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Simple living
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Simple living
of miles a given item of food or its ingredients has travelled between the farm and the table, is used by simple living advocates to argue for locally grown food. This is now gaining mainstream acceptance, as shown by the popularity of books such as "The 100-Mile Diet," and Barbara Kingsolver's "Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life." In each of these cases, the authors devoted a year to reducing their carbon footprint by eating locally.
City dwellers can also produce fresh home grown fruit and vegetables in pot gardens or miniature indoor greenhouses. Tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, Swiss chard, peas, strawberries, and several types of herbs can all thrive in pots. Jim Merkel says that
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a person "could sprout seeds. They are tasty, incredibly nutritious, and easy to grow... We grow them in wide mouthed mason jars with a square of nylon window screen screwed under a metal ring". Farmer Matt Moore spoke on this issue: "How does it affect the consumer to know that broccoli takes 105 days to grow a head? [...] The supermarket mode is one of plenty — it's always stocked. And that changes our sense of time. How long it takes to grow food — that's removed in the marketplace. They don't want you to think about how long it takes to grow, because they want you to buy right now". One way to change this viewpoint is also suggested by Mr. Moore. He placed a video installation in the produce
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section of a grocery store that documented the length of time it took to grow certain vegetables. This aimed to raise awareness in people of the length of time actually needed for gardens.
The do it yourself ethic refers to the principle of undertaking necessary tasks oneself rather than having others, who are more skilled or experienced, complete them for you.
## Reconsidering technology.
People who practice simple living have diverse views on the role of technology. The American political activist Scott Nearing was skeptical about how humanity would use new technology, citing destructive inventions such as nuclear weapons. Those who eschew modern technology are often referred to as Luddites
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or neo-Luddites. Although simple living is often a secular pursuit, it may still involve reconsidering personal definitions of appropriate technology, as Anabaptist groups such as the Amish or Mennonites have done.
Technological proponents see cutting-edge technologies as a way to make a simple lifestyle within mainstream culture easier and more sustainable. They argue that the internet can reduce an individual's carbon footprint through telecommuting and lower paper usage. Some have also calculated their energy consumption and have shown that one can live simply and in an emotionally satisfying way by using much less energy than is used in Western countries. Technologies they may embrace include
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computers, photovoltaic systems, wind and water turbines.
Technological interventions that appear to simplify living may actually induce side effects elsewhere or at a future point in time. Evgeny Morozov warns that tools like the internet can facilitate mass surveillance and political repression. The book "Green Illusions" identifies how wind and solar energy technologies have hidden side effects and can actually increase energy consumption and entrench environmental harms over time. Authors of the book "Techno-Fix" criticize technological optimists for overlooking the limitations of technology in solving agricultural problems.
Advertising is criticised for encouraging a consumerist mentality.
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Many advocates of simple living tend to agree that cutting out, or cutting down on, television viewing is a key ingredient in simple living. Some see the Internet, podcasting, community radio, or pirate radio as viable alternatives.
## Simplifying diet.
Another practice is the adoption of a simplified diet. Diets that may simplify domestic food production and consumption include vegan diets and the Gandhi diet. In the United Kingdom, the Movement for Compassionate Living was formed by Kathleen and Jack Jannaway in 1984 to spread the vegan message and promote simple living and self-reliance as a remedy against the exploitation of humans, animals, and the Earth.
# Politics and activism.
##
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Environmentalism.
Simple living may be undertaken by environmentalists. For example, Green parties often advocate simple living as a consequence of their "four pillars" or the "Ten Key Values" of the Green Party of the United States. This includes, in policy terms, their rejection of genetic engineering and nuclear power and other technologies they consider to be hazardous. The Greens' support for simplicity is based on the reduction in natural resource usage and environmental impact. This concept is expressed in Ernest Callenbach's "green triangle" of ecology, frugality and health.
Many with similar views avoid involvement even with green politics as compromising simplicity, however, and
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advocate forms of green anarchism that attempt to implement these principles at a smaller scale, e.g. the ecovillage. Deep ecology, a belief that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by humans, proposes wilderness preservation, human population control and simple living.
## Anti-war.
The alleged relationship between economic growth and war, when fought for control and exploitation of natural and human resources, is considered a good reason for promoting a simple living lifestyle. Avoiding the perpetuation of the resource curse is a similar objective of many simple living adherents.
Opposition to war has led peace activists, such as Ammon Hennacy and Ellen Thomas,
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to a form of tax resistance in which they reduce their income below the tax threshold by taking up a simple living lifestyle. These individuals believe that their government is engaged in immoral, unethical or destructive activities such as war, and paying taxes inevitably funds these activities.
## Art.
The term Bohemianism has been used to describe a long tradition of both voluntary and involuntary poverty by artists who devote their time to artistic endeavors rather than paid labor.
In May 2014, a story on NPR suggested that positive attitudes towards living in poverty for the sake of art are becoming less common among young American artists, and quoted one recent graduate of the Rhode
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Island School of Design as saying "her classmates showed little interest in living in garrets and eating ramen noodles."
# Economics.
A new economics movement has been building since the UN conference on the environment in 1972, and the publication that year of "Only One Earth", "The Limits to Growth", and "Blueprint For Survival", followed in 1973 by "Small Is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered."
Recently, David Wann has introduced the idea of “simple prosperity” as it applies to a sustainable lifestyle. From his point of view, and as a point of departure for what he calls real sustainability, “it is important to ask ourselves three fundamental questions: what is the point of all
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our commuting and consuming? What is the economy for? And, finally, why do we seem to be unhappier now than when we began our initial pursuit for rich abundance?” In this context, simple living is the opposite of our modern quest for affluence and, as a result, it becomes less preoccupied with quantity and more concerned about the preservation of cities, traditions and nature.
A reference point for this new economics can be found in James Robertson's "A New Economics of Sustainable Development," and the work of thinkers and activists, who participate in his "Working for a Sane Alternative" network and program. According to Robertson, the shift to sustainability is likely to require a widespread
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shift of emphasis from raising incomes to reducing costs.
The principles of the new economics, as set out by Robertson, are the following:
- systematic empowerment of people (as opposed to making and keeping them dependent), as the basis for people-centred development
- systematic conservation of resources and the environment, as the basis for environmentally sustainable development
- evolution from a “wealth of nations” model of economic life to a one-world model, and from today's inter-national economy to an ecologically sustainable, decentralising, multi-level one-world economic system
- restoration of political and ethical factors to a central place in economic life and thought
- respect
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for qualitative values, not just quantitative values.
# See also.
- (category)
- Affluenza
- Asceticism
- Anti-consumerism
- Black Bear Ranch
- Corporate poverty
- Deep ecology
- Degrowth
- Eye of a needle
- Epicureanism
- Homesteading
- Intentional living
- Jesus and the rich young man
- Tiny house movement
# Bibliography.
- Helen and Scott Nearing (1970) "The Good Life: Helen and Scott Nearing's Sixty Years of Self-Sufficient Living", Schocken
- Vernard Eller (1973) "The Simple Life",
- Dolly Freed (1978) "Possum Living: How to Live Well Without a Job and with (Almost) No Money" 2010 edition
- Duane Elgin (1981, revised 1993 and 2010) "Voluntary Simplicity", Harper,
-
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Charles Long (1986) "How to Survive Without a Salary: Living the Conserver Lifestyle". 1996 edition
- Wendell Berry (1990) "What Are People For?", North Point Press,
- Vicki Robin and Joe Dominguez (1992) "Your Money or Your Life", Viking. "Your Money or Your Life: Revised and Updated for the 21st Century", published by Penguin Books in December 2008 by Vicki Robin with Monique Tilford and contributor Mark Zaifman.
- Edward Romney (1992) "Living Well on Practically Nothing" 2001 edition
- Janet Luhrs (1997) "The Simple Living Guide: A Sourcebook for Less Stressful, More Joyful Living",
- Amy Dacyzyn (1998) "The Complete Tightwad Gazette: Promoting Thrift as a Viable Alternative Lifestyle.",
-
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Amy Dacyzyn (1998) "The Complete Tightwad Gazette: Promoting Thrift as a Viable Alternative Lifestyle.",
- Deborah Taylor-Hough (2000) "A Simple Choice: A practical guide for saving your time, money and sanity", SourceBooks,
- John de Graaf, David Wann and Thomas Naylor (2002) "",
- Stephanie Mills (2002) "Epicurean Simplicity", Island Press,
- Jacob Lund Fisker (2010) "Early Retirement Extreme: A philosophical and practical guide to financial independence",
- Dave Bruno (2010) "The 100 Thing Challenge",
- Marie Kondo (2014) "The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up",
# External links.
- The Testament Of Quaker Simplicity
- The Good Life: An International Perspective by Amitai Etzioni
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Leigh Hunt
James Henry Leigh Hunt (19 October 178428 August 1859), best known as Leigh Hunt, was an English critic, essayist and poet.
Hunt co-founded "The Examiner", a leading intellectual journal expounding radical principles. He was the centre of the Hampstead-based group that included William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb, known as the 'Hunt circle'. Hunt also introduced John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Browning and Alfred Lord Tennyson to the public.
Hunt's presence at Shelley's funeral on the beach near Viareggio was immortalised in the painting by Louis Édouard Fournier, although in reality Hunt did not stand by the pyre, as portrayed. Hunt was the inspiration for the Harold Skimpole
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character in Charles Dickens' novel "Bleak House".
# Biography.
## Early life.
James Henry Leigh Hunt was born at Southgate, London, where his parents had settled after leaving the United States. His father Isaac, a lawyer from Philadelphia, and his mother, Mary Shewell, a merchant's daughter and a devout Quaker, had been forced to come to Britain because of their loyalist sympathies during the American War of Independence.
Once in England, Issac Hunt became a popular preacher, but was unsuccessful in obtaining a permanent living. He was then employed by James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos, as tutor to his nephew, James Henry Leigh.
## Education.
Leigh Hunt was educated at Christ's Hospital
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in Horsham, West Sussex from 1791 to 1799, a period that Hunt described in his autobiography. Thomas Barnes was a school friend of his. One of the boarding houses at Christ's Hospital is named after Hunt.
As a boy, Hunt was an admirer of Thomas Gray and William Collins, writing many verses in imitation of them. A speech impediment, later cured, prevented Hunt from going to university. "For some time after I left school," he says, "I did nothing but visit my school-fellows, haunt the book-stalls and write verses."
Hunt's first poems were published in 1801 under the title of "Juvenilia", introducing him into British literary and theatrical society. He began to write for the newspapers, and published
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in 1807 a volume of theatre criticism, and a series of "Classic Tales" with critical essays on the authors.
Hunt's early essays were published by Edward Quin, editor and owner of "The Traveller".
## Family.
In 1809, Leigh Hunt married Marianne Kent (whose parents were Thomas and Ann). Over the next 20 years, the couple had ten children: Thornton Leigh (1810–73), John Horatio Leigh (1812–46), Mary Florimel Leigh (1813–49), Swinburne Percy Leigh (1816–27), Percy Bysshe Shelley Leigh (1817–99), Henry Sylvan Leigh (1819–76), Vincent Leigh (1823–52), Julia Trelawney Leigh (1826–72), Jacyntha Leigh (1828–1914), and Arabella Leigh (1829–30).
Marianne Hunt, in poor health for most of her life, died
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on 26 January 1857 at age 69. Leigh Hunt made little mention of his family in his autobiography. Marianne's sister, Elizabeth Kent (Hunt's sister-in-law), became his amanuensis.
## Newspapers.
### "The Examiner".
In 1808, Hunt left the War Office, where he had been working as a clerk, to become editor of the "The Examiner", a newspaper founded by his brother, John Hunt. His brother Robert Hunt contributed to its columns.
Robert Hunt's criticism earned the enmity of William Blake, who described the Examiner's office as containing a "nest of villains". Blake's response also included Leigh Hunt. Hunt had published several vitriolic reviews in 1808 and 1809 and had added Blake's name to a list
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of so-called "quacks".
The Examiner soon acquired a reputation for unusual political independence; it would attack any worthy target, "from a principle of taste," as John Keats expressed it. In 1813, the Examiner attacked the Prince Regent George. The British government tried the three Hunt brothers and sentenced them to two years in prison. Leigh Hunt served his term at the Surrey County Gaol.
Leigh Hunt's visitors at Surrey County Gaol included Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Lord Henry Brougham, and Charles Lamb. The stoicism with which Leigh Hunt bore his imprisonment attracted general attention and sympathy. His imprisonment allowed him many luxuries and access to friends and family, and Lamb
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described his decorations of the cell as something not found outside a fairy tale. When Jeremy Bentham called on him, he found Hunt playing battledore.
From 1814 to 1817, Leigh Hunt and Hazlitt wrote a series of essays in "The Examiner" that they titled "The Round Table". These essays were published in two volumes in 1817 in "The Round Table". Twelve of the 52 essays were written by Hunt, the rest by Hazlitt.
### "The Reflector".
From 1810 to 1811, Leigh Hunt edited a quarterly magazine, the "Reflector", for his brother John. He wrote "The Feast of the Poets" for publication. His work was a satire that offended many contemporary poets, particularly William Gifford.
### "The Indicator".
From
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1819 to 1821, Hunt edited "The Indicator", a weekly literary periodical published by Joseph Appleyard. Hunt probably wrote much of the content, which included reviews, essays, stories, and poems.
### "The Companion".
From January to July 1828, Hunt edited "The Companion", a weekly literary periodical published by Hunt and Clarke. The journal dealt with books, theatrical productions and miscellaneous topics.
## Poetry.
In 1816, Hunt published the poem "Story of Rimini". This work was based on the tragic episode of Francesca da Rimini as told in Dante's "Inferno".
Hunt's preference was decidedly for Chaucer's verse style, as adapted to modern English by John Dryden. This was in contrast to
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the epigrammatic couplet of Alexander Pope . The "Story of Rimini" is an optimistic narrative which runs contrary to the tragic nature of its subject. Hunt's flippancy and familiarity, often degenerating into the ludicrous, subsequently made him a target for ridicule and parody.
In 1818, Hunt published a collection of poems entitled "Foliage", followed in 1819 by "Hero and Leander", and "Bacchus and Ariadne". In the same year he reprinted "The Story of Rimini" and "The Descent of Liberty" with the title of "Poetical Works". Hunt also started the "Indicator".
Both Keats and Shelley belonged to a literary group that gathered around Hunt at Hampstead. The Hunt Circle also included Hazlitt, Lamb,
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Bryan Procter, Benjamin Haydon, Charles Cowden Clarke, C.W. Dilke, Walter Coulson and John Hamilton Reynolds. This group was known pejoratively as the Cockney School.
Some of Hunt's most popular poems are "Jenny kiss'd Me", "Abou Ben Adhem" and "A Night-Rain in Summer".
## Friendship with Keats and Shelley.
Hunt maintained close friendships with both Keats and Shelley. Shelley's financial help saved Hunt from ruin. In return, Hunt provided Shelley with support during his family problems and defended him in the "Examiner". Hunt introduced Keats to Shelley and wrote a very generous appreciation of him in the "Indicator." Keats seems, however, to have subsequently felt that Hunt's example as
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a poet had been in some respects detrimental to him.
After Shelley's departure for Italy in 1818, Hunt experienced more financial difficulties. In addition, both his health and that of his wife Marianne failed. As a result, Hunt was forced to discontinue the "Indicator" (1819–1821), having, he says, "almost died over the last numbers."
## Trip to Italy.
Shelley suggested that Hunt could join him and Byron in Italy to establish a quarterly magazine. The advantage is that they would be able to publish Liberal opinions without repression from the British government. Byron's motive for this proposal was allegedly to acquire more influence over the "Examiner" with Hunt out of England. However,
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Byron soon discovered that Hunt was no longer interested in the "Examiner".
Leigh Hunt left England for Italy in November 1821, but storm, sickness and misadventure delayed his arrival until 1 July 1822. Thomas Love Peacock compared their voyage to that of the character Ulysses in Homer's Odyssey.
Several weeks after Hunt arrived in Italy, Shelley died. Hunt was now virtually dependent upon Byron, who was not interested in supporting him and his family. Byron's friends also scorned Hunt. The "Liberal" lived through four quarterly numbers, containing contributions no less memorable than Byron's "Vision of Judgment" and Shelley's translations from "Faust".
In 1823 Byron left Italy for Greece,
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abandoning the quarterly. Hunt remained in Genoa. Enjoying the Italian climate and culture, Hunt stayed in Italy until 1825. During this period, he created "Ultra-Crepidarius: a Satire on William Gifford" (1823), and his translation (1825) of Francesco Redi's "Bacco in Toscana".
## Return to England.
In 1825, due to a lawsuit with one of his brothers, Hunt returned to England. In 1828, Hunt published "Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries". The work was designed to counter what Hunt perceived as an inaccurate public image of Byron. The public was shocked that Hunt, who had been obliged to Byron for so much, would "bite the hand that fed him". Hunt especially writhed under the withering
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satire of Moore.
During his later years, Hunt continued to suffer from poverty and sickness. He worked unremittingly, but one effort failed after another. Two journalistic ventures, the "Tatler" (1830–1832), a daily devoted to literary and dramatic criticism, and "London Journal" (1834–1835) failed, even though "London Journal" contained some of his best writing. Hunt's editorship (1837–1838) of the "Monthly Repository"was also unsuccessful.
In 1832 Hunt published by subscription a collected edition of his poems. The subscribers included many of his opponents. Also in 1832, Hunt printed for private circulation "Christianism", the work afterwards published (1853) as "The Religion of the Heart".
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A copy sent to Thomas Carlyle secured his friendship, and Hunt went to live next door to him in Cheyne Row in 1833.
Hunt's romance, "Sir Ralph Esher", about Charles II's was successful. "Captain Sword and Captain Pen", published in 1835, a spirited contrast between the victories of peace and the victories of war, deserves to be ranked among his best poems.
In 1840 Hunt's play "Legend of Florence" had a successful engagement at Covent Garden, helping him financially. "Lover's Amazements", a comedy, was acted several years afterwards, and was printed in "Journal" (1850–1851); other plays remained in manuscript.
Also in 1840 Hunt wrote introductory notices to the work of Sheridan and to Edward
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Moxon's edition of the works of William Wycherley, William Congreve, John Vanbrugh and George Farquhar, a work which furnished the occasion of Macaulay's essay on the Dramatists of the Restoration. The narrative poem "The Palfrey" was published in 1842.
During the 1830's, Hunt also wrote for the "Edinburgh Review"
# Final years.
In 1844 Mary Shelley and her son, on succeeding to the family estates, settled an annuity of £120 upon Hunt (Rossetti 1890). In 1847 Lord John Russell set up a pension of £200 for Hunt.
With his finances in better shape, Hunt published the companion books "Imagination and Fancy" (1844) and "Wit and Humour" (1846). These were two volumes of selections from English
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poets, which displayed his refined, discriminating critical tastes. Hunt also published a book on the pastoral poetry of Sicily, "A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla" (1848). "The Town" (2 vols., 1848) and "Men, Women and Books" (2 vols., 1847) are partly made up from former material. "The Old Court Suburb" (2 vols., 1855; ed. A Dobson, 2002) is a sketch of Kensington, where Hunt long resided.
In 1850 Hunt published his "Autobiography" (3 vols.). It has been described as a naive and affected, but accurate, piece of self-portraiture. Hunt published "A Book for a Corner" (2 vols.) in 1849 and "Table Talk" appeared in 1851. In 1855, he published his narrative poems, both original and translated, under
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the title "Stories in Verse".
Hunt died in Putney in London on 28 August 1859. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. In September 1966 Christ's Hospital named one of its houses in the memory of Hunt.
In a letter of 25 September 1853, Dickens stated that Hunt had inspired the character of Harold Skimpole in "Bleak House"; "I suppose he is the most exact portrait that was ever painted in words! ... It is an absolute reproduction of a real man". A contemporary critic commented, "I recognized Skimpole instantaneously; ... and so did every person whom I talked with about it who had ever had Leigh Hunt's acquaintance." G. K. Chesterton suggested that Dickens "May never once have had the unfriendly
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thought, 'Suppose Hunt behaved like a rascal!'; he may have only had the fanciful thought, 'Suppose a rascal behaved like Hunt!'" (Chesterton 1906).
# Other works.
- "Amyntas, A Tale of the Woods" (1820), a translation of Tasso's "Aminta"
- , with Elizabeth Kent, published anonymously
- "The Seer, or Common-Places refreshed" (2 pts., 1840–1841)
- three of the "Canterbury Tales" in "The Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer" modernized (1841)
- "Stories from the Italian Poets" (1846)
- compilations such as "One Hundred Romances of Real Life" (1843)
- selections from Beaumont and Fletcher (1855)
- with S Adams Lee, "The Book of the Sonnet" (Boston, 1867).
His "Poetical Works" (2 vols.), revised
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by himself and edited by Lee, were printed at Boston in 1857, and an edition (London and New York) by his son, Thornton Hunt, appeared in 1860. Among volumes of selections are "Essays" (1887), ed. A. Symons; "Leigh Hunt as Poet and Essayist" (1889), ed. C. Kent; "Essays and Poems" (1891), ed. R. B. Johnson for the "Temple Library".
Hunt's "Autobiography" was revised shortly before his death, and edited (1859) by Thornton Hunt, who also arranged his "Correspondence" (2 vols., 1862). Additional letters were printed by the Cowden Clarkes in their "Recollections of Writers" (1878). The "Autobiography" was edited (2 vols., 1903) with full bibliographical note by Roger Ingpen.
A bibliography of
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Hunt's works was compiled by Alexander Ireland ("List of the Writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt", 1868). There are short lives of Hunt by Cosmo Monkhouse ("Great Writers," 1893) and by RB Johnson (1896). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 28 (2004).
# References.
- Blainey, Ann. "Immortal Boy." 1985.
- Blunden, Edmund, "The Examiner Examined". Cobden-Sanderson, 1928
- Cox, Jeffrey N., "Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle". Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, "Leigh Hunt and the London Literary Scene: A Reception History of His Major Works, 1805–1828". Routledge, 2005.
- Holden, Anthony, "The Wit in
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the Dungeon: The Life of Leigh Hunt". Little, Brown, 2005.
- Lulofs, Timothy J. and Hans Ostrom, "Leigh Hunt: A Reference Guide." Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985.
- Roe, Nicholas, "Fiery Heart: The First Life of Leigh Hunt". Pimlico, 2005.
- The Autobiography of Leigh Hunt (3rd Edition) – With an introduction by Edmund Blunden, Oxford University Press "The World's Classics" Series 1928
# External links.
- Archival material at
- Leigh Hunt Letters – The University of Iowa Libraries
- Essays by Leigh Hunt at Quotidiana.org
- Selection of poems by Leigh Hunt
- "Leigh Hunt and Anna Maria Dashwood: A Shelleyan Romance" by Eleanor M. Gates
- "An imprisoned wit" article on the life and writings of
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Leigh Hunt
nden, Oxford University Press "The World's Classics" Series 1928
# External links.
- Archival material at
- Leigh Hunt Letters – The University of Iowa Libraries
- Essays by Leigh Hunt at Quotidiana.org
- Selection of poems by Leigh Hunt
- "Leigh Hunt and Anna Maria Dashwood: A Shelleyan Romance" by Eleanor M. Gates
- "An imprisoned wit" article on the life and writings of Leigh Hunt in "The Times Literary Supplement" by Kelly Grovier
- "Mrs. Shelley" by Lucy M. Rossetti (1890)
- Ann Blainey, "Immortal Boy: A Portrait of Leigh Hunt". New York: St. Martins, 1985.
- Leigh Hunt at the National Portrait Gallery
- Hunt's house in the Vale of Health, Hampstead
- Hunt's house in Chelsea
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Penghu
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Penghu
Penghu
The Penghu (Hokkien POJ: "Phîⁿ-ô͘" or "Phêⁿ-ô͘" ) or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait. The largest city is Magong, located on the largest island, which is also named Magong. Covering an area of , the archipelago collectively forms of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and is the second smallest county, after Lienchiang.
# Name.
The traditional name of the islands, the Pescadores, comes from the Portuguese name "Ilhas dos Pescadores" ("Fishermen Islands"). The European Portuguese pronunciation is but, in English, it is typically closer to Classical Portuguese's: . The islands have also been called "Pehoe" from the Minnan name "Phêⁿ-ô·".
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Penghu
Using romanization based on the Mandarin pronunciation for the Chinese name, the islands have also been referred to as 'Penghu Liehtao'.
"Pescadores" was also the name given by the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Grijalva in 1537 to the Micronesian atoll Kapingamarangi.
# History.
Finds of fine red cord-marked pottery indicate that Penghu was visited by people from southwestern Taiwan around 5,000 years ago, though not settled permanently.
Han Chinese from southern Fujian began to establish fishing communities on the islands in the 9th and 10th centuries, and representatives were intermittently stationed there by the Southern Song and Yuan governments from around 1170.
Wang Dayuan gave
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Penghu
a detailed first-hand account of the islands in his "Daoyi Zhilüe" (1349).
## Ming dynasty.
In the 15th century, the Ming ordered the evacuation of the islands as part of their maritime ban. When these restrictions were removed in the late 16th century, legal fishing communities were re-established on the islands. These fishermen worshipped at the Mazu Temple that gave Magong its name and themselves gave rise to the Portuguese and English name "Pescadores". The Ming established a military presence in 1603.
At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau.
When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese
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at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu, built a fort there, and threatened raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading with them on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila.
In response, the Chinese governor of Fujian demanded that the Dutch withdraw from Penghu to Taiwan, where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade.
The Dutch continued to raid the Fujian coast between October 1622 and January 1624 to force their demands, but were unsuccessful.
In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40–50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch, who moved to Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan.
## Qing dynasty.
For a period in the
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mid-17th century, Taiwan and the archipelago were ruled by the Koxinga kingdom (Kingdom of Tungning), which was overthrown by the Qing dynasty in 1683 after the Battle of Penghu.
The Penghu archipelago was captured by the French in March 1885, in the closing weeks of the Sino-French War, and evacuated four months later. The Pescadores Campaign was the last campaign of Admiral Amédée Courbet, whose naval victories during the war had made him a national hero in France. Courbet was among several French soldiers and sailors who succumbed to cholera during the French occupation of Penghu. He died aboard his flagship "Bayard" in Makung harbour on 11 June 1885.
## Empire of Japan.
Towards the end
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of the First Sino-Japanese War, having defeated the Qing in northern China, Japan sought to ensure that it obtained Penghu and Taiwan in the final settlement. In March 1895, the Japanese defeated the Chinese garrison on the islands and occupied Makung. The Japanese occupation of Penghu, with its fine harbor, gave the Imperial Japanese Navy an advanced base from which their short-range coal-burning ships could control the Taiwan Straits and thus prevent more Chinese troops from being sent to Taiwan. This action persuaded the Chinese negotiators at Shimonoseki that Japan was determined to annex Taiwan, and, after Penghu, Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula had been ceded to Japan in the Sino-Japanese
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Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, helped to ensure the success of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in May.
Penghu County was then called the Hōko Prefecture by the Japanese government of Taiwan. During World War II, Makō (Makung) was a major base for the Imperial Japanese Navy and the embarkation point for the invasion of the Philippines.
## Republic of China.
In the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom and China stated it to be their purpose that "all the territories that Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Formosa and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China". On 26 July 1945, the three governments issued the Potsdam Declaration, declaring
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that "the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out". However, the United States and the United Kingdom regard the aforementioned documents as merely wartime statements of intention with no binding force in law.
Following the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur issued General Order No. 1, which directed Japanese forces to surrender to the Allied Powers and facilitate the occupation of Japanese territories by the Allied Powers. In the Treaty of San Francisco, signed in 1951 and coming into effect in 1952, Japan renounced sovereignty over Taiwan and Penghu, but left their final disposition unsettled. The archipelago has been
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administered by the Republic of China since 1945.
Boat people fleeing Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s and rescued by Taiwan's ships in the South China Sea were sent to the Penghu.
On 25 May 2002, China Airlines Flight 611, a Boeing 747-200 aircraft flying from Taipei to Hong Kong, disintegrated and exploded over the Islands. The wreckage slammed into the Taiwan Strait, a couple of miles off the coast. All 225 passengers and crew on board were killed.
# Government.
Penghu County is administered by Penghu County Government headed by Magistrate Lai Feng-wei of the Kuomintang and headquartered at the Penghu County Hall.
## Administrative divisions.
Penghu County is divided into 1 city and 5
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rural townships. It is further divided into 97 villages. Like Lienchiang County, Penghu County has no urban townships. The county seat is located at Magong City where it houses the Penghu County Hall and Penghu County Council.
The main islands of Magong City/Huxi Township, Baisha Township, and Xiyu Township are the three most populous islands and are connected via bridges. Two shorter bridges connect Huxi and Baisha. The Penghu Great Bridge connecting Baisha and Xiyu is the longest bridge in Taiwan.
## Politics.
The county elects a single representative to the Legislative Yuan. In the 2016 Republic of China legislative election, this seat was won by the Democratic Progressive Party with 55.4%
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of the vote.
# Political dispute.
Despite the controversy over the political status of Taiwan, both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China agree that Penghu is a county in (their own respective) "Taiwan Province" (Taiwan Province, Republic of China and Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China). However, geographically, the island of Taiwan does not include Penghu, although it is closer to Taiwan than mainland China. Thus, Penghu is listed separately from "Taiwan" in some contexts, e.g. the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu (the official WTO name for the Republic of China) in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Cairo Declaration, and the Treaty
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of San Francisco (see above).
# Economy.
Due to its restricted geography, fisheries have been the main industry for Penghu. The Agriculture and Fisheries Bureau of the Penghu County Government governs matters related to agriculture and fisheries in Penghu. In 2016, the bureau placed a ban on the harvesting of sea urchins due to their declining population. However, the ban was lifted in 2017 but catches are limited only to those species larger than in diameter.
# Education.
Education-related matters in Penghu County are administered under the Education Department of the Penghu County Government. The county houses the National Penghu University of Science and Technology.
# Energy.
Penghu
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is powered by the Chienshan Power Plant, a 140 MW diesel-fired power plant commissioned in 2001, and the Hujing Power Plant on Table Island. On 24 December 2010, the "Taiwan-Penghu Undersea Cable Project" of Taipower was approved by the Executive Yuan to connect the electrical grid in Taiwan Island to Penghu.
Under a wind power development project approved in 2002 by the Executive Yuan, the ROC government plans to set up a total of 200 wind turbines in Penghu within 10 years. However, only 14 turbines have been set up . On 1 October 2015, Taipower announced the construction of another 11 new wind turbines across the island, of which 6 will be constructed in Huxi Township and 5 in Baisha Township.
The
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current total desalination capacity of the county to provide clean water to its residents is 15,500 m per day. To reduce its groundwater use, in November 2015 the county secured a contract of building an additional desalination plant with 4,000 m capacity per day, construction of which is expected to be completed by May 2018.
# Tourism.
The Penghu National Scenic Area was established in the early 1990s, comprising most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. Tourism has since become one of the main sources of income of the county.
Historical sites include Central Street, Mazu Temple, Four-eyed Well, Penghu Reclamation Hall, Qimei Lighthouse, Siyu Eastern Fort, Jinguitou Fortress and
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Siyu Western Fort. Museums in the county are Chuwan Crab Museum, Ocean Resources Museum, Chang Yu-sheng Memorial Museum and Penghu Living Museum. Other attractions in the county include the Double-Heart of Stacked Stones, Fenggui Cave, Little Taiwan, Whale Cave, Xiaomen Geology Gallery and South Penghu Marine National Park.
Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China can directly apply for the Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival in Penghu. This privilege also applies to Kinmen and the Matsu Islands as a means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.
# Drug smuggling.
As a lightly populated outlying island, Penghu presents as a trans-shipment hub for drug smuggling into Taiwan
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from China and the Philippines. The area has become a focus for a drug crackdown in recent years.
In 2016, Chou Meng-hsiang (周盟翔), chief prosecutor of the Penghu District Prosecutors Office,"“led an investigation team in Taiwan, including officers from the Coast Guard Administration, in a bid to bring (a) drug trafficking ring to justice.”" A joint investigation with Philippine and Chinese authorities spanning one and a half years resulted in the seizure of "“22.6 kilograms of amphetamine, 11.4 kilograms of ephedrine, and about 40 kilograms of calcium chloride”" with an estimated value of NT$123 million.
Eight suspects were arrested in Cagayan, a small island in northern Philippines, but no
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Taiwanese nationals were charged in relation to the importation scheme.
In 2017, media reported "“the biggest-ever haul of drugs in the county’s history”" when 506 kg of ephedrine was seized from a Chinese fishing boat off Penghu "“as part of an ongoing crackdown on the area drug trade”".
Ephedrine smuggling has increased in recent years as it has a similar structure to amphetamines and can be easily converted into methamphetamine. According to a Focus Taiwan report, "“(It) can then be sold for ten times the price, in this case that would be more than NT$1 billion (US$33.33 million).”"
Despite the size of the drug seizure, only the five crew members of the Chinese fishing boat were detained
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in the operation, with authorities "“unable to find the Taiwanese ship which should have turned up to take delivery of the drugs”". It was unclear from media reports how the Taiwanese side of the smuggling operation knew to abort the rendezvous. The suppliers of the shipment also evaded capture. It was believed the drugs were destined to be transported from Penghu for distribution on Taiwan.
# Transport.
Penghu is served by Magong Airport in Magong City and Qimei Airport in Qimei Township. Both airports opened in 1977. Daily Air Corporation operates flights between Penghu to Kaohsiung.
Magong Harbor hosts ferry connections with Kaohsiung, Tainan, Chiayi and Kinmen.
# See also.
- Administrative
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liers of the shipment also evaded capture. It was believed the drugs were destined to be transported from Penghu for distribution on Taiwan.
# Transport.
Penghu is served by Magong Airport in Magong City and Qimei Airport in Qimei Township. Both airports opened in 1977. Daily Air Corporation operates flights between Penghu to Kaohsiung.
Magong Harbor hosts ferry connections with Kaohsiung, Tainan, Chiayi and Kinmen.
# See also.
- Administrative divisions of the Republic of China
- List of cities in Taiwan
# External links.
- Penghu County Government
- Penghu Tour Official Website
- 澎湖研究學術研討會 第1-8屆論文輯全球資訊網-歷屆論文 (Traditional Chinese)
- Living Museum (Copyright © 2012 Culture Taiwan)
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Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helsinki%20Metropolitan%20Area%20Council
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Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council (, ) was a co-operation agency operating in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, now replaced by HSL and HSY. The organisation had a few responsibilities, most notably regional public transport and waste management. It was subordinated to the city councils of the four participating cities (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen). Furthermore, transport cooperation also included neighboring municipalities of Kerava and Kirkkonummi.
# Economy.
The Metropolitan Council used €155.6 million in 2002 and its income was €160.3 million. Traffic and waste management make up 97% of its expenditure. About 70% of the income consisted
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Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
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Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
of customer fees for public transport and waste management.
# Transportation management.
The Metropolitan Council grouped together different Public Transportation companies operating in the Metropolitan area, such as HKL, operator of the metro, Suomenlinna ferry service and bus services within the Helsinki region, and published a timetable of all public transport quarterly, and provided a public transport route planner service on the Internet. It also ran ticketing and prices, fixing prices at the same level for all public transportation, irrespective of method or transportation company. These services are now (since January 1, 2010) provided by Helsingin seudun liikenne.
Most tickets were
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Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
bought using the electronic travel cards, a smart card service run by Buscom. These travel cards supported two types of payment for trips:
If the same travel card was loaded with both value and period, period took priority when applicable to the current zone. If the period ran out, or the passenger travelled to a zone where the period was not applicable, value was used instead.
The travel cards were bought through certain shops and Public Transport Information Centres.
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council managed the following zones before 2010:
- Helsinki
- Espoo and Kauniainen
- Vantaa
- Regional traffic 1: Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa
- Regional traffic 2: Espoo, Kauniainen,
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Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council
2: Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kerava and Kirkkonummi (excluding Helsinki)
- Entire region: Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kerava and Kirkkonummi
# Mission.
The mission of the Metropolitan Council was to improve the capital area's development by high quality public transports, waste management and air protection. In addition a "development planning unit" has the purpose to increase cooperation between the four town-administrations involved, particularly regarding planning of land use.
# External links.
- Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council – A now defunct site
- HSL – Helsinki Regional Transport Authority
- HSY – Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority
- Journey Planner
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Mare (disambiguation)
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Mare (disambiguation)
Mare (disambiguation)
A mare is a female horse.
Mare is the Latin word for "sea".
Mare may also refer to:
# People.
- Surname
- Mare (surname)
- Ahmed Marzooq (also known as just "Mare"; born 1976), Maldivian football player and manager
- Walter de la Mare (1873–1956), English poet and writer
- Given name
- Mare Kandre (1962–2005), Swedish writer of Estonian origin
- Mare Tommingas (born 1959), Estonian ballet dancer and choreographer
- Mare Teichmann (born 1945), Estonian psychologist and academic
- Mare Winningham (born 1959), American actress and singer
# Places.
- Maré, a commune in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia
- Maré Island, the second-largest of the Loyalty Islands
-
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Mare (disambiguation)
Maire, Netherlands, also known as Mare, former village in Zeeland, Netherlands
- Märe, a mountain in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland
- Maré, Rio de Janeiro, a favela in Rio, Brazil
- Weston-super-Mare, a town in North Somerset, England
- Mare', a town in Syria
## In Romania.
- Baia Mare, a municipality in Romania
- Sânnicolau Mare, town in Timiş County, Romania
- Satu Mare County, is a county (judeţ) in Romania
- Vânju Mare, a town in Mehedinţi County, Romania
- Târnava Mare River, a river in Romania
- Someşul Mare River, a river in Romania
## Geography.
- Mare Nostrum, another name for the Mediterranean Sea
- Kraken Mare, a large body of liquid on Saturn's moon Titan
- Lunar
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Mare (disambiguation)
mare, a basaltic plain on Earth's moon
# Music.
- Mare (band), an experimental band on Hydra Head Records
- "Mare" (Diamá Song), 2014 song by Diamá
- "Mare", a song by The Black Eyed Peas from their album "The E.N.D."
# Physics.
- microcalorimeter arrays for a Rhenium experiment (MARE): neutrino mass experiment based on the study of Re β spectrum
# Other uses.
- Mare (folklore), a goblin of Germanic folklore
- Mare's Leg, or Mare's Laig, a pistol first used in the fictional television series "Wanted: Dead or Alive"
- Mare (TV series), Japanese television drama
# See also.
- Mares (disambiguation)
- Mare Island (disambiguation)
- Satu Mare (disambiguation)
- Valea Mare (disambiguation)
-
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Mare (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mare%20(disambiguation)
|
Mare (disambiguation)
(band), an experimental band on Hydra Head Records
- "Mare" (Diamá Song), 2014 song by Diamá
- "Mare", a song by The Black Eyed Peas from their album "The E.N.D."
# Physics.
- microcalorimeter arrays for a Rhenium experiment (MARE): neutrino mass experiment based on the study of Re β spectrum
# Other uses.
- Mare (folklore), a goblin of Germanic folklore
- Mare's Leg, or Mare's Laig, a pistol first used in the fictional television series "Wanted: Dead or Alive"
- Mare (TV series), Japanese television drama
# See also.
- Mares (disambiguation)
- Mare Island (disambiguation)
- Satu Mare (disambiguation)
- Valea Mare (disambiguation)
- Mayor, a head of a town, district, city, etc.
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1825 in literature
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1825%20in%20literature
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1825 in literature
1825 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1825.
# Events.
- February 19 – Franz Grillparzer's "König Ottokars Glück und Ende" (The Fortune and Fall of King Ottokar, published 1823) is first performed, at the Burgtheater in Vienna, after Caroline Augusta, Empress of Austria, urges her husband Francis I of Austria to lift the censorship restrictions on it.
- April – Charles Lamb retires from his clerical post with the East India Company in London on superannuation.
- May 6–June 15 – The two youngest Brontë sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, die at home at Haworth Parsonage aged 11 and 9, of consumption they have contracted at Cowan Bridge School.
-
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May 6 – French bibliophile, translator, lawyer and politician (born 1754) dies, leaving a library of over half a million books, one of the greatest private book collections in history.
- The first publication of Samuel Pepys' Diary (1660–1669) appears, edited by Lord Braybrooke from a transcription by Rev. John Smith.
# New books.
## Fiction.
- John and Michael Banim – "Tales of the O'Hara Family"
- Lydia Maria Child – "The Rebels"
- Sarah Green – "Parents and Wives"
- Wilhelm Hauff – "Der Mann im Mond" (The Man in the Moon)
- Barbara Hofland – "Moderation"
- Sir Walter Scott
- "The Betrothed"
- "The Talisman"
## Children.
- Maria Hack –"English Stories. Third Series, Reformation
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under the Tudor Princes"
## Drama.
- Aleksander Griboyedov – "Woe from Wit" (part published)
- James Sheridan Knowles – "William Tell"
- Harriet Lee – "The Three Strangers"
- Alexander Pushkin – "Boris Godunov" (published 1831, but approved for the stage only in 1866)
## Poetry.
- Anna Laetitia Barbauld – "Works"
- Felicia Hemans – "The Forest Sanctuary"
- Esaias Tegnér – "Frithiol's Saga"
## Non-fiction.
- Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin – "Physiologie du goût" (The Physiology of Taste)
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge – "Aids to Reflection"
- George Gleig – "The Subaltern"
- William Hazlitt – "The Spirit of the Age"
- Sarah Kemble Knight – "The Journal of Madam Knight"
- John Claudius
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Loudon – "The Encyclopaedia of Agriculture"
- Thomas Moore – "Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan"
- Harriette Wilson – "The Memoirs of Harriette Wilson, Written by Herself"
# Births.
- January 11 – Bayard Taylor, American poet (died 1878)
- February 13 – Julia C. R. Dorr, American author (died 1913)
- February 18 – Mór Jókai, Hungarian novelist and dramatist (died 1904)
- March 3 – Annie Keary, English novelist, poet and children's writer (died 1879)
- March 16 – Lucy Virginia French, American author (died 1881)
- April 3 – William Billington, English poet and publican (died 1884)
- April 20 – Emma Jane Guyton (Worboise), English novelist and magazine editor (died 1887)
-
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April 24 – R. M. Ballantyne, Scottish writer of juvenile fiction (died 1894)
- May 21 – Nancy H. Adsit, American art writer, lecturer, educator (died 1902)
- June 7 – R. D. Blackmore, English novelist (died 1900)
- June 14 – Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp, English-born American author and educator (died 1903)
- July 2 – Richard Henry Stoddard, American critic and poet (died 1903)
- July 13 – Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren, American writer, translator, and anti-suffragist (died 1889)
- October 19 – Jeanette Granberg, Swedish playwright and translator (died 1857)
- October 23 – Walter Gregor, Scottish folklorist, linguist and pastor (died 1897)
- "Unknown date" – Annie French Hector (pseudonym Mrs
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Alexander), Irish-born novelist (died 1902)
# Deaths.
- March 9 – Anna Laetitia Barbauld, English poet, essayist and children's author (born 1743)
- April 23 – Maler Müller, German poet, dramatist and painter (born 1749)
- June 4 – Morris Birkbeck, American writer and social reformer (born 1764)
- June 11 – Helen Craik, Scottish novelist and poet (born c. 1751)
- August 10 – Joseph Harris (Gomer), Welsh poet and journalist (born 1773)
- November 7 – Charlotte Dacre, English poet and Gothic novelist (born c. 1772)
- November 25 – Desfontaines-Lavallée, French novelist and dramatist (born 1733)
- December 5 – Mary Whateley (Mary Darwall), English poet (born 1738)
- "Unknown dates"
-
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r, German poet, dramatist and painter (born 1749)
- June 4 – Morris Birkbeck, American writer and social reformer (born 1764)
- June 11 – Helen Craik, Scottish novelist and poet (born c. 1751)
- August 10 – Joseph Harris (Gomer), Welsh poet and journalist (born 1773)
- November 7 – Charlotte Dacre, English poet and Gothic novelist (born c. 1772)
- November 25 – Desfontaines-Lavallée, French novelist and dramatist (born 1733)
- December 5 – Mary Whateley (Mary Darwall), English poet (born 1738)
- "Unknown dates"
- Huang Peilie (黄丕烈), Chinese bibliophile (born 1763)
- Shen Fu (沈復), Chinese novelist and chronicler (born 1763)
# Awards.
- Chancellor's Gold Medal – Edward Bulwer-Lytton
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Maidenhead
Maidenhead is a large market town in Berkshire, England, on the south-western bank of the River Thames. With an estimated population of 67,441, Maidenhead is the largest town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. The town is situated west of Charing Cross, London, northeast of the county town of Reading, southeast of Oxford, east-south-east of Henley-on-Thames and northwest of Windsor.
# History.
The antiquary John Leland claimed that the area around Maidenhead's present town centre was a small Roman settlement called Alaunodunum. He stated that it had all but disappeared by the end of the Roman occupation. Although his source is unknown, there is documented and physical
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evidence of Roman settlement in the town. There are two well known villa sites in the town, one being in the suburb of Cox Green, and the other just west of the town centre on Castle Hill. This villa sat on the route of the Camlet Way which was a Roman road linking Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) and Colchester (Camulodunum) via St Albans,(Verulamium) and passes through the present town centre. Remnants of the road have been unearthed at various locations nearby, but its exact route is unclear.
Maidenhead's name stems from the riverside area where the first "New wharf" or "Maiden Hythe" was built, as early as Saxon times. In the year 870, an army of Danes invaded the kingdom of Wessex. They
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disembarked from their longboats by the wharf and ferry crossing at Maidenhead and fought their way overland to Reading where they set up camp and made it their regional power base. The area of the present town centre was originally a small Anglo-Saxon town known as "South Ellington". The town would have likely developed on the Camlet Way on the site of Alaunodunum as the Bath Road was not re-routed until the 13th century. Maidenhead is recorded in the Domesday Book as the settlement of Ellington in the hundred of Beynhurst.
A wooden bridge was erected across the river in about 1280 to replace the ferry in South Ellington. The Great West Road to Reading, Gloucester and Bristol was diverted
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over the new bridge. Previously, it had kept to the north bank and crossed the Thames by ford at Cookham, and the medieval town, later to become Maidenhead grew up on the site of Alaunodunum and South Ellington, between the new bridge and the bottom of Castle Hill. Within a few years a new wharf was constructed next to the bridge to replace the old Saxon wharf which needed replacing. At this time, the South Ellington name was dropped with the town becoming known as Maidenhythe. The earliest record of this name change is in the Bray Court manorial rolls of 1296.
The new bridge and wharf led to the growth of medieval Maidenhead as a river port and market town. The market was held outside the
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old town hall which was set back from the High Street to form the market square. Maidenhead also became the main stopping point for coaches on journeys between London, Gloucester and Bath and the town became populated with numerous inns. By the mid 18th century, Maidenhead had become one of the busiest coaching towns in England with over ninety coaches a day passing through the town. The late 18th-century Bear Hotel on the High Street is the best of the town's old coaching inns surviving to this day.
The current Maidenhead Bridge, a local landmark, dates from 1777 and was built at a cost of £19,000.
King Charles I met his children for the last time before his execution in 1649 at the Greyhound
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Inn
on the High Street, the site of which is now a branch of the NatWest Bank. A plaque commemorates their meeting.
When the Great Western Railway came to the town, it began to expand. Muddy roads were replaced and public services were installed. The High Street began to change again, and substantial Victorian red brick architecture began to appear throughout the town. Maidenhead became its own entity in 1894, being split from the civil parishes of both Bray and Cookham.
Maidenhead Citadel Corps of the Salvation Army was first opened in the town in the mid-1880s. Maidenhead Citadel Band was soon founded in 1886 by Bandmaster William Thomas, who later became mayor of the town.
By Edwardian
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times, nearby Boulter's Lock became a favoured resort, especially on Ascot Sunday, and Skindles Hotel developed a reputation for illicit liaisons.
# Governance.
The town is part of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, with an urban population of around 95,000. Currently Cllr Simon Dudley is the Leader of the Conservative held cabinet. It was previously an independent municipal borough.
The town of Maidenhead was formerly part of the Windsor and Maidenhead Parliament constituency, a conservative safe seat. The Boundary Committee abolished this constituency after the 1992 general election since the electorate was growing too large, splitting it into Windsor and Maidenhead.
Maidenhead
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has been held by the Conservative Party in every election since its foundation in 1997. Theresa May was elected MP in 1997 and has represented Maidenhead ever since. As MP, she took a series of ministerial positions, and was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 13 July 2016. May stood down as Prime Minister on 24 July 2019, but will continue to serve as MP for Maidenhead.
It is today one of the safest Conservative seats in the country, with the Conservatives having a 35 percentage point lead over the second largest party (Labour) in 2017.
The mayor of Windsor & Maidenhead is Councillor Sayonara Luxton (Conservative).
# Geography.
The Maidenhead urban area includes urban and
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suburban regions within the bounds of the town, called Maidenhead Court, North Town, Furze Platt (which in 2012 gained a conservation area), Pinkneys Green, Highway, Tittle Row, Boyn Hill, Fishery and Bray Wick; as well as built-up areas in surrounding civil parishes: Cox Green and Altwood in Cox Green parish, Woodlands Park in White Waltham parish, and part of Bray Wick in Bray parish. Bray village is linked to Maidenhead by the exclusive Fishery Estate which lies on the banks of the Thames. To the east, on the opposite side of the river from Maidenhead, is the large village of Taplow in Buckinghamshire which almost adjoins the suburban village of Burnham, Buckinghamshire, which is in itself
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part of the urban area of the large, industrial town of Slough. To the north are the Cookhams, Cookham Village, Cookham Rise and Cookham Dean. To the west is the area of Pinkneys Green. These lie south of the Berkshire-Buckinghamshire border, which is formed by the River Thames (which then bends southwards to form the Maidenhead-Taplow border). To the south is the village of Holyport. Continuing by road to the South-East leads to the historic, royal twin towns of Windsor and Eton.
Maidenhead was originally the planned western terminus for the Crossrail line (to and through London) until Reading station, situated southwest of Maidenhead, was chosen.
Maidenhead lies immediately west of the Taplow
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ridge; a wooded spur of the Chilterns which rises dramatically above one of the most scenic stretches of the Thames. The ridge is crowned by the spectacular Cliveden House which can be seen from various parts of the town.
Maidenhead has a site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the northern outskirts of the town called Cannoncourt Farm Pit, where the largest hand axe of the paleolithic era in Britain was discovered. The town also has a local nature reserve called The Gullet.
On 12 July 1901 Maidenhead entered the UK Weather Records with the "Highest 60-min total" rainfall at . As of July 2015, this record remains.
# Landmarks.
Maidenhead clock tower was built for Queen Victoria's diamond
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jubilee and is located outside the railway station. Maidenhead Bridge was built in 1777. It takes the A4 over the Thames to join Maidenhead to Taplow.
All Saints' Church, Boyne Hill was completed in 1857 is one of the finest examples of the early work of the architect G. E. Street. The site is also regarded by many as the premier architectural site in the town. The church, consecrated on 2 December 1857 by Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, became the first ecclesiastical parish in the Borough of Maidenhead.
Boulter's Lock is a lock on the river Thames on the east side of Maidenhead. It adjoins Ray Mill Island.
In addition the town has a range of various statues which form part of a recognisable
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image of the town, including the 'Boy and the Boat' location at the top end of the High Street, near the Methodist Church.
# Character.
Maidenhead has a long history of settlement, going back to the Anglo-Saxon and Roman periods. Despite this, there are no visible architectural remains in the present day town to show this.
Although there are attractive residential and green areas in and around Maidenhead, the historic heart of the town has been redeveloped, primarily with office space, high technology company headquarters and apartments, making it one of the key business and commuter towns of the Silicon Corridor. This has happened in piecemeal fashion over the last forty years and unfortunately,
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Maidenhead town centre has lost most many historic buildings and much of its traditional English market town character. The High Street and Bridge Street areas only possess one heavily restored Medieval building and a handful of Georgian buildings in the Chapel Arches area.
Research by the New Economics Foundation rated Maidenhead as an example of a clone town and the town centre is regarded as in need of improvement. In December 2007, the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead set up the Partnership for the Regeneration of Maidenhead (PRoM), which in October 2008 launched a comprehensive 20 Year Vision and Action Plan for rejuvenating the town centre. Launch of the plan coincided with confirmation
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by central government that Maidenhead will be part of the new Crossrail project. PRoM's plans highlight five key developments which will help shape the town for the future. A large new retail and residential development called 'The Landing' is due for construction shortly. Additionally there will be an upgraded train station and transport interchange, movement of the leisure centre, bowls club and improved links between Kidwells Park and the High Street.
The Chapel Arches retail development is under construction. Part of the scheme involves restoring the old Thames tributaries which run through a historic section of the town centre as an attractive feature and amenity in the town. New apartments,
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boutique stores and restaurants, bars, and cafes are to be a feature of this new waterfront quarter of the town centre. The adjoining historic section of the High Street around the 18th Century Chapel Arches Bridge has been restored as part of the development. Existing Georgian and Victorian buildings have been rejuvenated and the adjoining new builds have been sensitively constructed in the same historic style to bring back a sense of history and lost heritage to this part of the town centre.
Maidenhead was home to the conference that agreed on the Maidenhead Locator System standard in 1980. It is located in grid square .
The average house price in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
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in 2011 was £461,421.
# Community facilities.
Maidenhead offers High Street shopping facilities including Nicholson's Centre, a shopping centre on the site of Nicholson's brewery. The town also offers an eight-screen Odeon multiplex cinema and the Magnet Leisure Centre which is scheduled to be replaced by a state of the art leisure centre. The local authority also provides a Shopmobility service, where those with physical disabilities can borrow mobility scooters to navigate around the town.
Maidenhead Heritage Centre and Museum was established in 1993 and moved to permanent premises in a former pub in Park Street in 2006.
In the Boyne Hill area there is Norden Farm Centre for the Arts (an
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arts centre including a theatre).
Waltham Place Estate on Church Hill includes an ornamental garden integrated within a organic and biodynamic farm estate. It is promoted by the Campaign to Protect Rural England.
The Reitlinger Open Space on Guards Club Road is named after Henry Reitlinger, a leading collector of fine art. On his death in 1950, the collection was vested in a trust, the Henry Reitlinger Bequest. The trustees were his adopted daughter, Mrs. M. Cocke, and a Maidenhead solicitor, who chose to house the collection at Oldfield House, now a private residence; the building dates back to 1892.
The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead has announced that a new leisure centre is to
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be built in the town to replace the now outdated Magnet Leisure Centre located north of Kidwells Park .
The new facility is expected to open at the end of 2020; with the council claiming there will be no break in service from the old Magent Leisure Centre.
The town also has various community centres, the most noticeable being 4 Marlow Road, a youth and community centre, located to the side of Kidwells Park near the town centre, various activities take place, including scheduled youth drop in times as well as classes in dance being provided privately in the large sports and dance studios that it boasts.
# Transport.
The (Brunel-built) Great Western Main Line passes through the town, calling
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at Maidenhead railway station and offering frequent, direct services to London, Reading, Newbury, Didcot and Oxford. Additionally, there are less frequent direct services to Banbury, Hereford, Worcester and Great Malvern. It passes over Brunel's Maidenhead Railway Bridge (known locally as the Sounding Arch), famous for its flat brick arches. Maidenhead Station is the beginning of the Marlow Branch Line from Maidenhead to Marlow, Buckinghamshire, Furze Platt railway station on this branch also serves the northern area of Maidenhead. Rail services have been provided by Great Western since 2003-04.
Local bus services are provided by First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, Arriva Shires & Essex and
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Courtney Buses. There are also evening bus services from Slough provided by Reading Buses rather than First (as in the daytime), under the 'Thames Valley' brand
The A4 runs through the town and crosses the Thames over Maidenhead Bridge. The town lies adjacent to junction 8/9 on the M4 motorway and is accessed via the A404(M) and A308(M). The A308(M), A404(M) and A404 form the Marlow and Maidenhead bypass which also acts as an important link between the M4, to the south of the town, and M40 at High Wycombe.
The River Thames runs to the east of the town centre, and York Stream, which runs through the town centre, connects to the Thames via a system of disused waterways. A renewal scheme is in
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progress to reopen these waterways. The Jubilee River, part of the flood defence scheme, begins above Boulter's Lock nearby.
The Crossrail project that is expected to be fully opened in autumn 2019, after previously being expected to be completed by December 2018. In the initial plan for Crossrail, Maidenhead was expected to become the terminus for the line, which will be known as the Elizabeth Line. However, after consultation Crossrail Limited and Transport for London decided to extend this to Reading, which also serves as a major hub for the Great Western route. The route will double the current timetable from 4 services an hour (operated by the exciting Great Western Railway route) to 8
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services an hour (combining both Elizabeth Line and GWR services).
# Employment.
Maidenhead is in England's Silicon Corridor along the M4 motorway west of London. Many residents commute to work in London, or to the towns of Slough and Reading.
Maidenhead's industries include: software, plastics, pharmaceuticals, printing and telecommunications.
The town also has an office for the Department for Work and Pensions, a local Jobcentre Plus which is located in Park Street. It is open 9am - 5pm Monday to Friday (10am on Wednesday) and offers help in finding employment, including the National Careers Service. In addition, as part of the UK Government roll out of the new social care benefit system,
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Maidenhead is now a Universal Credit Full Service area.
# Sport.
Situated on the River Thames, the town is a rowing centre. Maidenhead Rowing Club organises the Maidenhead Regatta which, along with Marlow Regatta and Henley Regatta, is often seen as a testing ground for olympic rowing athletes. Maidenhead has often seen winners go on to represent the United Kingdom at the Olympic games.
The town's football team, Maidenhead United, play at York Road, which is the oldest football ground in the world continuously used by the same team. Maidenhead United were crowned champions of National League South at the end of the 2016/17 season. Due to this, the team were automatically promoted to the National
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League (fifth tier of English Football) for the 2017/18 season.
The Maidenhead Rugby Club was founded in 1921 and is the largest organised sports team in the town. It consists of four men's teams, a women's team and a large youth programme. The men's team attracts international talent from all over the world including American Tobin Thompson and Fijian Antinio Mawara.
In September 2011 the town hosted the first ever Maidenhead Half Marathon.
The town is also home to Maidenhead Sailing Club at Summerleaze Lake which is home to one of the largest Albacore fleets in the area.
Maidenhead Golf Club was founded in 1896 and is situated close by the town centre and station in Shoppenhangers Road.
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The course was designed by the eminent golf architect Harry S. Colt.
FPD- A Senior social football team has played teams from the twin towns starting with a home and away leg with Bad Godesberg. Future fixtures against St-Cloud and Frascati to follow.
# Institutions.
The local newspaper is "The Maidenhead Advertiser".
Maidenhead has been the home of Maidenhead Citadel Band of the Salvation Army since 1886.
The head office of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is based in Maidenhead on Marlow Road. Furthermore, various private companies have their head offices located around the town including, Johnson & Johnson, the American multi-national pharmaceutical.
The schools listed below consist
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of various types of schools including Free Schools and Academies.
## Further educational institutions.
- Berkshire College of Agriculture is based in Maidenhead.
Although the town only has the one college, most students entering college level education travel to the various establishments in the area, including the Windsor Forest Colleges Group (formerly East Berkshire College) in both Windsor (Berkshire) and Langley, Slough as well as The Henley College in Oxfordshire and Reading College (Berkshire)
## Secondary schools.
- Altwood Church of England School
- Cox Green School
- Desborough College (previously Maidenhead Grammar School)
- Furze Platt Senior School
- Newlands Girls' School
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(previously County High School for Girls, Maidenhead)
## Primary schools.
- All Saints C of E Junior School
- Courthouse Junior School
- Furze Platt Infant School (caters for Reception - Year 2)
- Furze Platt Junior School (caters for Year 3-6)
- Holyport Primary School
- Larchfield
- Lowbrook Academy
- Oldfield Primary School
- Riverside Primary School
- St Edmund Campion Primary School
- St. Lukes C of E School
- St. Mary's Primary School
- Wessex Primary School
- White Waltham C of E Primary School
- Woodlands Park Primary School
## Independent schools.
- Beech Lodge School (co-ed 7-17)
- Claires Court (all-through 3-18:- co-ed Nursery [3-5]; girls [4-16] & boys [4-16]
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