category
stringclasses 2
values | task
stringclasses 9
values | prompt
stringlengths 1
13.7k
|
|---|---|---|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Tengku Sulaiman Shah
Tengku Puteri Zahariah (Ku Yah)
Tengku Fatimah
Tengku Panglima Besar Tengku Abdul Samad
Tengku Puteri Arafiah
Tengku Puteri Aishah (died 30 July 2012)
Che Maheram binti Muhammad Rais, his second wife, bore him:
Tengku Panglima Raja Tengku Ahmad Shah
His royal consort, Tengku Ampuan Rahimah binti Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah of the Langkat royal family in Sumatra died in 1993 before his election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong. She was the mother of:
Tengku Puteri Nor Marina
Tengku Puteri Nor Zehan
His last wife, commoner Tuanku Siti Aishah binti Abdul Rahman, served as his Raja Permaisuri Agong. Being fifty years younger than him, she was also the youngest ever occupant of that office – only 29 at her succession to the throne. Hobbies and interests
Sultan <mask> Abdul Aziz Shah was a keen sportsman. His interest in golf is well-known within and outside the country. The Sultan also loved sailing, collecting antique cars, rearing animals and planting orchids. He also likes visiting foreign countries to widen his knowledge and experience.Bhd., 1998
Martin, Frederick, Keltie, John Scott, Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson, Epstein, Mortimer, Paxton, John, Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry, The Statesman's Year-book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year ; 1978–1979, St. Martin's Press, 1978
External links
Photo Album: Dalam Kenangan, Utusan Malaysia
Photo Album: Agong sihat di Singapura, 15 October 2001, Utusan Malaysia
Monarchs of Malaysia
Sultans of Selangor
Salahuddin of Selangor
2001 deaths
Royal House of Selangor
People from Selangor
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia
Federated Malay States people
People of British Malaya
20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
First Classes of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born 31 October 1971) is an English football coach and former professional footballer, he is the goalkeeping coach of Chinese Super League side Shanghai SIPG. As a player, he was a goalkeeper who notably played in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur and Leicester City. He made 259 league appearances for Spurs and was their first choice keeper from 1994 until just before his departure in 2001. He also finished his career with a three-year spell in the top flight with Bolton Wanderers but all eight of his appearances came in cup competitions. He also had brief loan spells in the Football League with Oxford United and Ipswich Town. <mask> was capped four times by England, he was part of the Euro 96 squad and would go on to be selected for Euro 2004. He was also capped at U21 and B team level.Following retirement, he later became manager of non-league side Bishop's Stortford, before moving to China as the goalkeeping coach for Shanghai Shenhua in 2012. Two-years later he moved to rivals Shanghai SIPG in a similar role. Club career
Tottenham Hotspur
After starting out with the team in the late 1980s as a trainee and having two loan spells away, at Ipswich Town and Oxford United <mask> played in the winning 1989–90 FA Youth Cup Tottenham team overcoming Middlesbrough. During the early 1990s <mask> was mainly used as the reserve keeper, making the odd cup appearance along the way, but after a serious injury to then Spurs keeper Erik Thorstvedt <mask> took his chance and soon became the number 1 at Spurs, cementing his place in the side and getting his chance in the team during the first season of the Premiership making a total of 17 appearances in the league. 1992–93 season. <mask> went on and made a total of 312 appearances for
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Tottenham Hotspur and played a big part during the 1999 season in helping Spurs win the 1999 Football League Cup Final after beating Leicester City 1–0 at Wembley Stadium. During the latter stages of <mask>s career at Spurs he fell out of favour with the management and lost his place to the newly signed Neil Sullivan it was shortly after this, that the England international handed in a transfer request in September 2000.He played his final game for Spurs against West Ham United on 31 January 2001. Leicester City
<mask> signed a four-year contract with Leicester City in July 2001 for a fee of £2.5 million, rising to £3 million depending on appearances. His first season at the club ended in relegation to the First Division, which he felt may have ruined his dreams of an England call-up for the 2002 World Cup. <mask> had an impressive season with Leicester as they regained promotion to the Premier League, earning his first England recall in six years in May 2003. A cult hero to many of the Foxes fans, <mask> had an indifferent season back in the Premier League, producing moments of magic, but unfortunately it all unraveled in a match against Aston Villa at the Walkers Stadium on 31 January 2004, in which he conceded five goals in 18 minutes. <mask> put up such a poor display in the match that he was confronted by a Leicester fan who ran onto the pitch, telling him he "didn't think he was fit to be a Premiership player." On 10 February 2004, <mask> scored a bizarre own goal in a match against Bolton Wanderers to give them a 1–1 draw at Leicester.Despite comfortably saving Kevin Davies' shot, he lost grasp of the ball as it crawled over the goal line. He did make a comeback performance in a goalless home draw against Wolves on 28 February,
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
putting up a "world-class save" to deny Kenny Miller. <mask> pledged to stay at Leicester despite their relegation from the Premier League in the 2003–04 season. He was released from Leicester City on 6 May 2005, after the club could not afford him a new contract. <mask> spent four years at Leicester. Bolton Wanderers
<mask> joined Bolton on a one-year contract. <mask> was the goalkeeper for Bolton's first ever European match away from England against Bulgarian team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, which was also his debut.International career
<mask> was capped by the England national team four times, making his debut in 1996 against Hungary. His most infamous game was against Italy in a qualification match for the 1998 World Cup where he is widely believed to have been at fault to a Gianfranco Zola strike. England lost this game to Italy 1–0 at Wembley Stadium. He backed up David James at Euro 2004 but was overtaken by others in the pecking order. Despite <mask>'s club Leicester suffering relegation from the Premier League, he played his first England match in seven years as a 61st-minute substitute for Paul Robinson in a 6–1 win over Iceland on 5 June 2004, which was also his last international. Coaching career
On 14 March 2011, <mask> was appointed as manager of Bishop's Stortford who were playing in the Conference South. In April 2012, <mask> joined his former Bolton teammate Nicolas Anelka at Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua and became their goalkeeping coach.On 2 January 2014, <mask> became the goalkeeping coach of Shanghai East Asia, another Super League team in Shanghai. On 15 May 2014, <mask> signed a new contract with Shanghai East Asia, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017 season. <mask> continues to coach the 1st team
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
goalkeepers at Shanghai SIPG FC. <mask> has produced two national team goalkeepers for China, Wang Dalei from Shanghai Shenhua in 2012–13 and Yan Junling from Shanghai SIPG in 2014–15, both continue to be in the national squad with Yan Junling who is still coached by <mask> the China number 1 goalkeeper. In the 2018 season <mask> was the goalkeeper coach when Shanghai SIPG won their first league title ever. Personal life
<mask> is the son of <mask> who was also a goalkeeper and managed Norwich City and Everton. <mask> attended Great Cornard Upper School.He and his former Page Three wife Suzi lived in a mock-Tudor mansion in Cobham, Surrey, as featured on MTV Cribs. After the birth of daughter Sophie in 1998, Suzi suffered Post Natal Eclampsia, and is an ongoing sufferer of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. He became a father just months after the death of his mother Jackie after a long battle against cancer. Career statistics
Club
International
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Watford
English footballers
English people of Welsh descent
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
England international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Leicester City F.C.players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
English football managers
Bishop's Stortford F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
Shanghai Port F.C. non-playing staff
Association football goalkeeping coaches
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate footballers in
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born 3 September 1944) is a Welsh serial killer. On 26 May 2011, <mask> was given a whole life order for the 1985 double murder of siblings Richard and Helen Thomas, and the 1989 double murder of Peter and Gwenda Dixon. The murders were known in the media as the "Pembrokeshire Murders" or the "Coastal Murders". <mask> was also sentenced for the rape of a 16-year-old girl and a sexual assault on a 15-year-old girl, both carried out while a group of five teenagers were held at gunpoint in March 1996, in a wooded area behind the Mount Estate in <mask>'s hometown of Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire. <mask> had a history of criminal activities, including 30 robberies and violent assault. Footage from the television game show Bullseye in May 1989, in which he appeared as a contestant, was later used as evidence against him, comparing his image with a sketch of a suspect in the Dixons' murder. <mask> was sentenced to 14 years in 1998 for robbery and burglary.He was released from prison in January 2009. Because of subsequent developments in DNA and forensic science, the police carried out a cold case review in April 2009 and were able to identify <mask>'s shotgun as being the murder weapon. Further DNA evidence was provided by forensic scientist Professor Angela Gallop. The police collected further evidence against him and <mask> was arrested again in May of that year. He was convicted, in May 2011, for the double murders and sexual assaults and sentenced to a whole life order. <mask> has also been linked to other, unsolved, crimes. Criminal history
Between the ages of 17 and 21, <mask> was charged with theft of a vehicle, assaulting a police officer, being drunk and disorderly, and assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH).In 1978, <mask>, then a farm labourer, won £90,000 (worth over £500,000 today) and also a £4,000 car in a
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
newspaper Spot the Ball competition. A friend said: "<mask> developed a huge drink and gambling habit after his winnings went to his head... It was a life-changing amount of money and I saw a real change in him. He spent most of it in pubs and bookies... People were scared of him and he got into a lot of fights. As his money dried up he started the robberies." On 22 December 1985, <mask> targeted a three-storey farmhouse at Scoveston Park, killing brother and sister Richard and Helen Thomas, and then burning down the house. On 29 June 1989, Peter and Gwenda Dixon were on holiday in Pembrokeshire and were due to take their last walk along the coastal path when they failed to return.Their dead bodies were later found along the path. <mask> had tied the couple up, demanded they hand out their bank card and then forced them to disclose their personal identification number (PIN). <mask>, carrying a sawn-off shotgun, robbed Peter Dixon of £300 and shot the couple in the face at point blank range. In 1996 he attacked five youngsters, threatening them with a gun, sexually assaulting one girl and raping another. By 1998, <mask> had committed 30 burglaries and an armed robbery. Footage from an edition of the ITV gameshow Bullseye recorded on 28 May 1989, on which <mask> was a contestant, was later used to match him to a sketch made from witness descriptions. In 2011, <mask> was jailed for life for the crimes.In September 2011, he launched an appeal against his convictions. His appeal was rejected in November 2012.
<mask> was diagnosed as a psychopath. Documentaries and television
The UK television series Real Crime broadcast a documentary about <mask> in November 2011. On 24 May 2016, the Welsh language television channel S4C broadcast a documentary in the series Y Ditectif (The Detective) about the way in which evidence against <mask> was
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
gathered using the latest forensic techniques available at the time, the strategy used by Dyfed-Powys Police in interviewing him and his eventual conviction. On 27 September 2016, the ITV Cymru Wales television channel broadcast a documentary in the series Crime Files which examined how police solved the two double murder cases in Pembrokeshire including an interview with the detective who was tasked with interviewing <mask>. On 12 July 2018, a documentary about <mask>, named The Gameshow Serial Killer: Police Tapes, was aired by ITV as part of the channel's 'Crime and Punishment' season. On 29 January 2019, the UK version of digital channel CBS Reality premiered a further documentary about <mask>'s crimes in an episode of its Murder by the Sea true crime series.In January 2021, ITV broadcast a three-part television series entitled The Pembrokeshire Murders, most exterior scenes of which were filmed on location in Pembrokeshire. This was followed by an hour-long documentary, The Pembrokeshire Murders: Catching The Game Show Killer, featuring interviews with Detective Superintendent Steve Wilkins, the man who reopened the investigation, forensic scientists involved in the case, and footage of <mask> as he was interviewed by police. Possible links to other crimes
After <mask>'s convictions in 2011, the police stated that they would be investigating the possibility he might have been responsible for other murders, adding that <mask>'s trial had led to some "interesting issues" requiring further investigation. Some unsolved murders in South Wales bore notable similarities to <mask>'s known murders. Death of Flo Evans
In May 2011, after <mask> was convicted of the four murders, it was revealed that police were considering reopening an inquiry into the unexplained death in 1989 of another woman who lived near Cooper and only two miles from
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Scoveston Park, the site of his 1985 murders. A 72-year-old widow Flo Evans had died soon after <mask> had murdered Peter and Gwenda Dixon in 1989, and was found fully-clothed in a half-full cold bath in her cottage. <mask> and his wife Pat both knew Evans and would often visit her at her smallholding, with <mask> often completing odd-jobs for her.She was unexpectedly mentioned by <mask> in his trial as part of his own defence evidence and he also discussed how he had been in her house in his interviews, when detectives were already aware of her suspicious death. Her home was right in the centre of the area that <mask> committed his burglaries. The family of Evans had long suspected her death was suspicious and not an accident, particularly as she never took baths and as she would not have had any hot water at the time of her death, as no fire had been lit in the kitchen. Evans's death was officially recorded as accidental, with it said at the time that she must have slipped into the bath and hit her head and then drowned. Police contacted the widow's family after <mask>'s conviction to discuss her death, saying there was "connectivity" between <mask> and Evans. In the 2021 documentary The Pembrokeshire Murders: Catching The Game Show Killer, shown on ITV after the broadcast of The Pembrokeshire Murders, the case of Flo Evans was again discussed. Detective Superintendent Steve Wilkins, who oversaw the investigation and convictions of <mask> in 2011, said that Evans was a likely fifth victim of <mask>.Evans did not lock her door, yet it was found locked when she was found dead. Evans had mentioned to friends days before her murder that she couldn't find her house keys. Items of property were also taken from her house including money and shotguns, which fitted <mask>'s Modus Operandi. <mask> regularly burgled the homes of people he knew
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
and reacted violently if disturbed. It is thought <mask> would have known where Evans would have kept money. Wilkins said that <mask> "had been at her house on the day she died" and stated that Evans's death should have been a murder inquiry, saying that her death "disturbs me greatly". Murders of Harry and Megan Tooze
After <mask>'s 2011 convictions, it was also revealed that detectives were also investigating whether there was any "connectivity" between <mask> and the unsolved murders of a couple who were shot at close range at their remote farmhouse at Llanharry near Bridgend in 1993.Harry Tooze, 64, and his wife Megan Tooze, 67, had been shot in the head and their bodies dumped in a cowshed and then covered with a carpet. The case remains one of Wales' most notorious unsolved murders. Some similarities with <mask>'s known murders were noted, including the fact that both victims were shot at close range and that attempts were made to hide their bodies. The couple had also both been shot by a shotgun, the weapon <mask> used in his known crimes. It was also observed that there are very few double shotgun murders nationally, and that <mask> was already known to have committed two double shotgun murders. In 2011, the year of <mask>'s convictions for murders, the case was subsequently re-examined by police. Deaths of Griff and Patti Thomas
In 2011 a forensic psychologist, Dr Clive Sims, claimed to the BBC that the deaths of an elderly brother and sister at their farmhouse in Pembrokeshire in 1976 could be linked to <mask>.Griff and Patti Thomas, aged 73 and 70 respectively, were found dead in December 1976, and their deaths were originally classified as a double murder until it was decided that Griff Thomas must have argued with the sister he had lived with for 70 years, before hitting her on the head with a blunt instrument and
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
setting himself on fire. Speaking to BBC Wales's Taro Naw current affairs programme, Sims questioned the verdict of manslaughter in the case of Patti Thomas and an open verdict in the case of Griff Thomas. Although it was said that Patti was hit by a blunt instrument, no weapon was ever found. Sims said that the pair were killed by an intruder following a botched burglary, something <mask> was known to have committed in the same area in later years, as in <mask>'s 1985 double murder at Scoveston Park. A cash box had been emptied at the house, the bureau has been broken into, and the back door was unlocked. Sims highlighted how it was highly unlikely that a serial killer would start killing at age 40, <mask>'s age when he committed his first known murders in 1985, and said that it was highly likely that he started killing earlier. See also
Rodney Alcala (1943–2021) , American serial killer who appeared as a game-show contestant
Göhrde murders, a series of murders in a forest region in Northern Germany in 1989 with a similar pattern.For some time German investigators assumed a link to the Pembrokeshire murders which, however, failed to be corroborated. Joseph Kappen (1941–1990), Wales' first documented serial killer
List of serial killers by country
References
Further reading
1944 births
20th-century Welsh criminals
British male criminals
British people convicted of burglary
British people convicted of robbery
British people convicted of sexual assault
British people convicted of theft
Contestants on British game shows
Living people
Male serial killers
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People from Milford Haven
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales
Welsh people convicted of assault
Welsh people convicted of murder
Welsh people convicted of rape
Welsh prisoners sentenced to life
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Jovan "<mask><mask> (Serbian: Јован "Џон" Лукић, Jovan "Džon" Lukić; born 11 December 1960) is an English football coach and former professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper from 1978 to 2001 and spent his entire professional career for Leeds United and Arsenal, making 596 league appearances altogether over two spells with each club. He played in the Premier League for both, winning the League Cup and First Division title in his first spell at Highbury, he was part of the double winning Premier League and FA Cup winning squad of 1997–98 season but didn't play enough games to win a medal, however he was on the bench for the 1999 Charity Shield victory. His Leeds accolades included another First Division title win in 1992 and the following summer's Charity Shield. He was capped for both the England U21 and England B teams. Club career
<mask> signed for Leeds United as a schoolboy. He learnt from David Harvey and replaced him, initially in a UEFA Cup Round One, Second Leg, tie against Valletta 3 October 1979, and then in the League at Brighton & Hove Albion on 13 October 1979 and went on to play 165 games for the Elland Road side.After making a transfer request, <mask> moved to Arsenal in July 1983 for £75,000, as a long-term replacement for Pat Jennings. In March 1984 Jennings was injured playing against Coventry City at Highfield Road and <mask> came into the side for four games, making his debut on 7 April 1984 against Stoke City at Highbury in a 3–1 win. The following season, 1984-85, on Halloween night 31 October 1984 Jennings had a bit of a horror show against Oxford United away in the League Cup, where Arsenal got knocked out 3–2, and Jennings got dropped
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
for one game and <mask> came in to replace him, and though Jennings returned for the next three games, <mask> came back into the side and played every game for the rest of the season, nailing down the number one keepers spot. In 1985-86 Lukic missed just three games in all competitions and in 1986-87 he clinched his first winners medal and won the League Cup Final against Liverpool. In 1987-88 Lukic was ever present playing in all 52 matches Arsenal played that season including the return trip to Wembley against Luton Town to defend the League Cup, but Arsenal lost. However, there were better days to come for Lukic and Arsenal in 1988-89, where Arsenal won the title in the last minute of the game against Liverpool. Lukic played his full part in it as he played every minute of every game that season.1989-90 was <mask>'s last season in his first spell at the club. For the third season in a row he played in every single Arsenal match. In the summer of 1990 Arsenal manager George Graham signed David Seaman from Queens Park Rangers – Seaman had been <mask>'s understudy at Leeds. On his departure, Graham commented "I still think <mask> is one of the best keepers in the country; I just think David Seaman is the best". Having played 277 times for the Gunners, <mask> rejoined Leeds. He became their most expensive signing in May 1990, to replace the ageing Mervyn Day, playing a further 265 times. <mask> won a second League title in 1991–92 and a runners up medal in the League Cup in 1995–96 where Leeds lost to Aston Villa at Wembley.Manager Howard Wilkinson signed Nigel Martyn from Crystal Palace in the summer of 1996 and <mask> rejoined Arsenal on a free-transfer in July 1996.
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> was granted a Testimonial by Leeds United and his two teams, Leeds United and Arsenal, met at Elland Road on 31 August 1996, in which he played for Arsenal in the first half and Leeds in the second half. As deputy to David Seaman, he played 15 league games in 1996–97 as cover, but after the signing of Alex Manninger in 1997 he stepped down to No. 3. However, with Manninger injured, <mask> was on the bench for Arsenal's 2000 UEFA Cup Final loss to Galatasaray, earning him a runners-up medal. In 2000, after a series of injuries to the club's other 'keepers, he made a brief return to the first team, playing four times. The last of these four games, against Derby County, was a month shy of his 40th birthday; another one of these, a match against Lazio on 17 October 2000 made him, at the time, the oldest player ever to take part in a UEFA Champions League match.This has since been surpassed by Dany Verlinden, Alessandro Costacurta and Marco Ballotta. He retired in 2001 and now coaches part-time. He has won the league with two clubs, a feat he shares with fellow professionals such as Nicolas Anelka, Eric Cantona, Carlos Tevez, Ashley Cole, and Kevin Richardson. He is one of possibly four players to have played in the top flight of English football in four decades, the other players to attain this achievement are Peter Shilton, Steve Ogrizovic and Stanley Matthews. International career
By the 1980s Lukic had attracted the attention of the then Yugoslavia side who approached him about playing for them. He declined to pursue England selection. Though Lukic played for England at youth and under-21 level, he never won a cap for the senior team.On 11 December 1990 he was
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
called up to the England "B" squad to play Algeria in Algiers and he kept a clean-sheet in a 0–0 draw against the Algerian top team as he came on as a half-time replacement for Nigel Martyn, who was with Crystal Palace at the time. It was to be his last representative appearance. Personal life
<mask> was born in Chesterfield to Yugoslavian parents; an urban legend states that <mask>'s mother survived the Munich air disaster while pregnant with him; this is untrue, as the crash happened in February 1958, more than two years before <mask> was born. There was a Mrs Lukić on board the plane, who did survive (along with her young daughter) after being saved by Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg. <mask> has a son, also called <mask> and also a goalkeeper, who was a youth player at Nottingham Forest until 2005; he signed professional terms with Grimsby Town in June 2005 to act as understudy to Steve Mildenhall for the 2005–06 season. However, he was released at the end of the season and briefly signed for Barnsley before disappearing from competitive football. As of 2011.Lukic worked as a freelance goalkeeping coach. Career statistics
Club
Honours
Arsenal
Football League Cup: 1986-87
First Division: 1988–89
FA Charity Shield: 1999
Leeds United
First Division: 1991–92
FA Charity Shield: 1992
References
1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Footballers from Derbyshire
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Leeds United F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
English people of Serbian
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (; August 10, 1892 – November 19, 1974), was a Communist revolutionary and military strategist of the People’s Republic of China. Born in Wenchang, Hainan, he joined the Communist Party of China in 1926, and took part in the Northern Expedition, the Nanchang Uprising, the Baise Uprising, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. <mask> held the posts of the army commander of the 7th Red Army, the assistant staff officer of the Military Commission of the Central Committee of the CPC, the commander of a military area, etc., and was named one of the ten Senior Generals (Da Jiang, the second highest rank in the PLA) in 1955. The <mask> Memorial Hall is located in Wenchang, Hainan Province. Life
Early life
<mask> was born in a poor peasant family on August 10, 1892, in Wenchang, Guangdong (now is part of Hainan). At age eight he began studying at the Guangdong Army Primary School. <mask>`s former name was <mask> ().<mask>zhi was his alternate name. After he joined the revolution, he changed his name to <mask> (). In 1908, <mask> successfully passed the entrance examination of Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou and enrolled. In Oct. 1909, in primary school, <mask> joined the Tongmenghui(United League) secretly with a few of patriotic classmates. <mask> left the Whampoa Military Academy and took part in the Second Guangzhou Uprising in 1911. When the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing Dynasty broke out in 1911 he joined the Revolutionary Army and requested to be the captain of the bomb troops. After the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing in 1912, <mask> was recommended to the Humen, Guangdong Army
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
accelerated school by the revolutionary government.In the midsummer of 1914, <mask> graduated from the accelerated school with excellent grades and went to work in Hainan. He took part in the National Protection War in 1915. And in 1921 <mask> left Hainan Province for Guangzhou and joined Chen Jiongming with his campaign. In 1926, <mask> took part in the Northern Expedition as the Chief of staff. In the same year he was one of the commanders of wars in Tingsiqiao, Heshengqiao, Wuchang, Henan and so on. In October, 1926, he joined the Communist Party of China, through the recommendation of Wang Zhiren (). During the Sino-Japanese War
After the negotiation of the Xi'an Incident, <mask> was sent to the southern area to unify the people of all ranks to resist the Japanese army.In April 1937, <mask>, Zhou Enlai and Kong Shiquan () went to Xi’an. When they arrived at Laoshan Mountain (), they encountered a surprise attack conducted by the Kuomintang. <mask> directed the successful evacuation of other people. In late April 1937, <mask> was sent to Hong Kong to lead the south anti-Japanese national united front (). He collected donations in Hong Kong and Macao and persuaded Ye Ting to join the war against Japan. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, according to the instruction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, <mask> discussed with Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi in Guilin in hopes that Li and Bai would join the anti-Japanese national united front. In January 1938, the New Fourth Army was established in Nanchang.Ye Ting was the Army commander, while <mask> held the concurrent posts of chief of staff and commander of the third detachment. In the middle of December
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
1938, <mask> headed the special task battalion and arrived at Anhui where the headquarters of the fourth detachment was located and shouldered the task of the war in the middle area of Anhui Province. On May 5, 1939, the north Yangtze River command post of the New Fourth Army was established and <mask> held the concurrent post of the general director and the Secretary of the CPC of the command post. In December 1940, with Xu Haidong, and Luo Binghui (), <mask> shattered the military attack of Collaborationist Chinese Army. The army in the north of the Yangtze River grew from 7000 to 10000 people. At the beginning of 1941, after the New Fourth Army incident, <mask> acted as the Deputy Commander of the New Fourth Army and the division commander of the second division. In 1945, from August 9 to 22, under the direction of <mask>, the military and civilians of central China emancipated 17 counties and more than 200 towns.More than 12,000 soldiers of the Collaborationist Chinese Army were killed, thus winning the initial victory of the war. During the Chinese Civil War
In January, 1946, <mask> was concurrently appointed deputy commander of the Shandong Military Region taking charge of logistic maintenance and base construction of the New Fourth Army and the Shandong Military Region. In January, 1947, <mask> was appointed deputy commander of the East-China Military Region. In August, the East-China Military Region Office was moved to Huimin County, Shandong and the Rear Committee of the East-China Military Region Office was founded. <mask> was appointed as secretary. He led the Land Reform, Yan'an Rectification Movement, front-line support, and local armed forces
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
construction. He also extended the East-China Field Army.In November, 1948, <mask> was concurrently appointed commander of the Shandong Military Region. In January, 1949, <mask> proposed the preparation for Changjiang-crossing Campaign () and formulated strategic plans. In March, <mask> attended the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party. On September 22, <mask> was appointed secretary of the Guangxi Provincial Party Committee and chairman of People's Government of Guangxi. On September 21, the First Plenary Session of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was held. <mask> attended the conference as the chief representative of the South-China Chinese People’s Liberation Army. <mask> was appointed Committee member of Chinese People's Government Committee and Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Committee.In December, <mask> went to Guangxi for work and was concurrently appointed committee member of Central South Military Region Party Committee. People's Republic of China
Not long after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, <mask> was appointed to be the CPC party chief of Guangxi Province. It was in Guangxi where <mask> had initiated the Baise Uprising () with Deng Xiaoping in 1929. When he arrived in Guangxi, he launched the counterinsurgency immediately. It was quite hard due to the lack of manpower so <mask> had to personally fight with the opposition. In February, 1950, the lead agency of Guangxi Province formally founded. Because of health problems, <mask> returned to Beijing in 1953, and was appointed as the Deputy Secretary of the Commission of PRC.In the fall of 1955, <mask> was endowed as
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
the "Great General". <mask> died on November 19, 1974. Deng Xiaoping read his eulogy at his funeral. Family
Marriage
<mask> is the only one of the ten great generals who had a concubine. His first wife, Wang Bizhen (), married <mask> in 1914, and died in an air raid in Guangzhou. His second wife, Han Bi (), married <mask> in 1923, and died in 1984. Children
The second son, <mask> (), born in 1928 to Han Bi, was the deputy secretary of Ministry of Nuclear Industry.The younger son, <mask> (), born in 1946 to Han Bi, was the headmaster of the Shijiazhuang Army Command College (). <mask> Memorial Hall
The <mask>yi Memorial Hall is to the north of Wenchang Middle School in Wenchang, Hainan Island. It was built in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of General <mask>. Sitting east to west, the memorial hall covers an area of 7962 square meters, 8 meters high, 12 meters wide, and the roof top is decorated with green glaze. Six golden words, “张云逸纪念馆”, which is written by Nie Rongzhen, is engraved in the middle of the lintel. Between the gate and the exhibition room lies <mask>’s bronze body sculpture at a height of 8 meters, with the golden words “张云逸大将” written by Peng Zhen engraved on its base. In the exhibition room behind the structure, photographs, graphs, pictures, manuscripts and entities are exhibited, presenting the life of <mask> systematically.Writings
A Serious Mistake (), published on 《星火燎原 Unpublished manuscripts》in 2007. References
1892 births
1974 deaths
People's Liberation Army generals from Hainan
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hainan
People's Republic of China politicians from Hainan
Political office-holders in Guangxi
Military
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born 1956) is an American bicycle frame builder, Category 1 racer, fabricator, designer, and founder of Ritchey Design. <mask> is a US pioneer in modern frame building and the first production mountain bike builder/manufacturer in the history of the sport. He is an innovator of bicycle components that have been used in winning some of the biggest cycling competitions in the world including the UCI World Championships, the Tour de France and the Olympics. In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the inaugural Mountain Bike Hall of Fame in Crested Butte, Colorado (now located in Fairfax, California): and 2012, inducted to the United States Bicycle Hall of Fame in Davis, California. Early years
<mask> moved to Menlo Park, California, from Cherry Hill, New Jersey, in 1963, when his father was hired as an engineer at Ampex Corporation, an electronics company located in Redwood City, California, pioneered the magnetic tape recorder. <mask> attributes his interest in bicycles to his father's interest in cycling, as his father found cycling as a means to get to work and fell in love with the sport himself. At age 11, <mask>'s father taught <mask>. to build his wheels and repair tubular tires.<mask> started a small business repairing tires to earn money to buy his first road bike, a Raleigh Super Course. When he was 14, <mask> joined the Belmont Bicycle Club (BBC) and began racing. Shortly after this, he upgraded his bike to a frame he repaired himself, a broken Cinelli "B." His father taught him how to braze around this time, and he started repairing bicycle frames for local racers. After learning to repair/replace other builders' damaged tubes, <mask> built his first racing frame. He decided to build his frame out of a necessity for an affordable, lighter, faster bike. He bought the tube set and lugs from local builder Hugh Enox at the time for $21, and in 1972 built his first frame, which he raced on that year.He won many junior races and titles on this very frame, and eventually, on future bikes he built, he won the Senior Prestige Road
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
trophy and the BAR (Best All-Around Rider) in 1973 and 1974 as a Junior. These feats led to <mask> being known as the "Senior Slayer", having beaten top Californians (many of whom considered to be some of the best riders in the U.S. at the time) and former Olympians. <mask> rode for Team USA's Junior Worlds road racing squad, and then a stint on the U.S. National Road Team. In 1976, <mask> retired from road racing. He continued to race mountain bikes through the early 1980s, competing more recently in races like the Downieville Classic, La Ruta, Trans Andes, Trans Alps and Cape Epic in South Africa. During his early racing years, Ritchey began building bikes for Palo Alto Bicycles and its national mail order catalog. In 1974, as his senior year in high school approached, Ritchey had already built approximately 200 frames.It was around this time he honed his fillet brazing or "lugless" method of fabricating frames. <mask> sought to challenge bicycle industry standards of frame tubing diameter at the time limited by the use of fixed dimensioned lugs. <mask>'s fillet brazing construction method allowed the choice of larger thin-wall tubing diameters and unique ovalizations to create lighter -stiffer frames. By 1979, <mask> had produced over 1,000 frames on his own. Personal life
<mask> is married to his second wife, Martha. Together they have six children; son Jay, and daughters Sara and Annie (<mask>), and sons Steven, David, and Christopher (Martha). <mask> and Martha have six grandchildren.Off-road riding and the mountain bike
<mask> often cites his friend, the late Jobst Brandt as being crucial not only to his development as a cyclist and component designer, but for his deep passion in off-road riding. Brandt, author of the iconic book, The Bicycle Wheel, had a riding style that was unlike anyone else at the time. Brandt would lead his infamous rides that quickly left the paved roads behind and ventured onto to dirt single-track trails on traditional road bikes with no modification—something completely unheard in the 1960s and '70s.
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
In 1978, <mask> was approached by Joe Breeze and Otis Guy to build a tandem for them to use in a record attempt across America. Breeze brought his newly made off-road "ballooner" bike to Ritchey's shop in Menlo Park. While he credits Joe Breeze for building the first custom off-road specific 26" wheeled frame, however, known only to a few people, <mask> had already built an off-road specific 650b bike along the design lines of a fatter tired, flat barred "woodsy/cow trail" bike. <mask> says he was influenced by the late John Finley Scott, who encouraged him to build a bike for years with 650b wheels and tires.Upon seeing Joe's bike, he said, "I think I’ll build something like that also." Breeze returned to his home of Fairfax, CA and told Gary Fisher of <mask>'s intentions to build a 26" "ballooner." Immediately, Fisher called <mask> and asked <mask> to build him one as well. Because of <mask>'s production mindset, he built a third frame. When Fisher picked up his frame a few months later and learned of the third frame, he told <mask>, "I can sell that." The seeds of the new "mountain bike" company were sewn, beginning with Fisher selling bike #3 to a fellow Marin resident. These "ballooners" were first featured in BMX Plus magazine, before the world identified them as a mountain bike, and a new buzz surrounded this new style of off-road bike.Fisher enlisted the help of his friend and roommate, Charlie Kelly, to market and sell the bikes <mask> was building. Because <mask> had years of custom frame and component manufacturing experience, he was uniquely suited to tackle and establish many of the new designs and standards this new breed of bicycle would require. The company initially was called Ritchey MountainBikes, with Ritchey fillet brazing over 1000 bikes over the course of those beginning three years. This high volume of production lead to <mask> becoming mountain biking's first production frame builder, earning him the moniker, "The General Motors of mountain bike frame companies," from Mike Sinyard of Specialized. The informal
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
business lasted about three years, with <mask> building the bikes in the mountains of the south bay peninsula while Fisher and Kelly sold them out of Fairfax and Marin. In 1983, <mask> left the relationship. Kelly also left due to personal reasons.On his own, <mask> sold his remaining frames to a new company out of British Columbia, called Rocky Mountain Bicycles. Out of this turbulent time <mask> built his own sales and marketing company, hired a retired professional road racer, Mike Neel, as his salesman and created Ritchey Design. By the early 80s general interest in cycling was in decline, however, mountain biking was growing. Events like Pearl Pass and the NORBA '83 National Championships drove interest in the emerging sport. By the mid 1980s, over 25 percent of the bike industry was based on mountain bikes, with Ritchey emerging as the #1 off-road component design company outside of Shimano. Innovations
Again, Jobst Brandt was crucial to the young and aspiring <mask>, and the products he was designing. Brandt, a mechanical engineer at Hewlett Packard, always called into question <mask>'s new ideas—scrutinizing every detail of his designs.<mask>, who sought to design and produce components that were light and fast, was often countered by Brandt who demanded components be durable and strong enough to endure the back country epic rides Jobst liked to do. Ritchey's foundational design principles emerged from these dueling philosophies. Among the first of <mask>'s designs to be brought to use was his "Logic" steel frame tubing. With the new era of fillet brazing he pioneered, and the new uprising of TIG welded frame production, <mask>ey sought tubes from Italian company Columbus however they didn't meet Ritchey's specifications, so Tange of Japan was the final supplier. Their success lead to the birth of Logic Tubing. This tubing changed the way tubing manufacturers thought about butting profiles, allowing the manufacture of lighter, yet extremely durable larger diameter steel tubing bikes.He later took his same shortened butt concept
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
to spoke manufacturer DT Swiss to produce spokes to build lighter, stronger wheels. Below is a list of a few innovations and firsts <mask> produced:
1974 - Twin-plated crown forks
1979 - New "MountainBikes" frame
1980 - 130mm mountain bike specific rear hub
1980 - 120mm bottom bracket spindle to account for wider chain stays that accommodate a wider rear tire
1980 - The Bullmoose integrated mountain bike specific handlebar and stem
1983 - Standard unicrown tapered fork
1984 - Logic butted tubing
1984 - Developed new MTB specific tread design with IRC, Japan. Applied road tire technology to MTB tires, introducing a folding bead and 120tpi. In 1988, applied vector force analysis (VFA) tread designs to develop mountain bike tires featuring front & rear specific and rotation direction tires. 1985 - Vantage rim, the first welded mountain bike specific rim produced by Ukai; a wider, 25mm rim developed to better handle a wider knobby tire
1989 - Logic Condensed double butted spokes produced by DT Swiss
1989 - Developed alloy 3D net shape forging, for stems that led the way to a new generation of lighter, stiffer and stronger stems that did away with welding. 1992 - First to succeed in off center rim (OCR) technology which made possible a balanced spoke tension in rear wheels and off center disc specific front and rear wheels. 1995 - 2x9 speed drivetrain for mountain bikes
Film
<mask> was profiled in the 2007 documentary film Klunkerz: A Film About Mountain Bikes."<mask>'s 40 Year Ride," a documentary was released in August 2012 chronicling four decades of <mask>'s business
"Rising from Ashes," a documentary film chronicling the beginning of Team Rwanda
Accolades and awards
1988, inducted into the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame
2012, inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame
Project Rwanda
In December 2005, <mask> toured Rwanda by bicycle. He found the landscape to be beautiful, but the people and their journey of reconciliation were even more compelling. <mask> rode through the hilly countryside, (Rwanda is called
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Land of a Thousand Hills) and witnessed the incredible cycling talent that existed there, without any of the modern cycling technology available to the average cyclist here in the USA. <mask> believed that a national cycling team could bring a sense of hope and national pride. Within the next few months, <mask> began to formalize a 501c3 called, Project Rwanda. <mask> then asked his friend, Jared Miller, if he would go to Rwanda to explore the possibility of putting on a cycling event. On September 16, 2006, <mask> sponsored the first annual Rwandan Wooden Bike Classic in Karongi Stadium: a mountain bike, wooden bike, and single speed colonial bike race.Attendance was over 3,000. <mask> asked North American Tour de France Stage winner, Alex Stieda, and cycling pioneer, Jock Boyer, to race alongside him at the event held to celebrate the wooden bike innovation and what it meant to <mask>. After the event, <mask> asked Boyer to help him in finding and cultivating cycling talent, which would become Team Rwanda. Ritchey designed a geared cargo/coffee bike, capable of carrying heavy loads, to help the Rwandans, especially the coffee farmers in the rural areas of Rwanda, get their crops more efficiently to washing stations. He worked with other NGO's like World Vision and Bikes for Rwanda, to help distribute approximately 4,000 bikes, through micro finance programs and grants. Quotes
"My bike is my office"
"Steel is real"
References
External links
Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team
Fat Tire Flyer, a book about the first mountain bikes by Charlie Kelly
Ritchey Bicycle Components
Ritchey Bicycle Components International Webstore
His page on the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame. Rough Riders interview: '<mask>, in his own words'
Project Rwanda
A short history of <mask>'s frames on Old Mountain Bikes.An interview with <mask>, where he discusses Rwanda, faith, and bicycles. 1956 births
Living people
Cycle designers
American male cyclists
Mountain bike innovators
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cyclists from
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born October 16, 1944) is an American singer who has sung tens of thousands of commercial jingles. She was the voice of the singing cat in the Meow Mix commercials, sang the jingle "Galaxy Glue" in the 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman, the "Coke and a Smile" jingle in the classic Mean Joe Greene Super Bowl commercial, and has won many Clio Awards for her work on television and radio. Her voice can also be heard on many pop songs, as she was a regular backup singer for artists such as Frankie Valli, Burt Bacharach, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Neil Diamond. In the 1970s, she was one of the main singers in the disco group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps, which charted with the Top 40 hit "Baby Face" in 1976. In the 1980s and 1990s she was a regular performer in Atlantic City at The Grand and Harrah's, with her husband, composer and arranger Artie Schroeck. As of 2011, she works as a piano accompanist in Las Vegas, Nevada. Biography
Early years (1940s–1960s)
November was born in Brooklyn, the older of two children to Eleanore and <mask>.Her father was an attorney to clients such as boxer Floyd Patterson, and her younger brother Philip became an attorney as well. She started her career in music as a concert pianist, playing piano from the age of five. However, she lost interest in the piano as a teenager and turned to singing instead, helped by the fact that she learned she had perfect pitch. She attended Thomas Jefferson High School, then The High School of Music & Art, and then from the age of 15 began studying voice with Beverly Johnson at Juilliard. She developed a
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
and television personality Perry Como, or as backup singers for other recordings.This launched November's career as a studio singer, as she worked on a contract basis for many different productions. From 1962 to 1967 November would rotate in and out as part of the Ray Charles Singers, sometimes seen on Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall variety program. She can also be heard as a backup singer on some Frank Sinatra recordings, such as the soprano voice in the background of the 1967 song, "The World We Knew". Jingle singer (1960s–1990s)
Over the course of her 32 years as a jingle singer, November sang approximately 22,000 jingles which were played on the television and radio. In the 1970s, it was estimated that 75% of the jingles that could be heard on the airways were sung by no more than 30 people, and November was known as the "Jingle Queen". In several unusual jingles, she had to sing with different voices. She once sang as a person underwater, and for Chicken of the Sea, a brand of tuna, she sang like a chicken underwater.Her most notable commercial was in an ad campaign for Meow Mix, where she was the voice ("Meow meow meow meow...") of a singing cat. The idea came from Ron Travisano at the advertising agency of Della Femina Travisano and Partners, who had the account with Ralston Purina in 1976. Travisano put together film footage with editor Jay Gold, looping images of a cat to make it look like it was singing. Working from the film, Tom McFaul of the jingle house Lucas/McFaul composed music to fit, and <mask> sang the meowing melody. The campaign was a major success, spawned 81 other
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
different commercials, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in residuals. <mask> was also one of the singers for Coca-Cola's "Have a Coke and a Smile" campaign, heard most famously on the 1979 Mean Joe Greene commercial, considered one of the top Super Bowl commercials of all time. Other projects (1970s–present)
In the 1970s, along with providing her voice for commercials, November also recorded pop songs on the radio.She, Tony Orlando, and Toni Wine sang "Candida", in a group surreptitiously entitled "Dawn". Tony Orlando was a recording industry executive at the time, for a competing label, April-Blackwood. So to avoid a conflict, the group was entitled "Dawn" without Orlando's name. However, the song became a major hit, along with its followup "Knock Three Times" (also featuring backup by November and Toni Wine). To go on tour, Orlando then asked two other session singers, Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent Wilson, to become the official backup singers, in their own "Dawn" group, so they could tour as Tony Orlando and Dawn, though the voices on the songs of the original album were still of November and Toni Wine, not Hopkins and Vincent. A few years later, November was again on the charts as part of the group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps, an assemblage of studio musicians put together by Harold Wheeler. They released two albums, with their biggest hit being a disco version of the 1926 song "Baby Face".It reached #14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in late 1976, and #12 in the UK. In the 1980s and 1990s, November could often be found singing in Atlantic City, such as at Gatsby's
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
at The Grand, and then starting in 1990, at the Harrah's Atrium Lounge, with Artie Schroeck. They had met in the 1960s while working on Frankie Valli recordings, but had both been married to other people at the time. In 1988 they became a couple, and on January 17, 1997, they married. <mask> then retired from her career as a jingle singer, and she and Schroeck directed a production saluting quirky band leader Spike Jones, "The New City Slickers Present a Tribute to Spike Jones". In 2001, <mask> and her husband moved to Las Vegas.As of 2011, she continues to work there as a piano and keyboard accompanist, performing the occasional show with Schroeck. Awards
1972, "Most Valuable Studio Player", NARAS, New York Chapter
1974, Taystee Bread (Best Radio, Clio Award, 1974)
1976, Lady Long Legs (Best Radio, Clio Award, 1976)
1978, United States Army (Best Television/Cinema, Clio Award, 1978)
1979, "Mean Joe Greene" commercial for Coca-Cola (Best Television/Cinema, Clio Award, 1980)
Notable works
<mask> has sung tens of thousands of jingles, with her most notable one being the Meow Mix Theme ("Meow meow meow meow . . . . ") in 1976 for Meow Mix cat food. She has also worked in many other parts of the industry as a backup singer, and contributed many solo efforts, such as singing the lullaby in the 1971 animated film, The World of Hans Christian Andersen, the main theme "I'm Comin' Home" in the 1973 film The Devil in Miss Jones, and the "Galaxy Glue" jingle in the 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman. Chevrolet, "The heartbeat of America"
Ford Motor Company, "Have you driven a Ford
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (; born 22 January 1973) is a Brazilian football manager and former player who is the current manager of São Paulo FC. He is considered one of the all-time greatest Brazilian goalkeepers and is recognised by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the goalkeeper to have scored the most goals in the history of football. Most of <mask>'s vast professional career, which had spanned 25 years and 1257 professional club matches, was associated with São Paulo, with which he won 20 major titles, including three Brazilian Leagues, two Copa Libertadores and the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup. He also scored 131 goals during his career, with most of them coming from free kicks and penalties and one coming from open play. <mask> also represented Brazil 18 times over the course of his career, being part of the squads that won the 2002 FIFA World Cup and the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup, and also taking part at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Early life
<mask> was born 22 January 1973 in Pato Branco, Paraná. Ceni is of Italian and German descent.He holds Italian citizenship. Club career
<mask> made his senior debuts with Sinop. In 1990, the 17-year-old joined São Paulo, spending his first six seasons in Brazilian Série A as a backup or third-choice. On 25 June 1993 <mask> made his first team debut, starting in a 4–1 win against Tenerife for the Trofeo Ciudad de Santiago de Compostela friendly championship. In the following year he was utilized as a starter in the 1994 Copa CONMEBOL, appearing in all matches as his side was crowned champions. In the 1997 season, after Zetti moved to Santos, <mask> was chosen as his replacement. On 14 July 2005, <mask> was São Paulo's captain as the team won the 2005 Copa Libertadores, a third for the club.Two weeks later, in a match against Atlético Mineiro, he broke the record for most appearances for the team, with 618 matches – he wore a special commemorative jersey that had the number "618" printed on the back; on 25 July of the following
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
year, he scored a penalty against Mexican side Guadalajara (also a match-winner), becoming the Tricolors all-time leading scorer in the Libertadores. From 2005 to 2007, he scored an astonishing 47 goals in all competitions combined, as the club won two national championships and the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup; in the latter competition, he netted in the semifinals against Ittihad (3–2, through a penalty kick), and was voted Man of the match in the final against Liverpool, as well as the tournament's MVP. On 20 August 2006, <mask> scored his 63rd and record-breaking goal by netting a free kick against Cruzeiro in the domestic league, a few minutes after denying a penalty to the opposition. Later in the same match, he scored a goal from the spot and took his total to 64, also tying the match 2–2; this put him two goals ahead of the previous holder, Paraguayan José Luis Chilavert. On 29 October 2006, <mask> made his 700th official appearance for São Paulo, against Figueirense in a 2–0 victory. Some of the gloss was taken off the occasion when the player was ordered to change his bright yellow jersey because it matched with the referee's; at the end of the 2007 season, which ended in league conquest, he was voted by the Brazilian Football Confederation as the Best Player. In April 2009, <mask> fractured his ankle in training, being initially sidelined for six months, but recovering sooner than expected.On 28 October 2010, against Atlético Paranaense, he played his 700th game as club captain. The following year, on 27 March, he scored from a free kick to win the match against arch rivals Corinthians, shooting from 18 metres for his 100th goal. On 7 September 2011, <mask> made his 1000th appearance for São Paulo. In late January of the following year, the 39-year-old underwent an operation on his shoulder, losing six months of competition. On 1 August 2012, <mask> returned to the field, scoring from a direct free kick in a 2–0 Copa Sudamericana away win against Bahia; his side went on to win
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
that year's tournament. He subsequently scored three goals in the league, ending the campaign as a starter. Despite already aged 40, Ceni stated that his spirit for competition was the same as an eighteen-year-old's, but still stating that his recovery is harder than years ago.On 14 July 2013, <mask> scored his 111th goal from a free kick in a 2–3 loss at Vitória. On 7 December 2013, after lengthy negotiations, <mask> renewed his contract with Tricolor for a further season. On 20 April 2014, in a 3–0 home win against Botafogo, he had three records recognized by Guinness World Records: most goals scored by a goalkeeper, number of games played for the same club and number of times as captain. On 27 October 2014, <mask> broke Ryan Giggs' record for most wins at a single club after playing in São Paulo's 3–0 win over Goiás. He finished the campaign with eight league goals (his best goal scoring record within seven years), being an undisputed starter. On 28 November 2014, <mask> signed a new deal with São Paulo, until August 2015, despite previously stating that he would retire at the end of the season. On 29 March 2015, after scoring in a 3–0 home win against Linense, he surpassed Marcelinho Carioca in the number of goals scored by direct free kicks for only one club, with <mask> having 60 and Marcelinho, 59.In June 2015, <mask> scored his 128th goal, entering in the club's top 10 goalscorers list. <mask> announced his retirement from professional football on 6 December 2015.
International career
A Brazilian international for nine years, <mask> collected 16 caps. He was selected to the squads that won the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2002 FIFA World Cup (and the 2006 World Cup, still not fully recovered from knee surgery), but only appeared in two games in final stages, the 3–2 win against Mexico in the first tournament and the 4–1 triumph over Japan in the third. Managerial career
In December 2016, <mask> was appointed as São Paulo coach, with Englishman Michael Beale and
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Frenchman Charles Hembert joining as his assistants. On 3 July 2017, after poor results - São Paulo were eliminated in State League, Brazilian Cup and 2017 Copa Sudamericana into a period of one month and are in relegation zone in Brazilian League, he was sacked. <mask> signed with Fortaleza to coach the team in 2018. On 3 November of that year, Fortaleza clinched promotion to the Série A, and seven days later, the club clinched the Série B title for the first time in its history.In 2019, Fortaleza also won the Campeonato Cearense and the Copa do Nordeste. On 11 August 2019, <mask> was named Cruzeiro manager, but was dismissed on 26 September, after having altercations with the club's main players, specifically Thiago Neves and Dedé. Three days later, <mask> was announced at his former side Fortaleza, replacing fired Zé Ricardo. On 22 October 2020, he again won the Ceará state title, his fourth title with Fortaleza. On 10 November 2020, <mask> agreed to a contract with Flamengo until December 2021, replacing the sacked Domènec Torrent. He won the 2020 Série A with the club, but was sacked on 10 July 2021. <mask> returned to São Paulo on 13 October 2021, being named manager in the place of Hernán Crespo.Style of play
A dead-ball specialist, <mask> was the official taker of free kicks and penalties for São Paulo from 1997 until his retirement, a time period in which he scored 131 goals. In addition to his accurate set-pieces, prolific goalscoring, distribution, and ability with the ball at his feet, he was also known as an excellent goalkeeper and shot-stopper, and stood out for his determination and longevity throughout his career, as he retired at over 40 years of age. <mask> was known for being capable of producing brilliant saves, such as those in the final of the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup, which saw São Paulo defeat Liverpool 1–0; for his performances, Ceni later won the Golden Ball, which is awarded to the competition's best player. He is considered to be one of Brazil's greatest
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born November 19, 1997) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With her brother <mask>, she is the 2018 NHK Trophy bronze medalist and a four-time silver medalist on the ISU Challenger Series (2018 CS Asian Open, 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy, 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial). Earlier in their career together, the <mask> won gold at the 2017 World Junior Championships, the 2016 Junior Grand Prix Final, and in the junior event at the 2017 U.S. Championships. They placed 4th at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. Personal life
<mask> was born November 19, 1997 in Rockville, Maryland. She has two siblings – Michael and Katie. In 2016, she graduated from Magruder High School in Rockville, Maryland and currently attends Flagler College in St. Augustine, Florida.In August 2019, she came out as bisexual. <mask> participated in the June 1, 2020 protests in Lafayette Square, after concluding that "sitting at home and being angry wasn’t doing enough. I wanted to protest. I wanted to physically be there." She was hit by a rubber bullet when federal security services opened fire. A photograph of <mask> was featured on the June 2, 2020 edition of the Washington Post. Career
Early years
<mask> started skating at age six because she wanted to learn how to stand up on the ice.After joining the Wheaton Ice Skating Academy in June 2006, she started focusing solely on ice dance. With Kyle MacMillan, she won gold on the juvenile level at the 2009 U.S. Championships and then gold on the intermediate level at the 2010 U.S. Championships. She teamed up with her older brother, Michael, in February 2010.
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
They won gold on the novice level at the 2011 U.S. Championships and debuted on the Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series in September 2011, placing 9th in Gdańsk, Poland. After taking the junior pewter medal at the 2012 U.S. Championships, they represented the United States at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics, placing 4th. They were also selected for the 2012 World Junior Championships in Minsk, Belarus, where they finished 15th. Competing in the 2012–13 JGP series, the <mask> placed 6th in Linz, Austria, before taking bronze in Zagreb, Croatia.2013–14 season
The <mask> obtained silver at both of their 2013–14 JGP assignments, which took place in Košice, Slovakia, and Ostrava, Czech Republic. They qualified for the JGP Final in Fukuoka, Japan, where they placed sixth. The duo won bronze at the junior level at the 2014 U.S. Championships and capped off their season with an 8th-place finish at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. 2014–15 season
The <mask> medaled at both their 2014–15 JGP assignments, receiving bronze in Aichi, Japan, and silver in Zagreb, Croatia. They finished as the first alternates for the JGP Final and won silver on the junior level at the 2015 U.S. Championships. Concluding their season, they placed fourth at the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, Estonia. 2015–16 season: Junior World silver
During the 2015–16 JGP series, the <mask> were awarded gold in Bratislava, Slovakia, and Zagreb, Croatia.Competing in Barcelona, Spain, at their second JGP Final, the siblings took the bronze medal behind Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter and Alla Loboda / Pavel Drozd, having
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
placed second in the short dance and fifth in the free. At the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary, they placed first in the short and second in the free, winning the silver medal behind McNamara/Carpenter. 2016–17 season: Junior World gold
Competing in their sixth JGP season, the <mask> were awarded gold in Yokohama, Japan, and Dresden, Germany, both times ahead of Russia's Anastasia Shpilevaya / Grigory Smirnov. In December 2016, they competed at the JGP Final in Marseille, France; ranked second in the short and first in the free, they won the title by a margin of 0.63 over Loboda/Drozd. The following month, the <mask> would win their first junior national title at the 2017 U.S. Championships, over 11 points clear of the field. The siblings would cap off their undefeated season by winning the 2017 World Junior Championships; similar to the 2016–17 JGP Final, the <mask> won the event overall after placing second in the short and first in the free, earning an even narrower victory of 0.56 ahead of Loboda/Drozd. The <mask> earned personal bests in their combined total and free dance scores at their fifth trip to the Junior Championships.2017–18 season: International senior debut
Moving to the senior level, the <mask> debuted at the Lake Placid Ice Dance International, winning the silver medal behind longtime rivals McNamara/Carpenter, who were also making their senior debut. They then took the silver medal at the 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy, their debut on the ISU Challenger series. Assigned to two Grand Prix events, they finished ninth at Skate America and seventh at the Rostelecom Cup. They
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
then competed at a second Challenger event, the Golden Spin of Zagreb, where they finished eighth. Competing at the senior level at the 2018 U.S. Championships, they placed fifth, and thus did not qualify for the U.S. Olympic team. They were instead sent to the 2018 Four Continents Championships, where they finished sixth. 2018–19 season: Final season
After a second straight silver medal at Lake Placid's summer ice dance event, the siblings competed in three straight Challenger events, winning consecutive silver medals at the Asian Open, Nebelhorn Trophy and Nepela Trophy.At their first Grand Prix event in Japan, the 2018 NHK Trophy, they won their first and only Grand Prix medal, a bronze. At the 2018 Internationaux de France, their second Grand Prix, they finished fifth. At the 2019 U.S. Championships, the <mask> placed sixth. On April 2, 2019, <mask> announced on Instagram that she was retiring from figure skating following a lengthy struggle with an eating disorder. Her brother Michael intended to continue skating, and subsequently formed a new partnership with Caroline Green. Programs
(with <mask>)
Competitive highlights
(with <mask>)
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
<mask> / <mask> at IceNetwork.com
American female ice dancers
1997 births
Sportspeople from Rockville, Maryland
Living people
People from Derwood, Maryland
LGBT sportspeople from the United States
Bisexual women
LGBT figure skaters
LGBT people from Maryland
Figure skaters at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
21st-century American
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (Hebrew: ליאור כהן; born October 3, 1959) is an American music industry executive. <mask> has been actively involved in hip hop at various record labels for more than 30 years. He started by managing rappers for Rush Productions, then led Def Jam. After Def Jam, <mask> took on a leadership role at Warner Music Group. In September 2012, <mask> resigned from Warner and started his own independent label, 300 Entertainment. On September 28, 2016, <mask> was named YouTube's Global Head of Music. Early life
Born in New York to Israeli immigrants in 1959, <mask> grew up in Los Angeles.In 1981, he earned a degree in global marketing and finance from the University of Miami School of Business at the University of Miami. After graduating from the University of Miami, he worked briefly in the Beverly Hills office of Bank Leumi. Music career
Rush Productions / Rush Artist Management
Late in 1984, after promoting a pair of rock and rap shows at The Mix Club in Hollywood (one featured Run-DMC, the other featured Whodini), <mask> moved to New York to take a job at Simmons' Rush Productions (later called Rush Artist Management). Beginning as Run-DMC's road manager, <mask> quickly began taking on additional responsibilities, working on behalf of an artist roster that included Kurtis Blow, Whodini, Run-DMC, LL Cool J, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy. By 1987, <mask> himself was signing artists to Rush. These acts included Slick Rick, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, Eric B. & Rakim, EPMD, Stetsasonic, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest.<mask> credits Jam Master Jay with teaching him the basics of the music business. "[Jay] showed me how to settle shows and fulfill my responsibilities to the group," <mask> told Vibe magazine. "It's those lessons that I rely on daily to do what I do now." Before long, according to Rolling Stone, <mask> "became known for his no-nonsense approach to business, his negotiating
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
skill, his ability to forward the plot". It was <mask> who brokered Run-DMC's endorsement deal with Adidas, "one of the first big commercial deals for a rap group". This deal was followed by others that paired up Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince with Le Coq Sportif, LL Cool J with Troop sportswear, and Run-DMC with New Coke. By 1989, Rush—under <mask>'s leadership—was recognized as "the premier management operation" in the Rap field.Steve Stoute, in The Tanning of America, credits <mask> with "[believing] early on in the cultural melting pot that was being brewed for and by the younger generation". In his own words, <mask> <mask> has said, "I was determined to prove people wrong, to prove to the gatekeepers of the industry that we had a place here and we weren't going to relinquish our opportunity." From artist development to label executive
<mask> began transitioning from artist management to the label side of the music business in 1989, when he and Simmons formed Rush Associated Labels. The goal was to capitalize on the ability of established recording artists to sniff out new talent by signing boutique label deals with them. It paid off most notably with Jam Master Jay's JMJ Records, which brought Onyx to Def Jam in 1992 and Jayo Felony in 1994. By then <mask> was starting to groom a new generation of executives, notably Chris Lighty, Julie Greenwald, Kevin Liles, Todd Moscowitz, and Mike Kyser. In 1994 <mask> teamed up with Simmons to negotiate Def Jam's departure from Sony (which had been distributing Def Jam since 1985) for a new home at PolyGram.By then, having become Simmons's partner in the label several years earlier, <mask> was running Def Jam day-to-day. (Rick Rubin, Def Jam's founder, had left Def Jam in 1988.) Def Jam under PolyGram and Universal
Under PolyGram and <mask>'s leadership, Def Jam prospered. <mask> worked with a brand-new roster of successful rappers, like Redman, Method Man,
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Jay-Z, DMX, Ja Rule and Ludacris. Concurrently, <mask> oversaw custom label deals with Roc-A-Fella Records, Murder Inc., and Disturbing Tha Peace. In 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram, and merged into Universal. The Island Def Jam
In June 1998, after the PolyGram / Universal merger, Island, Mercury, and Def Jam were merged into a new unit called The Island Def Jam, <mask> was named co-president.In the process, he became (as he himself noted) "the first Hip-Hop president in charge of a major label". This promotion required <mask> to expand his portfolio to include artists who didn't rap, among them Bon Jovi, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Elvis Costello, Ashanti, Nickelback, Slipknot, Sum 41, The Killers, and Slayer. In 2001, <mask> was involved in Island Def Jam's purchase of Roadrunner, a heavy-metal label, as well as the deal to distribute Rick Rubin's American. In 2002, American released Johnny Cash's American IV: The Man Comes Around. The last album released by Cash before his death, it included Cash's hit version of Trent Reznor's "Hurt". Warner
In January 2004 <mask> left Island Def Jam for a position with the Edgar Bronfman Jr. investor group-financed Warner, which was subsequently spun off from Time Warner. Ultimately, <mask> was named WMG's chairman and chief executive.By 2006, the positive effects of <mask>'s leadership were encapsulated in a story for the Los Angeles Times, which noted: "Under <mask>, Warner Music has thrived, due in part to the executive's innovative initiatives, such as an incubator program that builds relationships with independent label executives the company aspires to hire." Warner's success with Mike Jones and the rock band Paramore both grew out of the incubator program. At Warner, <mask> oversaw the merger of the Atlantic and Elektra labels into Atlantic, and placed Julie Greenwald, his protégée, into a top executive position there. In 2009, <mask> elevated
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Greenwald to chairman and chief operating officer of Atlantic, a promotion that established Greenwald as the highest-ranking woman executive at an American record company. Greenwald's successes at Atlantic have included The Black Keys, Bruno Mars, Death Cab for Cutie, Jason Mraz, Kid Rock, Lupe Fiasco, Plies, T.I., and Wiz Khalifa. YouTube and Spotify
In September 2006, <mask> oversaw an agreement with YouTube that allowed the site to show videos by Warner artists in exchange for a share of YouTube's advertising revenue. According to The New York Times, the deal marked "the first time a major record company [had] licensed content to YouTube".In 2011, <mask> oversaw an agreement on behalf of the Warner roster with Spotify, the digital music service. Eventually, <mask> oversaw all of Warner's digital initiatives. Departure from Warner
In September 2012 <mask> resigned from Warner where he served as one of their dominant creative executives. Future ventures and 300
There was much speculation about <mask>'s next move. <mask>'s own assessment of his career was broadly predictive. "I've been an outsider in the traditional record industry for more than 25 years," he told the Los Angeles Times. "I'm an entrepreneur, so I encourage risk-taking.And the only way to encourage risk-taking is to take risks yourself, which means sometimes you'll fail, or people will say you are too aggressive or controversial. But someone needs to jump into the pool first for a party to get really great. I've always been willing to be that guy." In November 2013, <mask> revealed he was starting a new company named "300", after the 300 Spartan Warriors who fought the famous war against the Persians seen in the movie 300. He stated the company would be part record label, part marketing company, part distributor, with major backing from Google and Atlantic. Joining YouTube
In September 2016, Google's YouTube announced <mask> would be
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
joining the organization as Global Head of Music. He officially joined the company in December 2016.He wrote a public letter stating some of his goals and aspirations for his new role. He will strive to enable the music industry to adopt new business models that take advantage of technological advances. Philanthropy and leadership
<mask> is currently on the board of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and is an acting Director for the New York-based charitable organization Boys & Girls Harbor. Personal life
Some of <mask>'s closest associates have included his longtime friend and business partner Russell Simmons, Jay Z, music executive Julie Greenwald, Jon Bon Jovi, and Kanye West, who dubbed himself "the Lyor <mask> of Dior Homme" on a 2010 recording Devil in a New Dress. <mask> met his first wife, E.K. Smith, during the recording of the music video for "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)" by the Beastie Boys.Their wedding on April 1, 1988, was held in Sosua, Dominican Republic and is written about in Flava Flav's book. <mask>'s marriage to his second wife, Amy, ended in divorce in 2006. They have a daughter, Bea, and a son, Az. <mask> credits Az, along with a personal friend, with saving his life when <mask> experienced a pulmonary embolism during N.W.A's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at Brooklyn's Barclays Center in April 2016. In August 2016, <mask> remarried, wedding art world personality Xin Li, a Chinese former basketball player and model who is currently the deputy chairman of Christie's Asia. References
External links
<mask> <mask> biography at Warner Music Group Corporate Site. Lyor <mask> Bio and Interview at AskMen.com
1959 births
Israeli Jews
American music industry executives
American music managers
American people of Israeli descent
Living people
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from New York City
University of Miami Business School alumni
Businesspeople
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born February 18, 1949) is a Canadian former politician who represented Ontario in the Senate of Canada from January 25, 2013 to January 25, 2021. Initially appointed to the Senate as a Conservative on the advice of Stephen Harper, she sat as a non-affiliated (independent) senator after being removed from the Conservative caucus in 2017. <mask> was suspended from the Senate twice; a first time for posting letters to her website that were considered to be offensive to First Nations peoples, and a second time for failing to comply with mandated anti-racism training. <mask> announced her retirement from the Senate, effective immediately, on January 25, 2021. Career
A business owner in Dryden, Ontario, <mask> worked in tourism, insurance and real estate. She co-owned a General Motors dealership and Ford dealership with her late husband. <mask> was previously a candidate for the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party in the Ontario provincial elections of 1995 and 1999, and has served on the Fort Frances-Rainy River board of education.She was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 2013 by Stephen Harper. She sat as a Conservative until being expelled by the Conservative caucus in 2017. In 2020, she donated $1,000 to the People's Party of Canada, the maximum allowable donation. Residential schools controversy
<mask> is critical of the findings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that the Canadian Indian residential school system was plagued with systemic physical, mental, and sexual abuse and directly resulted in the death of at least six thousand children from malnutrition and disease. <mask> said that those findings overshadowed the "good deeds" of "well-intentioned" residential school workers. <mask>'s statement was repudiated by New Democratic Party Indigenous Affairs critic and residential school survivor Romeo Saganash, who called on her
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
to resign for praising a system that amounted to cultural genocide, as defined by the United Nations; Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs and Liberal MP Carolyn Bennett, who called for better education on the subject matter; and Conservative Indigenous Affairs critic Cathy McLeod, who said that <mask>'s praise did not reflect the views of the party, which under former Prime Minister Stephen Harper, had made a formal apology for the residential schools. Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde also criticized the statement for defending a system that had deep negative effects on Aboriginal peoples in Canada.<mask> would later attack criticism of her speech as fake news. However, <mask>'s thoughts were deemed out of line with the Conservative party's history on the subject matter by the party's interim leader Rona Ambrose, who stated it was untenable for her to keep her position on the Aboriginal people's committee due to the misalignment of <mask>'s comments. On April 5, 2017, <mask> was removed from her Aboriginal people's committee Senate post. After the Canadian government reorganized the Indian Affairs department August 28, 2017, forming two departments, for Indigenous and Northern Affairs and separately for Indigenous Services, each under its own minister, Sen. <mask> made another public statement: "Let's stop the guilt and blame and find a way to live together and share. Trade your status card for a Canadian citizenship, with a fair and negotiated payout to each Indigenous man, woman and child in Canada, to settle all the outstanding land claims and treaties, and move forward together ... All Canadians are then free to preserve their cultures in their own communities, on their own time, with their own dime. The emphasis should be on individual prosperity and responsibility, with more money in the pockets of the local
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
people, and not just national leaders and bureaucracies." According to Saskatoon StarPhoenix columnist Doug Cuthand, her comments indicated ignorance of history, as the Indigenous peoples of Canada were extended Canadian citizenship in 1951.The mayors of Edmonton, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba have called on her to resign. According to Brian Giesbrecht of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, "Sen. Beyak has an abiding belief that the system we have in this country is not working, despite what the flabbergasted mayor and interviewer think of her." "When the senator says that status Indians are not true Canadian citizens, she is absolutely correct." "The fact is that status Indians living on reserves are legally very different from mainstream Canadians in many important ways." Following the backlash regarding her controversial speech, <mask> published, on her senate web page, samples of a large number of letters she received from Canadian citizens supporting her belief that what is being done for Canada's Indigenous People is not effective. Towards the end of December 2017, <mask> faced considerable social media backlash regarding these letters. On January 4, NDP leader Jagmeet Singh demanded <mask>'s resignation.In a statement to the media, Conservative leader Andrew Scheer, explained that while most letters focused on the history of residential schools, some letters had comments regarding Indigenous Canadians in general. He pointed out a particularly troubling passage from one of the letters, that stated "I'm no anthropologist but it seems every opportunistic culture, subsistence hunter/gatherers seeks to get what they can for no effort. There is always a clash between an industrial/organized farming culture that values effort as opposed to a culture that will sit and wail until the government gives them stuff", calling the comment "simply racist"
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
and her promotion of such comments "offensive and unacceptable". In a media statement, Scheer said that he removed <mask> from the Conservative caucus after she refused his demand that she remove some of the comments. Scheer's spokesperson said this demand was made in a telephone call, but <mask> denied that Scheer, anyone from his office, or the Senate leadership had asked her to take down a letter. A senior Conservative source confirmed <mask>'s account. Following a Senate inquiry, it was determined that <mask> had breached the Ethics and Conflict of Interest Code for Senators by posting letters on her Senate website that contained racist content.She was ordered to remove the racist letters from her Senate website, to make a formal apology for posting the letters in question, and to complete a cultural sensitivity course with an emphasis on Indigenous issues. She subsequently refused to remove the letters, and was suspended from the Senate in April, 2019 for the remainder of the parliamentary session. Second suspension
In January 2020, the Standing Committee on Ethics and Conflict of Interest for Senators again recommended that <mask> be suspended without pay for the remainder of the parliamentary session, citing her failure to adequately complete anti-racism training. During her anti-racism training sessions, <mask> was alleged to have said that she identified as Métis because her parents adopted an Indigenous child, a statement which prompted the Métis National Council to demand an apology and suggest <mask> resign. Subsequently <mask> issued a Press Release stating "Media are reporting I am Metis, and although the Metis are a great nation I am not, have never been and never will be Metis, and have never said I was, at anytime, anywhere to anyone." On February 27, 2020, the Senate imposed a second suspension on <mask> because of her failure to
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
complete the required training. The senators approved a report from the standing committee on ethics and conflicts of interest which recommended that <mask> be suspended without pay for "the rest of the current term".In addition to her suspension, she was ordered to undertake anti-racism training. Canada's standing senate Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration (CIBA) met February 27, 2020 to formally remove <mask> from the senate payroll. Her suspension ended on August 18, 2020 when the session was prorogued. Illicit donation to Republican National Committee
According to filings from the United States Federal Election Commission, <mask> donated 300 in May 2020 to the Republican National Committee in support of Donald Trump's re-election campaign. <mask> listed her residence as Dryden, New York and her occupation as retired, despite still being a sitting member of the Senate and living in Dryden, Ontario. The Federal Election Campaign Act does not allow foreign nationals without American citizenship or permanent resident status to contribute to political candidates or campaigns. <mask>'s office claimed that the donation was made in error, and that the money was being refunded.However, , the Republican National Committee did not report the return of the donation. Personal life
She married <mask> on November 28, 1970 and they remained married until his death on April 8, 2002. They have two sons. References
Canadian senators from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Independent Canadian senators
Women members of the Senate of Canada
Women in Ontario politics
People from Dryden, Ontario
Ontario school board trustees
Living people
Canadian real estate businesspeople
1949 births
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario candidates in Ontario provincial elections
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (4 May 1790 – 23 March 1847) was a Scottish architect, who along with his rival John Smith, is regarded as having fashioned the character of Aberdeen as "The Granite City". Life and work
Early life
<mask> was born at 15 Guestrow, Aberdeen on 4 May 1790, the ninth and last child of <mask> (1740–1804), a clothier at Broadgate, and his wife Barbara Dauney (c.1750 - 1801), the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. The family house at Guestrow is thought to have been built by his uncle William Dauney, who was a master mason. The house was later demolished in 1930. <mask> attended Aberdeen Grammar School as a contemporary of Byron, who lived nearby in Broadgate. At 13 he entered Marischal College but left after a year, on the death of his father, to work in the office of James Massie, a builder at Castlehill, having been influenced so by his uncle William Dauney. Due to being born lame in his left arm, his father left him a legacy of £200 with which at the age of 20 he went to London to be apprenticed to architect Robert Lugar and later David Laing.After two years <mask> left to embark on a study tour of Italy, returning to Aberdeen in 1813 to start an architectural practice in his old house at 15 Guestrow. Architectural practice
<mask> first established his practice in 1813 at his old childhood home at 15 Guestrow. He later moved to premises at 130 Union Street, where in 1826 he lost his entire archive of drawings in a fire which destroyed the building, forcing him to move his office to 8 Belmont Street and later to 22 Crown Street - where the former Post Office building now stands - before later moving to live at 15 Bon Accord Street and practicing from his office at 1 Bon Accord Street. <mask> began his work at a time when wealthy country landowners were very influential in the social and cultural development of the City of
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Aberdeen, church and institutional expansion was rife and the enterprising Incorporated Trades were looking to invest heavily and speculatively in the new civic development - made possible by the bold construction of Union Street westwards across the Denburn towards the rich hinterland in 1801. <mask>, along with his brother Alexander, was responsible for reviving the Aberdeen Musical Society, founded in 1747, in a move to make influential social contacts which were vital to the success of his architectural practice. <mask> played the violin and his brother Alexander played the flute. He later also founded the Aberdeen Artists Society with his friend and collaborator, the artist James Giles, who also undertook several portraits of <mask> for the University Court.James Matthews was articled to <mask> in 1834. Architectural style
The boldest and most refined architecture of <mask> is in the Grecian style, in its classic purity of detail and proportion, although he was equally at ease in adopting Gothic, Italian Renaissance, Tudor and Hanseatic architectural styles to meet the preference of his clients or the nature of the site. Clients frequently placed him in open competition with John Smith, though they greatly respected one another's work and ambition to achieve civic unity in the new streets that were then under construction. The result was a fine granite street architecture that was to influence the quality of development for a further century. Death and legacy
<mask> died, aged 56, at his house at 1 East Craibstone Street, Aberdeen on 23 March 1847, having returned ill from a business trip to Derby. He is buried in the graveyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street. The grave lies to the south of the church.The Aberdeen Civic Society erected a granite memorial to him in the gardens of Bon Accord Square, as part of the
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> ( 1850 – 1937) was a reformist and pioneer of change who made important contributions to the modernization and independence of Ethiopia. One of the closest advisors to Emperor Menelik II, he went on to become the first governor of Dire Dawa, and surrounding areas (1902–1905). Prior to that he was governor of the strategic and frontier district of Jaldessa (Gildessa) and its environ where he also held the position of head of customs. His public career lasted over three decades from the era of Menelik II (referred to in historical records as Menilek) until the reign of Haile Selassie. He was one of the most recognized Ethiopians of his time. He knew the French language and was open to European ideas and way of life earning him admiration abroad. His most enduring legacy was the construction, maintenance and security of the first railway which he oversaw at the request of the emperor.Mersha belongs to a generation who took advantage of the relative stability of the late 19th – early 20th century to implement a series of wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms which put the country on the path to modernization ushering in a new era. Early life
Childhood and Formative Years
Ato (Mr.) <mask> Nahusenay (አቶ መርሻ ናሁሠናይ) was born about 1850 near the town of Ankober, the former capital of Shewa. According to oral history, Mersha came from a family of priests. His parents were strict followers of the Ethiopian Orthodox faith and religion played a central role in their life. Mersha's childhood was hence heavily influenced by events involving the Church where he was also baptized. Family lore further
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
indicates that his father owned a land given to him in return for the service he rendered to the church. In addition to holding lands, churches at the time received considerable assistance from the royal palace which they then used to provide key services to their members and communities, including the education of children.Thus <mask> was taught reading and writing at an early age and received traditional church education. Whether or not he had any siblings remains unknown although the name <mask> in the Amharic language implies a desire to forget a traumatic experience such as the loss of a previous child. Growing up, <mask> spent a great deal of time on the farm with his parents. He traveled to various places within Shewa and beyond allowing him to interact with a diverse group of people and explore opportunities which existed for a career in a secular field. For example, early on he learned to appreciate the importance local as well as foreign languages. Beyond these sketchy details, little is known about <mask>'s early life at this point. It is unclear, for example, if he had royal ancestry.The fact that he was later married to the daughter of one of Menelik's trusted servants suggests, however, that the family had close ties to the palace. Overall there is little doubt that <mask>'s formative and early adulthood experiences helped him prepare for his long and illustrious public career. It's worth noting that today Ankober is one of many districts (woredas) of Ethiopia. But back then, it was the capital of one of several powerful kingdoms. The following quote encapsulates the vitality of the Ankober area at the
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Tewodros' vision also was the introduction of European-style civilization. His efforts were cut short however by internal resistance and external challenges as well as his untimely death. Emperor Yohannes (Yohannes IV) further pursued the unification agenda during his reign (1872–1889), but he was unfortunately killed in a war with Mahdist Sudan. Emperor Menelik II (1889–1913), his successor, the fortunate one to realize the dreams of his predecessors and much more. He succeeded in bringing together, under a central authority, northern and southern territories. Through a combination of diplomacy and military campaigns, he was able to create a new empire paving the way for the emergence of modern Ethiopia.Menelik's extraordinary achievements, including his leadership in the decisive victory over Italy at Adwa, in 1896, enabled him to put the country on the path to stability and modernization. According to the prominent Ethiopian historian Tekletsadiq Mekuria, Menelik's top priorities included: negotiating Ethiopia's borders with the three European colonial powers (i.e., France, Britain and Italy) who controlled much of Eastern Africa; securing access to the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea as a way of improving trade relations with Europe and beyond; maintaining security and stability across the vast empire; implementing wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms; and building Ethiopia's image abroad. As will be seen below, <mask> was at the forefront of most, if not all, of these undertakings. He answered repeated calls for public service and rose to the occasion by taking on challenging tasks. More
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
importantly, he was a strong advocate for reform and European-style modernization. Later life
Whether <mask> <mask> held any official government positions before Menelik II became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 remains unknown. What is evident from historical records is sometime in the early 1890s, at the age of about 40, he left his birthplace and settled in the Harar province.By then, Ankober had declined in part due to the rise of Addis Abeba (Addis Ababa), as the new capital of Ethiopia founded in 1886 by Menelik and his influential wife Empress Taytu Betul (1851–1918). Governor of Jaldessa and Head of Imperial Customs
Mersha's relocation to Harar marked the beginning of his long and distinguished career. By some accounts as early as 1892, but surely by 1895, he was appointed governor of Jaldessa (Gildessa, Jildessa, Guildessa, Gheldessa), a historic and strategic district near the present city of Harar. According to one source., at the time, Jaldessa had approximately 6,000 inhabitants at the time compared to 8,000 in the port city of Djibouti and 30,000 in Harar. Not only was Jaldessa a frontier town to Menelik's empire, but it was also located along an important caravan route connecting Ethiopia with the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea coast. As a result, all visitors were required to pass through an armed and customs post established there by the Ethiopian authority and administered by Mersha. As chief of customs, Jaldessa Mersha oversaw the import of all goods.Caravans were stopped and inspected. Import duty of 10 per cent was levied on merchandise generating important revenue for the empire. The economic
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
value of Jaldessa grew considerably after the port of Djibouti became operational. However, it sharply declined following the founding of Dire Dawa, in 1902. As governor, <mask> controlled and administered a vast area between Ethiopian borders with the French and British Somalilands and the Awash River. The territory was inhabited by Somalis, Oromos, Afars and other ethnic groups. He served under Ras Mekonnen Woldemichael (Makonnen Wolde Mikael), who was governor of Harar Province until his untimely death in 1906.The Armenian Serkis Terzian (1868–1915) served as governor of Jaldessa before him. Terzian, a personality well known to scholars of Ethiopian history, served Menelik in various capacities, including the import of arms and ammunition. Apparently, there was confusion at times about who owned what. On one occasion, Mersha confiscated arms claimed by Terzian, according to distinguished historian Richard Pankhurst. Lord Hindlip, a British businessman and adventurer and a member of an Anglo-American expedition, described his visit to Mersha's residence as follows:
He received us in his official residence, a small circular hut with the usual pointed roof, built on a conical hill. His furniture consisted of a table, chair, two beds, a photograph of an Abyssinian priest, and a coloured Crucification, while his rifle, shield, and revolver were hung on the walls. Furthermore, Jaldessa was at the center of international negotiations between Menelik and the three colonial powers.Article 3 of the 1897 treaty signed between Britain and Ethiopia, for example, stated that the route between Zeyla (Zeila) and Harar via
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Gildessa should remain open for the commercial interests of the two countries. <mask> was regularly consulted on relevant matters. He was also directly responsible for implementation of agreements. For instance, in 1896, he hosted Cyrille Macaire (Kyrillos Makarios), a coptic Egyptian bishop who came as a special envoy of Pope Leo XIII to plead with Menelik to free the Italian prisoners from the battle of Adwa. When the prisoners were freed ultimately, they were brought to an area near Gildessa to meet with an Italian Red Cross team before being transported to Harar for safe return to Italy. <mask> visited Djibouti on several occasions, including at the request of Emperor Menelik. His knowledge of French was invaluable during his foreign trips.Promoter of the progressive image of Ethiopia
Following the victory at Adwa (1896), there was a heightened global interest in strengthening diplomatic and trade relations with Ethiopia. A large number of foreign nationals, including diplomats, journalists, writers, scientists and explorers visited the empire. The visitors were intrigued by Menelik's wisdom and accomplishments. Realizing the significance of the moment for the future, the emperor was equally determined to build a progressive image of his nation. What better place to create a good first impression than the frontier town of Jaldessa? Lord Edward Gleichen, the British courtier, officer and author who visited Ethiopia in 1897 and who was a member of Sir Rennell Rodd's diplomatic mission wrote the following:
Next day we made a long march of twenty-four miles over stony country to Garasle, a pretty little river,
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
three inches deep, running between high banks, and a three hours' march on the following morning brought us to Gildessa. Here we were received in great state by the governor, one Aito Merzha (i.e., Ato <mask>), who, to impress on us that we were now on Abyssinian territory, had turned out a guard of about a dozen men, all armed with rifles and carrying the Abyssinian flag.The latter, I fear, did not impress us much, as it only consisted of triangular yellow, red, and green pennons nailed on a thin and crooked stick; but the guard of honour was very beautiful. Most visitors came to the country through the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea and many camped at Jaldessa for at least a day before traveling further to Addis Abeba, Harar or other parts of the new empire. Thus, <mask> was tasked with providing logistical and other forms of assistance to the guests. He was uniquely positioned to meet and interact with a large number of Europeans and other foreign nationals. In an article published in Le Figaro (April 1901), the French journalist and author Hughes Le Roux noted the following after a long discussion with Mersha. Je ne sais si ce sage a lu Candide, mais depuis les années déjà longues que le Roi des rois lui a confié la clef de la première poterne de l'empire, il a vu défiler beaucoup d'hommes de toutes couleurs, de tous pays, de toutes langues. English translation:
I do not know if this wise man read Candide, but since for many years the King of Kings has given him the key to the first gate of the empire, he had seen people of all colors, all countries, and all languages.Kyrillos Makarios or Cyrille Macaire
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
such as the Swiss engineer Alfred Ilg and the French trader Leon Chefneux (“chief commerce advisor”) were incontestably at the top of the list.<mask> worked closely with both of them. But there were others as well. Casimir Mondon-Vidailhet, the French journalist and contributor to the Le Temps, was another important figure who played a major role in advancing Ethio-French relations. Due to his passion for horticulture, Mondon-Vidailhet may have also played a role in popularizing the eucalyptus tree (የባሕር ዛፍ). He also studied local languages (e.g. Amharic, Guraghe, Harari, etc.) and wrote books about them.More relevantly, Mondon-Vidailhet helped advance the progressive image of Menelik and Ethiopia in Europe and the United States. He did this primarily through his speeches and writings. In an interview that he gave to The New York Times, in 1898, Mondon defended Ethiopia's records and potential:
The country lends itself easily to civilization, and its organization, still encumbered by feudal relations, tends more and more to become modelled on the lines of European constitutional monarchies. Menelek, powerful and respected, an enlightened reformer and administrator, who abolished slavery in his dominions, and dislikes fanatics to whatever sect they belong, has revealed himself as a really great sovereign, worthy of admiration by his conduct, as well as by the dignity of his character. <mask> was a strong proponent of opening Ethiopia to the world. He encouraged 'modern' education and supported missionary schools in Harar. He encouraged trade ties with Europe, particularly France, Ethiopia's major strategic ally at
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
the time.The French government awarded Mersha the El-Anouar Nishan in April 1905. Head of the first railway construction
The first and most significant example of European direct investment in Ethiopia was the construction of Ethiopia's first railway. The agreement to create a company for the construction of the railroad was first signed in 1894 between Menelik and Alfred Ilg. The primary European stakeholder was obviously France although British investors also owned shares and bonds at least until 1902 which is when the line reached Addis-Harar, later renamed Dire Dawa. Mersha was a key figure in the negotiations, construction and security of the railway during the initial phases of the project (1897–1911). When the Djibouti railroad reached the Ethiopian border town of Dewele (Dawale), in July 1900, he represented the emperor at the inaugural ceremony attended by a delegation of the French government led by Gabriel Louis Angoulvant, acting governor-general of the French Somaliland as well representatives of shareholders and other domestic and foreign diplomats, including Ato Yosef Zagalan, the Ethiopian consul in Djibouti and a dear friend of Mersha. According to one source, emperor Menelik himself was to be present, but he changed his mind later in protest of the growing interference by the French government in the affairs of the Compagnie Imperiale d'Ethiopie to which he granted concession.Things became worse and the construction was interrupted for several years following the completion of the Djibouti-Dire Dawa line. When the work resumed in 1909, <mask> was once again called to serve. The task given to him
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
movement of importations and exportations in 1902 amounting $1,659,800, but, having in mind the methods of appraisement and the possibility of entering goods in contraband, it may be conservatively stated that the total trade under present conditions amounts to $3,000,000 per annum. Henceforth, this trade will grow rapidly, although the full power of the country will not be appreciated until the railroad is extended to the capital, 300 miles distant from its present terminus. Spinner further observed:
When the railroad connecting the Empire and the sea was projected, a route was naturally selected which should give the greatest advantages to commerce...A town was created at this point, to which was given the name Dire Douah, and it has already become an important business center....
Pioneer and the first governor of Dire Dawa
The conclusion of the Djibouti-Dire Dawa railway, in 1902, marked the birth of Dire Dawa, the second largest city in Ethiopia. Shortly after, Mersha was ordered to move the Jaldessa custom house and his residence to the new terminus making him the first governor of the railway city.Not only he was at the right place at the right time, but this was a natural extension of his administrative responsibilities. Getahun Mesfin Haile, an expert on the history of Dire Dawa wrote:
Before the foundation of the town, the whole frontier region up to Dawale including the great environ of Dire Dawa used to be administered by a governor whose seat normally was at Jeldessa, a few km to the east of Dire Dawa. In 1902 the Governor was one <mask> <mask>, an educated and also French speaking personality, who
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
unique.Historian Shiferaw Bekele noted:
The officials shared certain important characteristics which sharply set them apart from the general run of Ethiopian officialdom at the time… Almost in every province, one would meet one or two men who belonged to this category. However, in no other much concentration as in Dire Dawa. Shiferaw, who is an expert on the early history of Dire Dawa, went on to say:
The Dire Dawan officialdom invariably spoke at least one European language. Even the earliest, Mersha, spoke French. A good number of them were highly educated. Afework Gebre Yesus and Gebre Hiwot Baykedagn who were the directors of Customs had had long years of stay in Europe where they had attained a tertiary level education. Beshah Wured was educated in the United States.The rest had gone to Mission schools. <mask> served as governor from 1902 until 1906. He was in charge of administrative as well as judicial affairs. He even held courts "under a tree" in the early years of his tenure. He was succeeded by Ato Negatu Gugsa. The Dire Dawa municipality did not emerge until sometime between 1915 and 1920. Chief of railway security
The agreements signed by the Ethiopian government and the railway company required Ethiopia to deploy a police force to safeguard the line and safety of employees.The mission was extremely dangerous due to local hostilities. <mask> became head of railway security full-time in 1906. His strategy for success included working with local chiefs and leaders. In fact he also assumed the position of chief of the Issa territory which much of the opposition to the construction came from. Shiferaw
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Bekele wrote:
As the governor of the province through with the line passed, he (i.e. Ato <mask>) was responsible for the peace and security of the line. He posted detachments of troops all along the line.He carried out negotiations with all the important chiefs of the Afar and Somali tribes in the region. He received orders from Ras Mekonnen and from Menelik. He was in charge of the recruitment, training of the security personnel; negotiated their wage with the company; and settled disputes. He had always been the middle man between the railway company and Ethiopians. That involved making sure that the company honored its contractual obligations as well. As early as September 1900, for example, Mr. J. Gerolimato, the British consul agent in Harar, sent the following message to his boss, James Hayes Sadler, the Consul-General of the British-Somaliland:
Dear Sir: BEFORE yesterday, Atto Marcha, Governor of Jildessa, who was in Jibuti arrived here. There were in Daranli (i.e., Dawale) 200 Abyssinians to protect the line against the Essa (i.e., Issa), the Company paying 12 dollars per month for each Abyssinian soldier; now the Company paid them 8 dollars, instead of 12 dollars, and the Abyssinians have withdrawn these 200 men.His prior experience as chief of Harar police must have prepared him for the challenges of the position The railway police was in charge of stability and peace Dire Dawa and its surroundings as well. which he held until the mid-1920s with the exception of his brief dismissal by Lij Iyasu in 1916. The Dawn of Modernization
The desire to introduce European style modernization was not unique to
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Emperor Menelik II. However, it was under him that the country took important practical steps in terms of establishing modern institutions and structure of governance. Transport and communication got a huge boost. The first telephone and telegraph were introduced following the first railway. Major roads were built and bicycles and automobiles appeared for the first time.The tax system was restructured. A modern monetary system was created. The first bank (Bank of Abyssinia) was established. A national currency was launched. The governance system underwent significant reorganization. The first cabinet of ministers was formed. Each of the six districts had two judges appointed by Menelik himself.The position of a supreme judge was created. The first public schools; the first newspaper, the first hotels, the first hospitals and post offices emerged. The list goes on. Although <mask> was principally involved in the construction of the railway and establishment of "modern" customs, he also participated in other important reforms such as the creation of postal and telegraph services. After Menelik died in 1913, following a long illness, his grandson Iyasu V became the de facto ruler. <mask> was about sixty years of age at the time. During his brief reign (1913–1916), Iyasu seems to have continued some of the reforms that he inherited.However, he also made political miscalculations resulting in his removal from power. In 1915, for example, Iyasu appointed Hasib Ydlibi (or Idlibi), a Syrian merchant of Turkish citizenship, as governor of Dire Dawa and Neggadras of Harar. The appointment was kept secret from Dejazmach Teferi
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
(Tafari) Mekonnen, his cousin and governor of Harar Province. But then in July 1916, a few months before his ouster, Iyasu took the unprecedented step of deposing Teferi from his governorship creating further tensions between them and leading to anger in a province traditionally governed by that family. Iyasu also seem to have chosen a foreign policy which sought to alienate traditional allies such as France and strengthen relations with Germany and Turkey (then Ottoman Empire). Perhaps because of that, he went on to remove <mask> from his post at the railway and replace him with Abubakar Mahammad, another important historic figure in Ethiopian history. Ironically, just months before their dismissal, both Dejach Teferi and Mersha had accompanied Iyasu during his trip to the region along with a number of other notables, including Mikael Berru (a German educated, British agency interpreter and father of the Sorbonne graduate Lij Seifu Mikael) and Tesemma Eshete.The radical changes were quickly picked up by foreign media. The sudden change was picked up by international media and largely interpreted as a plan to favor Muslims over Christians, a sentiment shared by many in the country. Suddenly, at the end of last July, Yasu left Adis Abeba for Harrar and came on to Jibuti on August 8th, where he renewed his protestations of friendship to M. Simoni, Governor of French Somaliland .... He was found to have deposed Prince Taffari, son of Ras Makonnen, from the Governorship of Harrar and substituted a Muhammadan... Intrigue was rampant at Harrar under the Turk Ydlibi; and finally the chief of the Issas, Ato Marcha, was
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
deposed in favour of a Muhammadan. These events caused a stir at Adis Abeba. The legations of the Entente Powers also sent in a protest.And on September 27th...Lij Yasu was formally deposed. The situation, however, was much more complex than what the reports claimed. There is no doubt that Iyasu tried to nurture close relations with the Muslim community and was married Fatima, the daughter of Abubakar, raising questions about his intentions and vision. Abubakar came from a family of rich Muslim Afar traders who made enormous contributions to Menelik commercially, administratively and diplomatically. His father, Mahammad (also Negaddras) was the governor of the historic town of Aliyu Amba (Shoa Province) while he himself served as the governor of Shenno, another commercial center. His grandfather, Abubakar Ibrahim Chehem, was a notable statesman and Sultan or Pasha of Somalia's port city of Zeila (Zeyla) before it became part of the British Somaliland. In contrast, some scholars argue today that the new policies were all part of Iyasu's efforts to consolidate the imperial power such as by integrating marginal territories such as the Afar land.From the end of the 19th century, the members of this family lost their role as obligatory intermediaries in favour of European traders supported by their respective states. However, one of them, Naggadras Mahammad Abubakar, continued to enjoy the trust of Menelik, who was unwilling to rely solely on the Europeans. Furthermore, although <mask> was Christian, he did not adhere to the historically dominant Orthodox faith. Rather he was one of the first to convert to Catholicism
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
and subjected to mistreament like many of his fellow worshippers. <mask>'s absence was a source of great concern to the railway company in part due to his long and dedicated service and reputation. This was obvious from one of the letters that Emperor Menelik wrote to him. The following comment made by Mr. de Mazérieux, the company's administrator, captures that sentiment:
Avec Ato Marcha, qui était au courant des usages et des méthodes de la Cie, et qui lui était surtout absolumment dévoué, les difficultés etaient rapidement aplanies.Abou-Baker est trop connu en Abyssinie et à la Cie, pour qu’on puisse espérer, qu’il en sera de même avec lui. English translation:
With Ato Marcha, who was very knowledgeable of the practices and methods of CIE (i.e., Compagnie Imperiale d’Ethiopie), and who was absolutely devoted, difficulties were quickly resolved. Abu-Baker is very well known in Abyssinia and Cie, so we hope that things will be the same with him. <mask> was restored to his position under Empress Zewditu, Menelik's daughter, who ruled Ethiopia from 1916 until 1930. Teferi Mekonnen was regent to the throne during this period and went on to rule Ethiopia as Emperor Haile Selassie I(1930–1974) when the empress died. A prominent Catholic
<mask> was a well-known Catholic. He played an important role in the spread of the faith in Harar region and beyond.His wife Tedeneqyalesh was the daughter of Ato Mekbeb (also Mekev, Makeb and Makbeb) who was converted to Catholicism in the late 1860s by the Italian missionary Cardinal Guglielmo Massaja or Abba Messias as he was known in Ethiopia. Martial De Salviac, the French
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Catholic Mission currently headed by the friendly Mgr André who was recently promoted Bishop. Mission schools such as those founded by the French missionary Andre Jarosseau (Abba Endryas) trained a generation of young Ethiopians. Recent biographies (e.g. Ras Emru Haile Selassie) shed light on the importance of these schools. In his autobiography, Captain Alemayehu Abebe, one of the pioneers of Ethiopian aviation and the first black African pilot of a commercial jet airliner, wrote:
አቶ መርሻ ከነቤተሰቦቻቸው በሐረር ከተማ የታወቁና የተከበሩ የካቶሊክ ሃይማኖት ተከታይ ስለነበሩ ምንሴኘር አንድሬ ዣሩሶ በሚያስተዳድሩት የካቶሊክ ሚሲዮን ገብቼ በአዳሪነት እንድማር ተደረገ
English translation:
Since Ato <mask>, along with his family, was a well-known and respected follower of the Catholic faith in the city Harar, I was allowed to attend the mission school headed by Mgr Andre Jarousseau. Another important biography by Mickael Bethe-Selassié describes in detail the historic contributions of Catholic Ethiopians during the first half of the 20th century.Many, including <mask> <mask> and the author's uncle Berhane-Marqos Welde-Tsadiq, played a role in the modernization efforts of Emperors Menelik and Haile Selassié. The biographer argues that these Catholics form a distinct sub-group within the larger community of educated men also known as La Jeune Ethiopie. However, the historic ties between Catholic and Orthodox Christian intellectuals have also been stressed by Mickael as well other scholars. The Ethiopian Roman Catholic community, the first of whose members were converted in the late 19th century by Italian or French missionaries, such as Guglielmo Massaia and André Jarosseau, included
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Zäwgä Haylu, who attended the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900, and Märsha Nahu Sänay, who represented Menelik at the ceremony marking the completion of the Jibuti railway as far as the Ethiopian frontier in 1902. The community thus came into existence at the very same time as the emergence of the Young Ethiopians as a whole. The Catholic community was moreover influenced by the same factors - missionary education, travel to France or Italy, employment by foreigners, service on the railway, etc. -which gave birth, as we have seen, more generally to Young Ethiopianism.Death and legacy
<mask> retired in the mid-1920s, but he maintained contact with friends such as the missionary A. Jarousseau, according to historian Bahru Zewde. His retirement comes after a long public service of important contributions in four key areas: border and railway security, public administration, economic development and diplomacy. <mask> soon fell ill and was confined to bed for almost a decade. He died in his mid-eighties, during the Italian occupation, and was laid to rest in the city of Harar. <mask> nurtured a large family. He and his wife Tedeneqyalesh were blessed with eleven children: Beyene, Negest, Zewditu, Alemu, Worqe, Desta, Yosef, Marqos, Negatu, Zegeye, and Medemdemya. He encouraged his children to attend school and appreciate foreign languages.Beyene <mask>, his eldest child, spoke French fluently. Even his daughter (probably Zewditu) knew French. She read a welcome speech to Colonel Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863–1934), the French officer and explorer who traveled through Harar in 1899, according to the missionary Martial
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
de Salviac. <mask> loved take his family to important public events. Martial describes how <mask>, a proud father, attended the opening ceremony of the Dawale railway station in 1900 surrounded by "a beautiful crowd of eight children." In the late 1890s, young Beyene, who was fluent in French, traveled to France and Italy with Andre Jarosseau. In 1903, on behalf of his father, he met in Dire Dawa with R.P.Skinner, the American diplomat sent by Theodore Roosevelt to sign a trade treaty with Menelik. <mask> himself was present, however, when the first-ever US diplomatic mission completed its visit and was preparing to leave Dire Dawa for Djibouti. In fact he conveyed a farewell message from the Emperor delivered over the phone from Addis. Beyene <mask> was later appointed by the emperor as head of the postal and telephone service opened in the frontier town of Dawale. During the period of uncertainty, following the emperor death, he stood on the side of those who campaigned to deny Lej Iyasu the throne, under the leadership of Fitawrari Tekle Hawaryat. In 1931, 'balambaras' Beyene was appointed director of the first Ethiopian School for Girls founded in Addis Abeba by Empress Menen. Prior to that, he was a member of the board for construction of the Dessie-Asseb road, a project undertaken by a team of Dutch engineers.Ato Denqu, husband of Negest <mask>, was appointed in 1907 as the chief of Dire Dawa's Post Office. He too traveled to Europe (e.g. Switzerland and Italy) to attend meetings of the International Postal Union after Ethiopia became a member in 1908. Many grandchildren and great-grandchildren live and work
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
in Ethiopia and around the world. The most notable descendant today, Ato Abinet Gebremeskel, is a successful businessman and philanthropist in Ethiopia. The author of this short biography (click here for Amharic version of the Bio), is the grandson of Zegeye <mask> and great-grandson of Mersha. <mask>'s legacy includes a street named after him in Kezira (Gezira), a subsection of Dire Dawa during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie.He was remembered and honored when the railway city celebrated its 105th anniversary in December 2007. However, <mask> is still very much a forgotten hero. His biography remains unwritten and his distinguished service is poorly known by many scholars and students of Ethiopian history. In his book titled Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The reformist Intellectuals of the early twentieth century, Professor Bahru Zewde describes the contributions of many historic personalities of that dynamic era. The book does not mention <mask> as a pioneer. However, some of the reformist intellectuals discussed had either administered the offices he helped establish or occupied the positions he held before. Neggadras Gebrehiwot Baykedagn (c.1885-1918), arguably the foremost intellectual of the time, for example, was director of the Dire Dawa customs administration.Fitawrari Tekle Hawariat Tekle-Mariam (1884–1977), who later became governor of Jigjiga; credited for founding Asebe Teferi; and is best known for playing a prominent role in the drafting of the 1931 constitution, was chief of the railway station briefly during Lij Iyasu. He was also among the first Ethiopians to travel abroad for education. As a
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
matter of fact, shortly before the young Tekle Hawaryat departed for Russia, in 1896, <mask> gave him his blessings. We find the following interesting account in his autobiography,:
ጄልዴሳ ላይ ስንደርስ አቶ መርሻ ናሁ ሰናይ ከቤታቸው ወስደው ጋበዙኝ ። ያስቀሩኛል ብዬ ፈርቼ በቶሎ ወጣሁና ወደ ሰፈሬ ሮጥኩ ። ፀሓይ እንዳይጎዳኝ አስበው አቶ መርሻ ጥላ ገዝተው ሰጡኝ ። (ከወንድሜ ከሟቹ ገብረ ጻድቅ ጋር በጣም ይፋቀሩ ነበር) (p. 78)
English translation:
When we arrived at Jaldessa, Ato <mask> invited me for lunch at his residence. Because I was afraid that he might not let me travel overseas, I ran away as soon as I finished. Ato <mask>, however, bought me an umbrella so I could protect myself from the scorching sun. (He and my deceased brother Gebre Tsadiq were dear friends).The last few decades of the 19th century marked the beginning of a long period of modernization in Ethiopian history in the sense that they opened the door to new ways and better conditions of life and work. Significant achievements were recorded during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie in areas such as manufacturing, transportation (e.g. aviation) and education. Trade and foreign direct investment continued to play a key role in the young economy. Despite some serious setbacks in the two decades after the 1974 popular revolution, primarily due to severe droughts and civil war but also bad policies, the country underwent a radical transformation. The revolution has ended the feudal (ባላባት) system paving the way for greater participation of people in political and economic activities. During the past several decades, Ethiopia has witnessed unprecedented economic development characterized by a strong government sector, expanding
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born 30 March 1983) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the and Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A Charles Sutton Medallist with the Western Bulldogs, he finished his 249-game career with 210 games at the Western Bulldogs and 39 with Melbourne. He has served as the development and rehabilitation coach of the Melbourne Football Club since October 2015. AFL career
Early career (2002–2004)
<mask> was recruited by the Western Bulldogs with the 56th overall selection in the 2000 national draft. He made his AFL debut in a 19-point victory against in round 10, 2002. Despite the Bulldogs winning the match, he managed only two disposals. He played a further three games for 2002.He played his first match for 2003 in round 4
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
against , but struggled to make a big impact. He was dropped after round 6 to the VFL to play with Weribee. After impressive performances with Werribee, <mask> was recalled to the Bulldogs side. His return to the Bulldogs side was good enough for him to keep his place in the side the following week, but after a disappointing performance against Richmond in round 17, he was again dropped. He was promoted to the AFL side in round 22, and managed 18 disposals, in what was an otherwise disappointing game for the Bulldogs due to losing by 84 points to the . He made the decision to stay with the Western Bulldogs for the 2004 season, despite only managing to play a total of ten games in his first three seasons. After playing just two games in the first ten weeks of the 2004 season, <mask> was able
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
to play the remaining twelve matches of the season and was named the round 19 nominee for the Rising Star after recording 28 disposals against at the Telstra Dome.Key midfielder at Western Bulldogs (2005–2010)
The Western Bulldogs made an impressive start to the 2005 campaign under new coach Rodney Eade. The Bulldogs opened the season with a 32-point victory over , and he was vital in the win, collecting 24 possessions. He received his first ever Brownlow vote for his round 7 performance against Brisbane, where he recorded 29 possessions in the 23-point win. He finished the season with 563 disposals, and finished with the most handballs in the league with 384. <mask> reached his 50-game milestone in round 4 2006, against where he collected 20 disposals in a 1-point victory over the Cats. He
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
played his first finals match against Collingwood in the elimination final where he registered 32 disposals in a 41-point victory, however the Bulldogs lost the next week to . His season comprised many high-disposal matches and he finished the season third overall for disposals and second overall for handballs in the league.He suffered a serious injury against in round 11 2007 and missed the following six games. In his return match against , he collected 30 disposals. 2008 saw <mask> play a more integral role in the midfield, with Scott West suffering a long term injury. He played his 100th AFL game in round 15 against Melbourne, where he registered 25 disposals in a 31-point victory. He was one of the three Bulldogs players nominated for the 2008 MVP award, eventually won by Gary Ablett.
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
The Bulldogs made it to the preliminary final, in what was the best on-field season for the team to that point in <mask>' career, they lost the preliminary final to eventual runners up, Geelong, by 29 points. His season was rewarded with the Charles Sutton Medal as the club best-and-fairest, finishing 24 points ahead of Brownlow Medallist, Adam Cooney.He also received the inaugural Scott West award for the most courageous player and the Bruce Wilkinson award for the best player as voted by the trainers. In October 2008, he married long-time girlfriend Samantha Mallia. <mask> played every match of the 2009 season, where he accumulated a total of 581 disposals. The Western Bulldogs again made the preliminary final, but lost the match to by 7 points. He underwent a double ankle reconstruction
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
courageous player at the AFL Players Association awards, which was eventually won by captain, Jonathan Brown. During 2012, he shifted between the midfield and defense. He won the Scott West award for the second consecutive year. <mask> played the first eight games of 2013 before being dropped from the senior side, where he played for the Bulldogs reserves side, Williamstown, before earning a recall in round 19 against .In the week leading to the final round clash with Melbourne, it was announced the Bulldogs would not renew <mask>' contract, ending his 11-year playing career with the club, in addition, it was the first time in a decade he did not finish inside the top-10 for the best-and-fairest. Move to Melbourne (2014–2015)
In November 2013, <mask> signed with as a delisted free agent on
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Vince and Lynden Dunn, he was also rewarded with the James McDonald award for best team man.<mask> was maintained in the leadership group for 2015 and played every match for the season, mainly across half-back. He recorded an equal career-high 39 disposals against in round 22, however, three days later, it was announced Melbourne would not offer <mask> a contract extension and he subsequently announced his retirement effective after the round 23 match against . He was awarded the Ron Barassi Jnr leadership award for 2015 alongside Jack Trengove. In October, he accepted an off-field role to stay at Melbourne as development and rehabilitation coach from 2016 onward. He also acts as the team's runner on game day since 2016. Victoria Harbour incident
On 4 October 2007, <mask> and teammate Tom
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Williams leaped into the water of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong to rescue a schoolgirl attempting to commit suicide. Despite the girl not wanting to be saved, they hauled her to safety after hearing bystanders screaming for help.When they emerged from the harbour they both had minor bruises and cuts. Both were reported to be in good spirits after the incident. Following the incident, <mask> and Williams were awarded certificates of commendation by Hong Kong's Director of Marine. Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 7 || 12 || 4 || 3 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 3.0 || 1.0 || 0.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 6 || 0 || 1
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
|| 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.8 || 12.5 || 22.3 || 5.3 || 3.5
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 249
! 34
!31
! 2113
! 3687
! 5800
! 1304
! 1082
! 0.1
!0.1
! 8.5
! 14.8
! 23.3
! 5.2
! 4.4
|}
References
External links
<mask>' profile from DemonWiki
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Western Bulldogs players
Melbourne Football Club players
Murray Bushrangers players
Williamstown Football Club players
Albury Football Club players
Charles Sutton Medal winners
1983 births
Living people
Australia international rules football team
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born 1968) is a French illustrator. In 2017, he received the Hamilton King Award. <mask> works in a variety of styles, which have been described as a consistent and remarkable blend of beauty, passion, and intelligence. Early life and education
<mask>, an only child, grew up in Argenteuil, a suburban town north of Paris. No member of his family was artistic. The idea of art as a career option was introduced to <mask> at age fourteen, when the headmistress of his public school, having become aware of his drawings in notebooks, encouraged him to apply for advanced study at an art school in Paris. <mask> passed the aptitude tests required for admission and entered the school, a century-old institute in St. Germain des Prés, known to most as Rue Madame.Upon completion of his studies at Rue Madame, he enrolled for an advanced degree at École Supérieure des Arts Estienne, also in Paris. After completing his studies at École Estienne, and obliged to serve France for two years, in 1989 he would arrive in the Maritime provinces of Canada to serve as a graphic designer for the French Ministry of Cooperation where he worked at various magazines in Petit Rocher, New Brunswick, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Caraquet, New Brunswick and Summerside, Prince Edward Island. Illustration career
<mask> would receive his first freelance illustration assignment after moving to Montreal in 1991 at the age of 23. The assignment would come from Jocelyne Fournel at Montreal Magazine. Fournel would go on to hire <mask> at other publications such as L'Actualité. Although primarily noted for his extensive work as a book illustrator, his work has also appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time magazine, GQ, Rolling Stone, The New Yorker,
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
The Washington Post, Le Monde, The Guardian, Playboy, Newsweek, Entertainment Weekly, Harper's, The Atlantic and others. <mask> also illustrated an ongoing column for Time magazine by the editor Nancy Gibbs.as well as a weekly column called Gray Matter, a weekly opinion column for The New York Times Sunday Review by Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl. In April 2018, Canada Post released the Gérard <mask> stamp as one of five in the Great Canadian Illustrators series. The illustration selected for the stamp was titled It's Not a Stream of Consciousness and was originally published by The New York Times, in a Gray Matter opinion column under the same title by Gregory Hickok, May 8, 2015. Awards
For illustration
In 2017 <mask> would win the Hamilton King Award from The Society of Illustrators, for Constructing the Modern Mind, art directed by Patricia Nemoto and Bernard Lee, at Scientific American
Silver Medal for What Would You Do? published by Brown Alumni Magazine, Case Circle of Excellence award, 2018
Gold Medal, for A sex life for priests?, art directed by Jocelyne Fournel at L'actualité, National Magazine Awards, 2017
Gold Medal for Giant milk brick, art directed by Mélanie Baillairgé at BBDO Montreal, Society of Illustrators, 2012
Gold Medal for Sacred Space, art directed by Emily Crawford and Andree Kahlmorgan at Time magazine, Society of Illustrators, 2011
Silver Medal for Digging For Dollars, art directed by Ted Keller at GreenSource Magazine, Society of Publication Designers, 2011
Gold Medal for NetworkerCover, art directed by Caren Rosenblatt, Society of Illustrators, 2009
Silver Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2006
Gold Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2005
Silver Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2004
2021
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (born <mask>. Clair Hayes; May 6, 1922 – July 15, 2021) was an American civil rights activist best known as the leader of the Cambridge movement, a civil rights struggle in the early 1960s in Cambridge, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Recognized as a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement, she was one of the signatories to "The Treaty of Cambridge", signed in July 1963 with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and state and local officials. It was an effort at reconciliation and commitment to change after a riot the month before. At the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, <mask> and five other women were honored by being seated on the stage at the Lincoln Memorial, but none of the women was invited to speak to the crowd. The next year <mask> married again and moved to New York City, where she worked locally in Harlem on civil rights and economic development. Early life and education
<mask>. Clair Hayes was born in 1922 to John and Mable (née St. Clair) Hayes in Baltimore, Maryland, the largest city in the state. Her mother was part of the affluent St. Clair family of Cambridge, Maryland, which owned and operated a successful grocery store and funeral home.Her ancestors had been free people of color since before the Civil War, and also owned extensive rental property. During the constraints of the Great Depression, the Hayes family moved to Cambridge, where Mable had grown up. One of Mable's uncles was a lawyer in the state of Maryland. Her family was also involved in politics. <mask>'s wealthy maternal St. Clair grandfather was elected to the Cambridge City Council, serving from 1912 to 1946. From a young age, <mask> had a strong personality nurtured by her parents and maternal grandparents. She developed a strong sense of community and started to form
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
her own views on such human rights issues as racism.She attended a neighborhood public school. Her parents encouraged her to speak up and to be comfortable in front of large groups, such as performing at Sunday school programs. The young Hayes pushed against what her parents considered to be respectable behavior for girls from well-to-do families. Her independence and persistence were later displayed also in her civil rights work. While aware of her family privileges, she realized that her college degree, her family’s social position, and their navigation of the color line in Cambridge did not provide her or her family with true protection. Her grandparents always taught her to value people for their actions and not for their socioeconomic status. The Hayes family was educated and relatively affluent, but still had suffered racial injustice.Most importantly, <mask>'s father John Hayes died of a heart attack due to the lack of nearby medical care accessible to blacks. It forced the young woman to realize that racism was a matter of life and death. Black males had been able to vote in Maryland since emancipation after the American Civil War. (Women were added when the 19th constitutional amendment became effective in 1920.) African Americans in the city of Baltimore were generally segregated into housing in one of five wards, the Second Ward. Within that ward, blacks had built up substantial religious and business communities. They still lived under Maryland state Jim Crow laws and customs in the city at large.Hayes earned a B.A. in sociology in 1942 from Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, DC. She became involved in social activism as a student protesting with others at the Peoples Drug store near campus because the store refused to hire Black workers.
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
In college, she also picketed a segregated Woolworth's store in the capital, where blacks were not allowed to have lunch at the in-store counter. People were surprised by her leadership and her status as a woman from an elite African-American family. They were used to dealing with poor black women who were less outspoken. Through her experiences in Washington, she realized that even 50 years of Black participation in the legal system had limited results.She could see that Cambridge was still highly segregated, and learned that Blacks suffered one of the highest unemployment rates for that size city. Return to Cambridge
After Hayes returned to Cambridge after college, she married <mask> and began to explore civil rights. When the city government hired black people as social workers, they were to serve only black clients in the all-black ward. After she was passed over for a social worker position in the "black" ward, she decided to focus on her family and civic work. In an interview with Robert Penn Warren for his book Who Speaks for the Negro? (1965), <mask> said that in Cambridge, blacks were "the last hired and first fired," a phrase applicable to minorities in other places as well. When she divorced from <mask>, she was a mother with two daughters.She worked at a pharmacy and grocery store owned by her family in a predominantly Black community. <mask> has said that her motherhood sparked her activist role. <mask> held a formal office in the Cambridge Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (CNCC). She also served as an adult adviser to the CNCC. At one point she was the only Black woman to head a local civil rights agency. When she became co-chair of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), she began to identify goals beyond desegregation. She sought economic and social
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
justice in housing, education, job opportunity, and health care.While co-chairing CNAC, <mask> gained insight into who to trust in the process of negotiating the expansion of rights of the Black community in Cambridge. During her early activism, <mask> was arrested three times. When she was first arrested, Judge W. Laird described her tactics as "a disgrace to her family's name", attempting to shame her into silence. She continued to fight back harder. She was known for verbal attacks, describing national leaders as presenting "meaningless smiles" due to their failure to gain substantial change. Cambridge movement
In December 1961, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sent Reginald Robinson and William Hansen to Cambridge to organize civil rights actions. SNCC had been contacted by activists in the city.The two young men started sit-ins in February to protest segregated facilities. They targeted movie theaters, bowling alleys, and restaurants. <mask>, <mask>'s daughter, was among students who supported the demonstrators. <mask> and Yolanda Sinclair, also mother of a protester, were among parents who wanted to show their support for these actions. In 1961, a Freedom Ride came to Cambridge. The black city council member had attempted to discourage the campaign by insisting that the city was already desegregated. At first <mask> rarely participated in civil disobedience, because she could not accept the original SNCC nonviolence rules.By 1962, the Civil Rights movement was picking up steam around the country. Students attempted to desegregate public facilities in Cambridge. At the time, the city had a population of around 11,000, of whom about one-third were Black. The initial protests, including picketing and sit-ins, were peaceful. Although White supremacists
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
attacked demonstrators, police arrested the protestors. The protests did not yield results until <mask> was chosen to lead the movement and CNAC. On January 13, 1962, the city’s Black community held its first civil rights demonstration of the 1960s.Dozens of Black high school students, including <mask>’s daughter Donna, joined a number of young men and women from Baltimore’s Civic Interest Group (CIG) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and two members of the SNCC. This was a result of weeks of coordinated planning by Cambridge’s Black youths. It was viewed as the beginning of Cambridge’s civil rights movement. Initially, when <mask> wanted to get involved with the protests, her daughter Donna sent <mask> home until <mask> could guarantee that she would demonstrate nonviolently, as the other individuals had been trained to do. It was a commitment <mask> could not make at the time; therefore, she focused on working with the Black community’s secretive and highly efficient intelligence-sharing network, known as the “grapevine”. <mask> provided information to CIG and SNCC about how Cambridge’s political system operated and the opinions of the Black community. Her daughter acted as a spark in <mask>’s activist journey.Through witnessing various demonstrations in support of her daughter’s activism, <mask> struggled to remain silent in the face of counter-protestors that mocked the non-violent Civil Rights groups. <mask> was determined to involve herself in these social justice issues. At the time, she ran her family’s business, but she decided to become a student again. She attended workshops, and special sessions where activists methodically trained for non-violence, to withstand the hatred of mobs, who often used slurs and demeaning acts to prevent peaceful assembly. This was
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
supposed to be secured by the Constitution. The March and April demonstrations resulted in a large caseload for the local court system where <mask> and other defendants were tried together. <mask> was one of more than 50 people who stood trial for charges of disorderly conduct.This became known as The Penny Trial and demonstrated how the Cambridge movement disrupted white elites’ racial comfort zones. On the issue of violence, <mask> had the outlook that violence is not necessarily the answer, but she does not condemn violence as she believes it is a residue of frustration. She once said that “revolts seemed to be the only thing that America understands, and the nation’s racial problems made revolts unavoidable”. In June 1962, <mask> was asked to help organize the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), the first adult-led affiliate of SNCC. She became its official spokesperson. The organization had initially formed in March of that year. After CNAC canvassed African-American communities in a survey, they expanded the goals to work for economic equality: to improve housing, education, employment, and healthcare.Many blacks struggled with low wages or unemployment. The Cambridge movement would be one of the first campaigns to focus on economic rights rather than putting the focus solely on civil rights. <mask> would also be one of the first leaders to publicly question nonviolence as a tactic. Due to the change in focus of the movement, protests demanded both economic and social equality as <mask> wanted to target discrimination and inequity in employment, poor wages, inferior schools, health care, and segregated facilities. <mask> said in a later interview on why she was committed to CNAC's leadership reflecting the community. "The one thing we did was to emphasize that while
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
you should be educated, that education, degrees, college degrees were not essential [here]. If you could articulate the need, if you knew what that need was, if you were aware of the kinds of games that white folk play that was the real thing".In the summer of 1962, CNAC focused on voter registration and an effort to get out the vote. They wanted to replace state senator Frederick Malkus, who had opposed legislation that would have allowed additional industries into Dorchester County, Maryland. The lack of industrial jobs limited opportunities for the African-American community. <mask> was focused on determining the priorities of the Black community, reinforced by a lesson she learned from her grandfather which was to learn about the important issues the members of a community care about most. One of the first things she did was conduct a survey of the Black community to help determine priorities. Data was collected door-to-door and analyzed by faculty at Swarthmore College. The survey collected the following statistics as what residents considered to be the most pressing issue:
42% considered it to be jobs
26% considered it to be housing
21% considered it to be improved schools
6% considered it to be open accommodations
5% considered it to be police brutality
Before collecting the data, <mask> expected public accommodations to be their biggest concern because it had been the main focus of the protest; however, after analyzing the results, CNAC began a multipronged campaign to encourage black voter registration, increase employment opportunities for black workers, and end racially segregated education by having black parents apply to transfer their children to white schools.As militant tactics increased and new demands were made, white resistance also increased. Two 15-year
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Of Maryland, local black leadership-including <mask>, and elected Cambridge officials were all signatories. On June 13, 1963, another mass civil rights march was held. This time, the Black community in Cambridge came with protection. Armed men were protecting the demonstrators and they set up a perimeter around the Black community. The night after, a fight broke out between the White and Black community and there was an exchange of gunshots.Several people were wounded and some White businesses were set on fire. During this series of protests in 1963 is where the famous photograph of <mask> pushing aside the bayonet and rifle of a National Guardsman emerged from. As a result of the accumulation of protests and demonstrations, the administration of Gov. Milliard J. Tawes offered a plan of gradual desegregation. However, it was rejected by CNAC and Tawes responded by sending in the National Guard for three weeks. After the withdrawal of the National Guard, CNAC resumed protests. On July 12, a White mob attacked protesters sitting in at a restaurant.The Black residents fought back, but there was another attack later that night. After those incidents, Governor Tawes sent in the National Guard for nearly two years. This was the longest occupation of any community since the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy arranged a settlement where if the CNAC agreed to stop protesting, then in return there would be an end to segregation in public accommodations, desegregation of public schools, construction of public housing, and implementation of a jobs program funded by the Federal government. This agreement did not last and ended almost immediately when the Dorchester Business and Citizens Association filed referendum petitions to overturn the
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
agreement. <mask> took a controversial stance on the issue as she announced that the CNAC would not be taking part in the referendum. A significant quote that encaptures <mask>’s view is when she said that “A first-class citizen does not beg for freedom.A first-class citizen does not plead to the white power structure to give him something that the whites have no power to give or take away. Human rights are human rights, not white rights”. On July 23, the Treaty of Cambridge was signed and it helped local activists secure victories in resources for public housing, the protection of voting rights, and the establishment of a body to investigate Civil Rights violations. During that period of time, national publications wrote stories and reports about why <mask> was ludicrous for opposing a citywide referendum because it supposedly allowed Cambridge citizens to vote on equal access to accommodations and housing. However, <mask> was firm in her belief that her White neighbours should not be deciding on Black rights. Ultimately, she was correct as the referendum was overwhelmingly shot down. The fight for desegregation also led to victories in union organizations that had failed previously.<mask> claimed that there would often be White members who wanted to educate themselves on the issue and would ask about the civil rights struggle. Many White workers were inspired by the CNAC campaign and recognized the power and leadership it represented. This helped to achieve a certain level of Black and White unity as White workers recognized that the Black struggle for freedom represented new power that would also benefit them. This resulted in an improvement in involvement. Previously, although the Cambridge local consisted of both Black and White members, they were unable to meet due to
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
segregation. Now, the Black trade unionists, with support from White workers, asked CNAC to attend meetings. In fact, there was an incident where the White workers openly showed their support.In a large meeting at the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) headquarters in New York, there were people who supported wage discrepancy that were sent to the meeting. When they started to argue, they accused <mask> of being a communist and wanted to remove her from the meeting. However, local white ILGWU members said, “Oh no. If she goes, all of us go,” demonstrating their support for <mask> and the CNAC. <mask> was selected as an honoree at the March on Washington on August 22, 1963. Before she arrived at the event, she was told that she could not wear jeans to the event. To <mask> and other SNCC members, wearing jeans represented their solidarity with the rural poor, and “it was the default uniform when they boycotted department stores for maintaining segregation”.However, she compromised and wore a jean skirt. When she arrived she realized her seat on the dais was missing. After finding a place to sit on the platform stage, <mask> was allowed to say “Hello,” to the crowd of more than 250,000, before her microphone was cut. <mask> played a big role in the Kennedy administration’s decision to work with the CNAC as she initiated a series of negotiations to help Cambridge residents come out from under Jim Crow. By the summer of 1963, she was living her “egalitarian philosophies concerning community organizing and democracy”, and she was willing to risk her family’s standing among the black elite to achieve CNAC’s goals. For these reasons, Cambridge’s black community acknowledged her as its leader, making her one of few women to achieve that position during the entire civil
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
rights movement. <mask> claimed that people working for the Kennedy administration tried to intimidate her into leaving the movement by threatening to reveal embarrassing gossip about her, including intimate details about her divorce and her affair.<mask> sent word to the administration that if the press ran that story, she would indeed resign from CNAC, but she would not go without a fight. In her personal life, she was not afraid of other people’s judgement, including her, at the time, uncommon decision to get a divorce. In December 1963 <mask> attended a national meeting of SNCC leaders in Atlanta, where they discussed the future direction of the organization. Present were Bob Moses, Charles Sherrod, Frank Smith, John Lewis, Courtland Cox, Michael Thelwell, Stokely Carmichael, Jim Forman, Dottie Zellner, Ivanhoe Donaldson, Marion Barry, and Joyce Ladner, as well as staff and volunteers. Ella Baker and Howard Zinn led questioning to help the mostly young leaders work toward their vision for activism. In Atlanta they discussed and planned for an extended voting rights program to be conducted in the South the next year, an election year. After Cambridge movement
On July 14, 1963, Governor Tawes met with <mask> and other leaders .He offered to integrate schools, ensure that a Black person was “hired in the State Employment Office, make an application for a federal loan for a “Negro housing project”, pass a public accommodations ordinance, and name a biracial commission to work on the other problems that could not be solved immediately by legislation”, in exchange for a year-long suspension of civil demonstrations. <mask> rejected committing to stopping demonstrations unless there was a full desegregation of schools and complete fairness in job opportunities. She said, “We wish to
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
make it unalterably clear that we will determine, and not the political structure of the city, who shall speak for the Negro community”. <mask> was criticized during and after the Cambridge movement on her role as a female leader. Many local and national figures said that she should have denounced the violence outright, but she continued to believe in self-defense. Later, <mask> was arrested again. Officials made one attempt to institutionalize her as mentally incompetent, but did not succeed.President John F. Kennedy described Cambridge as a town that had “lost sight of what demonstrations are about” because of the violence that had occurred. But <mask> believed that the people who had been provoked and had endured generations of segregation were going to resist until change was achieved in Cambridge. Such leaders as Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis urged <mask> to be “less confrontational and more compromising,” but <mask> refused to comply. She disagreed strongly with King, Kennedy, and many others who mistakenly thought that she was an advocate for violence. She believed in nonviolence as a first step in demonstrations, but encouraged physical force as self-defense if confronted with threats. People around her noted that if <mask> was on “your side, you didn’t need anybody else”. Many Black church leaderes distanced themselves from <mask>, and some movement and local civil rights activists also avoided associating with her.Some people believed her political approach was too intense, and her movement began to falter. <mask> was criticized by most radical Black male activists, who tended to be conservative in terms of gender roles. Her actions were perceived to be inappropriate for a woman. <mask>’s contribution helped to reshape the stereotypical role of women. She expanded
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
the range of female involvement. She laid the groundwork for African Americans as female politicians and feminists, and people of the LGBTQ community. <mask> demonstrated that even women who lived in small towns have a voice.As a result of this movement, federal dollars began to flow to Cambridge facilities, including parks, schools, streets, public housing, and other projects. However, discrimination against the Black community continued despite the legal end of segregation. Later life
A month after the meeting with Governor Tawes, <mask> left Cambridge for New York City. She married Frank Dandridge, a photographer she had become acquainted with during the demonstrations, and settled with him there. In New York, <mask> worked at an advertising agency before taking a job with the New York City Department for the Aging. She helped ensure businesses complied with laws that affected seniors. <mask> also was advising the Black Action Federation (BAF), CNAC’s successor.BAF was established by former CNAC members because they felt that Cambridge’s “white power system was still impeding progress in all areas of Black residents’ lives”. While largely retiring from public life, she worked with Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited and Associated Community Teams. She retired in 2012 at age 90. In an interview with Gil Noble in 1982, <mask> explained her passion about helping student demonstrators at the beginning of the Cambridge movement. She said that "there was something direct, something real about the way kids waged nonviolent war. This was the first time I saw a vehicle I could work with". <mask> continued to pay attention and stay engaged in current politics and social justice events.In a 2021 interview with The Washington Post, <mask> recounted that she watched as outrage over the
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
murder of George Floyd prompted thousands to take to the streets. She was frustrated by what seemed like a lack of progress since her own work in the 1960s. But she was pleased by the diversity of persons who supported the racial justice movements. During the years of the Cambridge movement, fellow protestors were predominantly Black, but in the 21st century, she saw a mix of races marching together. She recalled that they marched until the governor called martial law because they believed that that was how to get attention and prevent protests about the same topics another 100 years from now. She believed that these actions remain necessary in America today where Black citizens continue to face inequities in the “criminal justice system, housing, health care, and other areas compared with their White counterparts”. Her legacy is less known than many other women in the movement such as Rosa Parks and Dorothy Height.Lopez Matthews Jr., a historian and digital production librarian at Howard University, believes that she is not well-known because “she was a woman who was feisty and who refused to back down. As a society, we tend not to value those traits in women”. However, those traits made <mask> a great leader in the civil rights movement, because she did not back down. In the biography, The Struggle is Eternal: <mask> and Black Liberation, the author, Joseph Fitzgerald, believes that <mask> was not in the Civil Rights movement for a career. Instead, she was in it solely for the purpose of advancing Black liberation. He believes this is the reason why <mask> stepped aside when she felt that she could be of no further meaningful use in the movement. <mask> just wanted to spread the message to others to fight for what they believed in, but to stop being so nice.In 2017, the state of
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
Maryland honored her legacy by dedicating February 11 as “Gloria Richardson Day”. Although <mask> was not able to travel as planned to Cambridge’s historic Bethel AME Church to be recognized in person, she spoke to the packed church in a live remote broadcast from her apartment. Five months later, a fireside chat was facilitated by Kisha Petticolas, the co-founder of the Eastern Shore Network for Change (ESNC), at the Hyatt Regency Chesapeake Bay Resort in Cambridge. <mask> was a featured speaker at the Reflection’s banquet, where her remarks “brought 300 guests to their feet in a sustained standing ovation”. <mask> helped to establish a new image for Black women in the United States. She replaced the image of a long-suffering martyr with the image of a woman as a warrior. When <mask> was asked how she would like to be remembered, she replied: “I guess I would like for them to say I was true to my belief in black people as a race”.Today, there is a mural placed left of center next to Dorchester native and Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman of <mask> boldly demanding justice. She died in New York on July 15, 2021. References
Bibliography
Further reading
Scholarly monographs
Fitzgerald, Joseph R. (2018). The Struggle Is Eternal: <mask> and Black Liberation, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. .
Journal articles
Dissertations and theses
Non-academic works
External links
SNCC Digital Gateway: <mask>, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
Cambridge MD, Movement 1962-1967, Provided by the Civil Rights Movement Archive website
How <mask>’s Look of Righteous Indignation Became a Symbol of No Retreat, an article
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
by Janelle Harris Dixon containing many photographs of and an extensive interview of <mask>, Smithsonian, February 9, 2022
1922 births
2021 deaths
20th-century African-American activists
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Maryland
Activists from New York City
American civil rights activists
Civil rights movement
History of civil rights in the United States
Howard University alumni
People from Baltimore
People from Cambridge, Maryland
21st-century African-American
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
<mask> (September 5, 1848 - April 13, 1929) was an American Impressionist painter who was an integral part of the Richmond Group of painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After moving to California, <mask> helped found The Painters' Club of Los Angeles in 1906, which lay the groundwork for the creation of the California Art Club three years later in 1909. Early years
<mask> was born in Fountain City, Indiana on September 5, 1848. He was a self-taught painter who spent most of his career in Indiana. <mask> and his brother <mask> (1857-1905) founded the Rambler's Sketch Club (c.1881) along with Frank J. Girardin (1856-1945) and Micajah Thomas Nordyke (1847-1919), and soon added John Elwood Bundy (1853–1933) to their group. The Rambler's Sketch Club later metamorphosed into the Richmond Art Association (founded 1898, but had exhibited art in schools as early as 1896), which subsequently became the Richmond Art Museum. <mask> moved to the Los Angeles area in October 1887 and became involved in the local art scene, exhibiting in local galleries.His address is listed as 232 South Griffin Avenue in Los Angeles, CA. In circa 1909 he moved his family to Manhattan Beach, CA with his residence recorded as 609 13th St, Manhattan Beach, CA. The Painters' Club of Los Angeles
On the evening of March 17, 1906, eleven artists met at the studio of William Swift Daniell (1865-1933) with the intention of forming an art club; that night The Painters' Club of Los Angeles was born. <mask> "Pops" <mask> was elected President of the new art club, and Antony Anderson, the first art critic for the Los Angeles Times, was selected to be the first Secretary and Treasurer. No women or
|
nlp
|
fill_mask
|
sculptors were allowed, as the group was limited to male painters. "...the Painters’ Club has been formed...The president of the club is A.C<mask>."The Painters' Club of Los Angeles soon acquired a club gallery at Ford Smith & Little’s, No. 313 Broadway, and began to present one to two-month-long exhibits of members' work. (See Exhibitions below for a complete listing of <mask>'s work exhibited at Ford Smith & Little's.) After a break over the summer of 1907, The Painters’ Club held its first meeting of the year on November 20, 1907 at the home studio of <mask> <mask> on S. Griffin Ave. On November 26, 1907, <mask> is re-elected President of the club. The Painters' Club held two larger annual exhibitions; <mask> participated in both of them, held at the Blanchard Art Gallery. The First Annual Exhibition was held in late 1908; after that, on December 1, 1908, <mask> is unanimously re-elected president. The Second Annual Exhibition was held in late 1909.(For full details see Exhibitions below.) Soon after this, The Painters' Club is disbanded. The California Art Club
The California Art Club (CAC) was created almost in the same moment that The Painters' Club ended in December 1909. At this point, "Pops" <mask> was in his 60s, but he continued to exhibit with the new group, including venues like the Long Beach Public Library Art Gallery (1910), an exhibit at the new Royar and Neighbours Gallery (1912), a CAC Exhibition of Sketches (1912), a CAC Spring Exhibition (1912),
<mask> also participated in the four initial Annual CAC Exhibitions; the first two were held in 1911. The Second Annual exhibition pamphlet lists <mask> under a small category of exhibiting Honorary Members
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.