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4746317
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Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parrot%20Sketch%20Not%20Included%20–%2020%20Years%20of%20Monty%20Python
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Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python
had cobbled this thing together and was passing it off, saying it was written by John or whatever. When I read it I thought, 'This is just terrible, we can't do this'. So we arrived and Steve Martin was there at the film studios. We had to turn up to do it and I'm very glad that they cut it". Footage of the Pythons meeting up to record the sketch was aired in the US version of the "Life of Python" documentary.
The Pythons gave an alternate version of their appearance, which is featured in the special, in which Steve Martin briefly reveals that they are all in a cupboard. Chapman appears very pale and sallow; at the time the throat cancer that would kill him was advancing rapidly. This would
| 6,142,000 |
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Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parrot%20Sketch%20Not%20Included%20–%2020%20Years%20of%20Monty%20Python
|
Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python
m was advancing rapidly. This would be his last filmed appearance before his death on 4 October 1989, which coincidentally was the day before the 20th anniversary of the broadcast of the first episode of "Monty Python's Flying Circus".
# Cast.
- Graham Chapman
- John Cleese
- Terry Gilliam
- Eric Idle
- Terry Jones
- Michael Palin
- Steve Martin
- Carol Cleveland
- Connie Booth
- Basil Tang
- Marjorie Wilde
- The Fred Tomlinson Singers
# Credits.
- Ian MacNaughton - Producer (original footage)
- John Howard Davies - Producer (original footage)
- Sue Vertue - Production Manager
- Charles Brand - Producer
- Anne James - Producer
- Martyn Hone - Editor
- John Lloyd - Editor
| 6,142,001 |
4746297
|
Purple Toupee
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purple%20Toupee
|
Purple Toupee
Purple Toupee
"Purple Toupee" is a 1988 song by alternative rock duo They Might Be Giants from their second album, "Lincoln". It was released as a promotional single in 1989. In 1994, a live performance of the song was recorded for the promotional live album, "Live!! New York City 10/14/94", which was released by Elektra Records.
According to John Linnell, the song's disjointed lyrics recount a warped memory of the 1960s. The song comments on a contemporary "sixties revival", which Linnell perceived as a "one-dimensional caricature" of the decade. In a nod to this inauthenticity, the lyrics are intentionally misleading, and do not accurately represent the events they reference. Two Prince songs—"Purple
| 6,142,002 |
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Purple Toupee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purple%20Toupee
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Purple Toupee
Rain" and "Raspberry Beret"—also served as sources of inspiration for "Purple Toupee".
# Promotion.
Bar/None Records promoted "Purple Toupee" by pasting fake labels on 8-track tapes by other artists. The cartridges, disguised as a release from TMBG, were mailed to radio stations, in addition to CDs that actually contained the song.
The song had a music video directed by Helene Silverman, who had previously done graphic design work with the band. The video was filmed at Coney Island and features John Linnell and John Flansburgh playing accordion and guitar, respectively, at Astroland Park.
## Terminated EP.
"Purple Toupee" was intended for release as an EP with three B-sides. It was listed
| 6,142,003 |
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Purple Toupee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purple%20Toupee
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Purple Toupee
as a release for 12" vinyl, CD, and cassette. The following tracks were presented on the band's B-side compilation, "Miscellaneous T":
- 1. "Hey, Mr. DJ, I Thought You Said We Had A Deal"
- 2. "Lady Is a Tramp"
- 3. "Birds Fly"
The songs were also included on a 2013 reissue of "Lincoln" in Australian markets by Breakaway Records.
- Notes
- "Lady Is a Tramp" is a cover of the Rogers & Hart song.
# Reception.
In his review of "Lincoln", Robert Christgau cited "Purple Toupee" as a potential highlight from the album's A-side, though not as strong as the lead single "Ana Ng". He describes the song as "antiboomer". The track was also designated as an Allmusic "pick". Writing for Allmusic,
| 6,142,004 |
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Purple Toupee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purple%20Toupee
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Purple Toupee
usic, Stewart Mason lauds the song's "infectious tune" and adds that the chorus is "among the duo's most endearing and memorable". Like Christgau, Mason speculates that it carries a baby-boomer theme from the perspective of a confused child of the 1960s. In an Allmusic review of the full album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine also names "Purple Toupee" one of the album's strong "pop hooks".
# Personnel.
- They Might Be Giants
- John Linnell - accordion
- John Flansburgh - guitar
- Production
- Bill Krauss – Producer
- Al Houghton – Engineer
# External links.
- "" EP on This Might Be A Wiki
- "" (song) on This Might Be A Wiki
- Issue of "SPIN" containing an advertisement for the aborted EP
| 6,142,005 |
4746327
|
National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Film%20Award%20for%20Best%20Anthropological/Ethnographic%20Film
|
National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film
National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film
The National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).
The award was instituted in 1984, at 32nd National Film Awards and awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages.
# Winners.
Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:
# External links.
-
| 6,142,006 |
4746327
|
National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Film%20Award%20for%20Best%20Anthropological/Ethnographic%20Film
|
National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film
Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).
The award was instituted in 1984, at 32nd National Film Awards and awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages.
# Winners.
Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:
# External links.
- Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India
- National Film Awards Archives
| 6,142,007 |
4746324
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Yavanajataka
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavanajataka
|
Yavanajataka
Yavanajataka
The Yavanajātaka (Sanskrit: "yavana" 'Greek' + "jātaka" 'nativity' = 'nativity according to the Greeks') of Sphujidhvaja is an ancient text in Indian astrology.
According to David Pingree, it is a later versification of an earlier translation into Sanskrit of a Greek text, thought to have been written around 120 CE in Alexandria, on horoscopy. Based on Pingree's interpretation and emendations, the original translation, made in 149–150 CE by "Yavanesvara" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I, is lost; only a substantial portion of the versification 120 years later by Sphujidhvaja under Rudrasena II has survived. However, according to
| 6,142,008 |
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Yavanajataka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavanajataka
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Yavanajataka
the recent research by Mak based on a newly discovered manuscript and other documents, Pingree's date interpretation as well as a number of crucial readings such as zero and other bhūtasaṃkhyā were based on his own emendation, not supported by what was written on the manuscripts. Furthermore, traditionally Yavanesvara and Sphujidhvaja were understood as referring to the same person, the former being an epithet to the latter, according to authors such as Bhaskara and Utpala. The date of the Yavanajātaka according to Mak is now revised to between 4th and 6th century CE.
Yavanajataka is one the earliest known Sanskrit works referencing western horoscopy. It was followed by other works of Western
| 6,142,009 |
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Yavanajataka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavanajataka
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Yavanajataka
origin which greatly influenced Indian astrology: the Paulisa Siddhanta ("Doctrine of Paul"), and the Romaka Siddhanta ("Doctrine of the Romans"). However, the earliest known Sanskrit work on horoscopy is Vedanga Jyotisha
It was translated by David Pingree into English, which was published as volume 48 of the Harvard Oriental Series in 1978.
# Genesis.
The last verses of the text describe the role of Yavanasvera in the creation of the text, and the role of Sphujidhvaja in its subsequent versification:
The dates employed in the Yavanajataka are based on the Saka era (see Chapter 79/14 "When 66 years of the Sakas have elapsed..."), meaning that the translation of the text into Sanskrit was
| 6,142,010 |
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Yavanajataka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavanajataka
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Yavanajataka
made by Yavanasvera in 149 CE (year 71 of the Saka era, which starts in 78 CE). Accordingly, the versification by Sphujidhvaja was made in 269 CE.
The Yavanajataka contains instructions on calculating astrological charts (horoscopes) from the time and place of one's birth. Astrology flourished in the Hellenistic world (particularly Alexandria) and the Yavanajataka reflects astrological techniques developed in the Greek-speaking world. Astronomical mathematical methods, such as the calculate of the 'horoskopos' (zodiac sign on the eastern horizon) was used in the service of astrology.
# References to Greek astrology.
There are various direct references to Greek astrological knowledge in the
| 6,142,011 |
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Yavanajataka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavanajataka
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Yavanajataka
text, and the nomenclature is clearly taken from the Greek language:
# See also.
- Indo-Greek kingdom
- Paulisa Siddhanta
- Romaka Siddhanta
# References.
- Thomas McEvilley (2002) "The Shape of Ancient Thought", Allworth Press,
- David Pingree (1981) ""Jyotiḥśāstra"", Jan Gonda (ed) "A History of Indian Literature", Vol, VI Fasc. 4, Otto Harrassowitz — Wiesbaden
- K. V. Sarma (1997), "Sphujidhvaja", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures edited by Helaine Selin, Springer,
- Bill M. Mak (2014) The ‘Oldest Indo-Greek Text in Sanskrit’ Revisited: Additional Readings from the Newly Discovered Manuscript of the Yavanajātaka, "Journal of
| 6,142,012 |
4746324
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Yavanajataka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavanajataka
|
Yavanajataka
opaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures edited by Helaine Selin, Springer,
- Bill M. Mak (2014) The ‘Oldest Indo-Greek Text in Sanskrit’ Revisited: Additional Readings from the Newly Discovered Manuscript of the Yavanajātaka, "Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies" 62(3): 1101-1105
- Bill M. Mak (2013) The Last Chapter of Sphujidhvaja's Yavanajātaka critically edited with notes, SCIAMVS 14, pp. 59-148
- Bill M. Mak (2013) The Date and Nature of Sphujidhvaja’s Yavanajātaka reconsidered in the light of some newly discovered materials, "History of Science in South Asia" 1: pp. 1-20
# External links.
- The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja (full text)
| 6,142,013 |
4746397
|
Question (short story)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Question%20(short%20story)
|
Question (short story)
Question (short story)
"Question" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. The story first appeared in the March 1955 issue of "Computers and Automation" (thought to be the first computer magazine), and was reprinted in the April 30, 1957, issue of "Science World". It is the first of a loosely connected series of stories concerning a fictional supercomputer called Multivac.
The story concerns two technicians who are servicing Multivac, and their argument over whether or not the machine is truly intelligent and able to think. Multivac, however, supplies the answer on its own.
After the reprint, another author, Robert Sherman Townes, noticed the climax in the last sentence
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Question (short story)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Question%20(short%20story)
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Question (short story)
was very similar to one of his own stories, "Problem for Emmy" ("Startling Stories", June 1952), and wrote to Asimov about it. After searching in his library, Asimov did find the original story and, although he did not recall having read it, admitted that the endings were pretty similar. He then replied to Townes, apologizing and promising the story would never again be published, and it never was. Asimov mentioned "Question" in an editorial called "Plagiarism" which appeared in the August 1985 issue of "Asimov's Science Fiction" (although he did not mention Townes' name or the title of either story). "Plagiarism" was reprinted in Asimov's collection "Gold" (1995).
# Sources.
- "Question"
| 6,142,015 |
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Question (short story)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Question%20(short%20story)
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Question (short story)
ories", June 1952), and wrote to Asimov about it. After searching in his library, Asimov did find the original story and, although he did not recall having read it, admitted that the endings were pretty similar. He then replied to Townes, apologizing and promising the story would never again be published, and it never was. Asimov mentioned "Question" in an editorial called "Plagiarism" which appeared in the August 1985 issue of "Asimov's Science Fiction" (although he did not mention Townes' name or the title of either story). "Plagiarism" was reprinted in Asimov's collection "Gold" (1995).
# Sources.
- "Question" at AsimovReviews.net
# External links.
- "Question" at the Internet Archive
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4746363
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The Statue Got Me High
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Statue%20Got%20Me%20High
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The Statue Got Me High
The Statue Got Me High
"The Statue Got Me High" is a song by American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants. The song was released as the lead single from the band's 1992 album, "Apollo 18". The song reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart. The B-sides "I'm Def" and "Which Describes How You're Feeling" are both taken from the band's 1985 demo tape, which was recorded using low-quality equipment.
# Composition.
"The Statue Got Me High" was written by John Linnell. Of the meaning of the song's lyrics, Linnell said:
It's kind of a song about having an epiphany or something. The song actually started with completely different lyrics. That's what I was saying about
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The Statue Got Me High
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Statue%20Got%20Me%20High
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The Statue Got Me High
dummy lyrics. I think the song was called 'The Apple of My Eye'. When I came up with the line 'the statue got me high', it amused me. It was taking two things and putting them together - not a non sequitur but something sort of interesting and odd about the juxtaposition of those two things. Part of it is that it's the idea that the statue would be in a public square, a monument. Not necessarily a work of art, but something that's just utterly immobile and represents something that's in the past - just the idea of that blowing somebody's mind. It seems like one of the least likely things to make the top of your head come off, and that's what happens in the song.
Since its release Linnell has
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The Statue Got Me High
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Statue%20Got%20Me%20High
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The Statue Got Me High
compared the lyrics of the song to the Mozart opera "Don Giovanni", which also features a deadly confrontation with a statue.
Somebody compared the song to the story of Don Giovanni which I was not familiar with. It was kind of wonderful that they came up with that. It made the song more interesting to me.
# Promotion and packaging.
A music video was produced for the single, directed by Adam Bernstein. It premiered on MTV's "120 Minutes" in February, 1992. The video features John Linnell and John Flansburgh among various space-themed sculptures and fully suited astronauts at the Sepulveda Dam. At certain points, the video depicts John Linnell's head over a red silhouette of flames. A second
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The Statue Got Me High
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Statue%20Got%20Me%20High
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The Statue Got Me High
version of the video, which does not show the flames, was also produced, because, according to Flansburgh, flames are not allowed to be shown on British television.
Like "Apollo 18", the single's art largely features photography from the NASA archives.
# Track listing.
- US cassette / European CD
- 2. "The Statue Got Me High" – 3:06
- 3. "Which Describes How You're Feeling" (demo) – 1:24
- 4. "I'm Def" – 1:08
- European 12"
- 2. "The Statue Got Me High" – 3:06
- 3. "She's Actual Size (album version)" – 2:05
- 4. "I'm Def" – 1:08
- 5. "Which Describes How You're Feeling" (demo) – 1:24
- European 7"
- 2. "The Statue Got Me High" – 3:06
- 3. "She's Actual Size (album version)" – 2:05
#
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The Statue Got Me High
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Statue%20Got%20Me%20High
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The Statue Got Me High
– 3:06
- 3. "She's Actual Size (album version)" – 2:05
- 4. "I'm Def" – 1:08
- 5. "Which Describes How You're Feeling" (demo) – 1:24
- European 7"
- 2. "The Statue Got Me High" – 3:06
- 3. "She's Actual Size (album version)" – 2:05
# Personnel.
- They Might Be Giants
- John Flansburgh
- John Linnell
- Additional musicians
- Jim Thomas - drums on "She's Actual Size"
- Production
- They Might Be Giants - producers
- Bill Krauss - producer for "I'm Def" and "Which Describes How You're Feeling All the Time"
- Edward Douglas IV - engineer
- Alan Winstanley - mixing
- Paul Angelli - recording
# External links.
- "" EP on This Might Be A Wiki
- "" (song) on This Might Be A Wiki
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4746409
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Wren, Mississippi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wren,%20Mississippi
|
Wren, Mississippi
Wren, Mississippi
Wren is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, Mississippi.
Wren is sited at between Amory and Okolona. According to the United States Geological Survey, a variant name is "Wrens".
New Wren is located at on U.S. Route 45 (US 45), near its intersection with US 278.
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4746339
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Daphne Oxenford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daphne%20Oxenford
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Daphne Oxenford
Daphne Oxenford
Daphne Margaret du Grivel Oxenford (31 October 1919 – 21 December 2012) was an English actress, known for her early stage roles, and later her radio and television work.
She was best known for her role as original character Esther Hayes in "Coronation Street". Other roles included Mrs Plummer in "Man About the House" (1973), Alice Dutton in "EastEnders" (1990), and Mrs. Oldknow in the mini-series "The Children of Green Knowe" (1986). She was to appear in the 2008 Doctor Who TV episode "The Unicorn and the Wasp" as an elderly Agatha Christie. The scene was filmed, but was cut from the final broadcast version.
# Early life and early career.
Born in Barnet, Hertfordshire, to
| 6,142,023 |
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Daphne Oxenford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daphne%20Oxenford
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Daphne Oxenford
chartered accountant Dudley Oxenford and his wife Marie (née du Grivel), a writer of historical fiction, Oxenford first appeared on stage at the age of thirteen and trained at the Embassy School of Acting in Swiss Cottage, North London. She was briefly employed by a bank before working in censorship during World War II while performing in revues in her spare time. At the end of the war she toured with ENSA before returning to revues in London.
After her marriage she moved to Manchester and appeared regularly at the Library Theatre and the Royal Exchange Theatre as well as in the West End. In 1947 she successfully auditioned for Joyce Grenfell, who became a close friend and godmother to Oxenford's
| 6,142,024 |
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Daphne Oxenford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daphne%20Oxenford
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Daphne Oxenford
daughter.
# Radio and television.
Her best-known role was the voice – ""Are you sitting comfortably ...?"" – for BBC radio's "Listen with Mother" from 1950 to 1971; she was also a reader on the newspaper review programme "What the Papers Say" for over thirty years.
One of the original cast members of "Coronation Street", she played Esther Hayes from 1960 to 1963, 1971 and 1972. She played Mrs. Patterson, the owner of the village shop, in the popular sitcom "To the Manor Born". In the seventies and early eighties she was part of "Listen to Les" "The Les Dawson Radio Show" on BBC Radio 2, and performed in "The Clitheroe Kid" radio comedy series from time to time. She played Chrissy's mother
| 6,142,025 |
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Daphne Oxenford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daphne%20Oxenford
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Daphne Oxenford
in three episodes of "Man About the House"- Series 4 - Episode 5 (1973–76).
Other TV credits include: "The Sweeney", "The Duchess of Duke Street", "Juliet Bravo", "The Children of Green Knowe", "Doctor Who" (in the serial "Dragonfire" and "The Unicorn and the Wasp") and "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates". In 2006, she guest-starred in the audio drama "Sapphire and Steel: Cruel Immortality". She appeared in three episodes of "Midsomer Murders" (2004–2008) as Muriel, Cully's grandmother. Her film credits include "That'll Be the Day" (1973), "All Creatures Great and Small" (1975) and "Sweet William" (1980). Her voice was used for a "Listen With Mother" programme in 1977 for the sitcom "Rising Damp".
#
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Daphne Oxenford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daphne%20Oxenford
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Daphne Oxenford
s of Duke Street", "Juliet Bravo", "The Children of Green Knowe", "Doctor Who" (in the serial "Dragonfire" and "The Unicorn and the Wasp") and "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates". In 2006, she guest-starred in the audio drama "Sapphire and Steel: Cruel Immortality". She appeared in three episodes of "Midsomer Murders" (2004–2008) as Muriel, Cully's grandmother. Her film credits include "That'll Be the Day" (1973), "All Creatures Great and Small" (1975) and "Sweet William" (1980). Her voice was used for a "Listen With Mother" programme in 1977 for the sitcom "Rising Damp".
# Personal life.
Oxenford was married to David Marshall from 1951 until his death in February 2003. They had two daughters.
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4746420
|
Itilleq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itilleq
|
Itilleq
Itilleq
Itilleq (old spelling: "Itivdleq") is a settlement in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland. It is located on a small island around 1 km from the mainland, 45 km south of Sisimiut and 2 km north of the Arctic Circle on the shores of Davis Strait. It had 112 inhabitants in 2010.
# History.
Itilleq was founded in 1847 on another island, but was later moved 1 kilometer east to its present location.
# Economy.
The main trade in the settlement is fishing and hunting, with a fish factory being the principal employer in the settlement. The island has no freshwater, and for this reason Itilleq makes use of a facility for forming freshwater from seawater. The village is served
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Itilleq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itilleq
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Itilleq
by the communal all-purpose Pilersuisoq store.
# Transport.
There is no road connection to any other settlement, but that is so for most other settlements in Greenland.
## Air.
The closest aerodrome is Sisimiut Airport in Sisimiut, with connections to Ilulissat, Kangerlussuaq, Maniitsoq, and Nuuk operated by Air Greenland. There are no helicopter services to coastal settlements of Davis Strait in the Qeqqata and Sermersooq municipalities.
## Sea.
Royal Arctic Line provides weekly ferry services to Sarfannguit and Sisimiut, a port of call for the Arctic Umiaq Line, with connections to Ilulissat and Aasiaat in the Disko Bay region, and to coastal towns in southwestern and southern Greenland.
#
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Itilleq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itilleq
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Itilleq
.
The closest aerodrome is Sisimiut Airport in Sisimiut, with connections to Ilulissat, Kangerlussuaq, Maniitsoq, and Nuuk operated by Air Greenland. There are no helicopter services to coastal settlements of Davis Strait in the Qeqqata and Sermersooq municipalities.
## Sea.
Royal Arctic Line provides weekly ferry services to Sarfannguit and Sisimiut, a port of call for the Arctic Umiaq Line, with connections to Ilulissat and Aasiaat in the Disko Bay region, and to coastal towns in southwestern and southern Greenland.
# Population.
The population of Itilleq has been stable in the last two decades.
# Notable residents.
- Hans Enoksen − the fourth Prime Minister of Greenland (2002-2009)
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Maxwell School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%20School
|
Maxwell School
Maxwell School
Maxwell School () is an all-boys (and co-ed) secondary school, located north of Kuala Lumpur. The school is believed to be the oldest school in north of Kuala Lumpur as well as one of the oldest in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia. Both current students and alumnus are known as a Maxwellian. The school is some of the schools in Malaysia that have surpassed the 100-year old mark. It celebrates the 100th anniversary in 2017, and a centennial ceremony was held on 30 September 2017.
# History.
Maxwell School was established in 1917, and named after a road in honour of . It opened its doors to 110 students and five teaching staff on 1 June 1922. During its pre-war days, it functioned as
| 6,142,031 |
4746402
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Maxwell School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%20School
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Maxwell School
a feeder school (primary school) to the Victoria Institution. By 1933, the school was shut down to the public due to the recession, but was opened as a private school from 1934 to 1938. It was then given to the Trade School for their use.
During the Japanese Occupation, it was used as a camp for the Japanese Kempeitai. After the war, the school was used as a hostel by the newly formed Technical College until 1953, when, in September, the school was re-opened as Malaya's first modern secondary school. Today, the Maxwell School is still housed in the same building and has remained a secondary school ever since.
# School headmasters and headmistresses.
poem
1917 - 1918 War Period
1919 - 1922
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Establishment Period
1922 - 1925 Montague B. Brockwell
1925 - 1928 C. N. Beamish
Aug 1928 Harold Ball
1928 - 1930 Agnes R. Cooke
1930 - 1930 M. Wheatley
1930 - 1933 C. W. Bloomfield
1933 - 1938 R. Thampipillay
1939 - 1941 (Closed)
1941 - 1945 (War Period)
1946 - 1953 (Closed)
1953 - 1954 William C. Cleine
1954 - 1956 Donald Priestley
1956 - 1957 Paul Chang
1957 - 1957 Razak Khan
1957 - 1961 Ong Choon Ghee
1961 - 1961 A. E. Navarasingam
1961 - 1968 Wong Ah Fatt
1968 - 1979 P. Nadarajah
1979 - 1988 Victor Wong
1988 - 1990 Abdul Razak Mohammed
1990 - 1999 Ismail Sajad bin Sajad
1999 - 2001 Han Seng Kuang
2001 - 2006 Loy Liang Dee
2006 - 2007 Datin Khairiah Abd Majid
2007
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- 2010 Datin Zainab Bee Bte. Ismail
2011 - 2014 Radiah Bt. Nordin K.M.W
2014 - Hajah Hanipah binti Endut
/poem
## European Headmistresses.
poem
1922 - 1923 Annie Grenier
1923 - 1924 J. H. Dennett
1924 - 1926 Edith L. Earnshaw
1926 - 1927 D. A. Peck
1927 - 1928 Helen D. Leith
1928 - 1929 Agnes R. Cooke
1929 - 1933 Nellie F. Careless
/poem
# Buildings.
The school has remained on its original site. It originally consisted of two blocks, the present day main block and the gymnasium block, which now consist a meeting room. The design and features of the two blocks are typical of colonial era structures and bear some similarities with the railway station and Sultan Abdul Samad buildings,
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both of which have Moorish architecture. The school was later extended to a block of solid masonry construction with arched openings along the corridors. There is a veranda on both sides of each storey of the main block, high ceilings and broad stairways. The 'H' shape of the main block is locally a distinctive feature. The school ever since have expanded, and now the school has two additional main blocks. The first of which are located behind the original 1917 block, housing most of the classrooms and laboratories and a new 6-storey tower that houses most of the Form Sixth classrooms and the school library.
# Student life.
It is an unspoken rule that all freshman students join at least one
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uniformed body, join one of the school's 50 clubs and participate in at least one sport.
# Rivalry.
As like many other older schools, the Maxwell School has rivals. St. John's Institution, is the school's traditional rivals. This rivalry can be observed during visits by Maxwellians to St. John's Institution and vice versa. Setapak High School, and the Methodist Boys School, Sentul can also be included in this list, stretching back to the mid-1950s.
# Traditions and heritage.
While many of the colonial-period traditions have eroded over the years, some are still practised. The first one is the passing of the School Captain badge from Captain to Captain each year. The second is the sewing
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of the prefects uniform done by the school tailor, and not bought from a retail shop. Another one would be of the invitation by the Old Boys' Association of the school to the School Captain to attend the annual Dinner Night of the Association. Furthermore, the uniformed groups uniform is worn on every Wednesday.
# Sports.
Maxwell School participates in the Sentul zone at district level and in the MSSKL (Kuala Lumpur School Sports Council) tournament at the state level. The school has won trophies and titles in football, hockey, athletics, cricket, sepak takraw and badminton. Maxwell School has produced Malaysian sportsmen including Zainal Abidin Hassan, E.C. Dutton (national goalkeeper) S.A.
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Azman (national tennis player) and national cricket players.
## House.
There are four sport houses, and every year they compete on sports day. The Maxwell School Sports Day has been held since 1955. The houses are named after the founders of the state. The houses are:
- Thamboosamy (red)
- Swettenham (green)
- Yap Ah Loy (blue)
- Sulaiman (yellow)
# Prefects.
Maxwell School has one of the oldest prefects board in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. It was founded 1929. After the war, the Prefects Board was re-initiated and the first School Captain was S. A. Azman in 1954. He later became one of Malaya's first national tennis players.
Choosing prefects is done by nomination for prefecture by
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teachers and senior students, training, elimination processes, and a several month stint as a 'Temporary Prefect'. The motto for the Maxwell School Prefects Board is "Dedicated Prefects Towards Discipline"
# School crest.
Mr. Donald Priestley designed the school crest in 1954. It is green, yellow, blue and white, with each colour having a meaning:
- green represents religion,
- yellow represents royalty,
- blue represents age,
- white represents youth.
The shield shows a tiger, an opened bible, the school motto, a compass which supports the opened book and an arrow pointing down surrounded by eight blue and white stripes. The opened book is the Bible Of Knowledge and the tiger is The
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Burning Tiger. The compass symbolises the school’s status as a modern secondary school, offering technical and vocational subjects at that period of time. The school motto – "Disco Ut Serviam" – is the Latin for I Learn That I May Serve.
# Alumni.
The alumni association of the school is the Maxwell School Old Boys' Association. It was established in 1956, de-registered in 1983 and was registered again on 13 February 1999. The OBA has a newsletter known as 'Berita O'Max', issued quarterly.
# Notable alumni.
- Tan Sri Syed Hamid Albar, Former Home Minister of Malaysia
- Zainal Abidin Hassan, former national football player
- Selvadurai Mahalingam, won the Punjab University Field Hockey championship
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Alumni.
The alumni association of the school is the Maxwell School Old Boys' Association. It was established in 1956, de-registered in 1983 and was registered again on 13 February 1999. The OBA has a newsletter known as 'Berita O'Max', issued quarterly.
# Notable alumni.
- Tan Sri Syed Hamid Albar, Former Home Minister of Malaysia
- Zainal Abidin Hassan, former national football player
- Selvadurai Mahalingam, won the Punjab University Field Hockey championship after 27 years for King Edward Medical College.
- Yaacob Latiff, second Mayor of Kuala Lumpur
# Sources.
- National Archives of Malaysia
- The Burning Tiger (Annual School Magazine)
- The Maxwellian (Annual School Magazine)
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Firefly squid
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Firefly squid
Firefly squid
The firefly squid ("Watasenia scintillans"), also known as the sparkling enope squid, is a species of squid in the family Enoploteuthidae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus Watasenia.
# Bioluminescence.
The firefly squid is found in the Western Pacific Ocean at depths of 183 to 366 metres (600–1200 feet) and is bioluminescent. The mantle, head, arms and tentacles are dotted with tiny, light-producing organs called photophores. When flashed, the light attracts small fish, which the squid can feed upon.
This squid has three visual pigments located in different parts of the retina which likely allows color discrimination, each having distinct spectral sensitivities.
The
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Firefly squid
firefly squid measures about long at maturity and dies after one year of life. It has the standard eight arms and two tentacles, with one pair each having three, bright light-emitting organs at the tips.
The squid spends the day at depths of several hundred metres, returning to the surface when night falls. It uses its abilities to sense and to produce light for counter-illumination camouflage: it matches the brightness and colour of its underside to the light coming from the surface, making it difficult for predators to detect it from below.
# Mating.
The firefly squid can also light up its whole body to attract a mate. Once the squid's eggs have been fertilized and laid, it dies, having
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quid's eggs have been fertilized and laid, it dies, having reached the end of its one-year lifespan. Spawning, which involves large aggregations of the squid, takes place between February and July.
# Commercial use.
This squid is commercially fished in Japan, accounting for an annual catch of 4,804 to 6,822 tons from 1990 to 1999.
# See also.
- List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments
# External links.
- Tree of Life web project: "Watasenia scintillans"
# Sources.
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 9, 2016 at http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Watasenia_scintillans/
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Kuranty
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Kuranty
The Kuranty (occasionally titled "Vesti", "Vedomosti", or "Vestovye pisma") was the first Russian hand-written newspaper, published in the 17th century in Tsardom of Russia. The earliest extant issue is dated 1621.
The "Kuranty" was issued by the Posolsky Prikaz for selected government officials in order to inform them about foreign events. Diaks who compiled the newspaper used such sources as German and Dutch newspapers — one of which apparently inspired the newspaper's name — as well as letters of Russians travelling abroad. As foreign newspapers were delivered to Moscow via Riga and Wilna, they were frequently outdated and contained stale news, which resulted in the Russian tsar
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n events. Diaks who compiled the newspaper used such sources as German and Dutch newspapers — one of which apparently inspired the newspaper's name — as well as letters of Russians travelling abroad. As foreign newspapers were delivered to Moscow via Riga and Wilna, they were frequently outdated and contained stale news, which resulted in the Russian tsar sending letters and embassies to deceased foreign monarchs. Peter the Great replaced the "Kuranty" with the first printed newspaper in Russian, the "Vedomosti".
# Further reading.
Shamin, Stepan Mikhailovich Kuranty XVII stoletiia : evropeiskaia pressa v Rossii i vozniknovenie russkoi periodicheskoi pechati. Moskva; Sankt-Peterburg, 2011,
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Bermuda Militia 1813
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Bermuda Militia 1813
Bermuda Militia 1813
With the start of the American War of 1812, an Act of 1813 re-organized the Military of Bermuda's nine-company regiment of foot into two battalions. The total strength of the local militia was, by then, nominally 450 men, but, as always, this was, at any moment, effectively reduced by half due to the seafaring occupations of the better part of the colony's men. Evidently, the militia no longer included any of the colony's black population, whether free or enslaved, as Lt. Colonel Francis Gore, on assuming the governorship, felt it advisable to boost the militia's strength by raising a colored corps, though this was not, in fact, done.
Despite the state of the Militia at
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the War's start, on the occasion of an emergency being declared (when strange vessels were spotted lurking offshore), the Colonists responded admirably in full strength, standing watch through the night.
The War Office had begun the War considering the Bermudians to be of dubious loyalty. This was largely due to the theft of a large quantity of gunpowder from a St. George's magazine during the American War of Independence, in 1775. That powder had been sent to the rebel army of the American colonies, under the Virginian General George Washington, and at his personal request. The close blood-lines and common history of Bermuda and Virginia, particularly, were also worrying.
In fact, the War
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Office was very pleased with the performance and patriotism of the Islanders during the 1812 war, and the Governor was prompted to try to get the Colonial Assembly to en-act a permanent Militia. Throughout the Militia's history, its strength and efficiency had waxed and waned, more with the response to declarations of wars, and to the scarcity of manpower due to the maritime industry, than with any dictum of the Colonial Assembly. The Generals wanted something a little more reliable.
The Colonial Assembly, lacking any strong self-interest, and perhaps wary of obliging itself to the maintenance of a force that, with the growth of the Regular Garrison, must become ever less under its control,
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would only agree to provide funds on a temporary basis. After the War ended in 1815, the interest of the general populace also waned, and the Militia's strength dwindled 'til the point it became moribund. The Militia Act of 1813 was allowed to lapse, and no further Militia Act was to be passed, despite the continuing pleas and threats coming from London.
Although variably-successful attempts were made to raise militias directly under the governor, without an act, or the funds, of the Colonial Assembly, a real militia would not arise again 'til the raising of volunteer forces in the last decade of the 19th century.
# See also.
- Bermuda Militias 1612-1815
- Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda
-
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War of 1812
# Bibliography.
- "Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps", Jennifer M. Ingham (now Jennifer M. Hind), The Island Press Ltd., Pembroke, Bermuda,
- "Bermuda Forts 1612–1957", Dr. Edward C. Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum, P.O. Box MA 133, Mangrove Bay, Bermuda MA BX.
- "Bermuda From Sail To Steam: A History of The Island From 1784 To 1901", H. C. Wilkinson, Oxford University Press,
# Sources.
The text of this page was originally copied directly from the author's own free pages at:
- Bermuda Military History
# External links.
- Bermuda Online: Bermuda's British Army forts from 1609
- Bermuda Online: Bermuda's
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e Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps", Jennifer M. Ingham (now Jennifer M. Hind), The Island Press Ltd., Pembroke, Bermuda,
- "Bermuda Forts 1612–1957", Dr. Edward C. Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum, P.O. Box MA 133, Mangrove Bay, Bermuda MA BX.
- "Bermuda From Sail To Steam: A History of The Island From 1784 To 1901", H. C. Wilkinson, Oxford University Press,
# Sources.
The text of this page was originally copied directly from the author's own free pages at:
- Bermuda Military History
# External links.
- Bermuda Online: Bermuda's British Army forts from 1609
- Bermuda Online: Bermuda's Royal Navy base at Ireland Island
- The Bermuda Maritime Museum
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Charles Goodsell
Charles True Goodsell (born July 23, 1932) is Professor Emeritus at Virginia Tech's Center for Public Administration and Policy. He is perhaps best known for his volume "The Case for Bureaucracy", now in its 4th edition.
Goodsell is a co-author of the "Blacksburg Manifesto", written with Gary Wamsley, Robert Bacher, Philip Kronenberg, John Rohr, Camilla Stivers, Orion White, and James Wolf — all of whom were at Virginia Tech during the 1980s.
# Early life and education.
Charles T. Goodsell was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan on July 23, 1932. He is the son of former Kalamazoo College President Charles Goodsell and Francess Comee Goodsell. Goodsell earned his BA degree at Kalamazoo
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College in 1954. Goodsell graduated "magna cum laude" and was awarded the William G. Howard Memorial Prize in political science and the Oakley Prize for highest grade recorded for a college course. After graduating, Goodsell enlisted in the United States Army and served from 1954 to 1956. Goodsell then obtained his Ph.D at Harvard University where he was a student of V. O. Key, Jr.
# Academic career.
Goodsell began his academic teaching career as an assistant professor of public administration at the University of Puerto Rico in 1961. In 1964 he became a research associate at Princeton University. Two years later in 1966, he became a professor of political science at Southern Illinois University.
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In 1978, Charles Goodsell began teaching at Virginia Tech University as a professor of public administration and public affairs and served as director of the university's Center for Public Administration and Policy. Goodsell continued to teach at Virginia Tech University until he retired in 2002, although he remained at the university as professor emeritus. During his career, Goodsell was also a distinguished visitor at Cleveland State University, Carleton University and the University of Texas at Austin.
# Author.
In "The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic", Charles Goodsell takes the position that the generally disparaging view of bureaucracy is unwarranted, and that the
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"quality of public service in the United states is vastly underrated". Originally published in 1983, it is Goodsell's best known work. Intended to be a rebuttal to the popular notion of bureaucracy as a callous, oppressive, and dysfunctional machine, it has been the recipient of much praise within the field of public administration. Since its original release, there have been 3 subsequent editions, with the 4th edition being released in December 2003.
In Goodsell’s 2011 book, "Mission Mystique: Belief Systems in Public Agencies", he examines six United States public agencies, including the US National Park Service, the US National Weather Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
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ase Control and Prevention, and the Peace Corps, among others.
In "The American statehouse: Interpreting democracy's temples", Goodsell reviews all fifty United States’ capitals and their buildings. He uses three concepts to interpret government architecture in the social sense: the search for political values in the buildings, the effects of the building on behavior, and the impression the buildings make on society. Additionally, all of the photographs used in the book were taken by Goodsell.
# External links.
- Curriculum Vitae (Summary) at the Center for Public Administration and Policy, Virginia Tech
- Charles Goodsell on Governing Space at 2013 Ridenour Faculty Fellowship Conference
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History of live action role-playing games
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History of live action role-playing games
History of live action role-playing games
Live action role-playing games, known as LARPs, are a form of role-playing game in which live players/actors assume roles as specific characters and play out a scenario in-character. Technically, many childhood games may be thought of as simple LARPs, as they often involve the assumption of character roles. However, the scope of this article concerns itself mainly with LARPing in a technical sense: the organized live-action role-playing games whose origins are closely related to the invention of tabletop role-playing games in America in the 1970s.
Live-action role playing appears to have been "invented" several times by different groups relying on local
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ideas and expertise. Sometimes such groups were inspired by reports of LARPs elsewhere. Such a multifarious process has led to an extremely diverse range of LARP practices and histories. By the 1980s, LARPs had spread to many countries and organizations, and different styles of play had been developed. During the 1990s, Mind's Eye Theatre was the first published LARP system to achieve popular status. Also during the 1990s, the hobby began to attract critical and academic analysis. For example, the 2003 Knutepunkt conference published a book entitled, "As LARP Grows Up" (subtitled "Theory and Methods in LARP"), to propose future directions for LARPs.
# Early history.
It is likely that childhood
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LARP games date back to pre-history, with well-known games such as "cowboys and Indians," "house," and "doctor" stemming from earlier historical and pre-historical equivalents throughout many other cultures ("Athenians and Spartans", "hunting deer", etc.). Childhood LARPs tend to consist of very simple or no rules and reflect the surrounding culture.
Live-action role playing as practiced by adults has also existed for millennia in the form of historical reenactment. The ancient Romans recreated mythical scenes and naval battles in the Colosseum regularly. Likewise, the Han Chinese and medieval Europeans occasionally enjoyed organizing events in which participants pretended to be from an earlier
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age. Entertainment appears to have been the primary purpose of these activities. However, it appears that historical re-enactment only became a hobby in the 20th century.
Likewise, adults have used live-action role playing as an educational or practice exercise for centuries, with mock combats being an important part of military training, and mock treatments and trials used to teach doctors and lawyers. It's unclear to what extent these have been considered "games." The Prussian term for live-action military training exercises is "kriegspiel" or "Wargames," a term that has entered English as well, although the contemporary military prefers to call them military exercises to distinguish them
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from games.
Another early stream of LARP tradition is the improvisational theatre tradition. This goes back in some sense to the Commedia dell'arte tradition of 16th century. Modern improvisational theatre began in the classroom with the "theatre games" of Viola Spolin and Keith Johnstone in the 1950s. Viola Spolin, who was one of the founders of the famous comedy troupe The Second City, insisted that her exercises were games, and that they involved role-playing as early as 1946, but thought of them as training actors and comics rather than as being primarily aimed at being fun in their own right.
G. K. Chesterton's 1905 book "The Club of Queer Trades" includes a story describing a commercial
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organization which stages LARP-like adventures for the entertainment of its customers. It's possible that this may have helped to suggest later ideas for commercial LARPs.
In the 1920s, Model League of Nations clubs formed around the United States, creating a style of live-action role playing that was not thought of as a game per se but was thought of as a recreational pastime. There is some evidence that Assassin-style LARP games may have been played in New York City by adults in the early 20th century as well. The 1920s also saw the beginning of role playing used for psychotherapeutic purposes, often called "psychodrama." It was championed in the US by Jacob L. Moreno It was not thought of
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as a game, but the psychodrama tradition probably influenced LARP games as they later developed.
The 1960s saw the creation of fantasy LARPs (as distinct from pure historical re-enactments), which probably originate with the founding of the Society for Creative Anachronism in Berkeley, California on May 1, 1966. A similar group, the Markland Medieval Mercenary Militia, began holding events on the University of Maryland, College Park in 1969. These groups were largely dedicated to accurately recreating medieval history and culture with only mild fantasy elements, and were probably influenced by historical re-enactment.
In the 1970s, after the publication of the early tabletop role-playing game
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("Dungeons & Dragons") in 1974, Fantasy LARPs began springing up in many places somewhat independently.
# American history.
American LARPs have no single point of origin, although many of the groups still in operation can claim a lengthy history.
Among the live-combat groups, Dagorhir Outdoor Improvisational Battle Games (Dagorhir) was founded by Bryan Weise in the Washington, D.C. area in 1977. The International Fantasy Gaming Society (IFGS), also live-combat but with a complex rules system more clearly influenced by Dungeons and Dragons, was started in 1981 in Boulder, Colorado. (IFGS took its name from a fictional group in the novel "Dream Park" by Larry Niven and Steven Barnes, which
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described highly realistic, futuristic LARPs.) At about the same time (but before 1981), the Assassins' Guild was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to pursue "killer" or "assassin"-style live-combat games with toy guns, but also to encourage creative design in LARPs. Assassination style LARPs spread to many other college campuses, even spawned two movies "TAG: The Assassination Game" in 1982, and "Gotcha" in 1985. Amtgard (a spin off of Dagorhir) was founded in 1983 in El Paso, Texas and has hundreds of active groups in the US and Canada. While NERO International has over 50 chapters in the US and Canada, it was founded in 1988.
Theatre
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Style LARP began in America at around the same time. In 1981, the Society for Interactive Literature (SIL) was founded by Walter Freitag, Mike Massimilla and Rick Dutton at Harvard University. The club's first public event was in February 1983, at the Boskone science fiction convention. A substantial part of the SIL membership broke off from that organization in 1991 and formed the Interactive Literature Foundation (ILF), which in 2000 changed its name to the Live Action Role-Players Association LARPA. The mid-Atlantic and northeastern US has been a center for Theatre Style events, especially the Intercon LARP conventions.
The northeastern LARP scene, founding place of the Realms of Wonder,
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SIL, NERO, and the MIT Assassin's Guild, continues to have an active LARP scene, due to the large number of college campuses present. Other universities along the East Coast have been strong "incubation" sites for northeastern LARPs. Early (pre-internet) campus-based LARPs formed in isolation, developing their own style of games with little crossover with other styles or regions. The existence of larger regional organizations, of published LARPs, and of the internet has helped to create a field of "LARP theory" and deliberate experimentation with LARP forms.
The region also plays host to many, smaller, fantasy-based LARPs, such as Lione Rampant, Quest Interactive Productions, Legends Roleplaying,
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Mythical Journeys and Chimera Entertainment's nTeraction (now Accelerant), all formed in the 1980s and 1990s by fantasy enthusiasts with a love for character roleplay and adventure, but without large player bases or complex rule systems. Quest is the oldest of these groups, dating back to 1986. Some of the other LARPs were formed as splinter groups of larger, more franchised LARPs, such as NERO. Such LARP groups tend to run in the spring and autumn, utilizing summer camp facilities (such as 4H and group campgrounds) in their off-seasons.
The Southeast is also home to a very large LARP community. The various Fantasy-based games are also splinters off NERO as well as one another, forming a relatively
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extensive list: SOLAR (the Southern Organization for Live Action Reenactments), Red Button Productions, and the experimental fantasy LARP Forest of Doors, among others. Many of these LARPs are run out of State Parks like in other areas, most often Hard Labor Creek State Park in Rutledge, Georgia, A.H. Stephens State Park, or Indian Springs State Park. Several World of Darkness-based games are also run out of Atlanta, as well as a Science Fiction Stargate-genre LARP, Stargate Atlanta FTX. The Neighboring state of Tennessee has chapters of Heroic Interactive Theatre, including a Steampunk game, World of Hashonen. Amtgard and NERO also run games in Georgia, Florida and Tennessee.
Since 1999, the
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mid-Atlantic US has been a center for a number of crossover Theatre Style/Adventure Style events or "campaigns," which fall outside the medieval fantasy genre which tends to characterize a majority of Live Combat LARPs. An initial impetus for this was the attempt of various fantasy groups to adapt the Call of Cthulhu as a LARP genre, however the genre has expanded to substantially wider horizons. The progenitor LARP in this genre was Mike Young's Dark Summonings Campaign, followed by transitional LARPs including the Mersienne Medieval Fantasy Campaign (medieval fantasy), Outpost Chi (science fiction), 1948: Signals, , as well as the heavily Call of Cthulhu based Altered Realities Campaign and
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the Victorian "steampunk" Brassy's Men Campaign. Together this network of current and previous events make up a substantial and innovative body of work which characterizes a vibrant mid-Atlantic US LARP Community. The rise of many campaigns all drawing from the same community has tended to preempt growth of non-campaign games, though, and to some degree push out the 'less dedicated' gamers due to the higher commitment needed.
# UK history.
## Treasure Trap and successors.
Treasure Trap, formed in 1982 at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire, is recognised as the first LARP game in the UK. It featured rubber-weapon combat, heroic adventures and fantasy monsters. Over its three-year history, it garnered
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moderate attention from the press (even being featured on Blue Peter) and established a large, enthusiastic player-base. When it closed, numerous systems sprang up around the country to replace it.
Many of these systems copied most of the format, rules and setting of the original Treasure Trap. However, they were mostly independent of each other; despite their shared heritage, there was no shared world. Fools and Heroes was an exception: many branches of the same game were opened in different areas of the country.
These systems varied in their size and complexity. Some were established by university societies, and organised around the modest budgets of students. Others tried to expand the
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scope and size of the games - for example, Heroquest (founded in 1986) continues to run adventures lasting from 5 to 11 days and runs several events per month across the UK.
## Weapon design.
LARP weapon design advanced considerably after the innovation in 1986 of latex-coated weapons by Second skin (larp). This allowed a much greater level of detail and artistry in weapon design than the prior gaffer tape models. Over the next decade, home-made gaffer weapons were largely supplanted by professionally made latex ones.
## Festival LARP and Conventions.
In the early 1990s, Summerfest, originally a meeting of the various Fools and Heroes branches, had gained an attendance of over a thousand
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players. This led to a style of LARP known as 'fest' LRP: unlike small games (often less than 50 players) fests often centre around warring factions and huge battles.
The Lorien Trust, formed in 1992, epitomised this principle with its flagship annual event "The Gathering", which features battles with over a thousand players on each side, as well as complex politics, an SFX-driven magic ritual circle, a licensed tavern, and a large marketplace for the out-of-character sale of costumes, prosthetics, weapons, props and accessories. It quickly grew to become the largest festival LARP game in the UK, and has continued to be a significant influence in UK LARP design.
While the majority of LARP
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games were either 'medieval fantasy' or Vampire, a growing number of new games were experimenting with other genres, from science fiction to wild west to Celts to pirates. Some, such as Shards, deliberately crossed genres and worlds. Others, including Lorien Trust, would allow players to introduce virtually any concept to the game in a style known as 'Open World'.
The early 1990s also saw the introduction of White Wolf Publishing's Mind's Eye Theatre LARP, which introduced a largely new set of players to live roleplaying. Unlike most UK LARPs, it was based on indoor social interaction with minimal costuming requirements, and a combat/magic/interaction system based on rock-paper-scissors. There
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was some antipathy between Vampire and Fantasy LARPers, although some groups discarded the MET rules and used conventional LARP ideas (such as rubber weapons) instead.
Roleplaying conventions such as Gen Con UK, Dragonmeet and Continuum also became a venue for LARP games, usually 'Freeforms' with little emphasis on either combat or character development, but more on plot development, and player interaction.
The evident size of the UK LARP player-base suggested that there might be a market for LARP-related periodicals, and so professionally produced magazines such as "The Scribe" and "The Adventurer" were printed, including reviews, advice, photos and humour. These helped to expose players
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to the wide variety of games out there. However, none of these magazines got sufficient sales to survive, and the UK LRP community instead turned to emerging internet communities. Initially, these groups concentrated on specific local games until Starburst_(magazine) journalist Ed Fortune formed Pagga.com in 2000 as an attempt to form a wider online LRP community. The website closed in 2006 but spawned various online forums and a regular UK LARP convention, LarpCon UK.
## Successors to the Lorien Trust.
The Lorien Trust had a number of internal conflicts, and some of these led to new systems. In 1995, a large group broke away from LT to create Curious Pastimes, initially a spin-off of the
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LT's Erdreja campaign. Its principal event, "Renewal", runs on the same weekend as "The Gathering" and is similarly themed, although the battles are mostly PvM rather than PvP. Renewal typically has around 700 players.
A later breakaway in from the LT in 1998 was the Omega LRP team. Their Phoenix campaign, however, was completely different from the LT, being 'Closed World', with an emphasis on community-building and trade, and a professed intention of 'Player-led plot', bucking the current trend of powerful NPCs controlling everything. The campaign ran for 5 years, until a group of PCs effectively destroyed the world. It had about 400 players.
Some of the Omega staff and players went on to
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create the Maelstrom campaign for Profound Decisions Ltd in 2004. This colonialism fantasy game sought to set new standards in player empowerment, and explicitly limited the power of NPCs and plotwriters. It supported a high degree of political, economic, sociological, technological and magical complexity. Maelstrom had around 800 players.
Later games designed by Profound Decisions include Odyssey, a tightly plotted and highly immersive fest larp set in a mythological version of the ancient world, which sought to combine traditional linear LARP "encounters" alongside the main festival roleplaying.
As the LARP community has grown and the costs involved with running events have fallen, new LARP
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games are continually in development. Variations on combat including guns using Airsoft and NERF weaponry have appeared in a number of games, and there has been a wide expansion in the types of game being run, with games touching on sci-fi, survival horror, and steampunk amongst other genres.
# Russian history.
LARP has been played in Russia since at least the 1980s. The Russian word for LARP translates simply as "role-playing", since tabletop RPGs were unknown in Russia at the time LARP was invented or introduced there. Russian live role-playing is often practised under the banner of "Tolkienism" or Tolkien fandom, though it is definitely no longer confined to Tolkien or fantasy only. Regional
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traditions vary greatly in their history and practice, though the now defunct Soviet "Young Pioneers" organisation and the networks between former members seems to have played some role in spreading and coordinating the idea of live role-playing. Much more involvement is usually attributed to SF fandom clubs, which flourished in Russia in that period.
Earliest documented mentions of LARP-like activities in Russia relate to the yearly memorial reenactment of the Battle of Borodino, where military history clubs, not satisfied with reenacting this battle only, tried various other takes on the subject—the first recorded one, in 1988, being the people dressing up as soldiers of Red Army. According
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to witness reports, in 1989 Tolkien fans came to the Borodino reenactment in fantasy costumes, which jumpstarted the movement and led to the first recorded large-scale LARP in Russia, the National Hobbit Games, which ran in August 1990 near river Mana in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk. Since then, such events occur yearly and the tradition became very widely developed.
Russia probably has the biggest and most varied LARP-scene in the world, with a wide range of genres and playstyles. By now, the number of players is estimated to be somewhere between 50000 and 100000. The biggest plays number more than 1000 players. The largest project ever - "the Witcher: Something More" (2005) geathered more
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than 3200 official partisipants, but many smaller plays (50-200 participants) are also common.
# Nordic history.
In the early 1980s, the Swedish LARP group Gyllene Hjorten started a LARP campaign that is still ongoing. This is probably the first LARP event in the Nordic countries. LARP in Finland started in 1985 and Norway was initiated in 1989, more or less simultaneously by groups in Oslo and Trondheim. The first Danish games were also played in the late 1980s.
The Nordic LARP traditions, though usually invented independently of each other, have developed striking similarities and are also notably different from English language and German language LARPs. These differences are most obvious
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in the Nordic LARPs' skepticism towards game mechanics, a tendency to limit combat and magic - seeing these as "spice" rather than a necessary ingredient in LARP - and an emphasis on immersive environments where anachronisms and out of play elements (off-elements, such as visible cars or paved roads in a historical or fantasy setting) are avoided. The setting and roles may be given to the participants by the organizers, or suggested by the player to organizers, in either case usually based on a dialogue between the player and organizer. "character sheets", in the manner of tabletop RPGs, are for the most part not used.
When the game starts it lives its own life, wholly directed by the players
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(some predetermined events are often scheduled). A typical Swedish or Norwegian game lasts 2–5 days and has anywhere from fifty to hundreds of participants. A typical Danish or Finnish game lasts between four hours and a few days. Rules are designed for combat injury simulation and normally emphasize roleplaying of damage rather than abstract hitpoints (though this was not always so), featuring either padded weapons or blunt steel weapons. Each gaming organization uses custom rules, but simplicity and similarities make this less cumbersome than it would at first seem.
The annual Knutepunkt conference, first held in 1997, has been a vital institution in establishing a Nordic live role-playing
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identity, and in establishing the concept of "Nordic LARP" as a unique approach. A live-roleplaying avant-garde movement, which pursues radical experimentation and the recognition of role-playing as a form of art, has been connected to the Knutepunkt conferences. The scope of the Knutepunkt conference has expanded rather rapidly over the last few years with participants showing up from numerous non-Scandinavian countries. The last 2 or 3 years has seen participants from USA, Germany, France, Italy and Russia as well as from the main Scandinavian countries.
# German history.
The German LARP history is most easily found, by going to the German Larp calendar at Larp Kalender
The First LARP that
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has been catalogued is Samhain's Quest II (by Felix Völzmann today known as Maximus Sturm) on April 14, 1995, although Draccon 1 in 1991 is generally held to be the first event of significance. LarpWiki.de has a page on history.
The largest LARP events in Germany currently are the annual events "Conquest of Mythodea" and the "Drachenfest", with around 7000 and 5000 participants respectively.
# South African history.
LARP in South Africa is mostly single evening events of fewer than four hours in length, with 8 to 20 players. Larger, longer-term campaigns are occasionally run, most using World of Darkness: Vampire.
There is a heavy emphasis on roleplaying. In the single evening events this
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means that there is little use of non player characters, costumes are the norm, and simple game mechanics are used. The standard conflict-resolution systems are symbolic, usually involving dice and very simplified character proficiency statistics. Special abilities are generally handled using cards that the player using the ability shows to those affected by it. Players are usually given detailed character sheets, sometimes of up to eight pages. These included background, goals and knowledge of other characters.
Cape Town is reputed to be the LARPing capital of South Africa, and there is a large archive of LARPs written by Capetonian designers (see under External Links). In recent years, there
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has been an increase in LARP activity in other communities, such as Johannesburg.
Large LARP events around Johannesburg known as MEAD happen every 3 months involving hundreds of players.
The Meadal Universe is based on the SOLAR system in America and is growing, having passed the 150 player mark recently. The LARP started in 2008, and is the longest-running LARP in South Africa.
In July 2011 a second boffer larp setting was created, Tales of Teana which also runs in Johannesburg, Gauteng. Tales of Teana is affiliated with MEAD, however the larp has a completely separate organization team and runs under the NERO International system in a world called Teana. Game-play takes place in the human
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kingdom of Arnhelm with the rest of the world largely inhabited by non-human races. The first Teana game was scheduled for April 2012.
# New Zealand history.
New Zealand has an established and growing community of LARPers.
An assassin-style LARP was run by KAOS in 1981, and other LARPs have been run in New Zealand since at least the mid-1980s, though at the time the term "wide game" or "council game" was generally used because the term LARP had not been introduced. At NatCon 84 in Nelson, a game based around the ruling council of the city of New Pavis in Glorantha dealing with the approaching Lunar Army was run.
Several major events were held during the 1990s, the largest probably being
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the Aliens Apocalypse event run in 1999 as the culmination of a series of games based around the Aliens movies.
Several long-term campaigns have been and are currently running. Typical genres include vampire, medieval fantasy, science fiction (including popular single-evening events of live Paranoia and post-apocalyptic settings), horror, and 1920s/1930s gangsters.
Emphasis in long-term campaigns varies depends on the setting. For example, Mordavia is a medieval dark fantasy which emphasises roleplaying very strongly, where Skirmish is more combat-based, and games such as Vampire: The Requiem are strongly political.
Most games are non-contact using Mind's Eye Theatre or similar systems, whilst
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a few encourage live combat with foam weapons. Magical and other special effects are usually narrated, but are sometimes symbolised by reading of scrolls, throwing of spell packets, and circles outlined in rope for traps and magical portals. In a few one-off LARPS, significant special effects have been produced, often with the help of local professionals, such as Weta Workshop, and lighting and sound are often used to assist mood.
Level of costume varies. Large one-off games usually see a lot of work put in by players with appropriate skills, or professional costumes are hired or borrowed. In long-term campaigns, great care is often taken on player character costumes, as the character (personality,
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abilities, and background) will most often be invented by the player themselves. Non-player character costume is sometimes less detailed, but favourite monsters or villains may reappear frequently as they become well loved by the players.
There are LARP communities in all the major cities, especially Auckland and Wellington, and larps regularly feature at New Zealand roleplaying conventions. KapCon in Wellington has hosted large theatre-style games since 2001. There are also now larp-only conventions - Chimera in Auckland and "Hydra" in Wellington. These typically run both indoor theatre-style and outdoor live-combat games, with a large "flagship" event to provide a unifying experience for
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LARP communities in all the major cities, especially Auckland and Wellington, and larps regularly feature at New Zealand roleplaying conventions. KapCon in Wellington has hosted large theatre-style games since 2001. There are also now larp-only conventions - Chimera in Auckland and "Hydra" in Wellington. These typically run both indoor theatre-style and outdoor live-combat games, with a large "flagship" event to provide a unifying experience for all participants.
The New Zealand Live Action Role Playing Society is an umbrella organisation created to promote and support LARP throughout New Zealand. It is a parent organisation of Mordavia, and is affiliated with other groups such as Skirmish.
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Simonas Daukantas
Simonas Daukantas (; 28 October 1793 – 6 December 1864) was a Lithuanian/Samogitian historian, writer, and ethnographer. One of the pioneers of the Lithuanian National Revival, he is credited as the author of the first book on the history of Lithuania written in the Lithuanian language. Only a few of his works were published during his lifetime and he died in obscurity. However, his works were rediscovered during the later stages of the National Revival. His views reflected the three major trends of the 19th century: romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism.
Daukantas was born in Samogitia to a Lithuanian family. Likely a son of free peasants, he later produced proof of his
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noble birth to get university degree and a promotion in his government job. He attended schools in Kretinga and Žemaičių Kalvarija and was noted as an excellent student. Daukantas studied law at the University of Vilnius, though his interest lay in philology and history. After the graduation, he worked as a civil servant of the Russian Empire from 1825 to 1850. He first worked at the office of the Governor-General of Livonia, Estonia and Courland in Riga then moved to Saint Petersburg to work at the Governing Senate. At the Senate, he had the opportunity to study the Lithuanian Metrica, the state archive of the 14–18th century legal documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1850, Daukantas
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retired from his job due to poor health and moved back to Samogitia where he lived in Varniai under the care of bishop Motiejus Valančius for a few years. He hoped to publish some of his works with bishop's help, but the bishop prioritized religious work and they began to quarrel. In 1855, Daukantas moved to in present-day Latvia and later to Papilė where he died in obscurity in 1864.
While Daukantas knew seven languages, he published exclusively in Lithuanian. He was a prolific writer and worked on a wide range of books – studies on the history of Lithuania, publications of primary historical sources, collections of Lithuanian folklore, Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries, Latin textbook for schoolchildren,
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primer of the Lithuanian language, Catholic prayer book, agricultural manuals for peasants, translations of classical Roman texts, novel for youth inspired by "Robinson Crusoe". However, only a few of these works were published during his lifetime. Of the four studies on history, he managed to publish only one, "The Character of the Ancient Lithuanians, Highlanders, and Samogitians", in 1845. While he was a well read erudite who spent considerable time and effort in obtaining primary sources, his historical works are highly influenced by romantic nationalism and didactically idealize the past. He used poetic descriptions, rhetorical elements, and emotional language that brought his history works
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