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electric service to lock haven residents is provided by ppl ( formerly known as pennsylvania power and light ) the gas division of which provides natural gas to the city verizon communications handles local telephone service long @@ distance service is available from several providers comcast offers high @@ speed cable modem connections to the internet several companies can provide lock haven residents with dial @@ up internet access one of them <unk> has an office in lock haven comcast also provides cable television
the city of lock haven owns the reservoirs and water distribution system for wayne township castanea township and the city water is treated at the central clinton county water filtration authority plant in wayne township before distribution the city also provides water to the suburban lock haven water authority which distributes it to surrounding communities lock haven operates a sewage treatment plant for waste water industrial waste and trucked sewage from the city and eight upstream municipalities bald eagle township castanea flemington lamar mill hall porter township woodward township and walker township in centre county storm water runoff from within the city is transported by city @@ owned storm sewers <unk> pickup of household garbage is provided by a variety of local haulers licensed by the city recyclables are picked up once every two weeks the clinton county solid waste authority owns and operates the wayne township landfill which serves lock haven
lock haven hospital is a 77 @@ bed hospital with a 120 @@ bed extended @@ care unit it offers inpatient outpatient and 24 @@ hour emergency services with heliport access <unk> @@ view home next to the hospital offers long @@ term care to the elderly and other services including speech physical and occupational therapy for people of all ages a 10 @@ physician community @@ practice clinic based in the city provides primary care and specialty services a behavioral health clinic offers programs for children and adolescents and psychiatric outpatient care for all ages

= = notable people = =

<unk> kline winner of america 's next top model ( cycle 16 ) is a 2015 graduate of lock haven university alexander mcdonald a us senator for arkansas was born near lock haven in 1832 artist john french sloan was born in lock haven in 1871 and cartoonist alison bechdel author of dykes to watch out for and fun home was born in lock haven in 1960 richard lipez author of the donald strachey mysteries was born in lock haven in 1938 other notable residents have included diplomat and dartmouth college president john sloan dickey and federal judge kermit lipez of the us federal first district court of appeals


= rachel green =

rachel karen green is a fictional character one of the six main characters who appear in the american sitcom friends portrayed by actress jennifer aniston the character was created by show creators david crane and marta kauffman and appeared in each of the show s 236 episodes during its decade @@ long run from its premiere on september 22 1994 to its finale on may 6 2004 introduced in the show 's pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best friend monica and relocates to new york city rachel gradually evolves from a spoiled inexperienced daddy 's girl into a successful businesswoman during the show 's second season the character becomes romantically involved with her friend ross with whom she maintains a complicated on @@ again off @@ again relationship throughout the entire series together the characters have a daughter emma
the role of rachel was originally offered to actresses téa leoni the producer 's first choice and courteney cox both of whom declined leoni in favor of starring in the sitcom the naked truth and cox in favor of playing rachel 's best friend monica in friends a virtually unknown actress at the time who had previously starred in five short @@ lived sitcoms aniston auditioned for the role of rachel after turning down an offer as a cast member on the sketch comedy show saturday night live after acquiring the role and before friends aired aniston was temporarily at risk of being recast because she had also been involved with another sitcom muddling through at the time which was ultimately canceled and allowed aniston to remain on friends
critical reception towards rachel has remained consistently positive throughout friends ' decade @@ long run with the a v club attributing much of the show 's early success to the character however some of her storylines have been criticized specifically her romantic relationship with her friend joey during season ten rachel 's popularity established her as the show 's breakout character who has since been named one of the greatest television characters of all @@ time while the character 's second season haircut spawned an international phenomenon of its own named the rachel after her the character 's shag continues to be imitated by millions of women around the world and remains one of the most popular hairstyles in history in spite of aniston 's own resentment towards it rachel is also regarded as a style icon due to her influence on womenswear during the 1990s meanwhile the character 's relationship with ross is often cited among television 's most beloved
rachel is considered to be aniston 's breakout role credited with making her the show 's most famous cast member and for spawning her successful film career praised for her performance as rachel aniston won both an emmy award for outstanding lead actress in a comedy series and a golden globe award for best performance by an actress in a television series comedy or musical

= = role = =

rachel debuts in the pilot episode of friends as a runaway bride who is distraught after abandoning her fiancé barry farber ( mitchell whitfield ) at the altar she locates her high school best friend monica geller ( courteney cox ) the only person she knows in new york city who agrees to let rachel reside with her while she attempts to reorganize her life rachel meets and befriends monica s friends phoebe buffay ( lisa kudrow ) joey tribbiani ( matt leblanc ) and chandler bing ( matthew perry ) while reuniting with monica 's older brother ross geller ( david schwimmer ) who has harbored unrequited romantic feelings for her since high school having previously relied on her parents ' money her entire life with a sole goal of marrying wealthy rachel attempts to reinvent herself as an independent young woman by waitressing at central perk a coffeehouse where her new friends regularly socialize
as season one concludes rachel finally confesses her love for ross having learned of his feelings for her from chandler only to find that he has already begun dating another woman whom she resents however ross eventually chooses rachel over his girlfriend julie ( lauren tom ) and the couple dates for the remainder of the second season however their relationship rapidly begins to deteriorate towards the end of the third season after rachel quits her job at the coffeehouse in favor of working in fashion while rachel becomes increasingly preoccupied with her new job ross grows jealous of her companionship with her coworker mark ( steven <unk> ) ultimately culminating in their break up on their one @@ year anniversary following a series of heated arguments and disagreements
in the episodes following the break up rachel and ross are initially hostile towards each other the exes continue to harbor feelings for each other during a beach house vacation with their friends rachel and ross briefly reconcile when he ends his relationship with bonnie ( christine taylor ) only to break up once again due to a disagreement during season four rachel dates her customer joshua ( tate donovan ) while ross dates her boss ' niece emily ( helen baxendale ) to whom he eventually gets engaged <unk> rachel proposes to recent divorcee joshua frightening him off rachel indirectly contributes to the demise of ross and emily 's relationship when he accidentally utters rachel 's name while exchanging their wedding vows ross ultimately divorces a jealous emily choosing his friendship with rachel instead
at the end of season five ross and rachel drunkenly get married while vacationing with their friends in las vegas in season six their annulment request is denied because of rachel having leveled unfounded allegations against ross forcing the two to file for a divorce instead in season seven ross and rachel unwittingly conceive a child when their birth control fails rachel gives birth to a girl in season eight naming the baby emma geller @@ green the name emma is a gift from monica who had previously been reserving the name for her own child rachel and ross live together as non @@ romantic roommates during the first half of season nine
rachel eventually finds a job opportunity in france but has second thoughts when ross eventually forfeits stubbornness and says i love you rachel ultimately decides to stay and reignite her relationship with ross getting off the plane at the last minute

= = development = =


= = = conception and writing = = =

after their short @@ lived television series family album was canceled television writers david crane and marta kauffman pitched friends to then @@ nbc president warren littlefield as a sitcom about that special time in your life when your friends are your family basing the show on their own experiences as young people living in new york the main characters themselves were inspired by their own friends conceived as a young woman who is unprepared for adulthood the character rachel green was originally named rachel robbins although critics and audiences initially perceived monica as the show 's main character when friends premiered the writers had actually given rachel the pilot 's most prominent storyline before deciding that rachel and ross would be an item for the entire series the writers had originally intended for the show 's defining couple to be joey and monica however after the success of the pilot in which rachel and ross ' developing romance is first hinted at and witnessing aniston and co @@ star david schwimmer 's on @@ screen chemistry for the first time crane and kauffman determined that the entire series relied on finding all the wonderful roadblocks for them to be with each other
audiences began rooting for rachel and ross ' union since the very beginning of friends openly voicing their frustration with rachel s obliviousness to ross ' feelings for her the episode that would ultimately transform the friends ' relationship for the remainder of the series was the first season finale the one where rachel finds out in which rachel finally learns of ross ' true feelings for her at the same time discovering she actually feels the same however the episode nearly went unwritten because at the time few friends writers were expecting the couple 's relationship to morph into the phenomenon that it ultimately became the episode was first suggested by director james burrows the writers felt that it was time to alter the couple 's dynamic in order to avoid the repetitive he 's pining she 's oblivious pattern using the work of author jane austen as inspiration on how to finally shift the pining arc from ross to rachel because stakes for the episode were unprecedentedly high the one where rachel finds out became friends ' most reworked episode the couple 's first kiss at the end of season two 's the one where ross finds out was met with deafening applause from the studio audience crane admitted that keeping viewers interested in their relationship for ten years was challenging jonathan bernstein of the daily telegraph believes that they accomplished this by <unk> [ ing ] the possibility of a ross and rachel <unk> through several cliffhangers without ever putting them back together according to encyclopedia of television author horace newcomb ross and rachel 's ever @@ changing relationship converted the traditional amnesic plotlines of the situation comedy into ones akin to episodic drama meanwhile writing for the new york review of books elaine blair agreed that friends created a sense of chemistry between two characters while also putting obstacles in their way setting us up for a long @@ deferred union
after rachel and ross drunkenly get married while on vacation in las vegas during season five schwimmer had initially objected to the idea of having his character ross divorce her his third divorce because he felt that it was taking it too far the actor explained that the whole arc of the relationship was weird then because for [ ross ] to be able to move on enough to marry someone else and then go back to being in love with rachel later just went a bit too far rachel and joey 's romantic storyline was conceived because the writers wanted to delay ross and rachel 's reunion further crane felt that pairing rachel and joey during season ten was for the greater good because it was inappropriate however the cast initially protested the idea fearing that rachel joey and ross would ultimately become unlikeable characters and audiences would either resent joey for going after a pregnant woman or resent rachel for rejecting him or resent ross for standing between the two of them meanwhile the writers also approached the concept of rachel 's pregnancy and baby tentatively worrying about how they would include it in the show because they did not want friends to become a show about a baby while on the other hand we don 't want to pretend that there isn 't one according to robert bianco of usa today the critical success and popularity of rachel 's pregnancy is ultimately responsible for propel [ ling ] the show to the top of the ratings when it finally came time to write the series finale the only thing [ crane and kauffman ] absolutely knew from very early on was that we had to get ross and rachel together deciding we had <unk> the audience around for 10 years with their ' will they or won t they ' and we didn t see any advantage in frustrating them any longer however at one point the writers had deliberated ending the series with ross and rachel in a gray area of where they aren t together but we hint there s a sense that they might be down the road ultimately crane and kauffman relented in favor of giving the audience what they want

= = = casting = = =

the final character to be cast rachel is portrayed by actress jennifer aniston who auditioned for the role shortly after declining a position as a cast member on the sketch comedy show saturday night live her decision was initially ridiculed by both her friends as well as actor adam sandler a saturday night live alum actress téa leoni who at the time was being referred to by the media as the next lucille ball was offered the role of rachel as the studio 's first choice but she declined in favor of starring in the sitcom the naked truth actress elizabeth berkley also auditioned for the role prior to being cast in the teen sitcom saved by the bell other actresses who auditioned for rachel include denise richards melissa rivers nicolette sheridan parker posey and jami gertz originally the producers wanted to cast actress courteney cox as rachel who crane and kauffman were particularly drawn to because of her cheery upbeat energy additionally cox was the most famous cast member at the time amidst an ensemble of relatively unknown actors however the actress lobbied for the role of rachel 's best friend monica as whom she was ultimately cast because she felt that she was not quirky enough to play rachel at the same time although unbeknownst to each other aniston was being considered for the role of monica but fought to play rachel because she felt that the character suited her better at one point cox had begun to regret her decision to play monica until her own character 's storylines started improving
friends was aniston 's sixth sitcom each of her previous ventures had been canceled prematurely feeling vulnerable aniston had begun to doubt herself as an actress and personally approached littlefield for reassurance on her career who encouraged her to audition for friends which was being referred to as friends like these at the time crane and kauffman had worked with aniston prior to this however casting her as rachel posed a challenge for the network because at the time aniston was simultaneously starring in a developing cbs sitcom called muddling through in which she plays a young woman whose mother is returning home from jail after two years cbs was initially reluctant to release aniston from her contract which required the actress to balance both roles simultaneously traveling back @@ and @@ forth between muddling through and friends for two weeks meanwhile nbc risked having to recast the role of rachel replace aniston and reshoot several episodes if cbs ' series proved successful which would have potentially cost the network millions of dollars however littlefield remained confident that muddling through would fail essentially the producers of friends hoped that muddling through would be canceled before friends premiered while aniston feared that muddling through would be the more successful of the two sitcoms in spite of her preference towards friends during this time of uncertainty aniston was forced not to participate in several friends @@ related promotions and photo shoots the network excluded her from these in case she would be replaced aniston explained when we were shooting the first grouping of cast photos i was asked to step out of a bunch because they didn 't know if i was going to be still playing rachel director james burrows admitted that aniston had been cast in second position the producers had already begun auditioning other actresses for the part while aniston also received phone calls from her own friends warning her i 'm auditioning for your part in friends ultimately muddling through was canceled after only three months and ten episodes two weeks before the pilot of friends aired thus allowing aniston to keep her role on the show becoming its second youngest cast member at the age of 25 crane appreciated aniston 's interpretation of rachel because in the wrong hands rachel is kind of annoying and spoiled and unlikable commending the actress for breathing life into a difficult character
crane and kauffman strongly envisioned friends as an ensemble comedy and warner bros initially marketed the show as such by having the cast appear in their entirety for all press interviews and photo shoots one of few sitcoms at the time to be neither a workplace comedy family sitcom or star a famous comedian elizabeth <unk> of the new york times explained that each of the show 's main characters are of equal importance as a writer crane preferred it this way because utilizing six equal players rather than emphasizing one or two would allow for myriad story lines kauffman echoed that friends worked best when the entire ensemble was onstage the only reason aniston is credited first during the show 's title sequence is because the cast is listed alphabetically the show 's ensemble format is also believed to have prevented jealous conflicts among the cast famously the friends cast became the first in television history to negotiate as a group for equal salaries refusing to work until their demands of $ 100 @@ 000 per episode were met during season three which eventually increased to $ 1 million per episode by seasons nine and ten approximately $ 25 million per year alongside cox and actress lisa kudrow who portrays phoebe aniston became the highest @@ paid television actress of all time by then aniston had surpassed cox as the show 's most famous cast member due to having launched an international hair trend with the rachel and successfully transitioning into a film career combined with her high @@ profile relationship with her then @@ husband actor brad pitt who had once guest starred in an episode of the show at times the producers would use the actress ' popularity to boost the show 's ratings notably her character 's seventh season kiss with actress winona ryder and pregnancy arc aniston had been telling the press that the show 's ninth season would be her last and was initially hesitant to return to friends to film its tenth and final season she explained to nbc 's matt lauer i wanted it to end when people still loved us and we were on a high and then i was also feeling like how much more of rachel do i have in me however the actress ultimately agreed to complete the tenth season of friends which was reduced from 24 to 18 episodes to accommodate aniston 's busy film schedule

= = characterization and themes = =

rachel is the youngest of friends six main characters the term spoiled is often used to describe the character 's personality during her early appearances encyclopaedia britannica describes rachel as a spoiled and funny character according to rachel 's original character description written by crane and kauffman themselves for the show 's pilot the character is a spoiled yet courageous young woman who has worked for none of what she has unlike best friend monica and is initially equipped to do nothing james endrst of the hartford courant identified her as a spoiled rich kid while the daily news dubbed rachel an endearingly spoiled daddy 's girl author kim etingoff wrote about rachel in her book jennifer aniston from friends to films that the character is spunky and sometimes spoiled while tv land called her naive citing the differences between rachel and her two female friends the guardian 's ryan gilbey observed that the character wasn 't insulated by self @@ regard like monica or <unk> in <unk> like phoebe frequently identified as fitting the girl next door archetype anne bilson of the telegraph described rachel as funny but not too funny pretty but not too pretty sexy but not too sexy scatterbrained but not too scatterbrained talktalk 's dominic wills described the character as smart but ditzy determined but undisciplined meanwhile liat <unk> writing for the huffington post scribed that rachel is a beautiful coveted slightly neurotic borderline egocentric character
observing that the show 's main characters are each based on a stereotype jonathan bernstein of the daily telegraph identified rachel as the self @@ absorbed one who goes from riches to rags according to reign magazine rachel is a human being full of vulnerability humor and strength while aesthetically donning an undeniable beauty and allure originally depicted as a character who is unprepared for the world as an adult rachel 's personality was gradually tailored to suit aniston as the series progressed becoming more self @@ sufficient and sympathetic according to shining in the shadows movie stars of the 2000s author murray pomerance the more boundary collapsed between the ' real ' jennifer aniston and rachel the more ' authentic ' aniston became pomerance also noted that the character 's well @@ roundedness normalcy and relatability is similar to aniston 's while both the character and the actress herself are very expressive talking with [ their ] hands a good deal in her book how to write for television author madeline <unk> wrote that although rachel grew within the context of the series she would always struggle with the spoiled image @@ conscious daddy 's girl who fled from her wedding in the pilot similarly buddytv wrote that although rachel eventually evolves into being less absorbed in later series she [ remains ] the most image @@ centric among the six while vogue 's edward barsamian opined she might have been self @@ centered and bratty but rachel green was perhaps the most stylish and unabashedly fashion @@ obsessed character on the show tv land summarized the character 's arc and development in the website 's biography of her writing rachel is a born shopper but she s not necessarily a born worker in fact before moving in with monica she s never had to work at all thanks to the generosity of her parents luckily rachel is smart resourceful and chic so her future is bright both as a member of the workforce and with her newfound tribe examining the character 's sexuality splitsider 's mike d 'avria determined that rachel has had the third most sexual partners 14 as well as the highest percentage of serious monogamous relationships at 71 d 'avria opined throughout the whole series rachel is continually meeting men she wants to impress her flirtations typically fail but she somehow winds up in a serious relationship with them additionally rachel is also the only character to admit to having had a homosexual experience
in an interview with the jewish telegraph kauffman confirmed that rachel is jewish on the character 's jewish ties kauffman told j that rachel had always been jewish in our minds explaining you can t create a character with the name ' rachel green ' and not from the get @@ go make some character choices prior to this critics and fans had long speculated whether or not rachel is jewish there are entire websites entirely devoted to discussing this vulture 's lindsey weber who identifies herself as jewish observed several similarities and jewish stereotypes she shares with the character citing the facts that rachel refers to her grandmother ida green as <unk> long island origin and engagement to a jewish doctor as allusions to the character 's jewish culture in her book changed for good a feminist history of the broadway musical author stacy wolf identified rachel as one of several popular female television characters who embodied jewish stereotypes during the 1990s and often served as the butt of the shows ' jokes meanwhile <unk> 's rebecca frankel cited rachel as one of the earliest and most prominent examples of the jewish american princess stereotype on screen writing for the university of north carolina at chapel hill alicia r <unk> also acknowledged rachel 's initial jewish american princess qualities describing her as spoiled dependent on her father 's money and her fiance 's is horrified at the thought of working for a living and generally inept in her attempts to do so and is eventually revealed to have had a nose job which she eventually overcomes as they become less evident in later seasons of the show in his article princesses <unk> <unk> and <unk> mothers evan cooper described rachel as a de @@ <unk> jew because aside from her name there is never any discussion of experiences of growing up in a jewish culture no use of yiddish and few if any references to family members with distinctively jewish surnames cooper continued to write that although rachel possesses some jewish american princess traits she is more similar to the little woman stereotype the new york post 's robert rorke labeled rachel a rehabilitated jewish american princess in contrast to her sister amy ( christina applegate ) who remains selfish condescending and narcissistic

= = reception and legacy = =


= = = critical response = = =

critical reception towards rachel has remained mostly positive throughout the show 's ten @@ year run writing for the a v club john reid holds rachel responsible for the success of the pilot explaining the story of this group of friends must start with a stranger coming to town and rachel is the perfect stranger for this plot reid also believes that rachel initiated character development in the five other main characters describing her arrival as a catalyst for all of them to grow because unlike the rest of them rachel is interested in finding meaning for her life also writing for the a v club sonia saraiya was pleased with rachel and ross ' first romantic encounter because for the first time rachel displays a moment of true empathy for another human being saraiya went on to describe rachel as as a model for women coming of age in the 1990s the popular pretty girl dissatisfied with where those illusions have taken her but also unwilling to embrace the more aggressively ' feminist ' career @@ woman strategy the new york times joseph hanania enjoyed rachel 's telephone conversation with her father during the pilot describing it as hilarious the los angeles times bob shayne admitted that he is attracted to rachel joking my feelings for rachel i say with some embarrassment mirror those of gunther cosmopolitan reviewed rachel as the best fictional gal pal we 've ever had while people called her spoiled yet loveable usa today 's robert bianco credits rachel 's pregnancy arc with saving friends explaining that it propel [ led ] the show to the top of the ratings and ultimately <unk> [ ed ] the show 's decline in ways that no one watching ' the one with monica & chandler 's wedding ' could ever have imagined bianco concluded indeed without that fortune @@ altering twist friends probably would have ended sooner
<unk> ranked the one with the ball the one with rachel s <unk> kiss the one with the football the one with the fake party and the one in vegas part one rachel 's five best episodes meanwhile tvline criticized rachel 's storyline in season one 's the one with the evil <unk> for impulsively sleeping with her ex @@ fiancé barry panning the episode as cringeworthy tvline also criticized the character 's arc in season four 's the one with the fake party at times the character has generated mild controversy specifically in 1996 in response to her role in the second season episode the one where dr ramoray dies in which rachel and monica fight over a condom aniston revealed that friends fans would often approach and scold her for things rachel did that they deemed disagreeable
neil midgley writing for the daily telegraph hailed rachel as one of six latte @@ swilling young new yorkers who helped friends redefine the kind of relationships that could form the heart of a us sitcom according to jennifer aniston from friends to films author kim etingoff audiences wanted to see rachel figure out life allowing the character to become a favorite of many friends fans throughout all ten seasons writing for talktalk dominic wills echoed that rachel became the general favourite while no one had a bad word to say about jennifer aniston rachel would go on to become the show 's breakout character and is often revered as one of the greatest characters in television history us weekly magazine ranked rachel the most beloved television character of the past 20 years citing her as one of tv 's most endearing personalities while entertainment weekly ranked the character sixth on a similar list aol tv ranked rachel among television 's hundred greatest women at number 23 with author kim potts penning rachel became one of viewers ' favorite friends because she grew from what could have been a one @@ note character into a more independent caring pal cbs news placed rachel and the cast of friends at number 31 on its list of the 50 greatest tv characters buddytv ranked rachel the 15th funniest female character in sitcom history <unk> collectively ranked rachel monica and phoebe 11th 12th and 13th on the website 's list of the top 16 female tv characters of all time writing for entertainmentwise georgina littlejohn believes that rachel 's influence is evident in the character penny in the sitcom the big bang theory noting that both characters are blonde cute funny likeable girls @@ next @@ door several baby name books and websites now commonly associate the name rachel with the character according to <unk> the name peaked in popularity in 1996 during the second season of friends becoming the ninth most popular female name in the united states that year
aniston 's performance in friends has been praised since her first appearance in its pilot entertainment weekly 's ken tucker wrote that the actress provides rachel with prickly intelligence writing for the baltimore sun david zurawik cited aniston among the show 's very strong cast while variety 's tony scott wrote that all six of the principals appear resourceful and display sharp sitcom skills robert bianco of the pittsburgh post @@ gazette praised the show 's female cast collectively tv guide wrote that the actress instantly charmed audiences with her perfect looks and endearingly flawed persona kevin fallon of the daily beast dubbed aniston 's performance on friends the work of a brilliant character actress the guardian 's ryan gilbey reviewed that aniston was the <unk> member of the ensemble and the one least reliant on goofball caricature concluding playing the only character with whom a sane viewer might reasonably identify also meant that she got the lion 's share of attention andrew collins of radio times described aniston as a natural comic performer as adept with a subtle nose wrinkle as a full @@ on pratfall and fluent in quick @@ fire patter in 2002 aniston won the emmy award for outstanding lead actress in a comedy series one of the show 's six wins out of a total of 62 nominations in 2003 the actress won the golden globe award for best performance by an actress in a television series comedy or musical karen thomas of usa today dubbed aniston our favorite friend according to turner classic movies aniston ultimately became one of the most popular television actresses of her era according to jennifer aniston from friends to films author kim etingoff the actress ' own fame outshone those of her co @@ stars becoming the first cast member to rise to prominence the actress continues to experience the most post @@ friends success aniston 's performance in friends led to a successful film career according to the inquisitr news rachel is the role that would end up launching [ aniston 's ] success while bradford evans of splitsider believes that jennifer aniston likely wouldn 't have become a major movie star without friends while ranking aniston the most attractive sitcom star of the 1990s josh robertson of complex magazine wrote that with the haircut the tv fame and a true gift for comedy combined aniston became a big star replacing cox as the show 's established hottie according to steve charnock of yahoo movies aniston is the series ' only main castmember to become a bona fide movie star since the end of the show while agreeing that aniston 's film career has been successful several critics believe that the actress ' filmography remains limited to playing rachel @@ like roles in romantic comedies save for some exceptions ryan gilbey of the guardian noted that consequently many of aniston 's movie roles have been rachel in all but name andrew collins of radio times agreed writing that aniston seems trapped perpetually playing variations of rachel according to tv guide aniston is usually called upon to play a variation of her neurotic and adorable friends character aniston cites rachel as one of three roles for which she is most grateful to whom she owe [ s ] everything on being typecast aniston admits that at times it gives you more of a challenge to shape people s perceptions of you as audiences struggle to lose the rachel tag that has made her one of the world 's most recognisable faces

= = = relationships = = =

rachel has had several romantic relationships throughout friends decade @@ long run the most famous and prominent of which remains her on @@ again off @@ again relationship with friend ross although wildly popular among audiences the couple has been met with mixed reviews from critics katherine hassel of the daily express described the characters ' relationship as the heart of the show china daily cited ross and rachel 's reunion during the series finale the last one among the episode 's highlights while gary susman of rolling stone believes that audiences would not have been happy had the couple not ultimately reunited contrastingly the wire 's joe reid is of the opinion that the show 's second season is the only time ross / rachel was truly great virgin media wrote that the couple 's dynamics had grown mightily tedious by season ten e cable network ranked rachel and ross the ninth greatest friends couple writing that their relationship gave friends fans enough iconic quotes to fill a book considering phoebe 's line see [ ross is ] her lobster to be among show 's most iconic ross and rachel 's season three breakup has spawned a debate among friends fans who continue to argue over which of the two was at fault rachel for suggesting that they take a break from their relationship or ross for sleeping with another woman immediately afterwards writing for e jenna mullins ruled in favor of rachel elaborating there is no excuse for ross sleeping with someone else after his lobster suggested taking a break concluding that ross blew it the jewish community was particularly receptive to the fact that a jewish @@ american couple existed on prime time television described by lilith magazine as a televisual first
rachel and ross are considered to be among television 's greatest and most beloved couples <unk> referred to them as everyone 's favourite on off on ( a break ) duo while us weekly and buzzfeed ranked them the first and second best television couple respectively tv guide ranked ross and rachel the third greatest television couple dubbing them the most iconic tv couple in recent memory extra placed the couple at number eight writing never did we want two people to get together more than ross and rachel refinery29 included rachel and ross in the website 's 16 tv couples we want to be together forever list the pair is also often ranked among television 's greatest will they or won 't they couples naming ross and rachel the greatest will they won 't they couple network ten believes they defined the term while <unk> dubbed them the quintessential will they / won t they couple according to sarah doran of radio times the couple became synonymous with the phrase ' we 're on a break ' phoebe 's line in which she refers to the couple as each other 's lobsters has become one of the show 's most popular and oft @@ quoted kaitlin reilly of bustle magazine defined the term as the person of whom another is meant to be with forever tara aquino of complex magazine believes that every other person can tell you what exactly a ' ross and rachel ' relationship means ultimately rachel 's season eight pregnancy arc is credited with reviving the show 's ratings and reviews
rachel 's brief romantic relationship with friend joey during season ten drew strong criticism from both critics and fans alike although viewership was not harmed in fact joshua <unk> of splitsider believes that the only reason the show 's final two seasons performed well in spite of lackluster reviews was because of the joey / rachel / ross love triangle eric goldman of ign referred to the rachel @@ joey storyline as questionable entertainment tonight canada ranked the one after rachel and joey kiss among the show 's ten worst episodes at number five with author i p johnson panning it as desperate concluding <unk> for even conceiving this romantic plot cheers for abandoning it bustle also cited the same episode as one of the show 's worst calling it the most nonsensical idea to ever be contrarily e enjoyed rachel and joey as a couple because they brought out positive aspects in each other 's personalities their relationship also spawned a debate among fans who argued over whether making rachel and joey a couple was a bad idea jenna mullins of e determined that it is because it was too far into the series to throw these two together they didn 't make sense and their romantic scenes felt forced

= = = fashion = = =

both rachel and aniston have become fashion icons due to their combined influence on womenswear during the 1990s and onwards particularly among british women according to vogue magazine 's edward barsamian rachel 's fashion sense inspired the cool new york look according to stylist magazine rachel revived [ a ] love of denim shirts and dungarees while mahogany clayton of <unk> believes that the character managed to dominate every fashion trend that passed by her radar in the most stylish ways possible hailing her as the <unk> queen heat magazine observed the character 's influence on plaid skirts denim and overalls citing every costume the character wore during the first season of friends buzzfeed determined that rachel popularized the mullet dress tv guide published a list of the 17 ways rachel from friends changed ' 90s fashion
rachel is often ranked among television 's best dressed characters elle included rachel in the magazine 's 50 best dressed women on tv list popsugar ranked friends 15th on the website 's list of 50 tv shows that changed the way we dress citing rachel 's impressive wardrobe instyle ranked friends the 36th most fashionable television show of all @@ time praising rachel monica and phoebe 's costumes <unk> ranked rachel among the 50 most stylish tv characters of all time at number 28 cosmopolitan magazine compiled a list of 16 things rachel green wore to work that we 'd totally wear today while virgin media ranked the character among television 's sexiest brides magazine ranked rachel 's wedding dress among the best tv wedding dresses

= = = = the rachel haircut = = = =

named after the character the rachel refers to a bouncy layered shag inspired by the way in which aniston wore her hair on friends between 1994 and 1996 during the first and second seasons of the series the rachel debuted in the show 's 20th episode the one with the evil <unk> aniston believes that her hair stylist chris mcmillan created the haircut while he was stoned the rachel immediately became popular among women launching an international hair trend the popularity of the rachel coincided with the popularity of friends during the mid @@ to @@ late @@ 1990s marie claire estimates that 11 million women donned the hairstyle throughout the decade while the daily express determined that the hairstyle was most popular among british women who went to hair salons clutching magazine pictures of aniston and asking hairdressers to give them the look
according to vanity fair the hairstyle 's widespread popularity in the show s very first year cemented the sitcom early on as heavily influential when it came to style the rachel remains one of the most popular hairstyles in history and became the most popular hairstyle in the united states since actress farrah fawcett 's hair stylists credit its appeal and popularity to its medium length and volume combined with its tendency to frame the face flatteringly hairdresser mark woolley described it as a cut that flatters almost everyone designed to make women look beautiful the rachel is often ranked among the greatest and most iconic hairstyles of all @@ time with redbook placing it at number four and time ranking it ninth the huffington post determined that the hairstyle is one of the most famous tv <unk> of all time us weekly ranked the rachel the 17th most iconic hairstyle glamour magazine ranked the rachel fourth on the magazine 's list of the 100 best <unk> of all time meanwhile glamour also cited it among the very best hair to have graced the small screen while ranking it the most memorable hairstyle in television history the sydney morning herald ranked it the second greatest television hairstyle while metro ranked the rachel the character 's second @@ best hairstyle ranked sixth on entertainment weekly 's list of the 25 fashion moments that changed entertainment the haircut was declared the most desired hairstyle of the clinton era
zahra barnes of self magazine joked that the character 's hair was the true star of the show while its popularity led to virgin media coining rachel the one with the hair <unk> the rachel as one of television 's greatest hairstyles sarah carrillo of elle magazine believed that its popularity helped make friends the phenomenon it was opining that friends spawned few memorable catchphrases in comparison to its contemporaries tom jicha of the baltimore sun attributed much of the show 's legacy to the hairstyle calling it the show 's only cultural trend josh robertson of complex magazine felt that with the haircut the tv fame and a true gift for comedy combined aniston became a big star replacing courteney cox according to jim <unk> of paste magazine ' the rachel ' hairstyle became the decade s defining ' do calling it the definition of influence
in the second season episode the one with the lesbian wedding rachel complains that her overbearing mother ( marlo thomas ) is trying to pattern her own life after hers lamenting couldn 't she just copy my haircut although aniston eventually abandoned the rachel for a straighter longer look the hairstyle remained popular nonetheless despite her association with the cut aniston disliked the hairstyle she found maintaining the hairstyle without mcmillan 's help difficult stating i 'd curse chris every time i had to <unk> it took three brushes it was like doing surgery and that she would rather shave her head than have to wear it for the rest of her life
since aniston several other celebrities have worn variations of the rachel among them actresses cameron diaz rachel mcadams emma watson reese witherspoon julia roberts comedian tina fey model tyra banks and singer lily allen


= krak des chevaliers =

krak des chevaliers ( french pronunciation [ <unk> de <unk> ] arabic حصن <unk> ) also crac des chevaliers <unk> al @@ akrād ( حصن <unk> ) castle <unk> formerly crac de l 'ospital is a crusader castle in syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world the site was first inhabited in the 11th century by a settlement of kurdish troops dispatched there by the mirdasids as a result it was known as hisn al @@ akrad meaning the castle of the kurds in 1142 it was given by raymond ii count of tripoli to the knights hospitaller it remained in their possession until it fell in 1271 it became known as crac de l 'ospital the name krak des chevaliers was coined in the 19th century
the hospitallers began rebuilding the castle in the 1140s and were finished by 1170 when an earthquake damaged the castle the order controlled a number of castles along the border of the county of tripoli a state founded after the first crusade krak des chevaliers was among the most important and acted as a center of administration as well as a military base after a second phase of building was undertaken in the 13th century krak des chevaliers became a concentric castle this phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance the first half of the century has been described as krak des chevaliers ' golden age at its peak krak des chevaliers housed a garrison of around 2 @@ 000 such a large garrison allowed the hospitallers to extract tribute from a wide area from the 1250s the fortunes of the knights hospitaller took a turn for the worse and in 1271 mamluk sultan baibars captured krak des chevaliers after a siege lasting 36 days supposedly by way of a forged letter purportedly from the hospitallers ' grand master that caused the knights to surrender
renewed interest in crusader castles in the 19th century led to the investigation of krak des chevaliers and architectural plans were drawn up in the late 19th or early 20th century a settlement had been created within the castle causing damage to its fabric the 500 inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was given over to the french state which carried out a program of clearing and restoration when syria declared independence in 1946 it assumed control today a village called al @@ husn exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9 @@ 000 krak des chevaliers is located approximately 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) west of the city of homs close to the border of lebanon and is administratively part of the homs governorate since 2006 the castles of krak des chevaliers and qal 'at salah el @@ din have been recognized by unesco as a world heritage site it was partially damaged in the syrian civil war from shelling the full extent of the damage is unknown but there have been reports of hasty repairs

= = etymology = =

the modern arabic word for a castle is kalaa ( قلعة ) but krak des <unk> is known as a <unk> ( حصن ) or fort this derives from the name of an earlier fortification on the same site called <unk> al @@ akrād ( حصن <unk> ) meaning fort of the kurds it was called by the franks le <unk> and then by a confusion with <unk> ( fortress ) le crac <unk> was probably the frankish version of akrād the word for kurds after the knights hospitaller took control of the castle it became known as crac de l 'ospital the name crac des chevaliers ( alternatively spelt krak des chevaliers ) was introduced by guillaume rey in the 19th century

= = location = =

the castle sits atop a 650 @@ metre @@ high ( 2 @@ 130 ft ) hill east of tartus syria in the homs gap on the other side of the gap 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) away was the 12th @@ century <unk> castle the route through the strategically important homs gap connects the cities of tripoli and homs to the north of the castle lies the jebel <unk> and to the south lebanon the surrounding area is fertile benefiting from streams and abundant rainfall compared to the kingdom of jerusalem the other crusader states had less land suitable for farming however the limestone peaks of tripoli were well @@ suited to defensive sites
property in the county of tripoli granted to the knights templar in the 1140s included the castle of the kurds the towns of <unk> and <unk> and the <unk> 'ah plain separating homs and tripoli homs was never under crusader control so the region around the castle of the kurds was vulnerable to expeditions from the city while its proximity caused the knights problems with regard to defending their territory it also meant homs was close enough for them to raid because of the castle 's command of the plain it became the knights ' most important base in the area

= = history = =

according to 13th @@ century arab historian ibn shaddad the mirdasid emir of aleppo <unk> ad @@ dawla established a settlement of kurdish tribesmen at the site of the future castle in 1031 ce hence the castle 's arabic name hisn al @@ akrad ( castle of the kurds ) the site was strategically located at the southern edge of the jibal al @@ <unk> mountain range and dominated the road between homs and tripoli when building castles muslims often chose elevated sites such as hills and mountains that provided natural obstacles
in january 1099 on the journey to jerusalem during the first crusade the company of raymond iv of toulouse came under attack from the garrison of hisn al @@ akrad the forerunner of the krak who harried raymond 's foragers the following day raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted the crusaders briefly occupied the castle in february of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their march towards jerusalem permanent occupation began in 1110 when tancred prince of galilee took control of the site the early castle was substantially different from the extant remains and no trace of this first castle survives at the site
the origins of the knights hospitaller are unclear but the order probably emerged around the 1070s in jerusalem it started as a religious order which cared for the sick and later looked after pilgrims to the holy land after the success of the first crusade in capturing jerusalem in 1099 many crusaders donated their new property in the levant to the hospital of st john early donations were in the newly formed kingdom of jerusalem but over time the order extended its holdings to the crusader states of the county of tripoli and the principality of antioch evidence suggests that in the 1130s the order became militarized when fulk king of jerusalem granted the newly built castle at bethgibelin to the order in 1136 a papal bull from between 1139 and 1143 may indicate the order hiring people to defend pilgrims there were also other military orders such as the knights templar which offered protection to pilgrims
between 1142 and 1144 raymond ii count of tripoli granted the order property in the county according to historian jonathan riley @@ smith the hospitallers effectively established a palatinate within tripoli the property included castles with which the hospitallers were expected to defend tripoli along with krak des chevaliers the hospitallers were given four other castles along the borders of the state which allowed the order to dominate the area the order 's agreement with raymond ii stated that if he did not accompany knights of the order on campaign the spoils belonged entirely to the order and if he was present it was split equally between the count and the order raymond ii could further not make peace with the muslims without the permission of the hospitallers the hospitallers made krak des chevaliers a center of administration for their new property undertaking work at the castle that would make it one of the most elaborate crusader fortifications in the levant
after acquiring the site in 1142 they began building a new castle to replace the former kurdish fortification this work lasted until 1170 when an earthquake damaged the castle an arab source mentions that the quake destroyed the castle 's chapel which was replaced by the present chapel in 1163 the crusaders emerged victorious over nur ad @@ din in the battle of al @@ <unk> near krak des chevaliers
drought conditions between 1175 and 1180 prompted the crusaders to sign a two @@ year truce with the muslims but without tripoli included in the terms during the 1180s raids by christians and muslims into each other 's territory became more frequent in 1180 saladin ventured into the county of tripoli ravaging the area unwilling to meet him in open battle the crusaders retreated to the relative safety of their fortifications without capturing the castles saladin could not secure control of the area and once he retreated the hospitallers were able to revitalize their damaged lands the battle of hattin in 1187 was a disastrous defeat for the crusaders guy of lusignan king of jerusalem was captured as was the true cross a relic discovered during the first crusade afterwards saladin ordered the execution of the captured templar and hospitaller knights such was the importance of the two orders in defending the crusader states after the battle the hospitaller castles of belmont belvoir and bethgibelin fell to muslim armies following these losses the order focused its attention on its castles in tripoli in may 1188 saladin led an army to attack krak des chevaliers but on seeing the castle decided it was too well defended and instead marched on the hospitaller castle of margat which he also failed to capture
another earthquake struck in 1202 and it may have been after this event that the castle was remodelled the 13th @@ century work was the last period of building at krak des chevaliers and gave it its current appearance an enclosing stone circuit was built between 1142 and 1170 the earlier structure became the castle 's inner court or ward if there was a circuit of walls surrounding the inner court that pre @@ dated the current outer walls no trace of it has been discovered
the first half of the 13th century has been characterized as krak des chevaliers ' golden age while other crusader strongholds came under threat krak des chevaliers and its garrison of 2 @@ 000 soldiers dominated the surrounding area it was effectively the center of a principality which remained in crusader hands until 1271 and was the only major inland area to remain constantly under crusader control during this period crusaders who passed through the area would often stop at the castle and probably made donations king andrew ii of hungary visited in 1218 and proclaimed the castle the key of the christian lands he was so impressed with the castle that he gave a yearly income of 60 marks to the master and 40 to the brothers geoffroy de joinville uncle of the noted chronicler of the crusades jean de joinville died at krak des chevaliers in 1203 or 1204 and was buried in the castle 's chapel

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