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{"id": 15093, "answer": 1, "text": "Landscape architect: If the screen between these two areas is to be a hedge, that hedge must be of either hemlocks or Leyland cypress trees. However, Leyland cypress trees cannot be grown this far north. So if the screen is to be a hedge, it will be a hemlock hedge.", "question": "In which one of the following is the pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the landscape architect's argument?", "options": ["A space the size of this meadow would be suitable for a playground or a picnic area. However, a playground would be noisy and a picnic area would create litter. So it will be best for the area to remain a meadow.", "Any path along this embankment must be either concrete or stone. But a concrete path cannot be built in this location. So if there is to be a path on the embankment, it will be a stone path.", "If there is to be an entrance on the north side of the building, it will have to be approached by a ramp. However, a ramp would become impossibly slippery in winter, so there will be no entrance on the north side.", "If visitors are to travel to this part of the site by automobile, there will be a need for parking spaces. However, no parking spaces are allowed for in the design. So if visitors are likely to come by automobile, the design will be changed."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3724, "answer": 3, "text": "Some area has introduced European and American black poplar for papermaking since the 1970 s. These European and American black poplars adapt to the local climate, grow fast and expand their planting area rapidly. However, in recent years, the local eco-environmental problems are becoming more and more serious. Therefore, some people think that the ecological environment of the region can be repaired by cutting off these European and American black poplars.", "question": "Which of the following options can best point out the shortcomings of the above discussion?", "options": ["It is assumed that there are other crops that can replace the economic value of European and American black poplar", "Ignoring the fact that other exotic plants introduced and planted in this area will also affect the ecological environment", "It is assumed that the planting area of European and American black poplar introduced into this area is much larger than that of local tree species", "It is acquiesced that there is a causal relationship between the expansion of planting area and eco-environmental problems in Europe and America"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 501, "answer": 2, "text": "Rebound effect refers to improving energy efficiency and saving energy consumption through technological progress. However, technological progress will also promote the expansion of economic scale and generate new demand for energy, so as to partially or even completely offset the saved energy.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings can effectively control the rebound effect?", "options": ["The improvement of engine efficiency reduces the driving cost, and more people choose cars instead of walking.", "Manufacturers further improve energy efficiency, increase profits and produce more products.", "Solar water heaters sell well and slowly replace traditional electric water heaters.", "Now more and more consumers buy energy-saving household appliances."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3759, "answer": 0, "text": "Health refers to a person with normal intelligence, reasonable behavior, can adapt to normal work, social interaction or study, and can resist general diseases.", "question": "According to the definition of health, which of the following belongs to health?", "options": ["Lao Li, a university professor in his fifties, is still energetic in his work and suffered from the flu this spring", "Xiao Cong, Zhang's 19-year-old son, has been in the second grade for 11 years, but she has never had any serious illness since childhood and can do a good job of physical work.", "After Xiaohu graduated with a master's degree, his work performance has always been excellent. Since an accident, when the work pressure is relatively high, he will be mentally disordered", "Xiao Liu is in good health, works very hard and respects his parents, but many colleagues say he is eccentric and doesn't want to associate with him"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14852, "answer": 3, "text": "Scientists hypothesize that a particular type of fat known as P-fat is required for the development of eyesight. Researchers were led to this hypothesis by observing that babies who are fed formulas low in P-fat tend to have worse eyesight than babies fed mother' s milk, which is high in P-fat. It has also been shown that babies that are five to six weeks premature tend to have worse eyesight than babies carried to term.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most supports the scientists' hypothesis?", "options": ["The eyesight of a fetus develops during the last trimester of pregnancy.", "Babies generally prefer mother's milk to formulas low in P-fat.", "Adults whose diets lack P-fat tend to have worse eyesight than those whose diets are high in P-fat.", "A fetus typically receives high levels of P-fat from the mother during only the last four weeks of pregnancy."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13677, "answer": 3, "text": "The Green Peas Grocery Store in the remote wealthy enclave of Luxville charges more than the Green Peas Grocery Store in Oak City charges for the same items. Clearly, on any given item, the Green Peas grocery franchise is taking advantage of its location in Luxville to reap higher profits on that item.", "question": "In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare", "options": ["The percent of average household income spent on groceries in Oak city with the comparable percentage in Luxville", "The cost of these items in Oak City and in Luxville with the cost at other Green Peas stores throughout the state.", "the average cost of the same or comparable items at other grocery stores in Oak City with the average cost at other stores in Luxville", "the cost of transporting merchandise to the Oak City location with the comparable cost to the Luxville location"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7716, "answer": 0, "text": "Market concentration refers to the degree of concentration of an industry in the market structure. It is used to measure the difference of the number and relative scale of enterprises and is an important quantitative indicator of market power.", "question": "Which of the following is a phenomenon of low market concentration?", "options": ["Most markets in a city have pastry shops nearby.", "Some place has a large number of leather shoe manufacturers.", "The production enterprises of daily-use electronic products are mostly located in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta.", "Qingyan village near a small commodity market occupies a large share of the online retail market."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13510, "answer": 2, "text": "Studies have shown that, contrary to popular belief, middle-aged people have more fear of dying than do elderly people.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the phenomenon shown by the studies EXCEPT:", "options": ["The longer one lives, the more imperturbable one becomes.", "Middle-aged people have more people dependent upon them than people of any other age group.", "Many people who suffer from depression first become depressed in middle age.", "The longer one lives, the more likely it is that one has come to terms with dying."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5616, "answer": 1, "text": "The total population of a country has declined since 2005. It is estimated that by 2100, the total population of the country will be only half of the current one. Therefore, the government has issued a series of policies to encourage fertility. However, so far, the average number of children born by women in the country is only 1.3, far lower than the level of maintaining the normal renewal of the population (2.07) Therefore, some people believe that these policies to encourage fertility implemented by the government have not achieved the expected results.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can best refute the above assertion??", "options": ["The policy of encouraging childbearing implemented by the government is a long-term national policy, which has no effect in a short time", "If the government did not introduce a policy to encourage fertility, the total child population would be much lower than it is now", "If the government introduced more effective policies to encourage fertility, the population could be increased", "In recent years, the total population of the country has shown a slow upward trend"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2624, "answer": 2, "text": "As cultural knowledge becomes more and more important, people spend more and more time on reading, and the proportion of literati students with myopia is getting higher and higher. Even among urban workers and township farmers, many people can be seen wearing myopic glasses. However, few scholars with myopia, let alone ordinary people, were found in ancient China.", "question": "Except for which of the following, can all explain the above phenomenon?", "options": ["In ancient times, only people with good family conditions or status could afford to read; even if they were reading, they spent very little time on reading, and the kind of scholars who hung their heads and pierced the bone were even more rare", "In ancient times, transportation was underdeveloped, and travel mainly depended on walking and horseback riding. Adequate exercise played a certain role in preventing myopia", "The ancients lived at a slow pace and did not have to worry about traffic safety, so even if they suffered from myopia, the harm was very small", "Ancient natural science was underdeveloped, when students read very few books, mainly the four Books and five Classics, and a book of the Analects of Confucius would take several years to read"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6938, "answer": 0, "text": "The long tail theory holds that all non-mainstream markets will add up to form a market larger than the mainstream market, and these small amounts of demand will form a long tail on the demand curve, achieving a large number of minorities. On the long tail, personalization, which has been squeezed and ignored by popular fashion, will be highlighted. A typical example is the opportunity that the Internet brings to books. The production and dissemination costs of a book in a bookstore are not the same as those on the Internet. The unlimited space of the Internet makes the cost drop, and the total sales with the least demand can always match the total number of mainstream and most needed bestsellers.", "question": "Which of the following conforms to the context?", "options": ["The essence and content of long tail theory", "The large amount of demand in the niche market can also match the mainstream market", "The opportunity that the Internet brings to books", "Non-mainstream, the minority with the least demand will replace the popular fashion with the mainstream and the greatest demand"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 571, "answer": 1, "text": "In a report analyzing the results of the 2008 Olympic wrestling program, it is suggested that in the competition. Athletes in red suits won about 55 % of the rounds. Defeated the competitor in blue suits. Therefore, wearing a red suit in a wrestling event is beneficial to an athlete winnng.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can weaken the conclusion of the above argument most", "options": ["If you really believe that in red suits is more dominant. Then you can use this prediction to buy sports lottery tickets", "Wrestling program at the 2012 Olympic Games. Athletes in blue suits won more races than athletes in red suits", "In a competition other than wrestling. Athletes in red suits don't necessarily get more races than athletes in blue suits", "In a boxing competition. Athletes in red suits also won more races"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1472, "answer": 3, "text": "In the case that the distortion of the economic structure has not been released, the only way to stop the economic downturn, stabilize the economic situation and establish market expectations for a period of time is investment. However, in order to stabilize one or two percentage points of economic growth and launch trillions of investment projects, such handwork is far more than the so-called stable growth needs.", "question": "According to the above text, which of the following is an attitude towards trillions of dollars of investment projects?", "options": ["appreciate", "irony", "neutral", "deny"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3220, "answer": 3, "text": "In recent years, academic misconduct and even academic corruption have become more and more serious. Some people plagiarize other people's research results, some make up experimental data, and some take patients for experiments without permission, which not only loses the bottom line of scholars, but also does not even have the bottom line of life. As a scholar, Professor Li feels very sad about this. He believes that academic corruption has reached the point where it must be punished, But the wife, who is also a scholar, said, I don't agree with you. Professor Zhang of our college is rigorous in his scholarship. He has never committed academic misconduct.", "question": "Which of the following best refutes the wife of Professor Li's point of view?", "options": ["Punishing academic corruption depends not only on the power of example, but also on the restriction of law.", "Professor Zhang may also have academic misconduct, but it has not been found.", "As a public intellectual, Professor Zhang should pay attention to his positive image in front of the public.", "Professor Zhang's case belongs to an individual case and cannot refute a universal law."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6985, "answer": 2, "text": "Butterfly with its gorgeous colors and beautiful dance, won the Flying Flower, Dance Girl of Nature and other reputations. The rich colors and different patterns of butterfly wings create this beautiful spirit. Some butterflies sparkle with metallic light when they dance in the sun, some butterflies can have a single color, and some butterflies can be dazzling in color. Some people even collected patterns in the shape of Arabic numerals 1-9 and 26 English letters on butterfly wings.", "question": "Which of the following is the main content described in this text?", "options": ["The butterfly is the embodiment of the beauty of nature", "The wings of butterflies are rich and colorful, and there are all kinds of wonders", "Butterflies are a very ornamental group of insects", "There are many gorgeous patterns on the wings of butterflies"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9547, "answer": 1, "text": "We can be quiet in the book. When you open a book, it is like building an indestructible castle and an immortal Great Wall. You are the monarch of this kingdom, and no one else can enter without your permission. When you open a book, it is as if you have planted a peach garden and covered it with grass. You sit on the grass, in the rain, calm and quiet, enjoy the fragrance alone. When you open a book, it is as if you have found a spring that will not grow old, a ray of spring morning light, a moment of eternity, get rid of selfish thoughts, forget the existence of yourself and the things around you, and let your mind blend into nature. In this way, we can face our hearts and read out ourselves.", "question": "Which of the following options does not correspond to the meaning of the text?", "options": ["Readers are carefree.", "Readers return to nature.", "The world in reading can be dominated by yourself.", "Reading can make one pure, serene and transcendent."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3993, "answer": 2, "text": "Surveys in several provinces have found that spending a lot of time on social networking does not affect the willingness of extroverts to socialize face-to-face, and that introverts do not become socialites even if they do not socialize online. Therefore, some researchers believe that the fear that social networking will hinder traditional socialization is unnecessary.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, is most helpful in supporting the above conclusions?", "options": ["Many people who spend a lot of time on social networking are reluctant to communicate face to face with others", "Either way, the total time for most people to participate in social activities is relatively fixed", "With the help of online social networking, many people's ability and self-confidence in traditional social networking have been improved", "The research was carried out by a university, and among the students of the University, online social networking is not the main social way"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2780, "answer": 1, "text": "Chairman: if Xiao Li is promoted, Xiao Sun will not be promoted.", "question": "Which of the followings is in line with the chairman's opinion.", "options": [" Xiao Sun can't be promoted,Xiao Li can be promoted.", "Xiao Li and Xiao Sun can't be promoted.", "Neither Xiao Li nor Xiao Sun can be promoted.", "Unless Xiao Li is promoted, Xiao Sun will not be promoted."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7216, "answer": 3, "text": "A company held a literature and art show. There were four groups of programs. Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Zhao and Xiao Li drew lots to decide the performance sequence. Xiao Li at the front desk asked them who came first and who came later. Xiao Wang said, I'm the first to go on stage. Xiao Zhang said, I'm the third. Xiao Zhao said, I'm the fourth. Xiao Li said, anyway, I'm not the last.", "question": "If only one of the four of them lied, which one of the followings is true?", "options": ["If Xiao Zhang's words are false, the performance sequence of the four people can be inferred.", "If Xiao Zhao's words are false, the performance sequence of the four people can be inferred.", "If Xiao Li's words are false, the performance sequence of the four people can be inferred.", "No matter who told a lie, the performance sequence of the four people can be inferred."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11003, "answer": 3, "text": "Over 90 percent of the human brain currently serves no purpose, as is evident from the fact that many people with significant brain damage show no discernible adverse effects. So once humans begin to tap into this tremendous source of creativity and innovation, many problems that today seem insurmountable will be within our ability to solve.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument?", "options": ["The argument infers that certain parts of the brain do nothing merely on the basis of the assertion that we do not know what they do.", "The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the only reason that any problem remains unsolved is a lack of creativity and innovation.", "The argument infers that problems will be solved merely on the basis of the claim that they will be within our ability to solve.", "The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the currently unused parts of the brain are a potential source of tremendous creativity and innovation."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10254, "answer": 1, "text": "In recent years, the number of private cars has increased sharply. In order to solve the increasingly serious problem of traffic congestion, City B decided to greatly reduce the ticket price of urban ground bus lines. It is expected that 96% of passengers will reduce their expenses after the implementation of the price reduction, which will attract passengers to take buses first, thereby alleviating traffic congestion in city B.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?", "options": ["Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?", "Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?", "Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?", "Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11114, "answer": 3, "text": "Data froma recent biodiversity study of the Ukuluku river estuary in Tritonia showed that last year the pollution rate of this environmentally sensitive region was significantly lower than in previous years. The Tritonian government, which spent millions of dollars last year to enforce laws against dumping waste into the river, is claiming that the study data indicate that its increased efforts to halt the pollution are proving effective.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the government's claim?", "options": ["Government agents had to issue fines totaling over $27 million to 650 violators of the river dumping regulations.", "Much of the money that was designated last year for estuary preservation has been spent on research and not enforcement.", "Factory owner opposition to the government's anti-pollution efforts grew more violent last year in response to the increased enforcement.", "The largest known polluter on the Ukuluku river relocated to another part of Tritonia, closer to the airport, so as to decrease its shipping costs."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10530, "answer": 2, "text": "In modern society, many people get fat, have beer bellies and are seriously overweight because they often drink beer.", "question": "The answer to which of the following questions is impossible to question the above argument?", "options": ["If people only drink beer and eat very little other food every day, especially meat, will they still get fat?", "Why are there so many women and children in the United States who drink Coke, eat fried chicken and pizza, and are so overweight?", "Do fat people often exercise besides drinking beer?", "Many fat people also smoke at the same time. Can you say smoking causes weight gain?"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 908, "answer": 0, "text": "Sunk cost refers to the cost that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future because the decision made in the past has already occurred. From a rational point of view, sunk costs should not affect our decision-making. However, we often make a lot of irrational decision-making behaviors because we want to recover or avoid sunk costs. This is called the sunk cost effect.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is not a sunk cost effect?", "options": ["Xiao Ming lent his friend 10,000 yuan a year ago. But because his friend was bankrupt and unable to repay, he decided not to let him repay the money.", "Xiao Zhao believes that he and his girlfriend have been together for 8 years and spent so much time and energy. So he decided not to break up.", "Xiao Wang bought a bottle of soda for 20 yuan. He found that it tasted bad and wanted to throw it away. However, considering that it was so expensive and could not be refunded, he resisted and drank it all.", "Mom bought an electronic piano for 2,000 yuan. But the child is not interested at all. So my mother decided to ask a tutor at a price of 500 yuan per month, on the grounds: Otherwise this piano would be wasted!"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13787, "answer": 3, "text": "Physician: The patient is suffering either from disease X or else from disease Y, but there is no available test for distinguishing X from Y. Ttherefore, since there is an effective treatment for Y but no treatment for X, we must act on the assumption that the patient has a case of Y.", "question": "The physician's reasoning could be based on which one of the following principles?", "options": ["When only one strategy carries the possibility of success, circumstances must as much as possible be changed to fit this strategy.", "When the soundness of a strategy depends on the truth of a certain assumption, the first step in putting the strategy into effect must be to test the truth of this assumption.", "In treating a patient who has one or the other of two diseases, it is more important to treat the diseases than to determine which of the two diseases the patient has.", "When success is possible only if a circumstance beyond one's control is favorable, then one's strategy must be based on the assumption that this circumstance is in fact favorable."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1154, "answer": 1, "text": "People on the road, for distant goals, have no intention of paying attention to the scenery along the road. Many roadside features, which are not inferior to what you are looking for, have been easily ignored by you, and by the time we understand it years later, it will be too late. And when you change the mentality of running into the mentality of walking, you will find that there is a taste for gain and a taste for loss, a taste for being rich and poor, a taste for success and a taste for failure, a taste for passionate love and a taste for lovelorn, and a taste for youth and aging. Only then will you suddenly realize that what you dream is hidden on the road, and that the encounter on the road is what you are looking for. Apart from that, what else are you looking for?", "question": "Which of the following is an incorrect interpretation of this paragraph?", "options": ["Those on the road are those who abandon the scenery along the way for success", "We shouldn't be struggling to pursue a distant goal", "Maybe the dream is hidden in the scenery along the way when you hurry", "Leave some free time for life instead of in a hurry"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14175, "answer": 2, "text": "Ann will either take a leave of absence from Technocomp and return in a year or else she will quit her job there; but she would not do either one unless she were offered a one-year teaching fellowship at a prestigious university. Technocomp will allow her to take a leave of absence if it does not find out that she has been offered the fellowship, but not otherwise. Ttherefore, Ann will quit her job at Technocomp only if Technocomp finds out she has been offered the fellowship.", "question": "Which one of the following, if assumed, allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn?", "options": ["Ann would be offered the fellowship only if she quit her job at Technocomp.", "Technocomp will find out about Ann being offered the fellowship only if someone informs on her.", "Ann will take a leave of absence if Technocomp allows her to take a leave of absence.", "The reason Ann wants the fellowship is so she can quit her job at Technocomp."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 308, "answer": 1, "text": "Leading cadres cannot achieve strict self-discipline if they do not have bottom-line thinking. Only by not forgetting their original aspirations can they always maintain the bottom-line thinking. Only by always sticking to their ideals and beliefs can they not forget their original Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline only if they do not forget their original aspirations.", "question": "Based on the above information, which of the followings can be derived?", "options": ["If leading cadres cannot achieve strict self-discipline, they will lose their bottom-line thinking.", "Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline only if they do not forget their original aspirations.", "Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline as long as they stick to their ideals and beliefs.", "Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline as long as they don't forget their original aspirations."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11765, "answer": 3, "text": "Secondary school students achieve broad mastery of the curriculum if they are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles and they devote significant effort to their studies. Thus, if such broad mastery is not achieved by the students in a particular secondary school, those students are not being taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles.", "question": "The conclusion can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["Secondary school students who devote significant effort to their studies do not always achieve broad mastery of the curriculum.", "Even if secondary school students are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles, they will not achieve broad mastery of the curriculum if they do not devote significant effort to their studies.", "Secondary school students do not achieve broad mastery of the curriculum if they are not taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles.", "As long as secondary school students are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles, they will devote significant effort to their studies."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13717, "answer": 3, "text": "Company X and Company Y have each been building a rocket ship able to travel to Mars. After five years of design and construction, the rocket ships have been unveiled to the public, which instantly notices the rocket ships are so similar in design as to be indistinguishable. Ttherefore, one of the companies must have had information pertaining to the design of the other rocket ship.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would most call in to question the validity of the argument?", "options": ["Both companies have been highly profitable and have been heavily funded throughout the five years in which the rocket ships have been constructed.", "The engineers responsible for the design and construction of the rocket ship are subjected to a rigorous vetting process.", "Each space ship uses a different color scheme, which matches that of each company's logo.", "There is only one possible design given the current materials that confers the aerodynamic requirements to reach Mars. ."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5095, "answer": 2, "text": "The researchers studied the effects of climate change factors such as monsoon, rainy season, high temperature and drought on the growth environment and quality value of tea in Pu'er, Yunnan Province. They traced the factors leading to the changes of chemical substances in tea and found that in the rainy season, when their growth speed is accelerated, the content of catechin and methylxanthine in leaves is only half of that in the dry season. Therefore, the researchers believe that climate change will affect the content of beneficial chemicals in Yunnan Pu'er tea.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, best supports the above argument?", "options": ["Pu'er tea may also reduce the content of beneficial chemicals due to factors other than climate change, such as pests and other biological invasion.", "The effects of climate change on the beneficial chemical components of other crops in Pu'er tea producing areas vary greatly, or the effects are obvious or almost unaffected.", "Pu'er tea contains higher secondary metabolites in dry season, but if the dry season lasts too long, its content may decrease.", "In the past five years, the content of beneficial chemical components in Pu'er tea in a mountainous area of Yunnan has little difference between rainy season and dry season."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6854, "answer": 2, "text": "The computer is a leader in modern office supplies, but it was originally invented only for fast computing. If the inventors of computers could imagine the needs of our society in the first place, maybe they will spend more time in mythical fantasies.", "question": "Which of the following does not correspond to the meaning of the preceding paragraph?", "options": ["Computer is a modern office supplies, one of its uses is to carry out fast calculation", "Computers were originally invented because people felt that the speed of computing based on the human brain was slow", "The inventor of the computer built the first computer by virtue of science fiction", "The era of computer inventors is very different from our society today"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12958, "answer": 0, "text": "Civil libertarian: The categorical prohibition of any nonviolent means of expression inevitably poisons a society' s intellectual atmosphere. Ttherefore, those advocating censorship of all potentially offensive art are pursuing a course that is harmful to society. Censorship advocate: You' re wrong, because many people are in agreement about what constitutes potentially offensive art.", "question": "The censorship advocate's rebuttal is flawed because it", "options": ["relies on an irrelevant reason for rejecting the civil libertarian's argument", "attempts to extract a general rule from a specific case", "extracts an erroneous principle from a commonly held belief", "attacks the civil libertarian's character instead of the argument"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7312, "answer": 2, "text": "Zhang San went to a store to buy chocolates. The shopkeeper showed him four boxes and wrote a sentence on each box. The first box: There are lychees in all the boxes. The second box: There are apples in this box. The third box: There is no chocolate in this box. The fourth box: There are no lychees in some boxes. The shopkeeper said to Zhang San: There is only one truth in the four sentences. There is only one truth in four sentences. which box do you see the chocolate in?", "question": "Which of the following is the correct answer?", "options": ["The chocolates are in the first box.", "The chocolates are in the second box.", "The chocolates are in the third box.", "The chocolates are in the fourth box."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10597, "answer": 3, "text": "A certain cultivated herb is one of a group of closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations of metals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the growth of this herb have discovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, in test-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Hence, the herb's high histidine production must be the key feature that allows it to grow in metal-rich soils.", "question": "In evaluating the argument, it would be most important to determine which of the following?", "options": ["Whether the herb can thrive in soil that does not have high concentrations of the toxic metals", "Whether growing the herb in soil with high concentrations of the metals will, over time, reduce their concentrations in the soil", "Whether the herb's high level of histidine production is associated with an unusually low level of production of some other amino acid", "Whether others of the closely related group of plants also produce histidine in large quantities"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9248, "answer": 1, "text": "There are two kinds of horror stories: experiments about mad scientists and ferocious monsters. In the horror stories about monsters, monsters symbolize the psychological confusion of the protagonist. The horror stories about mad scientists typically express the author's feelings: scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human exploration. Despite these differences, these two types of horror stories have the following characteristics in common: they describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature: they both want to frighten the reader.", "question": "If the above statement is true, which of the followings must be true?", "options": ["All descriptions of monsters describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature", "Some stories that use symbolism describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature", "Most of the stories about mad scientists express the author's anti-scientific views", "Any kind of horror story describes a psychologically confused character"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5890, "answer": 3, "text": "In winter, a city's public transport system added temporary buses on many lines as a supplement to these lines. However, for a period of time, the passenger congestion on the original line has not been alleviated.", "question": "Which of the following statements does not explain the above phenomenon?", "options": ["Among the passengers on these routes, a large number of migrant workers suddenly increased in winter.", "For a period of time, people are still unclear about the parking stations and operating hours of the new temporary buses.", "The number of temporary buses increased during the daily peak period is limited.", "The driver and conductor of the temporary bus have signed a contract with the company."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10666, "answer": 0, "text": "Ethicist: Utilitarianism argues that it is good and right to act in the best interests of all entities involved, and says the best action is that which serves the maximum number of those entities. For example, making vaccination of children a requirement is considered utilitarianism because __.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["it is seen as an act of serving the majority of public good.", "it does more harm than good for the receivers of the vaccinations.", "is considered utilitarianism because there are more children than adults in the world.", "it is seen as giving the parents complete control over the decisions they make for their children."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11065, "answer": 0, "text": "One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled SuperOXY, that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since <b> the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs </b>.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface?", "options": ["the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb", "lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance", "world-class athletes turn in record performances without such water", "frequent physical exercise increases the body's ability to take in and use oxygen"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5380, "answer": 1, "text": "No matter from the global scope or from the actual situation of our country, human civilization has developed to such a stage, that is, protecting the ecological environment and ensuring the harmony between man and nature is the key to the sustainable development of economy.", "question": "From this it follows that:", "options": ["If the economy is not sustainable, it is not doing a good job in environmental protection", "Only by doing well in environmental protection can we realize the sustainable development of economy", "Even if environmental protection is not done well, economic sustainability can be realized", "Only by achieving sustainable economic development can environmental protection be done well"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2462, "answer": 3, "text": "The same number of cucumber seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses. Magnesium salt was applied in the first greenhouse, but not in the second. The first one produced 10 kilograms of cucumbers and the second one produced 5 kilograms. Since nothing else was applied to the greenhouse except water, the higher yield of the first greenhouse must be due to magnesium salt.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the above argument most?", "options": ["There was a small amount of magnesium salt in the soil of both experimental greenhouses.", "The third experimental greenhouse applied a high nitrogen fertilizer without magnesium salt, and produced 7 kg of cucumber.", "Four different cucumber varieties were planted in both experimental greenhouses.", "The soil quality and sunshine amount of the two experimental greenhouses are different."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7325, "answer": 1, "text": "Xiao Li made an appointment with his friend: if it's sunny tomorrow, I'll go hiking with you.", "question": "According to this, which of the following can be deduced when Xiao Li breaks his appointment?", "options": ["The sun will be shining tomorrow, Xiao Li did go outing with friends", "It will be sunny tomorrow, but Xiao Li didn't go hiking with his friends.", "It rains tomorrow, Xiao Li is still going out with friends", "It's raining tomorrow, Xiao Li didn't go outing with friends"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4943, "answer": 3, "text": "Reflex refers to the regular response of an organism to stimuli with the help of the nervous system. Unconditioned reflex is an innate reflex that can be learned without learning. It is a simple reflex without any conditions, and it is an instinctive behavior. Conditioned reflexes are learned by organisms in their acquired life, only those that occur under certain conditions.", "question": "Which of the following fits the definition of unconditional reflection?", "options": ["Puppies who often eat a kind of dog food called Beibei brand will drool when they smell or see this kind of dog food", "The kindergarten teacher always asked the children to sing along when the music sounded. Once the music sounded, the teacher did not let the children sing, but the children sang along", "The right side of the racehorse A was often beaten by the trainer when he was young, so he went crazy when he saw someone on the right side lifting the whip", "Xiao Wang went out to work and accidentally lost his belongings. He didn't eat for a few days. When he was very hungry, his stomach groaned and he swallowed when he saw food"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11800, "answer": 2, "text": "Along the mudflats of Garantia exist two types of annelids: earthworms and lugworms. Earthworms tend to emerge from the mud early in the morning when there is more moisture and nutrients. As a result, earthworms have access to more nutrients and thus reproduce far faster than the lugworm, which spends much of the day submerged in the mud. Nonetheless, the lugworm population far outnumbers that of the earthworm.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, helps LEAST to resolve the apparent discrepancy noted above?", "options": ["Lugworms have specialized taste receivers, which allow them to access nutrients below ground far more easily than earthworms can.", "The whooping crane, the earthworm's chief predator, hunts along the mudflats during the time the earthworms are feeding at the surface.", "Compared to the lugworm, earthworms are able to consume fewer nutrients at one time.", "Lugworms resemble the color of the mudflat, and are thus more difficult to spot by predators than earthworms are."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10695, "answer": 3, "text": "Politician: The law should not require people to wear seat belts in cars. People are allowed to ride motorcycles without seat belts, and riding a motorcycle even while wearing a seat belt would be more dangerous than riding in a car without wearing one.", "question": "Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its flawed reasoning to the politician's argument?", "options": ["Any corporation should allow its employees to take time off when they are under too much stress to concentrate on their work. Some corporations allow any employee with a bad cold to take time off, and even a healthy employee under stress may be less productive than an unstressed employee with a bad cold.", "Marielle and Pat should allow their children to have snacks between meals. They currently allow their children to have a large dessert after dinner, and allowing them to have snacks between meals instead would improve their nutrition.", "It should be illegal for anyone to smoke in a public place, for it certainly should be illegal to pollute public drinking water, and smoking even in the privacy of one's home can be more harmful to the health of others than polluting their water would be.", "Amusement parks should allow people to stand while riding roller coasters. It is legal for people to stand at the edges of high cliffs, and even sitting at the edge of a high cliff is more likely to result in a fatal fall than standing while riding a roller coaster."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9257, "answer": 0, "text": "Nutritionist: it is a lie to advertise that any health product can cure diseases. However, for people who eat irregularly, it is necessary to take some health products.", "question": "If the nutritionist's opinion is accepted, which of the following statements must be accepted?", "options": ["Some health products are necessary for some people", "People who are already sick should not take health products, because they cannot cure the disease", "It is not necessary for all people to take health products", "For people who eat regularly, it is unnecessary to take any health products"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3397, "answer": 2, "text": "The average salary of the main players of the team is very high. Because they represent the best of the profession and they are the best of the country's thousands of players each year. They must not be paid more than the average businessman, doctor or lawyer. They must be paid more than the big business, the best surgeons and the partners of major law firms.", "question": "Which of the following is the author's point of view?", "options": ["The main players need the same skills as well-paid businessmen, doctors and lawyers.", "In a market economy, the price of any good or service is determined by the supply and demand of the market.", "Compared with other high-tech occupations, the salaries of the main players are not too high.", "The main players seeking maximum compensation have the same financial motivation as businessmen, doctors, and lawyers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 781, "answer": 2, "text": "Recently, scientists in a certain country are trying to use particle accelerators to treat cancer. They put several tumor cell cultures, including glial cells, in a plexiglass vessel that simulates a human head. Then put this human head within the scope of the particle accelerators. For the first time, scientists accumulate a sufficient amount of boron-10 in tumor cells, and then irradiate the tumor with a neutron beam to cause a nuclear reaction within the tumor cells, and the tumor cells die.", "question": "Which of the following one, if true, can best support the success of the experiment?", "options": ["The effect of neutron beams on tumor cells is different from that of healthy cells.", "Glial tumor cancers cannot be cured by other treatments.", "Only tumor cells will die under the effect of the neutron beam.", "The neutron beam can destroy human cells including brain cells."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1602, "answer": 0, "text": "The increase of hurricane intensity is closely related to the rise of ocean temperature. The latest research results should arouse people's vigilance. These additional heat in the ocean is made by human beings. Opening or stepping on the accelerator may lead to the birth of a destructive hurricane.", "question": "Which of the following is the correct understanding of this passage?", "options": ["Reducing energy consumption can reduce natural disasters.", "Lower the ocean temperature and there will be no hurricanes.", "Human destruction of nature leads to hurricanes.", "Hurricane intensity is closely related to human activities."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12846, "answer": 2, "text": "A nationwide poll of students, parents, and teachers showed that over 90 percent believe that an appropriate percentage of their school' s budget is being spent on student counseling programs. It seems, then, that any significant increase in a school' s budget should be spent on something other than student counseling programs.", "question": "Which one of the following describes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument above?", "options": ["The argument fails to justify its presumption that what is true of a part of the budget is also true of the total budget.", "The argument confuses a mere coincidence with a causal relationship.", "The argument confuses the percentage of the budget spent on a program with the overall amount spent on that program.", "The argument fails to consider that if more money is spent on a program, then more money cannot also be used for other purposes."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 116, "answer": 0, "text": "Moral hazard: After a certain contract, the agent conducts activities under the condition that the principal cannot supervise or the supervision cost exceeds the supervision benefit, and this kind of activity will bring losses to the principal.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following behaviors is not a moral hazard?", "options": ["The terminally ill person concealed his condition and bought a huge amount of life insurance.", "People who have bought car insurance against theft do not want to install car anti-theft devices", "People who have bought property insurance do not want to spend money to reinforce the door lock", "People who have purchased medical insurance visit the hospital more frequently than before"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9495, "answer": 2, "text": "Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans and the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, would most strengthen the researcher's argument?", "options": ["The earth's surface can be divided into five temperature zones: tropical zone, south temperate zone, north temperate zone, southern frigid zone, and northern frigid zone. Each temperature zone has great differences in species and rich species.", "The deep sea is basically like a refrigerator relative to the shallow, sunny coastal areas, and the door has been closed for a long time, and the species is far less abundant than the shallow sea.", "Over time, natural selection can even turn different groups of the same species on two islands into distinct species, according to records from one archipelago.", "Forests cover a lot of land, and leaves and branches create new habitats, as do corals in the ocean, but less so on the seafloor."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10288, "answer": 1, "text": "Cross-species studies of animal populations have shown that cubs who are isolated from their mothers within a month of birth often show strong aggression. For example, when looking for food, he is aggressive and fighting for food, while other cubs give in and he is still fighting for food. The hypothesis that explains this phenomenon is that the aggressive problem is due to the lack of social training guided by parents at the newborn stage.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, will most strongly strengthen the above argument?", "options": ["The antelope isolated from its mother in the early stage showed great aggressiveness in the conflict to establish its dominant position in the population.", "Chimpanzees who grew up in the socialized training environment of their parents were much less aggressive in mating conflicts than chimpanzees who did not grow up in this environment.", "Babies who are adopted in the first three months of life often behave aggressively in childhood.", "Many polar bears are more aggressive in food conflicts than in mating conflicts."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11043, "answer": 1, "text": "In jurisdictions where use of headlights is optional when visibility is good, drivers who use headlights at all times are less likely to be involved in a collision than are drivers who use headlights only when visibility is poor. Yet Highway Safety Department records show that making use of headlights mandatory at all times does nothing to reduce the overall number of collisions.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?", "options": ["In jurisdictions where use of headlights is optional when visibility is good, one driver in four uses headlights for daytime driving in good weather.", "Only very careful drivers use headlights when their use is not legally required.", "The jurisdictions where use of headlights is mandatory at all times are those where daytime visibility is frequently poor.", "A law making use of headlights mandatory at all times is not especially difficult to enforce."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15103, "answer": 3, "text": "Balance is particularly important when reporting the 5. background of civil wars and conflicts. Facts must not be deliberately manipulated to show one party in a favorable light, and the views of each side should be fairly represented. This concept of balance, however, does not justify concealing or glossing over basic injustices in an effort to be even-handed. If all the media were to adopt such a perverse interpretation of balanced reporting, the public would be given a picture of a world where each party in every conflict had an equal measure of justice on its side, contrary to our experience of life and, indeed, our common sense.", "question": "Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the argument?", "options": ["Balanced reporting presents the public with a picture of the world in which all sides to a conflict have equal justification.", "Balanced reporting is an ideal that cannot be realized, because judgments of balance are necessarily subjective.", "Common sense tells us that balance is especially needed when reporting the background of civil wars and conflicts.", "Balanced reporting requires impartially revealing injustices where they occur no less than fairly presenting the views of each party in a conflict."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9949, "answer": 0, "text": "A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and he Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Wenkai are not selected at the same time; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.", "question": "If He Zhilian is not selected, which of the followings is also not selected?", "options": ["Tang Xiaohua", "Peng Youwen", "Qiu Zhijie", "Song Wenkai "], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11948, "answer": 2, "text": "Although early jazz music featured a great deal of improvisation, this improvisation did not stray too far from the rather simple, catchy melodies upon which it was based. So, however interesting it may be, later music featuring improvisation that strays far from the melody ought not to be classified as jazz.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?", "options": ["Some of the later music featuring improvisation was performed by artists who had been jazz musicians earlier in their careers.", "For a piece of music to be classified as jazz, it must feature some amount of improvisation .", "The later music featuring improvisation has much more in common with early jazz than with any other type of music.", "Many types of music other than jazz feature a great deal of improvisation."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2134, "answer": 0, "text": "A, B, C, and D discussed how their classmates completed their homework. A said: All the students in the class have finished their homework. B said: If Xiao Li finishes his homework, then Xiao Zhao hasn't finished his homework. C Say: Xiao Li finished his homework. D said: Someone in the class did not finish his homework.", "question": "It is known that only one of the four people is wrong, so which of the following can be derived?", "options": ["What A said is wrong, Xiao Zhao didn't finish his homework", "What B said was wrong, Xiao Li finished his homework", "What C said is wrong, Xiao Zhao didn't finish his homework", "What D said is wrong, Xiao Zhao finished his homework"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3864, "answer": 1, "text": "Supervision is the government's regulation and restriction on microeconomic subjects in order to realize some public policy goals under market economy conditions. Mainly through the specific industry and micro-economic activities of the entry, exit, qualification, price and related to national health, life safety, sustainable development and other behaviors for supervision and management to achieve.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is supervision by the government?", "options": ["Farmers adjust the kinds of crops they grow based on market predictions", "A food factory may produce a food that contains excessive levels of harmful substances", "The home appliance company raised the selling price of its products", "Some residents have used government guarantees to buy shares"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1389, "answer": 0, "text": "All-optical communication is a new optical wave communication without any photoelectric conversion. In all-optical communication system, image and voice information are directly converted into optical signals and transmitted in transmission media. In the all-optical communication system composed of camera optical system, optical fiber system and receiving optical amplification system, there is no photoelectric conversion, so there is no electronic component, the signal distortion is small, and it can work continuously in the high temperature environment above 100 degree. It is an ideal way of communication.", "question": "Which of the following does not fit into this paragraph?", "options": ["There is no need for information conversion in all-optical communication", "The information medium of all-optical communication system is light wave", "There are no electronic components in all-optical communication system", "The distortion of all-optical communication signal is small, because there is no photoelectric conversion"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11053, "answer": 2, "text": "Principle: A government should reduce taxes on imports if doing so would financially benefit many consumers in its domestic economy. There is a notable exception, however: it should never reduce import taxes if one or more of its domestic industries would be significantly harmed by the added competition. Conclusion: The government should not reduce taxes on textile imports.", "question": "Which one of the following is a statement from which the conclusion can be properly drawn using the principle?", "options": ["The domestic textile industry faces significant competition in many of its export markets.", "Reducing taxes on textile imports would financially benefit some consumers in the domestic economy but would not benefit the domestic textile industry.", "The added competition produced by any reduction of taxes on imports would significantly harm the domestic textile industry.", "The domestic textile industry and consumers in the domestic economy would benefit less from reductions in taxes on textile imports than they would from other measures."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14668, "answer": 0, "text": "In a recession, a decrease in consumer spending causes many businesses to lay off workers or even to close. Workers who lose their jobs in a recession usually cannot find new jobs. The result is an increase in the number of people who are jobless. Recovery from a recession is defined by an increase in consumer spending and an expansion of business activity that creates a need for additional workers. But businesspeople generally have little confidence in the economy after a recession and ttherefore delay hiring additional workers as long as possible.", "question": "The statements above, if true, provide most support for which one of the following conclusions?", "options": ["Sometimes recovery from a recession does not promptly result in a decrease in the number of people who are jobless.", "Governmental intervention is required in order for an economy to recover from a recession.", "Employees of businesses that close during a recession make up the majority of the workers who lose their jobs during that recession.", "Workers who lose their jobs during a recession are likely to get equally good jobs when the economy recovers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14027, "answer": 3, "text": "Analyst: A recent survey showed that although professors of biology who teach but do not pursue research made up one twentieth of all science professors, they were appointed to fewer than one twentieth of all the scientific administrative positions in universities. We can conclude from this survey that failing to pursue research tends to bias university administrators against appointing these professors to scientific administrative positions.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the support for the analyst's conclusion?", "options": ["Biologists who hold scientific administrative positions in the university tend to hold those positions for a shorter time than do other science professors.", "Biology professors get more than one twentieth of all the science grant money available.", "Conducting biological research tends to take significantly more time than does teaching biology.", "Biologists who do research fill a disproportionately low number of scientific administrative positions in universities."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11864, "answer": 0, "text": "From an analysis of broken pottery and statuary, archaeologists have estimated that an ancient settlement in southwestern Arabia was established around 1000 B. C. However, new evidence suggests that the settlement is considerably older: tests show that a piece of building timber recently uncovered at the site is substantially older than the pottery and statuary.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn from the new evidence?", "options": ["The building timber bore marks suggesting that it had been salvaged from an earlier settlement.", "The pieces of pottery and fragments of statues that were analyzed come from several parts of the site.", "The type of pottery found at the site is similar to a type of pottery associated with civilizations that existed before 1000 B. C.", "The tests used to determine the age of the pottery and statuary had been devised more recently than those used to determine the age of the building timber."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5235, "answer": 0, "text": "Roller skating seems to be bad for people with sprained legs, foot ligaments and joints, but orthopaedic surgeons have found that roller skating is a rehabilitation measure for patients with joint and ligament diseases.", "question": "Which of the following is correct?", "options": ["This kind of exercise is good for the joints", "This kind of exercise is bad for the joints", "Roller skating is easy to learn", "Roller skating is popular all over the world"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1850, "answer": 2, "text": "Of course, the effective management of an enterprise or industry is inseparable from the scientific management guided by the general management rules according to the development law of the industry and the objective economic law, which is based on the standardization system. But this does not mean that every industry or enterprise needs to follow the same, uniform law and become a copy without personality and difference on the social assembly line of cultural industry. On the contrary, as a cross-emerging category of modern cultural industry and service industry, mobile advertising industry has its own particularity in its own development and mode exploration. These particularities require managers to pay attention to the objective reality of mobile advertising industry and develop differentiation on the basis of standardization.", "question": "Which of the following is the content that this text is meant to emphasize?", "options": ["Enterprises should carry out standardized scientific management", "Enterprises or industries should follow the law of homogenization", "The mobile advertising industry should develop differentiation on the basis of standardization", "Scientific management will help enterprises achieve effective management"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8932, "answer": 2, "text": "There is a Eurocentric bias in view of world culture. In the cultural axis period, each cultural area has its core thought, and each core thought has its contribution to the world culture. The core of Chinese thought is the combination of Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism. The thoughts represented by Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism have made contributions to world culture.", "question": "Which of the following statements is the assumption on which the argument rests?", "options": ["India was one of the cultural regions of the Cultural Axis period.", "Greece is one of the cultural areas of the Cultural Axis period.", "China is one of the cultural areas in the cultural Axis period.", "Egypt is one of the cultural areas in the cultural Axis period."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14696, "answer": 0, "text": "Dumping is defined as selling a product in another country for less than production cost. Shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G below the cost of producing shrimp in Country G. So Country F' s producers are dumping shrimp.", "question": "In order to evaluate the argument above, it is necessary to determine whether", "options": ["production cost in the definition of dumping refers to the cost of producing the product in the country where it originates or in the country where it is sold", "shrimp producers from Country F charge more for shrimp that they sell within their own country than for shrimp that they sell in Country G", "shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G for considerably less than production cost or just slightly less", "shrimp producers from Country F will eventually go out of business if they continue to sell shrimp in Country G for less than production cost"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 895, "answer": 2, "text": "The distinction between behavioral offenses and consequential offenses is to determine the completed and attempted crimes. Behavioral offenses refer to only performing the behavior described in the constitutive elements, without the occurrence of material harmful results to constitute an accomplished crime. It requires that the behavior of the perpetrator has a certain material harmful result before it can constitute a completed crime.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings of completed crimes are behavioral offenses?", "options": ["Robbery refers to the act of forcibly stealing public and private property by violence, coercion or other methods for the purpose of illegal possession.", "Theft refers to the act of stealing a large amount of public and private properties or multiple thefts of public and private properties for the purpose of illegal possession.", "Intentional homicide refers to the act of deliberately and illegally depriving others' lives.", "Crime of escape refers to the behavior of criminals and criminal suspects detained in accordance with the law escaping from the custody and supervision of judicial organs."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6886, "answer": 3, "text": "Constrained by rising costs and shrinking budgets, NASA has had to postpone or even cancel many research projects. Some worry that Congress will not approve costly projects in the future, such as bringing Martian rocks back to Earth for analysis-the only way scientists think they can determine whether there was life on Mars.", "question": "Which of the following is the most accurate summary of the meaning of this text?", "options": ["At present, the budget for aerospace research purposes is getting higher and higher", "The resolution of Congress has affected the development of new programs of NASA", "Research on whether there is life on Mars may be unsustainable in the future", "Budgetary pressure will become the main reason for the suspension of large-scale U.S. space projects"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11914, "answer": 0, "text": "Double-blind techniques should be used whenever possible in scientific experiments. They help prevent the misinterpretations that often arise due to expectations and opinions that scientists already hold, and clearly scientists should be extremely diligent in trying to avoid such misinterpretations.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?", "options": ["It is advisable for scientists to use double-blind techniques in as high a proportion of their experiments as they can.", "Scientists sometimes neglect to adequately consider the risk of misinterpreting evidence on the basis of prior expectations and opinions.", "Scientists' objectivity may be impeded by interpreting experimental evidence on the basis of expectations and opinions that they already hold.", "Double-blind experimental techniques are often an effective way of ensuring scientific objectivity."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10423, "answer": 2, "text": "The certification conditions of Organic vegetables in Japan are very strict, requiring that the land where organic vegetables are grown has not been used any pesticides or fertilizers within three years. Organic vegetables in Japan sell for only 20 to 30 percent more than regular vegetables. In China, organic vegetables cost several or even 10 times as much. This shows that organic vegetable farming in China is a lucrative business.", "question": "Which of the following statements does the conclusion assume?", "options": ["The price of ordinary vegetables in Japan is not too high.", "Widespread concerns about food safety in China have led to shortages of organic vegetables.", "Organic vegetables in China are no more expensive to grow than those in Japan.", "The price of ordinary vegetables in China is fully market-oriented and the profit margin is normal."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4244, "answer": 0, "text": "Instinct can make creatures make complex responses to stimuli. Compared with non-instinctive respond, instinctive respond requires only a few nerve cells. A brain with capabilities of non-instinctive respond must have a large number of nerve cells, and no insect brain has such a number of nerve cells.", "question": "Which one of the followings can be inferred from above?", "options": ["The response of insects is generally instinctive.", "Creatures with brains smaller than or equal to insect brains can only respond instinctively.", "Creatures with brains larger than insect brains are capable of non-instinctive respond.", "A big response made by a creature with a high-level brain is usually not instinctive respond."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12813, "answer": 0, "text": "The use of money causes a civilization to decline. That this is true is shown by the way the troubles of Western civilization began with the invention of money. While real money (gold and silver) is bad enough, imitation money (paper money) is a horror. The decline of Western civilization exactly parallels the increasing use of money -- both real money and worthless paper money -- as a substitute for things of intrinsic value.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, could contribute most to a refutation of the argument?", "options": ["Eastern cultures have used money, and Eastern civilizations have not declined.", "Some employers exchange goods for their employees' services in order to avoid the exchange of money.", "People prefer using money to having a system in which goods are bartered for other goods of equal intrinsic value.", "The rate of exchange between gold and paper money has fluctuated greatly in Western civilization."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6944, "answer": 2, "text": "Goethe said, if people want to pursue something, they have to make mistakes. Of course, this does not mean that you should not try to prevent and reduce mistakes, or that you can take a nonchalant attitude towards mistakes, but that you should not be timid and timid because you are afraid of mistakes. We are also afraid of this and that, and we will not be able to achieve a career.", "question": "Which of the following is the main argument supported in this paragraph?", "options": ["People should strive to prevent and reduce mistakes", "People should not be afraid of mistakes", "If one wants to invent and make a career, one should not be afraid of mistakes", "If one wants to succeed in a career, he will always make mistakes"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1649, "answer": 3, "text": "The development of the Internet of things, an emerging industry, is strong. In only a few years, the industrial scale of the Internet of things has shown a compound growth rate of more than 30% a year. Intellectual property rights such as patents provide strong support for the rapid rise of this sunrise industry. It is predicted that in the next few years, the global Internet of things market will grow rapidly. China's Internet of things market will reach 750 billion yuan in 2015, and the market prospect will far exceed the computer, Internet, mobile communications and other markets. From the current situation of patent applications in China, the number of core technology patents and international patent applications submitted through the Patent Cooperation Treaty is obviously insufficient. Therefore, industry experts point out that it is necessary to accelerate the patent layout of the Internet of things industry in China.", "question": "Which of the following does not match the meaning of this passage?", "options": ["The market scale of Internet of things in China is likely to exceed that of computer market in the future", "The development scale of the Internet of things industry in China is growing rapidly as a sunrise industry", "The development of Internet of things industry in China needs the support of independent intellectual property rights", "The industry of the Internet of things in China will become the pillar industry of our country in the future"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8506, "answer": 0, "text": "A psychological study found that people from the lowest economic brackets had the highest rates of metabolic syndrome in middle age, regardless of how successful they were. The study also found that although metabolic syndrome was associated with childhood living conditions, those in this group with a loving mother were less likely to develop the syndrome. The reason is that loving mothers are compassionate, tell their children how to deal with stress and encourage them to eat healthy and live a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we can actually design a program that guides mothers in teaching their children how to cope with stress, live healthy lives, and take control of their destiny.", "question": "Which of the following options can be inferred?", "options": ["Designing a mother-specific coaching program can help reduce the rate of metabolic syndrome in specific groups", "Because of the lack of maternal love, people from the lowest economic level family have the highest rate of metabolic syndrome", "Because the father does not teach the child to maintain a good lifestyle, the father has no effect on the child's health", "People from families with the lowest economic level, if they were cared for by a loving mother in childhood, will be healthy after middle age"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5967, "answer": 3, "text": "Circulation processing refers to the general term for simple operations such as packaging, dividing, measuring, sorting, marking, sticking standards, and assembly as needed from the production site to the use of items.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following belongs to circulation processing?", "options": ["A factory purchases fabrics, buttons and other materials, processes them into fashions and sells them on the market", "A transportation company stores fruits in refrigerated wagons to make them fresher when they arrive at the destination", "The grocery store divides the purchased tomatoes into two grades of 1 yuan per catty and 2 yuan per catty according to their quality", "A wholesaler added shock-proof outer packaging to the glass during the transportation of the glass to prevent it from breaking"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14577, "answer": 1, "text": "Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources.", "question": "If the statements in the passage are true, then which of the following must on the basis of them be true?", "options": ["There was a steady decline in the total amount of energy consumed each year in Frieland.", "There was a steady decline in the yearly revenues generated by the energy tax in Frieland.", "There was a steady increase in the use of renewable energy source in Frieland.", "The use of renewable energy sources in Frieland greatly increased relative to the use of nonrenewable energy sources."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8318, "answer": 3, "text": "Closed-loop thinking refers to a way of thinking in which tips and responses in various ways are used to form a closed loop in each operation in the process of work and study, so as to grasp the process in real time and adjust the direction in time.", "question": "Which of the following options does not belong to closed-loop thinking?", "options": ["Every time Coach Zhao received a message from the student, he would reply and send an expression habitually. Many pictures of responses with different styles were stored in his mobile phone.", "Every time Mr. Qian assigns tasks to his subordinates, he asks them to reply as soon as possible, including whether they have received it, whether it can be completed, when it will be completed, etc., and the people who he works with feel great pressure.", "When Xiao Sun first arrived at the unit, he always readily agreed to the tasks arranged by the leader and tried his best to complete them. Half a year later, when his work became busier and busier, he found that some tasks were difficult to accomplish and he no longer dared to accept them at will.", "The manager asked Xiao Li to draw up a work plan within a week. After careful research, Xiao Li completed the plan and e-mailed it to the manager. More than ten days later, the manager specifically asked him: has the plan been written yet? Xiao Li said in surprise, I have sent it to you a long time ago."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8334, "answer": 1, "text": "During the prevention and control of COVID-19 's epidemic situation, public security organs in some areas used police UAV to carry out air patrol inspection, prevention and control, transportation, disinfection, temperature measurement and other airspace policing tasks in a non-contact situation. When the police UAV is used to prevent and control the epidemic, the basic strategy to deal with the outstanding problems such as the imbalance between supply and demand of talents and the lack of air law enforcement capacity is to strengthen the construction of the police aviation team and improve the law enforcement process of the police UAV, so as to realize the continuous improvement of the team mechanism and the air law enforcement procedure mechanism. The development of police UAV should pay attention to the balance between law enforcement strike capability and prevention and control service capability, and constantly promote the diversity and flexibility of law enforcement means and UAV applications, so as to better serve the government in dealing with major epidemic situations.", "question": "Which of the following options is used for epidemic prevention and control by police UAV highlighted above?", "options": ["The main tasks undertaken.", "The challenges faced and the countermeasures.", "The law enforcement process needs to be improved.", "Need to respond flexibly and quickly."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12822, "answer": 3, "text": "Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country's ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country's standard of living.", "question": "If the facts stated in the passage above are true, a proper test of a country's ability to be competitive is its ability to", "options": ["balance its trade while its standard of living falls", "increase trade deficits while its standard of living rises", "decrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls", "balance its trade while its standard of living rises"], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1905, "answer": 1, "text": "As the result of human cognition, knowledge is a concept with great extension. It generally includes four levels or aspects, namely, common sense, experience generalization, scientific knowledge and philosophical knowledge. The so-called common sense mainly includes common knowledge such as sayings and proverbs, which is often not an understanding of the nature and laws of things. Scientific knowledge is a theoretical system, which is logical and systematic.", "question": "Which of the following options is the argument supported by this sentence?", "options": ["There is no doubt that scientific knowledge is an absolute truth.", "Compared with scientific knowledge, there are many aspects of common sense that can't stand scrutiny, that is, it contains many mistakes.", "Common sense can't be trusted.", "Scientific knowledge contains common sense."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11288, "answer": 2, "text": "Conservationist: The risk to airplane passengers from collisions between airplanes using the airport and birds from the wildlife refuge is negligible. In the 10 years since the refuge was established, only 20 planes have been damaged in collisions with birds, and no passenger has been injured as a result of such a collision. The wildlife refuge ttherefore poses no safety risk. Pilot: You neglect to mention that 17 of those 20 collisions occurred within the past 2 years, and that the number of birds in the refuge is rapidly increasing. As the number of collisions between birds and airplanes increases, so does the likelihood that at least one such collision will result in passenger injuries.", "question": "The pilot counters the conservationist by", "options": ["disputing the accuracy of the figures cited by the conservationist", "discrediting the moral principle on which the conservationist's argument is based", "attempting to show that the conservationist's description of the facts is misleading", "asserting that dangerous situations inevitably become more dangerous with the passage of time"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1791, "answer": 1, "text": "The reality of the development of children's films in China is indeed not optimistic: our country makes 40 to 50 children's films every year. Among them, 1 dream 10 is of good quality, but it lacks specialized personnel or institutions to carry out market promotion and promotion, not to mention cinema support, let alone let primary and secondary school students know, so there are very few children's films that can be shown, even if it is released, it is hard to escape the one-day cinema tour. Does that mean that children's movies are at a dead end in China? Data show that the number of minors in China has reached 367 million, which is a huge audience. At present, most of the parents are post-70s and post-80s, many of them have movie-watching habits and film complex, and with the continuous improvement of living standards, watching movies has become more and more important spiritual needs of people. Therefore, it is also a popular trend to take children to the movies.", "question": "Which of the following options is intended to be explained in this passage?", "options": ["The present situation of the development of children's films in China is very bleak", "In fact, there is a bright future in China's children's film market", "Film quality has become the main factor hindering the development of film", "The improvement of living standards contributes to the expansion of the film market"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13534, "answer": 1, "text": "In trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet, on average people have decreased their consumption of red meat by one-half in the last two decades. However, on average those who have reduced their consumption of red meat actually consume substantially more fat than those who have not.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?", "options": ["Higher prices over the last two decades have done as much to decrease the consumption of red meat as health concerns have.", "People who reduce their consumption of red meat tend to replace it with cheese and baked goods, which are richer in fat than red meat.", "People who reduce their consumption of red meat tend to consume as much of other foods that are high in fat as do those who have not reduced their consumption of red meat.", "Many more people have reduced their consumption of red meat over the last two decades than have not."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12767, "answer": 3, "text": "Criminologist: Increasing the current prison term for robbery will result in no significant effect in discouraging people from committing robbery.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, supports the criminologist's claim EXCEPT:", "options": ["Most people committing robbery believe that they will not get caught.", "Many people who rob are motivated primarily by thrill-seeking and risk-taking.", "An increase in the prison term for embezzlement did not change the rate at which that crime was committed.", "Prison terms for robbery have generally decreased in length recently."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11297, "answer": 2, "text": "Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, ttherefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?", "options": ["The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses.", "More than half of all new companies fail within five years.", "Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start. up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.", "The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14150, "answer": 0, "text": "Although the geological record contains some hints of major meteor impacts preceding mass extinctions, there were many extinctions that did not follow any known major meteor impacts. Likewise, there are many records of major meteor impacts that do not seem to have been followed by mass extinctions. Thus the geological record suggests that there is no consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions.", "question": "Which one of the following assumptions enables the argument's conclusion to be properly inferred?", "options": ["If there were a consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions, then all major meteor impacts would be followed by mass extinctions.", "Of the mass extinctions that did not follow any known major meteor impacts, few if any followed major meteor impacts of which the geological record contains no hints.", "There could be a consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions even if not every major meteor impact has been followed by a mass extinction.", "Major meteor impacts and mass extinctions cannot be consistently causally linked unless many mass extinctions have followed major meteor impacts."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4106, "answer": 2, "text": "The objective-value fallacy is a wrong reasoning whose premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this reasoning does not presuppose an obvious value judgment premise.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is objective-value fallacies?", "options": ["There should be more exchanges and communication between people, more understanding and tolerance, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world", "Since everyone must abide by the law, then we should have more respect for the law and more reverence for the rules", "The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live in the countryside poetically", "The greening rate in this area is constantly improving, and its air quality will also continue to improve"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14766, "answer": 3, "text": "The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the researchers' hypothesis?", "options": ["Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high.", "Some areas of the brain that are relatively inactive nonetheless release some adenosine.", "Even after long periods of sleep when adenosine is at its lowest concentration in the brain, the number of brain cells bound with adenosine remains very large.", "Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2653, "answer": 3, "text": "The regulations on the protection of consumers' rights and interests in a certain city clearly stipulates that consumers can return goods for no reason within 7 days, but this regulation has not been successfully implemented after the introduction of this regulation. When many consumers return goods for no reason within 7 days, they often encounter obstacles from merchants, who refuse to return goods on the grounds that the goods have been treated at a special price, the goods have been opened or used, and so on.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can best question the reasons for obstruction by merchants?", "options": ["After Kaifeng inspection, if the commodity specification, quality and other problems come from the consumers themselves, they should be held responsible for it", "There is no guarantee for the quality of the goods that are on sale", "If we don't open the seal and inspect the goods, we can't know whether there are any quality problems in the goods", "Once the goods are opened or used, consumers can choose to return them even if there is no problem"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14083, "answer": 0, "text": "Hea Sook: One should not readily believe urban legends. Most legends are propagated because the moral lesson underlying them supports a political agenda. People will repeat a tale if it fits their purpose. They may not deliberately spread untruths, but neither are they particularly motivated to investigate deeply to determine if the tale they are telling is true. Kayla: But people would not repeat stories that they did not believe were true. Ttherefore, one can safely assume that if a story has been repeated by enough people then it is more likely to be true.", "question": "Kayla's reply is most vulnerable to the criticism that it", "options": ["fails to address the claim that people will not verify the truth of a story that fits their purpose", "overstates the significance of political agendas in the retelling of stories", "does not specify how many people need to repeat a story before someone is justified believing it", "implicitly supports the claim that the people repeating legends are not deliberately spreading untruths"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10615, "answer": 1, "text": "According to current geological theory, the melting of ice at the end of the Ice Age significantly reduced the weight pressing on parts of the earth' s crust. As a result, lasting cracks in the earth' s crust appeared in some of those parts under the stress of pressure from below. At the end of the Ice Age Sweden was racked by severe earthquakes. Ttherefore, it is likely that the melting of the ice contributed to these earthquakes.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?", "options": ["The earth's crust tends to crack whenever there is a sudden change in the pressures affecting it.", "Severe earthquakes are generally caused by cracking of the earth's crust near the earthquake site.", "Asteroid impacts, which did occur at the end of the Ice Age, generally cause severe earthquakes.", "Evidence of severe earthquakes around the time of the end of the Ice Age can be found in parts of northern Canada."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 438, "answer": 2, "text": "The traditional view is that although the depleted uranium used in the manufacture of depleted uranium bombs has low radioactivity, it will still lead to the damage of human chromosomes and lead to tumors or cancer. However, in a recent study, researchers studied the blood cells of veterans exposed to depleted uranium bombs. So far, no chromosome breakage and duplication have been detected, no negative health effects caused by exposure to depleted uranium bombs have been found. Therefore, relevant researchers believe that depleted uranium bombs with low radioactivity will not affect human health.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, would weaken the researcher's conclusion most?", "options": ["A resident of a certain place sued the court, claiming that the country's army tested depleted uranium bombs, which had affected the health of the residents of the place.", "Many image experts in the world are working to solve the radiological problem of depleted uranium bombs.", "Data shows that the offspring of these veterans have a higher than normal rate of congenital defects.", "People who have not been exposed to depleted uranium bombs can also have tumors or cancers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2437, "answer": 3, "text": "Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen went to take part in the Olympic Games. There are three kinds of mathematics, physics and chemistry in the Olympic Games, and each person only takes part in one. Jianguo, Xiaojie and Daniul made the following guesses: Jianguo: Dandan participated in the math competition and Xiaoying participated in the physics competition. Xiao Jie: Shuzhen didn't take part in the physics competition. Xiaoying took part in the math competition. Dandan did not take part in the math competition, while Xiaoying took part in the chemistry competition.", "question": "If their guesses are half right, which of the following is true?", "options": ["Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen took part in math, physics and chemistry competitions respectively.", "Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen took part in physics, math and chemistry competitions respectively.", "Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen took part in math, chemistry and physics competitions respectively.", "Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen took part in chemistry, physics and mathematics competitions respectively."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7906, "answer": 1, "text": "Generally speaking, the amount of deposits obtained by the bank determines the bank's ability to lend. However, in many cases, it is a well-known fact that the number of bank loans exceeds the amount of deposits it receives. If the number of such loans is excessive, it will lead to inflation.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main point of view supported in the above paragraph?", "options": ["A relatively stable lending policy can bring benefits to both banks and depositors.", "Bank deposits are much less than loans, which will lead to inflation.", "Banks should adopt an effective strategy to control inflation.", "The amount of loans of the bank is directly proportional to the amount of deposits obtained by the bank."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3340, "answer": 1, "text": "A unit selects students to study abroad on the condition that they are proficient in business and fluent in English or French. Xiao Hong was not selected.", "question": "Which of the following explanations can be derived from the above information?", "options": ["It is not enough for Xiao Hong to be fluent in English. He also needs to be fluent in French than other candidates.", "If Xiao Hong is proficient in business, she is not fluent in English and French.", "Xiao Hong is proficient in business, but he is not fluent in English.", "Xiao Hong is proficient in business, but he is not fluent in French."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1270, "answer": 1, "text": "Taking the life course of three generations of Bai and Lu families as the line, Bailuyuan presents the historical development track of the life form of the local society from the perspective of the changes of the times, and reflects the persistence and change, tear and struggle of Chinese traditional patriarchal culture. It also describes the struggle and pain of many individual lives in specific time and space and social relations. Furthermore, it praises the eternal kindness and warmth in our national cultural tradition and morality. Moreover, the presentation of this profound theme in the work is artistic, full and perceptible. With its lukewarm and slow flow of life, it integrates into the times, regions, customs, folklore and other elements, showing the true life on Bailuyuan richly and stereoscopically, rising the fireworks of the world.", "question": "Based on this, it can be concluded that which of the following is correct?", "options": ["The Bailuyuan shows the truthfulness and richness of the local life", "The Bailuyuan shows the struggle and pain of individual life", "The bailuyuan deduces the mottling and eternity of traditional culture", "The bailuyuan deduces the restlessness and changes of the history of the times"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12087, "answer": 1, "text": "A study of 8, 000 randomly chosen adults in a European country found that 75 percent of those who consumed alcohol an average of twice or more per week over a six-month period suffered at least one cold during that period. We can tentatively conclude from this that consuming alcohol tends to increase one' s susceptibility to colds.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?", "options": ["Sixty percent of those in the study who did not suffer any colds over the six-month period consumed alcohol once per week or more.", "Seventy-five percent of those in the study who never consumed alcohol suffered at least one cold over the six-month period.", "Fifty percent of those in the study who consumed alcohol an average of once per week suffered colds over the six-month period.", "Eighty percent of those in the study who consumed alcohol three times or more per week suffered colds over the six-month period."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}

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