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in the simpsons episode in the name of the grandfather bart simpson makes a derogatory remark about belgium causing his mother marge to threaten him with taking his <unk> away whereupon bart clutches a copy of the tintin album the crab with the golden claws to his chest promising he 'll behave


= lamb =

lamb is a fashion line by american singer gwen stefani the lead vocalist of the rock band no doubt the line manufactures apparel and fashion accessories it was founded in 2003 and made its runway debut in 2004 the fashion line manufactures accessories like shoes watches bags and a fragrance called l the name is an acronym of her debut solo album love angel music baby
the line is influenced by a variety of fashions cultures including guatemalan japanese indian and jamaican styles stefani came from a family of seamstresses this further inspired her to launch her own fashion line the line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as teri hatcher nicole kidman paris hilton and stefani herself the fashion line made a runway debut in the spring collection of 2004 and achieved mainstream success at new york fashion week in 2005 it currently makes an annual gross income of $ 90 million the line as well as the fashion shows were well received by critics and appreciated the indulgence of a celebrity into the fashion world an additional fashion line was launched by stefani called harajuku lovers
in late 2014 stefani announced she would be producing an animated series that was based on the characters love angel music and baby the series <unk> harajuku follows the harajuku girls known together as <unk> as they fight evil and try to pursue their music career

= = history = =

stefani first came face to face with designing clothes when she and her mother would sew clothes for themselves when she was young stefani comes from a long line of seamstresses as even her great @@ grandmother would sew clothes stefani made most of the things she wore onstage during concerts when she became successful and began to tour constantly she felt she lost her way then she met the stylist andrea lieberman lieberman introduced her to haute couture clothing later lieberman became her creative consultant and zaldy goco took over as the head designer goco later parted ways with lamb
lamb started out as a collaboration with lesportsac in 2003 the name lamb is an acronym which stands for love angel music baby which is also the name of stefani 's first solo album

= = products = =

the fashion line manufactures clothes shoes bags and a fragrance called l the brand started out as a line for women but claims the track items are unisex the clothes were manufactured by ska girl llc which was founded in 2003 by ken erman president of lamb while for its other products lamb has been more of a collaborative fashion line now the line is teaming up with another manufacturer which explains why the official website is down
lamb joined with royal <unk> for the shoe line stefani is widening her footwear line for adults to include boots and stilettos lamb collaborated with coty inc for the fragrance and with lesportsac for handbags in 2003 stefani went on to design a new line of handbags with <unk> and partners in 2006 the bags feature lesportsac 's signature rip @@ stop nylon along with a variety of <unk> metal hardware leather trims and colorful linings stefani plans to design lingerie as well as make @@ up products for lamb lamb partnered with vestal group on a line of women 's watches the line consists of 39 timepieces
lamb products are relatively expensive with apparel priced $ 55 to $ 1100 handbags priced $ 80 to $ 825 and watches priced $ 125 to $ 995

= = = fragrance = = =

coty inc announced a global licensing agreement with stefani to develop and market fragrances for lamb catherine walsh senior vice president american fragrances coty prestige said in a statement from the packaging to the bottle design to the distinctive scent itself we will be working very closely with stefani to ensure that her signature fragrance captures her rare spirit style and warmth stefani said creating a fragrance is one of the most prestigious things a designer can do
the fragrance called l was launched in september 2007 at soho house in new york stefani worked with perfumer harry fremont to develop the scent stefani described the fragrance as it 's another thing you can wear and another thing i can be part of creatively i created it for myself it 's like me shrunk into a box the perfume is a blend of the aromas of hyacinth white freesia fresh pear violet jasmine rose lily sweet pea orange blossom peach frangipani heliotrope and musk the perfume is available in 50 ml and 100 ml bottles

= = promotion and fashion shows = =

stefani frequently refers to her clothing line in her music as one of the brand 's promotional strategies stefani refers to her clothing line in her songs wind it up harajuku girls and crash ( which even incorporates the brand 's slogan i want you all over me like lamb ) stefani is often seen wearing her own designs especially when making public appearances a thirty @@ second commercial directed by sophie muller was also released to promote the brand 's fragrance
lamb has participated in the spring / summer 2006 2007 and 2008 new york fashion weeks stefani described her first line which debuted on september 16 2005 as a little sound of music some orange county chola girl some rasta and a bit of the great gatsby the highlights of the show were purple cars bouncing using hydraulics while stefani 's song wind it up made its debut as the models walked the runway
for spring / summer 2007 stefani opted for a presentation rather than a catwalk show the models all donning identical blond wigs wore designs stefani said were inspired by michelle pfeiffer 's role as elvira hancock in the 1983 scarface the show included some of stefani 's trademark tracksuits and extensively referenced prints from guatemala india and japan on september 5 2007 lamb opened new york 's spring / summer 2008 mercedes @@ benz fashion week the collection looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties and incorporated influences from stefani 's ska roots fashion week organizer fern mallis said that celebrity designers provided synergy and energy to the fashion industry which made stefani 's collection a desirable opener

= = critical reception = =

the line was mostly well received by critics and stefani was appreciated for taking fashion seriously even though she is a celebrity fern mallis of img praised the line and stefani as well and said the lamb line is clearly at the top of these lines and is as unique and individual as gwen herself the shoes were well received by the critics though considered to be pricey desiree <unk> of aboutcom said these shoes aren 't for everyone but will most definitely appeal to fans of ms stefani 's music and fashion sense tim stack of entertainment weekly said lamb ' s embellished tracksuits rasta @@ inspired knits and gaucho @@ heel combos deliver the edge nicole phelps of stylecom said the collection which looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties was altogether more wearable and on trend fashion journalist cathy horyn of the new york times differed and said if ever there was a reason for a pop star to concentrate on her vocal skills it was gwen stefani 's fashion meltdown

= = commercial success = =

the brand is sold in 275 stores worldwide and is worn by celebrities including teri hatcher nicole kidman kelly ripa paris hilton and stefani herself lamb sales have expanded from $ 40 million in 2005 to a predicted $ 90 million in 2007 according to a nordstrom spokesperson the debut of lamb ' s watch line which sold out in two days was the store 's most successful watch launch ever the brand 's designs have appeared in w marie claire elle lucky and instyle


= first @@ move advantage in chess =

the first @@ move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player ( white ) who makes the first move in chess chess players and theorists generally agree that white begins the game with some advantage since 1851 compiled statistics support this view white consistently wins slightly more often than black usually scoring between 52 and 56 percent white 's winning percentage is about the same for tournament games between humans and games between computers however white 's advantage is less significant in blitz games and games between novices
chess players and theoreticians have long debated whether given perfect play by both sides the game should end in a win for white or a draw since approximately 1889 when world champion wilhelm steinitz addressed this issue the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw however a few notable players have argued that white 's advantage may be sufficient to force a win weaver adams and vsevolod rauzer claimed that white is winning after the first move 1e4 while hans berliner argued that 1d4 may win for white
some players including world champions such as josé raúl capablanca emanuel lasker and bobby fischer have expressed fears of a draw death as chess becomes more deeply analyzed to alleviate this danger capablanca and fischer both proposed chess variants to renew interest in the game while lasker suggested changing how draws and stalemate are scored
since 1988 chess theorists have challenged previously well @@ established views about white 's advantage grandmaster ( gm ) andrás adorján wrote a series of books on the theme that black is ok arguing that the general perception that white has an advantage is founded more in psychology than reality gm mihai suba and others contend that sometimes white 's initiative disappears for no apparent reason as a game progresses the prevalent style of play for black today is to seek dynamic unbalanced positions with active counterplay rather than merely trying to equalize
modern writers also argue that black has certain countervailing advantages the consensus that white should try to win can be a psychological burden for the white player who sometimes loses by trying too hard to win some symmetrical openings ( ie those where both players make the same moves ) can lead to situations where moving first is a disadvantage either for psychological or objective reasons

= = winning percentages = =

in 1946 wf streeter examined the results of 5 @@ 598 games played in 45 international chess tournaments between 1851 and 1932 streeter found that overall white scored 53 @@ 4 ( w 38 @@ 12 d 30 @@ 56 l 31 @@ 31 ) white scored 52 @@ 55 in 1851 78 ( w 45 @@ 52 d 14 @@ 07 l 40 @@ 41 ) 52 @@ 77 in 1881 1914 ( w 36 @@ 89 d 31 @@ 76 l 31 @@ 35 ) and 55 @@ 47 in 1919 32 ( w 36 @@ 98 d 36 @@ 98 l 26 @@ 04 ) streeter concluded it thus appears that it is becoming increasingly difficult to win with black but somewhat easier to draw
two decades later statistician arthur m stevens concluded in the blue book of charts to winning chess based on a survey of 56 @@ 972 master games that he completed in 1967 that white scores 59 @@ 1 however stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines rather than complete collections of all the games played in particular events
more recent sources indicate that white scores approximately 54 to 56 percent in 2005 gm jonathan rowson wrote that the conventional wisdom is that white begins the game with a small advantage and holding all other factors constant scores approximately 56 to black 's 44 international master ( im ) john watson wrote in 1998 that white had scored 56 for most of the 20th century but that this figure had recently slipped to 55 the website <unk> holds regularly updated statistics on its games database as of january 12 2015 white had won 37 @@ 50 34 @@ 90 were drawn and black had won 27 @@ 60 out of 739 @@ 769 games resulting in a total white winning percentage of 54 @@ 95
new in chess observed in its 2000 yearbook that of the 731 @@ 740 games in its database white scored 54 @@ 8 overall with the two most popular opening moves white scored 54 @@ 1 in 349 @@ 855 games beginning 1e4 and 56 @@ 1 in 296 @@ 200 games beginning 1d4 the main reason that 1e4 was less effective than 1d4 was the sicilian defence ( 1e4 c5 ) which gave white only a 52 @@ 3 score in 145 @@ 996 games
statistician jeff sonas in examining data from 266 @@ 000 games played between 1994 and 2001 concluded that white scored 54 @@ 1767 plus 0 @@ <unk> times white 's elo rating advantage treating white 's rating advantage as + 390 if it is better than + 390 or − 460 if it is worse than − 460 he found that white 's advantage is equivalent to 35 rating points ie if white has a rating 35 points below black 's each player will have an expected score of 50 sonas also found that white 's advantage is smaller ( 53 ) in rapid games than in games at a slower ( classical ) time control in the 462 games played at the 2009 world blitz chess championship white scored only 52 @@ 16 ( <unk> <unk> l 34 @@ 63 )
other writers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the players ' ratings and white 's score according to gm evgeny sveshnikov statistics show that white has no advantage over black in games between beginners but if the players are stronger white has the lead an analysis of the results of games in chessbase 's mega 2003 database between players with similar elo ratings commissioned by gm andrás adorján showed that as the players ' ratings went up the percentage of draws increased the proportion of decisive games that white won increased and white 's overall winning percentage increased for example taking the highest and lowest of adorján 's rating categories of 1669 games played by the highest @@ rated players ( elo ratings 2700 and above ) white scored 55 @@ 7 overall ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) whereas of 34 @@ 924 games played by the lowest @@ rated players ( elo ratings below 2100 ) white scored 53 @@ 1 overall ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) adorján also analyzed the results of games played at the very highest level world championship matches of 755 games played in 34 matches between 1886 and 1990 white won 234 ( 31 @@ 0 ) drew 397 ( 52 @@ 6 ) and lost 124 ( 16 @@ 4 ) for a total white winning percentage of 57 @@ 3 in the last five matches in <unk> 's survey all between anatoly karpov and garry kasparov white won 31 ( 25 @@ 8 ) drew 80 ( 66 @@ 7 ) and lost 9 ( 7 @@ 5 ) for a total white winning percentage of 59 @@ 2
chess engines grand tournament ( <unk> ) tests computer chess engines by playing them against each other with time controls of forty moves in one hundred and twenty minutes per player ( 40 / 120 ) and also 40 / 20 and 40 / 4 and uses the results of those games to compile a rating list for each time control at the slowest time control ( 40 / 120 ) white has scored 55 @@ 4 ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) in games played among 38 of the strongest chess engines ( as of may 27 2009 ) at 40 / 20 white has scored 54 @@ 6 ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) in games played among 284 engines ( as of may 24 2009 ) at the fastest time control ( 40 / 4 ) white has scored 54 @@ 8 ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) in games played among 128 programs ( as of may 28 2009 )

= = drawn with best play = =

joseph bertin wrote in his 1735 textbook the noble game of chess he that plays first is understood to have the attack this is consistent with the traditional view that white by virtue of the first move begins with the initiative and should try to extend it into the middlegame while black should strive to neutralize white 's initiative and attain equality because white begins with the initiative a minor mistake by white generally leads only to loss of the initiative while a similar mistake by black may have more serious consequences thus sveshnikov wrote in 1994 black players cannot afford to make even the slightest mistake from a theoretical point of view the tasks of white and black in chess are different white has to strive for a win black for a draw
chess theorists have long debated how enduring white 's initiative is and whether if both sides play perfectly the game should end in a win for white or a draw george walker wrote in 1846 that the first move is an advantage but if properly answered the first move is of little worth steinitz the first world champion who is widely considered the father of modern chess wrote in 1889 it is now conceded by all experts that by proper play on both sides the legitimate issue of a game ought to be a draw lasker and capablanca the second and third world champions agreed reuben fine one of the world 's leading players from 1936 to 1951 wrote that white 's opening advantage is too intangible to be sufficient for a win without an error by black
the view that a game of chess should end in a draw given best play prevails even if it cannot be proved this assumption is considered safe by rowson and logical by adorján watson agrees that the proper result of a perfectly played chess game is a draw of course i can 't prove this but i doubt that you can find a single strong player who would disagree i remember kasparov after a last @@ round draw explaining to the waiting reporters ' well chess is a draw ' world champion bobby fischer thought that was almost definitely so
lasker and capablanca both worried that chess would suffer a draw death as top @@ level players drew more and more of their games more recently fischer agreed saying that the game has become played out all three advocated changing the rules of chess to minimize the number of drawn games lasker suggested scoring less than half a point for a draw and more than half a point for <unk> the opponent 's king capablanca in the 1920s proposed capablanca chess a chess variant played on a larger board and with additional pieces fischer advocated fischer random chess another chess variant in which the initial position of the pieces is determined at random
today some of the sharpest opening variations have been analyzed so deeply that they are often used as drawing weapons for example at the highest levels black often uses the marshall attack in the ruy lopez a line where black sacrifices a pawn for strong attacking chances to obtain an endgame where black is still a pawn down but is able to draw with correct play
in 2007 gms kiril georgiev and atanas kolev asserted that much the same was true of the so @@ called poisoned pawn variation of the najdorf sicilian which arises after 1e4 c5 2nf3 d6 3d4 cxd4 4nxd4 nf6 5nc3 a6 6bg5 e6 7f4 qb6 this has long been considered one of the sharpest and most problematic or even foolhardy opening lines the game usually continues 8qd2 qxb2 <unk> qa3 georgiev and kolev stated that 6bg5 is seldom seen at the highest level because the main line of this variation leads with best play to a draw by perpetual check they wrote that the following game will probably remain the last word of theory
francisco vallejo pons kasparov moscow 2004 1 @@ e4 c5 2 nf3 d6 3 @@ d4 cxd4 4 nxd4 nf6 5 nc3 a6 6 bg5 e6 7 @@ f4 qb6 8 qd2 qxb2 9 rb1 qa3 10 @@ f5 nc6 11 @@ fxe6 fxe6 12 <unk> bxc6 13 @@ e5 dxe5 14 bxf6 gxf6 15 ne4 <unk> 16 rd1 be7 17 be2 0 @@ 0 18 0 @@ 0 <unk> 19 <unk> kh8 20 <unk> rd7 21 qh6 <unk> 22 <unk> rxd1 + 23 <unk> qa5 24 <unk> qd8 25 qxf7 qxd1 + 26 <unk> <unk> + 27 <unk> qd1 + 28 <unk> qc2 + 29 <unk> bc5 + 30 <unk> qxc5 + 31 <unk> qf2 + 32 <unk> qd4 + 33 <unk> qf2 + 34 <unk> 1 / 2 1 / 2 ( after 34 qd4 + white cannot escape the checks )
however georgiev and kolev 's pessimistic assessment of 6bg5 has since been called into question as white succeeded with <unk> ( another critical line ) in several later high @@ level games gm <unk> <unk> wrote in 2013 that after <unk> a forced draw results but that after <unk> we reach a very sharp position with mutual chances

= = white wins = =


= = = white wins with 1e4 = = =

although it is very much a minority view three prominent twentieth @@ century masters claimed that white 's advantage should or may be decisive with best play weaver adams then one of the leading american masters was the best @@ known proponent of this view which he introduced in his 1939 book white to play and win and continued to expound in later books and articles until shortly before his death in 1963 adams opined that 1e4 was white 's strongest move and that if both sides played the best moves thereafter white ought to win adams ' claim was widely ridiculed and he did not succeed in demonstrating the validity of his theory in tournament and match practice the year after his book was published at the finals of the 1940 us open tournament he scored only one draw in his four games as white but won all four of his games as black adams also lost a match to im ia horowitz who took the black pieces in every game
according to sveshnikov vsevolod rauzer a leading soviet player and theoretician during the 1930s likewise claimed in the [ 1930s ] ' 1e4 and white wins ' and he managed to prove it quite often

= = = white wins with 1d4 = = =

more recently im hans berliner a former world champion of correspondence chess claimed in his 1999 book the system that 1d4 gives white a large and possibly decisive advantage berliner asserted that with best play white wins against the grünfeld defense the modern benoni the benko gambit and other ( unnamed ) major defences and achieves at least a large advantage in many lines of the queen 's gambit declined however he allowed that it is possible that the rules of chess are such that only some number of plausible @@ appearing defences to 1d4 can be refuted berliner wrote that adams ' theories though looked upon with scorn by most top chess players made an immediate and lasting impression on me weaver w adams was the first person i met who actually had theories about how chess should be played
berliner 's thesis like adams ' has been sharply criticized

= = modern perspectives = =

as explained below chess theorists in recent decades have continued to debate the size and nature of white 's advantage if any apart from berliner they have rejected the idea that white has a forced win from the opening position many also reject the traditional paradigm that black 's objective should be to neutralize white 's initiative and obtain equality

= = = white has an enduring advantage = = =

in 2004 gm larry kaufman expressed a more nuanced view than adams and berliner arguing that the initiative stemming from the first move can always be transformed into some sort of enduring advantage albeit not necessarily a decisive one kaufman writes i don 't believe that white has a forced win in chess i do however believe that with either 1e4 or 1d4 white should be able to obtain some sort of advantage that persists into the endgame if chess were scored like boxing with drawn games awarded by some point system to the player ( if any ) who came ' closer ' to winning then i believe white would indeed have a forced win in theory

= = = black is ok = = =

starting in 1988 adorján has argued in a series of books and magazine articles that black is ok alone amongst modern writers adorján claims that white starts the game with essentially no advantage he writes in my opinion the only obvious advantage for white is that if he or she plays for a draw and does so well then black can hardly avoid this without taking obvious risks adorján goes so far as to claim that the tale of white 's advantage is a delusion belief in it is based on mass psychosis rowson writes that adorján 's contention is one of the most important chess ideas of the last two decades because it has shaken our assumption that white begins the game with some advantage and revealed its ideological nature however rowson rejects adorján 's claim that white has essentially no advantage reasoning that ' white is better ' and ' black is ok ' need not be mutually exclusive claims
in one of adorján 's books gm lajos portisch opined that at least two @@ thirds of all ' tested ' openings give white an apparent advantage according to portisch for black the root of the problem is that very few people know which are the openings where black is really ok those who find these lines have nothing to fear as black is indeed ok but only in those variations rowson considers this an important point noting that 1d4 players struggle to get anywhere against main @@ line slavs and 1e4 players find the najdorf and sveshnikov sicilians particularly tough

= = = <unk> = = =

modern writers often think of black 's role in more dynamic terms than merely trying to equalize rowson writes that the idea of black trying to ' equalize ' is questionable i think it has limited application to a few openings rather than being an opening prescription for black in general evans wrote that after one of his games against fischer fischer confided his ' secret ' to me unlike other masters he sought to win with the black pieces from the start the revelation that black has dynamic chances and need not be satisfied with mere equality was the turning point in his career he said likewise watson surmised that kasparov when playing black bypasses the question of whether white has an opening advantage by thinking in terms of the concrete nature of the dynamic imbalance on the board and seeking to seize the initiative whenever possible watson observes that energetic opening play by black may lead to a position so complex and unclear that to speak of equality is meaningless sometimes we say ' dynamically balanced ' instead of ' equal ' to express the view that either player is as likely as the other to emerge from complications with an advantage this style of opening play has become prevalent in modern chess with world champions fischer and kasparov as its most visible practitioners
modern writers also question the idea that white has an enduring advantage suba in his influential 1991 book dynamic chess strategy rejects the notion that the initiative can always be transformed into an enduring advantage he contends that sometimes the player with the initiative loses it with no logical explanation and that sometimes you must lose it just like that if you try to cling to it by forcing the issue your dynamic potential will become exhausted and you won 't be able to face a vigorous counter @@ attack rowson and watson concur watson also observes because of the presumption of white being better the juncture of the game at which black frees his game or neutralizes white 's plans has often been automatically assumed to give him equality even though in dynamic openings the exhaustion of white 's initiative very often means that black has seized it with advantage

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