
= = = post @@ 1922 = = =
the last non @@ royal appointed to the order was james hamilton 3rd duke of abercorn in 1922 who served as the first governor of northern ireland when the irish free state left the united kingdom that same year the irish executive council under w t cosgrave chose to make no further appointments to the order the british government continued to entertain hopes for the order 's revival as a pan @@ irish institution therefore while there was no legal or constitutional bar to the british government continuing to make appointments from among british subjects resident in northern ireland it chose not to do so
since then only three people have been appointed to the order all members of the british royal family the then @@ prince of wales ( the future king edward viii and later duke of windsor ) was appointed in 1927 and his younger brothers prince henry duke of gloucester in 1934 and prince albert duke of york ( later king george vi ) in 1936
it is likely that these appointments were considered possible because the irish free state continued to recognise the british monarch as its official head of state in 1937 however the irish free state adopted a new constitution rendering the crown 's position in irish affairs ambiguous the ambiguity was resolved 12 years later when the irish free state formally declared itself a republic and left the british commonwealth the basis for such appointments thus ceased and no further ones have been made
the duke of gloucester at his death in 1974 was the last surviving member of the order the last living non @@ royal member of the order the 9th earl of shaftesbury died in 1961 the order has however never actually been abolished and its resurrection has been discussed in irish government circles on a number of occasions and never pursued
= = = possible revival = = =
prime minister winston churchill suggested reviving the order in 1943 to recognise the services of general the hon sir harold alexander in tunisia but the opinion of the other ministers and civil servants was that it would upset the diplomatic balance between london and dublin taoiseach seán lemass considered reviving the order during the 1960s but did not take a decision
the constitution of ireland provides titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the state ( article 40 @@ 2 @@ 1 ° ) and no title of nobility or of honour may be accepted by any citizen except with the prior approval of the government ( article 40 @@ 2 @@ 2 ° ) legal experts are divided on whether this clause prohibits the awarding of membership of the order of st patrick to irish citizens but some suggest that the phrase titles of nobility implies hereditary peerages and other noble titles not lifetime honours such as knighthoods in any case an irish citizen would require the approval of the government of ireland to receive an award from a reigning monarch of the united kingdom in this manner
= = composition = =
= = = members = = =
the british monarch is sovereign of the order of st patrick the lord lieutenant of ireland the monarch 's representative in ireland served as the grand master the office of lord lieutenant was abolished in 1922 the last lord lieutenant and grand master was the 1st viscount fitzalan of derwent rather oddly the statutes of the order did not provide that the grand master be admitted to the order as a matter of right while some lords lieutenant were in fact appointed to the order this seems to have been the exception rather than the rule
the order originally consisted of fifteen knights in addition to the sovereign in 1821 however george iv appointed six additional knights he did not issue a royal warrant authorising the change until 1830 william iv formally changed the statutes in 1833 increasing the limit to twenty @@ two knights
the original statutes based heavily on those of the order of the garter prescribed that any vacancy should be filled by the sovereign upon the nomination of the members each knight was to propose nine candidates of whom three had to have the rank of earl or higher three the rank of baron or higher and three the rank of knight or higher and a vote taken in practice this system was never used the grand master would nominate a peer the sovereign would usually assent and a chapter meeting held at which the knights elected the new member the order of st patrick differed from its english and scottish counterparts the orders of the garter and the thistle in only ever appointing peers and princes women were never admitted to the order of st patrick they were not eligible to become members of the other two orders until 1987 the only woman to be part of the order was queen victoria in her capacity as sovereign of the order although it was associated with the established church of ireland until 1871 several roman catholics were appointed to the order throughout its history
= = = officers = = =
the order of st patrick initially had thirteen officers the prelate the chancellor the registrar the usher the secretary the genealogist the king of arms two heralds and four pursuivants many of these offices were held by clergymen of the church of ireland the then @@ established church after the disestablishment of the church in 1871 the ecclesiastics were allowed to remain in office until their deaths when the offices were either abolished or reassigned to lay officials all offices except that of registrar and king of arms are now vacant
the office of prelate was held by the lord archbishop of armagh the most senior clergyman in the church of ireland the prelate was not mentioned in the original statutes but created by a warrant shortly afterwards apparently because the archbishop at the time had asked to be appointed to the post since the death of the last holder in 1885 the office of prelate has remained vacant
the church of ireland 's second highest cleric the lord archbishop of dublin originally served as the chancellor of the order from 1886 onwards the office was held instead by the chief secretary for ireland since the abolition of the position of chief secretary in 1922 the office of chancellor has remained vacant the dean of st patrick 's cathedral was originally the registrar of the order in 1890 on the death of the dean who had held the post in at the time of disestablishment the office was attached to that of the king of arms of the order this position was held by ulster king of arms ireland 's chief heraldic official a post which had been created in 1552 in 1943 this post was in effect divided in two reflecting the partition of ireland in the government of ireland act 1920 the position insofar as it related to northern ireland was combined with that of norroy king of arms ( who had heraldic jurisdiction in the north of england ) the post of norroy and ulster king of arms still exists and thus continues to hold the offices of registrar and king of arms of the order of st patrick the office of ulster king of arms insofar as it related to the irish free state ( now officially called ireland ) became the position of chief herald of ireland
the order of st patrick had six other heraldic officers many more than any other british order the two heralds were known as cork herald and dublin herald three of the four <unk> were untitled the fourth was held by athlone pursuivant an office founded in 1552
the usher of the order was the usher at arms named the black rod the gentleman usher of the black rod in ireland was distinct from the english officer of the same name though like his counterpart he had some duties in the irish house of lords ( the latter continues to serve as usher to the order of the garter and as serjeant @@ at @@ arms of the house of lords ) the irish post has been vacant since 1933
the offices of secretary and genealogist were originally held by members of the irish house of commons the office of secretary has been vacant since 1926 the position of genealogist was left vacant in 1885 restored in 1889 but left vacant again in 1930
= = = current officers and members = = =
sovereign elizabeth ii
officers registrar and king of arms timothy duke ( norroy and ulster king of arms )
members none
= = vestments and accoutrements = =
for important occasions such as coronations and investitures of new members of the order knights of st patrick wore elaborate vestments
the mantle was a celestial blue robe lined with white silk the star of the order ( see below ) was depicted on the left of the mantle a blue hood was attached to the mantle
the hat of the order was originally of white satin lined with blue but was changed to black velvet by george iv it was plumed with three falls of feathers one red one white and one blue
the collar was made of gold consisting of tudor roses and harps attached with knots the two roses which comprise the tudor rose were alternately enamelled white within red and red within white the central harp from which the badge of the order was suspended was surmounted by a crown
on certain collar days designated by the sovereign members attending formal events wore the order 's collar over their military uniform formal day dress or evening wear when collars were worn ( either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations ) the badge was suspended from the collar
aside from these special occasions however much simpler accoutrements were used
the star of the order was an eight @@ pointed figure with the four cardinal points longer than the intermediate points each point was shown as a cluster of rays in the centre was the same motto year and design that appeared on the badge the star was worn pinned to the left breast
the broad riband was a celestial blue sash worn across the body from the right shoulder to the left hip
the badge was pinned to the riband at the left hip made of gold it depicted a shamrock bearing three crowns on top of a cross of st patrick and surrounded by a blue circle bearing the motto in majuscules as well as the date of the order 's foundation in roman numerals ( <unk> )
the grand master 's insignia were of the same form and design as those of the knights in 1831 however william iv presented the grand master with a star and badge each composed of rubies emeralds and brazilian diamonds these two insignia were designated crown jewels in the order 's 1905 statutes and the designation irish crown jewels was emphasised by newspapers when they were stolen in 1907 along with the collars of five knights they have not since been recovered
a number of items pertaining to the order of st patrick are held in museums in both the republic of ireland and northern ireland the robes of the 4th baron <unk> the 122nd knight of the order are on display in the national museum of ireland dublin the robe belonging to the 3rd earl of kilmorey is held by the newry museum the national gallery and genealogical museum in dublin both have stars of the order and the ulster museum ( part of the national museums and galleries of northern ireland ) in <unk> has a large collection on display and two mantles in storage the irish guards take their <unk> and motto from the order
= = chapel and chancery = =
the chapel of the order was originally in st patrick 's cathedral in central dublin each member of the order including the sovereign was allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel above which his ( or her in the case of queen victoria ) heraldic devices were displayed perched on the pinnacle of a knight 's stall was a helm decorated with mantling and topped by his crest above the crest the knight 's heraldic banner was hung emblazoned with his coat of arms at a considerably smaller scale to the back of the stall was affixed a piece of brass ( a stall plate ) displaying its occupant 's name arms and date of admission into the order upon the death of a knight the banner and crest were taken down and replaced with those of his successor after the disestablishment of the church of ireland in 1871 the chapel ceased to be used the heraldic devices of the knights at the time were left in place at the request of queen victoria
the order was without a ceremonial home until 1881 when arrangements were made to display banners helms and hatchment plates ( the equivalent of stall plates in the absence of stalls ) in the great hall officially called st patrick 's hall in dublin castle on the establishment of the irish free state the banners of the living knights were removed when the hall was redecorated in 1962 it was decided that it should be hung with the banners of the members of the order in 1922 the existing banners were repaired or new ones made it is these banners which can be seen today the hall which was renamed st patrick 's hall from its association with the order also served as the chancery of the order installation ceremonies and later investitures were held here often on st patrick 's day until they were discontinued a banquet for the knights was often held in the hall on the occasion of an installation st patrick 's hall now serves as the location for the inauguration of the president of ireland
unlike many of the other british orders the stall plates ( or hatchment plates ) do not form a continuous record of the knights of the order there are only 34 stall plates for the 80 or so knights appointed before 1871 ( although others were destroyed in a fire in 1940 ) and 40 hatchments plates for the 60 knights appointed subsequently in the case of the stall plates this was perhaps due to their size <unk> cm ( <unk> in )
= = precedence and privileges = =
since the members of the order were required to be knights and in practice had higher rank many of the privileges of membership were rendered moot as knights they could prefix sir to their forenames but the form was never used in speech as they were referred to by their peerage dignities they were assigned positions in the order of precedence but had higher positions by virtue of their peerage dignities
knights used the post @@ nominal letters kp when an individual was entitled to use multiple post @@ nominal letters kp appeared before all others except bt and btss ( baronet and baronetess ) vc ( victoria cross ) gc ( george cross ) kg ( knight of the garter ) and kt ( knight of the thistle )
knights could encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet ( a blue circle bearing the motto ) and the collar the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter the badge is depicted suspended from the collar they were also entitled to receive heraldic supporters this high privilege was and is only shared by members of the royal family peers knights and ladies of the garter knights and ladies of the thistle and knights and dames grand cross of the junior orders ( of course knights of st patrick normally all being members of the british royal family or peers were mostly entitled to supporters in any event )
= colton point state park =
colton point state park is a 368 @@ acre ( 149 ha ) pennsylvania state park in tioga county pennsylvania in the united states it is on the west side of the pine creek gorge also known as the grand canyon of pennsylvania which is 800 feet ( 240 m ) deep and nearly 4 @@ 000 feet ( 1 @@ 200 m ) across at this location the park extends from the creek in the bottom of the gorge up to the rim and across part of the plateau to the west colton point state park is known for its views of the pine creek gorge and offers opportunities for picnicking hiking fishing and hunting whitewater boating and camping colton point is surrounded by tioga state forest and its sister park leonard harrison state park on the east rim the park is on a state forest road in shippen township 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of us route 6
pine creek flows through the park and has carved the gorge through five major rock formations from the devonian and carboniferous periods native americans once used the pine creek path along the creek the path was later used by lumbermen and then became the course of a railroad from 1883 to 1988 since 1996 the 62 @@ mile ( 100 km ) pine creek rail trail has followed the creek through the gorge the pine creek gorge was named a national natural landmark in 1968 and is also protected as a pennsylvania state natural area and important bird area while pine creek is a pennsylvania scenic and wild river the gorge is home to many species of plants and animals some of which have been reintroduced to the area
the park is named for henry colton a williamsport lumberman who cut timber there starting in 1879 although the pine creek gorge was clearcut in the 19th and early 20th centuries it is now covered by second @@ growth forest thanks in part to the conservation efforts of the civilian conservation corps ( ccc ) in the 1930s the ccc built the facilities at colton point before and shortly after the park 's 1936 opening most of the ccc @@ built facilities remain in use and have led to the park 's listing as a historic district on the national register of historic places since a successful publicity campaign in 1936 the park and gorge have been a popular tourist destination attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors each year colton point state park was chosen by the pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources ( dcnr ) bureau of parks for its 25 must @@ see pennsylvania state parks list which praised its spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of pine creek gorge
= = history = =
= = = native americans = = =
humans have lived in what is now pennsylvania since at least 10 @@ 000 bc the first settlers were paleo @@ indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools the hunter @@ gatherers of the archaic period which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 bc used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artifacts the woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi @@ permanent villages and horticulture between 1000 bc and 1500 ad archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles burial mounds pipes bows and arrows and ornaments
colton point state park is in the west branch susquehanna river drainage basin the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the iroquoian @@ speaking susquehannocks they were a matriarchal society that lived in stockaded villages of large long houses and occasionally inhabited the mountains surrounding the pine creek gorge their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the five nations of the iroquois and by 1675 they had died out moved away or been assimilated into other tribes
after this the lands of the west branch susquehanna river valley were under the nominal control of the iroquois the iroquois lived in long houses primarily in what is now new york and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers they and other tribes used the pine creek path through the gorge traveling between a path on the genesee river in modern new york in the north and the great shamokin path along the west branch susquehanna river in the south the seneca tribe of the iroquois believed that pine creek gorge was sacred land and never established a permanent settlement there they used the path through the gorge and had seasonal hunting camps along it including one just north of the park near what would later be the village of ansonia to fill the void left by the demise of the susquehannocks the iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the west branch watershed including the shawnee and lenape ( or delaware )
the french and indian war ( 1754 63 ) led to the migration of many native americans westward to the ohio river basin on november 5 1768 the british acquired the new purchase from the iroquois in the treaty of fort stanwix including what is now the pine creek gorge east of the creek the purchase line established by this treaty was disputed as it was unclear whether the border along tiadaghton creek referred to pine creek or to lycoming creek further to the east as a result the land between them was disputed territory until 1784 and the second treaty of fort stanwix after the american revolutionary war native americans almost entirely left pennsylvania some isolated bands of natives remained in pine creek gorge until the war of 1812
= = = lumber era = = =
prior to the arrival of william penn and his quaker colonists in 1682 up to 90 percent of what is now pennsylvania was covered with woods more than 31 @@ 000 square miles ( 80 @@ 000 km2 ) of eastern white pine eastern hemlock and a mix of hardwoods the forests near the three original counties philadelphia bucks and chester were the first to be harvested as the early settlers used the readily available timber and cleared land for agriculture by the time of the american revolution logging had reached the interior and mountainous regions and became a leading industry in pennsylvania trees furnished fuel to heat homes tannin for the state 's many tanneries and wood for construction furniture and barrel making large areas of forest were harvested by colliers to fire iron furnaces rifle stocks and shingles were made from pennsylvania timber as were a wide variety of household utensils and the first conestoga wagons
by the early 19th century the demand for lumber reached the pine creek gorge where the surrounding mountainsides were covered with eastern white pine 3 to 6 feet ( 1 to 2 m ) in diameter and 150 feet ( 50 m ) or more tall eastern hemlock 9 feet ( 3 m ) in circumference and huge hardwoods each acre ( 0 @@ 4 ha ) of these virgin forests produced 100 @@ 000 board feet ( 200 m3 ) of white pine and 200 @@ 000 board feet ( 500 m3 ) of hemlock and hardwoods for comparison the same area of forest today produces a total of only 5 @@ 000 board feet ( 10 m3 ) on average according to steven e owlett environmental lawyer and author shipbuilders considered pine from pine creek the best timber in the world for making fine ship masts so it was the first lumber to be harvested on a large scale the original title to the land that became colton point state park was sold to the wilhelm wilkins company in 1792 pine creek was declared a public highway by the pennsylvania general assembly on march 16 1798 and rafts of spars were floated down the creek to the susquehanna river then to the chesapeake bay and the shipbuilders at baltimore the lumbermen would then walk home following the old pine creek path at the end of their journey
as the 19th century progressed fewer pines were left and more hemlocks and hardwoods were cut and processed locally by 1810 there were 11 sawmills in the pine creek watershed and by 1840 there were 145 despite a flood in 1832 which wiped out nearly all the mills along the creek selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract the first lumbering activity close to what is now colton point was in 1838 when william dodge and partners built a settlement at big meadows and formed the pennsylvania joint land and lumber company dodge 's company purchased thousands of acres of land in the area including what is now colton point state park in 1865 the last pine spar raft floated down the creek and on march 28 1871 the general assembly passed a law which allowed construction of splash dams and allowed creeks to be cleared to allow loose logs to float better the earliest spring log drives floated up to 20 @@ 000 @@ 000 board feet ( 50 @@ 000 m3 ) of logs in pine creek at one time these logs floated to the west branch susquehanna river and to sawmills near the susquehanna boom at williamsport log drives could be dangerous just north of the park is barbour rock named for samuel barbour who lost his life on pine creek there after breaking up a log jam hemlock wood was not widely used until the advent of wire nails but the bark was used to tan leather after 1870 the largest tanneries in the world were in the pine creek watershed and required 2 @@ 000 pounds ( 900 kg ) of bark to produce 150 pounds ( 70 kg ) of quality sole leather
in 1879 henry colton who worked for the williamsport lumber company supervised the cutting of white pine on the land owned by silas billings this land would later become the park colton gave his name to the colton point overlook on the west rim of the pine creek gorge deadman hollow road in the park is named for a trapper whose decomposed body was found in his own bear trap there in the early 20th century fourmile run flows through the park its o 'connor branch is named for the dead trapper 's brothers who were loggers in the area
in 1883 the jersey shore pine creek and buffalo railway opened following the creek through the gorge the new railroad used the relatively level route along pine creek to link the new york central railroad ( nyc ) to the north with the clearfield coalfield to the southwest and with nyc @@ allied lines in williamsport to the southeast by 1896 the rail line 's daily traffic included three passenger trains and 7 @@ 000 @@ 000 short tons ( 6 @@ 400 @@ 000 t ) of freight in the surrounding forests log drives gave way to logging railroads which transported lumber to local sawmills there were 13 companies operating logging railroads along pine creek and its tributaries between 1886 and 1921 while the last log drive in the pine creek watershed started on little pine creek in 1905 by 1900 the leetonia logging railroad was extended to the headwaters of fourmile run which has several high waterfalls that prevented logs from being floated down it in 1903 the line reached colton point and bear run which is the northern border of the park today lumber on fourmile run that had been previously inaccessible was harvested and transported by train initially to leonard harrison 's mill at tiadaghton when that mill burned in 1905 the lumber went to the leetonia mill on cedar run in elk township
the old @@ growth forests were clearcut by the early 20th century and the gorge was stripped bare nothing was left except the dried @@ out tree tops which became a fire hazard as a result much of the land burned and was left barren on may 6 1903 the wellsboro newspaper had the headline wild lands <unk> and reported landslides through the gorge the soil was depleted of nutrients fires baked the ground hard and jungles of blueberries blackberries and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land which became known as the pennsylvania desert floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out
= = = conservation = = =
george washington sears an early conservationist who wrote under the pen name nessmuk was one of the first to criticize the pennsylvania lumber industry and its destruction of forests and creeks in his 1884 book woodcraft he wrote of the pine creek watershed where
a huge tannery poisons and blackens the stream with chemicals bark and ooze the once fine covers and thickets are converted into fields thickly dotted with blackened stumps and to crown the desolation heavy laden trains of ' the pine creek and jersey shore rr ' go thundering [ by ] almost hourly of course this is progress but whether backward or forward had better be decided sixty years hence