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Can Asimovian Laws Stop the Singularity?
Posted 5 May 2004 at 20:13 UTC by steve
"The Singularity" is to AI what Grey Goo is nanotechnology - an arguably far-fetched disaster scenario that could destroy the human race. But unlike grey goo, some humans actually want to see the singularity arrive. Paul Gilster has written a short article in which he speculates on the possiblity that providing machines with built-in ethical laws similar to the Asimov's laws of robotics, might protect humans from the effects of the singularity. Interestingly, Vernor Vinge raised (and dismissed) the possibility that any sort of built-in rules could stop the singularity in his original 1993 paper. His reasoning was that machines built without the rules would have a competitive advantage to the builder and greed would win out over common sense.
See more of the latest robot news!
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Home Browse About Contact Help
General View, Khartoum
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About this item
Title: General View, Khartoum
Author: Venieris, M.
Summary: A view of several buildings in Khartoum.
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/20975
Date: 1906
Original Source De Guerville, A. B. "New Egypt." E.P. Dutton & Company, New York, 1906. p. 254a.
Subject Khartoum (Sudan)
Related Resource The complete text of the book in which this image can be found is available on the TIMEA site
About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
Citation
Venieris, M. General View, Khartoum (1906).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/20975
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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"warc_url": "http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/9415"
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Home Browse About Contact Help
The Island of Philae
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About this item
Title: The Island of Philae
Author: Underwood & Underwood
Summary: A greyscale map of the island of Philae, with points of interest marked in orange.
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/9415
Date: 1905
Original Source From: Breasted, James Henry. "Egypt Through the Stereoscope" (Underwood & Underwood: New York, 1905): 31.
Subject Philae (Egypt) -- Maps.
Related Resource Find more information on sites that appear in TIMEA
Related Resource Locate TIMEA places on a GIS map
Related Resource Browse more TIMEA resources related to this location
Related Resource The complete text of "Egypt Through the Stereoscope: A Journey Through the Land of the Pharoahs" is avaiable on the TIMEA site
About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
Citation
Underwood & Underwood The Island of Philae (1905).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/9415
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Historical Maps and Plans [148]
The TIMEA map collection contains 150 historical maps and plans, primarily of Egypt in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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"warc_url": "http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Upload_Waypoints"
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Upload Waypoints
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Available languages
Deutsch English italiano
Note: These instructions apply only if you are using Potlatch to edit map data. Users of JOSM please refer to its documentation.
Contents
What is a waypoint?
Waypoints are also known as Points of interest (sometimes shortened to "POIs").
They are single points you can log with your GPS device. Waypoints usually mark geographical positions of interesting objects, like:
• a railway station
• a restaurant
• a post box
etc...
How should I label waypoints while mapping?
To distinguish between different waypoints (e.g. between two different restaurants), GPS devices label them with numbers or names. Instead of typing in specific names for every waypoint, we suggest accepting the automatic numbers or names given by the GPS device. While surveying the area, you can write the names of the logged objects on a notepad or dictate them to a voice recorder, as you will have to enter this information in OSM manually later.
How do I add waypoints I recorded to OSM?
You will need to:
1. extract the waypoint information from your GPS (e.g. with software like Mapsource)
2. save the waypoint information as a GPX file
3. upload the GPX file to OSM as a "trace"
4. You can then edit your waypoints with Potlatch and permanently add them to the map.
Power users may want to look into JOSM for a one-stop editing and mapping solution.
For the rest of this article, we will focus on #3 and #4. This is not the most elegant of methods, but it's simple and it works.
Preparing to upload the GPX file to OSM
Have you saved your waypoints using your GPS software (e.g. MapSource) in a GPX file?
If so, great! You are one step away from uploading your waypoints to OSM.
The OSM server will reject a GPX file that contains 'waypoints' only. The file must contain at least one 'trackpoint' as well.
Usually, if you've been out surveying with your GPS set, you will have recorded both tracks and waypoints - in which case you can skip the next section. However, if your GPX file includes only waypoints, you need to add a fake trackpoint.
Adding a fake trackpoint
Open the GPX file in a text editor and paste the following text in. The text should go immediately after the line at the start of your GPX file that begins with "<gpx " and ends with a ">".
<trk>
<trkseg>
<trkpt lat="CHANGE_ME" lon="CHANGE ME">
<time>2009-06-21T15:34:01Z</time>
</trkpt>
</trkseg>
</trk>
Bringing the fake trackpoint close to your waypoints
To make further editing easier, it is a good idea to set the latitude and longitude of the fake trackpoint you just added to be close to your waypoints. To do that, replace the lat="CHANGE_ME" lon="CHANGE ME" of the fake trackpoint with the lat/lon values of one of your waypoints, as shown below:
Now save and close the GPX file. You are ready to upload your waypoints to OSM!
Uploading the waypoints file to OSM
After logging in to the OSM website, you can upload the GPX file you prepared.
Editing in Potlatch
Go to your listing of uploaded tracks ("my traces"), and click the 'edit' link next to the trace as highlighted below:
Potlatch will open, showing the waypoints you just uploaded as little red circles:
You now need to unlock each waypoint by holding "Alt" on your keyboard and clicking on it once. (or ctrl-shift if you're using a system that doesn't allow alt; see Potlatch 2/Shortcuts).
Your waypoint becomes green:
Now you will need to tag your waypoint by giving it a category:
...adding any additional information you have captured about your waypoint:
...and finally saving.
Congratulations, you have just added a new Point of Interest in OSM for everyone to use!
Further resources
1. An excellent short video introduction to editing waypoints in Potlatch 2, by David Ellams
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"url": "www.elinux.org/index.php?oldid=74671&title=PandaBoard",
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PandaBoard
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:17, 31 October 2011 by KenMcGuire (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The PandaBoard is an OMAP4430 (Cortex-A9) based low cost development platform.
Contents
Hardware
• OMAP4 (Cortex-A9) CPU based open development platform.
• OMAP4430 Application processor
• 1GB low-power DDR2
• Display HDMI v1.3 Connector (Type A) to drive HD displays, DVI-D Connector (can drive a 2nd display, simultaneous display; requires HDMI to DVI-D adapter), LCD expansion header
• 3.5" audio in/out and HDMI Audio out
• Full size SD/MMC card
• Built in 802.11 & Bluetooth v2.1+EDR
• Onboard 10/100 Ethernet
• Expansion: 1xUSB OTG, 2xUSB HS host ports, General purpose expansion header (I2C, GPMC, USB, MMC, DSS, ETM)
• JTAG, UART/RS-232, 2 status LEDs, 1GPIO button
More details can be found here
• PandaBoard EA1 Front
A hi resolution picture of the PandaBoard EA1 front is available here: http://elinux.org/images/d/d4/Panda_front.jpg
• PandaBoard EA1 Back
Availability
PandaBoard are in production and can be ordered from Worldwide distributors. You can also easily identify the board you have using Board revision id
Rev A3
Latest version of the board.
Rev A1/A2
Details
Rev EA1/EA2
These were limited number of 'Early Adopter' boards that built prior to production versions. more details
Accessories
How To's
Older How To's
Community
Website: http://pandaboard.org
IRC: #pandaboard @irc.freenode.net
Mailing List: pandaboard@googlegroups.com
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Nord-Trøndelag County, NorwayEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Norway > Nord-Trøndelag County
Nord-Trøndelag borders Nordland to the north, Sør-Trøndelag to the south, Sweden to the east and the Norwegian Sea to the west.
Contents
Family History Resources
Government Offices and Sites
Cities, Parishes, Clerical Districts in Nord-Trøndelag County
Map of Nord-Trøndelag County
Cemeteries
Censuses
1660 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1701 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1801 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1815 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1865 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1875 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1891 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
1900 Census for Nord-Trøndelag
Andre
Church Records
Photos of churches in Nord-Trøndelag
Farm Books
Land Records
1886 and 1838 land registers are found at The Norwegian Historical Data Centre. These are Excel files, which can be downloaded. The give the name of the farm, the farm owner, and the amount of tax. Both farms and sub-farms are included.
Military Records
Passenger Lists
Probate Records
Digitised probate records for Nord-Trøndelag County
Probate Jurisdictions
Taxation
Return to Norway Page
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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• This page was last modified on 4 October 2012, at 23:08.
• This page has been accessed 3,684 times.
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Changes related to "United States Online Collections"
From FamilySearch Wiki
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In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
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"url": "www.fides.org/en/news/28740?idnews=28740&lan=eng",
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http://www.fides.org
Africa
2011-04-06
AFRICA/CÔTE D'IVOIRE - “There have been violent explosions in the centre of Abidjan,” Archbishop Kutwa tells Fides, before communications are cut off
Abidjan (Agenzia Fides) - “I am in a hidden place. Violent fighting continues. We can hear massive explosions,” Archbishop Jean-Pierre Kutwa of Abidjan, says to Fides before he hangs up. He is in the centre of the administrative capital of Côte d'Ivoire, where incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo is still barricaded in the presidential residence, which is currently being assaulted by the Republican forces close to President-elect Alassane Oattara. According to news agencies, loud explosions can be heard coming from the Presidential Palace and from the residence of the Head of State.
The final battle by Ouattara's men, who is recognised by the international community as the legitimate President of Côte d'Ivoire, began yesterday, 5 April. The UNOCI (United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire) and French forces attacked the heavy weapons of the forces of Laurent Gbagbo, on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 1975 which provides for the protection of civilians. During the night between 5 and 6 April, Gbagbo, who does not recognise the victory of Ouattara in the November 2010 election, had sought a path of negotiation, to no avail. (L.M.) (Agenzia Fides 6/4/2011)
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http://www.fides.org
Asia
2012-03-21
ASIA/SYRIA - Abuse of the opposition forces, "ethnic cleansing" of Christians in Homs, where Jesuits remains
Damascus (Agenzia Fides) – While the Syrian opposition forces have been guilty of violence, abuse, torture - as stated in a report released yesterday by the NGO "Human Rights Watch" - in Homs there is "an ongoing ethnic cleansing of Christians", carried out by some Islamist members of the "Brigade Faruq". So says a note sent to Fides by some sources in the Syrian Orthodox Church, which includes 60% of Christians in Syria. Militant armed Islamists - says the note - have managed to expel 90% of Christians in Homs and confiscated their homes by force. According to Orthodox Metropolitan sources, the militants went door to door in the neighborhoods of Hamidiya and Bustan al-Diwan, forcing Christians to flee, without giving them the chance to take their belongings. In the "Faruq Brigade", note other sources, there seems to be armed elements of various Wahhabi groups and mercenaries from Libya and Iraq.
The Vicar Apostolic of Aleppo, Mgr. Giuseppe Nazzaro told Fides: "We have no sources to confirm this information directly, but we can say that these relationships are beginning to break down the wall of silence built up to now by the press worldwide. In this situation Islamist and terrorist movements are making headway". The Vicar remembers with concern some recent episodes: "Last Sunday, a car bomb exploded in Aleppo packed with TNT, in the vicinity of the school of the Franciscan fathers. By a miracle a massacre of children was avoided, at the Center of catechesis of the Church of St. Bonaventure: only because the Franciscan, sensing danger, made the children leave 15 minutes before the usual time. Other bombs exploded in Damascus: these are bad signs for religious minorities". On the prospects of the situation, the Vicar says, "I am confident that peace can return: for this we Christians count on constant praying".
Meanwhile, in Homs, say sources of Fides, some Jesuits who have decided to stay in the city are giving a heroic witness: promising to bring comfort and humanitarian aid to people in need, they fulfill their mission being "bridge builders". The religious claim that the forces involved are inspired to tolerance, cultural and religious pluralism, calling for dialogue, rejecting violence and calling for respect for human dignity and values of the Gospel. The Jesuits in Syria are engaged in the service to young people, refugees, education of children and adults, interreligious dialogue, in rural development projects. (PA) (Agenzia Fides 21/3/2012)
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Difference between pages "Talk:ATA Interface" and "User:Dmkennedy"
From Forensics Wiki
(Difference between pages)
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Creating user page with biography of new user.)
Line 1: Line 1:
Please terminate IDE as bus name. The bus name is ATA which entails both PATA and SATA. IDE is short for Integrated Device Electronics which should be only be used in comparison with SCSI at a device level not at a bus level. [[Joachim Metz|Joachim]]
+
Latest revision as of 01:09, 26 January 2010
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Revision history of "MacForensicsLab"
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problem in installing
Go4Expert Member
8Jun2007,18:42 #1
i am truing to install fedora core 5 into my system
which is very old(i.e. having very old configuration but more than required to install FC5)
it was hanging during installation also . when the installation was complete and i reboot my system ,after the GRUB a message appears saying
"kernel error tried to kill init"
and it stops there itself
please help
my config is amd k6 athlon 450mhz
256+ram
40 gb harddisk
Go4Expert Member
9Jun2007,15:39 #2
some how i have managed to install the fedora core 5
but now problem is dat mouse is not working
even though it is displaying the mouse pointer
though its working in windows enviroment
moreover the cd/dvd rom is not able to detect some cds/dvd
and displaying a message that
"unable to mount on the device"
can anybody tell me what to do?
without mouse its getting lil difficult
please help
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Breast Cancer
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 761917, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/761917
Review Article
Target Points in Trastuzumab Resistance
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Pajoohesh Boulevard, Tehran-Karaj HWY, Km 15, Tehran 1497716316, Iran
Received 31 October 2011; Accepted 11 November 2011
Academic Editor: Rita Nahta
Copyright © 2012 Sahar Shojaei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of receptors is involved in cell growth and differentiation. The human EGF2 (HER2) lacks natural ligands, and correlation between HER2 levels and carcinogenesis makes the receptor an ideal candidate for targeted therapy in breast cancer. Trastuzumab is a humanized antibody applied against HER2-positive breast tumors in clinic. Metastatic tumors respond well to trastuzumab therapy for the first year, but development of antibody resistance helps the tumors to regrow allowing the disease to progress. Trastuzumab resistance is shaped via a range of intracellular signaling pathways that are interconnected and share in key effector molecules. Identification of a common node central to these resistance pathways could provide an ultimate solution for trastuzumab resistance in breast and other cancers.
1. Introduction
Breast cancer (BC) originates from the epithelial cells of the breast tissue that line the terminal duct lobular unit. BC is the most common cancer type that affects world population. More than 180,000 new cases of BC were diagnosed in 2008 in the United States alone [1]. Over 40,000 of these diagnosed cases resulted in death, mostly in women [1]. BC in women is the most commonly diagnosed cancer that accounts for 26% of all new cancer cases [2].
Well-known growth signaling pathways contribute to generation and progression of BC among other cancer types by promoting cell growth and proliferation [3]. These signaling pathways are promoted by a number of membrane-bound and intracellular receptors. The gene expression and biological activities of these receptors may have great impact on BC tumor initiation, progression, relapse, and prevention or treatment. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), rearranged during transfection (RET), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) are the main membrane-bound receptors playing key roles in BC.
Hormone therapy is directed against ER that is expressed in 70% of BC tumors. Antibody therapy, on the other hand, was initiated with development of trastuzumab (TZMB) that specifically targets HER2 in 20 to 30% of BC cases where HER2 is strongly present. Resistance to hormone therapy and TZMB therapy are two major hurdles in current clinical BC therapy. In this paper, we will focus on the main causative sources of TZMB therapy and recent developments in exploration of key molecules that hold promise for eradication of this resistance.
2. HER2 Receptor
The HER/EGF family of receptors consists of four cell-surface receptors named HER1 (erbB1), HER2 (erbB2), HER3 (erbB3), and HER4 (erbB4) [4, 5]. These receptors are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. They are activated by a ligand that causes heterodimerization of these receptors so that a cascade of phosphorylation and signal transduction events is initiated leading to transcription of specific genes involved in cell proliferation and survival [6]. Receptor dimers that contain HER2 produce stronger and more prolonged signal transduction event than those dimmers formed by other HER receptors [46].
The gene encoding HER2/neu (erbB2) is a protooncogene located in chromosome 17q21 and encodes a 185-kD transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity [4, 5]. HER2 intracellular domain has a terminal carboxy segment autophosphorylation of which transmits the extracellular signal into an intracellular signal transduction event. In 20–30% of breast cancer tumors, the HER2 receptor is either amplified, overexpressed, or undergoes both events [4, 7]. Receptor overexpression is generally due to gene amplification, with one study reporting up to a 25-fold increase in HER2 copy number [8]. Tumors with HER2 overexpression generally have a poor disease-free survival [9, 10].
High levels of HER2 have strong correlations with the pathogenesis, and prognosis of breast cancer [11, 12]. Overexpression of the HER2 protein is detectable both in the primary tumors and in metastatic sites [13] indicating the effectiveness of anti-HER2 therapy in all disease locations.
HER2 is distinguished from other HER family members by lack of a natural ligand which makes the molecule a suitable therapeutic candidate. In addition, a strong correlation exists between HER2 levels and carcinogenesis [14, 15]. High levels of HER2 found in cancer cell membranes compared to those of normal cells and HER2 expression in both primary tumors and metastatic sites have made HER2 inhibitors important for breast cancer therapy [16, 17].
Research on stem cells as the initiators of breast cancer development has elucidated the status and function of the HER2 receptors in BC stem cells (BCSCs). Studies on patient samples show a significant correlation between HER2 overexpression and the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) a key marker for BCSCs [18]. HER2 overexpression also acts as a driving force for breast stem cell malignancy, mammary tumorigenesis and invasion [19]. Epithelial cells isolated from normal breast form mammospheres that are nonadherent and spherical morphologies [20]. HER2 overexpression increases mammosphere formation by BCSCs [19]. Generation of mammospheres is an indication of increased self-renewal in these stem cells, whereas the size of these colonies that indicates proliferation of progenitors is also increased by HER2. The report by Korkaya and coworkers indicates that HER2 not only increases stem-cell number but also upregulates the expression of stem cell-related genes including Oct3/4, Nothc1, Notch2, Jag1, Gli1 in Aldefluor+ cells. HER2 also activates the Akt growth pathway in these stem cells [19].
3. HER2-ER Crosstalks
Crosstalks between BC cell receptors are important for full implementation of their biological activities. HER2 interacts with ER in a variety of approaches. Estradiol as an ER ligand induces a signal transduction cascade that trans-activates HER2 via SRC tyrosine kinase and the matrix metalloproteases MMP-2 and MMP-9 [21]. ER/HER2 interactions activate ERK and MAPK pathways and the two receptors equally contribute to ERK amplification in human mammary epithelial cells [22]. Therefore, ER and HER2 act in synergy to promote aberrant breast tumor growth. Co-expression of HER2 and ER co-activator A1B1 at high levels enhances tamoxifen resistance. In fact, in MCF7 tumor cell line overexpressing HER2 and A1B1, tamoxifen promoted tumorigenicity by inducing tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo [23].
4. HER2 Inhibition by Trastuzumab
HER2 was one of the first receptors targeted with the invention of its specific monoclonal antibody TZMB [24]. The encouraging preclinical results of this therapy took TZMB to clinic [25]. Currently, TZMB is used alone or as adjuvant with chemotherapy for treatment of breast cancer, especially in advanced stages of the disease.
TZMB is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER2 inhibiting receptor dimerization [24, 26]. The mechanism of TZMB action on HER2-overexpressing tumors is not fully known, but experimental data exist that indicate the antibody influences several intracellular pathways all in favor of tumor cell death [27]. The multiple effects of TZMB can be explained by HER2 involvement in multiple signaling pathways. HER2 induces PI3K and MAPK and so activates downstream growth/proliferation pathways. TZMB-HER2 interaction inhibits these cascades leading to increased levels of ultimately arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis [28]. Induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) leading to cancer cell lysis [24, 29] and inhibition of angiogenesis are two other effects of TZMB in favor of BC treatment. The overall response rate to TZMB monotherapies is ~26% compared to 40–60% when a TZMB-chemotherapy combination is applied [25, 30, 31].
An important function of TZMB on HER2 is to prevent receptor degradation and cleavage. This function can be shown by examining serum samples in TZMB-treated patients who have reduced levels of HER2 shedding in their serum [32]. TZMB-mediated reduction of HER2 levels in patients’ serum has been accompanied with improved progression-free survival and so considered an indicative of host response to the antibody therapy [33].
In addition to its effect on HER2 dimerization and cleavage, TZMB can cause HER2 internalization and degradation as shown in HER2-amplifying BC cell lines and tumor samples treated with the antibody [34, 35]. It is not clear, however, if TZMB actually contributes to HER2 gene downregulation, since some studies report unchanged levels of HER2 upon TZMB treatment [29, 36].
5. Mechanisms of Trastuzumab Resistance
Resistance to TZMB therapy occurs in both de novo (intrinsic) and acquired forms. The de novo resistance results from genetic changes in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their downstream cellular pathways. The main genetic changes in this case include deficient PTEN [37] or mutated PIK3CA genes [38] that cause the constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway, and expression of a truncated, rather than full length, HER2 receptors named p95HER2 that lack extracellular domain needed for TZMB binding [39].
The acquired form of TZMB resistance is caused mainly by shaping compensatory kinase signaling pathways alternative to HER2-mediated pathways leading to BC cell growth and TZMB insensitivity. There are also genetic alterations that are source of both de novo and acquired forms of resistance. Below, we outline some of the main mechanisms behind TZMB resistance that we have summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: Mechanisms of de novo and acquired trastuzumab resistance. BCSC: breast cancer stem cell; TZMB: trastuzumab; Ab: antibody; mAb: monoclonal antibody; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase. See text for more details.
5.1. Truncated HER2 Versions
In addition to genetically shortened HER2 receptors, cleavage by metalloproteases generates a truncated HER2 receptor lacking the extracellular domain required for TZMB binding [57]. The truncated receptor will retain its kinase activity undisturbed in the absence of any blocker [39]. The truncated HER2 versions might be a source of de novo TZMB resistance because HER2 cleavage can be blocked by TZMB [32] that prevents resistance to be acquired in the course of treatment.
5.2. HER2 Masking
TZMB can be deprived of reaching and effectively binding HER2 due to function of the membrane-bound glycoprotein mucin-4 (MUC4). MUC4 contributes to BC progression by protecting cancer cells from immune recognition, inducing tumorigenicity and metastasis, suppressing apoptosis, and activating HER2 [43]. Using its ASGP-2 subunit that contains an EGF-like domain, MUC4 can directly bind HER2 and induce HER2 phosphorylation. Through this interaction, MUC4 competes with TZMB for HER2 binding as shown in BC cell lines overexpressing MUC4 [44]. Studies on patient-derived cell lines with HER2 amplification and de novo resistance to TZMB demonstrated an inverse correlation between HER2-binding capacities of MUC4 and TZMB [45]. These observations suggested that HER2 epitopes are masked by MUC4 which causes steric hindrance of trastuzumab-HER2 interaction and shapes antibody resistance.
5.3. Signaling by Other HER Family Members
The four members of EGFR type 1 growth factor RTK family, namely, EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4 tend to dimerize with HER2 as a partner of their choice when induced by their relevant ligands [46]. This heterodimerization results in RTK activity that is echoed by activation of downstream signaling, components via the MAPK and PI3K pathways. The function of TZMB is to prevent HER2-mediated signaling but it cannot effectively inhibit signaling promoted by other HER receptors. Therefore, heterodimers or homodimers constituted by EGFR and HER3 may induce PI3K/MAPK pathways. Growth inhibition induced by TZMB can also be prevented by the activity of endogenous HER family ligands that induce HER2/HER3 and HER2/EGFR signaling [47, 48]. These observations indicate that the overall efficacy of TZMB can be dictated by the endogenous status of EGFR family members, their ligands, and inhibitors. Determination of the levels of these molecules within BC cells could help to improve TZMB function. Another solution is to block crosstalks between RTKs using bispecific antibodies or combination of TZMB and lapatinib or TZMB and pertuzumab that seem to confer more improvement to recipient patients [49, 50].
5.4. IGF-1R Signaling
The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor predominantly expressed in human BCs and involved in proliferation and metastatic dissemination [58]. IGF-1R interacts with HER2 and contributes to TZMB resistance in BC cells [59]. Since both IGF-1R and HER2 promote common downstream pathways of cell growth and proliferation, the study shows that their cooverexpression inhibits TZMB-mediated growth inhibition [60]. Therefore, it is likely that tumors coexpressing the two receptors resist TZMB-mediated therapy. On the other hand, drugs acting as IGF-1R antagonists such as IGFBP3 that blocks IGF resensitize resistant BC cells to the antibody [61]. Like other receptor kinases, IGF-1R is also dependent on PI3K/Akt pathway for its biological functions including degradation [28]. IGF-1R has been further found to induce phosphorylation of HER2, an activity of IGF-1R observed only in TZMB-resistant cells [62]. Restoration of TZMB sensitivity in BC cells upon inhibition of IGF-1R signaling either by antibody-mediated blockage or IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibition introduces signaling pathways downstream of IGF-1R as therapeutic targets to break antibody resistance.
5.5. PTEN
Mutated or downregulated PTEN leads to its loss of function, a phenomenon described in nearly 50% of breast cancers [63]. Since PTEN has inhibitory effects on PI3K, loss of PTEN function constitutively maintains the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway [37] that inhibits cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis mediated by TZMB [40]. Patients with BC tumors that lack PTEN expression but overexpress HER2 more poorly respond to TZMB therapy than those patients with normal PTEN expressed by their tumor cells [37]. Therefore, PTEN loss could provide another indication for TZMB resistance. In fact, in those patients with tumors reluctant to respond to TZMB therapy but with high-level PITEN expression, inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway could provide another therapeutic opportunity in clinic, as shown by TZMB and lapatinib response upon PTEN loss and PI3K activation [64].
5.6. p27
The cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibiting protein mediates growth inhibitory effects of trastuzumab [42]. Trastuzumab has positive effects on half-life [65] and supports formation of -cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) complexes that arrest cell cycle at G1 [66]. In fact, inhibition of expression blocks trastuzumab-mediated growth arrest in HER2-overexpressing BC cells [40]. Overexpression of or its induction by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 restored trastuzumab sensitivity that highlights the critical role of in trastuzumab function [28]. On the other hand, CDK2 inhibitors result in reduced cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in vitro and reduced tumor growth in xenografts resistant to trastuzumab [67].
5.7. PI3K/Akt Pathways
Earlier we outlined the importance of PTEN loss in constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway leading to TZMB resistance. The pathway can also be activated via PI3K mutations. PIK3CA that encodes the catalytic subunit of PI3K is a gene frequently mutated in breast cancer and promotes TZMB insensitivity in BC cells in vitro [41]. In vivo studies also point to the anti-TZMB role played by mutated versions of PIK3CA when applied with reduced PTEN expression [38]. In parallel, HER2-amplified breast cancer cell lines containing PIK3CA hotspot mutations more significantly resisted TZMB than mutant-free cells [68]. Therefore, the PI3K/Akt pathway provides another landmark for TZMB efficacy.
5.8. Cyclin E Amplification/Overexpression
The overexpression of the cyclin E in BC cell lines and tumor samples has been proposed as a marker of poor clinical outcome [69]. There are conflicting reports on relationships between cyclin E and HER2. A previous study indicated reduction of cyclin E levels upon HER2 downregulation and HER2 inhibition and so suggested cyclin E regulation by HER2 [70]. It is now emerging from a recent report that cyclin E might have an impact on HER2 function in BC cells [67]. In this paper, genome-wide analysis of TZMB-resistant BC cell lines and tumor cells indicates that cyclin E is amplified and so overexpressed in these cell samples. In this study, the amplified cycline E gene was found to worsen clinical outcome and reduce progression-free survival. While cycline E overexpression enhanced TZMB resistance both in vitro and in vivo, suppression of cyclin E activity highly reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis among cyclin E-amplifying BC cells. Cyclin E suppression mediated by CDK2 inhibition reduced tumor growth among xenografts that were insensitive to TZMB [67]. The use of CDK inhibitors could be a novel approach to counteract antibody resistance in targeting HER2.
5.9. Alternative Signaling Pathways
HER2 crosstalks with ER and with RTKs, as we discussed in Section 4, are critical for activation of signaling pathways leading to BC tumor growth. Ret tyrosine kinase interacts with SRC kinase upon activating protein kinase C (PKC) and induces upregulation of many growth pathways through the function of SRC as key inducer of TZMB resistance discussed below. More importantly, SRC mediates Ret/Her2 crosstalks: phosphorylated in its SH2 domain via GDNF/Ret downstream PLC/PKC pathway, SRC induces Her2 phosphorylation by matrix metalloproeinases MMP2 and MMP9 (Figure 1) [51].
Figure 1: Growth pathways in breast cancer. Key receptors are shown phosphorylated upon ligand binding, a chemical change that triggers downstream growth and proliferation pathways. Receptor crosstalks between receptors are shown by dotted arrows that can be chased by numbers: 1: Her2-FAK, 2: Her2-Met, 3: ER-Her2, 4: Ret-Her2. BCCM: breast cancer cell membrane; MMP: matrix metalloproeinases; A1B1: ER coactivator. For details of signaling pathways see the text.
Ret is also in crosstalk with ER for ER gene overexpression [54] and receptor stabilization [55]. In BC cell lines resistant to tamoxifen treatment, HER2 signaling pathways are selected against Ret/ER pathways to promote cell growth whereas targeting Ret restores drug sensitivity [56]. Phosphorylated SRC activates alternative receptors RTKs MET and FAK both of which promote mitogenesis and cancer cell growth (Figure 1) [52, 53]. MET downstream pathway includes RAS, RAF, and MAPK/ErK1/2, whereas FAk induces Crk/CAS and deregulation of both pathways can promote cancer cell growth alternative to other receptors.
The capacity of BC cells in switching from one receptor to another for growth promotion suggests that Ret, like other RTKs, can induce alternative growth signaling in support of resistance to TZMB therapy. Although the function of Ret in TZMB-resistant cells and tumor samples has not been reported, Ret inhibition might be a novel strategy to overcome such resistance.
5.10. Immune Response Induction
TZMB-mediated growth arrest and BC cell death are partially due to the induction of immune responses by the antibody. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is induced by TZMB and other antibodies targeting HER2 leading to apoptosis in several BC cell lines [29, 45, 71].
Anti-HER2 antibody-mediated BC cell death occurs via natural killer (NK) cells that, by expressing the Fc gamma receptor, interact with the Fc domain of the antibody [72]. The importance of this interaction has been shown in a xenograft model of mice lacking Fc receptor where TZMB could only partially inhibit tumor growth [72]. These findings indicated the role of the immune system in sustaining anti-HER2 therapies.
5.11. SRC: A Proposed Central Node
Based on reports that SRC is commonly activated in EGFR/IGF-1R-overexpressing and PTEN-deficient cells, the molecule appears to play a central role in development of resistance against HER2-mediated antibody therapy. This is particularly important in terms of SRC involvement in common events downstream of key growth signaling pathways and so SRC function as a common node in promoting TZMB resistance.
SRC encodes a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that in its active form contributes to many hallmarks of cancer including cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis [73, 74]. The SRC family contains four SRC homology domains called SH and a C-terminal segment that has a negative regulatory tyrosine residue (Tyr530) [73]. SRC is activated upon phosphorylation that is catalyzed by protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha and SH-containing phosphatases SHP1/SHP2 [73]. On the other hand, SRC kinases including RTKs EGFR, HER2, FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGFR activate the protein by phosphorylating it [75].
SRC is hyperactivated in TZMB BC cell models and has implications for TZMB resistance. For instance, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) induces HER2 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells via c-Src activation [76]. Another example is erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) that induces MAPK/Erk and PI3K/Akt pathways [77]. BC cell lines coexpressing EpoR and HER2 induce TZMB resistance upon treatment with recombinant erythropoietin that interacts with phosphorylated EpoR [78]. Activated SRC and inactivated PTEN were found to be behind increased TZMB resistance [78].
SRC activation occurs mainly due to phosphorylation of Tyr419 and Tyr416 residues [75]. For example, overexpression of RTKs EGFR and IGF-IR induces Tyr416 phosphorylation and promotes antibody resistance whereas siRNA-mediated suppression of these kinases reduces resistance [79]. SRC has been shown to inhibit PTEN activity by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation and blocking PTEN membrane localization [37, 80] suggesting that SRC and PTEN may regulate each other to promote TZMB resistance. Based on these reports, Zhang et al. further examined the role of SRC in de novo insensitivity of BC tumor cells to trastuzumab treatment by inhibiting PTEN.
Antisense- or shRNA-mediated downregulation of PTEN induced SRC Tyr416 phosphorylation, SRC activation, and ultimately elevated TZMB resistance, whereas induction of PTEN phosphatase activity directly dephosphorylated SRC Tyr416 residue and so abolished SRC activity [79]. These observations indicate that the loss of PTEN phosphatase activity induces SRC activation and so implicates SRC in shaping de novo TZMB resistance in PTEN-deficient cells [81]. Indeed, hyperphosphorylation of Tyr416 that increases SRC activity is an inducing factor for TZMB resistance, whereas Tyr416 dephosphorylation sensitizes BC cells to TZMB-mediated growth arrest.
The activity of SRC per se and its role in antibody resistance was examined using both SRC small-molecule inhibitor saracatinib and SRC shRNA molecules. Inhibition of SRC halted EGF-induced EGFR dimerization and inhibited phosphorylation of an EGFR residue known to be SRC-dependent phosphorylation site [81] and an autophosphorylation site within EGFR [79]. EGFR phosphorylation was also inhibited in TZMB-resistant cells treated with saracatinib. Moreover, treatment with TZMB further activated SRC due to the transient induction of HER2 dimerization/phosphorylation by TZMB in resistant cells. In contrast, inactivation of SRC by saracatinib or SRC shRNAs diminished TZMB-induced transient phosphorylation of HER2 as well as HER3 [79]. These observations indicate that SRC hyperactivity in TZMB-resistant BC cells promotes a positive feedback cycle where SRC activates EGFR, HER2, and HER3 which, in turn, can activate SRC. Overall, the report by Zhang et al. highlights the increasing central role of SRC as common converging point for all the intracellular forces that contribute to shaping and re-gaining BC cell resistance toward HER2-directed treatments specially TZMB therapy.
6. Conclusions and Future Therapies
TZMB is an antibody of choice for HER2-directed BC therapies. In patients with metastatic, HER2-positive breast cancer, TZMB administered as an adjuvant combined with chemotherapy shows significant clinical benefits [25, 80]. However, the majority of HER2-positive patients do not respond to TZMB due to de novo or acquired resistance. This review outlined main molecules and major pathways that causatively contribute to TZMB resistance. Abnormalities in HER2 structure/function and in downstream signaling pathways as well as RTK crosstalks have been suspected causes as evidenced by examination of BC cells and tumor samples in vitro and in vivo. The most recent studies pinpoint to SRC acting as a downstream signaling effector and a central common node in mediating TZMB resistance.
Receptor crosstalks blocked by bispecific antibodies or by TZMB combined with lapatinib or pertuzumab have shown better clinical outcomes compared to single antibody treatment. Therefore, a multipronged strategy capable of effectively blocking the HER2 signaling network is needed to inhibit HER2 homodimerization and HER2-RTK heterodimerization, so HER2-dependent malignant BC tumors become fully controllable. Compensation for loss of expression or activity of several molecules involved in TZMB resistance may partially reverse resistance and resensitize BC cells and tumors to the antibody. However, disarming common nodes, for example, by inhibition of SRC expression and or function holds promise for universally combating resistance and controlling HER2-positive BC tumors. Coinhibition of SRC and RTKs that promote bypassing growth pathways such as Ret, FAK, and Met could provide a global coverage against TZMB resistance.
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Publication Listing
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• Title: White Fang Goes Dingo and Other Funny S.F. Stories
• Authors: Thomas M. Disch
• Year: 1971-00-00
• ISBN-10: 0-09-004840-7
• ISBN-13: 978-0-09-004840-3
• Publisher: Arrow
• Price: 6/-
• Pages: 192
• Binding: pb
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: White Fang Goes Dingo and Other Funny S.F. Stories
• ISFDB Record Number: 54521
• Notes: Price listed as 6s/30p. Other prices: Australia $1.00, New Zealand $1.00, South Africa 75c.
"First published in book form as 102 H-Bombs by Compact Books 1966" - but this edition has 7 additional stories, so not so much a variant as an expansion.
OCLC 12928291
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (WHTFSTRSA21971)
Cover art supplied by Amazon
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by BLongley on 2007-05-13 15:01:12
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Verified by Bluesman on 2009-03-28 14:01:59
Locus1 Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-03-28 14:01:59
Reginald1 Not Verified
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Tuck Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-08-08 12:05:23
Miller/Contento Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-03-28 14:01:59
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-08-08 12:05:23
Currey Verified by Bluesman on 2009-03-28 14:01:59
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Verified by Bluesman on 2009-08-08 12:05:23
Primary2 Verified by Willem H. on 2009-07-30 13:35:18
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: My Brother's Keeper
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Title: My Brother's Keeper
Author: Nina Allan
Year: 2009
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortstory
ISFDB Record Number: 1027083
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Frog Pirate
From the Super Mario Wiki
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Frog Pirates (ゲロゲーロ Gerogēro) are a species of frog in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island and Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3. They live in the swamps and wetlands of Yoshi's Island and are found primarily in the third World of the game. If a Yoshi comes too close to one, it will lash out its tongue and try to steal Baby Mario. Stepping on its head only disables it for a moment, so Yoshi should instead try to throw an Egg at the frog or swallow it. Spitting out a Frog Pirate will only make it fall off the screen, enabling it to respawn later.
The World 3 mid-boss Prince Froggy is based on this enemy, and unlike other bosses in the game, bears no visible differences to the enemy he is based on. In the Japanese version of the game, Prince Froggy and Frog Pirates have the same name (Gerogēro).
In Yoshi's Island DS, there are creatures called Fleepers that are reminiscent of Frog Pirates in a way, but look and act differently.
The origin of the name "Frog Pirate" is unknown, since the enemy does not resemble a pirate in any way. It might be given to them due to the fact that they are able to steal Baby Mario.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese ゲロゲーロ
Gerogēro
Onomatopoeia for the sound a frog makes.
German Börki Based on Prince Froggy's German name, Börk Börk
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Molecules 2012, 17(11), 12804-12811; doi:10.3390/molecules171112804
Communication
Bis-sulfonic Acid Ionic Liquids for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural
1 Department of Nano Science and Engineering, Myong Ji University, San 38-2, Nam-Dong, Yongin, Kyunggi-Do 449-728, Korea 2 Department of Chemistry, Myong Ji University, San 38-2, Nam-Dong, Yongin, Kyunggi-Do 449-728, Korea
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 10 September 2012; in revised form: 26 October 2012 / Accepted: 29 October 2012 / Published: 31 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Diversity)
Download PDF Full-Text [183 KB, uploaded 31 October 2012 09:51 CET]
Abstract: Homogenous bis-sulfonic acid ionic liquids (1 mol equiv.) in DMSO (10 mol equiv.) at 100 °C efficiently mediated the conversion of D-fructose into 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in 75% isolated yield, which was roughly a 10% increment compared to the case of the mono-sulfonic acid ionic liquids.
Keywords: biomass conversion; D-fructose; 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural; acid ionic liquid; sulfonic acid
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Sim, S.E.; Kwon, S.; Koo, S. Bis-sulfonic Acid Ionic Liquids for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural. Molecules 2012, 17, 12804-12811.
AMA Style
Sim SE, Kwon S, Koo S. Bis-sulfonic Acid Ionic Liquids for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural. Molecules. 2012; 17(11):12804-12811.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Sim, Sang E.; Kwon, Sunjeong; Koo, Sangho. 2012. "Bis-sulfonic Acid Ionic Liquids for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural." Molecules 17, no. 11: 12804-12811.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Genes 2012, 3(3), 492-504; doi:10.3390/genes3030492
Article
A Model of Evolution of Development Based on Germline Penetration of New “No-Junk” DNA
Alessandro Fontana 1,2,* and Borys Wróbel 2,3,4,*
1 Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Technical University of Gdansk, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, PL80233, Gdansk, Poland 2 Evolving Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, PL61614 Poznan, Poland 3 Systems Modelling Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstanców Warszawy 55, PL81712, Sopot, Poland 4 Institute of Neuroinformatics, University & ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH8057 Zurich, Switzerland
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 1 June 2012; in revised form: 18 July 2012 / Accepted: 24 July 2012 / Published: 2 August 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Junk DNA' is not Junk)
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Abstract: There is a mounting body of evidence that somatic transposition may be involved in normal development of multicellular organisms and in pathology, especially cancer. Epigenetic Tracking (ET) is an abstract model of multicellular development, able to generate complex 3-dimensional structures. Its aim is not to model the development of a particular organism nor to merely summarise mainstream knowledge on genetic regulation of development. Rather, the goal of ET is to provide a theoretical framework to test new postulated genetic mechanisms, not fully established yet in mainstream biology. The first proposal is that development is orchestrated through a subset of cells which we call driver cells. In these cells, the cellular state determines a specific pattern of gene activation which leads to the occurrence of developmental events. The second proposal is that evolution of development is affected by somatic transposition events. We postulate that when the genome of a driver cell does not specify what developmental event should be undertaken when the cell is in a particular cellular state, somatic transposition events can reshape the genome, build new regulatory regions, and lead to a new pattern of gene activation in the cell. Our third hypothesis, not supported yet by direct evidence, but consistent with some experimental observations, is that these new “no-junk” sequences—regulatory regions created by transposable elements at new positions in the genome—can exit the cell and enter the germline, to be incorporated in the genome of the progeny. We call this mechanism germline penetration. This process allows heritable incorporation of novel developmental events in the developmental trajectory. In this paper we will present the model and link these three postulated mechanisms to biological observations.
Keywords: transposable elements; embryonic development; evo-devo
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MDPI and ACS Style
Fontana, A.; Wróbel, B. A Model of Evolution of Development Based on Germline Penetration of New “No-Junk” DNA. Genes 2012, 3, 492-504.
AMA Style
Fontana A, Wróbel B. A Model of Evolution of Development Based on Germline Penetration of New “No-Junk” DNA. Genes. 2012; 3(3):492-504.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Fontana, Alessandro; Wróbel, Borys. 2012. "A Model of Evolution of Development Based on Germline Penetration of New “No-Junk” DNA." Genes 3, no. 3: 492-504.
Genes EISSN 2073-4425 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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AU Biomaterials Design Lab:Reading
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Contents
Basis for the Course
Bashki J. Physical Chemistry C 2011 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using unfolded Bovine Serum Albumin and Incorporation into Biocompatible Films
Protein/Peptide Nanoparticle Synthesis
Lee JACS 2010
Rules for peptide templated nanoparticle growth
Knecht JACS 2011
Recognition of nanoparticles by peptides
Naik Chemical Reviews 2008
Review: Protein directed nanoparticle synthesis
Mallapragada Advanced Functional Materials 2007
Using BSA to template magnetite growth
Wright Biomacromolecules 2003
Biomineralization of Noble Metals
Addadi J. Materials Chemistry 1997
Biomineral design
Huang Nature Chemistry 2011
Peptide templated Pt nanoparticle synthesis
Bakshi Langmuire 2009
Gold nanoparticle synthesis templated by cytochrome c
Mirkin JACS 2011
Synthesis of gold bipyramids
Functionalizing Nanoparticles
Nel Nature Materials 2009
Interface between Nanotechnology and Biology
Rotello Current Opinions in Chemical Biology 2009
Review: Nanoparticle-Protein interface
Stevens Nature Chemistry 2011
Review: Biomaterials mimicking the cell surface
Medintz Bioconjugate Chemistry 2011
Review: Functionalizing Nanoparticles with Proteins
Rao Chemical Communications 2010
Functionalizing nanoparticles using intein chemistry
Tsourkas Small 2010
Functionalizing nanoparticles using intein chemistry
Intein Chemistry
MacMillin Organic Biomolecular Chemistry 2010
N-S Acyl transfer and protein synthesis
Aimoto Tetrahedron Letters 2005
N-S Acyl Shift reaction - organic chemistry of this reaction
Muir Annual Review of Biochemistry 2003
Review: Semisynthesis and Expressed Protein Ligation
Rao Chemical Communications 2010
Functionalizing nanoparticles using intein chemistry
Tsourkas Small 2010
Functionalizing nanoparticles using intein chemistry
Stubbe Nature Protocols 2007
Making protein variants with intein chemistry
Nanoparticle Applications
Gambhir Science: Translational Medicine 2011
Gold nanoparticle toxicity
nanoparticle.pdf Li JACS 2011
Photoactive nanoparticles
C&E News Article 9/6/2011
Nanoparticles for use in microscopy
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[16]
In order to lessen surprise at such changes as we have mentioned as causes of the inundations and other similar phenomena which are supposed to have produced Sicily, the islands of Æolus,1 and the Pitllecussæ, it may be as well to compare with these others of a similar nature, which either now are, or else have been observed in other localities. A large array of such facts placed at once before the eye would serve to allay our astonishment; while that which is uncommon startles our perception, and manifests our general ignorance of the occurrences which take place in nature and physical existence. For instance, supposing any one should narrate the circumstances concerning Thera and the Therasian Islands, situated in the strait between Crete and the Cyrenaic,2 Thera being itself the metropolis of Cyrene; or those [in connexion with] Egypt, and many parts of Greece. For midway between Thera and Therasia flames rushed forth from the sea for the space of four days; causing the whole of it to boil and be all on fire; and after a little an island twelve stadia in circumference, composed of the burning mass, was thrown up, as if raised by machinery. After the cessation of this phenomenon, the Rhodians, then masters of the sea, were the first who dared to sail to the place, and they built there on the island a temple to the Asphalian3 Neptune. Posidonius remarks, that during an earthquake which occurred in Phœnicia, a city situated above Sidon was swallowed up, and that nearly two-thirds of Sidon also fell, but not suddenly, and therefore with no great loss of life. That the same occurred, though in a lighter form, throughout nearly the whole of Syria, and was felt even in some of the Cyclades and the Island of Eubœa,4 so that the fountains of Arethusa, a spring in Chalcis, were completely obstructed, and after some time forced for themselves another opening, and the whole island ceased not to experience shocks until a chasm was rent open in the earth in the plain of Lelanto,5 from which poured a river of burning mud.
1 The Lipari Islands.
2 There is some mistake here. Strabo himself elsewhere tells us that the islands of Thera and Therasia were situated in the Ægæan Sea, near to the island of Nanfio.
3 ‘Defending from danger.’ More probably, in this instance, the Securer of Foundations.
4 Egripo.
5 This plain was near the city of Chalcis, which at the present day bears the same name as the island itself.
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Bill Plympton: Summer Bummer
“A man about to go swimming imagines what horrors could be lurking deep in in the waters of his backyard pool.”
Big-ups to Showtime for putting together a great series of short animated stories.
Morning Dose of Fresh Guacamole
Pes is back.
Just Say No?
A Hanna Barbera Anti-Drug PSA
via, webringjustice
Morning Dose of TMNT
The intro to the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon done in stop motion.
Darcel Disappoints
150 portraits celebrating 15 years of fashion, art and design at Colette.
via, stylefile
Great Moments in The Simpsons
Or as Grantland calls it Best. Simpsons. Moments. Ever.
Morning Dose of Stereo Skifcha
Morning Dose of Enter The Eclectic Dragon
Lunchtime Laughter
Doctors at a Strip Club.
Morning Dose of The Science of Imaginary Solutions
Music by Autolux & artwork by Mark Whalen.
Matt Groening Gets His Own Vinyl Toy
In celebration of The Simpsons 500th episode which airs this Sunday (Feb. 19th) on FOX.
Available at Kid Robot
[Read more]
The Final Piece in the David Choe Media Puzzle
NMA gets involved.
Morning Dose of Michael J. Mushroom
Morning Dose of the Shady Crowd
I really like this whole ‘Party Legends’ series between Vice and Project X… and it’s not even because they’re advertising with us.
Nick Swardson tells his party tale.
“It Was Official Like A Referee With a Whistle”
Snoop Dogg is a Party Legend
Got 15 Minutes?
The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore
Morning Dose of Wilco & Popeye
Directed by Dr. Romanelli, “Dawned On Me” contains “the first hand-drawn Popeye cartoon in more than 30 years.”
via, boingboing
Cathy Cowgirl
A video for Ron English’s music collective The Electric Illuminati.
produced by The General Idea.
[Read more]
The Joy of Books
The owners of Type bookstore in Toronto got creative after-hours.
via, thatpanic
Page 10 of 28First...89101112...20...Last Page »
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Place:Holland, Pemiscot, Missouri, United States
Watchers
NameHolland
TypeTown
Coordinates36.058°N 89.871°W
Located inPemiscot, Missouri, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Holland is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States. The population was 229 at the 2010 census.
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Place:North Greenbush, Rensselaer, New York, United States
Watchers
NameNorth Greenbush
TypeTown
Located inRensselaer, New York, United States
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
North Greenbush is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. North Greenbush is located in the western part of the county. The population was 12,075 at the 2010 census.
The town has two main hamlets, Wynantskill in the northeastern corner and Defreestville in the southern portion of the town. Both have strong identities and hinder efforts by the town to have a centralized identity.[1] Also hindering a unified town image is that North Greenbush consists of parts of four different school districts, only one of which (a one room schoolhouse) carries the town's name; two fire departments (Wynantskill and Defreestville); and three ZIP codes (Troy, Rensselaer, and Wynantskill).[1] North Greenbush is home to the southern part of the Hudson Valley Community College (HVCC) campus, including the Joseph L. Bruno Stadium, home to the Tri-City Valley Cats minor league baseball team; the RPI Tech Park; the La Salle Institute; the New York State National Guard Armory, headquarters for the Rainbow Division; and various Rensselaer County government institutions.[1]
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
North Greenbush was part of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, and Albany County prior to Rensselaer County's creation in 1791. North Greenbush was created on February 23, 1855 from the town of Greenbush at the same time as the town of Clinton (today East Greenbush). At this time North Greenbush occupied more than what it does today, it also covered what is now the northern section of the city of Rensselaer and the southern section of the city of Troy.
The earliest settlers, in the early 1620s settled in Bath, a part of the town annexed to Rensselaer in 1902. Some settlement in what is today North Greenbush may have occurred in the 17th century as well, but most significant early settlement occurred just prior to the US Revolutionary War. Early settlements in the town were at Bath, Wynantskill, and Defreestville. In 1874 Bath became incorporated as a village, and in 1902 it was annexed to Rensselaer. Wynantskill, in the northeastern corner of the town was first settled around the end of the 18th century with a Dutch Reformed Church established around 1794, and a post office was established in 1820. Defreestville was originally called Blooming Grove until around 1830 when it was changed due to confusion with another Blooming Grove in Orange County, New York,[2] it was named Defreestville for David M. De Freest and family who owned a tavern there.[3] Defreestville and Wynantskill continue to be important hamlets in the town. Snyders Lake would in the 20th century also become an important community. Snyders Lake was developed as summer residences and continues to lack a central business district.
During the 20th century North Greenbush would begin to see more development thanks to an improved transportation infrastructure which led to increased suburban residential, office, and retail growth based on the automobile. In 1931 the road between Troy and East Greenbush was widened and the right-of-way straightened as US Route 4. The older, narrower, winding residential parts of the road were bypassed and is today's Bloomingrove Drive.[2] Starting in the 1940s and 50s suburban growth along Route 4 would begin to displace farms and local businesses with national chains with an automobile oriented pattern of growth.[1] This suburban growth would be encouraged by the construction of Interstate 90 (I-90) and the Patroon Island Bridge in the 1960s making North Greenbush an easy commute to Albany.[2] I-90 would not have a direct exit to North Greenbush until 1996 though, when Exit 8 was constructed connecting US 4 and NY Route 43 to the interstate.[1] In the 1970s Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) began developing the RPI Tech Park on Route 4 as a business incubator, today it has over of office space.[1] A connector highway will eventually also go from Exit 8 parallel to US 4 north through the RPI Tech Park and meet US 4 near Hudson Valley Community College (HVCC) at the Troy city line.[1]
Not all suburban growth has been well received in the town however. In the late 1990s the RPI Tech Park became the focus of regional and state-wide push to get a chip fabrication factory (chip fab plant) built. The RPI Tech Park site originally met little opposition from the town. But as time progressed opposition grew in response to concerns about potential impacts on traffic and the environment. The RPI Tech Park site, which by October 1999 had become one of only nine sites still being marketed by the state, was terminated when the North Greenbush town council voted to terminate the review process. Another instance of NIMBY opposition to development occurred after the construction of I-90's Exit 8 when that location became well-primed for commercial development. Local developer Frank Nigro with Nigro Company proposed a high-end shopping center for the north-east corner of the intersection of routes 4 and 43. This led to lawsuits and a failed push by residents of Defreestville to incorporate as a village in order to stop the development; and a counter-move by the developer and certain landowners to attempt annexation to the neighboring city of Rensselaer where the development would be better received.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at North Greenbush, New York. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Paul Greengard
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Paul Greengard (b. December 11, 1925) is an American neuroscientist best known for his work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. In 2000, Greengard, Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. He is currently Vincent Astor Professor at Rockefeller University [1].
Contents
Research
Greengard's research has focused on events inside the neuron caused by neurotransmitters. Specifically, Greengard and his fellow researchers studied the behavior of second messenger cascades that transform the docking of a neurotransmitter with a receptor into permanent changes in the neuron. In a series of experiments, Greengard and his colleagues showed that when dopamine interacts with a receptor on the cell membrane of a neuron, it causes an increase in cyclic AMP inside the cell. This increase of cyclic AMP, in turn activates a protein called protein kinase A, which turns the function other proteins on or off by adding phosphate groups in a reaction known as phosphorylation. The proteins activated by phosphorylation can then perform a number of changes in the cell: transcribing DNA to make new proteins, moving more receptors to the synapse (and thus increasing the neuron's sensitivity), or moving ion channels to the cell surface (and thus increasing the cell's excitability). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2000 "for showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell and can activate a central molecule known as DARPP-32"
Biography
Greengard was born in New York City. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as an electronics technician at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology working on an early warning system against Japanese kamikaze planes. After the war, he attended Hamilton College where he graduated in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. He decided against graduate school in physics because most post-war physics research was focusing on nuclear weapons, and instead became interested in biophysics. He began his graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University in the lab of Haldan Keffer Hartline. Inspired by a lecture by Alan Hodgkin, Greengard began work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. In 1953, Greengard received his PhD and began postdoctoral work at the University of London, Cambridge University, and the University of Amsterdam. As a professor, he has worked at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Yale University, and The Rockefeller University.
Pearl Meister Greengard Prize
Greengard used his Nobel Prize honorarium to fund the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize, an award for women scientists named after his mother and established in 2004. The award is to combat discrimination against women in science, since, as Greengard observed, "[women] are not yet receiving awards and honors at a level commensurate with their achievements."[1] The $50,000 annual prize is awarded to an outstanding woman conducting biomedical research.[2]
Trivia
Greengard won first place in a potato-sack race at a Boy Scout Jamboree in New York.[3]
Greengard is currently married to artist Ursula von Rydingsvard
Awards and Honors
References
1. Betsy Hanson, "The Birth of an Award", Benchmarks, December 17, 2004, available at http://www.rockefeller.edu/benchmarks/benchmarks_121704_c.php .
2. Dreifus, Claudia. He Turned His Nobel Into a Prize for Women. New York Times. Retrieved on September 26, 2006.
3. "20 Things You Didn't Know About the Nobel Prizes", Discover, October 2006.
Sources
• Les Prix Nobel. 2001. The Nobel Prizes 2000, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, Nobel Foundation: Stockholm.
External links
ca:Paul Greengard
de:Paul Greengardhr:Paul Greengard id:Paul Greengard nl:Paul Greengardfi:Paul Greengard sv:Paul Greengard
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UC Davis Medical Center
Jump to: navigation, search
</center>
UC Davis Medical Center
200px
Location
Place Sacramento, California, (US)
Organization
Care System Private, Medicaid, Medicare
Hospital Type Teaching
Affiliated University University of California, Davis
Services
Emergency Dept. Level I trauma center
Beds 577
History
Founded 1852
Links
Website Homepage
See also Hospitals in California
The UC Davis Medical Center is a major research hospital located in Sacramento, California and is the primary teaching hospital of UC Davis School of Medicine.
Researchers and specialists at the 577 licensed bed medical center work in over 150 areas of specialty. The UC Davis hospital has been ranked among the top 50 hospitals in the nation in the 2004 survey of US News and World Report. Particularly respected are its programs in heart surgery and ear, nose, and throat treatment. It is also a Level I trauma center for both adults and pediatrics[1] [2].
History
The history of UC Davis Medical Center dates to May 3, 1850 when Sacramento City Council recommended that a hospital be built. The Sacramento County Hospital was established as a result, in 1852.
In 1871, the hospital was moved to a 22 acre parcel of land on Stockton Blvd in Sacramento, CA; the present location of UC Davis Medical Center. Just five years later, the original facility was destroyed by fire. In 1879, a new hospital was completed and accepted by the county. This facility was designed by N.D. Goodell, architect of the Governors Mansion in Sacramento. It stood until 1914, when construction of an entirely new facility was proposed. The main hospital building was completed in 1928, and still stands today. It was incorporated into the north/south wing of the main hospital in 1950.
In 1964, 34,000 square feet (3,200 m²) of space was added to the hospital. Two years later, the facility became a community hospital, making everyone in Sacramento County eligible for patient care. In 1966, an affiliation agreement was reached with UC Davis, making the hospital a primary teaching hospital, and expanding its mission to include education and research. The Medical School at Davis opened its doors on September 23, 1968 and one month later a dedication ceremony changed the name of the hospital from Sacramento County Hospital to the Sacramento Medical Center.
In 1970, defeat of a Health Sciences Bond issue squelched the hopes of a new V.A. hospital in Davis, CA, setting in motion an agreement signed two years later between the County of Sacramento and UC Davis. This agreement provided for the transfer of ownership and operation of the hospital to the University. That same year, UC Regents purchased 32 acres of vacant land east of 45th street, formerly used by the California State Fairgrounds. This purchase increased the size of the medical center campus to 54 acres. The Sacramento Medical Center officially became the University of California, Davis, Medical Center on July 1, 1978.
Construction Activity
The construction activity that will predominate at UC Davis Medical Center for the next several years is designed to achieve dual purposes: to comply with a state law governing seismic safety for hospitals, and to satisfy a pressing need for more space and modernized facilities.
Like all of the approximately 470 acute-care hospitals in California, UC Davis Medical Center is working to comply with SB 1953, which outlines sweeping seismic safety standards. The law requires that, by 2008, all general acute-care inpatient buildings at risk of collapsing during a strong earthquake must be rebuilt, retrofitted or closed.
As part of its compliance plan for SB 1953, the medical center will demolish the North-South Wing of the hospital. Much of the new construction is required to provide replacement space for the functions in the North-South Wing.
At the same time, the half-dozen major projects that will be in progress through 2008 will address a variety of urgent needs that will permit the medical center to maintain its role as an indispensable resource for the Sacramento region’s health and well-being. The projects will:
• provide additional, critically needed hospital beds, operating rooms and space for the emergency department;
• provide for the medical center’s energy needs;
• establish a state-of-the-art medical library;
• provide classrooms, conference space and other facilities to improve and expand educational opportunities for medical students, residents, nurses and other health-care professionals;
• expand the UC Davis Cancer Center to accommodate new equipment, additional patients and doctors; and
• construct quarters for a new research center being established with the help of $40 million from the National Science Foundation.
The medical center must accommodate an increasing demand for inpatient services through additional beds and operating rooms. The increased demand for surgical cases has been so dramatic that elective surgeries must be performed on weekends and evenings.
The medical center also has been operating at capacity for several years. On occasion, it has been forced to turn away all but the most seriously ill and injured patients because the hospital is completely full. The problem is likely to worsen with a growing population, growing numbers of uninsured patients who crowd emergency rooms because they cannot obtain care elsewhere, and a severe nursing shortage that is straining area hospitals.
External links
Official Web sites
Student Web sites
References
1. http://www.emsa.ca.gov/emsdivision/trma_ctr.pdf
2. http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html
Template:UC Davis
Template:University of California
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Another Candidate for the Indexing Bake-Off
One of the realities of life for a CIO is you talk to lots of vendors. Often I show up at a meeting that someone decided I "just had to be at" with very little idea of why I'm there. I know, you're saying "take charge of your schedule" and believe me I try, but sometimes politics is a driver you can't ignore. The largest crop of vendors I'm seeing lately is the type that comes in and says "we were sitting around one day and suddenly we thought 'Wow! We have the answer to Homeland Security'." Today I had such a meeting with a company called Whamtech. All in all, a pretty interesting technology. I think they'd make an excellent candidate for the indexing bake-off I proposed.
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:77880",
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"url": "arthritis-research.com/content/14/S3/A61/comments",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:36:17.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:ca6b9f4d-2ed7-4677-a5fe-17de308b5729>",
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This article is part of the supplement: Lupus 2012: New targets, new approaches
Meeting abstract
Lupus cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction
ML Ishimori*, M Agarwal, RK Ng, LD Nugent, DJ Wallace, RJ Siegel and MH Weisman
• * Corresponding author: ML Ishimori
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14(Suppl 3):A61 doi:10.1186/ar3995
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"uncompressed_offset": 16870895,
"url": "ask.wireshark.org/questions/12351/capture-from-other-device",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:36:17.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:ca6b9f4d-2ed7-4677-a5fe-17de308b5729>",
"warc_url": "http://ask.wireshark.org/questions/12351/capture-from-other-device"
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Hi I have Siemens HiPath PBX connected to my LAN. I want to capture all the traffic going in and out from that PBX on my computer.
Can I use wireshark to capture the packets?
SNMP is enables on Siemens HiPath system, is that useful for capture full traffic? I cannot install anything on Siemens HiPath as its not computer but IP-PBX hardware. please let me know what are the ways to capture the packets from it.
Thanks
asked 30 Jun '12, 23:34
Sanket P
1111
accept rate: 0%
I'm assuming your LAN is an Ethernet LAN. If so, then see the Wireshark Wiki page for capturing on Ethernet for the gory details of ways to capture on a switched Ethernet (if you're not on a switched Ethernet, any machine on the Ethernet should, if its Ethernet adapter can be put in promiscuous mode, be able to see all traffic on the Ethernet, including the PBX's traffic, but I think most Ethernets are switched these days, and that makes it harder).
link
answered 01 Jul '12, 10:03
Guy Harris ♦♦
7.6k11898
accept rate: 15%
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Wikimedia blog
News from the Wikimedia Foundation and about the Wikimedia movement
Wikimedia Research Newsletter, May 2012
Vol: 2 • Issue: 5 • May 2012 [archives]
Supporting interlanguage collaboration; detecting reverts; Wikipedia’s discourse, semantic and leadership networks, and Google’s Knowledge Graph
With contributions by: Jodi.a.schneider, Piotrus, Tbayer and Angelika Adam
Contents
Discourse on Wikipedia sometimes irrational and manipulative, but still emancipating, democratic and productive
An article[1] in sociology journal The Information Society looks at interactions between Wikipedia editors and the project’s governance, visible in the articles on stem cells and transhumanism, and in the analysis of Wikipedia’s discussion of userboxes, all through the prism of Jürgen Habermas universal pragmatics and Mikhail Bakhtin dialogism theories.
The authors focus on the qualitative analysis of language used by editors, to argue that Wikipedia has elements of a democracy, and is an example of a Web 2.0–empowering discourse tool. They stress that some forms of discourse found online (including on Wikipedia) may be highly irrational, something that some previous arguments that Web 2.0 is a democratic space have often ignored, but they argue that this is in fact not as much of a hindrance as previously expected. Cimini and Burr remark that discourse can develop between Wikipedians of widely differing points of view, and that some editors will engage in “repeated, strategic, and often highly manipulative attempts” to assert personal authority. Such discussions may be very lively, involving “personal, emotional, or humour-based arguments”, yet the authors argue that such comments may not be a hindrance; instead, “on many occasions, there is thus a clearer exposition of views that is achieved, in spite of, or perhaps because of, these personal [and] sometimes vulgar methods of argumentation.”
In the end, the authors are positive about the success of Wikipedia’s deliberation in reaching consensus, although they say that it can be “fleeting and transitory” on occasion. Unfortunately, the paper does not touch on Wikipedia policies such as Wikipedia:Civility and Wikipedia:No personal attacks, which would certainly have added to their analysis.
Despite the paper’s claim to have received approval for research through a university research ethics committee, the paper does critically discuss the postings of specifically named editors (“[Editor A's] claim to authority and ad hominem attacks were met with derision by [Editor B]” (names replaced by the Signpost); this may raise eyebrows. Not all editors are 100% anonymous, which raises the question of whether the researchers did enough to protect the identity and reputation of the editors it cites. At the very least, why weren’t the editors’ usernames changed in the quotes? Their direct identification adds nothing to the article, and may expose the users to attack. (Similar questions have been discussed in the past by members of the Wikimedia Foundation Research Committee.)
Different language Wikipedias: automatic detection of inconsistencies
In a paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Intercultural Collaboration (ICIC),[2] Kulkarni et al. offer a simple approach to support the work of Wikipedia editors who maintain articles concerning the same topic in multiple language versions. The long-term goal is to implement a bot that supports these specialized users by highlighting missing attributes and content inconsistencies.
The analysis was focused on a pairwise comparison of infoboxes in different languages. First, the attribute-value pairs were extracted from the infoboxes and translated into English via Google translate. The identification of matching attribute names was achieved through direct text comparison with a set of synonyms obtained from WordNet (this step was included to handle mismatches caused by translation errors and variations). In a second step (the matching of attribute-values) the authors again used direct text comparative methods, and checked whether the values could be identified as homophones, to exclude mismatches caused by spelling mistakes in the text.
The evaluation data-set of these analyses and the whole pipeline included articles from English, German, Chinese and Hindi Wikipedias concerning two restricted domains: Indian cities and US-based companies. The evaluation revealed “a significant increase in recall after the concepts of homophones and synonyms were applied in addition to the direct text comparison.” But the overall result was very weak, mainly due to translation errors. The authors noticed syntactic and semantic differences between the infoboxes, such as paraphrasing or different fact representations. “Also, abbreviations, units conversion and geographic location matching [was not handled by their system].” The researchers plan to improve the system by addressing all of these issues in turn.
Finding deeper meanings from the words used in Wikipedia articles
An undergraduate computer science honors thesis at Trinity University constructs a semantic graph from 451 articles, linked to from the World War II article.[3] Ryan Tanner’s goal is to produce a visualization “which allows one to quickly find and examine connections between the people, places and things described in Wikipedia”. The process is as follows:
1. Import SQL dump from the Wikimedia Foundation into a local database
2. Strip wiki markup from the articles using Bliki
3. Parse articles with the Stanford NLP, using dependency grammars to extract facts and simplify sentences
4. Parse the output from the Stanford library using Scala
1. Read a Stanford XML file into a collection of models.
2. Produce abstractions for named entities and locations.
3. Input models into the algorithm developed for this thesis (see Chapter 7)
5. Store results in a database.
6. Traverse the resulting graph and produce user-presentable output.
Originally the goal was to visualize the whole of Wikipedia; however, due to problems with the dump, only 250,000 articles out of about 1.5 million were imported. An even smaller subset was ultimately usable, since the Stanford NLP library crashed on many of the remaining articles due to markup issues and the need for manual cleanup. To ensure a dense graph, tests were focused on the network of the World War II article. Some brief examples of the resulting graph are given in Chapter 10, which notes false positives as one problem requiring further investigation. The author makes suggestions for future research, such as using Simple English Wikipedia or more complex relations.
How leaders emerge in the Wikipedia community
A paper titled “Leading the Collective: Social Capital and the Development of Leaders in Core-Periphery Organizations”[4] looks at how leaders emerge in Wikipedia and similar crowd-based organizations. While often seen as egalitarian and with little hierarchy, such projects always have a group of leaders who have emerged from the community (the “crowd”), involved in planning, mediation, and policy development. The authors treat Wikipedia and similar organization as a core–periphery network model developed by Steve Borgatti—a system with a deeply interconnected center and a poorly connected periphery. In Wikipedia, the leaders (“core”) comprise the most active contributors, and the authors assume they produce the most social capital. Using social network analysis, the paper looks at the interpersonal ties between the editors, focusing on the ties between leaders and periphery. The hypothesis is that specific types of ties will have a greater influence on advancement to leadership.
The authors collected data from RfA pages, and the ties were measured through user-talk-page interactions. Leaders were defined as admins, and periphery editors as non-administrators; this operationalization may raise some doubts about the validity, since some very active and prominent members of the community are not admins, something the authors do not address. The authors find that the most important ties are the early ones to the periphery, and later, ties to the leaders. Overall strong ties are not as important as weak ties, although Simmelian ties (between pairs of leader groups) are among the most important.
Collier and Kraut conclude that leaders in projects such as Wikipedia do not suddenly appear; instead, they evolve over time through their immersion in the project’s social network. Early in their experience, those leaders gain a deeper understanding of the community, developing a network of contacts through their weak ties to the periphery; later, their most important ties are to the leaders, particularly in the form of strong connection to a leader group.
Identifying software needs from Wikipedia translation discussions
A paper[5] presented at an international conference on intercultural collaboration aims “to identify the type of community interaction needed for successfully creating or amending an article via Wikipedia translation activities”, and proposes new software tools to facilitate these interactions. To this end, the researchers from Kyoto University analyzed 1694 talk-page comments from three Wikipedias, belonging to articles in categories marking (partial or complete) translations (e.g. fr:Catégorie:Projet:Traduction/Articles_liés): 228 articles from the Finnish, 93 from the French, and 94 from the Japanese Wikipedia. They attempted to categorize (code) each comment according to which “activity” it referred to (either editing the article or translating it), about which “context” it was referring to (using the categories “content”, “layout”, “sources”, “naming”, “significance” and “wording”), and which action was intended (requesting or providing help, requesting an edit, announcing an edit that the user had made, criticizing the article without a direct request for action, coordinating actions between users, or referring to an established Wikipedia policy).
Regarding comments focused on the activity of editing, the “results were consistent with previous research, with a high frequency of discussion contributions about content and layout”. The authors found that “the Japanese Wikipedia was the only one with more discussion contributions about layout than content when the discussion was about editing activities (40.18%)” and speculate that this is because “in the older, or larger, Wikipedias, practices and policies are likely to be better established than in the younger, or smaller, Wikipedias leading to a lower frequency of discussions about layout.” (However, they later point out that the Finnish Wikipedia, rather than the Japanese, is the smallest and youngest among the three examined ones, noting that it shows a much higher frequency of discussion about policy—15.0%, versus 6.0% on the French and 3.3% on the Japanese Wikipedia.) In this class of comments, “discussions about citing sources were relatively common in the Finnish and French Wikipedias (18.8% and 12.4%, respectively). In the Japanese Wikipedia, sources were less common with 7.1% of all discussion contributions regarding editing activities.”
Most discussions about translation activities were about naming—that is, “resolving the proper form for the title of the article, section or sub-section, names or proper nouns, and transliteration in the corresponding article”, contrasting the researchers’ initial hypothesis that such discussion would “have a high frequency of contributions regarding translation of specific words and expressions” (their “naming” category “does not include phrasing or resolving proper translation of individual words or expressions”). As one reason, they identify “the diversity in naming practices of events between different language sources, such as mass media. Especially in the Finnish Wikipedia, discussion about sources was common (16.15%). These two topics are loosely related, as direct translations of the names of well-known events are often not acceptable in the target language Wikipedia.”
Having identified naming issues and the search for suitable sources in the target language as “key problems” emerging in the translation discussions, the authors conclude that “the current approaches for supporting Wikipedia translation are not necessarily solving the main problems in Wikipedia translation” and proceed to suggest two “directions for designing supporting tools for Wikipedia translation, especially through open source development of MediaWiki extensions”:
• Support for consistent translation of names and proper nouns“, e.g. by making a “user editable multilingual dictionary resource” directly accessible in the design, and enabling editors to “coordinate through discussion pages directly related to a specific dictionary or dictionary entry in order to resolve inconsistencies in a centralized repository”
• Support for citing sources in translated articles“, by offering an automatic search for sources that have themselves been translated into the target language and/or the development of a supporting “crowdsourcing translation tool for open content sources not available in the target language using machine translation”
The paper makes references to previous work on Wikipedia translation (including the authors’ own), but does not mention the EU-supported CoSyne project, which aims to integrate tools with MediaWiki that “automate the dynamic multilingual synchronization process of Wikis” and would seem to have a lot of overlap with the kind of tools discussed in the paper.
New algorithm provides better revert detection
A paper[6] by three researchers affiliated with the EU-supported RENDER project (to be presented at next month’s “Hypertext 2012″ conference) promises “accurate revert detection in Wikipedia”. The article starts by describing the detection of reverts as “a foundational step for many (more elaborated) research ideas, [whose] purposeful handling leads to a superior understanding of wiki-like systems of collaboration in general”, giving an overview over such research. (Revert detection has also been used in tools for the use of the editing community, such as this one that identify articles on the German Wikipedia that are currently controversial.)
Overviewing the “state-of-the-art in revert detection”, the authors criticize the prevalent “identity revert detection method” (SIRD) which relies on finding identical revisions using MD5 hashes, arguing that it does not fully match the definition of a revert in the (English) Wikipedia’s policies at Wikipedia:Reverting: The SIRD method “does not require the reverting edit to actually undo the actions of an edit identified as reverted … [Furthermore, it] is not possible to indicate if the reverting edit fully, partly or not at all undid the actions of the reverted edit … It also does not require the intention of the reverting edit to revert any other edit.” (Still, mainly due to requests by researchers, MD5 hashes have been integrated directly into the revision table stored by MediaWiki recently, necessitating considerable technical efforts when updating the existing databases for Wikimedia projects.)
The paper then presents the authors’ new method for revert detection, which still aims to detect full reverts and to avoid false positives, while coming closer to the Wikipedia community’s definition. It is implemented as an algorithm based on splitting the revisions’ wikitext into word tokens (and made available online as a Python script). Also, MD5 hashes are still used on a paragraph level to be able to detect unchanged paragraphs easily and speed up computation. The algorithm was then evaluated by a panel of Wikipedians recruited on the English Wikipedia in comparison with the existing SIRD method.
As summarized by the authors, this user study found the new method to be “more accurate in identifying full reverts as understood by Wikipedia editors. More importantly, our method detects significantly fewer false positives than the SIRD method [27% in the sample, which however was somewhat small]“. As a drawback, the authors note “the increased computational cost. As [the new algorithm] is quadratic over the number of words in the DIFFs [the changed text between subsequent revisions], in its current implementation it might not be the tool of choice if larger amounts of articles are to be analyzed; especially in the case of complete history dumps of the large Wikipedias, e.g., English, German or Spanish.”
Briefly
The history of art mapped using Wikipedia (visualization of wikilinks between “art-historical actors” spanning at most 75 years, from Goldfarb et al.)
• The history of art mapped using Wikipedia: A paper by four researchers from Vienna, to be presented at next month’s WebSci 2012 conference [7] examines the wikilinks between 18,002 Wikipedia articles about artists (or more precisely “art-historical actors”, derived from the English Wikipedia via DBpedia), from present times back to ancient Greece. A first result appears to confirm the assumption that artists are more likely to be influenced by or related to their contemporaries: “the number of short links covering 0–37.5 years clearly outnumbers the sum of all the other …. This can be interpreted as such that contemporaries are much more likely to be interlinked than persons who are generations apart” They present a visualization of the link graph colored by nationality of the person, which “reveals interesting patterns of cultural interaction within the network, as they are perceived by the English speaking Wikipedia community: The left side … is dominated by Italians (green). This cluster spans Renaissance and Baroque times, fading out by the end of the 17th century. A small cluster on the lower left represents German Renaissance around Albrecht Duerer (black) … The rightmost part represents Post-Modernist Americans, with a nationality-independent cluster of Architects beneath.”
• The use of references in Wikipedia coverage of current events: On the blog of Ushahidi[8], Wikimedia researcher Heather Ford described preliminary “key findings” from an ongoing project examining the use of sources in Wikipedians work on current events such as the 2011 Egyptian Revolution: “1. The source <original version of the article and its author> of the page can play a significant role 2. Primary sources are gradually replaced by secondary sources,” 3. The cite is not always the same as the source (“the citation that editors use to back up a particular phrase are not always the same as the source from which they receive their information”), 4. The blurring of boundaries along traditional “reliable sources” lines. Her “design recommendations include the design of source management systems around the kind of collaboration that is already working on Wikipedia: where editors collaborate around specific news stories, checking to see whether the source actually reflects the information in the article, whether the source is accurately contextualized, whether other media verify the facts in the article and whether there is any accompanying multimedia.”
• Distribution of article title lengths: A statistical analysis of the length of the more than 40 million article titles on all Wikipedias (including redirects) found that 90% are shorter than 32 characters and 98% are shorter than 53 characters. The blog post[9] by Denny Vrandečić, head of the Wikidata development team—who generated those stats to inform some design decisions for this project—provides charts of the length distribution for each language, exhibiting some interesting differences and similarities (e.g. the distributions for the English, German, French, Polish and Russian Wikipedias, as well as the overall one, peaks around 13 charaters).
• To understand a Wikipedia article, which others does one need to read first?: A paper titled “Crowdsourced Comprehension: Predicting Prerequisite Structure in Wikipedia[10] starts from the assumption that “the primary reason that technical documents are difficult to understand is lack of modularity: unlike a self-contained document written for a general reader, technical documents require certain background knowledge to comprehend—while that background knowledge may also be available in other on-line documents, determining the proper sequence of documents that a particular reader should study is difficult”. Trying to develop a method to solve this problem in the example of five Wikipedia articles (global warming, meiosis, Newton’s laws of motion, parallel postulate and public-key cryptography), the researchers analyzed the structure of wikilinks, whether pages had been edited by the same users, and the page text itself, and had Mechanical Turk workers decide in advance for many pairs of linked articles (within a subject domain) whether one was a prerequisite to understand the other. They conclude that “while it is not immediately obvious that this task is feasible, our experiments suggest that relatively reliable features to predict prerequisite structure exist, and can be successfully combined using standard machine learning methods”.
• High-conflict areas may deter uninvolved users: A student thesis from Macalester College, titled “Characterizing Conflict in Wikipedia” [11] examines editing disputes between Wikipedians that concern several articles, pointing out that much of the previous research has only looked at such conflicts one article at a time. The analysis involved clustering 1.4 million articles. Among the conclusions is that “The vast majority of conflicts are very small, but there are still thousands of conflicts involving at least one hundred users. Conflicts between small numbers of users, or with small numbers of reverts, tend to span only one article, whereas larger conflicts tend to span more than one article.” Also, within a conflict cluster, “contributions from users uninvolved in conflicts are even lower than those involved in conflicts. This indicates that users may be deterred from contributing to areas with high concentrations of conflict.”
• The vandalism revert and other temporal motifs, and their change from 2001 to 2011: A paper presented at ICWSM ’12[12] looks—like several other recent papers—at the bipartite graph of editors and the articles they have edited, but enriches it “with temporal information of both who edited the article [discerning bots, IP editors, and admins], and how the article was changed [. This] enables discovering meaningful editing behavior in the form of network motifs. These temporal motifs are repeated subgraphs of the editing graph which correspond to significant patterns of collaborative interactions.” (The concept of network motifs is popular in bioinformatics, where it is applied to gene regulatory networks. See also the review of a earlier paper applying a simpler kind of motifs to analyze the editors-articles graph: “Collaboration pattern analysis: Editor experience more important than ‘many eyes’“.) Motifs involving just a single author were the most frequent. As an example of the patterns that become visible by including temporal information, among the multi-author motifs those involving a revert “occur much faster, with 6,558 of all 13,961 such motifs having a median time under 5 minutes … The strong correspondence between reverting an edit and combating vandalism suggests that such short durations are due to active participation by Wikipedia community members, such as the Counter Vandalism Unit, which actively monitors recent revisions for potential vandalism”. The authors then look at how the frequency of their motifs has changed over the history of Wikipedia from 2001 to 2011, and find that “the trends suggest that the early growth was fueled by content addition from single authors or collaborating between two authors (B) and contributions from administrators. These early behaviors have given way to increases in behaviors associated with editing (A) and maintaining quality or vandalism detection (D).”
• The Wikipedia research behind Google’s new Knowledge Graph?: On May 16, Google introduced its Knowledge Graph, a semantic network drawing information from many different sources including Wikipedia, which Google uses to enhance its search engine results with semantic information—often appearing to include excerpts from the infobox and lead section of a particular Wikipedia article on the top right corner of the results page. Two days later, Google Research announced a paper by two Google employees titled “A Cross-Lingual Dictionary for English Wikipedia Concepts”[13] describing the construction of “a resource for automatically associating strings of text [such as search terms] with English Wikipedia concepts”, considering “each individual Wikipedia article as representing a concept (an entity or an idea), identified by its URL”. The resulting dataset is available for download and described as having been “designed for recall [rather than precision]. It is large and noisy, incorporating 297,073,139 distinct string-concept pairs, aggregated over 3,152,091,432 individual links”.
References
1. Cimini, N., & Burr, J. (2012). An Aesthetic for Deliberating Online: Thinking Through “Universal Pragmatics” and “Dialogism” with Reference to Wikipedia. The Information Society, 28(3), 151–160. Routledge. DOI:10.1080/01972243.2012.669448
2. Gurunath Kulkarni, R., Trivedi, G., Suresh, T., Wen, M., Zheng, Z., & Rose, C. (2012). Supporting collaboration in Wikipedia between language communities. Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intercultural Collaboration – ICIC ’12 (p. 47). New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. DOI:10.1145/2160881.2160890
3. Tanner, R. (2012). Creating a Semantic Graph from Wikipedia. Computer Science Honors Theses. Paper 29. http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/compsci_honors/29/
4. Collier, B., & Kraut, R. (2012). Leading the Collective: Social Capital and the Development of Leaders in Core–Periphery Organizations. Physics and Society. http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.3682
5. Gurunath Kulkarni, R., Trivedi, G., Suresh, T., Wen, M., Zheng, Z., & Rose, C. (2012). Supporting collaboration in Wikipedia between language communities. Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intercultural Collaboration – ICIC ’12 (p. 47). New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. DOI:10.1145/2160881.2160890
6. Fabian Flöck, Denny Vrandecic and Elena Simperl. Reverts Revisited – Accurate Revert Detection in Wikipedia. HT’12, June 25–28, 2012, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
7. Doron Goldfarb, Max Arends, Josef Froschauer, Dieter Merkl. Art History on Wikipedia, a Macroscopic Observation WebSci 2012, June 22–24, 2012, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
8. Ford, Heather: Update on the Wikipedia sources project. Ushahidi.com, May 17, 2012
9. Vrandečić, D. (2012). Distribution of title lengths in Wikipedias. simia.net, 10 May 2012
10. Talukdar, P. P., & Cohen, W. W. (2012). Crowdsourced Comprehension: Predicting Prerequisite Structure in Wikipedia. 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, NAACL 2012. PDF
11. Miller, N. (2012). Characterizing Conflict in Wikipedia. Honors Projects. Paper 25. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/mathcs_honors/25
12. Jurgens, D., & Lu, T.-ching. (2012). Temporal Motifs Reveal the Dynamics of Editor Interactions in Wikipedia. ICWSM ’12 PDF
13. Valentin I. Spitkovsky, Angel X. Chang. “A Cross-Lingual Dictionary for English Wikipedia Concepts“. Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012)
Wikimedia Research Newsletter
Vol: 2 • Issue: 5 • May 2012
This newletter is brought to you by the Wikimedia Research Committee and The Signpost
Subscribe: Email [archives] [signpost edition] [contribute] [research index]
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MIX10 Keynote: Silverlight and Windows Phone 7
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kicks
MIX10 Keynote: Silverlight and Windows Phone 7 (Unpublished)
Yesterday there was a unique event on Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands. Microsoft Netherlands organized, for the first time, an official get-together for a small group of people to come together and watch the MIX10 Keynote and I was fortunate to be one of those people. This article is about the keynote and the event in the Netherlands.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(Wired Adaptors: remove confusing reference to adaptor for different board with different voltage spec)
Line 37: Line 37:
** 7-port silver/black hub. Also sold elsewhere under brands such as 'EX-Pro', 'Trixes' and 'Xentra' -- This is ''probably''due to an inadequate power supply.
** 7-port silver/black hub. Also sold elsewhere under brands such as 'EX-Pro', 'Trixes' and 'Xentra' -- This is ''probably''due to an inadequate power supply.
** Generic 7-port black hub with Genesys Logic GL850A chipset
** Generic 7-port black hub with Genesys Logic GL850A chipset
+
+
== USB Remotes ==
+
* [https://www.google.com/search?q=tranksung+TS-Y150 Tranksung TS-Y150] USB RF Keyboard and air mouse (B)
== USB Keyboards ==
== USB Keyboards ==
Revision as of 18:56, 8 May 2012
Contents
Back to the Hub.
Hardware & Peripherals:
Hardware and Hardware History.
Low-level Peripherals and Expansion Boards.
Screens, Cases and Other Peripherals.
Notes
19-Apr-2012: Now that the Model B board is shipping, details added should relate to this board and the default Debian distribution unless stated otherwise. A suggested suffix markup scheme is as follows:
• (A) - Relates to model A production board
• (B) - Relates to model B production board
• (!) - Information from alpha and beta board days -- beta board verified peripherals should still apply to production boards for the most part, but the alpha board is fairly different
• No markup - relates to all production boards
Discuss: http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=247
If you are adding to a product list it would help clarity if entries are kept/added in alphabetical order.
Warning: Adding peripherals may increase the loading on the power supply to your board and this, in turn, may affect the voltage presented to the RPi. If the RPi's supply voltage falls below a certain value (anecdotally stated as around 4.75V), or it begins to fluctuate, your setup may become unstable. There is a Wiki section about this issue which is worth a read.
Powered USB Hubs
A number of low-cost powered USB hubs are known to have caused problems. Members of the Raspberry Pi forums have reported low power or no power at all in some cases. The following is a list of specific Powered USB Hubs which appear to be fault-free. Please note that these do not take into account powering the Raspberry Pi from the hub, in addition to its peripherals.
Working USB Hubs
• Targus
• ACH81xx 7-port powered hub. 5V 3A power supply, with 2 high power ports. (possible conflicting behaviour with USB keyboard / Wifi Dongles)
• Newlink
• NLUSB2-224P 4 port USB 2.0 Mini hub with PSU 5V 1A
• Logik
• LP4HUB10 4-Port USB Hub
Problem USB Hubs
• Unbranded / Multiple Brands
• 7-port silver/black hub. Also sold elsewhere under brands such as 'EX-Pro', 'Trixes' and 'Xentra' -- This is probablydue to an inadequate power supply.
• Generic 7-port black hub with Genesys Logic GL850A chipset
USB Remotes
USB Keyboards
USB keyboards that present themselves as a standard HID (Human Interface Device) device should work.
Working USB Keyboards
The following is a list of specific keyboards known to work and which appear to be fault-free.
• Acer
• Compact Keyboard KU-0906 (B)
• Apple
• Apple Keyboard (109 keys) A1048
• Cerulian
• Mini wireless keyboard and mouse deskset (B)
• Dell
• SK-8135 (B)
• SK-8115 (B)
• Fujitsu Siemens
• KB SC USB UK (!)
• Genius
• KB-06XE (K639) (B)
• Lenovo
• SK-8825 UK (B)
• Lenovo Enhanced Multimedia Remote with backlit keyboard N5902 (US)
• Logitech
• diNovo Mini wireless keyboard with media controls and clickpad 920-000586 (B)
• Wii wireless keyboard KG-0802 (!)
• C-BG17-Dual Wireless keyboard and mouse with wired USB received (B)
• Microsoft
• Comfort Curve Keyboard 2000 v1.0 (Debian 13-Apr-2012 on Production Model B)
• Riitek
• RT-MWK03 mini wireless keyboard & trackpad
• Tesco
• Value Keyboard VK109 (B)
• Xenta
• 2.5Ghz Wireless Multimedia Entertainment Keyboard with Touchpad (B)
Problem USB Keyboards
• Microsoft
• Wireless Desktop 800 - Keyboard has 'sticky' keys. (!)
• Wireless Optical Desktop 1000 - Keyboard has 'sticky' keys (B)
• Novatech
• Unbranded
• model no. HK-6106 (B) [2]
• Levono/IBM
• Logitech
USB Mouse devices
USB mouse devices that present themselves as a standard HID (Human Interface Device) device should work, however some hardware requires special drivers or additional software, usually only compatible with Windows operating systems.
Working USB Mouse Devices
The following is a list of specific mouse devices known to work and which appear to be fault-free.
• Dell
• M-UVDEL1 (B)
• M056U0A (B)
• Genius
• GM-04003A (B)
• Microsoft
• Compact optical mouse 500 V2.0 (B)
• Wheel Optical Mouse (wheel and additional buttons not tested) (B)
• Microsoft Intellimouse Optical Mouse
• Logitech
• M505 USB wireless laser, model no: 910-001324 (B)
• M-BJ79 (B)
• LX-700 Cordless Desktop Receiver (B)
• Tesco
• Wired optical mouse M211 (B)
USB WiFi Adapters
See also: http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-44703/l/raspberry-pi-wifi-adapter-testing
There is a howto on installing the TL-WN722N adapter here, which also acts as a guide for installing others too.
Working USB Wifi Adapters
These adapters are known to work on the Raspberry Pi. This list is not exhaustive, other adapters may well work, but have not yet been tried.
• 3COM
• 3CRUSB10075: ZyDAS zd1211rw chipset (!)
• Asus
• USB-N10 USB ID 0b05:1786, r8712u staging driver, included on Fedora Remix & Arch, must compile if Debian, requires firmware-realtek; todo: test with mouse (B)
• USB-N13 USB ID 0b05:17ab, using compiled manufacturer driver for RTL8192CU; todo: test with mouse (B)
• D-Link
• AirPlus G DWL-G122 (rev. E). USB ID 07d1:3c0f, Ralink RT2870. On Debian requires the firmware-ralink package from the squeeze-firmware non-free repository.
• Edimax
• EW-7811Un USB ID 7392:7811, RTL8192CU, use driver for Asus USB-N13 above (same chipset), driver blob download via Element14, works with WPA2-AES-CCMP (B)
• IOGear
• GWU625 USB ID 0bda:8172, r8712u staging driver, included on Fedora Remix & Arch, must compile if Debian, requires firmware-realtek; warning: conflict with mouse (B)
• Netgear
• N150: Reported as WNA1100 device, uses the Atheros ar9271 chipset. On Debian, requires the firmware-atheros package from the squeeze-backports non-free repository (!)
• WG111v2: Realtek rtl8187 chipset (!)
• Sempre
• Tenda
• USB 11n adapter on a G network: Ralink 2870/3070 driver (!)
• TP-Link
Problem USB Wifi Adapters
These adapters were tested and found to have issues the Raspberry Pi.
• Trendnet
• TEW-424UB USB ID: 0bda:8189; tested on Debian, Fedora & Arch; rtl8187 driver; conflicts with some keyboards (B)
• BlueProton
• BT3 USB ID: 0bda:8187; tested on Debian, Fedora & Arch; rtl8187 driver; conflicts with some keyboards (B)
• TP-Link
• TL-WN821N USB ID: 0cf3:7015; tested on Debian; requires htc_7010.fw firmware; ath9k_htc driver; conflicts with some keyboards (B)
USB Bluetooth adapters
• Cambridge Silicon Radio, Ltd Bluetooth Dongle (HCI mode) - (USB ID 0a12:0001)
USB Ethernet adapters
USB IR Receivers
USB TV Tuners
• August
• DVB-T205, based on rtl2832u chipset, working with this driver. Tested with Saorview (Irish DTT service), both HD & SD.
USB Webcam
USB UART adapters
The USB UART adapter is used to access the serial console of the Raspberry Pi from a development host such as a laptop or desktop PC. The USB end connects to the PC and the UART header end connects to the USB. While it is possible to connect the USB end to another Raspberry Pi, this configuration has not been tested unless explicitly mentioned against an individual entry below.
Power adapters
The Raspberry Pi uses a standard MicroUSB power connector, which runs at 5v. Generally you can use a MicroUSB to USB cable and then either power the Raspberry Pi directly from your main computers USB ports (if they provide enough power), or by using a USB to Mains adaptor. A number of mobile phones use MicroUSB power cables, and these are compatible with the Raspberry Pi in most cases. Below is a list of power adaptors known to work.
Wired Adaptors
• All HTC mobile phone adaptors
• TCP-300 Single port USB mains phone charger 5v 1A (B)
• Blackberry
• Charger for Pearl Flip 8220, Bold 9600 (B)
• Model PSM04R-0500CHW1(M), RIM Part Number HDW-17957-003, Output 700mA @ 5V (B)
• Samsung
• Charger for Galaxy SII 5V 0.7A
• Maplin Electronics
• 5v 1000mA dual USB power supply, model number H25B-MT-K2
External Batteries
• New Trent
• iCurve IMP70D 7000mAh (Approx 12hrs from full charge)
Display adapters
While technically there shouldn't be a difference between one (for example) HDMI->DVI adapter and another, it would be nice to have a list of working ones so if necessary, you can just buy a recommended one (contributors should give links) instead of hunting around. This section could contain information about verified HDMI->DVI, CompositeRCA->SCART, CompositeRCA->VGA boxes/chipsets, and HDMI->VGA boxes/chipsets.
HDMI->DVI-D
None explicitly mentioned
HDMI->VGA converter boxes
According to user "asb" -- http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B007KEIRNG -- the Neewer HDMI to VGA adapter works with the Pi.
This adapter (from Kanaan) -- http://www.amazon.co.uk/KanaaN-Adapter-Converter-Cable-Resolutions/dp/B007QT0NNW -- is working. Quality not wonderful, but certainly usable, on 1400x900 monitor.
Composite->SCART
None explicitly mentioned
Composite->VGA converter boxes
None explicitly mentioned, and they are pricey so the chances of someone buying one to test functionality is low
SD cards
Note that manufacturers change their designs over time, even as the specs stay the same. (E.g. an ACME 8 GB class 4 card manufactured in 2011 might work, while one manufactured in 2012 might not.) For this reason, please specify product numbers in the lists below, when possible.
Working SD Cards
• Adata
• Class 10 8GB (AUSDH8GCL10-R)
• Dane-Elec
• 16Gb class 4
• Integral
• Ultima Pro 16GB Class 10 (20MB/s)
• Kingston
• SD 2GB (no class mentioned)
• SDHC 8GB class 4
• SDHC 8GB class 10 (ultimateX 120X)
• Kodak
• SDHC 8GB Class 4
• Lexar
• 4GB SDHC Class4 (Boots consistently and no error messages in log after 1/2 hour use )
• 8GB SDHC Class4
• 4GB Platinum II SDHC Class 6 (from Microcenter)
• 8GB Platinum II SDHC Class 6
• Microcenter Brand (sold in bins at checkout)
• MyMemory
• Panasonic
• Peak
• 4GB microSDHC class4 (MMBTR04GUBCA-ME) tested with Arch
• PNY
• 4GB SDHC Class 4
• Samsung
• SDHC 4GB
• SDHC 8GB
• SDHC 16GB Class 6 (MB-SSAGAEU)
• SanDisk
• Ultra 2GB Class 4 (15MB/s)
• Ultra II SD 2GB class 4
• Ultra II SDHC 4GB class 4
• 2GB (non SDHC but with a circle 2 --probably class 2), writes at 3.5 Mb/s
• 2GB, white "SanDisk for Wii" branded, no class mentioned
• Ultra SDHC 4GB class 6 (SDSDH-004G-U46 - BH1136121837G, BH1130521822D)
• Ultra SDHC 8GB class 6 (SDSDH-008G-U46 - BI1131222083D) (could be problematic, see below)
• 4/8GB Micro SDHC (with Sandisk MicroSD => SD adaptor) Class 4
• 4GB Micro SDHC (with Sandisk MicroSD => SD adaptor) Class 2
• 4GB SHDC (class 4)
• 8GB SDHC (class 4); writes at ~1.5MB/s
• 16GB SDHC (class 4)
• 32GB SDHC Class 6
• Extreme III 2GB (BE0715105083B)
• Sony
• SDHC 4GB class 4 (SF-4B4)
• Transcend
• SDHC 16GB class 10
• SDHC 8GB class 10 (TS8GSDHC10) Transcend 8G class 10
• SDHC 8GB class 6 (~5.8 MB/s read/write following RPi_Performance#SD_card)
• SDHC 4GB class 4 - we've found these to work without any errors and offer reasonable performance
• SDHC 4GB class 4 (TS4GSDHC4 - BH1130821915G)
• SDHC 4GB class 6 (TS4GSDHC6) - no problems.
• SDHC 8GB class 6 (TS8GSDHC6-P2 - MMBFG08GWACA-M6)
• SDHC 16GB class 6 (TS16GSDHC6)
• SDHC 8GB class 4
Known good (and pre-loaded) cards will be available for sale from RS and element14 at a later date (TBA).
Problem SD Cards
There are issues with most Class 10 SDHC cards, apparently due to a bug in the Broadcom bootloader.[1]
This seems to have been fixed in sdhci.c: [2] Further feedback will be useful.
• Panasonic
• Patriot
• Class 10 8GB (PSF8GSDHC10)
• SanDisk
• Ultra SDHC Class 4 4GB (BH1028516076D) - Intermitant booting ( 1/50 power on ), random timeout messages when it does boot.
• Ultra Class 6 8GB (B11201421964G)
• Ultra SDHC I 8GB Class 6 (BI1201221964G) - Boots kernel but won't run init ( mmc timeout waiting for interrupt )
• Ultra SDHC 8GB class 6 (SDSDH-008G-U46 - BI1131222083D) - Boots kernel but won't run init ( mmc timeout waiting for interrupt )
• Mobile Ultra microSDHC 4 GB Class 6 - Boots kernel but won't run init ( mmc timeout waiting for interrupt )
• Ultra Class 6 16GB (BL1202021933G)
• Extreme Class 6 4Gb (BH0822411730D)
• Extreme Class 6 8GB (BI1101116253G)
• Extreme Class 10 8GB (BI1108716254G)
• Extreme Pro Class 10 8GB - Boots kernel but won't run init ( mmc timeout waiting for interrupt )
• Kingston
• SDHC 4GB class 4 (works but gets mmc errors: mmc0: final write to SD card still running) Russel King might have a kernel patch for this problem.
• Integral
• Ultima Pro 16GB SDHC Class 6 (SH016GAA2BB)
The usual warnings against less reputable sellers (such as Ebay merchants) apply.
Note that the following error is sometimes accompanied with a non-working SD card after booting (on Debian):
mmc0: timeout waiting for hardware interrupt
Benchmarks
Foreign Language Translations
References
1. http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/keyboard-creates-kernal-panic/page-2
2. http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/keyboard-creates-kernal-panic/page-2
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eLinux.org:Site support
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:26, 22 August 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Volunteering to improve the wiki
Below please find links to various pages with information and ideas for content and feature additions to the eLinux wiki.
(Various lists have crept up over the years, lets try to gather links to them here:)
Lists of editor tasks:
A lot of wanted pages are just dangling links from the Help pages, for pages that were not created when we initially set up the wiki. I think most of these types of pages can just be set to stubs. Alternatively, we can look at the MediaWiki site and copy the page from their site for these dangling help examples.
Another big set of wanted pages are for links between pages that were copied from the old CELF public wiki to here. This was done with some automated tools, which I think made some errors in the translation from MoinMoin to MediaWiki. If the legacy CELF page exists in this site, the link on the "requesting" page just needs to be repaired. If there is not matching page, then the link should just be removed.
Just for fun, I'm keeping track over time of some metrics:
Wanted page count history
Date Wanted page count
Dec 12, 2008 233
April 6, 2009 241 (why up?)
April 15, 2010 122
April 12, 2011 50 (but only few really relevant)
Why do these stats occasionally rise? On occasion, the Help pages are re-imported to pick up new pages. This can cause increases in Wanted Pages when the new pages have new page links on them that are not yet present in the new pages set.
To de-orphan a page, follow the link to the page, and create a link to it from an appropriate other page in the wiki. Before doing that, check to make sure that the information on the page is not duplicated somewhere else in the wiki (maybe by doing a search). Alternatively, sometimes the information can be copied from the orphan to someplace else, and the orphan removed. If you copy the information to somewhere else, just edit the orphan to make it empty, and add the page name to the list here, and an administrator will remove the page.
List of empty orphan pages:
• <put page name here>
Orphan page count history
Date Orphan page count
Dec 12, 2008 122
April 6, 2009 134 (what the heck?)
Dec 2, 2009 89
Dec 9, 2009 30
April 13, 2011 26
Lists of administrator tasks:
Other lists:
Templates
Wikipedia style templates can be used to flag pages that may require an action. The tranclusion causes a box to appear at the top of the page and causes the page is added to a category for action. These categories can be seen for a list of pages to work on.
Some template/category combinations include:
See also Category:Templates
Resources for volunteers and wiki administrators
To communicate with other elinux wiki volunteers, editors and administrators, please join our
• Mailing list
• History page - has information about how we got here and why. Also, has links to pages used for previous activities, like contests and promotions.
Ideas to encourage contributions
systems to facilitate exiting content review
• create email system that people can subscribe to, to review wiki pages a little at a time
systems to facilitate addition of content
• ability to bounce an LKML email to a collector, possibly adding a tag
• collector would post to wiki, with tag
• ability to forward and LKML email to a site, which returns you a URL (on e.g. lkml.org) for that message
• This makes it easier to link to an LKML message or thread.
• ability to rate LKML messages on a web site
Donations
We don't really have an official mechanism for donations of money.
We are, however, looking for donations of items we can use for prizes for some of our upcoming contests. Embedded Linux-based products, or tools or books related to embedded Linux, would be most appreciated.
If you have something like this, or a large donation (greater than $100), please contact Tim Bird or Bill Traynor.
Tim is available at: tim (dot) bird (at) am (dot) sony (dot) com. Bill is available at: wmat (at) naoi (dot) ca.
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Salt Lake Rose Park Family History CenterEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes the services and resources available at a Family History Center, a branch facility of the Family History Library.
(Add a brief paragraph about your center here and the area it serves. Information in italics below is guidance for you and should be deleted as you fill out the page. Remove italics from other text by selecting the text and clicking the "I" box in the Toolbar above.)
Contents
Center Contacts and Hours
Location & Map:
1. (Address)
2. (Include information about your center that would be helpful for first time visitors such which entrance in the building to use, parking, etc. Use as many or as few bullet points as needed.)
3. (Link to map using Google or other map sites)
Phone:
E-mail:
Open Hours:
Holiday Schedule:
Calendar and Events
Upcoming Events
Class Schedule
Staff Training Meetings
Center Resources
Collections
• Family History Library Catalog: This center has the ability to order any of the films and fiche available through the Family History Library Catalog.
• (List additional collections you have such as the types of books and microfilm you have on indefinite loan; though you will not want to list every single item you have. Just give visitors to this page a general idea of your resources.)
Databases and Software
• FHC Portal This center has access to the Family History Center Portal page which gives free access in the center to premium family history software and websites that generally charge for subscriptions. (Note to FHC: Not all FHCs have access to this portal. If you do not, you will want to remove this entire bullet. If you do have access to it, just remove this text in italics.)
Hardware and Equipment
• (Include the resources you have to help individuals do their research - computers, microfilm readers, printers, etc. )
Center Services
Staff Research Specialties
(Include sections for any other services your center provides. Add additional sections for those services. See the Mesa and Logan FHC pages for examples.)
Resources in the Local Area
(This section is to highlight other resources in your area that will be helpful for individuals doing research there in your location, if there are any, such as government offices, historical societies, etc.)
Links
(Include links to other websites of interest to those who visit your center such as links to the city, county and state wiki pages where your center is located.)
Volunteer at the Center
(Include information here about the volunteers you are looking for.)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 11 April 2013, at 20:16.
• This page has been accessed 214 times.
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Changes related to "Louisiana, Naturalization Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)"
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A POSSIBILITY OF GENERATION OF SURF BEATS
Sanae Unoki, Ichiro Isozaki
Abstract
Indentations of a shoreline or ups and downs of sea bottom form a small oscillating system of water. When the period of natural oscillation in it is near that of advancing sea waves a forced standing oscillation develops there, accompanied by an uneven mean surface level of second order. If the height of the sea waves varies slowly with time, the mean surface fluctuates with the period same as that of the envelope of the sea waves, and such fluctuation will be sent back offshore as a surf beat when it is released by breaking of the original sea waves. The generated long wave seems to be correlated positively or negatively with the envelope of the sea waves, depending on the topography of the basin and the period of the incident sea waves. A possibility of generation of similar long wave in front of a breakwater or a steep beach is also suggested.
Keywords
surf beats; surf beat generation
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DATA REVIEW
M.M. Das
Abstract
A review of laboratory and field studies on suspended sediment under waves shows that although about five analytical or semi-empirical approaches have been attempted to predict the vertical distribution of suspended sediment, none of the approaches has had its general validity proven. This is mainly due to the lack of knowledge about the characteristics of turbulence of the wave boundary layer and to the lack of a suitable suspended sediment measuring technique for use in waves. Six different suspended sediment measuring techniques have been used in the studies previewed. Although none of them gives completely reliable laboratory or field measurements, an optical system appears to show promise in obtaining information on the mechanics of suspension under waves. The reanalysis of longshore sediment transport data and tests of the relationships Q = A..E , Q = A,,E , and I = A„E , where Q is volume transport rate in cubic yards per day, E is longshore component of wave energy flux in lbs per day per foot of beach and I is immersed weight transport rate in lbs per day, for different subsets of data and using the method of least squares, showed that a single set of A-, A„ and B does not fit all subsets of data with minimum average percentage deviation of observed values from those predictable by the relationships. The subset of data consisting of all but the observations with light weight sediments can be described by the line of fit, Q =1.93 X 10-4E , with the observed data differing from the predicted ones by 74 percent on the average.
Keywords
sediment transport; longshore current; suspended sediment
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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BRAGG REFLECTION BREAKWATER: A NEW SHORE PROTECTION METHOD?
James A. Bailard, Jack DeVries, James T. Kirby, Robert T. Guza
Abstract
The feasibility of a new type of breakwater is explored through a combined program of theorteical analysis, laboratory experiments and a prototype field test. The breakwater consists of a series of low height, shoreparallel bars which are placed just outside the surfzone. The incident wave field is strongly reflected when the incident wave length is equal to twice the distance between adjacent bars. The breakwater acts to shelter the beach against storm wave attack and to build a tombolo sand deposit behind the breakwater. Theoretical and laboratory studies indicated that the Bragg reflection breakwater concept may have considerable merit, however, a small scale field test served to demonstrate the many practical difficulties in implementing the concept.
Keywords
shore protection; reflection; Bragg reflection; breakwater
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Edmonds Military Wire: Military suicides continue to rise – Murray takes action
By Michael Schindler
The word is out – military suicides in 2012 exceeded those in 2011. More dollars spent on more programs has resulted in a negative return on results – and Washington State’s senior U.S. Senator Patty Murray is working to turn the tide.
The following is the official press release from Senator Murray’s office:
On January 3rd, 2013 an amendment sponsored by U.S. Sen. Patty Murray, Chairman of the Senate Veterans’ Affairs Committee, that would require the Pentagon to implement a standardized and comprehensive suicide prevention program was signed into law by the President as part of the National Defense Authorization Act (S.3254). Murray crafted the amendment after a major study by the RAND Corporation showed that there are serious gaps and a lack of consistency in military services’ suicide prevention programs.
The new law comes as the number of active duty suicides continues to rise with 2012 exceeding 2011. “This law is another step forward in our efforts to ensure that servicemembers aren’t slipping through the cracks,” said Senator Murray. “It will help to not only standardize suicide prevention efforts, but also contains provisions to reduce wait times, ensure proper diagnoses, and achieve true coordination of care and information between the Pentagon and the VA. We cannot afford to be passive about the military suicide epidemic we face. We must continue to respond with every legislative and outreach effort possible in order to turn this tragic trend around.”
Murray’s amendment calls for the Department of Defense to create a comprehensive, standardized suicide prevention program; expand eligibility for Department of Veterans Affairs mental health services to family members; strengthen oversight of DoD Mental Health Care and the Integrated Disability Evaluation System; improve training and education for our health care providers; create more peer-to-peer counseling opportunities; and require VA to establish accurate and reliable measures for mental health services.
You can find more information on Murray’s ACCESS Act, which was signed into law as part of the Defense Authorization Act, here.
Bottom line: I think we are on the right path – however, as many of us know, laws have to be enforced and new methods executed in order for there to be effectiveness and change. I truly hope fundamental change occurs with how we deal with this issue – lives depend on it.
Michael Schindler, Navy veteran, and president of Edmonds-based Operation Military Family, is a guest writer for several national publications, author of the book “Operation Military Family” and “The Military Wire” blog. He is also a popular keynote and workshop speaker who reaches thousands of service members and their families every year through workshops and seminars that include “How to Battle-Ready Your Relationship” or “What Your Mother-in-Law Didn’t Tell You.” He received the 2010 Outstanding Patriotic Service Award from the Washington State Department of Veterans Affairs.
To encourage constructive community dialogue, all commenters must use their real names, first and last. Comments from users with names that don't comply with this policy will be removed. Thank you for your cooperation.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
There is no pleasure to me without communication: there is not so much as a sprightly thought comes into my mind that it does not grieve me to have produced alone, and that I have no one to tell it to. Montaigne, Michel Eyquem De
This quote is about communication · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Winners make a habit of manufacturing their own positive expectations in advance of the event. Tracy, Brian
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes about risks
These are quotes tagged with "risks". You can also search for quotes containing the word risks.
"“Do one thing every day that scares you.” – Eleanor Roosevelt"
Roosevelt, Eleanor on risks
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los angeles clippers
Enemy Chatter: The Celtics make some critical errors
I often wonder what opposing teams, their beat reporters and bloggers are saying about the Celtics after playing the Celtics. Here's a dose of 'enemy chatter' from Los Angeles. The Celtics make some critical errors tonight. A moment before Davis’ big shot, Rajon Rondo misses a pair of free throws in a 90-90 game. Prior [...]
December 28, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 2
Rondo Chokes, Baron Davis Doesn’t
Baron Davis drilled a 22-foot jumper at the buzzer to give the Clippers a 92-90 win over the Celtics. Davis's clutch shot followed two misses at the free-throw line by Rajon Rondo. It was a heart-breaking finish for Rondo who had put forth another solid performance – 20 points, 9-16 FG, 6 assists, 2 steals. [...]
December 28, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 37
Rondo could have been a Clipper
This is probably not a new story… but I don't recall hearing it. The Clippers tried like hell to draft Rajon Rondo to trade up and draft Rajon Rondo in 2006. "We thought that Phoenix would take him because of the fit that he would make for their team," said Mike Dunleavy, the Clippers' head [...]
December 27, 2009 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized Comments Off
Celtics/Clippers Game Preview
Celtics (23-5) at Clippers (12-17) Game time: 9:30pm, Staples Center, Los Angeles. TV – CSN. Radio – WEEI-AM (850). Team Leaders Scoring Bos: Pierce – 18.2 Clippers: Chris Kaman – 19.8 ReboundingBos: Perkins – 7.8 Clippers: Marcus Camby – 11.8 AssistsBos: Rondo – 9.6 Clippers: Baron Davis – 7.6 Who'll go [...]
December 27, 2009 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized Comments Off
The NBA is OK with a racist owner
That's Donald Sterling. Donald Sterling owns the Los Angeles Clippers. Donald Sterling is also paying the biggest housing discrimination fine in history. Los Angeles Clippers owner and real estate mogul Donald T. Sterling has agreed to pay a record $2.725 million to settle allegations that he discriminated against African Americans, Hispanics and families with children [...]
November 5, 2009 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 7
Everyone point and laugh at the Clippers
The Clippers are, well, the Clippers. And they're bad enough right now that the Onion is decimating them by calling their deaths in a Staples Center collapse a "miracle". Oh Onion… you so crazy. [...]
October 30, 2009 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 5
The Clippers are such teases
Every once in a while, the worst franchise in all of sports… the Clippers… tease their fans with a decent squad. This might be one of those years. First, most people will say they got the only "lock" of the draft in Blake Griffin. He showed why people think that last night by dropping 27 [...]
July 14, 2009 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 5
This is why the Clippers always suck
You gotta feel bad for Blake Griffin… because he's going to join quite possibly the worst organization in all of sports. The LA Clippers. They have always sucked, and they probably always will… at least they will if guys like assistant GM Neil Olshey are around. When he was asked when the Clippers decided they'd [...]
May 21, 2009 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 5
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EverQuest/Uncommon Spells Tomes and Discs/Berserker
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
[edit] How to
please use the template below. Simply replace
• "name of page" with e.g. Temperance - this is what the html site here will be called later
• "exact name of spell/tome/disc" - this is what the hyperlink will be called, e.g. Temperance
• "Quest/Bazaar/Researched/Dropped" - remove the ones n/a, like e.g. leave "Quested"
• "lvl. xx" insert the lvl. the spell can be scribed, e.g. 40
• change the % of the png (% completed), e.g. 25
sample for Temperance:
[edit] Berserker
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Faerie Solitaire
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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Faerie Solitaire
Developer(s) Subsoap
Publisher(s) Subsoap
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Board game
System(s) Windows
Mode(s) Single player
Rating(s)
ESRB: Everyone 10+
Neoseeker Related Pages
Faerie Solitaire is a card game developed by Subsoap. Cards are dealt in a varying layout, and may be removed from the tableau if they are one value higher or lower than the top of the discard pile. It also includes metagame elements, involving the growth of pets that may be collected during gameplay.
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Thread Tools Search this Thread
Posts: 1,309 | Thanked: 721 times | Joined on Sep 2009
#31
@ gerbick 50 bucks everything, reminder as i tried before the glue on the connectors might not be as strong because i took the plastic off of it'
Posts: 5,359 | Thanked: 8,388 times | Joined on Jul 2007 @ undecided.
#32
Originally Posted by somedude
@ gerbick 50 bucks everything, reminder as i tried before the glue on the connectors might not be as strong because i took the plastic off of it'
Thanks for the reminder. I'll have to do some research first to see if that would sway my decision.
__________________
gerbick | removethelabels.com | BlackBerry Dev Alpha B [ BB10 ] | Google Nexus 7 [ unrooted ]
Posts: 1,332 | Thanked: 2,674 times | Joined on Dec 2009 @ Rochester, NY
#33
Originally Posted by gerbick
Wait... where are you guys getting these $200 N900's? Link me, I need a new travel phone.
Actually, you can get refurbed ones (reasonably so) from ebay for about $150 these days. I just picked one up as a backup and/or to run as a home micro server for less than that. (If you play the auctions right, you can get them for closer to $100.)
There are a few retailers out there on ebay, but by far one of the most reliable appears to be cellphoneforever. They're only slightly shady in that they adamantly claim it's a "new" phone, when it's clearly a refurb.
To be clear, the one I got from them was in great physical condition, and came with most parts one would expect:
• N900 with no screen or case scratches
• Original stylus, power brick, and uUSB data cable
• Black box that looks like the Nokia box (but wasn't)
• Nokia printed manual and CD with PR 1.2 firmware images/tools
• Nokia battery, still in pouch
• US keyboard (probably swapped in)
• Flashed with PR1.2 and a couple games added but never played
What was missing was the micro-fiber wipe cloth, which isn't a huge deal. However a screen protector had also been put on which, while done well, was a cheaper stick-on that I'm sure will eventually come off. The feel is nice though, and everything feels new. The image on it was PR1.2 with what looks like a restore done to load a set of apps they touted on their e-bay page (mainly games and fMMS).
There's a sticker under the battery cover that clearly marks the unit a refurb. But it also looks like it went through a full series of tests before it shipped, which is a credit to them. I loaded up the tester suite and checked all the hardware, all working just fine. Overclocked stably when I flashed and cloned from my existing N900 to the new one too (using backupmenu). The uUSB port seems to be in solid shape as well, and it looks like the "new" unit has some type of extra holder around it internally, so it may be it was secured as well during the refurb.
So, overall a refurbed N900 for under $200 is quite doable. My bet is they have new cases and keyboards (which are under $20 on ebay) and take older units, repackage the guts, flash it, and sell it as "new".
The insistence that it's "new" is the only reason I left them a neutral rating, since it clearly is not. Had they just labeled it a refurb, or at least admitted it when it's clear that's what's goingon, I'd have been totally happy with it. But then refurbs don't sell as well on ebay, so they lie to bring up the bidding prices. (Though honestly, in the N900 market, if they're refurbing AND fixing issues like the uUSB port, some would be more likely to go for it over all.)
The Following User Says Thank You to woody14619 For This Useful Post:
Posts: 446 | Thanked: 367 times | Joined on Jul 2011 @ Croatia
#34
Originally Posted by somedude
If you have $600 to spend on a phone which one would you get and why?
n900+808 or 3*n900
Posts: 406 | Thanked: 434 times | Joined on Feb 2011
#35
The Following User Says Thank You to immi.shk For This Useful Post:
Posts: 1,309 | Thanked: 721 times | Joined on Sep 2009
#36
bought another N9 64gb for 425 on amazon. Just couldnt find anything else that i was wowed with as i was with the N9. Thanks again to everyone.
Posts: 79 | Thanked: 22 times | Joined on May 2011
#37
Originally Posted by immi.shk
1) galaxy note (white)
2) if you think its too big
3) think again
4) goto #1
cheers
This or Gnex with ICS? Decisions decisions.
Posts: 1,412 | Thanked: 778 times | Joined on Dec 2011 @ Harmattan
#38
gNote>gNex
gNote will get ICS soon, just my opinion
__________________
~$
~#
Posts: 1,360 | Thanked: 1,103 times | Joined on Mar 2010
#39
Originally Posted by ibrakalifa
gNote>gNex
gNote will get ICS soon, just my opinion
NOTE already has ICS.
-Try neobuddy's ICS-Stunner v4.3.
Its based on Google's Android (not Samsung's) so everything runs 100% fullspeed. It has the AOKP features so you can customize it to your liking, and it goes great with the Apex Launcher. You can also change DPI and it reverts to Tablet mode. Everything is great except 2 points: there isn't a Super optimized kernel yet (something that can clock higher while using less battery) and S Pen doesn't work.
-Try maxicet's MidNote v3.1
Its based on Samsung's Android by three leaks (chinese, AT&T and Australian). Everything works at ICS smoothness including the S Pen. The only drawbacks are that you don't get the AOKP/CM9 features, you can't revert between phone and tablet modes, the kernel isn't the best available. Oh, and there's no premium suite from Samsung which will be released via official update.
-Future?
When theres a few more leaks or an official update, it will be repackaged to complete the AOSP ROMs and the optimized Samsung MODs.
__________________
Originally Posted by mscion
I vote that Kangal replace Elop!
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#40
You guys make me want a note lmao
This 3.5-4" screen nonsense is starting to be really annoying for my big hands.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6469.0 - Outcome of the 16th Series Australian Consumer Price Index Review, Dec 2010
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/12/2010 First Issue
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OUTCOME
2.30 The principal purpose of the CPI is household inflation measurement and the acquisitions approach will remain the conceptual basis for compiling the CPI. Consistent with maintaining this conceptual basis, owner-occupied housing (OOH) will continue to be measured as the change in the price of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) of houses, net of land. A weighting pattern representative of all private households in the eight capital cities will continue to be used.
2.31 The current quarterly publication of the outlays based Analytical Living Cost Indexes (ALCIs) and the Pensioner and Beneficiary Living Cost Index (PBLCI) will be maintained, and the current research to determine the need for improved coverage of outlets and products in the PBLCI will be completed. Where there is a clearly demonstrated need, and additional resources are provided, other complementary quarterly price indexes on an outlays basis will be produced for particular population subgroups on a case-by-case basis.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
8501.0 - Retail Trade, Australia, Dec 2012
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/06/2013
Future Releases
• Next Issue: Apr 2013 expected for release on 03/06/2013
Past Releases
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8741.1 - Dwelling Unit Commencements Reported by Approving Authorities, New South Wales, Mar 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/09/1996
Past Releases
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7307.0 - Wheat Use and Stocks, Australia, November 2009 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/01/2010
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GRAIN COMMITTED
WHEAT GRAIN COMMITTED
At the end of November 2009, 2.9 million tonnes of wheat grain was committed for domestic use within Australia or for export, an increase of 922 thousand tonnes from the previous month.
Of the total wheat grain committed, 1.5 million tonnes was contracted for export and 1.4 million tonnes for domestic use at the end of November 2009. Compared to November 2008, total wheat grain contracted for export was 1% lower, and total wheat grain contracted for domestic use was 7% higher.
WHEAT GRAIN COMMITTED, at months end, 2008-09
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I've come to learn, I own the PROBLEM, that is the computer doesn't work. The very helpful people seeking to resolve my problem are actually following up only on their portion of the problem--
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Rate This Article
Average: 3/5
Competition
Competition
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sylvio G. Codella
Introduction
Competition is an ecological interaction in which both participants in the interaction are potentially harmed. Competition generally results in lower survival, lower reproductive success, lower growth rates, and/or smaller population sizes. Competition can occur between members of the same species (intraspecific competition) or between members of different species (interspecific competition). Competition occurs when resources are in limited abundance. Many scientists think that competition is one of the most important biotic factors determining community structure.
Mechanisms of competition
Species compete by two mechanisms—interference competition and exploitative competition. Interference competition occurs when one species directly affects the ability of a another to consume resources. This can take on many forms. An animal may chase other individuals away from a potential food source. In some species, individuals or groups maintain and defend territories. Some plants produce allelopathic chemicals, which limit the growth and survival of competing plants. Within a reef, two species of coral are often separated by a small zone with no living corals.
Exploitative competition occurs via the consumption of resources. When an individual of one species consumes a resource (e.g., food, a nesting site, a mate, a photon of light, etc.), then it is no longer available to a member of a second species. Exploitative competition is probably the most common mechanism of competition in nature.
Effects of competition
Competition can influence population size and community structure. For example, intraspecific competition can result in plants being evenly dispersed across the landscape. Intraspecific competition also limits the population size of many species (see logistic growth). Interspecific competition can influence population size (see Lokta-Volterra competition model), as well as the number of species, or species richness, in a community . According to the Competitive Exclusion Principle, two species that share exactly the same environmental requirements, or niche, will not be able to coexist indefinitely. Thus, niche differentiation (e.g., feeding on different resources, in different places, or at different times) will allow more species to coexist in an area when competitive exclusion is an important factor.
Further reading
• Campbell, N.A., J.B. Reece, and L.G. Mitchhell. 2006. Biology. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Menlo Park, CA. ISBN: 080537146X
• Raven, P.H., G.B. Johnson, J.B. Losos, K.A. Mason, and S.R. Singer. 2008. Biology, 8th edition. McGraw Hill, New York, NY. ISBN: 0073227390
Citation
Mark McGinley (Lead Author);C Michael Hogan (Contributing Author);Sylvio G. Codella (Topic Editor) "Competition". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 1, 2010; Last revised Date September 6, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Competition>
The Author
Mark McGinley is an Associate Professor in the Honors College and Department of Biological Sciences at Texas Tech University. He has conducted research in the evolutionary, behavioral, and community ecology of animals and plants. Dr. McGinley’s recent scholarly interests focus on educating the general public about scientific (particularly environmental) issues. He is currently working closely with students in an interdisciplinary degree program, Natural History and Humanities, which combine ... (Full Bio)
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Media Release
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Mapping in the 21st century
18 August 2005
The future of mapping looks good to the Project Leader of the nation's topographic mapping program.
Using his 18 years' experience in spatial information and mapping technologies for environmental and emergency management, Phil Tickle has been involved in planning and topographic mapping for both the public and private sectors. He believes that the map has come a long way in a relatively short time.
Phil's talk, "Mapping in the 21st Century", will be one of five presentations made by Geoscience Australia scientists at their annual Open Day on Sunday 21 August as part of National Science Week.
"Maps are a fundamental aspect of our everyday lives, and I hope to show people how mapping (or spatial information) in the 21st century is changing our lives without us really knowing it", said Phil recently.
"It's hard to believe that less than 10 years ago, the high-tech computer technology used for digital mapping was the sole domain of technical specialists within government, and most map users only got to see the final paper maps", said Phil.
"But with the advent of the Internet, the latest mapping technologies can be brought straight into your home, car and phone".
Car navigation systems that stop you getting lost, phones that tell you how to get to the nearest café, and real estate sites that show you a satellite image of your house have all become a reality in the past decade.
"These everyday examples of mapping technology use the same cutting-edge technologies that Geoscience Australia is currently using to help provide safe, sustainable and profitable communities", he said.
In addition to Phil's talk on the future of mapping, there will also be talks about mineral exploration, mapping the ocean floor, petroleum exploration, and the Boxing Day tsunami. Other activities at Geoscience Australia's free Open Day include gold panning, rock identification, children's activities to make sun catchers and pet rocks and building tours. Opening hours are from 10am - 4pm. Geoscience Australia is located on the corner of Jerrabomberra Avenue and Hindmarsh Drive, Symonston.
For more information, please contact: Media Hotline 1800 882 035.
Unless otherwise noted, all Geoscience Australia material on this website is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - rpm (x86), version 3.6.5, Panjabi. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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User:Zben
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Ben Zeskind, PhD, MBA
Ben Zeskind earned a PhD in Bioengineering from MIT's Biological Engineering Department, awarded June 9, 2006. His work resulted in a first-author publication in Nature Methods: Nucleic acid and protein mass mapping by live-cell deep-ultraviolet microscopy, two issued U.S. Patents: "Method and apparatus for UV imaging" (U.S. Patent # 7,491,943), and "Method and apparatus for generating a circularly polarized illumination" (U.S. Patent # 7,335,874), and was profiled in the Whitehead Institute's Paradigm Magazine. He subsequently earned an MBA at Harvard Business School, graduating as a Baker Scholar -- the highest award for distinction. He has authored a contributed paper on Deep Ultraviolet Microscopy and its Application to Cancer Immunology, and co-authored A systematic approach to biomarker discovery; Preamble to "the iSBTc-FDA taskforce on immunotherapy biomarkers." He is the founder and CEO of Immuneering Corporation, a company developing groundbreaking patient stratification technology to pre-identify patients who will respond to specific therapies, and ultimately make it easier to develop therapies that trigger an immune response to eliminate a patient's cancer. Immuneering was profiled in a recent article in Mass High Tech, Immuneering tests another path for personalized medicine.
Personal tools
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Consortium Members
OW2 - Consortium Members
Please see also:
OW2 is an open consortium, you will find below organizations and individuals, who have registered online and formally joined the consortium by signing the OW2 Membership Agreement.
Please contact Management Office (mo AT ow2.org) if either of the (*) or (#) symbols is attached to your name:
• For all Members, the symbol (*) indicates we haven't received your signed membership agreement, your membership is not complete.
• For Strategic and Corporate Members, the symbol (#) indicates an issue with regard to the 2013 elections.
Strategic Members
Active members: 8
Corporate Members
Active Members: 33
Individual Members
Number of registrations: 1824
Loading… Please wait.
Created by olivier lizounat on 2012/01/26 17:31
Legal Notice
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Ads Covering Ads Upsets Google & Facebook Advertisers
Dec 12, 2011 • 8:32 am | (5) by | Filed Under Google AdSense
The Wall Street Journal has a story on how a new ad platform is gaining in popularity that basically seems to cover up the ads on other networks such as Google and Facebook.
Users download a decoration tool for their Facebook or other social networking pages and when they do that, it enables the tool developer to place ads on top of ads displayed on Google, Facebook, Yahoo and others. The WSJ said they are "inserting a layer of ads on websites or covering up other paying ads."
Here is a video from the WSJ on this:
AdSense publishers have a reason to be upset. They might be paying a CPM basis and get nothing out of this because their ads are covered by third party ads.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Google Robert Noyce Chip Logo
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Media Contact: Kara Gavin 734-764-2220
Tops among patients: UMHS wins consumer honor
UMHS earns award from National Research Corporation
ANN ARBOR, Mich.Patients come from all over Michigan and the world to receive advanced care from the University of Michigan Health System. But UMHS is also tops in the books of people living closest to the U-M medical campus.
For the 14th year in a row, consumers voted UMHS the best hospital in the Ann Arbor area, earning it the National Research Corporation’s 2012 Consumer Choice Award. What’s more, residents of Wayne County voted UMHS into a tie with Detroit-based Henry Ford Hospital for the Detroit area, for the third year in a row. It’s the sixth time overall that UMHS has received that recognition.
Consumers selected UMHS for having the best overall quality, best doctors, best nurses, and best image/reputation in its market.
"Whether a patient comes from 5, 50 or 500 miles away, all of us at U-M work hard to give the best care possible,” says Douglas L. Strong, M.B.A., chief executive officer, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers. “We are honored to know that we are as important to our patients and their families as they are to us.”
For 16 years, National Research Corporation has annually presented Consumer Choice Awards to the most-preferred hospitals in more than 250 U.S. markets, reflecting the growing role consumer choice plays in the health care field.
Winners are determined by multiple quality and image ratings from consumers, which are collected in the national NRC Ticker study of more than 270,000 households. The study represents more than 450,000 consumers in the contiguous 48 states and the District of Columbia.
The winning facilities ranked highest in their regions, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, and were selected from among more than 3,200 hospitals named by consumers in a national survey.
To see the entire list of Consumer Choice winners for 2012: http://www.nationalresearch.com/uploads/Consumer-Award-Winners/ConsumerChoiceAwardWinnerList_2012-2013.pdf
To see data showing what UMHS patients think of the care they received, please visit the Patient Ratings section of our Quality & Safety website.
NOTICE: Except where otherwise noted, all articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. You are free to copy, distribute, adapt, transmit, or make commercial use of this work as long as you attribute the University of Michigan Health System as the original creator and include a link to this article.
Media Inquiries: 734-764-2220 8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET
734-936-4000 after hours, weekends, and holidays (ask for the PR person on call) umhsmedia@umich.edu for embargoed news, videos & more
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Revision history of "Talk:Blocking Updates"
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ICD-10 Chapter T
Jump to: navigation, search
S00-T14 - Injury
Superficial Open Fracture D/S/S Crush Amputation Other
head S00 S01 S02 S03 S07 S08 S09
neck S10 S11 S12 S13 S17 S18 S19
thorax S20 S21 S22 S23 S27 S28 S29
abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis S30 S31 S32 S33 S37 S38 S39
shoulder and upper arm S40 S41 S42 S43 S47 S48 S49
elbow and forearm S50 S51 S52 S53 S57 S58 S59
wrist and hand S60 S61 S62 S63 S67 S68 S69
hip and thigh S70 S71 S72 S73 S77 S78 S79
knee and lower leg S80 S81 S82 S83 S87 S88 S89
ankle and foot S90 S91 S92 S93 S97 S98 S99
multiple regions T00 T01 T02 T03 T04 T05 T06-7
(S00-S09) head
• (S09.) Other and unspecified injuries of head
(S10-S19) neck
(S20-S29) thorax
(S30-S39) abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis
(S40-S49) shoulder and upper arm
(S50-S59) elbow and forearm
(S60-S69) wrist and hand
(S70-S79) hip and thigh
(S80-S89) knee and lower leg
(S90-S99) ankle and foot
(T00-T07) involving multiple body regions
(T08-T14) unspecified parts of trunk, limb or body region
T15-T98 - Poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes
(T15-T19) Effects of foreign body entering through natural orifice
(T20-T32) Burns and corrosions
(T33-T35) Frostbite
(T36-T50) Poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances
(T51-T65) Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source
(T66-T78) Other and unspecified effects of external causes
(T79) Certain early complications of trauma
(T80-T88) Complications of surgical and medical care, not elsewhere classified
(T90-T98) Sequelae of injuries, of poisoning and of other consequences of external causes
See also
th:ICD-10 บท S และ T: การบาดเจ็บและได้รับพิษ
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"url": "www.windley.com/archives/2002/07/product_managem.shtml",
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Product Management
Dave McNamee is one of the first Utah IT employees to take me up on my offer get started on weblogs. Dave is a product manager in the Information Technology Services division.
One of the first things I did when I took the job as CIO for Utah was to try to introduce the concept of product management. While it might seem funny to think of government as having "products," the discipline's concepts for developing software and online services to meet business needs are as applicable here as they are anywhere.
I wrote a white paper on the subject as an introduction to the discipline. We've also created a product management council for our eGovernment services. We're going through a rather draining process right now which I think will cement many product management concepts into the way we govern cross-agency development.
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"url": "www.yam-mag.com/news/music-videos/khalil-fong-non-mushroom-friend/",
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ARTICLE
Khalil Fong – Non-Mushroom Friend//
posted Friday, June 17th, 2011
by | Comments (0)
I’m at a loss with this title. Don’t ask.
Khalil Fong’s fifth straight single Non-Mushroom Friend (無菇朋友) — or Wu Gu Peng You – from his album 15. If you’ve missed out on his other music videos, you can check our Khalil Fong tag.
This time around, he presents us with a wacky animation in charge of the YAMANYAMO collective, with a story by MO-C, illustrations by Afa Lee, and animation by Puzzle Lai.
UPCOMING EVENTS//
EVENTS//
ADS//
POLLS//
Who is your reigning Queen or Princess of Pop? [choose up to 5]
Total Voters: 252
Loading ...
TWEETS//
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
3. Skip to sidebar
Source link: http://archive.mises.org/6834/for-courts-some-types-of-speech-are-more-free-than-others/
For Courts, Some Types of Speech Are More Free than Others
July 10, 2007 by
Should you be allowed to put a “For Sale” sign on your own car?
Most people would say yes, but some local governments say no — and the courts approve this because somehow “commercial speech” is deemed less worthy of protection than political speech. Never mind, of course, that political speech about issues typically involves advocating the use of violence against one’s neighbors, while political speech about candidates is almost always false advertising. Commercial speech, on the other hand, typically involves nothing more than buyers providing potentially valuable information to consumers. (On this, see Mises.)
I comment on this issue, and a recent U.S. Court of Appeals decision that slightly increases protection for commercial speech, in an op-ed in today’s Columbus Dispatch.
For this blog’s readers, I should add the caveat that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution should not apply to state and local governments. This point is well covered in The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Constitution, which I highly recommend. But that issue is probably a lost cause, and in any event is not before the courts right now. The question is whether “free speech” includes, by definition, the right to speak without limitation about goods you want to sell, using your own private property. And the answer — which of course the U.S. Supreme Court is unwilling to understand — is yes.
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Research article
Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Diana Carmona-Fernandes, Maria J Santos, Inês P Perpétuo, João E Fonseca and Helena Canhão*
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011, 13:R175 doi:10.1186/ar3500
No comments have yet been made on this article.
Post a comment
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Designing and Constructing a Smart Armor for Protecting Motorcyclists’ Head and Neck in the Accident Time
Younes Nasri, Kamyar Arman, Abdolhosein Poornajaf, Mostafa Delpisheh, Ali Mohamad Abasi, Hosein Kakouei, Ali Delpisheh
Abstract
Background: In general, riding motorized two-wheeled vehicles carries a higher risk of being involved in a fatal accident than any other mode of transport. In some countries, the use of protective helmets while riding motorcycles is a legal requirement. That is, a helmet can be a lifesaver in an accident and can protect against severe head, brain and facial injuries, particularly integral helmets with full facial protection. The present paper introduces a newly invention of smart armor to protect motorcyclist's head and neck in an accident time and to minimize injuries.
Materials & Designs: The smart armor for protecting motorcyclist's head and neck was designed innovatively. The system was constructed from boxes settled on the motorcycle, including a power source, an incident detection sensor, a transmitter circuit and a transmitter circuit antenna. In addition, the helmet parts including a mechanical operator's box, mechanical force interface cables, helmet frame, balance surface, fixed neck guard and moving neck guard were constructed. The constructed system was formally registered by the Iranian Patent Organization in 2010.
Findings & Tests: The smart armor showed useful capabilities and was successfully tested by several motor cyclists in simulated accidents. The different mode of collision with obstacle ahead, back hit, and change angle more than 45 degrees from vertical mode of motorcycles were successfully tested.
Conclusions: The designed smart armor presented in this article, showed a suitable performance to protect motorcyclist's head and neck simultaneously. Therefore, it can be used as a suitable protective device for motorcycle riders.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/emr.v1n2p66
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Engineering Management Research ISSN 1927-7318 (Print) ISSN 1927-7326 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Company’s Competitiveness Enhancement for Thai Agribusiness through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Amornwan Resanond, Thanwa Jittsanguan, Damrong Sriphraram
Abstract
Ratification to the Kyoto Protocol allows Thailand to voluntarily participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). CDM not only promotes environmental integrity but also offers business sustainability, which will be then able to enhance company’s competiveness. Due to these enthusiastic impressions, number of CDM registered projects in Thailand has been increased from 5 to 40 projects between 2005 and 2010, respectively. Several business sectors in Thailand have been moving their position toward to CDM including agribusiness sectors namely sugar, tapioca, rice, agrofuel, livestock and forestry. This study carries out an in-depth analysis on the correlations between CDM mechanism and agribusinesses in Thailand through the competitiveness indicator with a view to affirm that the level of competitiveness in Thailand agribusinesses can be enhanced through the CDM scheme. Productivity improvements in term of technology and project financial before and after the CDM application are served as competiveness indicators. The study concludes that CDM offers opportunity for company to move toward a better technology with a better operation performance and greenhouse gas reduction. The improvement of productivity level is found through an anticipated revenue stream from carbon credits which delivered project’s rate of return well above company’s hurdle rate of approximately 10-16% for 4 types of agribusinesses i.e. palm oil, rice mill, ethanol and tapioca. Despite abovementioned benefits,, CDM still faces a lot of challenges including a requirement on a substantial amount of investment which requires for starting the CDM process, risk of local and international approvals, deliverable risk, and uncertainty on CDM processing time and the future of CDM after the first commitment period, 2012. These challenges, however, can be overcome by well-disciplined preparation and better understanding on CDM process and requirements.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Sustainable Development ISSN 1913-9063 (Print) ISSN 1913-9071 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/22801/SimpleDB_tools_for_Visual_Studio",
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Error!
Success!
SimpleDB tools for Visual Studio
0
kicks
SimpleDB tools for Visual Studio (Unpublished)
A new add-in which integrates Amazon SimpleDB into Server Explorer and enables you to view and edit SimpleDB data within Visual Studio is up. It also integrates with the LightSpeed ORM framework and designer.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Flash Recovery Utility
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 13:52, 8 March 2007 by RBot (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Texas Instruments (through Tim Riker) has made the OSK Flash Recovery Utility available. This is an unsupported utility. Tim Riker is happy to answer email questions about it, but Texas Instruments does not support it at present. Add comments here.
1. you need to have an older OSK. Rev D1 and later have been reported to not work Please contact Spectrum Digital and/or Texas Instruments and request an updated Flash Recovery Utility if you have a newer board. Unfortunately, Tim Riker no longer works at Texas Instruments, so it's not likely that he will be able to provide an updated version. :(
2. you need a USB-A-male to USB-A-male cable. This can be done with a common USB-A-male to USB-B-male cable and a USB-B-female to USB-A-male adapter.
3. get the untility: Media:OSK5912FlashRecoveryUtility.zip
4. unpack it on a windows XP host (other windows hosts might work)
5. set JP3 to the left (pins 1-2)
6. disconnect any serial or jtag cables from the OSK (thanx dave)
7. connect the USB cables to the XP host
8. power up the OSK
9. windows should prompt for a driver
10. install it from the "USB Windows Driver" folder in extracted from the zip file.
To recover a dead OSK:
1. run the Flash Recovery Utility from which is "FlashRecoveryUtility\OSK Flash Recovery.exe" 1, choose "Connect and Download"
2. reset the OSK
3. is should connect, download the reflash code, and bootloader: "u-bootbinOSK" and run the reflash code when unprotects the NOR flash and does the writes the bootloader to flash.
Note that you can replace the file "u-bootbinOSK" with a different copy of uboot or any other loader if you like.
There have been some failures reported. This might be a useful comment: http://linux.omap.com/pipermail/linux-omap-open-source/2005-April/003491.html
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Re: Flash Recovery Utilityfor OSK
Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2005 16:16:35 -0700
From: David Brownell
To: linux-omap-open-source@linux.omap.com
I just used this FRU to load U-Boot 1.1.3, and the essential
undocumented trick seems to be disconnecting the serial line.
With a serial line connected, nothing works. Contrary to
the documentation, you _must_ do more than change JP3.
If it's disconnected, the USB enumeration behaves (on either
Windows or Linux) and Windows will see the IDs listed in that
INF file. Then the driver install can work. (Needs some
hand-holding to find the driver file in same directory as
that INF file, but it can work.) And then you can follow
the other instructions.
- Dave
Software Design Solutions licenses FRU
The OMAP Flash Recovery Utility was licensed to Software Design Solutions, Inc. (http://www.softwaredesignsolutions.com). SDS Inc. now sells a Flash Recovery Utility that supports the OSK5912 revision C and revision D hardware.
Software Design Solutions Customer Support
How Does it Work?
Many OMAP chips support a "full boot" mode. There is an internal ROM in the chip that the ARM CPU boots from. The ROM tries to talk over the serial port to an external application. It can also support the USB port in client mode. When you set JP3 on the OSK you are telling the OMAP to boot in "full boot" mode. The ROM code is started and the device enumerates on the SCSI bus. The FRU looks for this enumeration, and sends a small app over USB which then runs. In this case the small app will have u-boot attached to it as data, and the small app just contains code to flash the data payload into NOR flash. Other applets can be developed, but this FRU is just the basic feature. This FRU does not support flashing over serial, though the hardware could do that too.
As an FYI: this internal ROM is also what is used to support "secure boot". In "secure boot" the OMAP verifies a signed binary in some external flash/ROM before running the code. If an OMAP is setup for "secure boot" it will only run signed code. Contact TI for more information on "full boot" or "secure boot" modes of the various OMAP chips.
OMAP Flash Loader
Luis Recuerda has made a new program, called OMAP Flash Loader (Media:omapfl-1.0.tar.gz), that runs under Linux or other Unixes with libusb support. It is a GPL program (with sources) that can be expanded easily to use diferent flash chips (for new boards) and, perhaps, other OMAP processors.
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Research news
Profiling and policing
Jonathan B Weitzman
Genome Biology 2001, 2:spotlight-20010625-01 doi:10.1186/gb-spotlight-20010625-01
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:25 June 2001
© 2001 BioMed Central Ltd
Research news
Cell lines used in many laboratories are often not what they are claimed to be, resulting in misleading research articles. A well-characterized case of cross-contamination is the widely used human cancer cell line called HeLa. In the Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Masters et al. describe the use of forensic techniques to expose culprit samples. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is a simple PCR-based technique that generates results in the form of a standard numerical code for lengths of polymorphic loci. Masters et al. analysed 253 human cell lines, collected from international cell banks and cancer research institutes, to demonstrate the feasibility of wide-scale STR profiling to detect cross-contamination. The authors suggest that STR profiling (at a cost of only $200 per cell line) could be used to create an international reference standard for human cell lines and they propose that a policy of 'authentication prior to publication' would diminish scientific misrepresentation.
References
1. Cell contamination leads to inaccurate data: we must take action now
PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source.
PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. [http://www.pnas.org] webcite
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.121616198] webcite
Short tandem repeat profiling provides an international reference standard for human cell lines
5. A highly discriminating octoplex short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction system suitable for human individual identification.
PubMed Abstract
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Tuesday, February 12, 2008
Church Deacon Charged With Sex Battery
Hypocrisy and lack of basic controls allowed a "Deacon" with a shady past to rape a15-year-old girl.
Irvin Van Jenkins, 46, is charged with sexual battery, kidnapping and lewd and lascivious molestation of a child.
The alleged victim said that she was attending a baby shower at the church on Saturday when she went to the second floor of the building on an errand and ran into Jenkins.
Jenkins confessed to being inside the United House of Prayer with the teenager, but said that "he only masturbated on her", according to a Miami Police Department news release.
"He came up to her. He started rubbing her and saying that he wanted her," said Lt. Bill Schwartz of Miami police. "She tried to resist. He forced her into a room, pushed her down on a mattress, pulled off her shorts, pulled off her panties and raped her."
Investigators said Jenkins has a criminal record.
"It must be awfully easy to become a deacon in a church these days. This guy has a past for burglary," Schwartz said. "Maybe the pastor thought that he had been reformed and was a good guy."
Source: Church Deacon Charged With Sex Battery - Local News Story - WTVJ | Miami
I think sexually deviant behavior is spreading among the Christians...
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Knight:DNA ligation using T4 DNA ligase
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:22, 21 December 2007 by Reshma P. Shetty (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Contents
Materials
• We use the T4 DNA ligase from NEB
• Deionized, sterile H2O
• Purified, linearized vector (in H2O)
• Purified, linearized insert (in H2O)
Ligation Mix
• X μL vector (equivalent to ~50 ng, can use less)
• Y μL insert 1
• Z μL insert 2
• 1 μL 10X Ligase Buffer
• (9.5 - X - Y - Z) μL deionized H2O
• 0.5 μL T4 DNA ligase
• Reshma 19:12, 13 December 2007 (CST): I frequently digest 500 ng of each part and the destination vector. Then I use 2 μL vector, 3 μL insert 1 and 3 μL insert 2 where all three linearized fragments have been purified with a Qiagen minelute PCR purification.
Calculating Insert Amount
(Equimolar ratios may be preferable.)
Procedure
1. Add appropriate amount of deionized H2O to sterile 0.6 mL tube
2. Add 1 μL ligation buffer to the tube.
Vortex buffer before pipetting to ensure that it is well-mixed.
Remember that the buffer contains ATP so repeated freeze, thaw cycles can degrade the ATP thereby decreasing the efficiency of ligation. It is recommended that you aliquot the Ligation Buffer into smaller quantities.
3. Add appropriate amount of insert to the tube.
4. Add appropriate amount of vector to the tube.
5. Add 0.5 μL ligase.
Vortex ligase before pipetting to ensure that it is well-mixed.
Also, the ligase, like most enzymes, is in some percentage of glycerol which tends to stick to the sides of your tip. To ensure you add only 0.5 μL, just touch your tip to the surface of the liquid when pipetting.
6. Incubate 20 mins on the benchtop.
7. Place on ice until transformation.
8. Generally 1 μL of ligation mix is sufficient for either chemical transformation or electroporation. The amount of salt in 1 μL ligation mix should not cause arcing.
9. Optional Heat-inactivate by incubating at 65°C for 20 mins. Then do a purification step to remove PEG. (See notes on DNA ligation.
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Manchester (New Hampshire)
From Wikitravel
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Manchester is in New Hampshire, USA. The state's largest city has enjoyed a renaissance over the past several years. Once home to extensive manufacturing operations devoted to producing textiles, the area has a vibrant and largely service-oriented economy. It is home to several educational institutions, including Southern New Hampshire University and St. Anselm College.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By air
• Manchester - Boston Regional Airport (IATA: MHT) (ICAO: KMHT), Brown Av. Route 101 exit 2, Phone: +1 603 624-6556, [1]. A convenient way to get to the city and much of southern New Hampshire. Sometimes used as a low-cost, low hassle alternative to Logan International Airport in Boston. Airlines serving Manchester include Continental, Delta, Northwest, Southwest, United, and US Airways. Southwest is the primary passenger air carrier for the airport, and now accounts for more than half of the airport's annual passenger traffic. There are non-stop flights to Manchester-Boston Regional Airport from the following cities (some cities may be seasonal or only offer service certain days of the week): Atlanta, Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Las Vegas, Minneapolis St Paul, New Orleans New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Tampa, and Washington. Air Canada canceled Toronto Manchester service on 10/11. Delta has been incresing service to MHT including larger aircraft on the MHT-ATL route.
Travelers at the airport will find it a convenient and easy to navigate facility. There are two security checkpoints, one on the second level in the center of the terminal, and one on the west end's ground floor, to the "right" of the airline ticket counters. Use the ground floor checkpoint if the center terminal one is busy; they both go to the same place, and the walk between the two is short.
Smokers will find -- to their joy -- that there are two smoking rooms in the airport, one on the ground floor by the main baggage claim area, and one behind the security checkpoint. However, the future status of these rooms is uncertain, and they may soon be supplanted. One can smoke outdoors with no trouble.
[edit] By bus
• Vermont Transit, 119 Canal St., Toll free: +1 800-552-8737, [2]. Service from Montréal, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire.
• Concord Trailways, 119 Canal St., Toll free: +1 800-639-3317, [3]. Service from Boston.
[edit] By car
The city is located right on Interstate 93, and Route 3. To reach downtown from Boston, take I-93 to its junction with I-293, then take I-293 until you reach Exit 5 (Granite Street).
• Town & Country Taxi, Phone: +1 603 668-3434.
[edit] Get around
Renting a car, which may be done at the airport, and walking are the easiest ways to get around Manchester. Bus service and taxis are also available, although bus service is relatively limited and taxis can be expensive. Renting a car, or knowing a local who has one, will make your life considerably easier.
• The Manchester Transit Authority, 110 Elm Street, Phone: +1 603 623-8801, [4]. Service within the city including between the airport and bus terminal. It's typically hourly and fares are $1. It stops at around 6pm.
• On foot: Downtown (Elm St.) has become more walkable as of late, much of the sites are within walking distance.
[edit][add listing] See
• Currier Art Museum, 201 Myrtle Way, Phone: +1 603 669-6144, [5]. Collection includes works by Picasso, Monet, and O'Keefe. Features European and American paintings, decorative arts, photographs, sculpture, and performances. The museum owns Frank Lloyd Wright's Zimmerman House, the only Wright-designed house in New England open to the public. Museum Hours Su, M, W, F 11AM-5PM, Th 11AM-8PM. Sa 10AM-5PM. Free admission Sa 10AM-1PM. Closed Tuesdays and major holidays. Zimmerman House hours: tours M, Th, F at 2PM; Sa at 11:30AM, 1PM and 2:30PM; Su at 1PM and 2:30PM.
• The Palace Theatre, 80 Hanover St, Phone: +1 603 668-5588 (box office), [6]. A restored theater that features plays, concerts, and other live performances.
• Amoskeag Fishways Learning and Visitors Center, 6 Fletcher St., Phone: +1 603 622-3474, [7]. Year round. M-Sa 9AM-5PM. (Also open Sundays May, Jun). Interactive exhibit hall that allows visitors to explore the Merrimack River. View live turtles, frogs and salmon, play a salmon migration game, generate electricity. During May and June, view migrating shad, herring and sea lamprey through underwater viewing windows looking into a 54-step fish ladder.
• Manchester Historical Society Millyard Museum, Mill No 3, Commercial St., Phone: +1 603 622-7531, [8], W-Sa 10AM-4PM. Exhibits on the history of the city, including early colonial settlement, the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company (at its peak was the largest textile producer in the world), and present-day immigration to the city.
[edit] Sports
Manchester is home to several minor-league sports teams, all of which enjoy considerable support from local fans. These include the New Hampshire Fisher Cats AA baseball team, in the Eastern League; the Manchester Wolves, an arena football team in the af2 league; and the American Hockey League's Manchester Monarchs. Additionally, the New Hampshire Phantoms, a soccer team in the USL's Premier Development League (the fourth level in the American league pyramid), play in town.
The Fisher Cats' season runs from spring to summer. The same goes for the Manchester Wolves. The Monarchs start play in late fall and run through early spring.
• New Hampshire Fisher Cats Baseball, One Line Drive, Phone: +1 603 641-2005, [9].
• New Hampshire Phantoms, [10].
• Manchester Wolves Arena Football, Brady Sullivan Field, Phone: +1 603 627-9653, [11].
• Manchester Monarchs Hockey Club, 555 Elm Street Verizon Wireless Arena, Phone: +1 603 626-7825, [12].
• New Hampshire International Speedway, 1122 Route 106 North in nearby Loudon, Phone: +1 603 783-4744, [13].
[edit][add listing] Do
• Derryfield Golf Course, 625 Mammoth Road, Phone: +1 603 669-0235, [14]. Public municipal course. 18 holes. $35 green fee; $26 for cart.
• Livingston Park, Hooksett Road. Running track, ballfields, walking, playground.
[edit][add listing] Buy
As with the rest of New Hampshire, there is no sales tax.
South Manchester is home to many large chains and the Mall of New Hampshire[15]. The area is collectively referred to as South Willow Street after the name of the main road. Downtown (on and near Elm Street) offers many smaller shops.
• East Colony Fine Art, 55 South Commercial St. in the Millyard, Phone: +1 603 621-7400, [16]. W-F 11AM-5PM, Sa 10AM-5PM. Browse or buy, worth the trip.
• Neo Tokyo Anime & Comics, 168 Amherst Street, Phone: +1 603 666-0214, [17]. Open 7 days 11AM-6PM.
• Double Midnight Comics and Collectibles, 245 Maple Street, Manchester, NH 03103 (Across from Gill Stadium), 603-669-XMEN (9636), [18]. Monday: 9-5 Tuesday: 11-7 Wednesday: 11-8 Thursday - Saturday: 11-7 Sunday: 12-6. At Double Midnight we love comics and gaming. Owned and operated by Brett Parker and brothers Chris and Scott Proulx, we opened our doors in July of 2002 in an effort to provide a fun and exciting place to shop and game. We're committed to making our store the best it can be and we always welcome your suggestions on how to make it better. Feel free to stop in a pick up game in our arena or just chat comics. (42.981773,-71.451918) edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
For a city of its size, Manchester has surprisingly good restaurants, including some devoted to cuisines one would have trouble finding in larger cities. State law prohibits smoking in restaurants and bars.
• Cafe Momo, 1065 Hanover St., Phone: +1 603 623-3733. [19] This small (30 seat) eatery serves excellent Nepalese food, which has elements of Indian and Chinese cuisine. The restaurant has a variety of vegetarian options and offers plenty of spicy -- very spicy -- entrees. The fiery gundruk soup is a must for lovers of spicy food, although be warned: it will clear your sinuses something fierce. A small parking lot, but other parking nearby is easily available.
• El Mexicano Jr, 197 Wilson St., Phone: +1 603 665-9299. This small 'hole-in-the-wall' eatery is brightly colored and serves authentic Mexican food, ranging from chile verde to Mexican-style tacos. Tacos range from standard fare (carnitas, al pastor) to relatively exotic (buche, that is, pork stomach). Inexpensive, good for lunch, no credit cards. Street parking.
• Siam Orchid, 581 Second St., Phone: +1 603 647-5547. [20] Enjoy outstanding Thai cuisine at this stylish restaurant. Curries are especially good. This restaurant has been known to impress visitors from Southern California well-versed in the joys of Thai cuisine. It is also especially easy to get to from elsewhere in the city -- if staying near the airport, take I-293 north to Exit 4, and head straight ahead at the stoplight after exiting the freeway. Voila, you're there.
• The Puritan Restaurant, 245 Hooksett Road, Phone: +1 603 669-6980. [21]. Quality Service since 1917. A VERY popular destination for locals serving American and Greek food. You may even see Adam Sandler there.
• The Red Arrow Diner, 61 Lowell Street, Phone: +1 603 626-1118. [22]. Very fun diner, open 24 hours since 1922. Voted one of the top ten diners in the country by USA Today. Very good pancakes.
• Lala's Hungarian Pastry & Restaurant, 836 Elm St, Phone: +1 603 647-7100. Hungarian and Austrian pastries, breakfast and lunch.
• Piccolo Italia Ristorante, 827 Elm Street, Phone: +1 603 606-5100. Voted Manchester's No. 1 Italian Restaurant -- and with good reason. There is no better place for Italian food in Manchester. Reservations are strongly suggested. Terrific pasta and veal.
• Unwined, 865 Second St., Phone: +1 603 625-9463, [23]. Romantic place with wine bar.
• Fratello's Ristorante Italiano, 155 Dow Street, Phone: 603-624-2022, [24]. Excellent! Prime rib recommended.
• The Black Brimmer American Bar & Grill, 1087 Elm Street, Phone: +1 603 669-5523, [25].
• Nutfield Ale & Steakhouse, 55 John E. Devine Dr., Phone: +1 603 666-3030, [26]. At Four Points Sheraton. Casual upscale with their own microbrews center stage.
• Intervale Country Club, 1491 Front Street, Phone: +1 603 626-7344, [27]. Open to the public.
• Chateau Restaurant, 201 Hanover Street, Phone: +1 603 627-2677, [28]. W,Th 4PM-9PM, Sa,Su 4PM-10PM. Classic long-time favorite with Martini lounge.
• The Yard Restaurant, 199 Mammoth Road, Phone: +1 603 623-3545, [29]. Great for Sunday brunch.
• CJ's Great West Grill, 782 So. Willow Street, Phone: +1 603 627-8600, [30].
• Shogun Japanese Steak House, 545 Daniel Webster Highway North, Phone: +1 603 669-8122, [31]. M-Th 11AM-10PM, F,Sa 11AM-11PM, Su 12PM-9PM.
• Longhorn Steakhouse, 1580 S Willow Street, Phone: +1 603 647-4901.
• Tinker's Seafood, 545 Daniel Webster Highway, Phone: +1 603 622-4279.
• Bob Nadeau's House of Subs, 776 Mast Rd., Phone: +1 603 623-9315. Nadeau's is a hole-in-the-wall treasure, known and loved by locals. Very close to St. Anselm's college, this place is well known for it's absolute brilliance with steak and cheese subs.
• Alleycat Pizzaria, 486 Chestnut St., Phone: +1 603 669-4533.
• Manchester Music Mill, 377 Elm Street, 603-623-8022, [32]. 11AM - 8PM. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
Manchester has a vibrant nightlife scene, particularly along Elm Street downtown and surrounding streets. Note that "last call" in Manchester comes early by American standards: about 12:45 a.m., with bars in the city closing around 1 a.m.
• The Black Brimmer American Bar & Grill, 1087 Elm Street, Phone: +1 603 669-5523. "Voted best pick-up place."
• Billy’s Sports Bar, 34 Tarrytown Road, Phone: +1 603 622-3644. Billy's is Manchester's quintessential sports bar. It has an extensive -- extensive -- menu, is inexpensive, and is an excellent place for out-of-state visitors to watch football games. Although the bar is a Patriots bar, fans of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Buffalo Bills, New York Jets and other out-of-market teams will find fellow partisans there on Sundays, usually in the smaller "back" room. Note that the "back" room will usually have sound and one of the main high-definition televisions turned to the Steelers game when the Steelers are playing, due to a large group of Steelers fans who gather there weekly.
• Strange Brew Tavern, 88 Market St., [33]. 65+ beers on tap. Live music every night of the week. Good, cheap food. Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights, place is very crowded.
• JD's Tavern, 700 Elm Street, 603-625-1000
• Raxx Billiards, 1211 Elm St. A comfortable and unpretentious place to play pool, watch the Sox, or just hang out after work. Voted "Best Place to Play Pool in Manchester".
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Hotels
Most travelers will find themselves staying in two-diamond or three-diamond (AAA) properties, with rates generally in the $75 to $150 per night range. Some properties may be slightly cheaper, although one tends to get what one pays for. The majority of Manchester's hotel stock is in the two- to three-diamond range, although business travelers with expense accounts should consider the Bedford Village Inn, an excellent inn in suburban Bedford, N.H.
Travelers with business downtown might consider the Hilton Garden Inn, immediately adjacent to the city's baseball stadium (rooms overlook the park, and home runs occasionally bounce off the hotel), or the Radisson Hotel Manchester, a popular place to hold conferences and meetings. (The Radisson is co-located with the Center of New Hampshire convention center).
• Bedford Village Inn, 2 Olde Bedford Way, Bedford, Phone: +1 603 472-2001, [34]. These will be the best accommodations you can get in or around the Manchester area.
• Best Western Executive Court Inn and Conference Center, 13500 S Willow Street, Phone: +1 603 627-2525, Toll-free: +1 877 627-2525, Fax: +1 603 665-7090, [35].
• Courtyard Manchester Airport, 700 Huse Road, Phone: +1 603 641-4900, Fax: +1 603 641-0001, [36].
• Fairfield Inn Manchester Airport, 860 Porter St., Phone: +1 603 625-2020, Fax: +1 603 623-7562, [37].
• Four Points by Sheraton, 55 John Devine Drive, Phone: +1 603 668-6110, Fax: +1 603 668-0408, [38].
• Hilton Garden Inn, 101 S. Commercial St., Phone: +1 603 669-2222, [39]. Watch baseball from your room. Better yet, watch baseball from the hotel's outdoor bar.
• Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites, 1298 South Porter St., Phone: +1 603 669-6800, [40].
• Holiday Inn Manchester Airport, 2280 Brown Ave., Phone: +1 603 641-6466,[41]. Holiday Inn Manchester Airport hotel offers a complimentary 24 hour Airport Shuttle Service, Fitness Center, Indoor Heated Pool, and an Affordable Park & Stay Package. Weekly specials and packages are posted on the hotel website.
• Radisson Hotel, 700 Elm St., Phone: +1 603 625-1000, [42]. The location can't be beat. The hotel is right downtown, a hop, skip and jump from I-293, and has lots of meeting and conference facilities.
• SpringHill Suites Manchester Airport, 975 North Perimeter Road, Phone: +1 603 668-9400, Fax: +1 603 668-8200, [43].
• TownePlace Suites Manchester Airport, 686 Huse Road, Phone: +1 603 641-2288, Fax: +1 603 641-2223, [44].
[edit] Bed and Breakfast
• Ash Street Inn, 118 Ash Street, Phone: +1 603 668-9908, [45]. 5 rooms, $150+.
[edit] Stay Safe
Compared to American cities of its size, Manchester has an extremely low crime rate. Violent crime and property crime is rare, and even at night, visitors should feel safe in pretty much every area of the city.
Although crime is not a problem in the city, one should not take leave of one's common sense either. The downtown area is largely safe at all hours, although there are areas of the center city and the West Side where traveling alone, on foot, at night might be inadvisable. Female visitors should take all customary precautions.
Manchester's main police station is located at 351 Chestnut Street. For up-to-date information on police matters, visit the Manchester Police Department's Web site. [46]
[edit] Get out
Particularly in early fall, a trip to the White Mountains for foliage viewing is rewarding. Boston, Vermont and the Southern Maine Coast are not too far.
A trip down State Route 101 heading west will bring you to many of the type of small towns that NH and New England are famous for including Amherst, Milford, Wilton, and Peterborough. Past Wilton, the road becomes more windy and scenic but is still a major east-west thoroughfare. The route ends in Keene about an hour away.
Routes through Manchester
ConcordHooksett N S LondonderryBoston
ConcordHooksett N S MerrimackLowell
MilfordBedford W E EppingExeter
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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You are here: Home / Environmental topics / Water / Water resources
European water resources — overview
Last modified : Feb 18, 2008 12:34 PM
Both water and population are unevenly distributed in Europe, and therefore countries and sub-regions experience differing degrees of water stress (see hydrologic cycle and water availability).
Water availability problems occur when the demand for water exceeds the amount available during a certain period. They occur frequently in areas with low rainfall and high population density, and in areas with intensive agricultural or industrial activity. Apart from water supply problems, overexploitation of water has led to the drying out of natural areas in western and southern Europe and salt-water intrusion in aquifers.
The overall abstraction and consumption of water resources is currently sustainable in the long-term. However, some areas may face unsustainable trends, especially in southern Europe where much improved efficiency of water use, especially in agriculture, is needed to prevent seasonal water shortages. In addition, climate change may affect water resources and water demand.
The three main users of water are agriculture, industry and the domestic sector, e.g. households.
The main policy objectives are:
• to ensure that the rates of abstraction from our water resources are sustainable over the long term, and to promote sustainable water use based on the long-term protection of available water resources;
• to ensure a balance between abstraction and recharge of groundwater with the aim of achieving good groundwater status by 2015.
The Water Framework Directive obliges Member States to use pricing for water-related services as an effective tool for promoting water conservation. This would also allow the environmental costs of water to be reflected in the price of water. National, regional and local authorities need, amongst other things, to introduce measures to improve the efficiency of water use and to encourage changes in the agricultural practices necessary to protect water resources and quality, such as switching to less water-demanding crops. Leakage remains a major source of inefficiency of water use and in several countries objectives have been set to achieve major reductions in leakage.
Member States shall ensure that by 2010:
• water-pricing policies provide adequate incentives for users to use water resources efficiently, and thereby contribute to the environmental objectives of the Water Framework Directive;
• different water uses, disaggregated into at least industry, households and agriculture, shall contribute to the recovery of the costs of water services.
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Bermuda Emigration and ImmigrationEdit This Page
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Bermuda Emigration and Immigration
A list of ships arriving in Bermuda from 1515 to 1684 was published in Volume 1 of Lefroy's Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands, 1515-1687 (1877):721-742. Digital version at Google Books - free.
Many ships that sailed from Bristol, England to Bermuda are described in: Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America 1698-1807 (4 vols.) FHL British Books 942.41/B2 B4b v. 38-39, 42, 47.
A list of persons seeking passports to travel from New York to Bermuda and other West Indian destinations for the year 1812 survives at the National Archives and Records Administration (Washington, D.C.) and has been published:
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Plant Genomics
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 569826, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/569826
Review Article
Methylation, Transcription, and Rearrangements of Transposable Elements in Synthetic Allopolyploids
Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Received 28 October 2010; Accepted 15 March 2011
Academic Editor: Pierre Sourdille
Copyright © 2011 Beery Yaakov and Khalil Kashkush. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) constitute over 90% of the wheat genome. It was suggested that “genomic stress” such as hybridity or polyploidy might activate transposons. Intensive investigations of various polyploid systems revealed that allopolyploidization event is associated with widespread changes in genome structure, methylation, and expression involving low- and high-copy, coding and noncoding sequences. Massive demethylation and transcriptional activation of TEs were also observed in newly formed allopolyploids. Massive proliferation, however, was reported for very limited number of TE families in various polyploidy systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated data on genetic and epigenetic dynamics of TEs, particularly in synthetic allotetraploid and allohexaploid wheat species. In addition, the underlying mechanisms and the potential biological significance of TE dynamics following allopolyploidization are discussed.
1. Introduction
Some DNA sequences possess the unique ability to move from one place in the genome to another, these sequences are usually termed transposable elements (TEs). TEs makeup a large fraction of most eukaryotic genomes, particularly grasses, where they occupy up to 90% of the genome [1]. TEs are classified into two main groups, based on the intermediate molecule that mediates their movement: (1) RNA elements (retrotransposons or class 1 transposons) have RNA as their intermediate molecule; and (2) DNA elements (class 2 transposons) have DNA as their intermediate molecule [2].
TEs are considered “parasitic”, as the success of their reproduction is negatively correlated with the fitness of the host organism [3]. Some TEs have a marked preference for insertion within or near the vicinity of genes [4]. TE transposition can cause chromosome breakage, illegitimate recombination and genome rearrangement [3]. In addition, TEs can also affect gene expression if positioned into or near the gene [57]. In order to control their activity, TEs are mostly heavily methylated by the host, and as such, are associated with heterochromatin [3].
The bias of methylation toward repetitive DNA suggests that silencing of transposable elements is one of the primary roles of DNA methylation [8]. The Arabidopsis genome contains 24% methylated CG sites, 6.7% methylated CHG sites (H = A, C or T) and 1.7% methylated CHH sites [9]. The entire sequence of transposable elements is usually methylated in Arabidopsis, in all sequence contexts [8]. Considering that DNA demethylation or hypermethylation of transposable element sequences is associated with their activation or silencing, respectively. Usually TEs are hypermethylated compared to host genes in plants [1012].
Allopolyploidy is a process where two genomes (being themselves polyploids or not) are brought together, usually by hybridization, into the same nucleus, followed by genome doubling. This new allopolyploid species is genetically isolated from its progenitors. The two genomes can be different species or different genera, and the resulting hybrid is sterile until genome doubling occurs. Allopolyploids typically have bivalent pairing, full fertility and disomic inheritance [13].
In 1970, Ohno proposed that evolution moves forward via whole genome duplication [14], an idea which is gaining momentum due to more sensitive sequence analysis used to investigate polyploidy [13]. Previous studies have shown that allopolyploidy can accelerate evolution in two ways: (1) rapid and reproducible genomic changes in the first generation of nascent polyploids, including elimination of DNA sequences [1520], gene silencing [2126], alteration of cytosine methylation [18, 27], and activation of genes and retrotransposons [5, 12, 28] and (2) sporadic genomic changes that occur during the lifetime of a polyploid species, which are not possible at the diploid level, such as diversification of homoeoalleles via mutations [29].
Synthetic wheat species (Aegilops-Triticum group) are used as a model to study the “smoking gun” of allopolyploid evolution (see review [13]). Newly synthesized wheat allopolyploids, which mimic natural polyploids, are produced from F1 hybrids treated with the mitotic inhibitor colchicine or by selfing spontaneously unreduced gametes of F1 hybrids [17]. T. aestivum is a hybridization between the tetraploid T. turgidum (genome BBAA, ) and the diploid Ae. tauschii (genome DD, ). The tetraploid T. turgidum is itself a hybridization of T. urartu (genome AA, ) and an unknown genome BB diploid donor. The leading candidate progenitor of the BB genome is Ae. speltoides (genome SS, ), as its genome is the closest to that of T. turgidum [30].
one of the major responses to an allopolyploidization event in wheat is elimination of DNA sequences: low-copy coding and noncoding sequences [17, 18, 31, 32] as well as repetitive sequences [19, 3336]. In addition, changes in the wheat transcriptome as a result of allopolyploid were shown in wheat [25], yeast [37], maize [38], and synthetic and natural Arabidopsis allotetraploids ([23] and [24], resp.).
In this paper, we review the accumulated data on TE dynamics following allopolyploidization in order to shed light on the possible mechanisms that are involved in TE regulation.
2. Allopolyploidy-Induced Transcriptional Activation of Retrotransposons
It is now evident that, under normal conditions, some retrotransposon promoters retain activity and initiate transcription of either the transposon itself or readout transcription to adjacent host DNA sequences [5, 3941]. Our studies and others have shown that allopolyploidization might increase the steady-state level of expression of some transposons [5, 42]. In Arabidopsis, both DNA and RNA transposons displayed a higher transcriptional activity in synthetic allopolyploid hybrid compared with its autotetraploid parental lines [42]. For example, the En-Spm-like transposon, belonging to a novel family in Arabidopsis termed Sunfish, displayed higher transcriptional activity level in the synthetic allopolyploid hybrid, and this transcription was correlated with reduction in cytosine methylation of the element.
In synthetic allotetraploid wheat, we have observed higher transcriptional activity of the LTR retrotransposon termed WIS 2-1A compared with its diploid parental lines [25]. Later, we have observed that this transcriptional activity leads to the production of readout transcripts toward adjacent host DNA sequences, a process that occurred in a genome-wide manner [5]. In many cases, these readout transcripts altered the expression of the adjacent genes based on their orientation: knocking down or knocking out the gene product if the readout transcript was in the antisense orientation relative to the orientation of the gene transcript; or overexpressing the gene if the readout transcript was in the sense orientation.
Several studies reported specific cases, where a transposon insertion near a gene had influenced the expression of the gene, such as: an Spm insertion near the a locus and a Mu insertion near hcf106 in maize (see [43, 44], resp.), and a foldback-like insertion near the Drosophila developmental CG13617 gene [45]. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. In some cases, the reduction of the sense expression of the gene was correlated with the production of the antisense strand that initiated from the adjacent transposon promoter [5, 45]. This might indicate that posttranscriptional gene silencing might be responsible in silencing the adjacent genes. In addition, we have showed that this phenomenon might occur in a genome-wide manner in the first generations of newly formed wheat allopolyploid [5]. Whether this phenomenon is beneficial for genome stabilization of the emerging new allopolyploid species in nature remains a mystery. Future studies are required to investigate whether the genome-wide, high level readout transcription activity following allopolyploidization is temporal, namely, restricted to the first generation(s) of the newly formed allopolyploid. Our recent studies on tracking methylation changes around a retrotransposon in the first four generations of a newly formed wheat allopolyploid [46] may indicate that indeed this might be the case if the methylation of TEs is directly connected with readout transcription activity, as was shown in rice [41].
3. Allopolyploidy-Induced Massive Methylation Alterations near TEs
Epigenetic regulation of TEs, especially cytosine methylation, was shown to be relaxed following allopolyploidization, causing transcriptional activity of a TE promoter [5, 18, 25]. Thus, the alteration of methylation status following allopolyploidization was examined in Arabidopsis [27, 47], Spartina [48], and Brassica [49, 50] and surrounding TEs in wheat [18] and Spartina [51]. The methylation alterations are either hyper- or hypomethylation, depending on the sequence analyzed, and are reproducible.
In two recent studies, we have investigated the methylation of CCGG sites around several TE families. In one study [46], we have applied transposon methylation display (TMD) analysis (see [41]) on a terminal-repeat retrotransposon in miniature (TRIM), termed Veju, on Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (genome AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (genome DD), and the first four (S1–S4) generations of the derived allohexaploid. We estimated that about 55% of the CCGG sites flanking Veju elements showed altered TMD patterns (compared to the TMD patterns in the parental lines) in the first four generations (S1–S4) of the newly formed allohexaploid. In most cases, Veju sites were hypomethylated in the first generation (S1) of the newly formed allohexaploid, while hypermethylation was predominant in S4 generation (Figure 1(a)). This might be an indication for a reduction in Veju activity after the third generation of the synthetic allohexaploid. A similar pattern of hypomethylation of Veju elements was observed also in the first three generations (S1–S3) of synthetic allotetraploid that was derived from a cross between Ae. sharonensis (genome S1S1) and T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides (genome AmAm). However, unlike in the synthetic allohexaploid, Veju elements remained hypomethylated also in the fourth generation of the synthetic allotetraploid (Figure 1(b)).
Figure 1: Type of changes in TMD patterns (hypomethylation versus hypermethylation) in the first four generations of the synthetic allohexaploid (S1–S4) and in the first five generations of the synthetic allotetraploid (S1–S5). (a) and (b) Corresponding to Veju elements in allohexaploid and allotetraploid, respectively; (c) and (e) corresponding to Balduin elements in allohexaploid and allotetraploid, respectively; (d) and (f) corresponding to Thalos elements in allohexaploid and allotetraploid, respectively.
As opposed to retrotransposons, class 2 elements (DNA elements) displayed completely different patterns in synthetic allohexaploid versus synthetic allotetraploid (see examples in Figures 1(c) and 1(d) versus 1(e) and 1(f), resp.). While the three investigated elements (Balduin (belonging to the CACTA superfamily), Apollo (belonging to the MuDR/Foldback superfamily) and Thalos (a stowaway-like MITE belonging to the Tc1/mariner superfamily)) underwent massive hypermethylation in the first four generations of the synthetic allohexaploid (see [52] and see data for Balduin and Thalos in Figures 1(c) and 1(d)), they underwent hypomethylation in the first four generations of the synthetic allotetraploid (Figures 1(e) and 1(f)). The massive hypermethylation of class 2 elements in the synthetic allohexaploid might be connected to the lack of transpositional activity [52], while some transpositional activity was documented in the synthetic allotetraploid (data not shown). This activity might be correlated to the hypomethylation of the elements in the synthetic allotetraploid.
Another important difference between the allohexaploid and the allotetraploid systems was the timing of changes in TMD patterns. Most of the changes (over 70% for the three elements: Veju, Balduin, and Thalos) in the synthetic allohexaploid occurred in the first two generations (levels of changes are maintained in the S2 and are even higher than in S1 for two TEs out of the three) (see [46, 52] and see Figure 2(a)), while ~30% (of the three elements) of the changes occurred in the first generation (S1) of the synthetic allotetraploid, followed by nearly a similar rate (~17% on average) in the subsequent generations (Figure 2(b)), in addition, in hexaploid system.
Figure 2: Timing of changes in TMD patterns in the first four generations of the synthetic allohexaploid (S1–S4) and in the first five generations of the synthetic allotetraploid (S1–S5). The % in each generation represents the fraction of changes at this particular generation, relative to the global final level of changes observed. For the three elements (Veju (red bars), Balduin (yellow bars), and Thalos (green bars)), the level of changes per generation from the total number of TMD bands subjected to methylation changes are shown in the synthetic allohexaploid (a) and in the synthetic allotetraploid (b).
4. Allopolyploidy-Induced Genomic Rearrangements including TE-Containing Sequences
Early evidence for rearrangements following allopolyploidization came from an analysis of the polymorphism in the ribosomal DNA spacer of Triticum and Aegilops [53]. This was followed by a study revealing elimination of low-copy chromosome- and genome specific sequences in newly formed allohexaploid wheat, where it was suggested that these eliminations contribute to the disomic inheritance, essential to nascent allopolyploids [31]. Liu et al. later published two studies which show nonrandom genome specific sequence elimination and group-specific rapid genomic changes following polyploidization (see [15, 16], resp.). Shaked et al. [18] and Ozkan et al. [17] continued to show evidence of low-copy sequence elimination in allopolyploid wheat, using AFLP and Southern blots, respectively. These studies also showed the timing of elimination to be dependent on the plant species crossed and whether the elimination was chromosome or genome specific. Kashkush et al. [25] reported gene loss in newly formed wheat allotetraploid. A tandem DNA repetitive sequence was also shown to be eliminated, using FISH in allopolyploid wheat [19]. Up to ~70–90% of the copies were eliminated by the second to third selfed generations [19].
The prevalence of transposable elements and their inherent sequence similarity makes them a prime target for illegitimate and nonhomologous recombination. In tobacco, parent-specific retrovirus repeats and satellite repeats showed a partial or complete rapid elimination following allotetraploidization [20], and transposable elements have also been shown to undergo rearrangements following allopolyploidization in spartina and tobacco (see [51, 54], resp.). Bento et al. [55] detected genomic rearrangements in genes of the triticale polyploidy, as well as in retrotransposons.
Our recent data indicate that deletion of retrotransposon-containing sequences occur in the first three generations (S1–S3) of a synthetic allohexaploid, while no deletion events were detected in S4 [46]. This may indicate that deletion of DNA sequences following allopolyploidization is a rapid process, occurring in the first generations. This prediction was also reported by Ozkan et al. [17], where they proposed that deletion of low-copy sequences in newly formed wheat allopolyploids was completed in the S3 generation.
In addition, we clearly showed that a change in the methylation status (usually hypomethylation) in the S1 generation was followed by deletion in the S2 generation [46]. These data plainly show the correlation between methylation and postallopolyploidization rearrangements that occur via a mechanism that is yet to be identified.
5. Transpositional Activity of TEs following Allopolyploidization
Despite the altered methylation status and transcriptional activation of TEs following allopolyploidization, there were very limited reports on transpositional activity of transposons. Madlung et al. [42] showed both methylation alterations along with limited transpositional activation of a Sunfish transposon in polyploidy Arabidopsis. Petit et al. [54] showed an increase in the copy number of a Tnt1 retrotransposon in allotetraploid tobacco. No transposition bursts were reported in Spartina [51] and in wheat [5, 52, 56]. These reports indicate that the transpositional activity of TEs following allopolyploidization might be restricted to specific TE families [57].
Recently, we found that the immense loss of Veju sequences in the first generation after genome doubling is probably followed by retrotransposition in subsequent generations, a process that causes new insertions to accumulate in allohexaploids [46]. We also showed that these new insertions were rapidly targeted for methylation [46].
A comparison of the genomic distribution of Veju in the fifth (S5) generation of the synthetic allohexaploid and in the ~10,000-year-old natural allohexaploid revealed similar quantities (copy number) of Veju sequences. This might indicate that most rearrangements (deletion followed by accumulation) might occur in the earliest generations of the nascent allopolyploid rather than on an evolutionary scale. This explains the data published by Charles et al. [58], according to which allopolyploidization neither enhanced nor repressed retrotranspositions when tested on an evolutionary time scale.
6. Underlying Mechanism of TE Rearrangements
Although no mechanism for DNA elimination is currently accepted, Devos et al. [59] and Bennetzen et al. [60] suggested that illegitimate recombination, and to a lesser degree unequal homologous recombination, may be involved in the variation of genome sizes among angiosperms and the mechanism counteracting genome expansion by allopolyploidization and retrotransposon amplification. An analysis of a BAC sequence in allotetraploid cotton and its diploid progenitors revealed small deletions and illegitimate recombination following allopolyploidization [61]. In wheat, genomic sequences from a diploid and tetraploid species were compared [62], and they showed DNA rearrangements in repeat-rich regions, which might be attributed to illegitimate recombination. Chantret et al. [63] examined the Hardness locus in wheat, which underwent deletions following allopolyploidization, the sequences of the rearrangements and rearrangement breakpoints, and sequence motifs, suggesting illegitimate recombination as the underlying mechanism.
It is very important to mention that yet we do not know whether the insertional activity, for example, of Veju elements in synthetic allopolyploids, was caused by typical retrotransposition or, alternatively, by illegitimate integration. Experiments are on the way to characterize the new Veju-insertion loci and to identify target site duplications (TSDs), then check for empty sites in the parental lines by site-specific PCR.
7. Concluding Remarks
Transposable elements can act as “hot spots” that attract illegitimate rearrangements. The molecular mechanism of which hypomethylated elements undergo deletion remains unknown. This might be explained by hypomethylation conferring an open chromatin structure to the TE sequences, which exposes these demethylated elements to be targeted for deletion by the host. In addition, small RNAs might also have a major role in this process. There is evidence that small RNA corresponding to Veju elements might play a prominent role in Veju methylation in the newly formed wheat allohexaploid (Avi Levy, personal communication).
Methylation of new TE insertions can be understood as a defensive mechanism of the host from the deleterious transposon insertions. Investigating the scale of eliminated DNA sequences, including TE sequences, by identifying the deletion breakpoints will allow a better understanding of the mechanism(s) involved and of the nature of the connection between methylation and rearrangements, because it is believed that methylation of DNA usually occurs locally.
Many questions remained unanswered those include; (1) the biological role, if any, of the TE rearrangements following allopolyploidization; and (2) if indeed DNA rearrangements, following allopolyploidization, are a reprogrammed process as was suggested by Feldman and Levy [64]. Nevertheless, future studies should address these processes and their biological significance in nascent allopolyploid species.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Vadim Khasdan and the three anonymous referees for their constructive comments. This work was supported by a grant from the Israeli Science Foundation (Grant no. 142/08) to K. Kashkush.
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Kai Lung Unrolls His Mat
• Authors: Ernest Bramah
• Year: 1974-02-00
• ISBN-10: 0-345-23787-0
• ISBN-13: 978-0-345-23787-3
• Publisher: Ballantine
• Pub. Series: Ballantine Adult Fantasy
• Pub. Series #: 64
• Price: $1.25
• Pages: xi+244
• Binding: pb
• Type: NOVEL
• Title Reference: Kai Lung Unrolls His Mat
• Cover: Ian Miller
• ISFDB Record Number: 217849
• Notes: Artist name is misspelled on the copyright page (Millar).
MODERATOR: This is NOT a collection. The stories are clearly labeled "Chapters" throughout the book. The chapters have titles.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (KLNGNRLLSH1974)
Cover art hosted by ISFDB
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Reference Status
Primary Verified by Don Erikson on 2007-08-24 10:35:16
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
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Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
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Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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The free office suite
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(9), 10660-10679; doi:10.3390/ijms130910660
Review
Recent Advances in Intracellular and In Vivo ROS Sensing: Focus on Nanoparticle and Nanotube Applications
Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Sciences & Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Rd., Albany, NY 12203, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 July 2012; in revised form: 2 August 2012 / Accepted: 16 August 2012 / Published: 24 August 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine)
Download PDF Full-Text [324 KB, uploaded 24 August 2012 14:15 CEST]
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increasingly being implicated in the regulation of cellular signaling cascades. Intracellular ROS fluxes are associated with cellular function ranging from proliferation to cell death. Moreover, the importance of subtle, spatio-temporal shifts in ROS during localized cellular signaling events is being realized. Understanding the biochemical nature of the ROS involved will enhance our knowledge of redox-signaling. An ideal intracellular sensor should therefore resolve real-time, localized ROS changes, be highly sensitive to physiologically relevant shifts in ROS and provide specificity towards a particular molecule. For in vivo applications issues such as bioavailability of the probe, tissue penetrance of the signal and signal-to-noise ratio also need to be considered. In the past researchers have heavily relied on the use of ROS-sensitive fluorescent probes and, more recently, genetically engineered ROS sensors. However, there is a great need to improve on current methods to address the above issues. Recently, the field of molecular sensing and imaging has begun to take advantage of the unique physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles and nanotubes. Here we discuss the recent advances in the use of these nanostructures as alternative platforms for ROS sensing, with particular emphasis on intracellular and in vivo ROS detection and quantification.
Keywords: nanoparticles; nanotubes; reactive oxygen species; hydrogen peroxide; ROS sensors
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Uusitalo, L.M.; Hempel, N. Recent Advances in Intracellular and In Vivo ROS Sensing: Focus on Nanoparticle and Nanotube Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 10660-10679.
AMA Style
Uusitalo LM, Hempel N. Recent Advances in Intracellular and In Vivo ROS Sensing: Focus on Nanoparticle and Nanotube Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(9):10660-10679.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Uusitalo, Larissa M.; Hempel, Nadine. 2012. "Recent Advances in Intracellular and In Vivo ROS Sensing: Focus on Nanoparticle and Nanotube Applications." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, no. 9: 10660-10679.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Remote Sens. 2013, 5(2), 830-844; doi:10.3390/rs5020830
Article
The Impact of Potential Land Cover Misclassification on MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Estimation: A Statistical Perspective
1 LREIS, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 December 2012; in revised form: 4 February 2013 / Accepted: 4 February 2013 / Published: 15 February 2013
Download PDF Full-Text [748 KB, uploaded 15 February 2013 09:17 CET]
Abstract: Understanding the impact of vegetation mixture and misclassification on leaf area index (LAI) estimation is crucial for algorithm development and the application community. Using the MODIS standard land cover and LAI products, global LAI climatologies and statistics were obtained for both pure and mixed pixels to evaluate the effects of biome mixture on LAI estimation. Misclassification between crops and shrubs does not generally translate into large LAI errors (<0.37 or 27.0%), partly due to their relatively lower LAI values. Biome misclassification generally leads to an LAI overestimation for savanna, but an underestimation for forests. The largest errors caused by misclassification are also found for savanna (0.51), followed by evergreen needleleaf forests (0.44) and broadleaf forests (~0.31). Comparison with MODIS uncertainty indicators show that biome misclassification is a major factor contributing to LAI uncertainties for savanna, while for forests, the main uncertainties may be introduced by algorithm deficits, especially in summer. The LAI climatologies for pure pixels are recommended for land surface modeling studies. Future studies should focus on improving the biome classification for savanna systems and refinement of the retrieval algorithms for forest biomes.
Keywords: leaf area index (LAI); uncertainty; land cover; biome type; subpixel mixture; biome misclassification; MODIS
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Fang, H.; Li, W.; Myneni, R.B. The Impact of Potential Land Cover Misclassification on MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Estimation: A Statistical Perspective. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 830-844.
AMA Style
Fang H, Li W, Myneni RB. The Impact of Potential Land Cover Misclassification on MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Estimation: A Statistical Perspective. Remote Sensing. 2013; 5(2):830-844.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Fang, Hongliang; Li, Wenjuan; Myneni, Ranga B. 2013. "The Impact of Potential Land Cover Misclassification on MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Estimation: A Statistical Perspective." Remote Sens. 5, no. 2: 830-844.
Remote Sens. EISSN 2072-4292 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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11 Bible Verses about The Heart
Proverbs 27:19 ESV / 16 helpful votes
As in water face reflects face, so the heart of man reflects the man.
Jeremiah 17:9 ESV / 6 helpful votes
The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately sick; who can understand it?
1 Corinthians 6:19-20 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body.
Proverbs 15:13 ESV / 5 helpful votes
A glad heart makes a cheerful face, but by sorrow of heart the spirit is crushed.
Hebrews 13:15 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Through him then let us continually offer up a sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of lips that acknowledge his name.
John 7:38 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, ‘Out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.’”
Matthew 6:21 ESV / 4 helpful votes
For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
Ezekiel 11:19 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And I will give them one heart, and a new spirit I will put within them. I will remove the heart of stone from their flesh and give them a heart of flesh,
Proverbs 3:5-7 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths. Be not wise in your own eyes; fear the Lord, and turn away from evil.
1 Samuel 16:7 ESV / 4 helpful votes
But the Lord said to Samuel, “Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him. For the Lord sees not as man sees: man looks on the outward appearance, but the Lord looks on the heart.”
John 14:1-3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“Let not your hearts be troubled. Believe in God; believe also in me. In my Father's house are many rooms. If it were not so, would I have told you that I go to prepare a place for you? And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and will take you to myself, that where I am you may be also.
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VivaCell-MTS contributes to infant mortality reduction
PanARMENIAN.Net - On November 9, VivaCell-MTS General Manager Ralph Yirikian and BirthLink NGO Director Kathy Mellor visited neonatal departments in Maralik and Artik hospitals.
As VivaCell-MTS press service reported, maternity hospitals are in severe need of special equipments to save newborn lives from unforeseen complications during pregnancy or premature delivery.
“This is our second visit to Shirak region in the framework of Neonatal care project which is aimed at reducing infant mortality rate. People in the regions should have equal opportunities to receive medical services, especially when it comes to infants,” Mr. Yirikian said.
VivaCell-MTS has cooperated with BirthLink NGO for the past four years contributing to reduction of infant mortality rate in Armenia.
Partner news
Top stories
Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
Partner news
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[3] (For the length of my life is still in me, And the spirit of God is in my nostrils);
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0527.tlg032.perseus-eng1:27.3
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Keywords in URLs the New Google Search Optimization Winner?
Apr 25, 2007 • 7:34 am | (4) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
WebmasterWorld moderator, martinibuster, posted a thread at WebmasterWorld documenting a pattern he is seeing recently with Google. He is asking, not telling, if people agree or disagree with his theory. In short, he is noticing that Google is apparently ranking sites that have their keywords in their URL/domain better then Google has in the recent past.
One of my sites with the keyword in the domain (no hyphens) jumped up to number one and started making unprecedented amounts of money. I checked it's backlinks and referrals and DMOZ/Yahoo but no change. The only change was Google giving my site a boost because, and I can't explain this any other way, because of the keyword in the domain. I've not done any promotion to that site at all. Zero.
I've also been seeing an unusual amount of parked domains that are exact matches for the keyword sitting at the top, although they seem to have been dialed back today.
Like with most of these threads, some agree and some disagree.
I have seen some cases of this being correct and some cases of this not being correct.
Of course, there must be some other factors that are hard for these webmasters to isolate. So the discussion continues...
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Google's AdWords Representative Calls Radio Ads Magical
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Sunday, April 29, 2012
How to Destroy Education While Making a Trillion Dollars
by Robert Freeman
The Vietnam War produced more than its share of iconic idiocies. Perhaps the most revelatory was the psychotic assertion of an army major explaining the U.S. bombing of the provincial hamlet of Ben Tre: “We had to destroy the village in order to save it.” If only such self-extinguishing claims for intelligence were confined to military war.
The U.S is ratcheting up a societal-level war on public education. At issue is whether we are going to make it better — build it into something estimable, a social asset that undergirds a noble and prosperous society — or whether we’re going to tear it down so that private investors can get their hands on the almost $1 trillion we spend on it every year. The tear-it-down option is the civilian equivalent of Ben Tre, but on a vastly larger scale and with incomparably greater stakes: we must destroy public education in order to save it. It’s still early in the game, but right now the momentum is with the wreckers because that’s where the money is. Whether they succeed or not will be up to you.
Here’s a three-step recipe for how to destroy education. It maps perfectly to how to make a prodigious profit by privatizing it. It is the essential game plan of the big money boys.
First, lower the costs so you can jack up the profits. Since the overwhelming cost in education is the salaries of the teachers, this means firing the experienced teachers, for they are the most expensive. Replace them with “teachers” who are young, inexperienced, and inexpensive. Better yet, waive requirements that they have to have any training, that is to say, that they be credentialed. That way, you can get the absolute cheapest workers available. Roll them over frequently so they don’t develop any expectation that they’ll ever make a career out of it.
Second, make the curriculum as narrow, rote, and regimented as you can. This makes it possible for low-skilled “teachers” to “teach.” All they need do is maintain order while drilling students in mindless memorization and robotic repetition. By all means avoid messy things like context, nuance, values, complexity, reflection, depth, ambiguity—all the things that actually make for true intelligence. It’s too hard to teach those things and, besides, you need intelligent, experienced people to be able to do it. Stick with the model: Profitable equals simplistic and formulaic. Go with it.
Finally, rinse and repeat five thousand times. Proliferate franchised, chartered McSchools with each classroom in each McSchool teaching the same thing on the same day in exactly the same way. So, for the math lesson on the formula of a line, you only need develop it once. But you download it in Power Point on the assigned day so the room monitors, i.e., the “teachers,” know what bullets to read. Now repeat this for every lesson in every course in every school, every day. In biology, chemistry, geometry, history, English, Spanish, indeed, all of a K-12 curriculum. Develop the lesson literally once, but distribute and reuse it thousands of times with low-cost proctors doing the supervision. The cost is infinitesimal making the profit potential astronomical.
This is the essential charter school model and the money is all the rationale its promoters need. Think about it. There’s a trillion dollars a year spent on public education in the U.S. and enterprising investors want to get their meat hooks on it. Where else in the world can you find a $1 trillion opportunity that is essentially untouched? Not in automobiles. Not in health care. Not in weapons, computers, banking, telecommunications, agriculture, entertainment, retail, manufacturing, housing. Nowhere.
Oh, to be sure, you have to soften up the public with a decades-long PR campaign bashing teachers, vilifying their unions, trashing schools, and condemning public education in general, all the while promising the sun, moon, and stars for privatization, which is the ultimate charter goal. Voila! You’ve got your chance.
But to really make a killing, you need not just revenues, but profits. That’s why the low cost delivery and “build it once but resell it millions of times” model is so key. It was that very model that made Bill Gates the richest man in the world. It is what earned Microsoft 13 TIMES the rate of profit of the average Fortune 500 company in the 1990s and persuaded the Justice Department to declare it a “felony monopolist”. Gates recognizes the model very well, which is why his foundation is pouring tens of millions of dollars into charters. And you thought it was his altruism.
Of course, anybody who actually knows education, indeed, anybody who is simply intelligent, knows that intelligence does not come from rote repetition or parroting Power Point slides at the regimented direction of a room monitor, no matter how perky or well intended. It comes from an agonizingly complex, intricate, sustained set of challenges to the mind that are exquisitely choreographed over the better part of two decades, all intimately tailored to the specific needs of an individual, inquisitive, aspiring student.
That is what real teachers do. And it is precisely what a cookie-cutter, low-content, low-cost, high-turnover, high-profit money mill cannot do. Because it’s not intended to do that. It’s intended to produce profits. Real education, real intelligence, real character are agonizingly slow, dazzlingly complex, maddening difficult things to create. You can’t make a profit off of it, unless you destroy it in the process. That is why not one of the nations of the world that surpass the U.S. in education performance operated, charter-based or privatized educational systems.
If America wants better education, it needs to fix the greatest force undermining education, which is poverty. The single most powerful predictor of student performance is the average income of the zip code in which they live. But one out of four American students now live in poverty, and the numbers are growing. One out of two will live in poverty sometime during their lives. Forty-seven million Americans are on food stamps. Is it any wonder American school performance is faltering?
But poverty is a hard and expensive problem to fix. We prefer easy, painless fixes, or even better, vapid clichés about the “magic of the market” and such. Why, look what we got from the deregulation of the banking system: the greatest economic collapse of the last 80 years and the greatest plunder of the public treasury in the history of the world.
This is the essential neo-liberal agenda which Obama enthusiastically supports: privatize and deregulate everything, especially public services, so that the money spent on them can be transferred to private hands. This is how Arne Duncan, Obama’s Secretary of Education, earned his bureaucratic bonafides: he converted more than 100 of Chicago’s public schools to charters while the city’s school superintendent. It’s unbelievable how credulous we are but obviously, propaganda works. That’s why the likes of the Gates Foundation keep pouring money into the cause.
The problem with charter schools is that they simply don’t work, at least not for delivering high quality education. Of course, given their formula, how could they? The most thorough research on charter schools, by Stanford University, shows that while charters do better than public schools in 17% of cases, they actually do worse in 37%, a more than 2-to-1 bad-to-good ratio!
If your doctor injured two patients for every one he cured, would you go to him? If your mechanic wrecked two cars for every one he fixed, would you go to him? Yet that is literally the proposition that charter school operators are peddling. And that 2-to-1 failure rate is after charters have skimmed off the better students and run what can only be called ethnically cleansed schools, counseling out poor performers, special needs cases, and “undesirable” minorities, leaving them for the public schools to deal with. For the data show they do that as well.
The irony of all this, indeed, the hypocrisy, is that America is at least nominally a capitalist county. You would think it would be ok to be honest about your intentions to make money by pillaging children’s futures while looting the public purse. God knows the weapons makers, the banks, the oil companies, the pharmaceutical companies, agribusiness and others aren’t bashful about it. But that doesn’t seem to be true here, in education.
Here, it’s all about “the children,” about “streamlining” education, boosting scores, uplifting minorities, making America competitive, and just about every other infantile fairy tale they can invoke to convince the country to hand over the loot. For that’s what it’s really about. The trillion dollars a year to be made by turning “the children” into intellectually impotent dullards but profit producing zombies? Well, that’s just a lavishly fortunate coincidence. Right?
Remember, you can’t save something by destroying it. Which isn’t to say that swashbuckling entrepreneurs aren’t willing to try. All they need is the liberating impetus of that essential American ethic: “I’m getting mine, screw you.” But the cost of this plunder will be incalculable, for it will ripple through the economy for decades. And the damage will be irreversible for, while public education is the most powerful democratizing institution in the world, it only works when the schools work. When they cease to work, it’s over.
So watch out. A destroyed educational system, a desiccated economy, and a debauched democracy are coming soon to a school district near you.
Robert Freeman teaches history and economics at a public high school in northern California. He is the founder of One Dollar For Life, a national non-profit that helps American schools build schools in the developing world with donations of one dollar. He can be reached atrobertfreeman10@yahoo.com.
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Person:Henry Clay (17)
Watchers
Browse
1. Henry Clay1777 - 1852
1. Henry Clay, Jr.1811 - 1847
2. James Brown Clay1817 - 1864
Facts and Events
Name Henry Clay
Gender Male
Birth[1] 12 Apr 1777 Hanover, Virginia, United States
Death[1] 29 Jun 1852 Washington, District of Columbia, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was a lawyer, politician and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives. He served three different terms as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. He lost his campaigns for president in 1824, 1832 and 1844.
Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. As a leading war hawk in 1812, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in the War of 1812. In 1824 he ran for president and lost, but threw his electoral votes to John Quincy Adams, who made him secretary of state as the Jacksonians denounced what they considered a "corrupt bargain." He ran and lost again in 1832 and 1844 as the candidate of the Whig Party, which he founded and usually dominated. Clay was the foremost proponent of the American System, fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. Clay also opposed the Mexican-American War and the "Manifest Destiny" policy of Democrats, which cost him votes in the close 1844 election. Dubbed the "Great Pacificator," Clay brokered important compromises during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue. As part of the "Great Triumvirate" or "Immortal Trio," along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names "Henry of the West" and "The Western Star." A plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime but freed them in his Will.[1]
Abraham Lincoln, the Whig leader in Illinois, was a great admirer of Clay, saying he was "my ideal of a great man." Lincoln wholeheartedly supported Clay's economic programs. In 1957, a Senate Committee selected Clay as one of the five greatest U.S. Senators, along with Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert La Follette, and Robert Taft.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Henry Clay. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Henry Clay, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
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Place:Franklin (township), Hunterdon, New Jersey, United States
Watchers
NameFranklin (township)
Alt namesFranklin Township
Franklinsource: WeRelate abbreviation
TypeTownship
Located inHunterdon, New Jersey, United States
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Franklin Township is a township in central Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 3,195,[1][2][3] reflecting an increase of 205 (+6.9%) from the 2,990 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 139 (+4.9%) from the 2,851 counted in the 1990 Census. Most of the township lies on the Hunterdon Plateau with only the eastern section along the South Branch Raritan River being on the lower part of the Newark Basin.
Franklin Township was established by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 7, 1845, when it was created from portions of Kingwood Township, based on the results of a referendum held that day. Portions of the township were taken to form Clinton town on April 5, 1865. In its early days, Franklin was a Quaker settlement. The most reliable records that are available about the early days of the Township are found in the minutes of the Friends' Meeting in Quakertown.
The Capoolong Creek, which runs through the community of Pittstown, was an attraction to early settlers and they soon established three of the oldest churches in present day Hunterdon: Thomas Episcopal, established in 1723, Bethlehem Presbyterian, organized in 1730 and the Quaker Church in 1733.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Franklin Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Rosita South, Maverick, Texas, United States
Watchers
NameRosita South
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates28.624°N 100.434°W
Located inMaverick, Texas, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Rosita South is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maverick County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,574 at the 2000 census. The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas is located within the community.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Rosita South, Texas. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4626.0.55.001 - Environmental views and behaviour, 2007-08 (2nd issue) Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/06/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
June 18, 2009
Embargoed: 11.30 am (AEST)
38/2009
Australians concerned about water shortages and climate change: ABS
Australians have confirmed that water shortages and climate change are the biggest environmental issues facing us, according to a survey of environmental views released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
The survey found that nine in ten Australians are concerned by water shortages, and three-quarters are concerned about climate change.
Just over half (55%) of all Australians thought that their water use had decreased in the year leading up to the survey. The primary reasons for decreased water use were trying to conserve water (76%) and water restrictions (42%).
When it comes to climate change, people in the Australian Capital Territory showed the highest levels of concern (eight in ten people concerned), while the Northern Territory had the lowest (seven in ten).
The survey also found that men and women thought differently about climate change, with one-quarter of all men and one-fifth of all women 'not concerned about climate change'.
Nine in ten people reported that they took steps to limit their electricity use in the year prior to the survey; nearly half (47%) reported that they thought their personal electricity use had decreased, with a similar proportion (45%) reporting that their personal electricity use had not changed.
About half of all Australians believed the natural environment was declining, with four in ten Australians reporting the condition of the natural environment in Australia was neither good nor bad.
However, only about one-third had some form of environmental involvement in the 12 months prior to the survey. The most commonly reported environmental activity undertaken was signing a petition relating to any environmental issues (17% of all people), followed by donating money to help protect the environment (14%). One in ten people expressed concern about the environment through a letter, email or by talking to responsible authorities.
Further details are available in Environmental Views and Behaviour, 2007-08 (cat. no. 4626.0.55.001).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Posts by Ken Kovash
Firefox’s Adoption Funnel
Ken Kovash
4
We’ve done a bit of work over the past couple years trying to understand and improve Firefox’s conversion and adoption funnel. The Firefox “funnel” encompasses several aspects of a person’s experience with Firefox, including – (1) finding firefox.com or mozilla.com, … Continue reading
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Cooperative Principle in Oral English Teaching
Mai Zhou
Abstract
The Cooperative Principle by American linguist Grice is one of the major principles guiding people’s communication. Observing the Cooperative Principle will be helpful for people to improve the flexibility and accuracy of language communication. The ultimate aim of spoken English teaching is to develop students’ communicative competence. Therefore, it is significant to apply the Cooperative Principle to oral English teaching. This paper tries to prove the applicability of Cooperative Principle in spoken English teaching.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Education Studies ISSN 1913-9020 (Print), ISSN 1913-9039 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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anything goes
Forum » all other discussion / anything goes
Number of threads: 324
Number of posts: 533
RSS: New threads | New posts
Unclear about where to post your comment to neighbors? Put it here. Bookmark this spot, or http://bit.ly/CCpost will bring you here.
Order by: Last post date | Thread starting date
Create a new thread
Thread name Started Posts Recent post
Seattle Parks and Recreation invites the community to a meeting to discuss the improvements for Genesee Playfield #1.
by: Karen O'Connor (guest)
19 Oct 2009 15:38
1
Maria McKnight is firing up the deep fryer to raise money to support her son, Aaron, who is attending college at Grambling State University in Louisiana! Order ahead, and pick up a delicious family style meal this coming Wednesday (10/21/09).
by: Christy Stewart (guest)
18 Oct 2009 20:54
1
Baby-proof Your Relationship Workshop (for Expectant and Pre-Adoption Parents)
by: Shannon Armitage (guest)
15 Oct 2009 17:40
1
by: Michael (guest)
14 Oct 2009 15:06
1
Sustainable South Seattle has accomplished a lot, and has more in store...
by: Michael Murphy (guest)
14 Oct 2009 05:08
1
Eat a cookie - feed your neighbor!
by: Michele Weingeist (guest)
13 Oct 2009 05:19
1
Please donate food for the Rainier Valley Food Bank and receive free acupuncture! We are accepting food donations on both our front and back porch between now and 10/16! Thanks!
by: sonja (guest)
08 Oct 2009 15:33
2 by acupuncture for all
13 Oct 2009 01:50 Jump!
10 to midnight!
by: Kallaloo Caribbean Restaurant (guest)
11 Oct 2009 03:13
1
by: Meredith (guest)
08 Oct 2009 19:07
1
King County Metro Transit launched an “In Motion” program in southeast Seattle to help residents leave their cars behind. Get involved: pledge to travel in new ways – walk, carpool, bus, light rail. Get rewards and important bus route change information.
by: Meagan Eliot (guest)
07 Oct 2009 19:53
1
Please join us on Thursday, October 8, 2009 at 7:00 p.m. at the LWSP Community Clubhouse on 50th and Angeline for our regular monthly community meeting where we will discuss, among other things, whether or not a swine flu vaccine is the right thing for you and your family. Complete Agenda follows.
by: Jeannie OBrien (guest)
07 Oct 2009 16:25
1
Please buy coffee at Columbia City Starbucks for donation to Rainier Valley Food Bank - Oct 6 - Nov 16.
by: Michele Weingeist (guest)
07 Oct 2009 00:22
2 by northstarfinecoffees
07 Oct 2009 02:33 Jump!
Meet new neighbors, welcome new businesses, catch up with neighbor friends and taste great food and coffee!
by: northstarfinecoffees
06 Oct 2009 18:48
1
Great opportunity to meet new friends, catch up with neighbors and learn what's going on here ... in this great community we call home.
by: northstarfinecoffees
02 Oct 2009 18:47
3 by scottplan
06 Oct 2009 13:51 Jump!
by: Traci Floyd
06 Oct 2009 03:36
1
by: Jen Nestor Waddell (guest)
30 Sep 2009 17:10
1
King County Council Town Hall: Public Transit Wednesday, Sept. 30 6:00 p.m. – Public Reception 6:30 p.m. – Program Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club 4520 MLK Jr. Way. S., Seattle
by: King County Council Town Hall (guest)
29 Sep 2009 20:54
1
SEED & HomeSight are teaming up to get a Puget Sound Blood Center mobile unit to Columbia City (5117 Rainier Ave South) for a blood drive on Friday, October 16th from 8:30-12noon. If you are eligible to give blood and would like to commit to giving blood, please contact Abbey Norris (anorris@seedseattle.org) or call (206) 760-4289.
by: Abbey Norris (guest)
28 Sep 2009 21:12
1
I'm curious what draws so many Citizens to these dogs.
by: fredcl
20 Sep 2009 22:29
2 by libbysnax
28 Sep 2009 06:03 Jump!
Dearest friends of mine are liquidating their staging business. Everything must be sold in the next eight days. Please come, forward the link to friends, and send good thoughts to this couple! Items include couches, lamps, linens, desks, dining tables, dishes, and a multitude of other accessories. All items have never been lived in, only used for unoccupied houses being sold!
by: Priya Singh (guest)
24 Sep 2009 19:33
1
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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From DDO wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
"Welcome to my mind!"
Yaulthoon
Type: Aberration (List)
Race: Mind Flayer (List)
Monster Manual classification: Unknown
Alignment: Lawful Evil
Boss: Red Named - Quest Boss
Rare: No
CR: ♣?
Solo/Casual
♦18
Normal
♥?
Hard
♠?
Elite
Attack: Egowhip (Charisma damage), Tentacle whip (Bludgeoning damage), Spellcasting
Special Qualities: SR, DR ♦10
Normal
♠15
Elite
/Byeshk, Mind Thrust
Organization: Solitary
Habitat: In The Flesh
Description: Yaulthoon is an Illithid. Like all Mind Flayers he has some DR that is bypassed with Byeshk damage. Mind flayers speak Undercommon but prefer to communicate telepathically as you'll see in his quest.
Combat
Yaulthoon always fights from a distance, often teleporting around his arena and attacking with his various psionic abilities.
Mind Thrust: This attack is a massive AOE that will hit pretty much everyone in the arena. It deals heavy psyonic damage, and energy drain damage. Will save negates, but requires multiple successive saves.
Spellcasting: At will: Hold Monster, Dominate Monster, Psionic Dominate, Lightning Bolt, Meteor Swarm (Save DC 13 + spell level + mind flayers charisma bonus).
Intellect Fortress: In the realm of the mind this creature is fortified against all direct attacks. Once you destroy two Brain Pods, this buff will disapear for a few seconds.
Telepathy (Su): Mind flayers can communicate telepathically with any creature that has a language, within a great distance. (Mostly a flavour thing, but this explains why Yaulthoon and some other mind flayers are able to speak to you through your mind at a great distance.)
Strategy
After killing all the Taken from the fashion show Yaulthoon will walk out on stage and do a short monologue. Everything will go black and you will transported to Yaulthoon’s mindscape.
First thing you will notice is purple sack like structures, I’ll call them “Pods”. These are the “souls” Yaulthoon has previously assimilated. They are the key to defeating him. Yaulthoon is on the edge of the mindscape with what appears to be a Tensor's Transformation Shield. He is invulnerable when his shield is up.
Yaulthoon orders his minions -the Taken to attack. He will then start casting all kinds of nasty spells. Fight behind the solid pods, keeping them between you and Yaulthoon. After you have taken out the trash stand behind one of the Pods. Yaulthoon will cast energy spheres at you. The sphere will destroy the Pods. A nice benefit is that anyone standing near a bursting Pod will receive a boost to their hitpoints and spellpoints.
On higher difficulty settings you'll need to defeat several additional enemies during the waves of taken as well, particularly deadly are the beholders on elite.. Slay them quickly.
After about three Pods have popped Yaulthoon will become vulnerable. Time to hammer the squid face. Just be careful not to fall off the edge when you run up to him. If you do fall off you will be teleported back to the middle of the mindscape. After a bit his shield will regenerate and the more minions will show up again. Near the end you will start to see 3 fleshy pods near yaulthoon, smash these to interupt his attacks and ensure you can contiue to beat him down. Avoid death at all costs. Yaulthoon is healed whenever a party member dies.
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A Japanese guy (site in Japanese but great pictures) with long hair cuts his hair to make a chonmage. Chonmage's are now only worn by sumo wrestlers and actors in samurai movies. This guy goes out to dinner and even gets his picture taken for his drivers license with his new 'doo. Chris, you should try this next.
About this Archive
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