dsfsi/za-mafoko-unisa-multilingual · Datasets at Hugging Face

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_100

dimunitive

nyenyefatso

nyenyefatšo

Sinciphiso

thukhufhadzo

isinciphiso

uphimiselo olulahle indawo yalo

isinciphiso

nyenyefatso

ntsongohato

smallness of objects or objects which occur in small quantities

bonyenyane ba dintho kapa dintho tse etsahalang ka dipalo tse nyenyane

ntlwana ke bonyenyane ba ntlo

tlhomesetšo ya moselana wa -nyana goba -ana mo lentšung

Meselana ye mebedi ya go laetša nyenyefatšo ke -nyana le -ana

Ligama leliveta buncane bentfo ngekwelinani nome ngesayizi

Mjingi usebentise sinciphiso kuchaza buncane balelibodlela

ndi u tukufhadza tshithu tsha vho bveledzwa kana u ambwa nga ndila yo tukufhalaho.

tshila tshibudzana tsho xela. Ukwo ndi kuguluzwana kwa malume. Kula kuvhone kwo tsima.

ligama eliveza ubuncani bento. Sibonakala ngesakhi u-ana nofana u-anyana esilungelelwa ngemva kwesiqu. Lelihlobo lamabizo liveza bonyana into ekukhulunywa ngayo yincani kangangani.

Ngesikhathi sebandlululo amaNdebele bekakatelelwa ukufunda isiZulu esikolweni kodwana akhuluma isiNdebele ekhaya.

uphimiselo apho isiphimiseli esiququzelayo sisuka kwindawo yaso yokungenzi nto. Umzekelo ezomlebe-mazinyo [f], apho umlebe ongezantsi ushenxa endaweni yawo, uze ubuye umva ukuze usondele emazinyweni angaphambili angasentla (crystal, 2008: 151)

xa isandi semilebe sibizwa ngenkalakahla kunokuthiwa luphimiselo olulahle indawo yalo

isakhi esenza into ibe ncane

isinciphiso siyasetshenziswa ukukhomba ukuthi into incane kunenye

nyenyefatso ke tiragalo e ka yona lefoko le popego ya lona di fetotsweng go tlhagisa bonnye ba bokao ba lona ba tlhago, go bontsha bonnye ba sengwe, ba boleng, kgotsa go bontsha lerato

mo go 'mosadinyana wa me yo montle o nkapeetse dijo', leina 'mosadinyana' le dirisitswe jaaka nyenyefatso ya go bontsha lerato

vutsongo bya xiendliwa kumbe swiendliwa leswi endlekaka hi mpimo lowutsongo

Ntsongahato wu vumbiwa hi ku lungelela xirhangi xi- (eka vun'we) kumbe swi- (eka vunyingi) na swilandzi -ana kumbe -nyana

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direct object

moetsuwa ya tobileng

sedirwathwii

Mentiwa ngco

tshiitwa tsho livhaho

umenziwa onqophileko

umenziwa omkhulu

sedirwa sa tlhamalalo

xiendliwankongomo

the object of a transitive verb which is directly affected by the process or action which is expressed by the verb

moetsuwa wa leetsi la transithifi ya amehileng ka ho otloloha ke tshebetso kapa ketso e utlwahaditsweng ke leetsi

polelonolo e atisa ho hlahisa moetsuwa ya tsepameng (polelong, Thabo o ja nama, moetsuwa ya tsepameng ke nama)

leina, lešala goba thabeina ye e angwago thwii ke tiro ye e hlalošwago ke lediri

Mo lefokong le 'Mofepi o ja bogobe' - bogobe ke sedirwa sa tiro ye e hlalošwago ke lediri ka ge e le bjona bo jewago

Ngumentiwa lokunguye losenteko sicondzane naye ngco emshweni lonabomentiwa lababili noma labengcile.

Bongiwe ngumentiwa ngco kulomusho

ndi tshiitwa tshine mushumo u bulwaho nga liiti wa wela kha tshiitwa tshenetsho. (Louwrens, 1994: 55)

nwana u la vhuswa. Malume vha lima tsimu. Vhasadzi vha reda khuni. / tshiitwa tshi re khagala

Ngumenziwa onenjwako. Lapha kutjho bonyana isenzo sithatha abomenziwa ababili emutjhweni bese kubakhona umenziwa onenjwako.

Sibonakalisa ubuncani bento. Isibonelo, igama ikonyana lisuselwa egameni ikomo, umakghadlana u-m utjhuguluke u-ny kwase kulungelelwa isakhi sesinciphiso u-ana.

elinye lamabizo asetshenziswa emshweni elemukela isenzeko esethulwa yisenzo

umenziwa omkhulu usetshenziswa nomenziwa omncane emshweni

sedirwa sa lediri la lefetedi le le amegang ka tlhamalalo ke tirego kgotsa tiro e e tlhagisiwang ke lediri

mo polelong ya Lerato o gama podi, podi ke sedirwa se se tlhamaletseng gonne tiragalo e diragala mo go yona

xiendliwa xa riendli ro tlulela kumbe riendlixiendliwa lexi khumbiwaka thwi, hi endlelo kumbe swiendlo swa riendli

Xiendliwankongomo xi kongomisa eka mutwisiwakuvava

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directives

ditshupiso

Imphambosi yekwentisa

ndaela

swileriso

linguistic expressions which are used by the speaker to instruct the addressee to carry out some action

dipolelo tsa puo tse sebedisitsweng ke sebui ho laela ba tshetlehelwang puo ho etsa ho hong

bana ba sekolo ba hloleha ho etsa ditshupiso tse hlakileng

Inkhulumo lesetjentiswa sikhulumi lebonisa kwentela umuntfu

Umuntfu utawentelwa lokulakucelile.

ndi luambo lune lwa shumiswa musi hu tshi khou vhudziwa muthu uri a ite zwine a khou laedzwa kana u sumbedzwa uri a zwi ite.(Louwrens, 1994: 55)

I yani u ka madi. Bvelani kule. Kuvhani zwiambaro. / u ita mushumo nga khombekhombe

xiyimelarito xa xilingwistiki lexi xi tirhisiwaka hi xivulavuri ku lerisa xivulavulelwa ku endla xiendleko xo karhi

Swileriso i ndzingeto wa muvulavuri wo lerisa muyingiseri ku endla swo karhi

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discourse

puisano

poledišano

Inkhulumo

fhungo mbumbano

ikulumiswano

isenzi esithatha iinjongosenzi ezimbini

inkulumo

poledi

mbulavurisano

a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence – but, within this broad

tsharollo e tswelang pele (haloholo e buuwang) ya puo e kgolo ho polelo - empa, ka hara kgopolo e pharaletseng, tshebediso tse mmalwa tse fapaneng di ka fumaneha

puisano e bohlokwa polokong ya dikamano

kgokagano ka polelo gare ga mmoledi le mmoledišwa

Poledišano e ka fetlekwa gore seemotikologo se e tšweletšwago mo go sona se tsebje

Kuchumana ngekukhuluma inkhulumo lendlula umusho

Yonkhe lenkhulumo ilite kimi

ndi u lapfisiwa (kanzhi zwo ambiwaho) ha luambo lzwo lapfaho u fhira mutaladzi- fhedzi, zwine zwa vha hone kha kuhumbulele kwo tandavhuwaho, zwi a kona u wanala fhethu ho fhambanaho. (Crystal, 2008: 148)

ri pfa u pfi mukandangalwo o tswa maswiri tsimuni ya Vho-Langalanga. Vho-Langalanga vho ri u vhona zwo ralo vha mu hwelela mapholisani. O fhedza a tshi fariwa a gwevhiwa minwedzi miraru yothe. / khaseledzo ya mafhungo

yingcenye yelimi ethulwa ngomlomo nofana ngokutlolwa engaphezu komutjho.

Nebhayibhelini kunomyalo wokobana abantwana kufanele bahloniphe ababelethi babo ukuze amalanga wabo ande ephasini.

izenzi ezalatha iinkqubo okanye izenzo eziphembelela iinjongosenzi ezimbini

isenzi esinjengo- 'pheka' sisenzi esithatha iinjongosenzi ezimbini

ingxenye yolimi eyethulwa ngomlomo noma ngokubhaliwe engaphezu komusho

inkulumo eyethulwa ngomlomo noma ngokubhaliwe iveza okucatshangwa yilabo abayisebenzisayo

polelo e e tsweletseng e ebogolo bo bo fetang polelo – fela mo teng ga kakanyo e e anameng e ditiriso tse di farologaneng tse mmalwanyana di a dirisiwa.

(n'wangulano, nkanelo, jekajekisano, nsw) swo tsariwa kumbe swo vulavuriwa

Nhlahluvo wa mbulavurisano wu endleka eka ririmi ro vulavuriwa na ra ku tsariwa

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discourse topic

sehlooho sa puisano

hlogopoledišano

Sihloko senkhulumo

thoho ya fhungo

isihloko sekulumo

izandi zomsinga womoya ophumayo

isihloko senkulumo

setlhogo sa poledi

nhlokomhaka ya mbulavurisano

information which forms the central theme of dicussion and which is therefore foregrounded or focused upon

tlhahisoleseding e bopang sehlooho se bohareng sa dipuisano mme e boelang e behwa ka pele moqoqong kapa ho tsepamisitsweng maikutlo ho yona

inthaviu ena e lahlile sehlooho sa puisano

tabataba ya se go bolelwago ka sona

Hlogo ya poledišano ke moreromogolo wa poledišano ye e itšego

Lwati lolusitjela ngengcikitsi yenkhulumo lekucondvwe kuyo.

Sitawukhuluma nasesibekiwe sihloko senkhulumo.

mafhungo a vhumbaho thero khulwane ya khaseledzo ine ya vha yone ya vhuthogwa kana yo livhiwaho (Louwrens, 1994: 200)

masiandaitwa a zwikambi na zwidzidzivhadzi. Zwe muvhuso wa tshitalula wa ita kha vhadzulapo vha Afurika Tshipembe. Vhudi na vhuvhi ha u haeliwa.

mumongo wekulumo ekuqaliswe kiyo

Abatsengi basebenzisa iindlela zokuhlunga ikulumo bonyana itlolwe bunjani.

zonke izandi eziphinyiselwa ngokusebenzisa umsinga womoya okhutshwayo. Uninzi lwezandi zentetho luphinyiselwa ngomoya ophuma emiphungeni (umoya wemiphunga) (Crystal, 2008: 164)

ezona zandi zininzi kwiilwimi zesiNguni zizandi zomsinga womoya ophumayo

umongo wengxoxo okubhekiswe kuyo

ziningi izihloko zenkulumo ezicutshungulwa ngabacwaningi

tshedimosetso e e bopang thitokgang kgotsa morero wa dipuisano tse go tsepamisitseng mo go tsona

go botlhokwa go tlhaloganya setlhogo sa poledi pele motho a tshwaela

mahungu lama ma vumbaka mongo wa nkanelo naswona ya va lama ya rhangaka na ku rhangisiwa emahlweni

Nhlokomhaka ya mbulavurisano yi yimela leswi mbulavurisano wu nga swona

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disjunctive writing

mongolo o arohaneng

mongwalokgaoganyi

Kubhala ngekwehlukanisa.

ukutlola ngokuhlukanisa izakhi zegama

izandi ezitsoliswayo

ukubhala ngokwehlukanisa

mokwalokgaoganyo

matsalelo yo hambanisa

orthographic elements making up one word category are written as separate orthographic entities

dielemente tsa mongolo tse etsang sehlopha sa lentswe le le leng di ngotswe jwalo ka dienthiti tsa mongolo tse arohaneng

dipuo tsa Sesotho di ngotswe ka mongolo o arohaneng o sa kopanyeng mantswe

mokgwa wa go ngwala ka go kgaoganya dikarolo tša legorontšu le tee

Sesotho se diriša mongwalokgaoganyi

Luhlobo lwekubhala lapho takhi teligama tibhalwa tehlukaniswe.

Maye kuyangehlula kufundza umbhalo wetilwimi letehlukanisako.

kunwalele kwa maipfi ku itaho khethekanyo ya ipfi lithihi ku nwaliwaho sa kunwalele kwa zwipida zwa maipfi kwo khetheaho. (Taljard and Bosch, 2006: 433)

musidzana u khou nwala mbalo. Vha do mu sema vha tshi vhuya. Dzulani zwavhudi mukololo. / khethekanyo ya kunwalele

ukukghedlha / Ukuhlukanisa izakhi zegama

Ikulumo ivame ukukhambisana nesihloko ekukhulunywa ngaso.

amaqabane aphinyiselwa ngokusebenzisa umsinga womoya osuka engquleni (Crystal, 2008: 164)

izandi ezitsoliswayo ezifana no- 'k' zizandi ezitsoliswayo kwaye ziphinyiselwa ngomoya ophuma engquleni

ukubhala okwehlukanisa izakhi zegama

izilimi zesiSuthu zehlukanisa izakhi zamagama uma zibhalwa

dielemente tsa mokwalo tse di bopang karolo ya lefoko le le lengwe a a kwadilweng ka go kgaoganngwa go ya ka mokwalo

puo ya Setswana e dirisa mokwalokgaoganyo gonne mabopi a puo a kwadiwa a atologantswe, sekai, 'mosimane o a tsena

swiphemu swa matsalelo leswi endlaka xiyenge xa rito rin'we swi tsariwa tanihi swivumbeko swo hambana

Tindzimi to tala ti tirhisa matsalelo yo hambanisa

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disjunctivism

karohantsho

kgaoganyo

Kubhala ngalokuhlukanisako

ukuhlukanisa izakhi zegama

ukubhala ngokwehlukanisa

go kwala ka go kgaoganya

matsalelohambaniso

the constituent parts of one and the same word are written separately, i.e. disjunctively as is done in the Sotho languages

dikarolo tse bopang polelo e le nngwe di ngolwa di arohane, ke hore, ho ngolwa ka karohano jwalo ka ha ho etswa dipuong tsa Sesotho

Sesotho se ngolwa ka mokgwa wa mongolo wa karohantsho

mokgwa wa go ngwala ka go se kopanye

Malemeng a Sesotho go dirišwa mongwalo wa kgaoganyo

Luhlobo lwekubhala lapho takhi teligama linye tibhalwa tehlukaniswe.

Tilwimi tesinguni atibhali tehlukanise.

zwipida zwo vhumbaho ipfi lenelo lithihi zwa nwanlwa zwo khethekana, zwine zwa amba uri zwo khethekanaho sa zwine zwa itwa kha dzinyambo dza Tshisuthu. (Louwrens, 1994:34)

tshinoni tsho fhufha. Murathamapfene wo wela muedzini. Tshikundamalema ndi kule. / zwipida zwa ipfi

esiSuthwini / indlela yokutlola ehlukanisa izakhi zamagama

Amalimi wekoro yabeSuthu atlola ngokuhlukanisa izakhi zamagama.

indlela yokubhala eyehlukanisa izakhi zegama

zikhona izilimi ezibhalwa ngokwehlukanisa amagama kanti ezinye zihlanganisa amagama

dikarolo tse di agang lefoko le le lengwe le le kwadilweng ka go kgaoganngwa ke gore kgaoganyo jaaka e tlhagelela mo dipuong tsa Sesotho

polelwana e, 'ke a ba bitsa', e bontsha go kwala ka go kgaoganya fa re e tshwantsahanya le ya SeZulu e e tshwaraganeng, 'ndiyababiza'

swiphemu swa nkoka swa rito ro karhi swa hambanisiwa eku tsaleni

Matsalelohambanisa ya tirhisiwa hi tindzimi ta Xisuthu

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displaced articulation

qapodiso e suthiswang

Kuphimisa lokukhweshile

tshipida tsha mubulo tshi tshimbila {F= fela

ukuphimisa okungakanqophi

ukwalekwa kwesivakalisi kwesinye

impimiso engaqondene

kapodiso e e sutileng

ntwarisonkankongomo {ntwarisonkankongomo wu humelela loko ku twarisiwa switatisi swa nomotino}

an articulation in which the active articulator moves away from its neutral position. An example is labio-dental [f], where the lower lip is displaced, being retracted to approach the upper incisors

qapodiso eo seqapodisi se tlohang boemong ba sona bo mahareng, mohlala ke modumo o etswang ke pounama-meno [f], moo pounama e ka tlase e tlohileng boemong, e hutswe ho atamela meno a kapele a katlase

polelo, fa o fa fi, re e qapodisa re suthisitse puonama e ka tlase

Kuphimisa lapho imphimisi ikhweshile endzaweni yayo yekuphimisa.

Letinye timphimisi tiyakhwesha nakuphinyiswa imisindvo letsite.

ndi mubulo une muambi a bva kha vhuimo hune a vha kha ho. Tsumbo ndi nduma-mulomo [f] hune meme ya mulomo wa fhasi u tshi nga u khou dzhena vhukati ha mano, mano a ntha o bvela nnda (crystal, 2008: 151) / > Nwana o fela madini. V= vala > Vhashumi vho bvala madi. Pf = pfela > Musidzana vho mu pfela nga mare. / nyambo I songo dzulaho nga ngona}

Kulokha amatjhada aphinyiswa zizitho ezingakanqophani njengedebe elingaphasi namazinyo angehla.

Amalimi wekoro yabeSuthu atlola ngokuhlukanisa izakhi zamagama. Isibonelo,Re a leboga.

siyalekwa / <inkqubo okanye ukwakha apho kuqukwa khona isivakalisi esithile kwesinye, oko kukuthi, kungamelo ngokwesintaksi. Kwahlukile ekudibaniseni ekunxulumaniseni. Igatya lesibaluli elifumaneka kwibinzana lezibizo lingumzekelo wokwalekwa kwesivakalisi kwesinye. Crystal, 2008: 167)>

ukwalekwa kwesivakalisi kwesinye kunakho ukwenzeka malunga negatya lobalulo ngenxa yoxhomekeko

imisindo ephinyiswa yizitho zokuphimisa ezingaqondene njengodebe olungezansi namazinyo angenhla

eminye imisindo idalwa yimpimiso engaqondene

kapodiso mo e mo go yone dirwe tsa puo di tswang mo maemong a tlwaelo sa tshwanelang sekao ke tumapou-ngathi [f], moo pounama ya kwa tlase e sutileng mo maemong a yona mme e tsamaela kwa ditumapuo-nathi tse di kwa godimo

fa re dumisa 'f,'jaaka mo go 'nnake o bile a falola', re dirisa tumiso ya kemisetso kapodiso e e sutileng

la / matwariselo lama hawona swirho swa mbulavulo leswi fambafambaka swi sukaka eka xiyimo xa vukalatlhelo

ntwarisonka(la)nkongomo wu humelela loko ku twarisiwa switatisi swa nomotino

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dorsal sound

modumo o etswang bopeleng/bomoraong

Sicinisamfutfo lesingulwangenilukhuni.

mubulo murahu ha lulimi ho kwama {vela= k

mpfumawulondzin'wana

a sound made with the back, or dorsum, of the tongue in contact with the roof of the mouth, as in velar (sc. dorso-velar) or palatal (sc. dorso-palatal) sounds

modumo o entsweng ka bokamorao, kapa bopele, ba leleme ho amaneng le marulelo a lehano/molomo, jwalo ka mahalapeng (lekgikgiri - mahalapa) kapa mahalapa (lekgikgiri - mahalapa )medumo

senoko ng ke modumo o etswang bomoraong ba leleme

Imisindvo leyakheka nalingemuva lwelulwimi lutsintsa lwanga lolulukhuni.

Sicinisamfutfo lesingulwangenilukhuni asiphinyiswa kufana nabondzebembili.

ndi mubvumo une wa itwa nga murahu, kana magumoni a lulimi ho kwamana na thanga/ntha ha mulomo, u nga kha vela (sc. dorso-velar) kana mubvumo wa palatala(sc. dorso-palatal) (Crystal, 2008: 156) / > masindi o ka madi. G= ganama > Mutukana o ganama ntha ha mmbete. X= xela > mbudzi dzawe dzo xela. Mibvumo ya palatala=Ny > malume vho lima nyala nnzhi. Dy > mbudzi dzawe dzo lumiwa nga dyambila. / mibvumo I bulwaho lulimi lwo kwama thanga ya mulomo}

mpfumawulo lowu vumbiwaka hi le ndzhaku ka ririmi loko ri khumbana na lakalaka kumbe malaka

Mpfumawulondzin'wana wu katsa switatisi swa malaka, alivhiyolamalaka na swin'wana

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double transitive verb

leetsi le fetohang habedi

Bomenti lababili

maiti mapfukeli a zwiitwa zwvhili

lefetedifetedi

riendlitlulelakambirhi

verbs which denote processes or actions which affect two objects

maetsi a hlalosang ditshebetso kapa diketso tse amang baetsuwa ba babedi

mme o fa ntate dijo (leetsi, o fa, le fetoha habedi hobane le ama moetsuwa e leng ntate le boele le ame moetsuwa wa bobedi e leng dijo)

Kushiwo sento lesilandzelwa bomenti lababili emshweni

Lomusho unabomentiwa labablili / Tento letiyame kabili kumentiwa

maiti ane a sumbedza maitele kana nyito dzine dza kwama zwiitwa zwivhili.

mutukana o limisa vhana tsimu. Vhasidzana vho redela makhulu khuni. Tshinoni tsho fhatela zwifhondo tshitaha.

madiri a a tlhalosang ditiragalo kgotsa ditirego tse di amang didirwa di le pedi

mo go, 'Keneilwe o apeetse bana dinawa', 'apeetse' ke lefetedifetedi, gonne tiro ya go apaya, e diragalela 'dinawa' le 'bana'

maendli lama ma kombisaka endlelo kumbe xiendleko lexi khumbaka swiendliwa swimbirhi

Riendlitlulelakambirhi i muxaka wa riendli ro tlulela leri katsaka swiendliwa swimbirhi, ku nga xiendliwankongomo na xiendliwanka(la)nkongomo

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dynamic copulative

lebakamano

Sibanjalo lesishukumako

mbofho ya tshanduko

isibanjalo esiveza itjhuguluko

ugxininiso

isibanjalo esisebenzisa isakhi u-ba

kopulatifi ya lefetogi

riyimelariendli ro hundzukahundzuka

it expresses a relationship which involves some change and is translated with 'become'

le bontsha kamano e kenyeletsang phetoho e nngwe mme e fetoletswe ho'ho ba'

ho polelo, ke ba morui, lereo, 'ke' le sebediswa e le lebakamano ho bontsha seo motho a leng sona

Sibanjalo lesiveta lushinjto, siveta lekutawuba ngiko

Sibanjalo salomusho ngulesishukumisako imphela.

I bula vhushaka vhune ha katela dzinwe tshanduko dzine dza shandukiswa nga 'u vha' (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

igama elisibanjalo eliveza itjhuguluko ngokusebenzisa isakhi u-ba

amagama afana nalawa: -khetha, -thula, -bopha, njll. amalungamabili

iziganeko apho amandla okanye ugxininiso lufakelwa egameni ukuze liqaqanjiswe (Louwrens, 1994: 61)

ugxininiso lwenziwa zizithethi nangokuthetha ngezandla

igama eliyisibanjalo elisebenzisa isakhi u-ba sikhomba inguquko ethile

isibanjalo esisebenzisa u-ba sisetshenziselwa ukukhomba inguquko

e tlhagisa kamano e e tsenyeletsang phetogo nngwe mme e fetoga gangwe le gape

mo polelong e mosetsanyana o nna moleele 'o nna', ke kopulatifi ya lefetogi

ri humesela vuxaka lebyi khumbaka ku cinca ko karhi

riyimelariendli ro hundzukahundzuka ri kota ku teka swivumbeko swo hambanahambana eswivulweni

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egressive sounds

medumo e hatellwang

Umsindvo longumfutfwa.

mibvumo ya muya u bvelaho nnda {ph= phapha

ditumakhuetso

mipfumawulo yo humela ehandle

all sounds produced using an outwards-moving airstream mechanism. The vast majority of speech sounds are made with egressive

medumo yohle e hlahisitsweng ho sebediswa motjha wa tshebetso wa molatswana wa moya wa ho ntshetswa kantle, bongata bo boholohadi ba medumo ya puo e entswe ka ho hemela moya kantle ho tswa matshwafong (moya o/wa phalmoniki)

bana ba bapala bolo (polelong ena modumo [b] ke modumo o bitswang ka ho hatella dipounama ka bobedi hore di bopehe)

Umsindvo lokhishwa ngekupintjwa nekubanjwa kwemoya bese uphuma kancane uhhudla titfo tekukhuluma.

Bomfutwa baphimiseka lula kuna bomavevetela

ndi mibvumo yothe ine musi u tshi I I bula muya wa vha u tshi khou bvela nnda. Vhunzhi ha mibvumo I bulwa musi muya u tshi khou bvela nnda u tshi bva mafhafhuni. (muya wa mafhafhuni ) (Crystal, 2008: 164) / > mukalaha vho phapha muri. Kh= khakha > o khakha nge a rwa nwana. Sh= shavha > nwana o shavha nowa. / mbudzuli}

ditumakhuetso ke medumo e mo tumisong ya tsona, moela wa mowa o tlhodiwang ka go kgoromeletsa mowa kwa ntle ka molomo mme bontsi ba medumo ya puo e diriwa ka mowa wa khuetso go tswa mo makgwafong

medumo 'ph', 'th' le 'kh jaaka e e dirisiwang mo go 'phala', 'thipa' le 'khukhwane', ke ditumakhuetso

mipfumawulo hinkwayo leyi vumbiwaka hi ku tirhisa nkhuluko wa moya wo humela ehandle

mipfumawulo yo tala yo vulavula yi vumbiwa hi mipfumawulo yo humela ehandle

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ejective sounds

medumo e ntshwang

Umsindvo longuputju.

thunya {p= pakata

ditumammogo tsa ditumathanya

mipfumawulontsetelo

consonants are produced using an egressive airflow originating at the larynx

didummoho di hlahiswa ke ho sebedisa phallo ya moya e qalang/tswang kodung

lentswe qhoma le boptjwa ka medumo e ntshwang

Bongwaca labaphinyiswa ngekusebentisa umoya lophuma ngekufutseka kwemoya kugilo.

Sengiphiwe ukutfola kulula kuphimisa umsindvo longu putju.

Themba dzi bulwaho nga u shumisa muya u bvaho nga gulokuloni (Crystal, 2008: 164) / > mavhele a mme anga o pakata vhukuma. K= kana > Makhadzi vho kana mavhele manzhi nanwaha. T= tata > Mashudu u a tata u tamba nga madi a u rothola. / mibvumo ine muya wa bva nga gulokulo}

ditumammogo di dumisiwa ka go dirisa tsamaiso ya kelamowa e e simololang fa kodung

medumo ts, tš le tl, jaaka mo go 'ntšwa e tsene fa tlase ga tafole' ke ditumammogo tsa ditumathunya

switatisi swi vumbiwa hi ku tirhisa nkhuluko wa moya wo humela ehandle wu suka eka kholokholo

mipfumawulontsetelo yi huma eka switatisi swo tanihi [tsh], [ch] na swin'wana

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embedding

kenyelletso

Musho logcitjiwe

mumilano wa mafhungo

tsenyeletso

ntlhomelo

the process or construction where one sentence is included (embedded) in another, i.e. in syntactic subordination. Embedding is distinct from conjoining (coordinating). A relative clause within a noun phrase is an example of embedding

tshebetso kapa mohopolo moo polelo e nngwe e kengwang (kenyelletswang) ho e nngwe, ke hore, polelo e tlasa e nngwe. ho kenyeletswa ho fapane le ho hokelwa (ho kopanngwa). tlose ya kamano ka hara polelwana ke mohlala wa ho kenyelleditswa

bophelo - mpho e le nngwe ya Modimo - bo batla ho sebeletswa (polelo ena e ka ngolwa e le, bophelo bo batla ho sebeletswa, hobane, mpho e le nngwe ya Modimo, ke kenyelletso)

Indlela yekwakha umusho lapho umusho ufakwa kulomunye.

Akubengulowo nalowo akhe umusho awufake kulomunye.

ndi maitele kana kufhatele kune mutaladzi muthihi wa vha wo katelwa (mumilo) hunwe, ndi u tanganya mafhungo-davhi mavhili a vhumba fhungo lithihi. Mumilano wo fhambana na thumano (u tanganya). fhungo-davhi la vhushaka kha mafurase a madzina ndi tsumbo ya mumilano (Crystal, 2008: 167)

malume vho lima tsimu nanwaha, ye ya vha yo lala mahola. Musidzana, we a wa a vhaisala o fhedza o iswa sibadela. Zwilidzo, zwe zwa vha zwi tshi khou lilela ntha, zwo ita uri thoho yanga i reme. / u tshimbilelana ha fhungo

tiragalo kgotsa popego e mo go yona polelo e le nngwe e tsentswe mo go e nngwe ke gore e ikaegile mo go enngwe ka kamano, polelwana ya leamanyi e e leng mo teng ga polelwana ya leina ke sekao sa tsenyeletso.

mo go, 'malome o tlile re setse re robetse', polelwana, 're setse re robetse', e bontsha tsenyeletso gonne e tsenyeleditswe mo polelwaneng, 'malome o tlile'.

endlelo kumbe mavumbelo ro/mo va xivulwa xi nga nghenisiwa (tlhomeriwa) endzeni ka xin'wana, hi leswaku vuvulwahavahato bya vulongoloxamarito

xivulwana xa engetelo lexi nga na xivulwana xa riviti i xikombiso xa ntlhomelo

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emotive value

boleng ba maikutlo

khuduego

Luvelomagama

luambo lukungi

izwelomagama

uzwelomagama

boleng ba maikutlo

nkoka wa nkombaritwelo

the emotive meaning of an expression refers to its emotional effect on the listener, as in the ‘emotive content’ of propaganda speeches, advertising language; it relates to the inner feelings of the language user

moelelo wa maikutlo wa polelo/tjhebeho e lebisitse ho sephetho sa maikutlo a sona ho momamedi, jwalo ka ha ho 'dikahare tsa maikutlo' tsa dipuo tsa propakanta/puo e sa kgolweheng, puo ya ho bapatsa; e amahana le maikutlo a kahare a mosebedisi wa puo

molaodi wa masole ha a bua le masole pele ba hlasela, o re ho bona ba se ba ntse ba hlotse

lehlakore la tlhalošo ya lentšu goba karolo ye nngwe ya polelo yeo e tšweletšago maikutlo a mmoledi

Malahlelwa le maekiši bjalo ka Aowi! le Ruthu! a re sedimoša mabapi le khuduego maikutlong a mmoledi

Kushiwo lapho emagama lashiwoko avusa imiva letsite kulolalele

Titsandzani tikhuluma emagama laneluvelo magama lwelutsandvo

thalutshedzo I bveledzwaho nga madipfele zwi amba vhudipfi ha muthetshelesi, sa musi hu tshi shumiswa madipfele kha luambo lwa u fhuredzela, luambo lwa khungedzelo. (Crystal, 2008: 167); zwi tutshelana na vhudipfi ha nga ngomu ha mushumisi wa luambo.

zwidina zwa fhano vha zwi renga nga mitengo ya u tou kokovha. Kha vhade vha wane zwiambaro nga mutengo wa fhasi-fhasi, vhavhili vha u thoma vha do wana zwiambaro nga mahala. A vha de vha renge mapfura ane vha tshi a dola lukanda lwa nga lwa nwana. / luambo lwa u kungedzela

indlela yokuveza imizwa yezwelo ngelimi

Angisanamusa ngobugebengu obudlange kangaka.Lapha kweqiwe ihloko yomutjho u-Mina

inkulumo eveza imizwa yomuntu

uzwelomagama lunikeza isithombe ngalowo okhulumayo

bokao ba maikutlo a polelo bo kaya tlhotlheletso ya maikutlo mo go moreetsi go ya ka diteng tsa maikutlo a dipuo tsa tlhotlhetso jaaka puo ya papatso (Crystal, 2008: 167); e amana boteng ba maikutlo modirisapuo (Louwrens, 1994: 61)

sebui sa kwa pitsong se ne se dirisa boleng ba maikutlo go gokela bareetsi

wu kongomisa eka ntwiwo wa le ndzeni wa mutirhisi wa ririmi

nkoka wa nkombaritwelo i ku humesela ntwiwo wa mbilu ehandle

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emphasis

toboketso

kgatelelo

Sigcizelelo

nyombedzelo

ukugandelela

ixesha lesenzo

ukugcizelela

ntshikelelo

instances where force or stress is laid on a word to highlight it

diketsahalo moo matla le kgatello di bewang hodima lentswe ho le tshwaya

re atisa ho bonahatsa toboketso ka ho sebedisa makalo, jwalo ka, itjhu!

tiragalo ya go gatelela karolo ye e itšego ya lefoko e le go laetša bohlokwa bja yona poledišanong ye e itšego

Lešalašala le ka dirišwa le leina ka mokgwa wa go tšweletša kgatelelo

Kushiwo lapho ligama ligcizelelwa kute likhanyse lekugcizelelako

Inkhulumo yathishela inetigcizelelo

zwiitei zwine khombetshedzo kana khwathisedzo ya vheiwa kha ipfi u li bvisela khagala. (Louwrens, 1994: 61)

muthu ene u a konda. Vhathu vhone vho dala. Maapula one a a difha. / khwathisedzo

ukuveza ikulumo ngendlela egandelelako

Nofana bangangihloya angekhe bangenze litho. Kilomutjho amagama athi, Nofana bangangihloya, aveza ummoya wokudineka okunqophene nalabo ekukhulunywa ngabo.

ixesha apho senzeka khona isenzeko esixelwayo (Savić, 2017: 46)

ixesha lesenzo liboniswa ngezifakelelo esiXhoseni

ukuhlela inkulumo ngokuthi kubekwe lokho okugqanyiswayo ekuqaleni komusho

ukugcizelela kubalulekile ukuthi kwenziwe emshweni

xiyimo lexi ku tirhisiwaka matimba kumbe ntikiso wa nkarhi ehenhla ka rito ku endlela leswaku ri vonaka

ntshikelelo wu tisa ntiyisiso eka swo karhi

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ending

dumanotshi ya mokwallo

phetho

Nkhamisa logcinile

mitshila

ukamisa wokugcina

isolulo

unkamisa ogcinile

bokhutlho

xiheteleri

the final vowel in verbs and derverbatives

dumanotshi ya ho qetela ho leetsi le maetsimatswa

ho lereo ja, a ke dumanotshi ya mokwallo

karolo ya mafelelofelelo ya lentšu bjalo ka tumanoši ya mafelelo lediring

Phetho ya lediri la Sesotho sa Leboa le le lego ka modirišopego, tumelo le lebjale ke -a

Ngunkhamisa logcinile esentweni noma egameni

Tento teSiswati tinaye nkamisa logcinile.

ndi pfalandothe dza u fhedzisela kha maiti na maipfi o vhumbwaho a tshi bva kha maiiti. (Louwrens, 1994: 62)

tsimu yo limiwa yothe. Uyu nwana u a rwea. Rine ri a funana. / magumo

ukamisa wokugcina emagameni wesiNdebele

Iinkomo zikamalume zona zilahleke ngemangweni. Isabizwana u-sona ugandelela iinkomo zikamalume emutjhweni lo.

isakhi segama esifakelwa emva kwengcambu yesenzi ukuze kuguqu-guqulwe intsingiselo yalo; ukuhlelwa kweentlobo zenguquko yentsingiselo, ngokubhekiselela ekwenzeni banzi kwentsingiselo yegama elisetyenziswayo (Crystal, 2008: 181)

sisimava esifakelwa emva kwamagama ukuze kuguqu-guqulwe intsingiselo yawo

unkamisa wokugcina wesenzo emagameni esiZulu

unkamisa ogcinile ubhalwa njalo esenzweni

tumanosi mo lediring le mo madirimatsweng

xitwari xo hetelela eka maendli na mapfeleri

xiheteleri xi kumeka emakumu ka nsinya wa rito

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enumeratives

mabadi

constructions which are formed with a limited number of roots?

dibopeho tse bopeletsweng le palo e lekanyeditsweng ya dikutu

polelwaneng, monna wa bobedi, wa bobedi ke lebadi

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epistemic modality

kgonahalo ya tsebo

a theoretical framework for the analysis of modal verbs and related structures in language

tlhophiso ya kgopolotaba bakeng sa manollo ya maetsi- mathusi le dibopeho tse amanang puong

ke dumela hore Covid -19 e tla fumanelwa pheko haufinyana

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_119

event time

nako ya ketsahalo

Sikhatsi sesigameko/Sikhatsi sehlakalo.

tshifhinga tshiitei

nkarhi wa xiendleko

the time at which the reported eventuality takes place

nako eo ketsahalo e tlalehuweng e etsahetseng ka yona

ho bohlokwa ho hlakisa nako ya ketsahalo ha o tletleba

Sikhatsi leso senteko senteke ngaso

Khetsiwe usibeke kahle sikhatsi sesento kulenkhulumo

tshifhinga tshine zwithu zwo vhigwaho zwa fhedzisela zwo bvelela ngatsho (Savić, 2017: 46)

makhadzi vho da mulovha. Mvula yo na nga masiari. Tshikolo tshi dzhena nga awara ya vhumalo. / tshikhathi tshine mushumo wa bvelela nga tsho

nkama lowu xiendleko lexi vikiweke kuva xi humelerile hawona

nkarhi wa xiendleko wu na nkoka swinene eku twisiseni ka mhaka

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_120

expressive meaning

kutlwahatso ya moelelo

Inshokutsi yalokukhulunywako

thaluso I si ya misi

umqondo oveza imizwa

bokao ba go itlhagisa

nhlamuselo ya nkombisaritwelo

the expressive meaning of an expression refers both to its emotional content and to any identity it might have in terms of the personality or individual creativity of the user (as in much poetic language). It is usually contrasted with descriptive and ‘social’ meaning. Other terms which overlap with ‘expressive’ include affective, connotative and emotive

kutlwahatso ya moelelo ka maikutlo e bolela kgotsofalo ya maikutlo a teng le ho boitsebiso bo bong le bo bong boo e ka bang le bona ho ya ka semelo le boiqapelo ka bomong

ha a bua ka ho hlaka o kgona ho netefatsa kutlwahatso ya moelelo

Inshokutsi yenkhulumo leveta luvelo magama lolucuketfwe nguleyo nkhulumo

Inkhulumo yakho ayiyivete kahle inshokutsi. / Inchazelo leveta imiva

thalutshedzo ine ya bvisela khagala kha hothe vhupfiwa na thaluso inwe na inwe ine ya nga vha nayo malugana na vhuvha kana vhutsila ha muthu ane a khou I shumisa (sa kha luambo lwa kha vhurendi vhunzhi). Kanzhi zwi fhambana na zwine thalutshedzo na zwine 'tshitshavha' tsha vha zwone. manwe maipfi ane a fhirana nga 'tsumedziso' a katela vhudipfi, zwine zwa amba na madipfele. (Crystal, 2008: 180)

Mashudu kha lufu lwa mme awe o vha a tshi khou renda o tungufhala. Maedza u khou fhufha nga dakalo nge a phasa mulingo wa gireidi 12. Nwana o ri u wa a tavha mukosi muhulu nga u pfa vhutungu. / vhudipfi/vhupfa

Yikulumo esebenzisa amagama akhombisa bona okhulumako akakathabi ngalokho okwenzekileeo.

Ekulumeni ethi, Ilanga licimile, kusuke kuhlonitjwa umuntu ohlonitjhwako emphakathini lokha nakahlongakeleko.

bokao ba go itlhagisa ba polelwana e e kayang diteng tsa maikutlo le go ikitse go ya ka boitlhamedi ba bowena kgotsa ba bonosi ba modirisi wa puo jaaka mo puong ya ya poko. Ka gale e fapantshiwa le bokao ba tlhaloso kgotsa ba loago. Mareo a mangwe a a tsamaelanang le go itlhagisa a akaretsa kamego, kgatelelo le maikutlo

leboko le ke le buisitseng, le na le boleng bo bo thadisegang ba maikutlo

rito rin'wana na rin'wana kumbe xivulwahava lexi humeselaka matitwelo yo karhi ehandle

nhlamuselo yo kombisaritwelo yi tlhandlakanya na matheme yo tanihi rihlamuseri na man'wana

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_121

expressive utterance

ho bua ka maikutlo

Inkhulumomivo

vhudipfi ha muambi

ikulumo ekhombisa ubujamo balowo okhulumako

intsingiselo yesafobe/intetho yesafobe

inkulumo eveza isimo sokhulumayo

polelo ya go itlhagisa

xivuriwa xa nkombisaritwelo

a type of utterance where the speaker expresses his or her feelings

mofuta wa ho bua moo sebui se hlahisang maikutlo a sona

ha a halefile o kgona ho bua ka maikutlo ho feta ha a thabile

Inkhulumo lapho sikhulumi siveta imivo yaso

Inkhulumo yakhe ineluvelomagama lolubi / Inkhulumo leveta imiva

ndi lushaka lwa u amba lune muambi a vha a khou bvukulula kana u sumbedza vhudipfi hawe (Crystal, 2008: 180)

lufu lwa vhalwela mbofholowo lwo ri sia ro akhamala. Ndo ri u wana mushumo nda zwi pfa zwa uri vhusiwana mutani wa hashu ho fhela tshothe. Ndo bilufhala vhude, ngauri lufu ulwu lwa mme anga lwo bvelela nga murahu ha minwaha mivhili musi malume anga vho ri sia. / vhupfa ha muambi

Yikulumo esuselwa kilokho okwenziwe nofana okungakenziwa ngiloyo okhulumako.

Bengingakakulindeli kuwe lokhu okwenzako, ungidanisile. Lekulumo iveza imizwa yalowo okhulumako

igama okanye ibinzana lamagama elisetyenziselwa ukufumana isiphumo sohlobo olulodwa nelingenantsingiselo yalo yesiqhelo okanye yentsusa (Richards and Schmidt, 2010: 219); .

intsingiselo yesafobe/intetho yesafobe isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimibongo

inkulumo esukela kokwenziwe noma kokungenziwanga yilowo okhulumayo

inkulumo eveza isimo sokhulumayo iyasicacisela ngemizwa yokhulumayo

mofuta wa polelo mop sebui se tlhagisang maikutlo a sona

Reba o ne a thadisa maikutlo a gagwe mo go Tshego a re, 'ke a go bolelela, ga nkitla ke go thusa gape'

muxaka wa xivuriwa lexi haxona xivulavuri xi humeselaka ntwiwo wa xona erivaleni

xivumbiwa xa nkombaritwelo xi nga va xo tisa ntsako kumbe ku vaviseka

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_122

extension

katoloso

katološo

Selulo

mutshila

isinabiso/iinlungelelo {Isinabisi sesenzo sitjhugulula umqondo wesenzo. Isib. -thoba

izakhi zegama ezizimeleyo

iselulo

katoloso

xitsanyusi

a morpheme which is added after the root of the verb to modify its meaning; the classification of types of semantic change, referring to a widening of meaning in a lexical item

noko e ekeditsweng kamora motso wa ketso ho ntlafatsa moelelo wa yona; tlhophiso ya mefuta ya phetoho ya semantiki, e lebisitse ho bophara ba moelelo ntlheng ya mantswe

leetsi ahelwa ke katoloso ya leetsi aha

koketšo ya kutudiri ye e tsenago gare ga modu le moselanaphetho

Mabopi a bjalo ka -el- le -an- a bitšwa dikatološo

Sakhi lesifakwa emuva kwemsuka wesento kugucula inshokutsi.

Linyenti letimphambosi linetelulo

ndi tshipida tsha ipfi tshine tsha tumiwa murahu ha mudzi wa liiti u shandikisa zwine ipfi la amba, ndi lushaka lwa khethekanyo ya tshanduko ya semantiki, ine ya amba thalutshedzo yo tandavhuwaho ya maipfi.

nwana o vhalela mme vhurifhi. Nwana o rungisa mme awe rokho. Tsimu iyi i a lemea. / ndapfiso

ingcenye yesenzo ethula umqondo ohlukileko esenzweni esisisekelo. / ukuthobela / > thobela = isenzo -thobela sesiveza umqondo wokwenzela omunye.}

izakhi zegama ezinokwenzeka njengamagama ahamba odwa. Igama elinesakhi esihamba sodwa (esizimeleyo) libizwa ngokuba ligama elinesakhi esinye; (Crystal, 2008:313)

ulwimi lwesiNgesi luphawuleka ngezakhi zegama ezizimeleyo

isakhi esijotshelelwa ngemuva kwesenzo ukuguqula incazelo yesenzo

iselula sesenzo siguqula umqondo wesenzo

popi e e tsenngwang morago ga kutu ya lediri go fetola bokao

re dirisa katoloso go tokafatsa bokao ba lediri, jaaka mo go 'lela' go 'lelang', 'lesea le le lelalang'

xinembeletwana lexi engeteleriwaka endzhaku ka nsinya wa riendli leswaku xi bumabumela nhlamuselo

xitsanyusi xi angarhela ntlawahato wa tinxaka ta ku cinca ka ntivonhlamuselarito

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_123

extensive morpheme

mofimi o atolositsweng

lebopikatološo

Sakhi lesiselulo

nyengedzo ya tshivhumbi

isakhi sokunabisa

isakhi sokwelula

popi ya katoloso

xiakintsanyuso

lentswe, kgolohadi ke mofimi o atolositsweng

lebopi leo le tsenago gare ga kutudiri le moselanaphetho

Lebopi la lediregi (-eg-) re re ke la katološo ka gore ge le hlomelwa kutudiring ye bjalo ka -dula le tsena gare ga modu le moselana wa phetho gomme la katološa kutudiri yeo gore e be -dulega

Sakhi lesifakwa emuva kwelibito kukhoma bulili

Telulo tiyasita nawakha emagama latikhuliso.

ndi nyengedzedzo na livhumbi la tshifhinga tsho fhelaho -w-/-iw-; mitshila I tumetshedzwaho kha maipfi I shandukisa zwine ipfi la amba zwone kana kilasi ya ipfi la vhubvo ha tshipida tsha ipfi/ipfi (kana zwothe).

ro rengiselwa kholomo nga makhulu. Mbudzi dze dza vha dzo farwa musanda dzo la mavhele dzo rengululwa nga tshelede nnzhi. O laisilulelwa thundu nga vhathannga vha hawe. / ndadziso ya tshipida tsha ipfi

isakhi esisetjenziselwa ukunabisa umqondo wesenzo

Iinlungelelo zeempambosi ziziinabiso zezenzo. Isib UJeso wasifela esiphambanwenweni. Egameni wasifela u-el- osisakhi sepambosi yokwenzela usinabiso sesenzo.

isakhi esisetshenziselwa ukwelula umqondo wesenzo

isakhi sokwelula sifakwa ngemuva esenzweni

popi e e tsenngwang morago ga kutu ya lediri go fetola bokao

fa re gokelela setlhongwa 'ng' mo lediring, lwala, jaaka mo go 'ngwana o a lwala, o robetse', re oketsa bokao ba polelo mme popego e fetoga go nna, 'ngwana yo o lwalang, o robetse.'

xinembeletwana xo kala swipimelo, lexi pfumelaka ku nembeletiwa hinkwako

xiakintsanyuso i xinembeletwana xo angarhela

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feminine suffix

sehlongwanthao sa botshehadi

moselana wa bongtshadi

Sijobelelo sebulili lobusikati

mitshila ya zwisadzi

isilungelelo sobulili besifazi

isijobelelo sesifazane

setlhongwa sa botshegadi

xilandzi xa vusati

ke sehlongwanthao se fetolang kapa ho bonahatsa mantswe hore a hlahise botshehadi

tau e tshehadi e bonahatswa ka sehlongwanthao sa botshehadi e eleng "hadi" ho bopa tauhadi

moselana wa go laetša gore motho goba selo ke se setshadi

Mo leineng le mohlologadi, -gadi ke moselana wa bongtshadi

Sakhi lesijotjelelwako kute sikhombe bulili lobusikati

Sitawusebentisa takhi letelulako kwakha bulili lobusikati / Takhi tebufazane

ndi mitshila ine musi yo tumiwa kha dzina ya sumbedza mbeu ya tshisadzi.

ndoukadzi yo wela tivhani. Makhadzi vho lima tsimu khulu. Mufumakadzi avha vha tou vha muhaga.

Sisakhi esikhomba ubululi besifazi esifakwa ngemuva kwegama.

Iimpambosi zesenzo zoke zineenabiso. Isib. (i) Ipambosi yokwenzela, u-el- usinabisi (ii) Ipambosi yokwenzisisa, u -isis- usinabisi

isakhi esikhomba ubulili besifazane esifakwa ngemuva kwegama

isijobelelo sesifazane sifakwa emabizweni

popi e e supang bong ba sesadi mo lefokong

mo go 'kgosigadi o thusa bomme ba morafe', setlhongwa sa bongtshadi, 'gadi', se gokeletswe mo leineng, 'kgosi' go bontsha bongtshadi

xiyimo xo va rito ri lungeleriwa xilandzi xo kombisa rimbewu

xilandzi xa vusati xo tanihi -kazi eka Hosikazi ritofularha ra Hosi

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free morpheme

mofimi o lokolohileng

isakhi esisodwa esakha igama

isakhi esizimele

morphemes which can occur as separate words. A word consisting of a single (free) morpheme is a monomorphemic word

mofimi o ka ikemelang jwalo ka lentswe. lentswe le nang le mofimi o le mong (o lokolohileng) ke lentswe le mofimi o le mong

thato ke mofimi o ikemetseng ho tswa ho lentswe thathohatsi

igama elinesakhi esisodwa

Iimfenqo zithula ikulumo ebhacileko, nanzi ezivame ukusetjenziswa babantu: ukwenzasamuntu, irhwala, isifaniso, nesingathekiso.

imofimu esebenza yodwa njengegama eliphelele elinomqondo

isakhi esizimele asijwayelekile ezilimini eziningi

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given information

tlhahisoleseding e fanweng

tshedimošo ye e filwego

Lwati loluniketiwe.

mafhungo o newaho

ilwazi elaziwako

izakhi ngokwegrama

ulwazi oludala enkulumeni

tshedimosetso e neetsweng

mahungu lama nyikiweke

information already supplied by the previous linguistic context whereas ‘new’ information, as its name suggests, has not

tlhahisoleseding e seng e fanwe ke boemo ba puo bo fetileng ho fapana le tlhahisoleseding 'e ntjha' e sokang e hlahiswa pele

ha ke hloke ho e phetha ka ha e le tlhahisoleseding e fanweng

tshedimošo ye mmoledi le mmoledišwa ka babedi ba nago le yona ka nako ya poledišano

Ge mmoledi a bolela ka sešupša se se boletšwego pele mo poledišanong a ka no šomiša lešala ka ge sešupša seo e le tshedimošo ye e filwego

Luhlobo lwelwati loluvele luniketiwe esimeni lesindlulile.

Inkhulumo yakhe iveta lwati loseluniketiwe.

mafhungo ane o no bviselwa khagala nga zwe zwa ambiwa murahu he mafhungo 'maswa', sa zwe dzina la hone la dzinginywa, le la vha li sa athu u bviselwa khagala (Crystal, 2008: 211)

Tshimangadzo ndi a mudivhesa., zwavhudi-vhudi o vha thama yanga lwa minwaha mina. / mafhungo o fhiwaho

Ilwazi elaziwako ekhe lathulwa ngaphambilini.

IsiNdebele esikhulunywa eLimpopo sililimi lesigodi.

izakhi zamagama ezisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ubudlelwane ngokwegrama phakathi kwegama nemeko yalo ekubhekiselelwe kuyo, ezifana nezesininzi okanye ezexesha elidlulileyo (Crystal 2008: 313)

izakhi ngokwegrama zezisetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo ukwakha intsingiselo ephuhlileyo yamagama

ulwazi olwethulwe ngaphambili enkulumeni

ulwazi oludala enkulumeni lwethulwa isikhulumi

tshedimosetso ya bokaelo e e setseng e neetswe ke barutapuo ba pele mme tshedimosetso e ntšhwa ga e ise e ke e nelwe

gore dikolo tsa naga ya rona di tswalelwe tsotlhe, ke tshedimosetso e e neetsweng ke puso

vuxokoxoko lebyi veke byi hlamuseriweke hi nhlamuselo ya xilingwistiki yo sungula eku sunguleni, kasi vuxokoxoko lebyintshwa tanihileswi vito ri vulaka, a byi sungulangi byi hangalasiwa

mahungu lama nyikiweke enhlengeletanini, ya kona eka tsalwa leri va nga hi nyika n'wexemu

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glottalic airstream mechanism

metjha ya tshebetso ya molatswana wa moya

tshepetšo ya moelamoya wa lešobakgokgokgo

Umgudvu wemoya wemphimbo

ndila ya muya ya golothaliki {p= pala

setsamaisa mowa sa lelengwana

nkhuluko wa moya wa nkolo

sounds made while the glottis is closed, and produced without the direct involvement of air from the lungs. Air is compressed in the mouth or pharynx above the glottal closure, and released while the breath is still held

medumo e etswang ha kodu e sa kwetswe, e hlahisitswe ntle le seabo se tobileng sa moya ho tswa matshwafong, moya o hatellwa ka molomong kapa mahalapeng hodima kwalo ya kodu, mme o lokollwe ha phefumoloho e ntse e tshwerwe

tlhahisong ya medumo moya o ka tswa kantle kapa wa kena ka hanong

tiragalo ye e hlolago thibelo gare ga kgokgokgo le legano, gomme moya wo o pitlaganego moo wa tšwela ntle ka go thunya

Ge re ngwala sefonetiki re šomiša lenalana go swaya medumopolelo ya moelamoya wa lešobakgokgokgo bjalo ka [p']

Yindlela lapho umoya uphuma khona emphinjeni nakuphinyiswa.

Minyenti imisindvo lekhishwa ngemgudvu wemoya wemphimbo

mubvumo une wa itwa musi golothisi lo valiwa, wa bvelezwa hu si na muya u bvaho mafhafhuni. Muya wo tsikekeledzwa mulomoni kana hanwani ntha tsini na golothala, wa bviswa musi mufemo u tshe wo kwanyeledzwa. (Crystal, 2008: 213) / > vhasidzana vho ya u pala muroho tsimuni. T=tama> ndi khou tama maswiri. K= kala > Lufuno u kala nwana musi vha tshi shuma. / ndila ya muya ya gulokulo}

ke medumo e e diriwang fa lelengwana le tswetswe mme e tlhagisiwa kwa ntle ga tiriso ya mowa o o tswang kwa makgwafong ka tlhamalalo mme mowa o pitlagantswe mo leganong kgotsa mo kgogobeng e e fa godimo ga setswalo sa lelengwana mme wa lokololwa mowa o santse o tshwerwe

mo go, 'go sa direng ga ga Mohau, go mo fetotse mohumanegi', 'h', mo go Mohau le mohumanegi, di tlhagisiwa ka ditsamaisi tsa kelamowa tsa kgokgotso

mipfumawulo leyi vumbekaka loko nyangwa wa kholokholo wu pfulekile naswona wu vumbiwa handle ko nghenelelana na moya wo suka emahahwini

nkhuluko wa moya wa nkolo wu humelela eka lakalaka na le ka nyangwa wa kholokholo

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grammatical agreement

tumellano ya thutapuo

kwano ya popopolelo

Kuvumelana ngekwelulwimi

girama kwayo

isivumelwano

umabizwafane

imvumelwano

tumalano ya thutapuo

vutwananisi bya vuvulavuri

a formal relationship between elements

kamano e molaong pakeng tsa dikarolo tsa puo

tshebediso ya ba, ka mora lebitso bana, e tlisa tumellano ya thutapuo

peakanyo ye e hlolwago ke makgokedi go kwantšha dikarolo tša lefoko

Ge kwano ya popopolelo e šarakane, lefoko le ka se kwagale; kwano ya popopolelo ya tlwaelo ke: sediri-lediri-sedirwa

Lokukusho kuvumelana kwetitfo letakha umusho

Lemisho iyavumelana ngekweluhlelo lwelulwimi

ndi vhushakaho doweleaho vhukati ha zwivhumbi zwa maipfi, (Crystal, 2008: 18)

mutukana o la vhuswa. musidzana u khou linda mapfene. Nowa yo shavhela mulindini. / thendelano ya phendaluambo

isakhi esiletha ubudlelwana phakathi kwegama nokhunye okukhambisana nalo.

Kuneencwadi zehlelo nezokupeledwa kwamagama ezatlolwa bosolwazi belimi ukuze abakhuluma ilimi lelo babe nelwazi ngalo.

uxela igama elifana nelinye elinolwakhiwo olufanayo nelinye kodwa ahluke ngentsingiselo (Crystal 2008: 231)

ithanga' elithetha ilungu lomzimba lingumabizwafane ka- 'ithanga' othetha umfuno otyiwayo

isakhi esiletha ubudlelwano noma ukuvumelana phakathi kwamagama emshweni

imvumelwano isebenza ngezindlela eziningi emshweni

botsalano bo bo tlhomamemng magareng ga dielemente

mo go 'Mapula le basimane, ba ya ditshwantshong', go na le kgolagano ya thutapuo ka go dirisa thuanyisediri 'ba', mo go 'ba ya ditshwantshong' gonne leina, 'basimane', le mo bontsing mme le gaufi thata le 'ba'

vuxaka bya ximfumo exikarhi ka swiphemu swa nkoka

utwananisi bya vuvulavuri byi humelela loko rito ri cinca xivumbeko exivulweni

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grammatical morphemes

dimofimi tsa thutapuo

Sakhi lesifakwako

zwivhumbi zwa girama

dipopi tsa thutapuo

swiakivuvulavuri

dimofimi di sebedisitswe ho hlakisa dikamano tsa thutapuo dipakeng tsa lentswe le dikahare tsa lona, jwalo ka bongata le lekgathe lefitile

dihlongwanthao le dihlongwapele ke dimofimi tsa thutapuo

Sakhi lesifakwa kute sivete budlelwano emkhatsini kweligama nendzawo

Sitawufaka takhi letemukelekako ngekweluhlelo lwelulimi

zwipida zwa maipfi zwine zwa shumiswa u sumbedza vhushaka ha girama vhukati ha ipfi na hune la shuma hone, sa vhunzhi kana a tshifhinga tsho fhiraho (Crystal 2008: 313)

vhatukana vho via mbudzi. Tshitaha tsha tshinoni. Maswiri aya ndi anga. / phendaluambo ya zwipida zwa maipfi

dipopi tsa thutapuo tse di dirisiwang go bontsha kamano magareng ga lefoko le tiriso le bokaelo jaaka bontsi kgotsa pakafetileng

dipopi tsa thutapuo tse di dirisitsweng mo go, 'mosese wa me o utswitswe', ke, wa me =lerui, o=thuanyi sedirwa mo bongweng, utswitswe= lediri mo paka fetileng

swinembeletwana leswi tirhisiwaka ku humelerisa vuxaka bya vuvulavuri lebyi nga kona exikarhi ka rito na leswi ri vulaka swona, xiyimo xa rona xo tanihi vunyingi kumbe nkarhi lowu nga hundza

swiakivuvulavuri swi katsa swirhangi, swilandzi na swin'wana

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grammaticalisation

popehofatso-puo

popopolelofatšo

Luhlelomagama

tshumiseo kwayo ya maipfi {kha ri tuwe

thutapuofatso

vuvulavurihati

the change by which lexical categories become functional categories

phetoho eo mekgahlelo ya moelelo e bang mekgahlelo ya tshebetso

karolo ke popehofatso-puo ya lentswe arola

tiragalo ye go yona dikarolo tša polelo tša maemo a ka godimo bjalo ka mantšu di lahlegelwago ke maemo a tšona gomme tša fetoga tša maemo a ka fase bjalo ka mabopi

Mabopi a bjalo ka la kgonego la '-ka-' le la letlago la '-tla-/-tlo'- a tlogile maemong a godimo a go ba mathuši a tla maemong a fase a go ba mabopi

Ingucuko lapho emagama lacuketse umcondvo aba magama lasetjentiswako

Doke ubhale emagama ngekweluhlelomagama / Takhi telulwimi

ndi tshanduko ine khethekanyo ya ndivho ya maipfi ine ya do vha khethekanyo ya mishumo ya maipfi. (Hapelmath, 1999: 1043) / > nne na inwi kha ri tuwe. Tsinani > inwi tshinani. / mavhekanyele a luambo}

diphetogo tse ka tsona magoro a mafoko a fetogang go nna magoro a tiriso

mo polelong e, 'malome o gama yona', go dirisitswe tsamaisano ya thutapuo /tswanafatso gonneleemedi, 'yona', le emetse leina 'kgomo'

ncinco lowu vangaka leswaku swiyenge swa marito swi cinca swi va swiakivuvulavuri

vuvulavurihati byi nga kurisa kumbe ku hunguta rito

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heretonal homonyms

modumo/sehalo di a tshwana/fapana

words which have the same sound pattern. Which also have the same tonal patterns but which differ in meaning

mantswe ao a nang le phethene ya modumo e tshwanang, ao hape a nang le phethene e tshwanang ya sehalo empa a fapane ka moelelo

tsotsi e ile ya tlola terateng e fasitsweng ka thata, ntate o tlola matsoho ka mafura

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heteronymy

sekadumashwano

Bomcondvonyenti

hethoronimi

bokwalotshwano

the analysis of words (lexemes) which display partial homonymy, i.e. they differ in meaning, but are identical in form in one medium only (viz. speech or writing). Examples of heteronyms would be the homographs row (sc. a boat) and row (sc. noise), or

manollo ya mantswe (dilekseme) tse bontshang karolwana ya dihomonimi, ke hore a fapana ka moelelo empa a tshwana sebopeho feela (puo le ho ngola), mehlala ya dikatumatshwano e ka ba mola wa homokerafo ( seketswana) le (sc. lerata), kapa homofounu akgetse le ka hara

palo ya nomoro le palo ya ho bala buka ke dikadumatshwano

Emagama lafanako kepha abe nenshokutsi lengafani

Banengi bomcondvomnyenti kulolulwimi

tsenguluso ya maipfi (mbekanyo ya maipfi) ine ya sumbedza tshipida tsha homonimi, dzo fhambanaho zwine zwa amba zwone, fhedzi dzine dza vhumbwa u fana nga ndila i fanaho ( kubulele kana kunwalele). Tsumbo ya hetheronimi I do vha homogirafu (gungwa) na muduba (phosho), kana dzi homofounu dzo rumelwa dza tahekanya. (Crystal, 2008: 227)

maipfi a re na mibvumo I no fana a re na thalutshedzo dzo fhambanaho

tshekatsheko ya mafoko a a bontshang bodumatshwano bo bo sa felelang ke gore a farologana ka bokao fela a tshwana ka popego e ka nna ka puo kgotsa mokwalo.

lefoko, 'noka', le na le botumotshwano ba segalo se se farologaneng, jaaka fa o re ' mme o itshwere noka' , go farologana le fa o re 'metsi a noka a kgadile'

nhlahluvo kumbe ntlhantlho wa marito lama ma kombisaka kuva na vufanapeletwananyana, hi leswaku ma hambana hi tinhlamuselo kambe ma fana hi xivumbeko

mafanapeletwa ya matwariselo yo hambana yo tanihi sindza (ndhawu) na sindza ( xoambala evokweni) lama ma hambanaka hi matwariselo

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homonym

dumatshwano

tumatshwano

Bomabitwafanana

homonimi

iphimbohluka/ihomonimu

ukuzalana kweentsingiselo/uquko lweentsingiselo

omabizwafane

makwalwatshwana

mafanapeletwa ya matwariselo yo hambana

refer to lexical items which have the same form but differ in meaning

e lebisitse ho diaetheme tsa moelelo tse nang le sebopeho se tshwanang empa di fapane ka moelelo

lentswe opa ke dumatshwano ya ho opa matsoho le ho opa ha hlooho

lentšu la go swana le le lengwe ka sebopego sa medumo eupša le sa swane le lona ka tlhalošo

Pela ya phoofolo le pela ya seletšo ke ditumatshwano

Emagama labhaleke ngalokufanako kepha abe ehlukile ngenshokutsi.

Titjudeni titawuhlukanisa bomcondvomnyenti nabomabitwafanana

ndi mafhungo ane a nwalwa kana o vhumbwa u fana fhedzi o fhambana zwine a amba zwone.(Crystal 2008: 231)

thoho= thoho yanga I khou rema. Thoho dzo la mavhele. Vho-Malapule ndi thoho ya tshikolo tsha Gindikindi. Ni thome nga u vhala thoho ya mafhungo . / nyambahuvhili

amagama atlolwa ngokufanako kodwana aphinyiswa ngokuhlukileko begodu aneenhlathululo ezingafaniko

La magama amabili, ibele elisisitho somuntu wengubo, nelithi ibele okulihlavu elibijwako lokwenza utjwala, abizwa ngokobana bomphimbohluka.

umba apho intsingiselo ethande ukungqala ngakumbi yegama elinye okanye amaninzi iyaqukwa egameni elinentsingiselo ebanzi ngakumbi (Louwrens, 1994: 104)

amagama eentsingiselo ezizalanayo/ukuqukwa kwentsingiselo

amagama abizeka ngokufanayo futhi abhaleke ngokufana kepha ebe enomqondo ongefani

omabizwafane bayadida

ke dikarolo tsa puo tse di nang le dipopego tse di tshwanang mme di farologana ka bokao.

lefoko 'phala' mo go 'Kitso o phala Lesego ka go roka', le mo go 'ke utlwa go lela phala kwa kgotleng', ke ditumatshwano, mme a kaya dilo tse di farologaneng

marito lama ma nga na xivumbeko xo fana kambe ma hambana hi tinhlamuselo

mafanapeletwa ya matwariselo yo hambana yo tanihi chela na chela (swihalaki exibyeni) lama ma twarisiwaka ku fana

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homonymy

dumotshwano

tumotshwano

Kusetjtentiswa kwamabitwafanana

homonimi {fara= mapholisa o fara mutukana. Khotsimuhulu vho fara lwendo mulovha. Fola> vhakegulu vho fola muduba wa u hola mundende. Khodani o ya u renga fola. / nyambahuvhili}

sifundo ngabomabizwafane

isibanjalo esichongayo

isifundo somabizwafane

makwalwatshwana

refers to instances where two words have exactly the same sound pattern but different meanings; semantic analysis to refer to lexical items which have the same form but differ in meanings

e lebisitse ho diketsahalo moo mantswe a mabedi a nang le phethene ya modumo o tshwanang empa ka meelelo e fapane; manollo ya semantiki/thuto ya moelelo ho lebisa ho dintlha tsa mantswe tse nang le sebopeho se tshwanang empa di fapana ka meelelo

ho lebala, ho se hopole; lebala ke sebaka jwalo ka lebala la dipapadi

kamanotlhalošo ye e lego gona gare ga mantšu a a nago le sebopego se tee sa medumo eupša a fapana ka tlhalošo

Tumotshwano e re ruta ka mehuta ya go fapana ya ditumatshwano bjalo ka tša go swana ka segalo le tša go fapana ka segalo

Kuhlutwa kwemagama labomabitwafanana kubukwe umehluko

Thishela uyichaze kahle indlela yekusebentisa bomabitwafanana

ndi hune maipfi mavhili a bulwa na u nwalwa u fana fhedzi a tshi amba zwo fhambanaho (Louwrens, 1994: 75-76);ndi mutevhe wa maipfi ane a fana musi o nwaliwa fhedzi zwine a amba zwa vha zwo fhambana.(Crystal, 2008: 231)

ukuhlaziywa nokuhlathulula kwamagama abizeka ngokufanako begodu atloleke ngokufanako kodwana anomqondo ongafaniko

La magama amabili, ibele elisisitho somuntu wengubo, nelithi ibele okulihlavu elibijwako lokwenza utjwala, abizwa ngokobana bomphimbohluka.

abantu ababini, izilwanyana nezinto ziyafaniswa enye nenye (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

igama elithi: 'ngumntwana' kwisivakalisi esithi: 'ngumntwana oshiyekileyo' sisibanjalo esichongayo

ukuhlaziywa nokuchazwa kwamagama abizeka ngokufanayo futhi abhaleke ngokufabayo kepha ebe enomqondo ongefani

isifundo somabizwafane siyinto ejulile

tshekatsheko ya bokapuo e e kayang mafoko a a nang le popego e e tshwanang mme a farologana ka bokao

lefoko 'nama' mo go 'nama ya kgogo e monate', le mo go 'mme o nama maoto', ditumatshwano tsa segalo se se tshwanang

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homotonal homonyms

dumatshwano ya sehalo

Bomabitwafanana

homonimi ya homothonala

madumatshwana

mafanapeletwantwariso

words with the same shape, which also have the same tonal patterns but different meanings

mantswe a sebopeho se tshwanang a boetseng a na le phethene e tshwanang ya sehalo empa meelelo e fapane

lentswe fola ke tumatshwano ya sehalo e bolelang ho fela ha lefu kapa ho theoha ha motjheso

Emagama lafanako laneliphimbo lelifanako kepha anenchazelo lehlukile.

Phela bomabitwafanana bayefana nagendlela lebabitwa ngayo.

Louwrens, 1994: 76 / <maipfi a re na tshivhumbeo tshi no fana, a dovha a vha na thounu dzi fanaho fhedzi o fhambana zwine a amba. ) fula= Mutukana o tshipiwa nga thambo ya fula. Sedzani o fula khali tshivhasoni. Vhatukana vha dina u fula mitshelo I sa zthu u vhibva.>

fula= lito langa li khou fula. Nwana u khou fula manngo. O mu rwa thoho nga fula. / nyambahuvhili

mafoko a a tshwanang ka popego le paterone ya segalo se se tshwanang mme a na le bokao bo bo farologaneng

dipolelo tse pedi tse, 'mme o nama maoto fa a lapile, le mme o apeile nama' di bontsha botumatshwano ba lefoko nama

marito lama ma nga na xivumbeko xo fana, naswona ma tlhela ma va na tipatironi ta ntwalo to fana kambe ma hambana hi tinhlamuselo

hlawula mafanapeletwantwariso eka marito lama

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hortative

kgothatso

tlhohleletšo

Tikhutsati

hothethivi

omutjho okhuthaza ukwenza

umusho okhuthaza ukwenza

hotatifi

ndzeriso

a type of directive which is characterised by the use of the hortative prefix

mofuta wa tataiso o hlakiswang ke tshebetso ya sehlongwapele sa kgothatso

re atisa ho sebedisa "hle" ho supa kgothatso

Mohuta wa taelo wo o tsebjago ka tšhomišo ya hlogo ya 'A-' gomme ya latelwa ke modirišogore go laetša kgopelo

Tlhohleletšo e dirišetšwa kgopelo ya sebopego sa 'Anke' goba 'A' bjalo ka ge re re: Anke o sepele hle!

Indlela yelulwimi yekusebentisa emavi lakhutsatako

Lomfundisi uyatsandza kusebentisa emavi lakhutsatako.

ndi tshaka dza masumbi dzine dza vhonala nga u shumisa thangi dza maipfi a neaho thuthuwedzo. (Louwrens, 1994: 77)

kha vha vule nndu vha dzule. Kha ambe uri u toda mini. Nga vha vhase mulilo. / thuthuwedzo

Mumutjho okhuthaza abalaleleko bonyana benze okuthileko.

Igama elithi ithanga elitjho isitjalo ekuphekwa ngaso isijeza, litlolwa ngokufanako nethanga okusisitho somuntu esitholakala ngehla komlenze, abomatlolwafane

inkulumo enesenzo esikhuthaza abalalele ukuthi benze okuthile

umusho okhuthaza ukwenza ububhalwe phakathi nendaba

mofuta wa tlhagiso o o bonwang ka tiriso ya ditlhongwana tsa hotatifi

muxaka wa xileriso lexi nga na xihlawulekisi xa xirhangi xa hlayelo ra leriso leri nga hetisekangiki

ndzeriso wu susumeta munhu ku endla swo karhi

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hyponyms

dihaephonime

Mabitomfutiselo

haiponimi

matsamaelani

maangarhelwa

words with more general meanings

mantswe a nang le meelelo e akaretsang

mora ke karolo haephonime ya batho ba lelapa

Ligama lelicuketse tinshokutsi letinyenti

Kuhle kwati emabitomfutiselo elulwimi lwakho

maipfi a re na thalutshedzo nyangaredzi nnzhi (Louwrens, 1994: 104).

forogo, lufhanga na lebula ndi haiphonimi ya zwishumiswa zwa hayani. Mbudzi, kholomo, donngi, nngu ndi haiphonimi ya zwifuwo zwa hayani. / ipfi li re na thalutshedzo nnzhi

mafoko a a nang le bokao bo bo akaretsang

dikuku, diphaphatha le dikokola ke matsamaelani a letlhalosetsagontsi, borotho.

marito lama ma nga na tinhlamuselo to angarhela

maangarhelwa ya na nhlamuselo yo kongoma

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hyponymy/ meaning inclusion

haephonime/kenyeletsomoelelo

Libitomfutiselo lelinenshokutsi

thaluso ya ipfi la thalutshedzo nnzhi {mutshelo> mbula, nie, nombelo,thombe. Muroho> delele, mushidzhi, murudi, phuri. Zwiambaro> vhurukhu, tshikete, rokho, hemmbe,nz.. / thalutshedzo pfaredzwa}

botsamaelani/ kakaretso ya bokao

vuangarhelo

the phenomenon whereby the more specific meaning of one or more words is included in that of a word which has a more general meaning

ketsahalo moo tlhaloso e tobileng ya lentswe kapa a mangata e kenyeleditsweng ho eo ya lentswe le nang le moelelo o akaretsang

audi ke haephonimi ya dikoloi

Kulapho ligama lelinenshokutsi mbamba lifakwa kulawo lanenshokutsi levamile

Emabitomfutiselo anayo inshokutsi njengawo onkhe emagama

nzulele ine mulaedza u re khagala wa ipfi lithihi kana maipfi manzhi wa katelwa kha mulaedza wa ipfi lenelo line la vha na thalutshedzo nnzhi nga u angaredza.(Louwrens, 1994: 104)

ponagalo e mo go yona bokao bo bo rileng ba lefoko kgotsa mafoko a le mantsi bo akarediwang mo bokaong ba lefoko le le nang le bokao ba kakaretso

nama ke botsamaelani ba tšhotlho, kungwa, segwapa, le sebete

xihumelelo lexi haxona nhlamuselo yo kongoma ya rito kumbe marito yo hlaya yi katsiweke eka rito rolero leri nga na nhlamuselo yo angarhela

eka tsalwa leri ku tirhisiwile vuangarhelo

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identifying copulative

lebakamano

lebatshwantšho

Sibanjalo lesihlungako

mbofho ya thaluso

isibanjalo sobujamo

isibizo esingabhekisi bantwini

isibanjalo sesimo

kopulatifi ya tlhaolo

riyimelariendli ro tiva

two people, animals and things are identified with one another

batho ba babedi, diphoofolo, le dintho di suptjwa ka tse ding

ngwana ke lebakamano la motho ya tswetsweng

leba le le laetšago tshwano gare ga sediri le tlaleletšo gomme ka kakaretšo le tsebega ka ke

Lebatshwantšho le fapana le mehuta ye mengwe ya leba ka gore lona ga le na lekgokasediri la go fetogafetoga

Bantfu nome tilwane kuyahlukaniswa kulokunye nalokunye

Lomusho unesibanjalo lesihlungako

vhathu vhavhili, dziphukha na zwithu zwine zwa taluswa nga tshazwo. (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

ndi mudededzi. Ri vha imbi. Ni vha limi. / mbofho ya vhuvha.

Lesisibanjalo esiveza ubujamo obuthathwa libizo.

Ukudla kuphekwa ngugogo, kilomutjho igama ukudla lingumenziwa obayihloko yomutjho lokha umutjho nawusepambosini yokwenziwa.

salatha izinto ezingabhekiseleli bantwini; isibizo esalatha izinto ezingabhekiseleli bantwini (Louwrens, 1994: 82)

isibizo esithi: 'itafile' sisibizo esingabhekisi mntwini

isibanjalo esiveza isimo esithathwa yibizo

uthisha ufundisa isibanjalo sesimo

fa batho ba babedi kgotsa diphologolo tse pedi kgotsa dilo tse pedi di lemogiwa ka go tshwana ga tsona

poo le leradu ke dikgomo

muxaka wa riyimelariendli leri hlamuselaka nhlokomhaka hi vuenti

riyimelariendli ro tiva i muxaka wun'wana wa xihluvi xa mbulavulo xa riyimelariendli

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ideophone

leetsisa modumo

leekiši

Sentakutsi

linyanyu

isenzukuthi

leetsi

riencisi

a term used to refer to a category of highly expressive words which are used to denote various concepts such as colour, sound, smell, taste and feeling, etc as well as other states or conditions

lereo le sebedisitsweng ho lebisa ho mokgahlelo wa mantswe a bontshitsweng haholo a sebedisitsweng ho hlalosa mehopolo e fapaneng jwalo ka mmala, modumo, monko, tatso le maikutlo jwalojwalo a kenyeleditseng le maemo kapa dipehelo tse ding

pote! ke leetsisamodumo la ketsahalo ya ho potela

lentšu la go hlagiša seswantšhokgopolo sa dilo tše bjalo ka mmala, modumo, tatso le maemo a itšego a dilo

Leekiši le ka bopša go tšwa lediring bjalo ka kitikiti!

Ligama lelichaza sobito ngekukhanyisa indlela sento lesenteke ngayo

Bosomahlaya batisebentia kahle tentakutsi

ndi ipfi line la shuma musi hu tshi khou ambiwa zwithu nga ndila I kungaho kana I nyanyulaho hu tshi sumbedzwa zwithu zwo fhambanaho sa muvhala, muungo, munukho, muthetshelo na vhudipfi na zwinwevho.

Manngo o tsweuka o tou ngunduu! Linngo lo wa le bi! Zwiliwa izwi zwi khou difha zwi tou nunununu! Nwedzi wo tshena wo tou mboo!

Ngelinye lamacezu wekulumo asetjenziswako elimini lesiNdebele. Sisetjenziswa lokha nakuhlathululwa okwenziwa sisenzo ngamagama amafitjhani.

Emutjhweni lo: UNom. Makhafula batjho ngutitjhere othe tjha. Igama elithi ngutitjhere lisibanjalo sobujamo.

igama elichaza kabanzi noma elicacisa ngesenzo ngokusebenzisa umsindo ohlobene nesenzo noma ukubukeka kwesenzo

izingane azisiqondi kahle isenzukuthi

mareo a a kayang dikarolo tsa mafoko tse di tlhalosang thata dikgopolotse di farologaneng jaaka mmala, modumo, monko, tatso le maikutlo

leetsi, talaa!, le bonagala mo polelong, 'fa dipula di na, naga e nna e talafetse e rile talaa!'

thema leri tirhisiwaka ku kongomisa eka ntlawa wa marito yo humelerisa vutitwi lama ma thyiweke minongoti yo hambanahambana, yo tanihi muhlovo, mpfumawulo, risema, nantswo vutitwi, na swiyimo swin'wana

hefu, i riencisi ra mapeletwana mambirhi

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immediate past tense

e sa tswa etsahala

lephethikgauswi

Sikhatsi lesisandzakundlula

tshifhinga tsho fhiraho

ikathi esanda ukudlula

injongosenzi engangqalanga kokuthile

inkathi esanda kudlula

pakafetileng e e fa gaufi

nkarhi lowu wa ha ku hundzaka

ke sa tswa fihla

lephethi le le laetšago gore tiro ga se ya direga kgale ge go bapetšwa le nako ya poledišano

Lefetilekgauswi le tsebja ka -tšwa go- goba -tšo- pele ga kutudiri / lefetilekgauswi

Kushiwo sikhatsi sesento lesisandza kudlula

Emanftomatane wona acelwe kwekutsi abhale imisho lesesikhatsini lesisandza kudlula

hu sedzwa zwithu zwe zwa itwa hu si kale kha tshifhinga tsho fhelaho

Ndo vha ndi tshi khou la vhuswa. Ndo vha ndi tshi dzula Vuwani. Vho rwa nwana. / tshikhathi tsho fhelaho

isenzo esitjengisa bonyana isenzeko sithome ukwenzeka esikhathini esingemvanyana kwaleso ekukhulunywa ngaso begodu ubujamo busesenjalo abukatjhuguluki.

Lokha ikulumo nayiveza umnqopho wokobana yenzelweni, lokhu ngomunye umhlobo wesenzo sokukhuluma, ikulumo

izibizo eziyinjongosenzi namabinzana ezibizo atyhila iinkcukacha ezintsha zencoko (Louwrens, 1994: 83)

injongosenzi engangqalanga kokuthile ifana no- 'inkosikazi' kwisivakalisi esithi: 'Utata ugawulela inkosikazi iinkuni'

isenzo esikhomba into okungekudala kakhulu yenzekile

inkathi esanda kudlula iyabadida abaningi

pakafetile e e diragetseng mo bogautshwaneng

pakafetileng e gaufi e dirisiwa fela jaaka o ka re ke gona e diragalang, sekai, "ke ne ke tlhapha"

xivumbeko lexi kongomisaka eka xiendleko lexi xa ha ku humelelaka

a ri kwala nkarhi lowu wa ha ku hundzaka

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imperative mood

sekaotaelo

modirišotaelo

Indlela lephocako

limudi la lilaeli

indlela yamandla/egandelelako/ekatelelako

okungangqalanga kokuthile

indlela ephoqayo

hlayelo ra ndzeriso

refers to that form of the verb which is used to direct a command o one or more addressees

e lebisitse ho sebopeho seo sa leetsi se sebedisitsweng ho lebisa taelo ho a le mong kapa ho feta wa batshetlehelwa

emang! le tsamaye

sebopego sa lediri se se tšweletšago go laela gomme lediri la gona le se na lekgokasediri

Lefoko la modirišotaelo le kgona go bopša ka lentšu le tee fela

Indlela yesento lekhombisa kuphocelela umuntfu kutsi ente intfo letsite.

Inja iva kancono nawukhuluma ngendlela lephocako.

li sumbedza kuvhumbele kwa liiti le la shumiswa kha u laedza kana u nea ndaela muthu kana vhathu vhane vha khou neiwa ndaela (Louwrens, 1994: 80)

Bvelani kule hangei! Idani ngeno! Humelani murahu hangei! / limudi la ndaelo

Lendlela iveza umqondo wokobana ihloko yomutjho ingakghona nakanjani ukwenza okuthileko.

Umalume ukhambile. Isenzo ukhambile, sisekathini esanda ukudlula.

iimpawu ekubhekiselelwe kuzo zezibizo ezingabhekiselelwa ngokungqalileyo nangokucacileyo nangendlela echonga umntu okanye into (Louwrens, 1994: 83)

okungangqaliswanga kokuthile kungazekeliswa ngesenzi esithi: 'Kulelwe'

indlela yokukhuluma enesenzo esiphoqa ukuba lowo okukhulunywa naye enze okushiwo yisenzo

indlela ephoqayo ifundeka kalula

xiyimo xa nkarhi wa riendli lexi tirhisiwaka ku lerisa swo karhi eka xivulavulelwa xin'we kumbe ku tlula

hlayelo ra ndzeriso ri rhuma riviti kumbe risivi ku endla swin'wana, xk, Mariya vuya!

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_143

imperfect tense

lekgathe lefetile letswelli

lebjale

Sikhatsi lesichubekako

tshifhinga tsho fhiraho

ikathi edlulileko ekhomba indlela yobujamo besenzo { Itjengisa bona ihloko inamandla begodu ibonakala ngesakhi u-nga- Ngingakudula mina nangifunako. Ingasebenzisa isakhi u-i nofana u-y-/yi ezenzweni ezilungalinye. Ubunye: -dla

uhlobo lokuqondisa

inkathi edlule eqhubekayo

pakatlwaelo

nkarhi lowu nga hundza wo ka wu nga hetisekangi

the tense form of vebs which express actions which coincide with the moment oif speaking (Louwrens, 1994: 81)

sebopeho sa lekgathe la maetsi le bonahatsang diketso tse etsahalang ka nako e le nngwe le motsotso wa ho bua

ha ke ntse ke bua yaba ba ntse ba bina

lebaka la gonabjale, tiro e se ya phethega

Lefoko la lebjale ge le se na sedirwa le ba le -a- ya lebjale pele ga kutudiri

Sikhatsi sesento lesibonisa kutsi sento siyachubeka

Nawubuka sikhatsi sesento kulenkhulumo,kuyacacakutsi umcimbi usachubeka.

Livhumbi la likhathi la maiti line la bula nyito ine ya bvelela nga tshenetsho tshifhinga tshine ha khou ambiwa ngatsho. (Louwrens, 1994: 81)

ndo vha ndi tshi tshimbila duvha linwe na linwe. Mpho o vha a tshi khou vhaisala. Ro vha ri tshi khou bva hayani musi ri tshi tangana nae. / tshikhathi tsho fhelaho

ikulumo etlhadlhula bonyana izinto bezivame ukwenzeka njani ngaphambilini nofana into yabe injani ngaphambilini. / i / ii / > idla/yidla, Ebunengini kulungelelwa u-ni esenzweni idla > idlani / yidlani}

uhlelo ngokwegrama lweentlobo zezivakalisi, nolukholisa ukubonwa luchasa, uhlobo lokuyalela nelolandelelwano, njalo njalo. Lubhekiselele kwizimo zezenzi okanye kwiintlobo zezivakalisi/zamagatya ezisetyenziswa ekubaluleni iinkcazo nemibuzo, umzekelo, ihashe liyahamba (Crystal, 2008: 242);

isenzi esikuhlobo lokuqondisa sinentsingiselo yokuchaza isiganeko

isenzo esikhomba into eyenzeka isikhathi eside ngokuqhubeka futhi yenzeka kaningana

inkathi edlule eqhubekayo ngiyathanda ukuyisebenzisa

paka ya lediri e e tlhagisang tiro e e thulanang le nako ya go e bua

polelo e e reng, 'ke aga ke etela nkoko', e mo pakatlwaelong

nkarhi wa maendli lowu hlamuselaka swiendleko leswi kotlanaka na nkarhi wo vulavula

timhaka leti a hi hlamuseleke tona hinkwato ti le ka nkarhi lowu nga hundza wo ka wu nga hetisekangi

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imperfect tense morpheme

mofimi wa lekgathe lefetile letswelli

lebopi la lebjale

Sakhi sesikhatsi sesento lesichubekako

tshifhinga tsha tshifhinga tsho fhiraho

isakhi sendlela yobojamo besenzo

isakhi senkathi edlule eqhubekayo

popi ya pakatlwaelo

xiaki xa nkarhi lowu nga hundza wo ka wu nga hetisekangi

the morpheme -a- which is a typical feature of indicative evrbs which occur in the positive form of the imperfect/past tense

mofimi- a - eo e leng sebopeho se ikgethang sa maetsi a supang a etsahalang sebopehong se hantle sa e sa phethalang/lekgathe lefetile

ke ne ntse ke ja

lebopi la go laetša gore tiro ga se ya phethega

A- ye e tlago pele ga kututidiri lefokong la go hloka sedirwa e bitšwa lebopi la lebjale

Sakhi lesifakwa nakwakhiwa inkhatsi yesento lechubekako

Lomusho awusinaso sakhi senkhatsi lechubekako kungako udida bafundzi

tshipida tsha ipfi -a- line la vha livhumbi lo khetheaho la liiti la tsumbo line la shumiswa kha thenda kha tshifhinga tshi sumbaho u bvla phanda/ tsho fhelaho. (Louwrens, 1994: 81)

Muthannga u a raha bola. Nwana u a nwala mulingo. Makhulu vha a lwala. / tshikhathi tsha tshikhathi tsho fhelaho.

u-gade sisakhi esikhambisana nendlela yobujamo besenzo.

Umma gade akuthanda ukuyelelisa udade mayelana nobungozi bokukhamba ebusuku. Kilomutjho isenzo gade akuthanda sikhomba ubujamo besenzeko sangaphambili ngokwekulumo.

isakhi esikhomba inkathi edlule eqhubekayo

isakhi senkathi edlule eqhubekayo sibonakala kalula

popi -a- e e leng popego e e tlwaelegileng ya lediri e e tlhagelelang mo tumelong ya pakafetileng

'ke ne ke tle ke etele nkoko', e dirisitse popi ya paka-fetileng '-e'mo go 'etele'

xinembeletwana -a- lexi hi xitalo xi kombisaka hlayelo ra kombiso eka mpfumelo

xana hi xihi xiaki xa nkarhi lowu nga hundza wo ka wu nga hetisekangi?

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_145

impersonal noun

lebitso leo e seng motho

leina la go šupa se e sego motho

Emabito alokungabonwa

madzina asi a vhathu

ibizonto

isibizo esakhiwe kwisenzi esiyintloko esibalulayo

ibizonto

rivitinkaxiviri

designates non-human objects and things; a noun which designates non-human objects and things (Louwrens, 1994: 82)

le kgetha baetsuwa bao e seng batho le dintho; lebitso le kgethang baetsuwa bao e seng batho le dintho

molemi ke lebitso leo e seng motho le bolelang motho ya lemang dimela

leina le le re laetšago gore sešupša ga se motho

Leina la go šupa se e sego motho le ka šupa selo goba tiragalo

Emagama langesiwo ebantfu noma etilwane.

Ayimvelakancane emabito alokungabonakali etilwimini tetfu

A sumba zwithu zwi si vhathu na zwithu; ndi dzina li sumbaho zwithu zwi si vhathu na zwithu. (Louwrens, 1994: 82)

Mulambo= Vhatukana vho wela mulambo nga u gidima. Muri= Muri uyu u na basha lavhudi. Bugu= bugu yanga yo xela. / madzina a zwithu

Ibizo elisuselwa esenzweni elitjho into ehlathululwa sisenzo

Libizo elisuselwe kezinye iinkhakha zekulumo. Igama elithi umazilayela lisibonelo sebizonto.

ulwakhiwo apho isibizo esingesiso isandululeli sisebenza njengentloko yesenzi esibalulayo (Louwrens, 1994: 57)

umzekelo wesibizo esakhiwe kwisenzi esiyintloko ebalulayo ngu- 'ohambayo apha: 'Ohambayo uthwele umthwalo'

ibizo elibhekise entweni engeyena umuntu noma engaphili

ibizonto ngolunye lwezinhlobo zamabizo

vito ro vita swo ka swi nga ri vanhu na swilo

riviti leri tirhisiwaka ku vitana swilo ri vuriwa rivitinkaxiviri

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_146

inalienable possession

thuo e phethahetseng

thuotlengwa

Bunikati lobuhlangene

vhune ha tshothe

ongumnini onqophileko

uhlobo lokukhankanya

ongumnini oqondile

thuo e e sa kgaogannweng

vun'winixiviri

if a possessed item is seen as being in a permanent or necessary relationship to its possessor, the relationship is said to be inalienable, (e.g. the dog’s head, the town centre), otherwise it is alienable (Crystal, 2008: 239)

ha aetheme e ruilweng e bonwa e le ya moshwelella kapa e na le kamano le morui, kamano eo ho thwe ke e phethahetseng mohlala hlooho ya ntja, bohare ba toropo, ho feta moo ha e ya phethahala

bana ba morena ba ratwa ke setjhaba (bana ke leruo la morena)

mohuta wa thuo moo leina le tlamegilego go ba thoto ya mong

Ditho tša mmele le meloko ya kgauswi bjalo ka batswadi di tšweletša mehlala ya thuotlengwa

Bunikati bentfo lobubukeka njengalobungeke behlukaniswe nemnikati.

Abubonakali kahle bunikati lobuhlangene emshweni.

arali vhune ha tshithu hu tshi vhonala hu kha vhushaka ha tshothe kana ho teaho na mune wa tshithu, vhushaka uho hu vhidzwa sa vhushaka vhune ha pfi ndi hu sa koni u fhandekana, ( sa tsumbo, thoho ya mmbwa, vhukati ha dorobo), zwenezwo zwa amba u sa kona u khethekana (Crystal, 2008: 239)

Mutshila wa kholomo. Mafhafha a tshinoni. Ndevhe dza muvhuda. / masumbavhune

Igama ongumnini litjho into yomnikazi.

Itjhada u-b egameni elithi ibala lingumabubula.

lubhekiselele kweso simo sesenzi esiphawuleka ngesimaphambili sesikhankanyi (Louwrens, 1994: 85)

Uhlobo lokukhankanya lusebenza njengesenzi nanjengesibizo, umzekelo, u- 'ukuloba' apha 'Ukuloba kuvukelwa ekuseni'

ibizo elingongumnini eliyimpahla yomnikazi

ongumnini oqondile bayawuqonda abafundi

ke fa selo se se ruilweng se bonwa jaaka leruri kgotsa kamano e e tlhokegang mo go moerui ka jalo botsalano bo kaiwa bo sa kgone go kgaoganngwa

fa ke re 'ditsebe tsa me di a baba', ke dirisitse thuo e e sa aroganyegeng gonne seruiwa ke 'ditsebe' tse e leng tsa me mme di ka se nne tsa motho yo mongwe

loko xifuwiwa xi vonaka xi ri na vuxaka bya nkarhi hinkwawo kumbe bya nkoka na mufuwi

munhu un'wana na un'wana u na vun'winixiviri ehenhla ka miri wa yena

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indefinite

e sa feleng

Lokuchubekako

okungakahlathululwa ngokuzwakalako

okungacacisi ngokusobala

nkankongomo {u humesile xitatimende xa nkankongomo}

an entity (or class of entities) which is not capable of specific identification; it is contrasted with definite (Crystal, 2008: 241)

mokgatlo (kapa sehlopha sa mekgatlo) eo e sa kgoneng ho supa ka ho toba; e bontsha phapang le ho hlakileng

moshanyana o bapala se sa feleng.

Intfo lengeke yabonakala noma yaphawulwa.

Konkhe lokuchubekako akuchubeke ,asati kuyawuphela nini.

ndi tshithu (kana kilasi dza zwithu) tshine tshi sa kone u talusea mbonalelo yatsho; tshi fhambanywa na tsho livhaho. (Crystal, 2008: 241)

ndi mmbwa I no khou vhilimedza nwana. Zwone zwi divhiwa ngae. Ndi vhurukhu hanga ho kheruwaho. / kilasi ya dzina I songo bvelaho khagala

igama livanga izinto zomhlobo ofanako

Iimbonelo zamagama aneenlulo u-al- ngilezi: -futhumala, -bhambalala, -phophala, -khuthala, njll.

igama elididiyela izinto zohlobo olufanayo

okungacacisi ngokusobala kungabadida abafundi abangakhaliphile

la / rito ro ka ri nga kongomisi ka nchumu eka xivulwa xo gimeta

u humesile xitatimende xa nka(la)nkongomo

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indefinite object

moetsuwa ya senang bofelo

sedirwaseswa*

Mentiwa longakaphawulwa

isenzo esithatha umenziwa munye

izandi eziphinyiselwa ngokusezela umoya

sedirwa sa tlhokatemogo

xiendliwankankongomo {u nga tirhisi xiendliwankankongomo loko u tsala}

object nouns and noun phrases which present new discourse information (Louwrens, 1994: 83)

mabitso a moetsuwa le dipolelwanabitso a hlahisang tlhahisoleseding ya poledisano e ntjha

bana ba di jele dijo kaofela.

sedirwa se se hlagišago tshedimošo ye mpsha

Mo lefokong le 'Bana ba swere mokgaditswana'- mokgaditswana e ka ba sedirwasefsa ge go se gwa ka gwa bolelwa ka wona pele ebile mmoledišwa a fahlogelwa tshedimošo ye

Ngumentiwa longakaphawulwa enkhulumeni lekhulunywako noma lebhaliwe.

Lomusho unamentiwa longakaphawulwa.

Kuqakathekile ukwazi bona kunezenzo ezithatha umenziwa ongakanqophi.

Izinja ziyabulawa kilendawo. Kilomutjho igama elithi izinja livanga yoke imihlobo yezinja alihlathululi ngokunabileko.

zonke izandi eziphinyiselwa ngokusebenzisa intsebenzo-matshini yomsinga womoya ongenayo. Amaqabane azizidubuleli-ngaphakathi aphinyiselwa ngomsinga womoya ongena ngaphakathi (Crystal, 2008: 245)

ezinye zezandi eziphinyiselwa ngokusezela umoya ziziqhakancu

maina a didirwa le dipolelwana tsa maina tse di tlhagisang tshedimosetso e ntšha ya poledi

fa polelo e re 'ga re a bona ope' lefoko 'ope' ke sedirwa sa botlhokatemogo

la / maviti swiendliwa na swivulwa swa maviti leswi tisaka mahungu mantshwa ma mbulavurisano

u nga tirhisi xiendliwanka(la)nkongomo loko u tsala

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indefiniteness

bosafeleng

Infto lechubekako

ukungahlathululi into nofana umuntu ngokuzwakalako

isihlomelo sesixhobo sobunjani

ukungacacisi ngokusobala ngento noma ngomuntu okukhulunywa ngaye

botlhokatemogo

vukankongomo

the referential properties of nouns which do not refer to a specific and clearly identifiable person or thing (Louwrens, 1994: 83)

makgetha a tobileng a mabitso/lereho a sa lebiseng ka ho toba le ho hlaka

bashanyana ba kgwasa ditadi bosafeleng.

Kushiwo intfo lechubekako lengakaphawulwa emshweni

Tinyenti tintfo letichubekako letingakaphawulwa kulenkhulumo yaSizwe

ndi zwitalusi zwa vhuvha ha madzina zwine zwi sa sumbe muthu kana tshithu nga ndila yo bvelaho khagala (Louwrens, 1994: 83)

zwi khou pfala tshothe. Ndi ngoho ya uri mapholisa o fara Maluta. A si zwone zwa uri o ya tshikoloni. / kilasi ya dzina I songo bvelaho khagala

ukusebenzisa igama elitjho ihlobo elifanako

Babambe amasela amathathu izolo emini. Isakhi u-ba kilomutjho sisvumelwano sehloko esingasuselwa ebizweni eliyihloko elithi amasela.

igama elisebenzisa isakhi segama nelibonisa indlela esisetyenziswa ngayo isenzi

isihlomelo sesixhobo sobunjani sichaza ukuba isenzo senziwe ngantoni futhi njani

ukusebenzisa igama elisho uhlobo olufanayo

ukungacacisi ngokusobala ngento noma ngomuntu okukhulunywa ngaye kuyinto engajwayelekile esiZulwini

diponagalo tse di kaelang tsa maina fela ga di na dilo tse di tlhamaletseng tse re ka lemogang kgotsa ra tlhalosa motho kgotsa selo ka tsona

fa go twe, 'sengwe se tla direga gompieno', polelo e e bontsha botlhokatemogo

la / swihlawulekisi swo kongoma swa maviti leswi swi nga kongomisiki eka munhu kumbe xilo xo karhi

vukalankongomo byi vulavula hi ku angarhela, a byi kongomisi

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indicative mood

sekaopeho

modirišopego

Indlela lecondzisako

limudi la tsumbo

indlela enqophileko

isikhuzo

indlela eqondisayo

hlayelo ra kombiso

the grammatical classification of sentence types, and usually seen in contrast to imperative, subjunctive,

tlhophiso ya kerama ya mefuta ya polelo, le ka tlwaelo e bontshang phapang ho taelo, jwalojwalo,dikao,e lebisitse ho dibopeho tsa leetsi kapa polelo/polelwana mefuta e sebedisitsweng ponahatsong ya ditatemente le dipotso, mohlala pere e a tsamaya

morena o ba laetse ho di qhaneha esa sa le ka matjeke

sebopego sa lediri sa boikemedi sa go bega taba

Modirišopego re o tseba ka boikemedi le sebopegotheo sa lediri bjalo ka mo go: 'Moruti o kolobetša ngwana'

indlela yesento lecondzile lesetjentiswa nakushiwo titatimende.

Kulula kubona indlela lecondzisako emshweni.

ndi phendaluambo I sumbedzaho tshaka dza mitaladzi, kanzhi li vhonala nga u fhambana nga ndaela, thendelo etc., mamudi. li sumbedza livhumbi la liiti kana mutaladzi/ tshaka dza madavhi dzi shumiswaho u bveledza mafhungo na dzimbudziso , tsumbo. bere i khou tshimbila(Crystal, 2008: 242);

Ndaelo= ilani vhuswa! Thendelo= kha vha dzule fhasi. Tsumbo= mutukana u khou tshimbila. / mamudi

Lendlela yesenzo imimutjho opheleleo, isetjenziselwa ukwenza ikulumo engadingi ipendulo njengeentatimende.

Emutjhweni othi, Amakhondlo akathandeki, igama elithi amakhondlo litjho yoke imihlobo yeenlwanyana ezaziwa njengamakhondlo.

igama … libonisa imo okanye uluvo lovakalelo

isikhuzo ligama lokukhuza isenzo esimangalisayo

isenzo emshweni sethula isitatimende noma umbuzo

indlela eqondisayo isetshenziswa kaningi enkulumeni

ntlawahato wa tinxaka ta swivulwa eka vuvulavuri, lowu hakanyingi wu vonakaka wu ri na ku hambana na hlayelo ra ndzeriso, hlayelo ra xilandzelo, na man'wana mahlayelo

hlayelo ra kombiso ri katsa xivumbeko xa maendli kumbe tinxaka ta swivulwana leswi tirhisiwaka eku hlamuseleni/vutiseni switatimende/swivutiso

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indirect object

moetsuwa ya sa hlakang

sedirelwa

Mentiwansombo

tshiitwa tshi songo livhaho

umenziwa ongakanqophi

ekuthethwa naye

umenziwa omncane

sedirwa se se sa tlhamalalang

xiendliwankankongomo {xiendliwankankongomo xi nga va riviti, risivi kumbe swin'wana}

the second object of a double transitive verb which is indirectly affected by the process or action which is expressed by the verb (Louwrens, 1994: 55)

moetsuwa wa bobedi wa leetsi la transithifi le sa ameheng ka ho otloloha ke porosese kapa ketso e bonahaditsweng ke leetsi

monna o di tshwasitse ka bongata

leina, lešala goba thabeina ye e lego sedirwa eupša e sa angwego thwii ke tiro ye e hlalošwago ke lediri

Mo lefokong le 'Mofepi o jela bana bogobe' - bana ke sedirelwa ka ge e se bona ba lewago eupša ba angwa ke tiro yeo

Ngumentiwa wesibili emshweni lovumelana nesento leseluliwe.

Bafundzi batawubhala bomentiwansombo kulemisho lebatakhele yona.

ndi tshiitwa tsha vhuvhili tsha maiti mavhili o shandukiswaho e a itwa nga maitele kana nyito ye ya bulwa nga liiti (Louwrens, 1994: 55)

vhana vho limela makhadzi tsimu. Masindi o fulela vhatukana maswiri. Mutukana o nwalela makhulu vhurifhi. / tshiitwa tsha thungo

Ngumenziwa ongakanqophi. Lapha isenzo asinembi kumenziwa.

Lendlela ibonakala ngesakhi u-ya osisakhi sesikhathi sanje, esinomqondo wokugandelela lokho okuthjiwo sisenzo. Isibonelo: Abantwana bayagula.

nawuphi umntu athetha naye othile (Crystal, 2008: 294)

kwincoko kufanele kubekho ekuthethwa naye

ibizo lesibili eliwumenziwa emshweni noma umenziwa wesibili wesenzo esinomenziwa ababili

umenziwa omncane akavamile ukuba khona emishweni yesiZulu

sedirwa sa bobedi sa lefetedigabedi se se tlhotlheletswang ke tiro e e sa tlhamalalang e e tlhalosiwang ke lediri

mo polelong o ja mmidi a gata dikobo ke dikobo ke sedirwa se se sa tlhamalalang

la / xiendliwa xa vumbirhi xa riendlitlulelakambirhi lexi khumbekaka hi ku nga kongomi hi endlelo kumbe xiendlo xa riendli

xiendliwanka(la)nkongomo xi nga va riviti, risivi kumbe swin'wana

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indirect relative

leamanyi le sa tobang

Sibalulinsomo

litaluli li songo livhaho

leamanyi le le sa tlhamalalang

riengetelonkankongomo {riengetelonkankongomo ri tirhisiwa loko tinhlokomhaka ta swivulwa swimbirhi tihambana}

a structure in which a noun other than the antecedent acts as the subject of the relative verb (Louwrens, 1994: 57)

sebopeho seo ho sona lebitso ho ena le ho tlang pele le sebetsa jwaleka leetsi le amanyang

e kotsi ha o e hata mohatleng

Ligama lelisibaluli kepha libe lite budlelwano nasobito lelimandvulelako.

Tibalulinsombo atinabo budlelwano na Sobito letimchazako kuyoyonkhe lenkhulumo.

ndi tshivhumbeo tshine dzina nga nnda ha ipfi li rangelaho la shuma sa nefhungo kana liiti la vhushaka. (Louwrens, 1994: 57)

Musidzana ane a shuma o swika. Nwana a lilaho o lala. Vhalisa vhane musidzana a vha divha vha todou guda. / liitilitaluli li songo livhaho

ke popego e mo go yona leina go na le ditiro tsa letlapele tse di dirang jaaka sedirwa sa lediri la leamanyi

mo polelong molelo o banna ba o goditseng o timile, leamanyi le le sa tlhamalalang ke o banna ba o goditseng

la / xivumbeko lexi haxona riviti rin'wana na rin'wana handle ka xirhangamahlweni ri tirhaka tanihi nhlokomhaka ya riendli ro engetela

riengetelonka(la)nkongomo ri tirhisiwa loko tinhlokomhaka ta swivulwa swimbirhi tihambana

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infinite subject concord

tumellano ya moetsi e sa phethahalang

lekgokasedirigo

Sivumelwano senhloko lesichubekako

lipfanisi la dzina liiti

thuanyi-sedirwa ya modiriso-go

xitwananisi xa nhlokomhaka xa nkahetiseko {xitwananisi xa nhlokomhaka xa nkahetiseko xi tsandzeka ku tisa ntwanano}

ho ja ho a thabisa

lekgokasediri la go tsebja ka sebopego sa 'go'

Mo go 'Go a fiša' - lekgokasedirigo ke go ye e lego mo mathomong a lefokong

Sivumelwano senhloko yemusho lesibonisa kutsi sento siyachubeka

Yonkhe lemisho lengentasi inesivumelwano senhloko lesichubekako.

nga lwa tshivhumbeo, dzina liiti ndi dzina, hu uri uya nga ha kuvhekanyele kwa maipfi mafhungoni li a shuma sa dzina na liiti.

u gidima hu a vhavha. U tshimbila hu fhira u gidima. U vhala hu a phasisa. / liimela la dzina liiti.

modiriso o mo go ona popi -go e mo go yona go ruanngwang leina le sedirwa

mo polelong, 're bina go itumedisa batho' 'go itumedisa' ke thuanyi-sedirwa ke thuanyi e e ruanyang 'go itumedisa' le lediri 'bina'

la / muxaka wa xitwananisi xo ka xi nga tisi ntwanano exikarhi ka switwananisiwa

xitwananisi xa nhlokomhaka xa nka(la)hetiseko xi tsandzeka ku tisa ntwanano

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infinitive mood

sekaoho

modirišogo

Indlela lesasento

limudi la dzinaliiti

indlela esbizo

isibanjalo esingenamvumelwano

indlela esabizo

hlayelo ra tshamelo

refers to that form of the verb which is characterised by the infinitive prefix (Louwrens, 1994: 85)

e lebisitse ho sebopeho seo sa leetsi se ikgethollang ka sehlongwapele se sa phethahalang

batho ba ho rata ho bua haholo

sebopego sa lediri sa go etwa pele ke hlogo ya 'go-'

Sebopego sa modirišogo ga se fetogefetoge

indlela yesento lenetento leticalisa ngesicalo ku-

Babe usitjele kutsi imisho lesendleleni lesasento sitayibona nge sakhi ku-

li vhonala nga tshivhumbeo tsha liiti li taluswaho nga thangi I tumetshedzwaho kha tsinde la liiti (Louwrens, 1994: 85)

u vhala zwi a phasisa. U shuma zwi a pfumisa. U lila zwi a tungufhadza.

Yindlela eyakhiwa ngesithomo sebizo sesigaba 15 u-uku-. Itjhugulula isenzo isinikele ubujamo bebizo.

Uyakuthanda ukuhlekela phezulu nakathabileko. Igama elithi ukuhlekela lisendleleni esabizo.

isibanjalo esingenamvumelwano nesibizo esiyintloko (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

isibanjalo esingenamvumelwano sithetha ukuba asinamvumelano nesibizo ekubhekiselelwe kuso

inesenzo esinesiqalo u-uku-

indlela esabizo isebenzisa isenzo esinesiqalo samabizo esigaba

nkarhi wa riendli lowu wu tihlawulekisaka hi xirhangi xa nkalahetiseko

hlayelo ra tshamelo ri tirhisa xirhangi xa ntlawa wa 15 ku nga ku-

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ingressive sounds

medumo e kenang

Ngumfutfwa lonemoya longenako

medumo e e thunyang

swintlokori

all sounds produced using an inwards-moving airstream mechanism. implosive consonants are made by an inward flow (Crystal, 2008: 245)

mantswe kaofela a hlahisitsweng ho sebediswa tshebediso ya ho hulela kahare molatswana wa moya. dumammoho tse kang ho opa matsoho di etswa ke ho phallela kahare

medumo e latelang moya o kena ka hare, [!, !h le nq]. mohlala (qala, qhoma le nqane)

Yonkhe imisindvo lephinyiswa ngemoya longena ngekhatsi ngekufutseka.

Bonkhe labomfutfwa banemoya longenako / Imisindvobatfwa

mibvumo yothe ine ya bveledzwa musi muya u tshi khou kokodzelwa ngomu. Themba dzi bulwaho nga golothala musi muya u tshi khou dzhenela ngomu (Crystal, 2008: 245)

medumo yotlhe e e tlhagisiwang ka go dirisa kelamowa e e gogelang mowa ka mo gare. Ditumammogo tsa dithunyetsateng di bopilwe ka kelo ya mowa e e gogelang ka mo gare

mo polelong 're hoha gompieno', 'h' wa 'hoha', jaaka go buiwa mo ditengwaneng dingwe tsa kwa Botswana, ke tumagogelateng

mipfumawulo hinkwayo leyi vumbiwaka hi ku khulukela ka moya endzeni

swintlokori i switatisi leswi loko swi twarisiwa ku nga na ku ntlokola swo tanihi [q]

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initialisation

ho qala

tšhomišo ya ditlhakapele

Kufaka luhlavu

inishialaizesheni / tshikhau {nz=nazwinwe-vho. Vho renga vhurotho, swigiri, malegere,…

ditlhakapele

vurhangelarito

reflect the separate pronunciation of the initial letters of the constituent words (TV, COD) (Crystal, 2008: 1)

supa qapodiso e arohaneng ya ditlhaku tse qalang tsa karolo ya mantswe

titjhere e qapodisa mantswe a ho qala ka ho tshwana

mokgwa wa kopafatšo wa go šomiša ditlhaka tša mathomo tša mantšu a a bopago sekafoko goba lefoko

Kopafatšo ye SABC e bopilwe ka tšhomio ya ditlhakapele

Kufaka luhlavu lwekucala egameni

Kholekile akakasayini ufake tinhlvu tekucala teligama.

noun / tshi sumbedza khethekanyo ya kubulele kwa maledere i a u thoma kwa zwipida zwa maipfi (TV, COD) (Crystal, 2008: 1)

z. / pfufhifhadzo}

ke tlhagiso ya kapodiso e e aroganeng ya ditlhaka tsa ntlha tsa mafoko tse e leng karolo ya popego ya mafoko ao (TV, COD)

mmegadikgang o dirisa ditlhakapele go khutsafatsa pegelo

ku humelerisiwa ka matwariselo man'wana ma maletere yo sungula ya marito xidzi

vurhangelamarito byi paluxa nkomiso wa marito yo karhi

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instrumental adverb

lehlalosi la sesebediswa

lehlathasedirišwa

Sandziso lesimcoka

lidadzisi la maitele

isandiso sokusizako

isandiso sokusizayo

letlhalositiriso

riengeterixitirhisiwa

a word which uses a morpheme which indicates a means by which the verb is carried out

lentswe le sebedisang mofimi o supang mekgwa eo leetsi le ntshetswang pele

mosadi o faha pitsa ka lesokwana

lehlathi la go laetša selo se tiro e dirwago ka sona

Sekafoko sa go thoma ka letlema la ka, le le tlaleletšwago ke leina, se bitšwa lehlathasedirišwa

Ligama lelisebentisa sakhi kukhomba kutsi sento senteka ngani nome njani.

Simelelwe ufaka sandziso sekusebentisa kusichazela kutsi babe uhambe ngani.

ndi ipfi line la shumisa zwipida zwa maipfi ane a sumbedza kubveledzele kwa liiti.

u tshimbila nga u hwenya. Mulalo u amba nga u hevhedza. U nwala nga u ongolowa. / lidadzisi la kuitele

Sisakhi esisetjenziswa namabizo ukwakha isandiso esikhomba bonyana isenzeko senziwa ngani.

Isirhunyezo esithi SABC sisebenzise iinhlavu zokuthoma zamagama.

isakhi esisetshenziswa namabizo ukwakha isandiso esikhomba ukuthi isenzeko senziwa ngani

isandiso sokusizayo siyasebenza kunoma imuphi umusho

lefoko le le dirisang popi e e supang tsela e ka yona lediri le diregang ka yona

ka botswerere', mo go , 'ke apeile nama ka botswere' ke letlhalositiro

rito leri tirhisaka swinembeletwana leswi kombisaka ndlela leyi riendli ri humelelaka hayona

riengeterixitirhisiwa ri na nkoka swinene eku humeleriseni ka swo karhi

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interjection

lelahlelwa

Sibabato

liaravhi

isibabazo

ezomlebe nomva wenkalakahla

isibabazo

rihlamari

a word … which indicates an emotional state or attitude

lentswe … le bontshang boemo ba maikutlo kapa boitshwaro

jo! ka batla ke shwa

lentšu le le laetšago maemo a maikutlo bjalo ka lethabo, makalo, letšhogo le go selekega eupša le se la rwala tlhalošo ya go šupa se sengwe

Mantšu a bjalo ka: Šatee!, Aowi! le Nxanxae! ke malahlelwa

Ligama nobe sento lesikhomba umoya lotsite loneluvelomagama.

Samkelisiwe unele wababata kwadvuma tintsaba.

ndi ipfi…line la sumbedza vhuimo ha madipfele kana vhuvha.

Rudzani o wa a ri yowee! mulenzhe wanga wo vundea. Lufuno o rwiwa nga mme awe a ri mawee! ndi hone ndo fa. / tsumbedzo ya vhupfa

Sikhekhe sekulumo esisetjenziselwa ukubabaza.

(i) Isibabazo semvelo: Tjhe! Yela sami! Babamkhulu-ke! Madekhethu! (ii) Ziyasetjenziswa ziphambe lezo ezisuselwe emabizweni: Awo mntakababa! Madekhethu Khulelaphi!

isandi esiphinyiselwa kumva wenkalakahla (jonga ezomva wenkalakahla) nezikhatshwa ngaxeshanye kukuqutheka kwemilebe (Cystal, 2008: 264)

u- 'w' sisandi semilebe nomva wenkalakahla

igama eisetshenziselwa ukubabaza

isibabazo olunye lwezingcezu zenkulumo

rito leri kombisaka xiyimo xa mianakanyo kumbe vonelo

rihlamari ri tirhisiwa ku humesela vutitwi bya munhu ehandle

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interlocutor

monkakarolo

Labakhulumako

muambwanae

ohlanganyele ekulumeni

ukufundwa kolwimi olutsha

ohlanganyele enkulumeni

babuisani

xivulavulelwa

any person with whom someone is speaking (Crystal, 2008: 294)

motho ofe kapa ofe eo motho e mong a buwang le yena

mme le ntate ba buisana ka bokamoso ba bana ba bona

Ngunome bani lochuba inkhulumo nalomunye, bacocisane.

Akusikuhle kuphatamisa labakhulumako. / ingcogci

muthu munwe na munwe ane a vha hu tshi khou ambiwa nae nga munwe (Crystal, 2008: 294)

mudededzi vho vhudza vhagudi uri, "uri ni kone u phasa ni fanela u thetshelesa ni tshi funziwa". Mulalo o amba na Khodani a ri; "nnekedzeni tshidulo". / vhadavhidzaniwa navho.

umuntu okhulumako nofana olalele ikulumo.

Bababe, khengatjho bona uyebile! Igama bababe, emutjhweni lo lisibabazo.

ukukhula kolwimi ebantwaneni, igama elibhekiselele kwinkqubo okanye kwisiphumo sokufunda umba othile wolwimi, ukuze ekugqibeleni kube lulwimi ngokupheleleyo (Crystal, 2008: 8)

akululanga ukufunda ulwimi olutsha xa selemdala umntu

umuntu okhulumayo noma olalele inkulumo

umuntu ohlanganyele enkulumeni wenza ingxoxo iqhubeke

motsayakarolo mo puisanong

fa o re, 'Tlhalefo nkemele, ke go kopa, mmuisiwa fa ke Tlhalefo'

munhu un'wana na un'wana loyi ku vulavuriwaka na yena eka nkarhi wolowo

xivulavulelwa i munhu/xanchumu lexi nga exikarhi ka muvulavuri na le ndhawini ya le kule ni muvulavuri

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interrogative

ho hloma dipotso

lebotšiši

Umbuto lohlolisisako

mavhudzisi

umbuzo

usapho lweelwimi

umbuzo

rivutisi

a term used to refer to all linguistic structures which are used to express questions

lentswe le sebedisitsweng ho supa dibopeho tsa puo kaofela,tse sebedisitsweng ho bonahatsa dipotso

lepolesa le hloma mmelaellwa dipotso

lentšu le le šomišwago go laetša potšišo

Mabotšiši ke mantšu le dikutu tše bjalo ka: na, afa, a, neng, kae, mang, -kae, -kakang, le -fe?

Ligama lelisetjentiswa elwimini kuveta umbuto lohlolisisako.

Thishelahnloko uyawutsandza umbuto lohlolisisako

ndi ipfi li sumbedzaho zwivhumbeo zwa luambo lothe zwine zwa shumiswa kha u vhudzisa dzimbudziso.

Mulalo u dzhena ngafhi tshikolo? Mvula I nesa nga khalanwaha ifhio? Ni tou vha nwana-de a sa pfi? / mbudziso

ligama elisetjenziselwa ukubuza . EsiBdebeleni kunezakhi ezisetjenziselwa ukubuza.

Umntazanyana kadadwethu uhlanza izitja. Emutjhweni lo kunga hlonywa amanye amagama. Umntazanyana kadadwethu omncani uzihlanza kuhle izitja. Ukuhlonywa kwamagama la emutjhweni kutjengisa bonyana amagama la ahlukene.

iilwimi ezihlelwe kunye ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba ziliqela iilwimi ezineempawu ezininzi ngokwezeelwimi ezifana ngazo nekukholelwa ekubeni ziphuhle kwintsusa enye (Richards and Schmidt, 2010: 318); a number of languagesthat are classified together due to the fact that they have historically originated from the same source called Proto-Bantu as result they share a variety of common linguistic features (Louwrens, 1994: 94)

isiXhosa sililungu losapho lweelwimi zesiNtu

igama elisetshenziselwa ukubuza

umqeqeshi ubuza umbuzo

thema leri tirhisiwaka ku thya swivumbeko hinkwaswo swa xilingwistiki leswi tirhisiwaka ku vutisa swivutiso

rivutisi i rito leri tirhisiwaka eku vutiseni ka swivutiso, ro tanihi ra xana? kumbe imani?

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_161

intransitive verb

leetsi le se nang moetsuwa

Sento lesingenamentiwa

Maipfi mapambwa

riendlinkantlulelo {riendlinkantlulelo i riendli ro ka ri nga pfelerisi}

verbs which denote processes or actions which cannot affect objects

maetsi a hlalosang tshebetso kapa ketso e ke keng ya ama baetsuwa

titjhere e a ruta

Sento lesingalandzelwa ngumentiwa emushweni.

Phela kuyenteka kutsi libintana lingabi naye umentiwa.

maiti a sumbedzaho maitele kana nyito dzine a dzi kwami zwiitwa.

Ntsundeni u khou tuwa zwino. Malume vho sokou bvelela. Makhulu vha khou gwadama. / maiti a sa dzhii tshiitwa/nyito I sa dzhii tshiitwa

la / maendli lama ma kombisaka endlelo kumbe swiendleko leswi nga khumbaniki na swiendliwa

riendlinka(la)ntlulelo i riendli ro ka ri nga pfelerisi

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invariable copulative

leba le sa fetoheng

leba la go se fetogefetoge

Sibanjalo lesitimele

Maipfi mapambwa

isibanjalo esinganalo itjhebiswano nebizo eliyihloko

ingqula

isibanjalo esingenabo ubudlelwano nebizo eliyinhloko

kopulatifi e e sa fetogeng

riyimelariendlinkantwanano {riyimelariendlinkantwanano a ri humelerisi ntirho wa yona}

copulative which does not have agreement with the subject noun (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

leba le se nang tumellano le lebitso moetsi

ho haufi kapa ho hole

leba le le sa hlangwego ka lekgokasediri eupša le nago le lekgokedi la go se fetošwe ke legoroina la sediri

Leba la go se fetogefetoge le tsebega ka -ke- ka tumelo le -ga se- ka kganetšo mo go modirišopego

Sibanjalo lesingenasivumelwano nelibito leliyinhloko.

Sibanjalo lesitimele singasetjentiswa sodvwa emshweni.

ndi mbofho ine ya si vhe na thendelano na nefhungo. (Louwrens, 1994: 41)

nne ndi mudededzi. Nne ndi mufunzi. nne ndi mulimisi. / mbofho I sa shanduki

Igama elisibanjalo elinganatjhebiswano nebizo eliyihloko.

Isibonelo: Ukuhlala ungasebenzi akunamali. Kilomutjho isenzo ukuhlala asitlhogi umenziwa ukuze umutjho uzwakale.

indawo kumjelo womoya, okanye kuqhoqhoqho, equlethe imiphimbo (Crystal, 2008:269)

ilizwi lakhe liyatshothozela kuba ingqula yakhe inesilonda esichaphazela ukusebenza kwemiphimbo

igama eliyisibanjalo elingenaboubudlelwano nebizo eliyinhloko

ukusebenzisa isabizwana esingenabo ubudlelwano nebizo eliyinhloko kuyinto enzima

kopulatifi e e se nang tumelano le sediri sa leina

tau e nna letlhoo, mo ga go na kamano le sediri sa leina

la / riendlwanhlangano leri nga ri ki na vuxaka na nhlokomhaka ya riendli

riyimelariendlinka(la)ntwanano a ri humelerisi ntirho wa yona

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isogloss

puwana e fapaneng

mmotwana

Ayisogilosi

Maipfi mapambwa

umkhawulo wamalimi

isandi esiphinyiselwa kwicala lomlomo

umngcele wezilimi

isotlelose

xindzilikanisatindzin'wana

a term used in the study of dialects to refer to a geographical area which is demarcated on a map and within the boundaries of which a particula dialect is spoken

lentswe le sebedisitsweng ho thuto ya puo e buuwang sebakeng se itseng kapa ke batho ba itseng feela ho lebisa ho sebaka sa tikoloho e behetsweng meedi mmapeng eo puo e buuwang sebakeng se itseng kapa ke batho ba itseng feela e buuwang.

puwana ya Makgolokwe e ba kgetholla hara Basotho ba bang

tikologo ya leago ye mellwane ya yona e laeditšwego mmepeng, yeo polelosemmotwana ye e itšego e bolelwago go yona

Mmepe wo o lego ka go Mokgokong (1968) o tšweletša mebotwana ya Sesotho sa Leboa gabotse

Ngumncele kumephu lowehlukanisa tindzawo ngekwendlela letibentisa ngayo lulwimi.

Kulesigodzi iyakhulunywa i-ayisoglosi. / Ngumncele wetilwimi

ndi ipfi li shumiswaho kha ngudo dza matavhi a luambo u sumbedza nga ha vhupo ha shango ho khethekanywaho kha mapa ine matatavhi a luambo lwonolwo a ambiwa hone,

mutukana o rwa nwana a lila (dialekithi ya Tshiphani). Mutukana o napa nwana a lila (dialekiti ya Tshitavhatsindi). Mutukana o diya nwana a lila (dialekiti ya Tshironga). / vhupo ha dialekithi

Ligama eliqalise endaweni ekhonjwe ebalazwe emukhawulo welimi elukhulunywa kileyondawo.

Ubaba ngumakhi, kilomutjho, isibanjalo ngumakhi asinalo itjhebiswano nebizo eliyihloko.

nasiphi isandi apho umoya uphuma khona kwicala okanye kuwo omabini amacala ebevaliwe omlomo, njengakwiintlobo ezahluka-hlukeneyo zesandi esingu-l (Crystal, 2008: 270)

isandi esiphinyiselwa kwicala lomlomo njengo 'l' siwukhupha okanye siwufake umoya ecaleni lomlomo

igama elibhekise endaweni ephawulwe ebalazweni engumngcele wolimi olukhulunywa kuleyo ndawo

umgcele wezilimi uyabonakala kwibalazwe

lereo le le dirisiwang mo dithutong tsa diteme go kaya lefelo le le rileng le kgaogantsweng ka mmapa mme di le mo gare ga melelwane e teme e e rileng e buiwang mo go yona.

isetlelose ya SeKgatla e akaretsa mafelo a a dikologilweng ke Moruleng, Mogwase, Ramatshaba-lemao, Mononono le Sefikile

thema leri tirhisiwaka eka dyondzo ya marin'wana ku thya matshamelo ya ndhawu ku ya hi leswi yi nga avisiwa xiswona kumbe ku ya hi mepe, nakambe ku ya hi ndzelikano wa ndhawu leyi ririn'wana ro karhi ri vulavuriwaka eka yona

xindzilikanisatindzin'wana i ndzilekano wo hambanyisa marin'wana mabirhi lama ma hambanaka hi ndlela yo karhi

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labial sounds

medumo ya dipounama

Bondzebembili

Maipfi mapambwa

itjhada elindebembili

umsindo ongundebe

mpfumawulo wa milomo

as in labio-dental sounds, such as [f] / Cystal, 2008: 264 / <active use of one lip or both lips (as in bilabial consonants such as [b] >

tshebediso ya pounama e le nngwe (tje ka ha ho medumo ya… ,e jwaloka [f]) kapa dipounama ka bobedi (jwaloka ha ho didumammoho tsa dipounama,tse jwalo ka [b])

ha o qapodisa medumo ya dipounama, medumo e tswa dipakeng tsa dipounama (f, b)

" Umsindvo lophinyiswa ngekuhlanganisa tindzebe temlomo totimbili."

Bafundzi baphimisa bondzebembili

fafadzela= Masindi o fafadzela miroho yawe. Babamela= Tshinoni tshi khou babamela nge tsha fashwa nga vhulimbo. Vala=O vala vothi. / themba labiala

Nakuphinyiswa itjhada elingundebembili iindebe ziyahlangana bese ummoya ovela emaphatjhini ubanokuvimbeka isikhatjhana bese udedeleka msinyana.

Ilwazi ekhelathulwa ngaphambili ekulumeni livame ukuba ngaphambi kwelwazi elitjha ekulumeni.

umsindo ongundebe uyinto engajwayelekile esiNgisini

<"ntirhisiwo wa nomu wun'we tanihi le ka mipfumawulo ya xitatisi xa nomotino, xo tanihi [f] kumbe milomu hamimbirhi (tanihi le ka xitatisi xa milomo xa [b] ">

mpfumawulo wa milomu wu vumba switatisi swo tanihi [b] na [f] na swin'wana

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labiovelar

poutengwana

Bondzebembili lababolwangeni

Maipfi mapambwa

xitatisi xa lakalaka xo nomuhatiwa

a sound made at the velum (see velar) with the simultaneous accompaniment of lip-rounding (Cystal, 2008: 264)

modumo o etsuwang mahalapeng a bonojwana (sheba lelengwana) ka ho kenyeletswa ka nako e le nngwe botjhitja ba pounama

batswadi ba [R]ata bana ba bona

Umsindvo lophinyiswa ngekusebenta kwemalakanya kanye netindzebe temlomo njengangwaca "w"

Bosankamisa labanye baphindze babe bondzebelwangeni / Bondzebelakanya

Mubvumo une wa bulwa kha velum, une musi u tshi bulwa ha vha na u kuta ha meme dza mulomo (Crystal, 2008:264)

kw= Tshikwavhavha tsho kwambatela muri. Xw= ni vhee tshisevho kha muxwatu. Gw= vhana vha khou tambisa gwangwangwa la modoro. / labio-vela

mpfumawulo lowu vumbiwaka elakalakeni wu landzeriwa hi nomu wa xirhendzewutana hi ku xaxamela

xitatisi xa lakalaka xo nomuhatiwa xi engeteleriwile swihlawulekisi

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laminal sounds

medumo ya lera le lesesanyane

Bongwacansinini.

Mibvumo ya laminala

itjhada elakheka elimini

igama ngokwemithetho yegrama

umsindo owakheka olimini

medumo ya laminale

xitatisi xa ririmi

a sound made with the blade or lamina of the tongue in contact with the upper lip, labio-velar

ke hore medumo ya teme meno / <modumo o etsuwang ke lehare kapa lehare la leleme ha le kopana le pounama e kahodimo, labio-halapa meno kapa pento ya marenene (ke hore pourenene kapa meno >

leleme la ntate le ile la [R]a[R]ahana ha a bua ka taba tseo

Imisindvo leyenteka nalulwimi lutsintsa tinsini.

Nakulwangiswa bayagucuka bonsinini babe bolwangeni / Bonsinini

ntha ha lulimi / Mubvumo une wa bulwa musi thodzi ya lulimi yo kwama meme dza ntha dza mulomo, labio-vela,kana sa kha kha mibvumo ya alveoli (zwine zwa vha lamino-alveoli) kana mibvumo ya nduma-lulimi (zwine zwa vha lamino-denthala) (Crystal, 2008:264-265)

th= Mutukana o lumiwa nga thatha. D= o wela dindini. N= mvula yo na namusi.

Litjhada elenzeka lokha nakusetjenziswa ilimi

Umuntu nangabe ulimele ilimu uvame ukungakwazi ukukhuluma kuhle.

kwiilwimi ezisebenzisa ubhalo lonamathelwano lwezakhi zegama, igama elisesikweni elihambelana negama elithile ngokwezifundo zeelwimi (Taljard and Bosch, 2006:433)

igama ngokwemithetho yegrama lichazwa njngelikwaziyo ukuba nentsingiselo yalo lizimele lodwa

impimiso yomsindo esebenzisa ulimi

umsindo owakheka olimini uphimiseka kalula

modumo o mo go ona matlhakore a lelelme kgotsa lamina ya lelelme e amang dipounama tsa kwa godimo, ditumapougalapa, meno kgotsa marinini

modumo 'z', o e leng wa laminale, o dirisiwa mo mafokong a maadingwa go tswa mo dipuong tse dingwe, jaaka mo polelong e, 're ne re etetse kwa zuu, go bona diphologolo''

mpfumawulo lowu vumbiwaka hi ririmi loko ri khumba nomu wa le henhla

xitatisi xa ririmi xi katsa na xa lakalaka xo nomuhatiwa

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language acquisition

phumano ya puo {phumano ya puo ngwaneng e matlafatswa ke mmangwana ngwana ha a ithuta puo o qoba medumo e thata e rarahaneng ha a lokela ho bitsa nama – modumo wa “n”o batla o ba thata mme o fumana wa “m”o sa fane ka bothata ka hoo o bitsa nama mama; mmangwane

go ithuta polelo

Kufundza lulwimi

Ndivho ya luambo kha nwana {ndi khou humbela yegere> ndi khou humbela malegere. Ndi do mu hwa

ukufunda ilimi

ukufunda ulimi

go ithuta puo

makumelo ya ririmi

the growth of language in children, a term referring to the process or result of learning (acquiring) a particular aspect of a language, and ultimately the language as a whole (Crystal, 2008: 8)

kgolo ya puo baneng, lereo le lebisang ho tshebetso kapa sephetho sa ho ithuta (ho fumana) ntlha e ikgethang ya puo, mme qetellong puo ka kakaretso / > mamane}

dikgato tša mathomo tša go ithuta go boledišana le ba bangwe ka polelo ye e itšego

Ngwana o kgona go ithuta polelo ya batho ba a golelago magareng a bona

Indlela bantfu lebatfola ngayo lulwimi nekuluvisisa baphindze balusebentise, bachumane ngalo ngemphumelelo.

Bantfwana besikolo bayalufundza lulwimi.

Nyaluwo ya luambo kha vhana, liipfi line la sumbedza nyimele kana ndila ya u guda zwinwwe zwipida zwa luambo, na lwone luambo nga u angaredza (Crystal, 2008:8) / > ndi do mu rwa. Ndi do tuwa matsheo> ndi do tuwa matshelo. / ngudo ya luambo kha nwana}

Kulokha umntwana omncani nakafunda ukukhuluma nofana umuntu omdala nakafunda ilimi lesibili.

itjhada elinjengorhwalabha lakheka lokha isithebe nofana iphakathi lelimu lithinta ilwanga eliqinileko.

indlela ingane encane eyazi bgayo inkulumo noma indlela umuntu omdala elwazi ngayo ulimi lwesibili

ukufunda ulimi kuyinto engelula

kgolo ya puo mo baneng, lereo le le supang tirego kgotsa dipholo tsa go ithuta dintlha tse di rileng tsa puo mme kwa bofelong, go ithutwe puo ka kakaretso

go ithuta puo go bonolo thata mo baneng ba ba golang ba buisiwa ka yona

thema leri tirhisiwaka ku thya endlelo ro dyondza xiphemu xo karhi xa ririmi, kahlekahle ririmi hi ku angarhela

makumelo ya ririmi ya katsa ku ndlandlamuka ka ririmi eka vana

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language attitudes

boitshwaro ba puo

Kwemukela lulwimi

Vhudipfi kha luambo lwau

ubujamo bengqondo yabantu ngelimi

amagama abolekiweyo

isimo sengqondo ngezilimi

tebo maleba le dipuo

matitwelo eka ririmi

the feelings people have about their own language or the language(s) of others (Crystal, 2008: 266)

maikutlo ao batho ba nang le ona ka dipuo tsa bona kapa dipuo tsa batho ba bang

botshwaro bo bobe ho kgella dipuo tsa ba bang fatshe

Indlela bantfu lebacabanga babuye bemukele ngayo lulwimi

Kwemukeleka kwelulwimi kuyahambisana nekutfutfuka kwalo. / Umbono ngelulwimi

Vhudipfi hune vhathu vha vha naho kha luambo lwavho kana luambo lwa vhanwe. (Crystal, 2008: 266)

Vhavenda vha dzhia luambo lwa Tshivenda lu sa kondi. Vhathu vha nyambo nnzhi vha dzhia Luambo lwa Tshivenda lu tshi konda. Mazulu vha dzhia luambo lwa Tshizulu lu lwa nthesa kha dzinwe nyambo. / vhupfa kha dzinyambo

Indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo mayelana namalimi.

Ukufunda ukukhuluma ilimi ebantwaneni abancani yinto ezenzakalelako.

amagama ngokwezifundo zolwimi athathwa kulwimi oluthile okanye isiyelelane esivela kolunye ulwimi (Crystal, 2008: 58)

ukuze kuphuhle isigama solwimi oluthile kubakho amagama abolekiweyo asetyenziswa njengoko athathwe kolunye ulwimi

indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngezilimi zabo noma ngezabanye abantu

abantu banezimo zengqondo ngezilimi ezikhulunywa ngabanye

maikutlo a batho ba nang le ona tebang le puo ya bona kgotsa (di)puo tsa ba bangwe

tebo maleba le dipuo ya batho ba ba le bantsi ke gore puo ya SeVenda e thata e bile BaVenda ka bontsi ba ithuta dipuo tse dingwe

ntwiwo lowu vanhu va nga na wona hi ririmi ra vona kumbe tindzimi ta van'wana

atitwelo eka ririmi ma katsa mavonelo, mianakanyo na swin'wana

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language group

sehlopha sa puo

sehlopha sa maleme

Licembu letilwimi

Tshigwada tsha muta wa luambo

isiqema samalimi

isihlomelo esichaza indawo

iqembu lezilimi

setlhopha sa dipuo

ntlawa wa ririmi

sub-division of the language family

karolwana ya lelapa la puo

Afrika Borwa dipuo di arotswe ka dihlopha, jwalo ka sehlopha sa dipuo tsa Sesotho se na le Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa le Setswana

karolo ya moloko wa maleme ye e bopšago ke maleme a go batamelana kudu ka go swana

Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana le Sesotho (sa Borwa) ke maleme a sehlopha se tee se elego sa Sesotho, mola Sethosa, Sezulu, Setebele le Seswati e le maleme a sehlopha sa Nguni / malemeseboka

Tincenye telulwimimndeni

Lonkhe licembu lelulwimimndeni aluhlangane ehholeni.

Khethekanyo ya muta wa luambo

Vhavenda vha amba Tshivenda. Vhatsonga vha amba Tshitsonga. Vhapedi vha amba Tshipedi. / tshigwada tsha luambo

yingcenye yomnedni wamalimi

Amalimi wesiNtu amndeni owodwa.

isihlomelo esichaza isenzi ngokwendawo.

u-'esikolweni' sisihlomelo esichaza indawo kwisivakalisi esithi: 'Abantwana baya esikolweni'

ingxenye yomndeni wezilimi

iqembu lezilimi libandanya ingxenye yezilimi zesiNtu

karoganyetso ya magoro a dipuo

Setswana se wela mo setlhopheng sa dipuo sa dipuo tsa Sesotho

avanyiso wa ndyangu wa ririmi

ntlawa wa ririmi ra Xisuthu xa N'walungu i Xisuthu ku katsa Xitswana na Xisuthu xa Dzonga

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language zone

puo ya lebatowa

zoune ya maleme

Umncele welulwimi

izowuni yelimi

dikgaolo tsa dipuo

zoni ya ririmi

lebatowa le bontsha boemo boo puo e bo fuweng tlhophisong ya dipuo. Xhosa, ullu, Swati, Ndebele, Fengu Baca, Hlubi, Nhlangwini, Lala

karolo ye e itšego tlhophong ya maleme go ya ka tswalano ya ona ya setlogo, sebopego le boagišani

Mo tlhophong ya Guthrie ya maleme a Batho, maleme a Afrika-Borwa a wela zouneng ya S

Umncele lohlukanisa lulwimi ngekwetindzawo

Bahlatiyi bahlatiya tilwimi ngekwemingcele yato.

Ukuhlelwa kweamalimi weSintu ngokuyangokweendawo ezihlukileko.

Isiqhema samalimi sibandakanya ingcenye yamalimi weSintu, okutjho bonyana amalimi wesiNguni asiqhema samalimi.

mafelo a a farologaneng go ya ka dipuo tse di farologaneng

dikgaolo tsa dipuo di akaretsa Setswana se kwa Bokone Bophirisa mme SeZulu kwa Kwa-Zulu Natal

xiphemu xa byongo (eximatsini eka vanhu vanyingi) laha ku kumekaka leswi fambelanaka na ririmi

zoni ya ririmi yi pfuneta ku humelerisa makumelo ya ririmi

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larynx

kodu

umphimbo/lugilo

Ndila ya muya

ugilonko/ umphimbo

amahlelo achaza indawo

umphimbo; igilo

kgokgotso

kholokholo

the part of the windpipe, or trachea, containing the vocal folds (Crystal, 2008:269)

karolo ya phaephe ya moya, kapa terakhea enang le mameno a karolo ya lentswe

medumo e meng e qapodiswa kodung, jwale ka [kg] ho kgokgotho

setho se se šomišwago ge go hlabošwa medumopolelo go kwagatša lentšu

Ge modumo o kwagatšwa ka kodu, lentšu le a kwagala / pokisintšu

Ingcenye yesitfo semphimbo lesenta umgudvu wemoya loya emaphashini futsi ibambe netintsambo telivi.

Timphimisi letinjengemhimbo tibaluleke kakhulu

Tshipida tsha ndila ya muya tshine tsha vha na bogisi la ipfi

a, e, I, o, u. m, l, r. / gulokulo

Lo mlomo womphimbo ophakathi kweentambo zelizwi

AmaLimi weSintu ahlelwe njengamalimi akhulunywa eTlhagwini.

amahlelo ele-16, le-17 nele-18 (Louwrens, 1994: 98)

amahlelo achaza indawo afana nehlelo lesi-16 eliqulethe amagama afana no-apha, apho, phaya

ingxenye kabhongwana enezintambo zephimbo

uma umphimbo ubuhlungu nezwi liyasha.

karolo ya mokgakgama e e nang le memeno ya modumo

modumo 'g' mo go kgaola o dumisiwa go tswa kwa kgokgotsong

xiphemu lexi khomaka tinsinga ta rito

kholokholo ri tirhisiwa ku mita swakudya, ku hefemula na ku vulavula

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lateral

lehlakore

Ngwacaceleni

U bva ha muya nga lurumbu

uhlangothi

isimaphambili sesalathandawo

unhlangothi

ditumatlhaamarama

xitatlhelo

any sound where the air escapes around one or both sides of a closure made in the mouth, as in the various types of l sound (Crystal, 2008: 270)

modumo o mong le mong moo moya o tswang ho potoloha lehlakore le leng kapa a mabedi a ho kwalwa ho entsweng ka molomong, jwalo ka mefuta ya medumo ya l

medumo e tshwanang le [hl,tlh] ke ya bohlakore mantsweng a kareng hlafuna le tlhapi

Ngungwaca lophinyiswa ngekutsi umoya uphume emaceleni emlonyeni

Tikhona timphimisi letinganyakati nawuphimisa ngwacaceleni

Mubvumo munwe na munwe une musi u tshi buliwa muya wa bva nga matungo ha afho ho thivhelwaho muya mulomoni sa zwine zwa bvelela musi hu tshi bulwa mubvumo wa [ I ].

nela= mvula yo nela vhana vha tshi khou tamba. tala= sekwa li khou tala mulamboni. lala= vhana vha a tavhanya u lala. / muya u bvaho nga matungo

Litjhada elithi naliphinyiswako ummoya uphume emahlangothini welimu.

Lokha nakuphuma ummoya emrhobeni kagilonko kudaleka amatjhada ahlabako/aboputju abanjengalaba, k [k']; t [t']; p [p']

ibinzana lamagama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza izimaphambili zezibizo ezifumaneka kumahlelo ezalathandawo

U-e sesona simaphambili sesalathandawo esixhaphakileyo esiXhoseni

umsindo othi lapho uphinyiswa umoya ophume ezinhlangothini zolimi

umsindo ongunhlangothi uphimiseka kalula

modumo mongwe le mongwe o mo tumisong ya ona, mowa o sutlhang go dikologa ka mo gare ga legano mo letlhakoreng le lengwe kgotsa matlhakore ka bobedi a go tswalega go go diragalang mo leganong jaaka mo mefuteng e e farologaneng ya modumo

medumo tl le tlh ke ditumatlhaamarama ka fa di tumisiswa ka go ntshiwa ga mowa ka ditlhaa le marama

mpfumawulo wun'wana na wun'wana lowu vaka kona loko moya wu phohla hi le ka tlhelo rin'we kumbe matlhelo hamambirhi ya mpfaleko enon'wini, tanihi tinxaka to hambanahambana ta mpfumawulo wa [I]

xitatlhelo xi na switatisi swo tanihi [l], [hl] na swin'wana

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_173

lexical morphemes

dimofimi tse nang le moelelo

Sakhi lesicuketse umcondvo

Zwivhumbi zwa maipfi maswa {mbudzi> mutukana u khou lisa mbudzi. Vhubva> Maemu u na vhubva vhu shonisaho, munna> munna wa vhuhali o swika. / zwipida zwo vhumbaho ipfi}

dipopifoko

xiakirito

morphemes used for the construction of new words in a language, such as in compound words (e.g. blackbird), and affixes such as -ship, -ize (Crystal 2008: 313)

dimofimi di sebediswa bakeng sa kaho ya mantswe a matjha puong, jwalo ka mantsweng a tswakuweng (mohlala Nonyana-ntsho), le dihlomathiso tse kang a -bo, -el-

tselakgopo ha e robatse tseleng (lentswe tselakgopo, le ahuwe ka dimofimi tse pedi e leng tsela le kgopo)

Sakhi lesisetjentiselwe kwakha emagama lamasha njengemabitombaca

Bafundzi labasekucaleni batawunika takhi letinemcondvo besekutsi labanye banikete letite umcondvo

Zwipida zwa ipfi zwi shumiswaho u vhumba maipfi maswa kha luambo, sa zwine zwa wanala kha maipfi-mbumbano(tsumbo; tshiivhamuronzhe) na musi ro tuma muitshila kha madzina I ngaho; -kadzi, -ana, -lume

dipopi tse di dirisiwang go bopa mafoko a mašwa mo puong, jaaka mo mainatswakong (j.k. leebarope), le ditlhongwana jaaka rata/baratani

mo polelong e, 'mosetsana o tshositswe ke molalatlhageng', go dirisitse leinatswako, 'molalatlhageng' mme le bopilwe ka tlhogo ya leina 'mo'+ lediri 'lala'+ leina 'tlhaga'+mogatlana wa letlhaodi la felo 'ng'

xiakirito xi kota ku tiyimela hixoxe xi humesa nhlamuselo

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linguistic word

lentswe la thutapuo

lentšu la linkwistiki

Ligama lelikhona elwimini

Ipfi li no ima li lothe

igama ngokwesayenzi yelimi

igama ngokwesayensi yolimi

lefoko la borutapuo

rito ra xilingwistiki

in languages that use conjunctive writing, one orthographic word that corresponds to one linguistic word (Taljard and Bosch, 2006:433)

dipuong tse sebedisang bongodi ba kgokahano, tsela ya ho ngola e le e nngwe e lokela ho tsamaisana le lentswe la puo le le leng

moshanyana o ratha patsi, (polelong ena mantswe a ka hara polelo ena a tsamaelana ho bopa moelelo)

lentšu go ya ka pharologantšho ya magorontšu leo ka nako ge re ngwala le ka tsenwago ke dikgoba ka bogare

Lefoko le: 'Monna o a sepela' le na le mantšu a mabedi fela a linkwistiki e lego leina le lediri

Ligama lelibhaliwe lelikhona nalelisetjentiswako elwimini lolutsite.

Tsine sitawubhala onkhe emagama lakhona nalasetjentiswako eSiswatini.

Luambo lune lwa shumisa matanganyi ane a shuma o ima a othe

O da ngauri vho muvhidza

Ligama elitlolwe ngokuhlanganisa. Awukho umehluko phakathi kwegama elitlolwe ngokomtlolomagama nangokwesayensi yilimi, ligama elilodwa.

Amalimi aneendlela ezihlukileko zokwandisa amagama asetjenziswa ngilabo abakhuluma ilimi lelo.

igama elibhalwa ngokuhlanganisa. Awukho umehluko phakathi kwegama elibhalwe ngokobhalomagama nangokwesayensi yolimi, yigama elilodwa

uthisha uhlaziya igama ngokwesayensi yolimi

mo dipuong tse di kwalwang ka go kgomaganya mafoko, lefoko le le bopilweng ka go aroganngwa le tsamaelana le lefoko le lengwe la borutapuo

udlangemini in isiZulu is a linguistic word which corresponds to three words o ja motshegare in Setswana

nandzelelano wa timofimi leti kotaka ku twarisiwa hi yin'weyin'we

rito ra xilingwistiki rin'we ri fambisana na matsalelo ya rito man'we eka ririmi leri tirhisaka matsalelo yo khomanisa

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_175

loan words

maadingwa

Emagama labolekiwe

Maipfi mapambwa

malombiwa

linguistic forms taken over by one language or dialect from another (Crystal, 2008: 58)

mefuta ya puo e nkuweng ke puo e le nngwe ho ya puong e nngwe (Crystal, 2008: 58)

ntate o dutse setulong (setulo ke leadingwa, le hlaha SeAforekanseng)

Emagama lakhiwa asuselwa kuletinye tilwimi ngekufaka takhi letiwenta emukeleke kulolulwimi lolubolekako.

Leligama"litafula" libolekwe eSibhunwini

Maipfi o pambiwaho a tshi bva kha dzinwe dzi nyambo

Vho renga tafula khulu

marito, swiaki, kumbe swivulwa leswi tekiweke eka ririmi kumbe ririn'wana ro karhi

malombiwa ya hundzuka xiphemu xa nkoka xa ririmi ra vaamukeri

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locational copulative

lebatlhalosi

lebafelo

Sibanjalo sendzawo

Mbofho ya libulafhethu

isibanjalo esingundaweni

kopulatifi ya lefelo

riyimelariendli ra vundhawu

is identical in structucture to the descriptive copulative, but it characterised by the fact that it is based on locatives and has a locative meaning (Louwrens, 1994: 96)

le a tshwana ka sebopeho ho lebatlhalosi, empa e tsebahala ka ntlha ya hore e itshetlehile sebakeng le hore e na le tlhaloso ya sebaka

leqheku le thabeng (polelong ena re hlalosetswa seo leqheku le se etsang, e leng hoba thabeng)

leba le le laetšago gore tlaleletšo ke lefelo le sediri se lego go lona

Lebatlhaloši le lebafelo a swana ka sebopego, eupša a fapana ka tlhalošo

Siyefana nesibanjalo lesichazako kepha sona sifaka indzawo.

Khulani usebentise sibanjalo sesilandiso kute acacise indzawo layichazako.

Mbofho I shumisaho libulafhethu

Mukegulu vha nduni

Isibanjalo esingundaweni sisuselwa kibondaweni ngokuhlonywa kwesakhi u-s hlangana nesivumelwano sehloko nokamisa kandaweni u-e.

Ukuphinyiswa kwamatjhada kuyingcenye yesayenzi yelimi

isibanjalo esakhiwe ngondaweni

isibanjalo esingundaweni siyinto engajwayelekile

e tshwana ka popego le kopulatifi ya tlhaloso fela e bonagala ka gore e ikaegile ka lefelo e bile e na le bokao ba lefelo

polelo 'mosimane o fa gare ga bagolo' e bontsha kopolatifi ya lefelo 'fa gare'

xivumbeko xo yelana ni xa riyimelariendli ro hlamusela, kambe rona ri tihlawulekisa hi ndlela yova ri kongomana na vundhawu na ku hlamusela vundhawu ntsena

riyimelariendli ra vundhawu ro yelana ntsena na riyimelariendli kambe a hi nchumu wun'we

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_177

locative adverb

lehlalosi la sebaka

lehlathafelo

Sandziso sendzawo

Lidadzisi la fhethu

isandiso sendawo

intsingiselo ngeenxenye nangokupheleleyo

isandiso sendawo

letlhalosi la felo

riengeteri ra vundhawu

an adverb which qualifies the verb in terms of place.

lehlalosi le lokafatsang leetsi maemong a sebaka

basadi ba bitsitswe moreneng kajeno mabapi le boitshwaro ba bona

lehlathi la go šupa lefelo

Moselana wa lefelo wa -ng o hlomelwa leinakakaretšong go le fetola lehlathafelo

Sandziso lesichaza sento ngekwendzawo.

Sandziso sendzawo sitawusetjentiswa ku layela sihambi kute singalahleki.

ipfi li shumaho sa lidadzisi la fhethu fhungoni

Mukegulu vho ya mulamboni/ Mukegulu vho ya Thengwe

Leli ligama elitjho indawo nofana umqondo wendawo ngokuhlomelele isakhi sikandaweni. Undaweni uyasuselwa kwezinye ingcezu zekulumo.

Akhe siqale naku umutjho: Mina vane ngisemsebenzini ngalesosikhathi. Kilomutjho igama elithi, ngisemsebenzini lisibanjalo sikandaweni.

ubudlelwane bentsingiselo obuphakathi 'kweenxenye' 'nokupheleleyo', njengevili nemoto okanye umlenze nedolo (Crystal, 2008: 302)

intsingiselo ngeenxenye nangokupheleleyo iquka intsingiselo yezakhi zamagama neyezivakalisi

igama elichaza kabanzi ngesenzo mayelana nendawo okwenzeka kuyo isenzeko

ingane isisebenzise kahle isandiso sendawo emshweni

letlhalosi le le tlhalosang lediri go ya ka lefelo

mo polelong 'lesea le wetse fa fatshe' 'fa fatshe' ke letlhalosi la felo

riengeteri leri bumabumelaka riendli

riengeteri ra vundhawu ri tirha ku engetela swo karhi eka riviti

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_178

locative classes

dihlopha tsa dibaka

Sigaba sandzaweni

Kilasi dza mabulafhethu

ditlhopha tsa maina tsa lefelo

mitlawa ya vundhawu

classes 16, 17 and 18 (Louwrens, 1994: 98)

dihlopha 16, 17 le 18

fatshe mona ho monate

Sigaba lesiveta indzawo njengesigaba 16,17,18

Bondzaweni banato tigaba njengawo emabito eSiswati.

Thangi dza mabulafhethu a kilasi 16(Fha-) ,17(Ku-) na 18(Mu-)

O dzula fhasi / murahu / kule

ditlhopha tsa maina tsa 16, 17 le 18

sekao sa setlhopha sa maina sa 16 ke namoune e wetse 'fa' fatshe, sa 17 ke mouwane o bonala fa 'godimo' ga thaba mme sa 18 tafole e 'mo' morago ga lebati

mitlawa ya 16, 17 na 18

mitlawa ya vundhawu ya 16, 17 na 18 yi vonaka hi swirhangi ha-, ku- na mu-

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_179

locative prefix

dihlongwapele tsa tulo

hlogo ya lefelo

Sicalo sandzaweni/sesandzisosendzawo

Thangi ya libulafhethu

isithomo sikandaweni {Isibonelo: isibaya

isafobe sesifaniso

isiqalo sikandaweni

tlhogo ya lefelo

xirhangi xa vundhawu

a term used to refer to the prefixes of nouns which occur in the locative classes

theme e sebediswang ho lebisa ho dihlongwapele tsa mabitso a nkang karolo ho dihlopha tsa sebaka

thaha e hahela hodimo sefateng (ho ho hodimo ke sehlongwapele sa tulo)

hlogo ye e hlomelwago leineng go laetša lefelo

Mo Sesothong sa Leboa matlema a mabedi go- le ga- a bitšwa dihlogo tša lefelo

Sicalo selibito lesiveta sandzisosendzawo.

Bafundzi batawukhipha ticalo tesandziso sendzawo.

Themo ine ya sumbedza thangi dza madzina zwi wanalaho kha mabulafhethu

U bva Ha-Khakhu / Ha-Mutele

Isakhi esisetjenziselwa ukwakha undaweni kezinye iinkhekhe zekulumo. / > esibayeni Kileligama esibayeni elingundaweni, u-e usithomo sikandaweni.}

isafobe esisusa igama lento ethile ngegama lenye into enxulumene kakhulu nayo (Baldick, 2001: 154)

igama elithi: oonyawontle sisafobe sesifaniso esinxulunyaniswa nabefundisi njengabantu abahambisa ivangeli

isakhi esisetshenziswa ukwakha undaweni emagameni angamabizo

isiqalo sikandaweni uma sisetshenziswa nesijobelelo sikandaweni zakha ondaweni kumabizo

lereo le le dirisetswang go kaya ditlhogo tsa maina tse di tlhagelelang mo ditlhopheng tsa maina tse di kayang lefelo

sekao sa setlhopha sa maina sa 16 ke namoune e wetse 'fa' fatshe, sa 17 ke mouwane o bonala fa 'godimo' ga thaba mme sa 18 tafole e 'mo' morago ga lebati

rito leri thyiweke swirhangi swa vundhawu bya maviti

ku lungelela xirhangi xa vundhawu xa e- kumbe xa eka- kumbe xa ka- i ndlela leyi tirhisiwaka eka ririmi ra Xitsonga yo vumba vundhawu bya maviti

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_180

locative suffix

sehlongwanthao sa tulo

moselana wa lefelo

Sijobelelo sandzaweni

Mutshila wa libulafhethu

isilungelelo sikandaweni

isijobelelo sikandaweni

mogatlana wa lefelo

xilandzi xa vundhawu

a term used to refer to the suffix -ng in Northern Sotho and -ini in Zulu

lereo le sebedisetswang sehlongwanthao -ng Sesothong sa Leboya le -ini Sezulung

morena o ile kopanong ya setjhaba [ng]

moselana wo o hlomelwago leineng go laetša lefelo

Moselana wa lefelo wa -ng o hlomelwa leinakakaretšong go le fetola lehlathafelo

Loku kusho sijobelelo sesandziso sendzawo.

lamagama lalandzelako anaso sijobelelo sesandziso sendzawo.

Ipfi li sumbedzaho mutshila wa libulafhethu

Vho ya mulamboni

Izakhi ezilandelako zisetjenziswa ekwakheni undaweni ngamabizo nangezabizwana: u-e-, u-ku-, u-ki-, -kwa-

isakhi esijotshelelwa emagameni asetshenziselwa ukwakha undaweni emabizweni

isijobelelo sikandaweni uma sisetshenziswa nesiqalo sikandaweni zakha ondaweni kumabizo

lereo le le dirisetswang go kaya mogatlana -ng mo Setswaneng le -ini mo puong ya SeZulu

mogatlana wa felo, ' ng', o dirisitswe mo polelong, basimane ba palame mo setlhareng

rito leri ri thyiweke yin'wana ya tindlela to vumba vundhawu bya maviti

hi Xitsonga ku tirhisiwa xilandzi xa vundhawu xa -eni ku vumba vundhawu, tanihi le ka nambu (nambyeni)

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_181

long form of the imperfect tense

sebopeho se selelele sa lekgathe le sa phethahalang

lebjaletelele

Sakhiwo lesidze sesikhatsi lesichubekako Lapha kusetjentiswa takhi letibonisa kwekutsi sento sisachubeka.

pakatlwaelo e e telele

muxaka wo leha wa nkarhi lowu nga hundza wo hetiseka

ntate o ne a ile a sebetsa masimong botjheng ba hae

mohuta wa lebjale wo o felelago ka lediri gomme o tsebaga ka lebopi la -a- pele ga kutudiri

Lediri le: 'ke a tseba' le tšwelela ka lebjaletelele

Loku kusakhiwo lesidze sesikhatsi lesengcile.

Inkhulumo yemhleli isibonisa kwekutsi senteko sisachubeka.

pakafetileng-tsweledi e kaya tiragalo ya mo nakong e e fetileng mme e boelela kgotsa e tswelela pele

polelo e, 'fa ngwana a tsamaya o ne a setse a jele', e bontsha popego e telele ya pakafetileng-tsweledi

nkarhi wa riendli lowu vulavulaka hi leswi nga hundza, wu hlamusela leswi nga humelela kumbe leswi a swi tala ku humelela

muxaka wo leha wa nkarhi lowu nga hundza wu tirhisa na ku kombisa nkarhi lowu nga hundza

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_182

mass noun

mabitso a sa baleheng

leinakgoboko

Emabitosibutselo

Madzina a tshivhalo

ibizo elingabalekiko

igama elinelungu elinye

ibizo elingenakubalwa

rivitintalo

nouns which the speaker treats as continuous entities, having no natural bounds (contrasting with the separable ‘countable’ quality of count nouns)(Crystal 2008: 296)

mabitso ao sebui se a tshwarang jwaloka dientithi tse tswelang pele tse se nang meedi ya tlhaho (fapaneng le se arohanang 'balehang' boleng ba mabitso palo)

mabitso a ka reng tswekere, phoofo le metsi ke mantswe a sa baleheng

leina le le šupago selo goba dilo tše di sa balegego

Leinakgoboko le akaretša mehuta ya mainasebopego le a mainakgopolo a a sa balegego bjalo ka madi le moya

Emabito etintfo letingenekubalwa .

Bufati phela butimele ungeke ububale .

Madzina ane a sumbedza tshivhalo tsha zwithu

Murivha wa zwinoni / Lunzi lwa luvhele

Ligama lento esisiqa.

Ummoya uphuma emaphatjhini udlule iintambo zelizwi, bese uyakhamba uyokuphuma ngomlomo nofana ngeempumulo bese kuba namatjhada athileko adalekako lokha nakuphinyiswako.

igama eliqulethe ilungu elinye (Crystal, 2008: 467)

isiqu sesenzi esingu-lwa sikwaligama elinelungu elinye

igama lento eyisigaxa

uthisha uchaza kabanzi ngebizo elingenakubalwa

maviti lama vavulavuri va ma tekaka ma ri lama ma nga tiyimela hi woxe ku ya ku yile, naswona ma nga ri ki na swipimelo

rivitantalo i riviti ro vita swilo leswi nga hlayelekiki hi xin'wexin'we swo tanihi munyu, rivengo, nsw

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_183

meronym

meronime

meronime*

Libito simeleli

Meronimi/Tshithu tshothe na tshipida

imeronimu

isakhi segama

imeronimu

meronimi

xiphemuheri

the relationship which obtains between ‘parts’ and ‘wholes’, such as wheel and car or leg and knee (Crystal, 2008: 302)

kamano e fumanwang dipakeng tsa 'dikarolo' le 'tse tletseng', jwaloka lebidi le koloi kapa leoto le lengwele

motse ke karolwana ya setjhaba

ye nngwe ya dikarolo tša selo goba kgopolo

Lebati le tlhaka ke dimeronime tša ntlo

Ligama leliyincenye yentfo kepha lisetjentiswe kumela leyontfo.

Buso lobunyenti buyabonakala namuhla.

Tshibudzana; Tshi-, mbudzi, -ana

itjebiswano phakathi kwengcenye nokupheleleko

Amagama aletha iinhlathululo nemiqondo ezihlukileko.

inxenye yegrama eyahlukanisa iintsingiselo nesesizikithini sezifundo ngolwakhiwo lwamagama

isakhi segama siyinxenye yegama njengo-ya kwigama elithi 'bayahamba'

igama eliveza ubudlelwano phakathi kwengxenye nokuphelele

umbhali usebenzisa imeronimu emshweni

kamano e e tlhagelelng magareng ga dikarolo le sengwe se se feletseng, jaaka maotwana le sejanaga

rre o ne a dirisa meronimi fa a ne a re o batla go ipatlela maotwana a go ya tirong, 'maotwana' a emetse 'sejanaga'

vuxaka lebyi nga kona exikarhi ka swiphemu na swiheri, tanihi vhilwa na movha kumbe nenge na tsolo

ndzololo i xiphemuheri xa tihlo

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_184

meronymy

meronimi

meronimi*

Bumeleli

Meronimi/Tshithu tshothe na tshipida

bomeronimi

vuphemuheri

the relationship which obtains between ‘parts’ and ‘wholes’, such as wheel and car or leg and knee (Crystal, 2008: 302)

kamano e fumanwang dipakeng tsa 'dikarolo' le 'tse tletseng', jwaloka lebidi le koloi kapa leoto le lengwele meronimi ke karolo e tletseng ho lehlaku kapa lekala ke karolo ya sefate

kamano mahareng a dikarolo le tse tletseng, jwale ka tsebe le mmele

kamanotlhalošo ye e laetšago selo goba kgopolo le dikarolo tša yona

Kamano gare ga sefatanaga le dikarolo tša sona bjalo ka maotwana, mabati, lekhura le poriki e bitšwa meronimi*

Budlelwano lobukhona emkhatsini kwencenye nalokugcwele.

Thishela usebentise buso kusho bantfu lababonako.

kamano e e tlhagelelng magareng ga dikarolo le sengwe se se feletseng, jaaka maotwana le sejanaga

fa motho a re, 'nka se ye moletlong, go tletse matlho', o a bo a dirisa boemedi magareng ga matlho le batho gonne matlho a amana le batho ba ba tletseng kwa moletlong'

vuxaka lebyi nga kona exikarhi ka swiphemu na vuheri, tanihi vhilwa na movha kumbe nenge na tsolo

xiphemu xa vuheri

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_185

metonymy

metonimi

Simeleli

Methonimi

kaediso

vuyimeri

a figure of speech that replaces the name of one thing with the name of something else closely associated with it (Baldick, 2001: 154)

dikarolo tsa puo tse emelang lebitso la ntho e le nngwe ka lebitso la ntho e nngwe e sele eo ka bohaufi e amahanang le yona

Pule ke kgalala ya papadi ya bolo ya maoto (papadi)

Sinongo senkhulumo lapho sikhulumi sisebentisa ligama lelitsite kutsi limele lelinye lelisondzelene nalo.

Ligama lekucala lisimeleli kulomusho.

Figara ya muambo ine ya vha na talutshedzo dzo fhambanaho fhedzi huna vhushaka vhukati ha taluchedzo dza hone

mulomo wa mulambo / mulomo wa muthu

karolo ya puo e e emelang leina la sengwe ka leina la se sengwe fela se se tsamaisanang le sona thata. Lefoko le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa selo se sengwe le golagane thata le selo seo fela ga se karolo ya sona.

mmui o ne a dirisa kaediso fa a ne a re, 'bagaetsho, mpheng ditsebe ke a le kopa' a raya gore ntheetseng

mbulavulo wo gega lowu tirhisaka rito ro karhi leri nga ni vuxaka na wona ematshan'wini ya rin'wana

vuyimeri byi humelela loko ku tirhisiwa rito/xivulwa ro/xo karhi ematshan'wini ya rin'wana, xk: Malamulele hinkwayo a yi humile ku ya enkosini wa Duma (ematshan'wini ya vanhu va kaMalaulele a va yile hi xitalo enkosini wa Duma)

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_186

mobility

motsamao

tšhuto

Emagama lagucukako

Mupfuluwo wa ipfi

tshutisego

mpfuleko

one of the characteristic features of autonomous words, namely that they can change positions with respect to other words in sentences (Louwrens, 1994:105)

le le leng la dibopeho tsa lekgetha tsa mantswe a ikemetseng, ke hore di ka fetola maemo ka ho latela mantswe a mang dipolelong

ntate, bashanyana ba kgethela manamane

pharologantšho ye re lemogago mantšu a go ikema ka yona ka ge a kgona go fetola madulo mo lefokong

Tšhuto ya lentšu le borotho go tloga mathomong go ya mafelelong a lefoko bjalo ka mo go: 'Ke ja borotho' le 'Borotho ke a bo ja' e re laetša gore borotho ke lentšu le le ikemego

Lawa ngemagama lasuswa lula endzaweni yawo aye kulenye ngaphandle kwekulahlekelwa inshokutsi.

Lesento sisuswe ekucaleni saya ekugcineni ngaphandle kwekulahla inshokutsi.

Maipfi a shumaho sa thinwaipfi dzo fhambanaho fhungoni

Bugu dzanga dzo xela / vho xedza bugu

nngwe ya diponagalo tsa popego ya mafoko a ikemetseng mme a ka fetola maemo go ya ka mafoko a mangwe mo dipolelong.

tshutisego, e bonala mo polelong, ditshwene di emetse go re senyetsa' fa re tsenya lefoko, 'tsona', fa gare ga 'ditshwene' le 'di emetse', maemo a leina, 'ditshwene', a fetoga, 'Ditshwene tsona di emetse go re senyetsa'

xin'we xa swihlawulekisi swa marito yo tiyimela hi woxe, hileswaku ya kota ku cinca ndhawu ya wona exivulweni

mpfuleko wu nyika marito ntshunxeko exivulweni

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_187

monomorphemic words

mantswe a nang le mofimi o le mong

Bolunganye

Ipfi la tshivhubi tshithihi

mafoko a popi-nngwe

maritoxiakin'we

words which consist of a single morpheme

mantswe a nang le mofimi o le mong

fa o fa fi

Emagama lanelilunga linye.

Emabito lanesakhi lesisodvwa akaketayeleki elwimini lwetfu.

Ipfi li ne la vha na mofimi muthihi / tshipida tshithihi

Muthu ; Mu- + -thu

mafoko a a nang le popi e le nngwe

mo polelong e, 'pina ya mosadimogolo e monatebotlhoko', lefoko 'pina', ke lefoko la popi-nngwe

marito lama nga na mofimi yin'we

maritoxiakin'we ya Xitsonga

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_188

monosyllabic word

lentswe le nokonngwe

lentšu la nokotee

Emagama lalunganye

Ipfi la dungo lithihi

igama elilungalinye

ulwakhiwo lwamagama nezivakalisi

igama elilungalinye

rito peletwanan'we

a word containing a single syllable (Crystal, 2008: 467)

lentswe le kentseng noko e le nngwe

jo! ke lentswe le nokonngwe

lentšu la go ba le noko e tee fela

Lešalašupi 'yo' ke mohlala wa lentšu la nokotee

Emagamalakheke ngelilunga lunye.

Emabito lalunganye anato tigaba temabito.

Ipfi li ne la vha na dungo lithihi

-da, -ka, -rwa, -fa

Ligama elinelunga elilodwa/linye

Igama elithi mma ligama elisakhisinye.

iintlobo zolwakhiwo lwamagama eziphuhle ukususela kwiintlobo zolwakhiwo lwezivakalisi (Louwrens, 1994: 110)

ulwakhiwo lwamagama nezivakalisa lunendima ebanzi kufundonzulu lwegrama yolwimi

igama elinelunga elilodwa njengesihlanganiso nesenzukuthi

igama elilungalinye libonakala kalula

rito leri ri nga na peletwana rin'we

ritopeletwanan'we ro tanihi fa kumbe dya

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_189

mood

sekao

modirišo

Indlela yesento

limudi

indlela yesenzo

amahlelo ezandi eziphinyiselwa ngempumlo

indlela yesenzo

mahlayelo ya maendli

a set of syntactic and semantic contrasts signalled by alternative paradigms of the verb, e.g. indicative (the unmarked form), subjunctive, imperative (Crystal, 2008: 312)

sete ya sentaktiki le semantiki di bontsha phapano e tshwauweng ke mehlala ya boikgethelo ya leetsi, mohl. sekaopeho (sebopeho se sa tshwauwang), sekaohore le sekaotaelo

ho bana ba ja bohobe, sekao se sebedisitsweng ke sekaopeho

mokgwa wo lediri le tšwelelago ka wona mo lefokong go eya ka sebopego le tlhalošo

Modirišogore o fetoša moselanadiri wa phetho ya ba -ê

Indlela yelulwimi le bonisa tindlela sento lesingachaza ngayo tenteko emshweni.

Thishela usifundzise tindlela tesento itolo.

La tsumbo: mavhone o tsima, La thendelo: Ilani uri ni fure. Nz.

Yindlela isenzo esisetjenziswe ngayo emutjhweni. .

Igama elithi, bhe, ligama elilungalinye.

izakhi eziphinyiselwa xa umva wenkalakahla uthotyiwe ukuvumela ukudlula okuvakalayo komoya ngempumlo (Crystal, 2008: 320)

xa kuphinyiselwa izinkantazi njengo-m, umsinga womoya uphuma ngeempumlo

indlela isenzo esisetshenziswe ngayo emshweni

indlela yesenzo ihlukene kaningi

ntlawa wa ku hambana ka vulongoloxamarito na ntivonhlamuselomarito loku kombisiwaka hi swivumbeko swo hambanahambana swa riendli, xk, hlayelo ra kombiso, ndzeriso

ku na tinxaka to hlayanyana ta mahlayelo ya maendli to tanihi hi ra kombiso, ndzeriso, kotelo, nmw

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_190

morpheme

mofimi

lebopi

Sakhi

Tshivhumbi

isakhi

amahlelo ezandi zempumlo

isakhi

Popi

xinembeletwana

a distinctive unit of grammar and the cetral concern of morphology

yuniti e ikgethang ya kerama le ho toba ka kotloloho ho bohareng ba mofoloji

ho mosuwehlooho mosuwe + hlooho ke dimofimi tse pedi

ke karolo ye nnyannyane ya lentšu, ye e tšweletšago tlhalošo, ye e ka se sa ripaganywago go ya pele ntle le go loba tlhalošo ya yona.

an- ke lebopi le le tšweletšago tirano mo kutudiring ya -ratana

Sakhi lesincane seluhlelo lwelulwimi lekwakhiwa ngalo emagama.

Emabito akhiwa kancono ngetakhi .

Tshipida tshi talusaho giramani kha u vhumba mofolodzhi.

Mutukana: mu-tuk-ana

ingcenye eyakha igama engakhedlhekiko

Ngendlela isenzo esisetjenziswa ngayo emutjhweni kwenza bonyana umutjho lowo ube sendleleni yesenzo ekhonjwa sisenzo leso.

amahlelo ezibizo anezimaphambili ezineqabane eliphinyiselwa ngempumlo (Louwrens, 1`994: 118)

Ihlelo lethoba nelesine ngamamye amahlelo ezandi eziphinyiselwa ngempumlo kuba iziseko zezimaphambili zawo azizinkantazi

ingxenye eyakha igama engenakucozululwa ngaphezu kwalokhu

Izakhi zegama ziletha imiqondo ehlukene egameni / isakhi sikhipheka kalula egameni

dipopi ke diyuniti tse dinnye tse di nang le bokao tse di bopang lefoko, tseo di ka se aroganngweng ka dikarolo tse dingwe di sa senye bokao jwa tsona

lefoko batsile le bopilwe ka dipopi ebong tlhogo, 'ba', modi, -tsil-le setlhongwa -i

xiphemu xo karhi xa vuvulavuri lexi hi tlhelo xi nga na nkoka wukulu eka dyondzo ya mofoloji

xinembeletwana ku nga ha va xirhangi kumbe xilandzi

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_191

morphological adaptation

kamohelo ya sebopeho

kamantšhopopantšu

Kwemukeleka kwemagam

U dzhia tshivhumbeo tshiswa ha mapambwa

ukulandela isakhiwo samagama elimini elibolekako

izandi eziphinyiselwa ngempumlo

ukulandela isakhiwo samagama olimi olubolekayo

go tsamaisanya ga mofoloji

ncincaxivumbeko

the process whereby the structure of borrowed words/adoptives is adapted to fit the morphological system of the borroowing language (Louwrens, 1994:115)

tshebetso moo sebopeho sa mantswe a adinngweng/a amohetsweng se amohetswe ho lekana sistimi ya mofoloji bakeng sa puo e adinngweng

lentswe "sekolo" le tswa ho lentswe "skool", ha lentswe 'skool' le amohelwa Sesothong le nka sehlongwapele sa 'se' ha le amohelwa

tiragalo ye sebopego sa leadingwa se dirwago gore se sepelelane le popantšu ya polelo ye e le amogelago

Borotho' le 'seteišene' ke mainantšu a go tšwa go (brood) le (station) gomme ka kamantšhopopego a tšere sebopego sa mantšu a Sesotho sa Leboa / kamogelego go ya ka popantšu

Indlela yelulwimi lapho sakhiwo semagama labolekiwe sentiwa semukeleke emagameni elulwimi.

Emabito labolekiwe atawuniketwa ticalo kute emukeleke kahle.

Maitele a musi tshivhumbeo tsha maipfi o pambiwaho a tshi shanduka a dzhia maitele a tshivhumbeo tsha luambo lwo pambiwaho khalwo.

Amagama abolekwe kelinye ilimi kufanele akhambisane nesakhiwo samagama welimi elibolekako.

Isakhi esinjengo umu- sisakhi esitjengisa ubunye besigaba soku-1 bese u-aba- usisakhi esitjebgisa ubunengi besigaba sesi-2.

izandi eziphinyiselwa xa umva wenkalakahla usezantsi ukuze uvumele ukuphuma komoya ngempumlo ngendlela evakalayo (Crystal, 2008: 320)

isandi esingu-m singumzekelo wezandi eziphinyiselwa ngempumlo

amagama abolekwe kolunye ulimi kumele ahambisane nesakhiwo samagama olimi olubolekayo

ukulandela isakhiwo samagama olimi olubolekayo akuyona into elula

tirago e mo go yona popego ya maadingwa e fetolwang gore e tshwane le tsamaiso ya popegopuo ya puo e e adimang

fa re adima lefoko, jaaka 'box' go tswa mo Sekgoeng, go tsamaisanngwa mofoloji/popego ya lona go nna 'pokoso'

endlelo ro va xivumbeko xa malombiwa xi hundzuka xi teka mavumbelo ya ririmi ra vaamukeri

ncincaxivumbeko yi tirhisiwa ngopfu loko ku vumbiwa mathema

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_192

morphology

mofoloji

popantšu

Kubunjwa kwemagama

divhaluambo

ukwakhiwa kwamagama

ukomelezwa zizandi eziphinyiselwa ngempumlo

ukwakhiwa kwamagama

mofoloji/ popafoko

ntivombumbeko

the scientific/linguistic study of morphemes and their variants/ allomorphs and the way they function in the formation of words;the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construct (Crystal, 2008: 314)

thuto ya saense/puo ka dimofimi le diphapano/dibopeho tsa teng le tsela eo di sebetsang ka yona popehong ya mantswe; lekala la kerama le ithutang ka sebopeho kapa popeho ya mantswe,haholoholo ka tshebediso ka kaho ya mofimi

baithuti ba Unisa ba thabela ho latela lekala la popo ya mantswe mo-tho = motho

peakanyo ya mabopi tlhamong ya mantšu

Lereo le bohlokwa la popantšu ke lebopi / mofolotši

Indlela yelulwimi yekusebentisa takhi letitsite kwakha emagama lanemcondvo lophelele.

Sifundvo sekubunjwa kwemagama sibalulekile emabangeni ekucala.

U guda nga ha tshivhumbeo tsha maipfi na uri maipfi a vhumbwa hani giramani.

Bono: N-+ vhona (Thangi N- na tsinde la liiti -vhona) / divhaluambo

Ukufunda mayelana nokwakhiwa kwamagama

Egameni elithi inja kuphongozwe ukamisa osithomo u-i ibizo labese ligcina ngokamisa ukulandela indlela yokwakhiwa kwamagama.

inkqubo eyakha kakhulu apho isinkantazi sikwaziyo khona ukubangela iinguquko kumaqabane athile (Lourens, 1994: 142)

isandi u-'s' somelezwa ngokwandulelwa ngu-'t' kumzekelo othi: 'sela' ojika abe ngu- 'intselo' ngenxa yenguquko yokomelezwa zizandi eziphinyiselwa ngempumlo

isifundo esiphathelene nokwakhiwa kwamagama

uma sihlaziya ukwakhiwa kwamagama kuyavela ukuthi wonke amagama anezakhi ezehlukene / elinye igama elisetshenziswa esikhundleni sebinzana elithi 'kwakhiwa kwamagama' ngelithi 'imofoloji'

thuto ya bonetetshi ba borutapuo jwa dipopi le marefosi a tsona le tsela e di dirang mo popegong ya mafoko

popafoko ya lefoko 'morati' e tlhagisa gore le bopilwe ka dipopi tse di latelang tlhogo ya leina- mo- le modi wa lediri rat-

dyondzo ya ririmi yo kongomisa eka timofimi na tialomofo na leswi swi tirhisaka swona ku vumba marito; xiphemu xa vuvulavuri lexi langutanaka ni xivumbeko xa marito hi ku tirhisa timofimi

ntivombumbeko hi yin'wana ya tidyondzo ta ririmi

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_193

morphosyntactic structure

sebopeho sa mofoloji le sentakisi

sebopego sa popantšu go tšwa popofokong

Kwakhiwa kwemagama emusho

isakhiwo esivange imofoloji nesintheksi

ulandulo

isakhiwo esixube imofoloji nesintheksi

popego ya mofoloji le popegopuo

xivumbiwa hi mofoloji na vulongoloxamarito

morphological structures which developed from syntactic structures (Louwrens, 1994: 110)

dibopeho tsa mofoloji tse tswetsengpele ho tswa ho dibopeho tsa thutapolelo

molemi o lema masimo (lentswe 'molemi ' le sebopeho se tjena: mo + lem + i, ha sebopeho sa polelo se le tjena: molemi - moetsi, o lema - ketso le masimo - moetsuwa)

sebopego sa popantšu se se hlolwago ke popofoko

Letlago (-tlo-) go dumelwa le bopilwe ka sebopego sa popopopofoko ya lethuši le modirišogo: (-tla) le hlogo ya (go-)

Wwakhiwa kwemagama lakha umusho .

Umusho wakhiwa ngemagama lahleleke ngekwesakhiwo semusho.

Zwivhumbeo zwa maipfi zwo bvaho kha kuvhumbelwe kwa sinthekisi.

Isikhekhe esivange amatshwayo wemofoloji nesintheksi.

Ukulandelana kwamatjhada athileko elimini kubangela amatjhuguluko anjengokurhwalabhisa, ukungwaqazisa, ukukghadlazisa, nokhunye.

inkqubo okanye ukwakha kuhlalutyo ngokwegrama nangokwezifundo zentsingiselo ebalula uchasaniso lwenxenye yentsingiselo yesivakalisi okanye iphelele (Crystal, 2008: 323)

xa uguqula igama elthi: 'ziyasengwa' ukuze lithi: 'azisengwa' wakha imo yolandulo

ucezu oluxube izimpawu zemofoloji nezesintheksi

isakhiwo esixube imofoloji nesintheksi silula ukusibona

dipopego tsa mofoloji tse di agiwang go tswa mo dipopego tsa dipolelo

fa re bopa dipolelo, go diragala diphetogo mo kagegong ya popafoko le popapolelo

xivumbeko xa ntivombumbeko lexi tumbulukeke kusuka eka xivumbeko xa vulongoloxamarito

xivumbiwa hi mofoloji na vulongoloxamarito xi tumbuluxekile hi ku olova hikokwalaho ka vuxaka bya le kusuhi exikarhi ka ntivombumbeko na vulongoloxamarito

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_194

nasal

tumanko

Mafonkholo

thembanyunga

xinhompfu

sounds produced while the soft palate is lowered to allow an audible escape of air through the nose (Crystal, 2008: 320)

medumo e hlahiswang ha mahalapa a bonojwana a iswa tlase ho dumella ho phonyoha ho utlwahalang ha moya ka dinko

ngaka e hlahloba mokudi (ng ho ngaka ke modumonko)

Umsindvo lophinyiswa ngekukhipha umoya ngetimphumulo.

Babili kuphela bomafonkholo kuleligama.

Mibvumo I bulwaho musi palatala thethe i tshi tsela fhasi u itela uri muya u be nga ningoni.

[ny, n, m] / Nyungi

mipfumawulo leyi vumbiwaka loko lakalaka ri yisiwile ehansi kutani moya wu phohla hi tinhompfu

xinhompfu xi na switatisi leswi landzelaka: m, n, n'

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_195

nasal classes

dihlopha tsa medumonko

magoroina a ditumanko

Tigaba tabomafonkholo

kilasi dza thembanyunga

ditlhopha tsa maina tsa ditumanko

mitlawa ya xinhompfu

noun clases of which the prefixes conbtain a nasal consonant (Louwrens, 1`994: 118)

dihlopha tsa mabitso tseo dihlongwapele di nang le tumanko

motse o moholo o hlasetswe (mo ho motse ke sehlongwapele se nang le modumonko, le sehlopheng sa 3, 4, 6, 9 le 18)

magoro a maina a a nago le tumammogonko

Magoroina a 9 le 10 ke magoroina a ditumanko

Tigaba lapho ticalo tinabomafonkholo.

Esiswatini akasimanyenti emagama laneticalo letibomafonkholo.

Kilasi dza madzina dzine thangi dza hone dza vha thembanyungi.

[9.N-, 10.dziN-

ditlhopha tsa maina tse mo go tsona ditlhogo tsa maina di nang le tumanko (Louwrens, 1`994: 118)

ditlhopha 9 N: nku,nko,kgomo, pene ntlo - le 10 Din- dinku, dinko, dikgomo,dipene ke diako tsa ditlhopha tsa maina tsa ditumanko

mitlawa ya maviti leyi swirhangi swa yona swi nga vumbiwa hi xitatisi xa xinhompfu

mitlawa ya xinhompfu hi leyi landzelaka: 1, 3, 9 na 10

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_196

nasal sounds

medumonko

Umsindvo longumafonkholo

mibumo ya thembanyunga

ditumanko

mipfumawulo ya xinhompfu

sounds produced while the soft palate is lowered to allow an audible escape of air through the nose (Crystal, 2008: 320)

medumo e hlahisitsweng ha mahalapa a bonojwana a theosetswa tlase ho dumella ho phonyoha ho utlwahalang ha moya ka nko

mme o ya ngakeng kajeno (modumo ng ho ngakeng ke modumonko)

Umsindvo lophinyiswa ngekutsi umoya uphume ngetimphumulo.

Bafundzi bayahleka nathishela aphimisa bomafonkholo.

Mibvumo ya nasala.

[n,m, ny]

medumo e e dumisiwang fa magalapa a a boleta a theosiwang go letlelela gore mowa o sutlhe ka go utlwagala ka dinko

mo Setswaneng, re na le dikumanko di le nne fela, e bong, 'm', 'n', 'ny' le 'ng'

mipfumawulo leyi vumbiwaka loko lakalaka ri yisiwile ehansi kutani moya wu phohla hi tinhompfu

mipfumawulo ya xinhompfu yi kumeka eku twariseni ka switatisi swo tanihi ny na swin'wana

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_197

nasal strengthening

matlafatso ya tumanko {ntate o reketse mme mpho e ntle, (lebitso mpho le bopilwe tjena: n + fa

thatafatšo ka tumanko {N ge e le pele ga '-rata' e fetola r go ba th ka thatafatšo; [r>th]}

Sicinisamafonkholo

Musi n I tshi vhanga tshanduko ya mubvumo

thatafatso ya ditumanko

ntiyisisanhompfuhato

a very productive process whereby the nasal n can cause certain cxonsonants to undergo changes (Lourens, 1994: 142)

porosese e nang le tlhahiso haholo moo tumanko n e ka bakang didumammoho tse itseng ho kgahlana le diphetoho / > Nfa > n > m, f > pho, a > o. modumo wa nkofatso o matlafaditswe}

phetogomodumo ye go yona thatafatšo e hlolwago ke khuetšo ya tumanko

Yindlela yekusebentisa mafonkholo kuletsa tingucuko kulabanye bongwaca.

Tsine siyayicinisa imisindo ngekufaka bomafonkholo .

Maitele a vhubveledzi ane thembanyungi ya disa tshanduko kha dzinwe dza dzithemba.

tiragalo e e umang thata e ka yona tumanko 'n' e ka dirang gore ditumammogo tse dingwe di fetoge

mo polelong, 'ngwana o a nkutlwa', go diragetse thatafatso go tumanosi, 'u', ya 'utlwa' go nna, 'nkutlwa'

endlelo ro vuyerisa leri harona xinhompfu xa n xi nga vangela switatisi swin'wana ku cinca

ntiyisisanhompfuhato wu tirha ku vanga ntshikelelo wa mpfumawulo

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_198

nasalisation

nkofatso

nkofatšo

Kufonkhota

nyungiso

ukukghadlazisa

isakhi sesilanduli

ukunkankazisa

nkofatso

ku endla xinhompfu

the articulatory influence of an adjacent nasal consonant (Crystal, 2008: 321)

tshusumetso ya ho qapodisa tumanko eo o shebaneng le yona

mme o pheha dinawa, (m ho mme ke modumo wa nko)

phetogomedumo ye e hlolegago ge modumo o fetogela go tumanko ka lebaka la ge o bapane le yona

Go re go feleletše go na le mmini ke gobane lentšu le bjalo ka *mbini ga le gona ka fao b e a nkofatšwa ya ba m

Ingucuko yemsindvo lebakhona nangabe bongwaca balandzelwa ngu n .

Minyenti imisindvo lengafonkotiswa kulomusho.

Thuthuwedzo ya muambo ya thembanyungi.

Nyungiso

Lokhu kutjhuguluka kwamatjhada athileko lokha nakakhambisana nomakghadlana

Itjhada u-m egameni elithi umgodla lingumakghadlana.

naziphi izakhi ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha izenzi ezinentsingiselo yolandulo (Louwrens, 1994: 120)

isakhi u-'a' egameni elithi: 'azisengwa' sisakhi sesilanduli njengesifakelelo u-'nga' osekugqibeleni

ukuguquka kwemisindo ethile uma yandulelwa umsindo ongumankankane

ukunkankazisa kwenzeka emisindweni emincane

tlhotlheletso ya tumiso ya ditumanko tse di gaufi

go diragala nkofatso ya lediri 'gama', mo go 'leradu le gangwa ke Mosola'

nkucetelo wa matwariselo ya xitatisi xa le kusuhi xa xinhompfu

ku endla xinhompfu ku tirha switatisi swa xinhompfu, ku nga: n, m, n' na ny

unisa_multilingual_linguistic_terminology_199

Ndebele

Sendebele

Sindebele

tshindevhele

SeNdebele

Xindhevele xa Dzonga

Southern Ndebele (English: /ɛndəˈbiːliː/), also known as Transvaal Ndebele, isiNdebele, Ndebele or South Ndebele, is an African language belonging to the Nguni group of Bantu languages, spoken by the Ndebele people of South Africa. There is also another language called Northern Ndebele, or Matabele, spoken in Zimbabwe, which is closer to Zulu than other Nguni dialects (Wikipedia)

Sendebele Borwa ( Senyesemane : /ɛndəˈbiːliː/); se tsejwa ka hore ke Sendebele sa Transefala, Sendebele kapa Sendebele sa Borwa, ke puo ya maAforika ba leng sehlopheng sa Nguni sa dipuo tsa Bantu, se buuwang ke Mandebele a Aforika Borwa. Hape ho na le puo e nngwe e bitswang Sendebele sa Leboya, kapa Matebele, se buuwang Zimbabwe, se haufi le Sezulu ho e na le dipuwana tse ding tsa Nguni

Sendebele ke e nngwe ya dipuo tsa sehlopha sa Nguni

Lulwimi lwaseNingizimu Afrika lolukhulunywa eMpumalanga , Sikhona futsi Sindebele lesikhulunywa eZimbabwe.

Sindebele sikhulunywa emphumalange nase Zimbabwe.

Nyambotavhi dza Tshindevhele.

SeNdebele sa Borwa, se se itsiweng gape isiNdebele, Ndebele kgotsa Ndebele ya Bokone, ke puo ya SeAforika ya dipuo tsa setlhopha sa Nguni tse di buiwang ke batho ba Aforika Borwa. Go na gape le puo e nngwe e e bidiwang Ndebele ya Bokone, kgotsa Matabele, e e buiwang kwa Zimbabwe, e e atametseng SeZulu go gaisa ditengwana tse dingwe tsa Nguni. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba buang SeNdebele sa Bokone ba nna kwa porofenseng ya Limpopo le tikologo ya yona.

SeNdebele se buiwa kwa dinageng di le pedi tsa Borwa jwa Aforika e leng Zimbabwe le Aforika Borwa

Xindhevele lexi hi tlhelo xi vuriwaka Xindhevele xa Thiransivhala, Xindhevele kumbe Xindhevele xa Dzonga, i ririmi ra Xiafrika leri welaka eka tindzimi ta Xingoni leti ti welaka eka tindzimi ta Xintima, leti vulavuriwaka hi Mandhevele ya le Afrika-Dzonga ku tlhela ku va na ririmi rin'wana leri vuriwaka Xindhevele xa N'walungu, kumbe Matabele, lexi vulavuriwaka eZimbabwe, lexi yelanaka swinene na Xizulu ku tlula marin'wana yan'wana ya Xingoni

Xindhevele xa Dzonga hi rin'wana ra tindzimi leti vulavuriwaka eAfrika-Dzonga