cchoi1022/wikitext-103-v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 6.86k
in extreme situations such as domestic violence separation is allowed this is not considered a divorce and may be justified
civil divorce is not a divorce according to the church if it is deemed to be the only way of ensuring legal rights care of children or protection of inheritance the church considers it morally acceptable
annulment is not a divorce it is a ruling by the church that the marriage was never valid the marriage is deemed invalid if it lacks one of five integral elements it should be complete lifelong mutual a free gift and of man and woman according to pope john paul ii 's address to the roman rota on 22 january 1996 couples do not have a right to an annulment but do have a right to make their case for nullity or validity before the competent church authority and to request a decision in the matter according to the catholic diocese of arlington
signs that might indicate reasons to investigate for an annulment are marriage that excluded at the time of the wedding the right to children or to a permanent marriage or to an exclusive commitment in addition there are youthful marriages marriages of very short duration marriages marked by serious emotional physical or substance abuse deviant sexual practices profound and consistent irresponsibility and lack of commitment conditional consent to a marriage fraud or deceit to elicit spousal consent serious mental illness or a previous bond of marriage the determination of the ground should be made after extensive consultation with the parish priest or deacons and based upon the proofs that are available

= = seventh commandment = =

the catechism explains that this commandment regulates worldly goods and forbids unjustly taking using or damaging those that belong to someone else it places requirements upon those who possess worldly goods to use them responsibly taking into consideration the good of society the catechism addresses the concept of human stewardship of god 's creation in its explanation of the seventh commandment and forbids abuse of animals and the environment

= = = private property = = =

according to the church people have a right to private property however ownership makes that person a steward who is expected to make it fruitful or profitable in a way that benefits others after that person has first taken care of their family private property and the common good are seen as complementary elements that exist for the purpose of strengthening society the taking of another 's private property in obvious and urgent necessity as the only way to provide for immediate essential needs ( food shelter clothing ) is not considered by the church to be stealing the concept of slavery as private property is condemned by the church which classifies it as the stealing of a person 's human rights

= = = theft = = =

according to the catechism theft or stealing means usurping another 's property against the reasonable will of the owner though exclusion exists for someone in great need to survive <unk> taking and keeping the property of others considered as theft even if the act is outside the scope of civil law cardinal christoph schönborn gave example from the story of saint augustine written in his confessions who took pears from neighbor 's garden when he was young schönborn says that augustine still has pangs of conscience over a childish theft even when he became grown person indicating that human conscience is very aware of theft though the act perhaps not an offense against civil law
following acts are also considered as violation of the seventh commandment price manipulation to get advantage on the harm of others corruption appropriation of the public goods for personal interests work poorly carried out tax avoidance counterfeiting of checks or any means of payment any forms of copyright infringement and piracy and extravagance

= = = social justice = = =

the papal encyclical rerum <unk> discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital as well as government and its citizens of primary concern was the need for some amelioration for the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class the encyclical supported the right to form unions rejected socialism communism and unrestricted capitalism and affirmed the right to private property
church interpretation of the seventh commandment teaches that business owners should balance a desire for profits that will ensure the future of the business with a responsibility toward the good of persons business owners are required to pay their workers a reasonable wage honor contracts and abstain from dishonest activity including bribery of government officials workers are required to do their jobs conscientiously as they have been hired to do them and to avoid dishonesty in the workplace such as using office goods for personal use without permission ( embezzlement )
the church teaches that a balance should exist between government regulation and the laws of the marketplace it deems that sole reliance on the marketplace ( pure capitalism ) insufficiently addresses many human needs while sole reliance on government regulation ( pure socialism ) perverts the basis of social bonds the church warns about the danger of either capitalism or socialism as these systems tend to use excessive extremes that result in injustice to persons
wealthier nations like wealthier individuals have a moral obligation to help poorer nations and individuals and work to reform financial institutions and economic factors to benefit all

= = eighth commandment = =

the catechism explains that bearing false witness or speaking a falsehood with the intention of deceiving encompasses all violations of truth these violations have degrees of gravity depending on the intentions of the one who lies and the harms suffered by its victims listed as follows these are
false witness and perjury statements made publicly in court which obstruct justice by condemning the innocent or exonerating the guilty or which may increase the punishment of the accused
rash judgement believing without sufficient evidence that a person has done moral faults
<unk> the disclosure of another 's faults without a valid reason
<unk> lying to harm a person 's reputation and providing opportunity to others to make false judgements concerning them
flattery speech to deceive others for our benefit
bragging boasting or mocking speech which either only honors oneself or dishonors others
the church requires those who have damaged the reputation of another to make reparation for the untruth they have communicated however it does not require a person to reveal a truth to someone who does not have a right to know and teaches respect for a right to privacy priests are prohibited from violating the seal of confession no matter how grave the sin or its impact on society
included in the church teachings of this commandment is the requirement for christians to bear witness to their faith without equivocation in situations that require it the use of modern media in spreading untruths by individuals businesses or governments is condemned

= = ninth commandment = =

the ninth and tenth commandments deal with coveting which is an interior disposition not a physical act the catechism distinguishes between covetousness of the flesh ( improper sexual desire ) and covetousness for another 's worldly goods the ninth commandment deals with the former and the tenth the latter
jesus emphasized the need for pure thoughts as well as actions and stated everyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart ( matthew 5 28 ) the catechism states that with the help of god 's grace men and women are required to overcome lust and bodily desires for sinful relationships with another person 's spouse in theology of the body a series of lectures given by pope john paul ii jesus ' statement in matthew 5 28 is interpreted that one can commit adultery in the heart not only with another 's spouse but also with his / her own spouse if one looks at him / her lustfully or treats him / her only as an object to satisfy instinct
purity of heart is suggested as the necessary quality needed to accomplish this task common catholic prayers and hymns include a request for this virtue the church identifies gifts of god that help a person maintain purity
chastity which enables people to love others with upright and undivided hearts
purity of intention which seeks to fulfill god 's will in everything knowing that it alone will lead to the true end of man
purity of vision external and internal disciplining the thoughts and imagination to reject those that are impure
prayer that recognizes the power of god to grant a person the ability to overcome sexual desires
modesty of the feelings as well as the body is discreet in choice of words and clothing
jesus stated blessed are the clean of heart for they shall see god this purity of heart which the ninth commandment introduces is the precondition of the vision of god and allows the person to see situations and people as god sees the catechism teaches that there is a connection between purity of heart of body and of faith

= = tenth commandment = =

detachment from riches is the goal of the tenth commandment and the first <unk> ( blessed are the poor in spirit ) because according to the catechism this precept is necessary for entrance into the kingdom of heaven <unk> is prohibited by the tenth commandment because it is considered to be the first step toward commission of theft robbery and fraud these lead to violence and injustice the church defines covetousness as a disordered desire that can take different forms
greed is the desire for too much of what one does not need
envy is the desire for what belongs to another the us bishops define it as an attitude that fills us with sadness at the sight of another 's prosperity
explaining church teaching of this commandment kreeft cites saint thomas aquinas who wrote an evil desire can only be overcome by a stronger good desire the us bishops suggest that this can be achieved through cultivation of goodwill humility and gratitude for one 's own and others ' blessings while trusting in god 's grace kreeft explains that saint paul the apostle illustrated the concept in his letter to the philippians when he listed his worldly credentials as a respected jew and stated i count everything as loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing christ jesus my lord as jesus stated what shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul church teaching on the tenth commandment is directed toward this same attitude toward worldly goods termed poverty of spirit


= yamaha ns @@ 10 =

the yamaha ns @@ 10 is a loudspeaker that became a standard nearfield studio monitor in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers launched in 1978 the ns @@ 10 started life as a bookshelf speaker destined for the domestic environment it was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings the speaker has a characteristic white @@ coloured mid bass drive unit
technically it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings recording engineers sought to dull its treble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it resulting in what became known as the tissue paper effect a type of comb filtering the ns @@ 10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists leading gizmodo to refer to it as the most important loudspeaker you never heard of yamaha discontinued the product in 2001

= = history = =

originally conceived as a domestic hi @@ fi speaker the ns @@ 10 was designed by akira nakamura and launched in 1978 it was sold at the $ 400 price point the speaker was poorly received and its commercial life was short however it took five years for its popularity to be established with professional users as recording engineers came to rely on the ns @@ 10 as a benchmark it dominated the mixing of pop and rock music throughout the world for at least 20 years
the ns @@ 10 displaced the <unk> 5c sound cube as the nearfield monitor of choice in the 1980s and was recognised for its ability to reveal shortcomings in recordings it probably first reached american shores through a recording engineer 's visit to japan the engineer likely to have been greg ladanyi monitored a recording session through the speaker in a japanese studio and brought a pair back on his return to the us ladanyi then began using the speakers in a los angeles studio other engineers heard the ns @@ 10 for the first time and were impressed by its sound its use spread to new york where the ns @@ 10 was adopted at the power station and other studios
early use of the ns @@ 10 among engineers include bob clearmountain rhett davies and bill <unk> in the us and nigel jopson in the uk clearmountain then a rising star in record production is often credited for the popularity of the ns @@ 10 phil ward writing in sound on sound suggested that clearmountain was probably not the earliest but was certainly the most influential early adopter it became a legend that clearmountain had chosen it because it was the worst speaker he could find he was one of a new breed of creative freelance recording engineers and producers who would travel from studio to studio equipped with their own gear that included microphones and a pair of yamaha ns @@ 10 as a reference
recording studios around the world particularly those specialising in rock and pop music adopted the speaker as the standard in excess of 200 @@ 000 pairs were sold throughout the world gizmodo referred to it as the most important loudspeaker you never heard of
yamaha stopped manufacturing the speaker in 2001 citing problems sourcing the wood pulp for the drivers even years after it was discontinued the speaker continued to be found in studios everywhere mix reported in 2008 that variants of the ns @@ 10 were still commercially available in the japanese consumer market

= = design and construction = =

the ns @@ 10 is an 8 @@ ohm two @@ way loudspeaker with a 10 @@ 4 @@ litre sealed cabinet measuring 382 × 215 × 199 millimetres ( 15 @@ 0 × 8 @@ 5 × 7 @@ 8 in ) and weighing 6 kilograms ( 13 @@ 2 lb ) its 2 @@ 5 cm ( 0 @@ 98 in ) particle @@ board cabinet has a wood veneer skin with seven black finishing layers the domestic version of the speaker was vertically orientated and came factory fitted with a grille
its two drivers are a 180 mm paper woofer and a 35 mm soft @@ domed tweeter the woofer 's diaphragm weighing 3 @@ 7 g is manufactured from a flat sheet of pressed pulp paper <unk> it is formed into conical shape not through moulding or pressure but by curling and then gluing the two ends together against the black finish of the cabinet the white bass / mid driver cone is a distinctive and iconic feature of the product
the network is second @@ order passive crossing over at 2 khz the frequency range is quoted from 60 hz to 20 khz and rated power handling is 25 50 w the early version of the speaker has press @@ down type output terminals later models had screw terminals

= = signature sound = =

in simplistic terms the ns @@ 10 possesses sonic characteristics that allow record producers to assume that if a recording sounds good on these monitors then it should sound good on most playback systems whilst it can reveal any shortcomings in the recording mix as well as the monitoring chain it may lead to listener fatigue with prolonged use in the domestic setting
the ns @@ 10 does not have a perfectly flat frequency response the sound of the ns @@ 10 is slightly heavy in the midrange and like other sealed @@ box speakers of similar size its bass extension is limited it has a + 5 db boost in the midrange at around 2 khz and the bottom end starts rolling off at 200 hz the midrange response is so open that it exposes the frequencies that are the most problematic and worst @@ sounding to the human ear
on a practical level for the music professional the speaker is analytic and clinical @@ sounding gizmodo likened the ns @@ 10 to music editors who reveal the weaknesses of recordings so that engineers would be forced to either make necessary compensation in the mix or otherwise rework them
a 2001 report by newell et al at southampton university undertaken for studio sound in 2001 found that the ns @@ 10 had excellent time @@ domain response at low frequencies its ability to start and stop in response to signal input was found to be superior to that of most other nearfield monitors part of this was related to its closed @@ box design the researchers held that the extremely fast decay time of the speaker in the low frequencies ensures that the bass instruments ( guitar and drums ) are correctly balanced in the mix

= = product revisions = =

there were many other versions of the ns @@ 10 the best known of which were the ns @@ 10m studio and the ns @@ 10m pro both introduced in 1987 technically identical to the studio the pro comes fitted with a speaker grille and is meant to be used in a vertical orientation
the professional version launched some nine years after its first introduction on the back of the popularity of the ns @@ 10 among engineers the revised version with everything including the logo and connection panel orientated horizontally was badged ns @@ 10m studio improvements included a new tweeter and crossover to address the problem in the treble better connection terminals and a sturdier cabinet that no longer accommodates grilles the studio reincarnation also has improved power handling 60 120 w in excess of 200 @@ 000 pairs of studio alone were sold throughout the world
also in the product line @@ up were ns @@ <unk> ns @@ 10m x ns @@ <unk> ns @@ <unk> the ns @@ 10m x is a studio with magnetic shielding and a different tweeter in the 1990s yamaha introduced the ns @@ <unk> a bass @@ reflex version of the 10m x with a different tweeter and grille designed for home cinema it has bass response down to 43 hz nominal impedance of 6 ohm and maximum power handling rated at 180 w a miniature version named natural sound surround speaker <unk> was launched in 1997 or 1998

= = reception = =

the sound quality of the ns @@ 10 has polarised opinions characterised as love them or hate them many professionals find it indispensable even though they may not particularly enjoy listening to it others refuse to give it space in their studio but will happily admit that it is an effective professional tool the reliance on the ns @@ 10 by top independent producers became a viral phenomenon thousands of studios equipped themselves with ns @@ 10s to attract big named producers making the speakers an industry standard

= = tissue paper effect = =

clearmountain was said to have been one of the first recording engineers to hang tissue paper over the tweeters of the ns @@ 10 to tame the over @@ bright treble covering the tweeters with tissue paper was said to produce treble @@ deficient mixes when replayed on normal domestic hi @@ fi the phenomenon became the subject of hot debate recording engineer bob <unk> investigated the alleged sonic effects of tissue paper he found inconsistent results with different paper but said that tissue paper generally demonstrated an undesirable effect known as comb filtering where the high frequencies are reflected back into the tweeter instead of being absorbed <unk> derided the tissue practice as aberrant behaviour saying that engineers usually fear comb filtering and its associated cancellation effects he also suggested that more controllable and less random electronic filtering would be preferable newell et al noted that had the speakers ' grilles been used in studios where they are routinely removed they would have had the same effect on the treble output as the improvised tissue paper filter

= = influence = =

the speaker came to be relied on by independent engineers who worked in different studios and needed equipment they were familiar with as a reference point throughout the 1980s engineers and producers worked widely with the speaker to monitor [ almost ] any album you love from the 80s or 90s from born in the usa ( bruce springsteen ) avalon ( roxy music ) let 's dance ( david bowie ) to big bam boom ( hall and oates )

in extreme situations such as domestic violence separation is allowed this is not considered a divorce and may be justified

civil divorce is not a divorce according to the church if it is deemed to be the only way of ensuring legal rights care of children or protection of inheritance the church considers it morally acceptable

annulment is not a divorce it is a ruling by the church that the marriage was never valid the marriage is deemed invalid if it lacks one of five integral elements it should be complete lifelong mutual a free gift and of man and woman according to pope john paul ii 's address to the roman rota on 22 january 1996 couples do not have a right to an annulment but do have a right to make their case for nullity or validity before the competent church authority and to request a decision in the matter according to the catholic diocese of arlington

signs that might indicate reasons to investigate for an annulment are marriage that excluded at the time of the wedding the right to children or to a permanent marriage or to an exclusive commitment in addition there are youthful marriages marriages of very short duration marriages marked by serious emotional physical or substance abuse deviant sexual practices profound and consistent irresponsibility and lack of commitment conditional consent to a marriage fraud or deceit to elicit spousal consent serious mental illness or a previous bond of marriage the determination of the ground should be made after extensive consultation with the parish priest or deacons and based upon the proofs that are available

= = seventh commandment = =

the catechism explains that this commandment regulates worldly goods and forbids unjustly taking using or damaging those that belong to someone else it places requirements upon those who possess worldly goods to use them responsibly taking into consideration the good of society the catechism addresses the concept of human stewardship of god 's creation in its explanation of the seventh commandment and forbids abuse of animals and the environment

= = = private property = = =

according to the church people have a right to private property however ownership makes that person a steward who is expected to make it fruitful or profitable in a way that benefits others after that person has first taken care of their family private property and the common good are seen as complementary elements that exist for the purpose of strengthening society the taking of another 's private property in obvious and urgent necessity as the only way to provide for immediate essential needs ( food shelter clothing ) is not considered by the church to be stealing the concept of slavery as private property is condemned by the church which classifies it as the stealing of a person 's human rights

= = = theft = = =

according to the catechism theft or stealing means usurping another 's property against the reasonable will of the owner though exclusion exists for someone in great need to survive <unk> taking and keeping the property of others considered as theft even if the act is outside the scope of civil law cardinal christoph schönborn gave example from the story of saint augustine written in his confessions who took pears from neighbor 's garden when he was young schönborn says that augustine still has pangs of conscience over a childish theft even when he became grown person indicating that human conscience is very aware of theft though the act perhaps not an offense against civil law

following acts are also considered as violation of the seventh commandment price manipulation to get advantage on the harm of others corruption appropriation of the public goods for personal interests work poorly carried out tax avoidance counterfeiting of checks or any means of payment any forms of copyright infringement and piracy and extravagance

= = = social justice = = =

the papal encyclical rerum <unk> discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital as well as government and its citizens of primary concern was the need for some amelioration for the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class the encyclical supported the right to form unions rejected socialism communism and unrestricted capitalism and affirmed the right to private property

church interpretation of the seventh commandment teaches that business owners should balance a desire for profits that will ensure the future of the business with a responsibility toward the good of persons business owners are required to pay their workers a reasonable wage honor contracts and abstain from dishonest activity including bribery of government officials workers are required to do their jobs conscientiously as they have been hired to do them and to avoid dishonesty in the workplace such as using office goods for personal use without permission ( embezzlement )

the church teaches that a balance should exist between government regulation and the laws of the marketplace it deems that sole reliance on the marketplace ( pure capitalism ) insufficiently addresses many human needs while sole reliance on government regulation ( pure socialism ) perverts the basis of social bonds the church warns about the danger of either capitalism or socialism as these systems tend to use excessive extremes that result in injustice to persons

wealthier nations like wealthier individuals have a moral obligation to help poorer nations and individuals and work to reform financial institutions and economic factors to benefit all

= = eighth commandment = =

the catechism explains that bearing false witness or speaking a falsehood with the intention of deceiving encompasses all violations of truth these violations have degrees of gravity depending on the intentions of the one who lies and the harms suffered by its victims listed as follows these are

false witness and perjury statements made publicly in court which obstruct justice by condemning the innocent or exonerating the guilty or which may increase the punishment of the accused

rash judgement believing without sufficient evidence that a person has done moral faults

<unk> the disclosure of another 's faults without a valid reason

<unk> lying to harm a person 's reputation and providing opportunity to others to make false judgements concerning them

flattery speech to deceive others for our benefit

bragging boasting or mocking speech which either only honors oneself or dishonors others

the church requires those who have damaged the reputation of another to make reparation for the untruth they have communicated however it does not require a person to reveal a truth to someone who does not have a right to know and teaches respect for a right to privacy priests are prohibited from violating the seal of confession no matter how grave the sin or its impact on society

included in the church teachings of this commandment is the requirement for christians to bear witness to their faith without equivocation in situations that require it the use of modern media in spreading untruths by individuals businesses or governments is condemned

= = ninth commandment = =

the ninth and tenth commandments deal with coveting which is an interior disposition not a physical act the catechism distinguishes between covetousness of the flesh ( improper sexual desire ) and covetousness for another 's worldly goods the ninth commandment deals with the former and the tenth the latter

jesus emphasized the need for pure thoughts as well as actions and stated everyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart ( matthew 5 28 ) the catechism states that with the help of god 's grace men and women are required to overcome lust and bodily desires for sinful relationships with another person 's spouse in theology of the body a series of lectures given by pope john paul ii jesus ' statement in matthew 5 28 is interpreted that one can commit adultery in the heart not only with another 's spouse but also with his / her own spouse if one looks at him / her lustfully or treats him / her only as an object to satisfy instinct

purity of heart is suggested as the necessary quality needed to accomplish this task common catholic prayers and hymns include a request for this virtue the church identifies gifts of god that help a person maintain purity

chastity which enables people to love others with upright and undivided hearts

purity of intention which seeks to fulfill god 's will in everything knowing that it alone will lead to the true end of man

purity of vision external and internal disciplining the thoughts and imagination to reject those that are impure

prayer that recognizes the power of god to grant a person the ability to overcome sexual desires

modesty of the feelings as well as the body is discreet in choice of words and clothing

jesus stated blessed are the clean of heart for they shall see god this purity of heart which the ninth commandment introduces is the precondition of the vision of god and allows the person to see situations and people as god sees the catechism teaches that there is a connection between purity of heart of body and of faith

= = tenth commandment = =

detachment from riches is the goal of the tenth commandment and the first <unk> ( blessed are the poor in spirit ) because according to the catechism this precept is necessary for entrance into the kingdom of heaven <unk> is prohibited by the tenth commandment because it is considered to be the first step toward commission of theft robbery and fraud these lead to violence and injustice the church defines covetousness as a disordered desire that can take different forms

greed is the desire for too much of what one does not need

envy is the desire for what belongs to another the us bishops define it as an attitude that fills us with sadness at the sight of another 's prosperity

explaining church teaching of this commandment kreeft cites saint thomas aquinas who wrote an evil desire can only be overcome by a stronger good desire the us bishops suggest that this can be achieved through cultivation of goodwill humility and gratitude for one 's own and others ' blessings while trusting in god 's grace kreeft explains that saint paul the apostle illustrated the concept in his letter to the philippians when he listed his worldly credentials as a respected jew and stated i count everything as loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing christ jesus my lord as jesus stated what shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul church teaching on the tenth commandment is directed toward this same attitude toward worldly goods termed poverty of spirit

= yamaha ns @@ 10 =

the yamaha ns @@ 10 is a loudspeaker that became a standard nearfield studio monitor in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers launched in 1978 the ns @@ 10 started life as a bookshelf speaker destined for the domestic environment it was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings the speaker has a characteristic white @@ coloured mid bass drive unit

technically it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings recording engineers sought to dull its treble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it resulting in what became known as the tissue paper effect a type of comb filtering the ns @@ 10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists leading gizmodo to refer to it as the most important loudspeaker you never heard of yamaha discontinued the product in 2001

= = history = =

originally conceived as a domestic hi @@ fi speaker the ns @@ 10 was designed by akira nakamura and launched in 1978 it was sold at the $ 400 price point the speaker was poorly received and its commercial life was short however it took five years for its popularity to be established with professional users as recording engineers came to rely on the ns @@ 10 as a benchmark it dominated the mixing of pop and rock music throughout the world for at least 20 years

the ns @@ 10 displaced the <unk> 5c sound cube as the nearfield monitor of choice in the 1980s and was recognised for its ability to reveal shortcomings in recordings it probably first reached american shores through a recording engineer 's visit to japan the engineer likely to have been greg ladanyi monitored a recording session through the speaker in a japanese studio and brought a pair back on his return to the us ladanyi then began using the speakers in a los angeles studio other engineers heard the ns @@ 10 for the first time and were impressed by its sound its use spread to new york where the ns @@ 10 was adopted at the power station and other studios

early use of the ns @@ 10 among engineers include bob clearmountain rhett davies and bill <unk> in the us and nigel jopson in the uk clearmountain then a rising star in record production is often credited for the popularity of the ns @@ 10 phil ward writing in sound on sound suggested that clearmountain was probably not the earliest but was certainly the most influential early adopter it became a legend that clearmountain had chosen it because it was the worst speaker he could find he was one of a new breed of creative freelance recording engineers and producers who would travel from studio to studio equipped with their own gear that included microphones and a pair of yamaha ns @@ 10 as a reference

recording studios around the world particularly those specialising in rock and pop music adopted the speaker as the standard in excess of 200 @@ 000 pairs were sold throughout the world gizmodo referred to it as the most important loudspeaker you never heard of

yamaha stopped manufacturing the speaker in 2001 citing problems sourcing the wood pulp for the drivers even years after it was discontinued the speaker continued to be found in studios everywhere mix reported in 2008 that variants of the ns @@ 10 were still commercially available in the japanese consumer market

= = design and construction = =

the ns @@ 10 is an 8 @@ ohm two @@ way loudspeaker with a 10 @@ 4 @@ litre sealed cabinet measuring 382 × 215 × 199 millimetres ( 15 @@ 0 × 8 @@ 5 × 7 @@ 8 in ) and weighing 6 kilograms ( 13 @@ 2 lb ) its 2 @@ 5 cm ( 0 @@ 98 in ) particle @@ board cabinet has a wood veneer skin with seven black finishing layers the domestic version of the speaker was vertically orientated and came factory fitted with a grille

its two drivers are a 180 mm paper woofer and a 35 mm soft @@ domed tweeter the woofer 's diaphragm weighing 3 @@ 7 g is manufactured from a flat sheet of pressed pulp paper <unk> it is formed into conical shape not through moulding or pressure but by curling and then gluing the two ends together against the black finish of the cabinet the white bass / mid driver cone is a distinctive and iconic feature of the product

the network is second @@ order passive crossing over at 2 khz the frequency range is quoted from 60 hz to 20 khz and rated power handling is 25 50 w the early version of the speaker has press @@ down type output terminals later models had screw terminals

= = signature sound = =

in simplistic terms the ns @@ 10 possesses sonic characteristics that allow record producers to assume that if a recording sounds good on these monitors then it should sound good on most playback systems whilst it can reveal any shortcomings in the recording mix as well as the monitoring chain it may lead to listener fatigue with prolonged use in the domestic setting

the ns @@ 10 does not have a perfectly flat frequency response the sound of the ns @@ 10 is slightly heavy in the midrange and like other sealed @@ box speakers of similar size its bass extension is limited it has a + 5 db boost in the midrange at around 2 khz and the bottom end starts rolling off at 200 hz the midrange response is so open that it exposes the frequencies that are the most problematic and worst @@ sounding to the human ear

on a practical level for the music professional the speaker is analytic and clinical @@ sounding gizmodo likened the ns @@ 10 to music editors who reveal the weaknesses of recordings so that engineers would be forced to either make necessary compensation in the mix or otherwise rework them

a 2001 report by newell et al at southampton university undertaken for studio sound in 2001 found that the ns @@ 10 had excellent time @@ domain response at low frequencies its ability to start and stop in response to signal input was found to be superior to that of most other nearfield monitors part of this was related to its closed @@ box design the researchers held that the extremely fast decay time of the speaker in the low frequencies ensures that the bass instruments ( guitar and drums ) are correctly balanced in the mix

= = product revisions = =

there were many other versions of the ns @@ 10 the best known of which were the ns @@ 10m studio and the ns @@ 10m pro both introduced in 1987 technically identical to the studio the pro comes fitted with a speaker grille and is meant to be used in a vertical orientation

the professional version launched some nine years after its first introduction on the back of the popularity of the ns @@ 10 among engineers the revised version with everything including the logo and connection panel orientated horizontally was badged ns @@ 10m studio improvements included a new tweeter and crossover to address the problem in the treble better connection terminals and a sturdier cabinet that no longer accommodates grilles the studio reincarnation also has improved power handling 60 120 w in excess of 200 @@ 000 pairs of studio alone were sold throughout the world

also in the product line @@ up were ns @@ <unk> ns @@ 10m x ns @@ <unk> ns @@ <unk> the ns @@ 10m x is a studio with magnetic shielding and a different tweeter in the 1990s yamaha introduced the ns @@ <unk> a bass @@ reflex version of the 10m x with a different tweeter and grille designed for home cinema it has bass response down to 43 hz nominal impedance of 6 ohm and maximum power handling rated at 180 w a miniature version named natural sound surround speaker <unk> was launched in 1997 or 1998

= = reception = =

the sound quality of the ns @@ 10 has polarised opinions characterised as love them or hate them many professionals find it indispensable even though they may not particularly enjoy listening to it others refuse to give it space in their studio but will happily admit that it is an effective professional tool the reliance on the ns @@ 10 by top independent producers became a viral phenomenon thousands of studios equipped themselves with ns @@ 10s to attract big named producers making the speakers an industry standard

= = tissue paper effect = =

clearmountain was said to have been one of the first recording engineers to hang tissue paper over the tweeters of the ns @@ 10 to tame the over @@ bright treble covering the tweeters with tissue paper was said to produce treble @@ deficient mixes when replayed on normal domestic hi @@ fi the phenomenon became the subject of hot debate recording engineer bob <unk> investigated the alleged sonic effects of tissue paper he found inconsistent results with different paper but said that tissue paper generally demonstrated an undesirable effect known as comb filtering where the high frequencies are reflected back into the tweeter instead of being absorbed <unk> derided the tissue practice as aberrant behaviour saying that engineers usually fear comb filtering and its associated cancellation effects he also suggested that more controllable and less random electronic filtering would be preferable newell et al noted that had the speakers ' grilles been used in studios where they are routinely removed they would have had the same effect on the treble output as the improvised tissue paper filter

= = influence = =

the speaker came to be relied on by independent engineers who worked in different studios and needed equipment they were familiar with as a reference point throughout the 1980s engineers and producers worked widely with the speaker to monitor [ almost ] any album you love from the 80s or 90s from born in the usa ( bruce springsteen ) avalon ( roxy music ) let 's dance ( david bowie ) to big bam boom ( hall and oates )