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{"id": 2162, "answer": 2, "text": "Brain-like computing technology is generally divided into three levels: the structure level imitates the brain, the device level approaches the brain and the intelligence level surpasses the brain. Among them, the structure level imitates the brain refers to the analysis of the brain as a material and physiological object to obtain the basic unit (each The function and connection relationship (network structure) of neuron-like neurons and neuronal synapses, etc.; the device level approaches the brain refers to the development of devices that can simulate the functions of neurons and neuronal synapses, so that under limited physical space and power consumption conditions Construct a neural network system on the scale of the human brain; The level of intelligence beyond the brain refers to the brain-like computer through information stimulation, training and learning to produce intelligence similar to the human brain.", "question": "According to the above text, understand which of the following options is not belonging to the level of the intelligence level surpasses the brain?", "options": ["Draw an accurate dynamic map of the human brain to analyze and detect the brain", "Adjust the synaptic connection relationship and connection frequency and intensity of neural network", "Develop electronic equipment with the same function and density as the human cerebral cortex", "The nonlinear dynamic process of capturing the subtle discharge of a single neuron"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13013, "answer": 2, "text": "For the first few weeks after birth, the dunnart has such poor control over its respiratory muscles that it cannot use them to breathe. Instead, this tiny marsupial breathes through its thin skin, which gradually thickens as the dunnart matures inside its mother' s pouch. The dunnart is unique among warm-blooded animals, the rest of which need thick skin throughout their lives to maintain body temperature and reduce water loss.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps explain how newborn dunnarts manage to survive despite their thin skins?", "options": ["Adult dunnarts experience more heat and water loss through their skin than other adult marsupials do.", "The dunnart's body temperature is higher than that of many other warm-blooded animals.", "Its mother's pouch keeps a newborn dunnart warm and reduces water loss through its skin.", "The dunnart's respiratory muscles begin to develop a few days after birth."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14558, "answer": 1, "text": "Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver re-education, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.", "question": "If the editorialist's statements are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?", "options": ["Drivers with a large number of demerit points but no conviction for a serious driving-related offense should receive driver reeducation rather than jail.", "Drivers with a large number of demerit points who have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should be sent to jail.", "Driver re-education is not harsh enough punishment for anyone convicted of a serious driving-related offense who has also accumulated a large number of demerit points.", "Driver re-education should not be recommended for those who have committed no serious driving-related offenses."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5662, "answer": 3, "text": "Mr. Zhang put the four treasures of the study in a cabinet with four drawers, and asked the students to guess which floor the pen, ink, paper and inkstone were on. According to the order of pen, ink, paper and inkstone, Xiao Li guessed that the four treasures were installed on the first, second, third and fourth floors, Xiao Wang guessed that the four treasures were installed on the first, third, fourth and second floors, and Xiao Zhao guessed that the four treasures were installed on the fourth, third, first and second floors, Xiao Yang guessed that the four treasures were installed on the fourth, second, third and first floors in turn. Mr. Zhang said that Xiao Zhao didn't guess right, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang guessed right one, and Xiao Yang guessed right two.", "question": "Which of the followings can be infered:", "options": ["The first drawer is filled with ink", "The second drawer is filled with paper", "The third drawer is not filled with pens", "The third drawer is not filled with inkstone"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13359, "answer": 2, "text": "Gerrit: While browsing in a record store I noticed that one copy of a recording I wanted had mistakenly been priced at a quarter of the list price. When I finally reached the cashier I was told that the price had been mismarked and I would have to pay the full list price. Since I had wasted an hour standing in line, the retailer was morally obligated to sell me the recording at the lower price. Saskia: I disagree. You knew that a mistake had been made, and you were simply trying to take advantage of that mistake.", "question": "Which one of the following principles, if established, would most help to justify Saskia's position?", "options": ["Customers of retail stores are morally entitled to profit from any mistakes that the retailers make in marking prices.", "Retailers are morally entitled to update marked prices periodically in order to reflect changes in manufacturers' suggested prices.", "Retailers are morally obligated to sell an item to a customer at a mismarked price only if that customer was genuinely misled about the intended price by the mismarking.", "The price displayed on an item in a retail store morally constitutes an irrevocable offer to sell the item at that price."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11527, "answer": 1, "text": "Addictionhas been defined as dependence on and abuse of a psychoactive substance. Dependence and abuse do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, cancer patients can become dependent on morphine to relieve their pain, but this is not abusing the drug. Correspondingly, a person can abuse a drug without being dependent on it. Ttherefore, the definition of addiction is incorrect.", "question": "The relevance of the example of cancer patients to the argument depends on the assumption that", "options": ["cancer patients often become dependent on morphine", "cancer patients who are dependent on morphine are addicted to it", "cancer patients never abuse morphine", "cancer patients who abuse a drug are dependent on it"], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3251, "answer": 3, "text": "Machine vision refers to a device that automatically receives and processes an image of a real object through optical devices and non-contact sensors to obtain the required information or to control the movement of the robot.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options relate to machine vision?", "options": ["The flat camera shoots through dark light and finds that the bottom of the sofa is very dusty, and sends a red alert to the owner that it needs to be cleaned", "The on-board smart device reminds the driver of the driving route, the speed limit of each road section, and the weather conditions ahead through the voice of the positioning system, navigation system, etc", "The new glasses caught a large number of ultrasonic waves emitted by bats after the owner ventured into the dark cave, and immediately activated the face protection mode", "A mini smart robot with a camera enters the depths of a tomb that is difficult for archaeologists to reach and captures many precious images"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14007, "answer": 2, "text": "Any government action that intrudes on the right of privacy of an individual is unconstitutional. Ttherefore, the requirement that students in public school submit to random locker searches is unconstitutional.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most weakens the conclusion that random locker searches in public schools are unconstitutional?", "options": ["The search of lockers helps ensure the safety of the students.", "The requirement is clearly posted throughout each school.", "The Supreme Court, which is the final arbiter on issues of civil rights, has ruled that students in public school have no right to privacy on public school grounds.", "Many of the lockers don't have locks."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1884, "answer": 3, "text": "It is choking when the water is sucked into the trachea and into the lungs. If you only put some water in a person's nose without letting him inhale it, he will not choke. Elephants are a case in point. If you look carefully, you will find that when drinking water, the elephant sucks some water through its nose (not into its lungs), then raises its head and puts the water from its nose into its mouth to drink. In the process, it only uses the nose as a tool to absorb water, not as an organ to drink water.", "question": "Which of the following is the point to be demonstrated in this paragraph?", "options": ["You must observe carefully", "The elephant's trunk is a tool for fetching water", "Elephants like to suck a little water from their noses and put them in their mouths to drink", "Water sucks into the trachea and lungs, it chokes"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9213, "answer": 3, "text": "A warehouse has six warehouses and is arranged in order from 1 to 6. There are six kinds of goods, namely F, G, L, M, P and T. Each warehouse stores exactly one of the six kinds of goods, and different kinds of goods cannot be stored in the same warehouse. The following conditions need to be met when storing goods: (1) the warehouse number for storing goods G is larger than that for storing L. (2) the warehouse number for storing goods L is larger than that for storing T. (3) the warehouse number for storing goods P is larger than that for storing F.(4)the warehouse for storing goods T is next to the warehouse for storing goods P.", "question": "Which of the following options must be false?", "options": ["The warehouse where F is stored is next to the warehouse where M is stored.", "The warehouse where G is stored is next to the warehouse where M is stored.", "The warehouse where P is stored is next to the warehouse where L is stored.", "The warehouse where L is stored is next to the warehouse where F is stored."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4709, "answer": 2, "text": "Where the legal representative or person in charge of a legal person or other organization enters into a contract beyond his authority, the act of representation is valid unless the opposite party knows or should know that he has exceeded his authority.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred from the above words?", "options": ["When the opposite party should not have known and did not know that it entered into a contract with itself beyond its authority, the representative act of the person in charge of the legal person is invalid.", "When the opposite party knows or should know that it entered into a contract with itself beyond its authority, the representative act of the person in charge of the legal person is valid.", "When the opposite party does not know that it entered into a contract with itself beyond its authority, the representative act of the person in charge of the legal person is valid.", "The opposite party should not know that when it enters into a contract with itself beyond its authority, the representative act of the person in charge of the legal person is valid."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9722, "answer": 0, "text": "Deviant innovation means that while encouraging employees to innovate, organizations set up corresponding rules and regulations to restrict their innovative ideas and behaviors in order to prevent excessive autonomy from deviating from the track of organizational development. After their innovative solutions are rejected, some employees still believe that their innovative solutions will eventually bring benefits to the organization, and continue to covertly carry out the practice of innovation.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is deviant innovation?", "options": ["Programmer Xiao Zhang secretly designs an APP software for his friends during office hours.", "Clothing designer Xiao Wang designed a series of new accessories for the company, which was denied because it was inconsistent with the orientation of the company's development, and he continued to improve quietly.", "For fear of affecting his job, the manager opposed Xiao Liu's participation in the innovative skills competition held by the company, but Xiao Liu was still preparing in private.", "The security guard of a university often went to class to learn a foreign language, and the captain reminded him that it was not in line with the system, so he secretly continued to observe in his spare time."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9924, "answer": 3, "text": "In recent years, the postgraduate entrance examination continues to heat up. Correspondingly, all kinds of tutoring classes for postgraduate entrance examination emerge as the times require, especially English and political tutoring classes are almost a necessary choice for those who take the postgraduate entrance examination. Xiaozhuang, who has just started the job, is also going to take the postgraduate entrance examination, so Xiaozhuang must attend an English tutoring class.", "question": "Which of the following options can best strengthen the above argument?", "options": ["If you attend an English tutoring class, you can pass the postgraduate entrance examination.", "Only those who intend to take the postgraduate entrance examination will attend the English tutoring class.", "Even if you attend an English tutoring class, you may not be able to pass the postgraduate entrance examination.", "If you do not attend the English tutoring class, you will not be able to pass the postgraduate entrance examination."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13531, "answer": 2, "text": "Last August the XT chain of gasoline stations had a temporary sales promotion in effect. In the promotion , any customer who made a purchase of ten or more gallons of gasoline was entitled to a free car wash . For the month of August , XT experienced a ten percent increase in gasoline sales as compared to sales in August the previous year so evidently the promotion was successful as a means of boosting sales.", "question": "In evaluating the argument , it would be most helpful to answer which of the following ?", "options": ["Did XT or any of its gasoline stations have to pay other businesses to provide the car washes that customers were offered in the promotion?", "Are XT's gasoline sales in August usually significantly higher than one twelfth of XT's annual gasoline sales ?", "In the areas in which XT's gasoline stations operate , how did total combined gasoline sales for all gasoline stations last August compare with sales for the previous August?", "Was the money that XT earned from the increase in gasoline sales enough to offset the cost of providing free car washes during the promotion?"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7773, "answer": 1, "text": "Sustainable development refers to the coordinated development of nature, economy and society, which can meet the needs of the present generation without harming the long-term interests of future generations.", "question": "Which of the following is not sustainable development?", "options": ["Increase the proportion of clean and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy in the energy consumption structure.", "We will raise the exchange rate of the RMB and enhance the ability of the chinese people to buy imported goods.", "The developed country should abide by the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse gas emissions and prevent further global warming.", "We will stabilize the low fertility level, control the total population, increase investment in education and improve the quality of the population."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1898, "answer": 2, "text": "As long as a person is honest, he must be a law-abiding citizen.", "question": "Which of the following is the most rebuttal to this?", "options": ["Most honest people obey the law.", "Some lawbreakers are dishonest.", "The Mu who never lied was arrested for illegally cutting down the forest.", "Dishonesty is an illegal act in itself."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14471, "answer": 1, "text": "Insurance industry statistics demonstrate that cars with alarms or other antitheft devices are more likely to be stolen or broken into than cars without such devices or alarms. Ttherefore antitheft devices do not protect cars against thieves.", "question": "The pattern of flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?", "options": ["Societies that support free public libraries are more likely to support free public universities than are societies without free public libraries. Hence a society that wishes to establish a free public university should first establish a free public library.", "Studies reveal that people who are regular users of libraries purchase more books per year than do people who do not use libraries regularly. Hence using libraries regularly does not reduce the number of books that library patrons purchase.", "Since youngsters who read voraciously are more likely to have defective vision than youngsters who do not read very much, it follows that children who do not like to read usually have perfect vision.", "Since surveys reveal that communities with flourishing public libraries have, on average, better-educated citizens, it follows that good schools are typically found in communities with public libraries."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14300, "answer": 2, "text": "One name-brand cereal manufacturer is about to reduce wholesale prices for its cereals by 20 percent because consumers have been switching from its cereals to cheaper store brands. The success of this strategy relies on the assumption that supermarkets will pass on all of the savings by lowering the prices they charge consumers for the manufacturer' s cereals. Although supermarkets usually pass on such savings, in this case it is likely that supermarkets not do so because__.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the passage below?", "options": ["the average price per box of name-brand cereals has increased significantly in the last 10 years", "several other name-brand cereal manufacturers are about to reduce the wholesale prices of their cereals", "supermarkets make far more profit on sales of store-brand cereals than on sales of name-brand cereals", "the current prices of the manufacturer's cereals are comparable to the prices of name-brand cereals produced by other cereal manufacturers"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11579, "answer": 0, "text": "Cognitive scientist: Using the pioneering work of comparative psychologist Gordon Gallup as a model, several studies have investigated animals' capacity for mirror self-recognition (MSR). Most animals exposed to a mirror respond only with social behavior, such as aggression. However, in the case of the great apes, repeated exposure to mirrors leads to self-directed behaviors, such as exploring the inside of the mouth, suggesting that these animals recognize the reflection as an image of self. The implication of these studies is that the great apes have a capacity for self-awareness unique among nonhuman species.", "question": "The cognitive scientist makes which of the following assumptions in the argument above?", "options": ["If an animal does not have the capacity for MSR, it does not have the capacity for self-awareness.", "When exposed to a mirror, all animals display either social behavior or self-directed behavior.", "Animals that do not exhibit MSR may demonstrate a capacity for self-awareness in other ways.", "If a researcher exposes an animal to a mirror and that animal exhibits social behavior, that animal is incapable of being self-aware."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4087, "answer": 3, "text": "The law hypothesis is to make a speculative explanation of the nature or cause of a class of things or phenomena, and arrive at a regular proposition that may have universal significance, so as to try to establish, develop or supplement scientific theories.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following belongs to the law hypothesis?", "options": ["The teacher explained to the students that the reason for the tidal phenomenon is the periodic motion of sea water under the action of gravity", "The warehouse of a certain unit was stolen. Since no signs of destructive entry were found, the investigators believed that the possibility of an insider committing a crime was extremely high", "Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation based on the phenomenon of apple falling", "Some researchers have pointed out that diseases caused by genes may be caused by genetic mutations"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8855, "answer": 3, "text": "At the beginning of this century, Wigner put forward the theory of continental drift, which met with strong opposition because his theory was based on the assumption of unidentified forces sufficient to cause continental drift. We can now accept Wigner's theory. This is not because we have identified the power to cause the continent to drift, but because the new instruments eventually enable us to confirm the movement of the continent through observation.", "question": "Which of the followings is best illustrated by the above examples?", "options": ["The goal of science is to use a simple and harmonious theory to accurately explain the diversity of nature.", "In the process of mathematical description of nature, science has become very accurate in identifying potential dynamics.", "With the help of probability theory and mathematical statistics, science has shifted from the description of a single phenomenon to the study of things as a whole.", "When an event assumed by a theory is confirmed, the theory can be accepted even if there is no explanation for the cause of the event."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9041, "answer": 0, "text": "A chemical plant produces an insecticide that makes small mammals such as otters infertile. After the factory began operation, the incidence of infertility of an otter living in a nearby river increased rapidly. Therefore, the factory must have polluted the river when producing pesticides.", "question": "Which of the following statements contains a reasoning error that is most similar to the one above?", "options": ["A low-calcium diet can lead to a decline in poultry egg production. When chickens on a farm are released to look for food in the spring, their egg production is significantly reduced. Therefore, the food they find and eat must be very low in calcium", "The bacteria that cause tetanus live in the digestive tract of horses. Tetanus is a highly contagious disease. Therefore, horses must be more likely to catch tetanus than most other animals", "Malnourished animals are easily infected with diseases, and animals in zoos in big cities are not malnourished. So, they are definitely not easy to get sick", "Apes are characterized by inverted thumbs and no tail. Recently, the fossil remains of an unknown animal have been discovered. Because this animal has a reversible thumb, it must be an ape"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 917, "answer": 0, "text": "The ratchet effect refers to the irreversibility of people's consumption habits after the formation, that is, it is easy to adjust upwards, but it is difficult to adjust downwards.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is eligible for the ratchet effect?", "options": ["Boss Zhao's business failed. After selling his company's assets and real estate, he still owed the bank more than 200,000 yuan, but for the convenience of travel, he did not use his high-end car to repay the debt.", "After Li bought the lottery and won the 5 million prize, he did not tell anyone, secretly deposited the money in the bank, and went to work and off work as before, and he worked more actively.", "Lao Zhu, who became rich overnight, frequently went to high-end consumer places and lived a life of spending money. He soon was unable to make ends meet and returned to his previous life. Everyone was sighing, he didn't care about it.", "Old man Wang came from the countryside to take his grandson to the city. He was distressed about the electricity bill and was reluctant to use the air conditioner. On the excuse that he was not used to the cold wind from the air conditioner, he asked his son to buy a floor fan just like his hometown to cool down and relieve the heat."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2310, "answer": 1, "text": "Albatrosses belong to the order Procellariiformes, with a tubular nose and a keen sense of smell, and often fly long distances at sea in order to find food. The plastic trash floating on the sea doesn't look delicious, but why did the albatross eat it and pay a heavy price for it? The researchers believe the reason: for albatrosses, the plastic garbage smells delicious. Food signal is a chemical called dimethyl sulfide (D.MS), which is produced by marine phytoplankton.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, does not support the researcher's point of view?", "options": ["There are some species of birds of the order Procellariiformes that often gather in places where marine phytoplankton is abundant.", "Ingestion of plastic garbage will cause seabirds to have inconvenience, obstruction of the digestive tract, and chronic health damage", "Experiments proved that D.MS components were detected on the plastic samples after three weeks of immersion in the sea", "Birds of the order Gebliformes that are sensitive to the odor of D.MS can detect very low concentrations of odor molecules"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3286, "answer": 1, "text": "The crime of misappropriating public funds refers to persons engaged in public affairs in state organs, state-owned companies, enterprises, institutions, and people's organizations who use their positions to supervise, manage, operate, and handle public property rights and conveniences,misappropriating public funds for personal use for illegal activities, or embezzling public funds of more than 50,000 yuan for profit-making activities, or embezzling public funds of more than 50,000 yuan and not repaying them for more than three months.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following constitutes the crime of misappropriation public funds?", "options": ["Law enforcement officers of a certain city's environmental protection bureau concealed the 40,000 yuan fine handed over by the penalized unit and did not report it as their own", "The director of a provincial poverty alleviation office took advantage of his position to put 60,000 yuan of poverty relief funds in the stock market in the name of his children, two months later, he made money and returned it", "The accountant of a public hospital uses the convenience of doing accounts to embezzle 20,000 yuan of the cost that the hospital buys equipment, use for family to treat disease, after family is well, the money refunds", "A warehouse clerk in a state-owned enterprise sold goods worth 100,000 yuan in the warehouse and used it for personal high-end consumption. After a month, he was worried that the matter would be exposed and borrowed money to buy the goods and put them back in the warehouse"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4796, "answer": 3, "text": "Economists believe that the government's control over energy use is redundant, and the market can completely adjust the contradiction between energy supply and demand. If energy is really tight, then it is reflected in the market that energy prices will naturally rise, and the rise in energy prices will be a problem. On the one hand, people will reduce the use of energy because of the increase in usage costs, and on the other hand, because of the increase in profits, energy suppliers will increase the supply.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can effectively challenge the above assertion?", "options": ["After energy prices rise, people will use more energy-saving products", "Due to the unbearable increase in the cost of living caused by rising energy prices, people will protest the government's inaction in energy management", "Lower energy prices will stimulate people to use more energy", "People's demand for energy is inelastic"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8594, "answer": 1, "text": "A certain unit has enrolled 8 fresh graduates this year, of which A and B are liberal arts students, C, D and E are science students, and F, G and H are engineering students. Among the 8 people, A, C and F are ladies. The unit intends to select five people to form a research and development team, in which there should be at least one liberal arts student, one science student and one engineering student, and at least one woman should participate in the team. In addition, the following conditions should be met: (1) at most one person will participate in C and G; (2) if B attends, D will also participate; (3) both E and H will either participate or not.", "question": "Which of the following options meets the above requirements for the R & D team?", "options": ["A,C,D,F,G.", "A,D,E,F,H.", "B,C,E,F,H.", "B,D,E,F,G."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12548, "answer": 0, "text": "In recent years, networks of fiber-optic cable have been replacing electrical wire for transmitting telecommunications signals. Signals running through fiber-optic cables deteriorate, and so the signals must be run through a piece of equipment called a regenerator before being transmitted farther. Light-Line is the leading manufacturer of signal regenerators. Ttherefore, Light-Line is one of the companies that will most benefit if new long-distance fiber-optic telecommunications networks are constructed.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the prediction about Light-Line's prospects?", "options": ["Several manufacturers are developing regenerator technologies that will allow signals to be transmitted many times farther than at present before requiring regeneration.", "The volume of signals that a fiber-optic cable can carry is several thousand times greater than the volume that can be carried by an electrical wire of similar size.", "Telecommunications signals sent along electrical wires can travel much farther than signals transmitted through fiber-optic before needing to be regenerated.", "Expanding its production of regenerators will require Light-Line to spend proportionately more on labor and materials."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11400, "answer": 2, "text": "Linguist: One group of art critics claims that postimpressionist paintings are not really art and so should be neither studied nor displayed. Another group of critics disagrees, insisting that these paintings are works of art. But since the second group grants that there are paintings that are not works of art and should ttherefore be ignored in the manner suggested by the first group, their disagreement is not over the meaning of the word art. ", "question": "The claim that there are paintings that are not works of art plays which one of the following roles in the linguist's argument?", "options": ["It is a contention that the argument purports to show is the main point of disagreement between the two groups of critics mentioned.", "It is a claim whose acceptance by critics who differ on other issues is cited by the argument as evidence of its truth.", "It is a claim whose acceptance by both of the two disputing parties is cited as evidence for a conclusion the argument draws about the disagreement.", "It is cited as a commonly accepted reason for accepting a hypothesis for which the argument offers independent evidence."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7649, "answer": 2, "text": "Fan culture refers to the social and cultural phenomena such as excessive worship, excessive consumption and gratuitous payment caused by the individual or group's psychology of pursuing a particular object.", "question": "Which of the following is not a fan culture?", "options": ["A scholar gave a successful lecture on television. From then on, his classroom was often crowded with students who came to ask for autographs and photos.", "Many strange young people organized themselves in order to let singer Xiao Yang win in the talent show. They are busily canvassing votes and sponsorship on the rooftop.", "Xiao Zhang is a reporter for an entertainment magazine. His main task is to report on the development of the entertainment circle. Sometimes to track down a star, he doesn't even bother to eat.", "Xiao Li is a big fan of A Bite of China. She downloaded each episode into her computer and watched it over and over. Have forgotten to eat or sleep."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11352, "answer": 1, "text": "Researcher: Results indicate that the higher their educational level, the better are students' mathematical skills. These results do not prove that education improves mathematical skills, however, since it is possible that students who have better mathematical skills to start with are the students who reach higher educational levels.", "question": "The reasoning of the researcher's argument is most similar to that of which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["Results indicate that the quality of papers submitted for publication varies significantly from university to university. This may say nothing about the quality of education offered at different schools, but may only reflect a defect in the review process.", "Results from competition indicate that professional athletes outperform amateur athletes. These results do not prove that becoming a professional athlete improves one's athletic performance, since it is possible that the athletes who become professionals are those whose performance is better to begin with.", "Studies suggest that some people who are gifted in higher mathematics are inept at performing simple arithmetical calculations. These studies do not show that being good at mathematics precludes being good at arithmetic, since there are also many people who are good at both.", "Surveys indicate that politicians with law degrees are better at what they do than politicians without law degrees. These surveys do not prove that having a law degree makes one a better politician, since it is possible that many politicians without law degrees were left out of the survey."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9176, "answer": 2, "text": "Most of my open-minded friends read a lot. Most of my non-open-minded friends don't. It makes sense that the more you read, the more likely you are to be challenged by new ideas and that your commitment to your own ideas will weaken. Reading also frees you from everyday life and shows you the variety and richness of life. Therefore, reading makes people open-minded.", "question": "If true, which of the following statements most strongly undermines the conclusion above?", "options": ["Someone who loves reading literature, especially poetry, later wrote poems himself and is now a very famous poet.", "Some people read a lot of books, and every book they read makes sense. Different reasons always fight in their head, and they almost become crazy.", "If you selectively read certain kinds of books or books with certain opinions, you are likely to become paranoid the more you read.", "Some people like to put themselves in reading. When they read a Dream of Red Mansions, they think they are Lin Daiyu or Jia Baoyu."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11885, "answer": 2, "text": "A successful coffee stand that serves the workers in a large office building plans to increase its profits by adding oatmeal-a hot cereal popular among the workers-to its menu. The manager says that oatmeal is the ultimate convenience food because it can be served by the cup, as coffee is; further, offering oatmeal will enable the stand to get into the breakfast business without making a large investment, because it does not require elaborate cooking equipment.", "question": "Which of the following would, if true, most strengthen the likelihood that the manager's plan will achieve its goal?", "options": ["Oatmeal manufacturers have recently reduced their oatmeal offerings, which had included oatmeal in microwaveable cups and convenient cereal bars made with rolled oats.", "In order to offer more flexible schedules to their workers, several businesses in the office building will soon be expanding their hours.", "The ingredients needed to make oatmeal are inexpensive and do not spoil easily the way many fresh breakfast foods typically sold at coffee stands do.", "Supermarket sales of oatmeal and other cereals slowed this year following large gains last year."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7524, "answer": 1, "text": "Second left-behind refers to left-behind children in rural areas who are moved to cities by their parents and are surrounded by strangers without friends or playmates because their parents are busy with their work every day.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is second left-behind?", "options": ["A large number of migrant workers live in an apartment in a city. Many of them bring their children to the city for summer vacation. Every day, children with different accents play together in the nearby grocery store and square", "In a new district street food market, xiao Ying, who was picked up by her parents in the city, helped her grandmother collect money from the vegetable seller every day. When there were no customers, she would squat on the ground and read comic books", "During the summer vacation, an education department organized a large number of left-behind children to go to the city to participate in summer camp activities, some children can meet with their parents who have been reunited for a long time, some parents take them to visit the scenic spots in the city", "The Chen couple who goes into the city to work brings the retarded son Xiaoming to the side, after the civil administration department is informed, he arranges to the disabled person rehabilitation center, the Chen couple can only see Xiaoming once a week"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5347, "answer": 0, "text": "Known: (1) if A is to be admitted, B will not be admitted; (2) as long as B is not admitted, A will be admitted; (3) A is admitted. It is known that only one of these three judgments is true ,and the other two are false.", "question": "Which of the followings is introduced from this?", "options": ["Both A and B are admitted.", "Neither A nor B is admitted.", "A is admitted, B is not admitted.", "A is not admitted, B is admitted."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4105, "answer": 3, "text": "Fair use refers to the non-commercial use of published works by others under the circumstances expressly stipulated by the law, without the permission of the copyright owner and without payment to them. The circumstances expressly stipulated by the law mainly include: (1) Personal study, research or appreciation, using the published works of others; (2) Free performance of published works; (3) Copying, painting, photography, and video recording of art works installed or displayed in outdoor public places; (4) Translate published works created in Chinese language into minority languages for publication and distribution.", "question": "According to the above regulations, which of the following is fair use?", "options": ["A sang an unpublished song by B at the class party", "B. Translate an English work into Mongolian work for publication and distribution", "Company C photographed the sculptures in the public square and made them into pictures for distribution", "Ding Wei wrote the paper and copied Geng's papers published in a certain journal for reference"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1133, "answer": 0, "text": "As a developing country, independent innovation is not self-innovation, more non-closed innovation, and cannot exclude technology introduction, but technological innovation capabilities cannot be directly obtained through introduction, and key technologies cannot be bought. Japan and South Korea introduce technology and digest and absorb. The ratio of expenses is 1:5 and 1:8 respectively, while the ratio in our country is 1:0.15.", "question": "It can be seen that which of the following is the main problem of my country's technology introduction?", "options": ["Insufficient digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies.", "Over-reliance on technology introduction and weak independent innovation ability.", "The intensity of introducing advanced technology is not enough.", "The introduced technology is not the most advanced and critical technology in the world."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2101, "answer": 0, "text": "Judging the sex of human remains in archeological research is of great significance for understanding the structure of ancient society. Scientists have discovered that tooth enamel contains amelogenin, and the gene encoding this protein happens to be located on the sex chromosomes-X and Y chromosomes, the researcher It is believed that the method of using teeth to determine the sex of the remains can be used for archaeological research.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, best supports the above conclusion?", "options": ["Teeth are the easiest to find and best preserved parts of ancient human remains", "There is no obvious gender difference in the bones of the child's remains", "The sex ratio of human remains is roughly the same as the sex ratio of human society at that time", "Measuring certain bone features such as the structure of the pelvis can usually directly determine gender"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11970, "answer": 1, "text": "Insects can see ultraviolet light and are known to identify important food sources and mating sites by sensing the characteristic patterns of ultraviolet light that these things reflect. Insects are also attracted to Glomosus spiderwebs, which reflect ultraviolet light. Thus, insects are probably attracted to these webs because of the specific patterns of ultraviolet light that these webs reflect.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?", "options": ["When Drosophila fruit flies were placed before a Glomosus web and a synthetic web of similar pattern that also reflected ultraviolet light and both webs were illuminated with white light containing an ultraviolet component, many of the fruit flies flew to the Glomosus web.", "When Drosophila fruit flies were placed before two Glomosus webs, one illuminated with white light containing an ultraviolet component and one illuminated with white light without an ultraviolet component, the majority flew to the ultraviolet reflecting web.", "When webs of many different species of spider were illuminated with a uniform source of white light containing an ultraviolet component, many of these webs did not reflect the ultraviolet light.", "When the silks of spiders that spin silk only for lining burrows and covering eggs were illuminated with white light containing an ultraviolet component, the silks of these spiders reflected ultraviolet light."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10648, "answer": 0, "text": "A recent study monitored the blood pressure of people petting domestic animals in the laboratory. The blood pressure of some of these people lowered while petting the animals. Ttherefore, for any one of the people so affected, owning a pet would result in that person having a lower average blood pressure.", "question": "The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?", "options": ["Since riding in a boat for a few minutes is relaxing for some people, those people would be more relaxed generally if those people owned boats.", "Since pruning houseplants is enjoyable for some people, those people should get rid of houseplants that do not require frequent pruning.", "Because buying an automobile is very expensive, people should hold on to an automobile, once bought, for as long as it can be maintained in running condition.", "Since giving a fence one coat of white paint makes the fence white, giving it two coats of white paint would make it even whiter."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14986, "answer": 1, "text": "Citizen: Our legislators need to act quickly to counter the effects of the recession, especially the present level of unemployment, which is the highest ever. We urgently need a major tax cut for our upper-income citizens. There would then be a correspondingly large increase in investment that would create new jobs. If this measure is not taken, investment will not grow.", "question": "The citizen's argument depends on the assumption that", "options": ["the recession in the citizen's country is the worst one in its history", "upper-income citizens could use the money gained from the tax cut in ways that increase investment", "in the past tax cuts for certain groups of people have tended to create new jobs", "the greater the tax cut given to a group of people, the more likely it is that members of that group will invest the money"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10848, "answer": 2, "text": "<b> Weight loss programs that guarantee results mislead their customers. </b> No program can ensure that someone who follows it will lose weight. These programs prey upon unhappy and insecure people who are often driven more by emotion than by reason. <b> Moreover, many people who lose weight while on a program eventually regain the weight within a year. </b> So while the programs' claims may be true for a short period, customers will be disappointed in the long run.", "question": "The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?", "options": ["The first is a generalization; the second is a consequence of that generalization.", "The first is an assertion that the author questions; the second is evidence in support of that assertion.", "The first is the author's position; the second is a consideration in support of that position.", "The first is evidence in support of the author's main point; the second is the author's main point."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10634, "answer": 1, "text": "Astronomer: Earth was bombarded repeatedly by comets and asteroids early in its history. This bombardment probably sterilized the surface and prevented life from originating during this early period in Earth' s geological history. Meanwhile, Mars escaped severe bombardment, and so there could have been microbial life on Mars prior to there being such life on Earth. Because many meteorites originating from Mars have landed on Earth, life on Earth may have started when living microbes were carried here from Mars on a meteorite.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the astronomer's argument by the statement that there could have been microbial life on Mars prior to there being such life on Earth?", "options": ["It is a claim for which justification is provided and that, if true, establishes the truth of the argument's main conclusion.", "It is a claim for which some justification is provided and that is required in order to establish the argument's main conclusion.", "It is a claim that provides some support for the argument's conclusion but that neither ensures the truth of that conclusion nor is required in order to establish that conclusion.", "It is a claim for which no justification is provided and that, if true, ensures the truth of the argument's main conclusion."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7188, "answer": 3, "text": "Human Visual Gestalt Function means that people always tend to process the unconnected scattered things into an organic whole with their familiar experience when they observe the world with their eyes.", "question": "According to the above definition, which one of the followings does not belong to Human Visual Gestalt Function?", "options": ["In 1872, Maibridge from America observed with a moving camera that when a horse was running, it touched the ground with at least one hoof. That was not consistent with the horses painted by ancient painters that were always having four hoofs in the air.", "The Big Dipper is composed of seven stars, so people always affectionately call it spoon star.", "When Lu Xun was a child, he liked to draw a group of characters with little difference in action on different pages of his painting book, and then quickly turn from front to back. At that time, people who were still seemed to move.", "A stick of incense was burning in a dark room. After staring at the incense for a few minutes, a man found that the incense head moved by itself."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7517, "answer": 2, "text": "Some of Zhao, Qian, Sun and Li won the special prize in the latest lottery. I know now that Zhao can win the special prize only if he plays at the A betting station. If Qian wins the special prize, the lottery must be held after 10:00. The lottery started at 8: 30 a.m. and lasted only 20 minutes, and the lottery number is self-made.", "question": "Based on this, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["Zhao or Qian won the special prize", "Zhao and Qian won the special prize", "Sun or Li won the special prize", "Sun and Li won the special prize"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6455, "answer": 1, "text": "A middle-aged man was admitted to the hospital with no feeling on the left side of his body. A child was shouting loudly in the ward and was pinched by his father and screamed with pain. The patient said, I really envy this child! Someone asked: envy him carefree? The patient shook his head. envy his flower-like age? The patient said, No, I envy him for having such sensitive pain.If I can feel the pain, it means there is a chance of recovery. ", "question": "Which of the following is best for the title of this text?", "options": ["Life refuses to be numb", "Life rejoices in pain", "Pain in life", "A different kind of pain"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2406, "answer": 0, "text": "More than 230 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or above have occurred in a state since 2014, compared with an average of one a year before 2008. Frequent seismic activity has raised questions and some researchers have found that since 2014, in order to prevent toxic waste water from drilling and hydraulic fracturing in oil production from polluting surface water, start injecting this waste water into the impervious layers of underground rocks, which is likely to be the key cause of the earthquake.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can best support the above conjecture?", "options": ["The injection of waste water into the rock water layer will reduce the friction between faults, making it easier to slide, thus inducing earthquakes.", "The state has explored more oil reserves since 2008 and oil production activities have increased significantly.", "The state had fewer but larger earthquakes before 2008. There have been many earthquakes since 2014, but the magnitude is small.", "Most continuous earthquakes are a series of aftershocks after a strong earthquake, but this is not the case with earthquakes in the state."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6115, "answer": 3, "text": "The area of floating ice in the Arctic sea area is gradually decreasing, with a total reduction of about 20%, making it difficult for polar bears to have a long-term foothold on the floating ice. In addition, some countries hunt and kill a large number of seals, making it less and less for polar bears to prey on seals on the floating ice. When we came to a bay near 80 degrees north latitude on the northwest coast of Spitsbergen Island, the Arctic, We were surprised to shoot the whole process of polar bear fishing. We saw that polar bears changed their habit of feeding on seals and not going into the water and began to jump out of the cold water to catch fish.", "question": "This passage fully shows that?", "options": ["The Arctic environment is getting worse and worse", "Natural selection, survival of the fittest", "Smart species are more difficult to adapt to the environment", "Environmental changes have changed the living habits of polar bears"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2061, "answer": 2, "text": "The protection of patents and trade secrets of biotechnology and other high-tech achievements in the existing intellectual property system promotes invention and creation; the existing intellectual property system protects the copyright of computer software and literary works (including written and audio-visual works, etc.), it promotes intellectual creation in the industrial and cultural fields. However, in protecting the flow of today's intellectual creation and creation, people have neglected the protection of the intellectual property rights of their sources for a long time. Traditional knowledge, especially the expression of folk literature, is an important part of this source.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main emphasis of this passage?", "options": ["The intellectual property system is very important.", "There are defects in the existing intellectual property system.", "It is very important to protect traditional knowledge and folk literature.", "The existing intellectual property system can promote invention and intellectual creation."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 757, "answer": 1, "text": "Garden refers to an area with beautiful environment and for people to enjoy and rest by using engineering technology and artistic means in a certain area, through the transformation of terrain, planting trees, flowers and plants, building buildings and arranging garden roads", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to Garden:", "options": ["A county is a desert area. In order to improve the ecological environment, the county government took sand fixation, water diversion, afforestation and other measures according to the precipitation in this area, forming a desert oasis surrounded by green trees", "In order to beautify the environment, a corridor was built with stone in a residential area, and flowers and plants were planted on both sides of the corridor to form a green corridor with various functions such as playing, gathering and so on", "A county closed a mountain area in its territory, moved all administrative villages in the mountain area, and prohibited surrounding residents from grazing and mining rocks in the mountain area. After many years, the natural environment with lush trees has been restored", "A new road is built in a certain place. Because the place belongs to a windy and sandy area, in order to curb the invasion of sand and dust on the road and beautify the environment, short shrubs and tall street trees are planted beside the road, so that the plants on both sides of the road are high and low and scattered"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8756, "answer": 2, "text": "The area of equatorial rainforest in H country has been reduced by an astonishing proportion every year, but the data of satellite photos show that the reduction of rainforest area in H country last year is significantly lower than that in previous years. Last year, the H government spent millions of dollars to stop deforestation and prevent forest fires. The H government claims that the data from the above satellite photos show that its government's efforts to protect the equatorial rainforest have achieved remarkable results.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, will most weaken the above conclusion of the H government?", "options": ["Last year, H's financial investment in protecting the equatorial rainforest was significantly lower than in previous years", "The area of the equatorial rainforest in G, which is adjacent to H, has not shrunk", "There was an unusual large area of continuous rainfall in the welding machine in H country last year", "The expenditure on rainforest protection in H country accounts for only a small proportion of the annual fiscal expenditure"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10919, "answer": 2, "text": "The elementary schools in district X began a new athletic program where students participated in school-sponsored sports at least three times per week. During this last school year, the number of obese students attending elementary schools in district X decreased substantially. Based on these figures, the district' s superintendent decided that the new athletic program was more effectual in keeping children, at least while in elementary school, from being obese.", "question": "All of the following, if true, weaken the superintendent's conclusion EXCEPT:", "options": ["The government, during this last school year, began requiring monthly weigh-ins for obese children and parental counseling about proper nutrition.", "A large number of the obese children's conditions were caused by depression, which was greatly alleviated by installing psychiatrists in each elementary school in district X.", "Obesity, like other unhealthy conditions, can lead to decreased cardiovascular health, increased joint pain, and self-esteem problems.", "Over the last year, parents with obese children in district X began sending their children to special weekend camps designed to help children lose weight."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5981, "answer": 3, "text": "Horizontal communication and vertical communication are two instrumental communication styles in the process of building social capital. Horizontal communication refers to the process in which an individual establishes extensive connections with groups with similar social status around him, while vertical communication refers to the process in which an individual establishes relationships actively with groups in the society dominated by dominant resources.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is vertical communication?", "options": ["Every holiday, the president of the college will be on behalf of the college to pay tribute to the retired cadres who have made great contributions to the college.", " Liu is very satisfied with his family's nanny. In order to let the nanny after the spring festival to continue to come to work, he gave the nanny visit round-trip tickets.", "In order to be able to continue to contract the village fish pond smoothly, Lao Zhang took the initiative to make good relations with the villagers every spring festival to give the villagers a few free fish.", "In order to make the class teachers strictly demand their children, a parent will send greeting messages to the teachers on holidays."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2461, "answer": 3, "text": "It is impossible that all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin.", "question": "Which of the following judgments has the closest meaning to the above judgment?", "options": ["Maybe all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin.", "Maybe all Hong Kong people can't speak Mandarin.", "Inevitably, all Hong Kong people can't speak Mandarin.", "Inevitably, all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1525, "answer": 3, "text": "The likes and dislikes of the people should be considered, but their legal concept also needs to be guided by strict law enforcement. In this guidance, the role and re.sponsibility of law enforcement agencies are beyond doubt. Without screening whether the demands of the people are legitimate, they are rational and blindly cater to them. As a result, they can only let the legal blind revel.", "question": "Which of the followings is consist of the meaning of this sentence:", "options": ["People's likes and dislikes are often unreasonable and illegal", "People's concept of legal system is very weak", "People want law enforcement agencies to cater to the parties", "People's concept of legal system needs guidance"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14425, "answer": 0, "text": "Many homeowners regularly add commercial fertilizers to their lawns and gardens to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil. The widely available commercial fertilizers contain only macronutrients -- namely, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To remain healthy in the long term, soil for lawns requires the presence of these macronutrients and also trace amounts of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and copper, which are depleted when grass clippings are raked up rather than allowed to decay and return to the soil.", "question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?", "options": ["Widely available commercial fertilizers are not alone sufficient to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil for lawns where grass clippings are not allowed to decay and return to the soil.", "Homeowners who rake up their grass clippings are unable to maintain the long-term health of the soil in their lawns and gardens.", "There is no single fertilizer that provides both the macronutrients and micronutrients necessary for maintaining soil's long-term health.", "For soil to remain healthy in the long term, it requires the regular addition of both commercial fertilizers and a source of micronutrients such as grass clippings that are allowed to decay and return to the soil."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14037, "answer": 3, "text": "Trust, which cannot be sustained in the absence of mutual respect, is essential to any long-lasting relationship, personal or professional. However, personal relationships, such as marriage or friendship, additionally require natural affinity. If a personal relationship is to endure, it must be supported by the twin pillars of mutual respect and affinity.", "question": "If the statements above are true, then which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["In the context of any professional relationship, mutual respect presupposes trust.", "Basing a marriage on a natural affinity will ensure that it will endure.", "Personal relationships, such as marriage or friendship, are longer-lasting than professional relationships.", "A friendship supported solely by trust and mutual respect will not be long-lasting."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8857, "answer": 2, "text": "On the grasslands of Africa, a fierce leopard can catch almost any antelope it decides to catch. And once the antelope is not targeted by the hungry leopard, its best chance of escape is that the leopard will soon find another animal as its target. Therefore, the antelope following the activities of the group can reduce the risk of being eaten by leopards.", "question": "Which of the followings is the hypothesis on which the above argument is based?", "options": ["Leopards live mainly by preying on antelopes.", "The absolute number of antelopes in the herd can stop the attack of leopards.", "Leopards can't eat an entire herd of antelopes at once.", "In the grasslands of Africa, leopards are the main natural enemies of antelopes."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9891, "answer": 3, "text": "Flavanols are small molecules found in many fruits, vegetables and cocoa, and people can easily ingest foods containing flavanols in their daily life. If you eat foods rich in flavanols, it will promote cardiovascular function. The improvement of cardiovascular function is helpful to improve cerebrovascular function. Some substance is beneficial to cerebrovascular function, but it will have a positive impact on cognitive function.", "question": "Based on this, it can be concluded that which of the followings is correct?", "options": ["If you want to improve cardiovascular function, you should eat foods rich in flavanols", "If you want to improve cerebrovascular function, you should eat foods rich in flavanols", "If you want to improve cognitive function, you should eat foods rich in flavanols", "If you want to eat foods rich in flavanols, it will have a positive effect on cognitive function"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6309, "answer": 1, "text": "Biography, in essence, is a record of human life activities and a special carrier of human life. Human life activities not only show the desire for survival and development, but also show the development and release of their own potential. The development and release of their own potential is a kind of force creation. Creation includes various forms, including the display of politicians' ability to govern the country and stabilize the world, the exploration of philosophers and thinkers in the spiritual field, the battle contest of strategists and galloping on the battlefield, the invention and creation of scientists, the talent display of writers and artists, the innovation and transformation of living environment by reformers, etc. This is a magnificent picture of life, and is a challenge from vitality to inertia. Only in this challenge can mankind maintain the vitality of their life and create better conditions for the cohesion of vitality. Chinese classical biographies are the display of this vitality.", "question": "Which one of the followings is the main idea of this paragraph?", "options": ["Biography is the most vivid record of human life activities.", "Chinese classical biographies show the vitality of life from many angles.", "The development of human potential includes many forms.", "There are different expressions of human individual and overall creativity in biography."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4694, "answer": 1, "text": "The comparison effect refers to the phenomenon of mutual influence and promotion in turn between some relevant economic variables in social and economic activities or economic interest subjects in interest distribution.", "question": "Which of the following is a comparison effect?", "options": ["A and B are more beautiful than whose wife, and agree that the loser will buy each other a drink.", "The employees of the enterprise compare with each other in terms of salary and income, and require the unit to increase their salary and increase their income.", "The technicians of company A visited the workshop of company B and secretly determined to learn from company B.", "After comparing the number of thieves arrested by the public security bureaus of the two counties, the provincial public security department believes that public security in county A is good."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10292, "answer": 1, "text": "Over the past year, China has been increasing its investment in Africa, which has caused unease in Western countries, and criticisms such as China has plundered resources of Africa have been heard incessantly. A Chinese official retorted: one of the most important bases for criticism is that China takes oil from Africa, but last year China accounted for only 8.7% of all oil exports from Africa, while Europe accounted for 36%. The United States accounted for 33%. If 8.7% of imports are suspected of plundering resources, what about 36% and 33%? ", "question": "Which of the following options is added, and the official can conclude that China has not plundered the resources of Africa?", "options": ["Europe and the United States are suspected of plundering resources of Africa.", "Europe and the United States did not plunder resources of Africa.", "Demand for raw materials in countries such as China and India has pushed up the price of raw materials, bringing more income to African countries.", "African countries have the right to decide how to deal with their resources."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9065, "answer": 3, "text": "There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.", "question": "Which of the following may be a complete and accurate service allocation plan for recruits?", "options": ["Signal soldier: W; Engineering soldiers: F, H and Y; Transport soldiers: G, I and X.", "Signal soldier: W; Engineering soldiers: G, I and X; Transport soldiers: F, H and Y.", "Signal soldier: X; Engineering soldiers: F, G and H; Transport soldiers: I, Y and W", "Signal soldier: X; Engineering soldiers: F, I and W; Transport soldiers: G, H and Y"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 145, "answer": 0, "text": "To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.", "question": "Which of the followings can be deduced from the above?", "options": ["To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must establish a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform", "Those who advocate strengthening the construction of socialist material civilization cannot agree not to take the road of reform", "Once the firm consciousness of taking the road of reform is established, the construction of socialist material civilization can be strengthened.", "To develop the productivity of socialism, it is not necessary to take the road of reform"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6500, "answer": 1, "text": "A famous musician in Taiwan recently compared the practice of record companies in the music market by feeding chickens. He said: originally, a group of chickens had to be fed chicken feed in order to grow up, but suddenly a record company fed broken newspapers and found that some chickens looked good. So other record companies imitated, and all the chickens began to eat broken newspapers. Later, when you feed them chicken feed, they can't get used to it.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main meaning of the musician?", "options": ["Shoddy music cannot produce a high-grade audience.", "Record companies work together to promote shoddy music, which lowers the aesthetic level of the audience.", "Cheap and shoddy music can only make listeners enjoy low-end happiness.", "There is a mixture of good and bad in the music market. Consumers should open their eyes and learn to choose."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13968, "answer": 2, "text": "Public-sector (government-owned) companies are often unprofitable and a drain on the taxpayer. Such enterprises should be sold to the private sector, where competition will force them either to be efficient and profitable or else to close.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, identifies a flaw in the policy proposed above?", "options": ["By buying a public-sector company and then closing the company and selling its assets, a buyer can often make a profit.", "The costs of environmental protection, contributions to social programs, and job-safety measures are the same in the public and private sectors.", "The services provided by many public-sector companies must be made available to citizens, even when a price that covers costs cannot be charged.", "Some unprofitable private-sector companies have become profitable after being taken over by the government to prevent their closing."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9720, "answer": 2, "text": "The fallacy of segmentation is based on the fact that the whole has a certain property, and it is inferred that some or all of the individuals also have this property.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is the fallacy of segmentation?", "options": ["The defendant in this case is very rich because he drives a luxury sports car when he goes out.", "There are robberies all over the city. I just read three in the City Evening News.", "This football team is the strongest football team this season, and there is no doubt that its goalkeeper is also the strongest.", "Every musician in this symphony orchestra is very good, so this symphony orchestra is very good."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5803, "answer": 1, "text": "A, B, C and D were arrested on suspicion of theft from a jewelry store. The statements of the four are as follows: A: The perpetrator is C. B: Ding is the criminal. C: If I commit the crime, Ding is the principal criminal. D: I did not commit the crime. Only one of the four statements is false.", "question": "If the above is true, which of the following is true?", "options": ["It was A who lied and B who committed the crime", "It was D who lied, c and D who committed the crime", "B lied, c committed the crime", "C is the one who tells lies, C is the one who commits the crime"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9237, "answer": 1, "text": "Convergence is a process in which different species of organisms develop into one or more similar physical features in order to adapt to the same environment. The similarity between ichthyosaurs and fish is an example of convergence. Ichthyosaurs are marine reptiles and do not belong to the same class as fish. In order to adapt to the marine environment, the physical characteristics of ichthyosaurs tend to be consistent with those of fish. The most striking thing is that ichthyosaurs have fins like fish.", "question": "If the above statement is true, which of the following options is a reasonable corollary of the above statement?", "options": ["Members of the same kind of creatures who live in the same environment must have exactly the same physical features.", "A creature cannot be grouped just because it has similar physical features to its members.", "The physical characteristics of one kind of organism are similar to those of other species, which is entirely the result of their adaptation to the living environment.", "Members of the same kind of creatures must have one or more physical features that distinguish them from other kinds of organisms."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11028, "answer": 3, "text": "Violent crime in this town is becoming a serious problem. Compared to last year, local law enforcement agencies have responded to 17 percent more calls involving violent crimes, showing that the average citizen of this town is more likely than ever to become a victim of a violent crime.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["In general, persons under the age of 65 are less likely to be victims of violent crimes than persons over the age of 65.", "In response to worries about violent crime, the town has recently opened a community center providing supervised activities for teenagers.", "The town's overall crime rate appears to have risen slightly this year compared to the same period last year.", "As a result of the town's community outreach programs, more people than ever are willing to report violent crimes to the proper authorities."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6818, "answer": 3, "text": "Medical science holds that the speed of blood circulation throughout the body is inversely proportional to the speed of muscle movement. Muscle and nerves are tense and blood vessels are squeezed, which will reduce blood flow and cause local ischemia and hypoxia. When the tension of muscle and brain nerve increases by more than 60% than usual, the local blood flow can be completely interrupted. Of all diseases today, 60% to 80% can be traced back to the excessive tension of modern life.", "question": "Which of the following options is intended to be explained in this passage?", "options": ["Modern medicine has found the root causes of most of today's diseases.", "Excessive tension of muscles and nerves is the main cause of vascular disease.", "The speed of blood circulation is related to the tension of muscles and brain nerves.", "Many diseases of modern people are related to the tense state of life."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4436, "answer": 0, "text": "Students who want to engage in media work apply for journalism and communication. Li Jin applied for journalism and communication. He must want to engage in media work.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, supports the above assertion most??", "options": ["All students majoring in journalism and communication want to work in the media", "Some media reporters are graduates majoring in journalism and communication", "Some students who want to work in the media have applied for journalism and communication", "Only journalism and communication graduates are qualified to work in the media"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14159, "answer": 1, "text": "Editorial: Teenagers tend to wake up around 8: 00 A. M. , the time when they stop releasing melatonin, and are sleepy if made to wake up earlier. Since sleepiness can impair driving ability, car accidents involving teenagers driving to school could be reduced if the school day began later than 8: 00 A. M. Indeed, when the schedule for Granville' s high school was changed so that school began at 8: 30 A. M. rather than earlier, the overall number of car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville declined.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument in the editorial?", "options": ["Teenagers start releasing melatonin later at night and stop releasing it later in the morning than do young children.", "Car accidents involving teenage drivers rose in the region surrounding Granville during the time they declined in Granville.", "Many of the car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville occurred in the evening rather than in the morning.", "Teenagers who work at jobs during the day spend more time driving than do teenagers who attend high school during the day."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3166, "answer": 0, "text": "Venture investment: a kind of equity capital invested by professional financiers into emerging, rapidly developing enterprises with great competitive potential.", "question": "Which of the followings belongs to venture investment?", "options": ["Yu took the opportunity to invest in a new battery manufacturing company and obtained 25% of its shares", "A foreign boss heard that house prices would rise, so he bought three fine decorated houses in the center of Hangzhou", "Lao Wu buys a lot of old-age insurance for himself and his wife every year, hoping to reduce the burden of supporting his children", "Xiao Song gave his savings to a trustworthy friend to issue usury, with an interest rate of 10%"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9230, "answer": 0, "text": "The bylaws of the bank's credit card tipulate that all transactions conducted with a password are deemed to have been done by the cardholder himself. This means that as long as the password is used when the credit card is stolen, the bank regards it as the behavior of the cardholder and is not responsible for the loss. Therefore, in order to make your credit card more secure, you should not set a password.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, does not undermine the above conclusion?", "options": ["Relevant experts believe that it is safer for credit cards not to have a password, but what the experts say is not necessarily correct.", "When criminals forge a credit card with a password, they must find another way to obtain the password in order to successfully swipe it.", "When a credit card is lost, the password of the credit card can effectively prevent others from swiping the card.", "In the case of swipe, if the credit card does not have a password, the court usually thinks that the owner of the card is at fault and needs to bear the loss regardless of the loss."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3247, "answer": 2, "text": "Recessive hunger is the hunger symptom of the hidden nutritional requirement, which is caused by the imbalance of nutrition or the lack of some vitamins and essential minerals, and the excessive intake of other nutrients.", "question": "According to the above definition, Which of the following is recessive hunger?", "options": ["Uncle Chen made up his mind to go on a diet. He recently replaced the staple food with vegetables and apples instead of oily meat, and finally fainted one day because of hunger.", "In order to get a fit body, Xiaobai insists on six meals a day. Each meal contains a small amount of staple food, fruits and vegetables, egg and milk, etc., but at the same time, the high-intensity fitness training still makes him sore and exhausted.", "Uncle Wang uses clear porridge and hot soup as his main diet because of his weak intestines and stomach. He does not often eat big fish and meat and raw and cold melons and fruits. Later, due to lack of protein and vitamins in his diet, his memory loss was caused.", "Xiao Li likes high-salt, high-sugar, and high-calorie junk food. He was indifferent to the doctor's persuasion. After a few years of physical examination, he found that he had high blood sugar, high blood fat, high blood pressure and other problems."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7952, "answer": 0, "text": "People don't like to lose their original turf or lose face. They often fall into a kind of ideological trap, which is what economists call sunk cost, which refers to an investment of time and money. After the sale is successful, it can be recycled smoothly. In English-speaking countries, it is also called drop money in the drain.", "question": "Which of the following options can be inferred from this text?", "options": ["Many people have nostalgia and are not good at giving up", "All money and time investment will be rewarded", "When calculating investment costs, sunk costs should also be added.", "When deciding whether to invest, you must forget your past investments"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15095, "answer": 0, "text": "Magazine article: The Environmental Commissioner' s new proposals are called Fresh Thinking on the Environment, and a nationwide debate on them has been announced. Well, fresh thinkingfrom such an unlikely source as the commissioner does deserve closer inspection. Unfortunately we discovered that these proposals are virtually identical to those issued three months ago by Tsarque Inc. under the heading New Environmentalism (Tsarque Inc. ' s chief is a close friend of the commissioner). Since Tsarque Inc. ' s polluting has marked it as an environmental nightmare, in our opinion the nationwide debate can end here.", "question": "A flaw in the magazine article's reasoning is that it", "options": ["dismisses the proposals because of their source rather than because of their substance", "uses emotive language in labeling the proposals", "assumes without any justification that since two texts are similar one of them must be influenced by the other", "appeals to the authority of Tsarque Inc. 's chief without giving evidence that this person's opinion should carry special weight"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1417, "answer": 0, "text": "Personal foreign currency deposits at the Bank of China's Beijing branch have exceeded 1 billion US dollars, and a large proportion of the bank's cumulative foreign exchange loans of 2 billion US dollars come from residents' personal deposits.", "question": "Which of the following is the main content of this text?", "options": ["The total amount of foreign currency owned by individuals is already considerable", "1/2 of the bank's cumulative foreign exchange loans come from individual residents", "The bank lends 2 billion US dollars, a large proportion of which is lent to individual residents", "The bank's personal foreign currency deposits have accounted for 1/2 of the total deposits"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10477, "answer": 1, "text": "Consider three numbers: 0.9, 1, 1.1, and the difference between the latter number and its previous number is only 0.1. If you multiply each number with itself 10 times, 0.9 becomes 0.31, 1 is still 1, 1.1 becomes 2.85, it is nearly 10 times that of 0.31, and nearly 3 times that of 1. This is how the gap arises!", "question": "Which of the following options cannot be reasonably inferred from the above statement?", "options": ["If you make a little mistake at the beginning, you will make a big mistake as a result.", "Details determine success or failure, character determines fate.", "The continuous accumulation and amplification of small differences can make a huge difference.", "Everyone must be careful of every step of life: a small victory may lead to a big victory, and a small victory may lead to a big mistake."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9228, "answer": 0, "text": "Wildlife conservation organizations: if there is no trade, there will be no killing; without killing, man and nature can live in harmony.", "question": "If the above statement is true, which of the following options must be true?", "options": ["As long as there is killing, there must be trade.", "As long as the trade is banned, man and nature will live in harmony.", "Only when the trade is banned can man and nature live in harmony.", "The reason why man and nature can not live in harmony is because of the existence of killing."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1807, "answer": 2, "text": "If we only look at the value of cultural relics, the paper version of ancient literature is indeed not suitable to be opened to readers on a large scale, otherwise, frequent reading and the resulting bacterial invasion will certainly affect their preservation to a great extent. However, from the perspective of the value of historical materials, it should have been open to the society, because only in this way can the literature value of ancient books be fully realized and great progress can be made in academic research.", "question": "Which of the following options is the passage that focuses on the description of ancient literature?", "options": ["Need the public to participate in the research", "Protection technology needs to be improved", "Whether it is open or not is a difficult problem", "More attention should be paid to the attributes of cultural relics"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11337, "answer": 3, "text": "A study was designed to establish what effect, if any, the long-term operation of offshore oil rigs had on animal life on the bottom of the sea. The study compared the sea-bottom communities near rigs with those located in control sites several miles from any rig and found no significant differences. The researchers concluded that oil rigs had no adverse effect on sea-bottom animals.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the researchers' conclusion?", "options": ["Commercially important fish depend on sea- bottom animals for much of their food, so a drop in catches of those fish would be evidence of damage to sea-bottom communities.", "Only part of any oil discharged into the ocean reaches the ocean floor: some oil evaporates, and some remains in the water as suspended drops.", "Contamination of the ocean floor from sewage and industrial effluent does not result in the destruction of all sea-bottom animals but instead reduces species diversity as well as density of animal life.", "The discharge of oil from offshore oil rigs typically occurs at the surface of the water, and currents often carry the oil considerable distances before it settles on the ocean floor."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6295, "answer": 1, "text": "A city issued a purchase restriction order. After that, many netizens expressed their support for the purchase restriction order, and hoped that the house prices in the city would fall under the influence of the purchase restriction order. According to the survey results of SouFang.com, one month after the introduction of the purchase restriction order, nearly 70% of netizens expressed dissatisfaction with it. They believed that the regulation effect during this month was not good and not as effective as expected.", "question": "Which one of the followings is the main content of the above passage?", "options": ["The investigation of the effect of the purchase restriction order in a city made by SouFang.com.", "Netizens' views on the purchase restriction order in a city.", "The effect of the purchase restriction order in a city.", "A city issued a purchase restriction order."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13549, "answer": 2, "text": "Most small children are flat-footed. This failure of the foot to assume its natural arch, if it persists past early childhood can sometimes result in discomfort and even pain later in life. Traditionally, flat-footedness in children has been treated by having the children wear special shoes that give extra support to the foot, in order to foster the development of the arch.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most calls into question the efficacy of the traditional treatment described above?", "options": ["Although most children's flat-footedness is corrected by the time the children reach puberty, some people remain flat-footed for life.", "Many small children who have normal feet wear the same special shoes as those worn by flat-footed children.", "Flat-footed children who do not wear the special shoes are as likely to develop natural arches as are flat-footed children who wear the special shoes.", "Some children who are not flat-footed have hip and lower leg bones that are rotated excessively either inward or outward."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 476, "answer": 1, "text": "It is reported that the global temperature has been rising continuously for more than 150 years due to the massive emission of greenhouse gases by human beings. However, compared with 1970-1998, the rise rate of the global surface average temperature has slowed down significantly since 1999, and the rise rate of the average temperature has not been obvious in the past 15 years, so the global warming is not so serious.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the above argument most?", "options": ["The adjustment process of ocean and climate system makes the ocean surface heat transport to the deep sea.", "This phenomenon appeared in the 1950s and 1970s, and then began to accelerate warming.", "UN climate experts pointed out that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is at the highest level in 800000 years.", "Natural disasters caused by climate warming have occurred in recent years."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6341, "answer": 1, "text": "People from different language groups and cultures need to communicate with each other and must find communication tools. On one level, they can rely on specially trained professionals who can proficiently use two or more languages for interpretation and translation. But this is inconvenient, and the time and cost are expensive. Therefore, throughout history, there has been a common language. In the ancient world and the medieval world, it was Latin, in the West for centuries it was French, and in Africa. Swahili was spoken in many areas, and English was spoken in most parts of the world in the second half of the 20th century.", "question": "Which of the following options is meant to illustrate?", "options": ["The limitations of translation as a communication tool are obvious.", "The universal language is an effective means of dealing with language differences.", "Communication tools will change according to the needs of the times and levels.", "Human beings have conducted long-term exploration to find a universal language."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4809, "answer": 1, "text": "Unfair competition refers to the behavior of the operator that violates the provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, harms the legitimate rights and interests of other operators, and disrupts the social and economic order. The so-called operator refers to a legal person engaged in commodity operations or profitable services.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following are not unfair competition?", "options": ["The inferior wine produced in an underground factory is sold under the brand name wine trademark", "A certain factory adopts advanced technology to reduce the price after reducing the cost to occupy a favorable market position", "Use spies to steal trade secrets from peers in order to prepare competitive strategies first", "Microsoft bundles its browser with the windows operating system for sale"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8486, "answer": 3, "text": "A working group plans to conduct field research and initially determine that only one region in eastern, western or northern Guangdong will be selected. In this regard, three people in the working group A, B, C put forward the following opinions: A: eastern Guangdong is more representative in this survey and should go to eastern Guangdong. B: I have already been to northern Guangdong in the last round of research, so we should choose other regions this time. C: I think it is more appropriate to choose western or northern Guangdong to conduct field research.", "question": "In the end, the working group adopted only one person's opinion. Which of the following options must be correct?", "options": ["The working group went to eastern Guangdong.", "The working group went to the western Guangdong.", "The working group adopted opinion of B.", "The working group adopted opinion of C."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2629, "answer": 3, "text": "Statistics show that the safety of civil aviation flight has been greatly improved in recent years. For example, a country had 0.2 fatal accidents per 1 million flights in 2008, compared with 1.4 in 1989. According to the statistics of these years, the incidence of malignant accidents in civil aviation shows a downward trend as a whole. From this, it can be seen that it is becoming safer and safer to travel by air.", "question": "Which of the following cannot reinforce the above conclusion?", "options": ["In recent years, the probability of narrow escape in aircraft accidents is higher than before", "The major airlines pay more and more attention to the safety training of the crew", "The air traffic control system of civil aviation is more perfect", "Although the plane crash is terrible, statistically speaking, driving is still much more dangerous"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8993, "answer": 1, "text": "In recent years, the house price of our country has been soaring. In August 2007, the State Council decided to solve the housing problem of 10 million urban low-income families by expanding the low-rent housing system. To achieve this goal, the government needs to subsidize leases or provide low-rent housing, while to build housing, land and funds are needed. A reporter reports on low-income families stepping into the era of low-rent housing, which shows that he is confident of achieving this goal.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, will not boost the confidence of the reporter?", "options": ["The State Council requires local governments to spend at least 10% of the net income from land sales on the security of low-rent housing.", "Even in developed countries, most low-income families solve their housing problems by renting rather than buying houses.", "The State Council requires local governments to include funds for the security of low-rent housing in their budgets for the local fiscal year, and the central government will provide support to the central and western regions with financial difficulties.", "The Ministry of Land and Resources requires local land and resources management departments to give priority to the use of land for low-rent housing."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4385, "answer": 2, "text": "Low carbon transportation refers to low carbon dioxide emission, low energy consumption, less pollution and environment-friendly transportation.", "question": "Which of the following items does not belong to low-carbon transportation", "options": ["Walk", "Take the subway", "Take a taxi", "Carpool to work"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5885, "answer": 0, "text": "A, B, C and D are classmates. A said: My classmates are all league member. B said: D is not a league member. C said: Someone in my class is not a league member. D said: Neither is B league member.", "question": "If only one person is known to be lying, which of the following judgments can be deduced to be true?", "options": ["It is A who is telling lies, and B is not a league member of the team", "It is B who is telling lies, and C is not a league member of the team", "D is the one who tells lies, B is not a league member", "The one who is telling lies is A, C is not a league member of the team"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12188, "answer": 0, "text": "Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.", "question": "Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher's response?", "options": ["Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews", "Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view", "Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes", "Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4460, "answer": 1, "text": "On the issue of whether to quit smoking, there are always some unwise people. Unless they quit smoking successfully, they will have to bear all the consequences for the deterioration of their health. Lao Li has been smoking for 20 years, but he is afraid of losing his healthy body and good life, and doesn't want to bear the consequences of the deterioration of his health because of his unwise.", "question": "Which of the followings can be infered", "options": ["Lao Li asked his relatives and friends to strictly supervise him to quit smoking", "If Lao Li wants to realize his idea, he must successfully quit smoking", "Lao Li can't succeed in quitting smoking because he always makes unwise choices", "If Lao Li is in poor health, it must be caused by smoking"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2238, "answer": 0, "text": "The full guarantee of national audit independence determines the degree of realization of audit rule of law, the level of audit quality and the fairness of audit results and whether audit can play the function of immune system in national governance activities and then determine whether the audit anti-corruption mission can be successfully completed.", "question": "Which of the following options is most similar with the meaning of the line-drawing part?", "options": ["Whether the independence of national audit is fully guaranteed or not determines the possibility of realizing the rule of law of audit", "Whether the state fully ensures the independence of audit or not determines the degree of realization of the rule of law in audit", "Whether the independence of national audit can be fully guaranteed or not determines the degree of realization of the rule of law in audit", "Whether the state can fully guarantee the independence of audit determines the possibility of realizing the rule of law of audit"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12048, "answer": 2, "text": "Restaurant owner: The newspaper reporter who panned my restaurant acknowledges having no special expertise about food and its preparation. His previous job was as a political reporter. He is a good writer, but he is not a true restaurant critic. A newspaper would never call someone a drama critic who had no special training in theater.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the restaurant owner's argument?", "options": ["The newspaper reporter who panned the restaurant acknowledges having no special expertise about food and its preparation.", "The newspaper reporter who panned the restaurant is a good writer.", "The newspaper reporter who panned the restaurant is not a true restaurant critic.", "A newspaper would never call someone a drama critic who had no special training in theater."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1459, "answer": 3, "text": "When the United States promotes democracy abroad, policy makers focus on the laws and institutions of other countries rather than their legitimate cultures. They argue that people will sacrifice near-term security and stability for the chance to vote. They used military intervention to promote democratic values without considering the problems it brought and without considering the values and interests of those they hoped to persuade.", "question": "Which of the following is the main meaning of the expression?", "options": ["He believes that many mistakes have been made in promoting democracy abroad by focusing on the laws and institutions of other countries", "They believe that democracy is being promoted abroad without regard to the values and interests of the people of other countries", "Believes the United States has made three major mistakes in promoting democracy abroad", "Believes the United States has made four mistakes in promoting democracy abroad"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12108, "answer": 3, "text": "Red admiral butterflies fly in a highly irregular fashion, constantly varying their speed, wing strokes, and flight path. While predators avoid poisonous butterfly species, nonpoisonous butterflies like the red admiral need to elude predators to survive. Scientists ttherefore hypothesize that the red admiral' s flight style, which is clearly not energy efficient, evolved as a means of avoiding predators.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the support for the scientists' hypothesis?", "options": ["Attacks from predators are not the most common cause of death for butterflies.", "All of the predators that prey on the red admiral also prey on other species of nonpoisonous butterflies.", "It is much more energy efficient for butterflies to fly in an irregular fashion than it is for heavier varieties of insects.", "No species of poisonous butterfly has an irregular flight style like that of the red admiral."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11013, "answer": 1, "text": "A law is successful primarily because the behavior it prescribes has attained the status of custom. Just as manners are observed not because of sanctions attached to them but because, through repetition, contrary behavior becomes unthinkable, so societal laws are obeyed not because the behavior is ethically required or because penalties await those who act otherwise, but because to act otherwise would be uncustomary.", "question": "Which one of the following comparisons is utilized by the argument?", "options": ["As with manners, most laws do not prescribe behavior that is ethically required.", "As with manners, the main factor accounting for compliance with laws is custom.", "As with manners, most laws do not have strict penalties awaiting those who transgress them.", "As with manners and other customs, laws vary from society to society."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}

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