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the ns @@ 10 and the <unk> before it are two of the most influential nearfield monitors used in the professional mixing of sound recordings in 2008 the ns @@ 10 was inducted into the mix magazine <unk> hall of fame also reflecting its influence the speaker won a technical grammy for yamaha in 2007 in 2008 the speaker was found in almost every studio


= utah state route 61 =

state route 61 ( sr @@ 61 ) is a nearly 7 @@ 3 @@ mile @@ long ( 11 @@ 7 km ) state highway in the us state of utah connecting sr @@ 23 in cornish cache county to us route 91 ( us @@ 91 ) near richmond via lewiston in the extreme northern part of the state the highway has existed since at least 1914 as sr @@ 61 since at least 1937 and between 735 and 2 @@ 180 vehicles travel along the highway on an average day in 2012

= = route description = =

at the intersection of sr @@ 23 ( 4800 west ) and 13400 north in the center of cornish sr @@ 61 departs east on 13400 north due east crossing over a single track belonging to the union pacific railroad ( up ) exiting cornish the highway crosses the bear river and continues east through rural cache county just shy of the western city limits of lewiston the highway intersects sr @@ 200 ( 800 west ) a connector road to preston idaho from the western terminus to sr @@ 200 the shoulder is up to four feet ( 1 @@ 2 m ) wide suitable for bicycling however the remainder of the route has much narrower shoulders between less than or equal to one and nine @@ tenths feet ( 0 @@ 58 m ) wide
the highway 's name changes from 13400 south to center street through lewiston passing the lewiston cemetery sr @@ 61 crosses over the cub river and a second single track belonging to up and then a third up single track just before the highway 's eastern terminus at us @@ 91 north of richmond all of the rail lines that sr @@ 61 crosses originally belonged to the oregon short line railway aside from the segment through lewiston the highway is surrounded by farmland for its entire journey across northern utah
every year udot conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume this is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( aadt ) a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year in 2012 udot calculated that as few as 735 vehicles used the highway on an average day at its western terminus in cornish and as many as 2 @@ 180 vehicles used the highway at its junction with sr @@ 200 thirty @@ five percent of this was truck traffic

= = history = =

a roadway linking cornish to the east has existed since at least 1914 the roadway that serves as the eastern terminus was numbered sr @@ 1 by 1927 and the highway officially was designated sr @@ 61 since at least 1937 the 53 @@ foot @@ long ( 16 @@ 2 m ) bridge that carries sr @@ 61 over the cub river today was constructed in 1952 while the 182 @@ foot @@ long ( 55 @@ 5 m ) bridge over the bear river was built in 1961 the original river crossings were slightly further south than their current locations

= = major intersections = =

the entire route is in cache county


= <unk> =

a hemmema ( from finnish hämeenmaa tavastia ) was a type of warship built for the swedish archipelago fleet and the russian baltic navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries the hemmema was initially developed for use against the russian navy in the archipelago sea and along the coasts of svealand and finland it was designed by the prolific and innovative swedish naval architect fredrik henrik af chapman ( 1721 1808 ) in collaboration with augustin ehrensvärd ( 1710 1772 ) an artillery officer and later commander of the swedish archipelago fleet the hemmema was a specialized vessel for use in the shallow waters and narrow passages that surround the thousands of islands and islets extending from the swedish capital of stockholm into the gulf of finland
the hemmema replaced the galleys that had made up the core of the swedish archipelago fleets until the mid @@ 18th century compared to galleys the hemmema had a deeper draft and was slower under oars but offered superior accommodation for the crew carried more stores was more seaworthy and had roughly ten times as many heavy guns it could be propelled by either sails or oars but was still smaller and more maneuverable than most sailing warships which made it suitable for operations in confined waters
between 1764 and 1809 sweden built six hemmemas the hemmema became the largest and most heavily armed vessel in the archipelago fleet and served in the russo @@ swedish war of 1788 90 oden the first hemmema was relatively small and very similar to a turuma a different type of archipelago frigate russia built six hemmemas based on the swedish design between 1808 and 1823 after capturing three of the swedish vessels at the surrender of sveaborg in 1808 the later versions both swedish and russian were much larger and much more heavily armed than oden

= = background = =

russian tsar peter the great had established a new capital and powerful naval base in saint petersburg in 1703 russian naval power in the baltic grew to challenge the interests of sweden the other leading power in the baltic swedish holdings at that time included territory in northern germany all of modern finland and most of the baltic states a dominion depending on and connected by the baltic sea trade routes during the great northern war ( 1700 1721 ) sweden lost all its territories in the baltic states and suffered russian raids in finland and along the chain of islands and archipelagos stretching from the gulf of finland to stockholm the swedes began to deploy inshore flotillas of shallow @@ draft vessels beginning with smaller versions of the traditional mediterranean galleys most of these new vessels were more akin to galiots and were complemented with gun prams the disastrous war with russia ( 1741 43 ) and the minor involvement against prussia in the seven years ' war ( 1757 62 ) showed the need for further expansion and development of the inshore flotillas with more specialized vessels
galleys were effective as troop transports for amphibious operations but were severely under @@ gunned especially in relation to their large crews a galley with a 250 @@ man crew most of whom were rowers would typically carry only one 24 @@ pounder cannon and two 6 @@ pounders all in the bow the galleys also lacked decks and adequate shelter for the rower @@ soldiers many of whom succumbed to illness as a result of exposure during the war of 1741 43

= = = archipelago fleet = = =

after the russian victory against sweden in 1743 the swedes established a commission to identify weaknesses in the eastern defenses in 1747 the commission concluded that the fortifications in southeastern finland needed to be improved and expanded and that sweden needed to build a strong coastal navy augustin ehrensvärd ( 1710 72 ) an artillery officer was the driving force behind these changes the committee based many of its conclusions and decisions on his ideas in 1756 sweden established the archipelago fleet with the official name arméns flotta ( fleet of the army ) under the command of the army department krigskollegium with ehrensvärd as supreme commander for two decades the struggle for power between the hats and the caps the dominant political factions at the time and rivalries between army and navy brought about changes to the archipelago fleet the parliamentary victory of the hats in the riksdag in 1769 70 and the coup d <unk> by king gustav iii in 1772 secured the archipelago fleet 's status as an independent branch of the army starting in 1770 the archipelago fleet merged with the finnish squadron ( finska eskadern ) based at sveaborg in 1777 it incorporated the swedish squadron ( svenska eskadern ) the galley fleet based at stockholm the swedish armed forces invested considerable resources in the new army branch and made it a professional independent organization the archipelago fleet attracted members of the social and cultural elite who enjoyed the protection and patronage of king gustav iii who had established himself as an absolute monarch in the 1772 coup
after the poor performance of galleys in russo swedish war of 1741 43 and the pomeranian war ( 1757 62 ) development of replacements became prioritized during the pomeranian war trials had been made with gun prams ( skottpråmar ) heavily armed oar @@ driven flat @@ bottomed barges with a shallow draft that carried guns in broadside arrangements the prams carried more guns than the galleys but proved far too slow to be effective augustin ehrensvärd argued for new archipelago vessels that combined firepower maneuverability seaworthiness and decent crew accommodations he began a successful collaboration with shipwright fredrik henrik chapman ( ennobled af chapman in 1772 ) and together they developed five new vessels a gunboat with a 12 @@ pounder gun and a schooner rigging as well as four types of archipelago frigates ( skärgårdsfregatter ) the smaller udema and pojama and the larger turuma and hemmema all four types have been called skärgårdsfregatter ( archipelago frigates ) in swedish and english historical literature though some authors have called the udema and pojama archipelago corvettes chapman specifically designed the archipelago frigates for service off the south coast of finland and named them after the finnish provinces of uusimaa pohjanmaa ( österbotten ) turunmaa ( åboland ) and hämeenmaa ( tavastia )

= = development = =

the concept of small sailing frigates with a complementary set of oars ( or sweeps ) was not new the english tudor navy had used small galleasses in the mid @@ 16th century in the 1660s its successor the royal navy equipped the equivalent of sixth @@ rates with oar ports on or below the gundeck during the 18th century the russian navy introduced shebecks baltic variants on the mediterranean xebecs for inshore duties the xebecs were good <unk> could be rowed if necessary and had more guns and greater stores than galleys they were also less expensive to maintain the russian designs influenced chapman and the swedish naval commanders consequently chapman 's designs for new ships were elaborations on those principles but with adaptations to archipelago warfare
chapman 's archipelago frigates provided better protection for their crew than the galleys they replaced and up to three times the capacity for stores and provisions they could operate in the narrow shallow waters around skerries in all weathers and in open water in all but the worst storms they had a deeper draft than galleys but considerably shallower draft than traditional sailing warships the new ship types also increased the archipelago fleet 's firepower provided it with better defensive capabilities and made possible more efficient fire support in amphibious operations

= = design and construction = =

of the new designs turumas and hemmemas best fit the description of archipelago frigate because of their similarities to small ocean @@ going frigates the first hemmema the oden was completed in 1764 it was c 33 m ( 108 @@ 2 ft ) long and 8 @@ 2 m ( 26 @@ 8 ft ) wide with a draft of 2 @@ 8 m ( 9 @@ 25 ft ) it had a low hull with no forecastle only a low quarterdeck and no poop deck it had three masts that were initially rigged with lateen sails like a galley the navy later replaced the lateen rigs with a more conventional square @@ sail frigate rig the early design provided for 14 pairs of oars with four men per oar the rowers plied their oars from the gun deck through oar ports positioned between the gunports close to the waterline which gave the rowers better leverage the oars were also placed on a rectangular outrigger designed to further improve the leverage even so hemmemas performed poorly when rowed and were difficult in contrary winds they were slower than ordinary sailing ships but sailed better than galleys
during the russian war of 1788 1790 sweden built three hemmemas of a new design they were considerably larger 44 @@ 5 by 11 m ( 146 by 36 ft ) and the number of oars were increased to 20 pairs they also had some of the heaviest broadsides even when compared with the much larger frigates of the high seas navy the artillery officer carl fredrik <unk> had cooperated with chapman to increase the main armament to twenty @@ two 36 @@ pounders and two 12 @@ pounders which increased the draft by about 30 cm ( 1 ft ) the addition of diagonal bracers to reinforce the hull allowed the later hemmemas to carry guns more powerful even than those on the largest sailing frigates of the high seas navy due to their considerable firepower and relative size naval historian jan glete has described the hemmemas as super archipelago frigates
the hemmema 's design was very similar to that of the turuma the primary difference was that the turuma 's oarsmen sat on the weather deck above the guns whereas the hemmema 's oarsmen sat on the gundeck the later hemmemas were considerably larger more heavily armed and of a more robust construction glete has described them as variations on the same type especially when considering the pre @@ war designs

= = service = =

hemmemas served in the finnish squadrons during the war of 1788 1790 they supported amphibious operations and conducted raids on the russian archipelago fleet while at the same time acting as sea @@ borne flank support for the swedish army on the finnish mainland hemmemas fought in the first and second battles of svensksund during the first battle in 1789 one hemmema complemented the similar turumas and in the second battle in july 1790 two hemmemas made up the defensive center and provided a considerable percentage of the firepower
the swedes were building three additional hemmemas at the shipyards within the fortress of sveaborg when it was surrendered to the russians in 1808 and all three were incorporated in the russian navy shortly afterward the russian navy built its own 32 @@ gun versions with the final vessel launched as late as 1823 two more were built in sweden in 1809 birger jarl and erik segersäll birger jarl sank in an accident in 1813 and erik segersäll was planned for conversion as a paddlewheel steam battery for coastal defense though the idea was eventually abandoned and the ship scrapped in 1826
like the other specialized archipelago vessels the hemmema had specific strengths and weaknesses although it had superior firepower relative to galleys its sailing qualities were somewhat mediocre and while highly manoeuvrable under oars it was still difficult to propel while rowed a hemmema had the potential to be an effective weapon against galleys matching their forward firepower and severely outgunning them with its broadside armament inside an enemy galley formation it could wreak considerable havoc but such a maneuver was never achieved in an actual battle leaving that tactical role untested

= = ships = =

a total of twelve hemmemas were built six of them for the swedish archipelago fleet and six for the russian navy details of individual vessels are listed below the swedish hemmemas were all built to the same specifications except for the early design oden and birger jarl and erik segersäll carried heavier armament than the others <unk> and sozaev list oden as a turuma rebuilt as a hemmema in 1784 though oscar <unk> and lars @@ otto berg do not the russian vessels were built between 1808 and 1823 and have been described by <unk> and sozaev as <unk> @@ class rowing frigates
under the finnish form hämeenmaa the name of the ship type was later carried on to several vessels of the 20th century finnish navy


= edward creutz =

edward creutz ( january 23 1913 june 27 2009 ) was an american physicist who worked on the manhattan project at the metallurgical laboratory and the los alamos laboratory during world war ii after the war he became a professor of physics at the carnegie institute of technology he was vice president of research at general atomics from 1955 to 1970 he published over 65 papers on botany physics mathematics metallurgy and science policy and held 18 patents relating to nuclear energy
a graduate of the university of wisconsin madison creutz helped princeton university build its first cyclotron during world war ii he worked on nuclear reactor design under eugene wigner at the metallurgical laboratory designing the cooling system for the first water @@ cooled reactors he led a group that studied the metallurgy of uranium and other elements used in reactor designs in october 1944 he moved to the los alamos laboratory where he became a group leader
after the war ended creutz accepted an offer to come to the carnegie institute of technology where he became the head of its physics department and its nuclear research center in 1948 in 1955 he returned to los alamos to evaluate its thermonuclear fusion program for the atomic energy commission while there he accepted an offer to become vice president for research and development and the director of its john jay hopkins laboratory for pure and applied science at general atomics under his leadership general atomics developed triga a nuclear reactor for universities and laboratories
creutz served as an assistant director of the national science foundation from 1970 to 1977 and then as director of the bernice pauahi bishop museum in honolulu where he took particular interest in the museum 's preparation of a manual of the flowering plants of hawaii '

= = early life = =

edward chester creutz was born on january 23 1913 in beaver dam wisconsin the son of lester creutz a high school history teacher and grace smith creutz a general science teacher he had two older brothers john and jim and a younger sister edith the family moved to eau claire wisconsin in 1916 monroe wisconsin in 1920 and to janesville wisconsin in 1927 he played a number of musical instruments including the mandolin ukulele and trombone he played in the school bands at janesville high school and monroe high school at janesville he played tenor banjo in a dance orchestra called rosie 's <unk> and timpani with the school orchestra at monroe he also played left guard on the american football teams at janesville and monroe he expressed an interest in chemistry biology geology and photography
after graduating from janesville high school in 1929 he took a job as a bookkeeper at a local bank in 1932 his brother john who had graduated from the university of wisconsin madison with a degree in electrical engineering persuaded him to go to college as well john suggested that if you aren t sure what part of science you want take physics because that 's basic to all of them creutz later recalled that this was the best advice he ever got he entered the university of wisconsin and studied mathematics and physics money was scarce during the great depression especially after his father died in 1935 to pay his bills creutz worked as a dishwasher and short order cook and took a job taking care of the physics laboratory equipment in 1936 his senior year he taught physics laboratory classes
creutz encountered several members of the faculty at the university of wisconsin including julian mack ragnar rollefson raymond herb eugene wigner and gregory breit mack gave creutz a research project to do in his junior year creutz remained at wisconsin as a graduate student after receiving his bachelor of science ( bs ) degree in 1936 working for herb upgrading the departmental van de graaff generator from 300 to 600 kev with this done the question became what to do with it and breit suggested that it had previously been observed that high @@ energy gamma rays were produced when lithium was bombarded with protons at 440 kev creutz therefore wrote his 1939 doctor of philosophy ( phd ) thesis on resonance scattering of protons by lithium under breit 's supervision creutz married lela rollefson a mathematics student at wisconsin and the sister of ragnar rollefson on september 13 1937 the couple had three children two sons michael and carl and a daughter ann jo
wigner moved to princeton university in 1938 and soon after creutz received an offer as well princeton had been given a 36 @@ inch ( 910 mm ) magnet by the university of california which had been used to build an 8 mev cyclotron they wanted creutz to help get it operational he later recalled
on my third day in princeton i was invited to give a short report on my thesis work there were usually two or three speakers at these journal club meetings this time the speakers were niels bohr albert einstein and ed creutz to be on the same program with these two giants of scientific accomplishments was breathtaking just before the meeting began my sponsor <unk> asked me say creutz have you met einstein yet i had not <unk> took me over to where einstein was sitting in sweatshirt and tennis shoes and said professor einstein this is creutz who has come to work on our cyclotron the great man held out his hand which seemed as big as a dinner plate and said in an accented voice i m glad to meet you dr creutz i managed to wheeze out i m glad to meet you too dr einstein
but it was bohr who electrified the audience with his news from europe of the discovery by lise meitner and otto frisch of nuclear fission physicists rushed to confirm the results creutz built an ionization chamber and a linear amplifier out of radio vacuum tubes coffee cans and motorcycle batteries and with this apparatus the physicists at princeton were able to confirm the results

= = world war ii = =

in the early years of world war ii between 1939 and 1941 wigner led the princeton group in a series of experiments involving uranium and two tons of graphite as a neutron moderator in early 1942 arthur compton concentrated the manhattan project 's various teams working on plutonium and nuclear reactor design including wigner 's team from princeton at the metallurgical laboratory at the university of chicago the name was a codename creutz was the first to conduct actual metallurgy research and he hired its first metallurgist to work with him
wigner led the theoretical group that included creutz leo ohlinger alvin m weinberg katharine way and gale young the group 's task was to design the reactors that would convert uranium into plutonium at the time reactors existed only on paper and no reactor had yet gone critical in july 1942 wigner chose a conservative 100 mw design with a graphite neutron moderator and water cooling the choice of water as a coolant was controversial at the time because water was known to absorb neutrons thereby reducing the efficiency of the reactor but wigner was confident that his group 's calculations were correct and that water would work while the technical difficulties involved in using helium or liquid metal as a coolant would delay the project working seven days a week the group designed the reactors between september 1942 and january 1943 creutz studied the corrosion of metals in a water @@ cooled system and designed the cooling system in 1959 a patent for the reactor design would be issued in the name of creutz ohlinger weinberg wigner and young
as a group leader at the metallurgical laboratory creutz conducted studies of uranium and how it could be extruded into rods his group looked into the process of corrosion in metals in contact with fast @@ flowing liquids the processes for fabricating aluminium and jacketing uranium with it it also investigated the forging of beryllium and the preparation of thorium frederick seitz and alvin weinberg later reckoned that the activities of creutz and his group may have reduced the time taken to produce plutonium by up to two years
the discovery of spontaneous fission in reactor @@ bred plutonium due to contamination by plutonium @@ 240 led wigner to propose switching to breeding uranium @@ 233 from thorium but the challenge was met by the los alamos laboratory developing an implosion @@ type nuclear weapon design in october 1944 creutz moved to los alamos where he became a group leader responsible for explosive lens design verification and preliminary testing difficulties encountered in testing the lenses led to the construction of a special test area in pajarito canyon and creutz became responsible for testing there as part of the preparation for the trinity nuclear test creutz conducted a test detonation at pajarito canyon without nuclear material this test brought bad news it seemed to indicate that the trinity test would fail hans bethe worked through the night to assess the results and was able to report that the results were consistent with a perfect explosion

= = later life = =

after the war ended in 1945 creutz accepted an offer from seitz to come to the carnegie institute of technology as an associate professor and help create a nuclear physics group there creutz in turn recruited a number of young physicists who had worked with him at princeton and on the manhattan project in chicago and los alamos including martyn foss jack fox roger sutton and sergio <unk> together with funding from the office of naval research they built a 450 mev synchrotron at the nuclear research center near <unk> pennsylvania for a time this put them at the forefront of research into nuclear physics allowing physicists there to study the recently discovered pi meson and mu meson a visiting scholar gilberto bernardini created the first photographic emulsion of a meson
creutz became a professor the head of the physics department and the head of nuclear research center at the carnegie institute of technology in 1948 he was also a member of the executive board at the argonne national laboratory from 1946 to 1958 and a consultant at the oak ridge national laboratory from 1946 to 1958 in addition to his work on nuclear physics he cultivated flowers and orchids at his home he published eight papers on floral species and named three varieties of violets after his children one 1966 paper published in the new york botanical garden journal was on <unk> <unk> a rare flower found only on the island of raiatea in french polynesia he travelled to polynesia many times and translated grammar of the tahitian language from french into english his family served as hosts for a time to two young people from tahiti and samoa
in 1955 and 1956 creutz spent a year at los alamos evaluating its thermonuclear fusion program for the atomic energy commission while there he was approached by frederic de hoffmann who recruited him to join the general atomics division of general dynamics he moved to la jolla california as its vice president for research and development and was concurrently the director of its john jay hopkins laboratory for pure and applied science from 1955 to 1967 he was also a member of the advisory panel on general science at the department of defense from 1959 to 1963
under his leadership general atomics developed triga a small reactor for universities and laboratories triga used uranium zirconium hydride ( <unk> ) fuel which has a large prompt negative fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity as the temperature of the core increases the reactivity rapidly decreases it is thus highly unlikely though not completely impossible for a nuclear meltdown to occur due to its safety and reliability which allows it to be installed in densely populated areas and its ability to still generate high energy for brief periods which is particularly useful for research it became the world 's most popular research reactor and general atomics sold 66 <unk> in 24 countries the high @@ temperature gas @@ cooled reactor ( <unk> ) was less successful and only two <unk> power reactors were built both in the united states a 40 mw demonstration unit at the peach bottom nuclear generating station in pennsylvania operated successfully but a larger 300 mw unit at the fort st vrain generating station in colorado encountered technical problems general atomics also conducted research into thermonuclear energy including means of magnetically confining plasma between 1962 and 1974 creutz published six papers on the subject
in 1970 president richard nixon appointed creutz as assistant director for research of the national science foundation he became assistant director for mathematical and <unk> sciences in 1975 and was acting deputy director from 1976 to 1977 the 1970s energy crisis raised the national profile of energy issues and creutz served on a panel that produced a study called the nation 's energy future his wife lela died of cancer in 1972 in 1974 he married elisabeth cordle who worked for the national science board the two of them enjoyed locating and photographing rare orchids
his appointment at the national science foundation ended in 1977 and creutz became director of the bernice pauahi bishop museum in honolulu he took particular interest in the museum 's work preparing a two @@ volume manual of the flowering plants of hawaii which was published in 1999 he expanded programs for education and outreach and secured funding for two new buildings he retired in 1987 and returned to his home in rancho santa fe california and died there on june 27 2009

= = documentaries = =

to mars by a @@ bomb the secret history of project orion


= leanne del toso =

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