cchoi1022/wikitext-103-v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 6.86k
3 is prepared by the reaction of sb
2o
3 with hf
sb
2o
3 + 6 hf → 2 sbf
3 + 3 h
2o
it is lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions sbf −
4 and <unk> −
5 molten sbf
3 is a weak electrical conductor the trichloride sbcl
3 is prepared by dissolving sb
2s
3 in hydrochloric acid
sb
2s
3 + 6 hcl → 2 sbcl
3 + 3 h
2s
the pentahalides sbf
5 and sbcl
5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas phase but in the liquid phase sbf
5 is polymeric whereas sbcl
5 is monomeric sbf
5 is a powerful lewis acid used to make the <unk> <unk> acid ( <unk> )
oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form <unk> compounds such as <unk> and ( sbo )
2so
4

= = = <unk> hydrides and organoantimony compounds = = =

compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of sb3 − antimony forms antimonides with metals such as indium antimonide ( <unk> ) and silver antimonide ( ag
<unk> ) the alkali metal and zinc antimonides such as <unk> and <unk> are more reactive treating these antimonides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine <unk>
3
sb3 − + 3 h + → <unk>
3
<unk> can also be produced by treating sb3 + salts with hydride reagents such as sodium <unk> decomposes spontaneously at room temperature because stibine has a positive heat of formation it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly
<unk> compounds are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with grignard reagents a large variety of compounds are known with both sb ( iii ) and sb ( v ) centers including mixed chloro @@ organic derivatives anions and cations examples include sb ( c6h5 ) 3 ( <unk> ) sb2 ( c6h5 ) 4 ( with an sb @@ sb bond ) and cyclic [ sb ( c6h5 ) ] n <unk> organoantimony compounds are common examples being sb ( c6h5 ) 5 and several related halides

= = history = =

antimony ( iii ) sulfide sb2s3 was recognized in predynastic egypt as an eye cosmetic ( kohl ) as early as about 3100 bc when the cosmetic palette was invented
an artifact said to be part of a vase made of antimony dating to about 3000 bc was found at <unk> chaldea ( part of present @@ day iraq ) and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 bc and 2200 bc has been found in egypt austen at a lecture by herbert gladstone in 1892 commented that we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase and therefore this remarkable ' find ' ( artifact mentioned above ) must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable
<unk> was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase mentioning that <unk> after his analysis of the tello object ( published in 1975 ) attempted to relate the metal to transcaucasian natural antimony ( ie native metal ) and that the antimony objects from transcaucasia are all small personal ornaments this weakens the evidence for a lost art of rendering antimony malleable
the roman scholar pliny the elder described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise natural history pliny the elder also made a distinction between male and female forms of antimony the male form is probably the sulfide while the female form which is superior heavier and less friable has been suspected to be native metallic antimony
the roman naturalist pedanius dioscorides mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air it is thought that this produced metallic antimony
the first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book de la <unk> of 1540 by vannoccio biringuccio this predates the more famous 1556 book by agricola de re metallica in this context agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony the book <unk> <unk> <unk> ( the triumphal chariot of antimony ) describing the preparation of metallic antimony was published in germany in 1604 it was purported to have been written by a benedictine monk writing under the name basilius valentinus in the 15th century if it were authentic which it is not it would predate biringuccio
the metal antimony was known to german chemist andreas libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide salt and potassium tartrate this procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface
with the advent of challenges to phlogiston theory it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides oxides and other compounds as is the case with other metals
the first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the earth 's crust was described by the swedish scientist and local mine district engineer anton von <unk> in 1783 the type @@ sample was collected from the sala silver mine in the <unk> mining district of sala <unk> sweden

= = = etymology = = =

the ancient words for antimony mostly have as their chief meaning kohl the sulfide of antimony
the egyptians called antimony <unk> in hieroglyphs the vowels are uncertain but there is an arabic tradition that the word is <unk> <unk> the greek word <unk> stimmi is probably a loan word from arabic or from egyptian <unk>
and is used by attic tragic poets of the 5th century bc later greeks also used <unk> <unk> as did celsus and pliny writing in latin in the first century ad pliny also gives the names <unk> [ sic ] <unk> alabaster and the very common <unk> wide @@ eye ( from the effect of the cosmetic ) later latin authors adapted the word to latin as stibium the arabic word for the substance as opposed to the cosmetic can appear as <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> or <unk> <unk> suggests the first form which is the earliest derives from <unk> an accusative for stimmi
the use of sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to jöns jakob berzelius who used this abbreviation of the name stibium the medieval latin form from which the modern languages and late byzantine greek take their names for antimony is antimonium the origin of this is uncertain all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation the popular etymology from <unk> anti @@ <unk> or french <unk> still has adherents this would mean monk @@ killer and is explained by many early alchemists being monks and antimony being poisonous
another popular etymology is the hypothetical greek word <unk> <unk> against aloneness explained as not found as metal or not found unalloyed lippmann conjectured a hypothetical greek word <unk> <unk> which would mean <unk> and cites several examples of related greek words ( but not that one ) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence
the early uses of antimonium include the translations in 1050 1100 by constantine the african of arabic medical treatises several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some arabic form <unk> derives it from <unk> other possibilities include <unk> the arabic name of the metalloid and a hypothetical as @@ stimmi derived from or parallel to the greek

= = production = =


= = = top producers and production volumes = = =

the british geological survey ( bgs ) reported that in 2005 china was the top producer of antimony with an approximately 84 world share followed at a distance by south africa bolivia and tajikistan <unk> mine in hunan province has the largest deposits in china with an estimated deposit of 2 @@ 1 million metric tons
in 2010 according to the us geological survey china accounted for 88 @@ 9 of total antimony production with south africa bolivia and russia sharing the second place
however roskill consulting estimates for primary production show that in 2010 china held a 76 @@ 75 share of world supply with 120 @@ 462 tonnes ( 90 @@ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @@ 464 tonnes of un @@ reported production ) followed by russia ( 4 @@ 14 share 6 @@ 500 tonnes of production ) myanmar ( 3 @@ 76 share 5 @@ 897 tonnes ) canada ( 3 @@ 61 share 5 @@ 660 tonnes ) tajikistan ( 3 @@ 42 share 5 @@ 370 tonnes ) and bolivia ( 3 @@ 17 share 4 @@ 980 tonnes )
roskill estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @@ 540 tonnes
antimony was ranked first in a risk list published by the british geological survey in the second half of 2011 the list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current british economy and lifestyle
also antimony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the eu in a report published in 2011 primarily due to the lack of supply outside china
reported production of antimony in china fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years according to the roskill report no significant antimony deposits in china have been developed for about ten years and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted
the world 's largest antimony producers according to roskill are listed below

= = = reserves = = =

according to statistics from the usgs current global reserves of antimony will be depleted in 13 years however the usgs expects more resources will be found

= = = production process = = =

the extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore most antimony is mined as the sulfide lower @@ grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation while higher @@ grade ores are heated to 500 600 ° c the temperature at which stibnite melts and is separated from the gangue minerals antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by a reduction with scrap iron
sb
2s
3 + 3 fe → 2 sb + 3 fes
the sulfide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the volatility of antimony ( iii ) oxide which is recovered from roasting this material is often used directly for the main applications impurities being arsenic and sulfide isolating antimony from its oxide is performed by a carbothermal reduction
2 sb
2o
3 + 3 c → 4 sb + 3 co
2
the lower @@ grade ores are reduced in blast furnaces while the higher @@ grade ores are reduced in reverberatory furnaces

= = applications = =

about 60 of antimony is consumed in flame retardants and 20 is used in alloys for batteries plain bearings and solders

= = = flame retardants = = =

antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making flame @@ proofing compounds it is nearly always used in combination with halogenated flame retardants with the only exception being in halogen @@ containing polymers the formation of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide due to reaction of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and probably also with oxygen atoms and oh radicals thus inhibiting fire markets for these flame @@ retardant applications include children 's clothing toys aircraft and automobile seat covers it is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers the resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed

3 is prepared by the reaction of sb

2o

3 with hf

sb

2o

3 + 6 hf → 2 sbf

3 + 3 h

2o

it is lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions sbf −

4 and <unk> −

5 molten sbf

3 is a weak electrical conductor the trichloride sbcl

3 is prepared by dissolving sb

2s

3 in hydrochloric acid

sb

2s

3 + 6 hcl → 2 sbcl

3 + 3 h

2s

the pentahalides sbf

5 and sbcl

5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas phase but in the liquid phase sbf

5 is polymeric whereas sbcl

5 is monomeric sbf

5 is a powerful lewis acid used to make the <unk> <unk> acid ( <unk> )

oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form <unk> compounds such as <unk> and ( sbo )

2so

4

= = = <unk> hydrides and organoantimony compounds = = =

compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of sb3 − antimony forms antimonides with metals such as indium antimonide ( <unk> ) and silver antimonide ( ag

<unk> ) the alkali metal and zinc antimonides such as <unk> and <unk> are more reactive treating these antimonides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine <unk>

3

sb3 − + 3 h + → <unk>

3

<unk> can also be produced by treating sb3 + salts with hydride reagents such as sodium <unk> decomposes spontaneously at room temperature because stibine has a positive heat of formation it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly

<unk> compounds are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with grignard reagents a large variety of compounds are known with both sb ( iii ) and sb ( v ) centers including mixed chloro @@ organic derivatives anions and cations examples include sb ( c6h5 ) 3 ( <unk> ) sb2 ( c6h5 ) 4 ( with an sb @@ sb bond ) and cyclic [ sb ( c6h5 ) ] n <unk> organoantimony compounds are common examples being sb ( c6h5 ) 5 and several related halides

= = history = =

antimony ( iii ) sulfide sb2s3 was recognized in predynastic egypt as an eye cosmetic ( kohl ) as early as about 3100 bc when the cosmetic palette was invented

an artifact said to be part of a vase made of antimony dating to about 3000 bc was found at <unk> chaldea ( part of present @@ day iraq ) and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 bc and 2200 bc has been found in egypt austen at a lecture by herbert gladstone in 1892 commented that we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase and therefore this remarkable ' find ' ( artifact mentioned above ) must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable

<unk> was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase mentioning that <unk> after his analysis of the tello object ( published in 1975 ) attempted to relate the metal to transcaucasian natural antimony ( ie native metal ) and that the antimony objects from transcaucasia are all small personal ornaments this weakens the evidence for a lost art of rendering antimony malleable

the roman scholar pliny the elder described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise natural history pliny the elder also made a distinction between male and female forms of antimony the male form is probably the sulfide while the female form which is superior heavier and less friable has been suspected to be native metallic antimony

the roman naturalist pedanius dioscorides mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air it is thought that this produced metallic antimony

the first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book de la <unk> of 1540 by vannoccio biringuccio this predates the more famous 1556 book by agricola de re metallica in this context agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony the book <unk> <unk> <unk> ( the triumphal chariot of antimony ) describing the preparation of metallic antimony was published in germany in 1604 it was purported to have been written by a benedictine monk writing under the name basilius valentinus in the 15th century if it were authentic which it is not it would predate biringuccio

the metal antimony was known to german chemist andreas libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide salt and potassium tartrate this procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface

with the advent of challenges to phlogiston theory it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides oxides and other compounds as is the case with other metals

the first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the earth 's crust was described by the swedish scientist and local mine district engineer anton von <unk> in 1783 the type @@ sample was collected from the sala silver mine in the <unk> mining district of sala <unk> sweden

= = = etymology = = =

the ancient words for antimony mostly have as their chief meaning kohl the sulfide of antimony

the egyptians called antimony <unk> in hieroglyphs the vowels are uncertain but there is an arabic tradition that the word is <unk> <unk> the greek word <unk> stimmi is probably a loan word from arabic or from egyptian <unk>

and is used by attic tragic poets of the 5th century bc later greeks also used <unk> <unk> as did celsus and pliny writing in latin in the first century ad pliny also gives the names <unk> [ sic ] <unk> alabaster and the very common <unk> wide @@ eye ( from the effect of the cosmetic ) later latin authors adapted the word to latin as stibium the arabic word for the substance as opposed to the cosmetic can appear as <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> or <unk> <unk> suggests the first form which is the earliest derives from <unk> an accusative for stimmi

the use of sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to jöns jakob berzelius who used this abbreviation of the name stibium the medieval latin form from which the modern languages and late byzantine greek take their names for antimony is antimonium the origin of this is uncertain all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation the popular etymology from <unk> anti @@ <unk> or french <unk> still has adherents this would mean monk @@ killer and is explained by many early alchemists being monks and antimony being poisonous

another popular etymology is the hypothetical greek word <unk> <unk> against aloneness explained as not found as metal or not found unalloyed lippmann conjectured a hypothetical greek word <unk> <unk> which would mean <unk> and cites several examples of related greek words ( but not that one ) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence

the early uses of antimonium include the translations in 1050 1100 by constantine the african of arabic medical treatises several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some arabic form <unk> derives it from <unk> other possibilities include <unk> the arabic name of the metalloid and a hypothetical as @@ stimmi derived from or parallel to the greek

= = production = =

= = = top producers and production volumes = = =

the british geological survey ( bgs ) reported that in 2005 china was the top producer of antimony with an approximately 84 world share followed at a distance by south africa bolivia and tajikistan <unk> mine in hunan province has the largest deposits in china with an estimated deposit of 2 @@ 1 million metric tons

in 2010 according to the us geological survey china accounted for 88 @@ 9 of total antimony production with south africa bolivia and russia sharing the second place

however roskill consulting estimates for primary production show that in 2010 china held a 76 @@ 75 share of world supply with 120 @@ 462 tonnes ( 90 @@ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @@ 464 tonnes of un @@ reported production ) followed by russia ( 4 @@ 14 share 6 @@ 500 tonnes of production ) myanmar ( 3 @@ 76 share 5 @@ 897 tonnes ) canada ( 3 @@ 61 share 5 @@ 660 tonnes ) tajikistan ( 3 @@ 42 share 5 @@ 370 tonnes ) and bolivia ( 3 @@ 17 share 4 @@ 980 tonnes )

roskill estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @@ 540 tonnes

antimony was ranked first in a risk list published by the british geological survey in the second half of 2011 the list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current british economy and lifestyle

also antimony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the eu in a report published in 2011 primarily due to the lack of supply outside china

reported production of antimony in china fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years according to the roskill report no significant antimony deposits in china have been developed for about ten years and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted

the world 's largest antimony producers according to roskill are listed below

= = = reserves = = =

according to statistics from the usgs current global reserves of antimony will be depleted in 13 years however the usgs expects more resources will be found

= = = production process = = =

the extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore most antimony is mined as the sulfide lower @@ grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation while higher @@ grade ores are heated to 500 600 ° c the temperature at which stibnite melts and is separated from the gangue minerals antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by a reduction with scrap iron

sb

2s

3 + 3 fe → 2 sb + 3 fes

the sulfide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the volatility of antimony ( iii ) oxide which is recovered from roasting this material is often used directly for the main applications impurities being arsenic and sulfide isolating antimony from its oxide is performed by a carbothermal reduction

2 sb

2o

3 + 3 c → 4 sb + 3 co

2

the lower @@ grade ores are reduced in blast furnaces while the higher @@ grade ores are reduced in reverberatory furnaces

= = applications = =

about 60 of antimony is consumed in flame retardants and 20 is used in alloys for batteries plain bearings and solders

= = = flame retardants = = =

antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making flame @@ proofing compounds it is nearly always used in combination with halogenated flame retardants with the only exception being in halogen @@ containing polymers the formation of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide due to reaction of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and probably also with oxygen atoms and oh radicals thus inhibiting fire markets for these flame @@ retardant applications include children 's clothing toys aircraft and automobile seat covers it is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers the resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed