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Pennsylvania. Caleb Fairley – Fairley sexually assaulted and murdered a mother and her child in his parents' shop, earning a double life sentence. The case was the first time DNA evidence was used to convict a killer in Montgomery County. The Fairley case formed the basis for the book Vampire Trap by Katherine Ramsland. <mask> is featured on the episode of Forensic Files ("Shopping Spree") devoted to the case. <mask> – Godschalk was convicted of rape in 1987 (before Castor was elected) and was freed in 2002 after DNA tests cast doubt on his guilt. Castor had fought against DNA testing, arguing that Godschalk did not have the legal right to it.Godschalk filed a lawsuit against the county, which was settled for approximately $1 million. In 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in a similar case that convicts did not have a constitutional right to DNA testing. Craig Rabinowitz – Rabinowitz murdered his wife, Stefanie Newman, for the life insurance money to pay debts arising from a pyramid scheme, and to leave him free to pursue his obsession with a stripper. The case was front-page news for months and became the subject of multiple television programs and a book by Ken Englade called Everybody's Best Friend. He pleaded guilty to first degree murder and is serving a life sentence. Rafael Robb – Robb, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Game Theory, was accused of murdering his wife in a rage. Pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and was sentenced to 5–10 years in prison, a sentence many believe was too lenient, with Castor arguing for a 20-year prison term.Guy Sileo – Sileo murdered his business partner in the General Wayne Inn, serving a life sentence for first degree murder. A highly circumstantial case, the "General Wayne Inn murder" has been the subject of numerous television portrayals. Attorney General race
<mask> ran for the GOP nomination for Pennsylvania Attorney General in 2004 against
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Republican Tom Corbett. Furious that he had lost endorsements of the southeastern GOP chairmen, Castor attacked Corbett and the county chairmen with allegations of backroom deals with Bob Asher, the state's national GOP committeeman. <mask> and Asher had feuded for several years due to Asher's prior felony convictions for perjury, bribery, racketeering, and conspiracy in 1986 in the context of a political corruption scandal which also involved the State Treasurer, R. Budd Dwyer, leading to Dwyer's committing suicide at a press conference before his sentencing. Asher had been state GOP Chair during the scandal and was convicted for participating in the bribery of Dwyer. Asher's criminal past, connected to a political bribery scheme while he was the Republican state chair, became a subject of the campaign for the state's top law enforcement post.Castor was unable to produce proof of any conspiracy against him and ran without the party endorsement in all but two counties, his home base in Montgomery County and Monroe County. <mask> lost 52.8% to 47.2%, despite winning overwhelmingly the same southeastern counties whose chairmen had repudiated him, and his home in Montgomery County, where he took nearly 82.5% of the vote. Private practice
When his term as district attorney expired in January 2008, Castor took a position at the litigation firm of Elliott, Greenleaf & Siedzikowski in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania as a shareholder and director. One of his notable clients was professional basketball player Marko Jaric of the Memphis Grizzlies, who was accused of sexual assault in Philadelphia. Jaric was not charged in the case. In 2009, Castor represented Mark Sargent, who was investigated (but not charged) for patronizing a brothel while he served as dean of the Villanova University School of Law. In 2010, Castor represented his former boss, attorney Michael D. Marino, whose nephew accidentally shot and killed a man while
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hunting.Marino, a former Montgomery County D.A., was present when the shooting occurred, despite knowing that his nephew was prohibited from owning and using firearms, owing to a felony conviction. Marino was not charged in the case. On July 1, 2013, Castor joined the law firm of Rogers & Associates (subsequently renamed Rogers Castor) as a civil-litigation lawyer in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, with former Lower Merion Commissioner and former Republican state senate nominee, Lance Rogers. Castor and Rogers Castor, renamed as Rogers Counsel, parted ways on December 31, 2020, and Castor joined the personal injury law firm of van der Veen, O'Neill, Hartshorn, and Levin. In 2017, Castor led the investigation into the Death of Tim Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. Montgomery County commissioner
In 2007, Castor challenged incumbent County Commissioner Tom Ellis, a one-time friend who had chaired Castor's campaigns in 1999 and 2003 but endorsed Corbett in 2004. Early in the campaign, Castor commissioned a poll showing that Ellis, who had been hobbled by negative press surrounding alleged domestic violence incidents, would lose in a general election.Ellis released his own poll to try to refute <mask>'s charges that he was unelectable. In a six candidate field, <mask> won the party endorsement on the first ballot, but his preferred running mate, former State Representative Melissa Murphy Weber, was narrowly defeated by incumbent Jim Matthews on the second ballot. Initially, Castor was reluctant to run with Matthews saying he believed Matthews was "untrustworthy." However, amid widespread pressure that he would be splitting the party, <mask> relented and ran with Matthews against former Democratic Congressman Joe Hoeffel and incumbent commissioner Ruth Damsker in the general election. During the campaign, some of Castor's earlier criticism of Matthews was raised by the Democrats, including financial support to Matthews from
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Kane's sudden resignation, Republican <mask> was sworn in as Acting Attorney General of Pennsylvania, no longer simply de facto attorney general, though later that week Democratic Governor Tom Wolf nominated Democratic Inspector General <mask> to serve the remainder of Kane's term. The Pennsylvania Senate confirmed the nomination quickly. After <mask> assumed the office of Acting Attorney General, he was the subject of criticism, and on August 30, 2016, <mask> succeeded <mask> as attorney general. <mask> resigned from the office of attorney general on September 9, 2016, reverting to first deputy attorney general and, finally, solicitor general. Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
On January 31, 2021, Castor was appointed to take the lead for Donald J. Trump's defense team for his 2021 impeachment trial, alongside criminal law practitioner David Schoen. Castor's opening arguments on February 9, 2021, were widely reported to be confusing and rambling.Trump was reportedly "furious" about <mask>'s "rambling, almost somnambulant defense." Texas Republican U.S. Senator John Cornyn commented, "The president's lawyer just rambled on and on" and "I've seen a lot of lawyers and a lot of arguments, and that was not one of the finest I've seen." <mask> for his part suggested the former President did not criticize his performance. "Far from it," he said. References
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Montgomery County Commissioners
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21st-century American lawyers
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County commissioners in Pennsylvania
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Lafayette College alumni
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Montgomery County Commissioners (Pennsylvania)
Solicitors General of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Attorneys General
Pennsylvania lawyers
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<mask> () (Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire; 5 December 1901 – Munich, Bavaria, Germany; 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, his matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. <mask> was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics". <mask> also made contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II.He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957. Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970. <mask> was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Early life and education
Early years
<mask> <mask> was born in Würzburg, Germany, to Kaspar Ernst August <mask>, and his wife, Annie Wecklein. His father was a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only ordentlicher
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Professor (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system.<mask> was raised and lived as a Lutheran Christian. In his late teenage years, <mask> read Plato's Timaeus while hiking in the Bavarian Alps. He recounted philosophical conversations with his fellow students and teachers about understanding the atom while receiving his scientific training in Munich, Göttingen and Copenhagen. <mask> later stated that "My mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing". and that "Modern physics has definitely decided in favor of Plato. In fact the smallest units of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they are forms, ideas which can be expressed unambiguously only in mathematical language". In 1919 <mask> arrived in Munich as a member of the Freikorps to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier.Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like "playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all;" his duties were restricted to "seizing bicycles or typewriters from 'red' administrative buildings", and guarding suspected "red" prisoners. University studies
From 1920 to 1923, he studied physics and mathematics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien and at the Georg-August University of Göttingen with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld. At Göttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a Habilitationsschrift (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect. In June 1922, Sommerfeld took <mask> to Göttingen to attend the Bohr Festival, because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in
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his students and knew of <mask>'s interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics and <mask> met Bohr for the first time, which had a lasting effect on him. <mask>'s doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow.The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II. In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the Neupfadfinder, a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and <mask> organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich. Personal life
<mask> enjoyed classical music and was an accomplished pianist. His interest in music led to meeting his future wife. In January 1937, <mask> met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914–1998) at a private music recital.Elisabeth was the daughter of a well-known Berlin economics professor, and her brother was the economist E. F. Schumacher, author of Small Is Beautiful. <mask> married her on 29 April. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated <mask> on his "pair creation"—a word play on a process from elementary particle physics, pair production. They had five more children over the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany. Academic career
Göttingen, Copenhagen
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and Leipzig
From 1924 to 1927, <mask> was a Privatdozent at Göttingen, meaning he was qualified to teach and examine independently, without having a chair. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, <mask> went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.His seminal paper, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations"), was published in September 1925. He returned to Göttingen and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, <mask> began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that <mask> developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, <mask> wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle. In his paper on the principle, <mask> used the word "Ungenauigkeit" (imprecision), not uncertainty, to describe it. In 1927, <mask> was appointed ordentlicher Professor (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928.In his first paper published from Leipzig, <mask> used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism. During <mask>'s tenure at Leipzig, the high quality of the doctoral students and post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with him is clear from the
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acclaim many later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Flügge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener. In early 1929, <mask> and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, <mask> went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics. In 1928, the British mathematical physicist Paul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons.In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, <mask> presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, "Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron") was published in 1934, and the second, "Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron"), was published in 1936. In these papers <mask> was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field
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equation accurately describing electrons, <mask> put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)Matrix mechanics and the Nobel Prize
<mask>'s paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the reader is familiar with Kramers-<mask> transition probability calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by a rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices by physical reasoning, based on the correspondence principle, despite the fact that <mask> was not then familiar with the mathematical theory of matrices. The path leading to these results has been reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and the detailed calculations are worked out in Aitchison et al. In Copenhagen, <mask> and Hans Kramers collaborated on a paper on dispersion, or the scattering from atoms of radiation whose wavelength is larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers had developed earlier could not be based on Bohr orbits, because the transition frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant.The frequencies which occur in the Fourier transform of sharp classical orbits, by contrast, are equally spaced. But these results could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming radiation excites the valence, or outer, electron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent paper <mask>–Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led <mask> to use
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the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so <mask> turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator. The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as a charged particle on a spring, perturbed by an external force, like an external charge. The motion of the oscillating charge can be expressed as a Fourier series in the frequency of the oscillator.<mask> solved for the quantum behavior by two different methods. First, he treated the system with the virtual oscillator method, calculating the transitions between the levels that would be produced by the external source. He then solved the same problem by treating the anharmonic potential term as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator and using the perturbation methods that he and Born had developed. Both methods led to the same results for the first and the very complicated second order correction terms. This suggested that behind the very complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme. So <mask> set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence on the virtual oscillator model. To do this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transition coefficients in the virtual oscillator method.He justified this replacement by an appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle and the Pauli doctrine that quantum mechanics must be limited to observables. On 9 July, <mask> gave Born this paper to review and submit for publication. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he
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had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after <mask>'s paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors. Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921.While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated <mask>, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced <mask> had won the Prize for 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". Interpretation of quantum theory
The development of quantum mechanics, and the apparent contradictory implications in regard to what is "real" had profound philosophical implications, including what scientific observations truly mean. In contrast to Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie, who were realists who believed that particles had an objectively true momentum and position at all times (even if both could not be measured), <mask> was an anti-realist, arguing that direct knowledge of what is "real" was
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beyond the scope of science. Writing in his book The Physicist's Conception of Nature, <mask> argued that ultimately we only can speak of the knowledge (numbers in tables) which describe something about particles but we can never have any "true" access to the particles themselves:We can no longer speak of the behaviour of the particle independently of the process of observation. As a final consequence, the natural laws formulated mathematically in quantum theory no longer deal with the elementary particles themselves but with our knowledge of them.Nor is it any longer possible to ask whether or not these particles exist in space and time objectively ... When we speak of the picture of nature in the exact science of our age, we do not mean a picture of nature so much as a picture of our relationships with nature. ...Science no longer confronts nature as an objective observer, but sees itself as an actor in this interplay between man and nature. The scientific method of analysing, explaining and classifying has become conscious of its limitations, which arise out of the fact that by its intervention science alters and refashions the object of investigation. In other words, method and object can no longer be separated. SS investigation
Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, <mask> submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, <mask> was attacked in the press as a "White Jew" (i.e.an Aryan who acts like a Jew). Supporters of Deutsche Physik, or German Physics (also known as Aryan Physics), launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and <mask>. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and
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anti-theoretical physics movement Deutsche Physik had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark. There had been many failed attempts to have <mask> appointed as professor at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed because of opposition by the Deutsche Physik movement. On 1 April 1935, the eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, <mask>'s doctoral advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, achieved emeritus status.However, Sommerfeld stayed in his chair during the selection process for his successor, which took until 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty's selection and that of the Reich Education Ministry and the supporters of Deutsche Physik. In 1935, the Munich Faculty drew up a list of candidates to replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich. The three candidates had all been former students of Sommerfeld: <mask>, who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates, with <mask> as their first choice. However, supporters of Deutsche Physik and elements in the REM had their own list of candidates, and the battle dragged on for over four years. During this time, <mask> came under vicious attack by the Deutsche Physik supporters.One
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attack was published in "The Black Corps", the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In this, Heisenberg was called a "White Jew" who should be made to "disappear".<ref>{{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|pp=152–157 Document #55 'White Jews' in Science (15 July 1937)}}</ref> These attacks were taken seriously, as Jews were violently attacked and incarcerated. <mask> fought back with an editorial and a letter to Himmler, in an attempt to resolve the matter and regain his honour. At one point, <mask>'s mother visited Himmler's mother. The two women knew each other, as <mask>'s maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the <mask> affair by sending two letters, one to SS Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists.To <mask>, Himmler said the letter came on recommendation of his family and he cautioned <mask> to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists. Wilhelm Müller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Müller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists. The three investigators who led the SS investigation of <mask> had training in physics. Indeed, <mask> had participated in the doctoral examination of one of them at the Universität Leipzig. The most influential of the three was
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Johannes Juilfs.During their investigation, they became supporters of <mask> as well as his position against the ideological policies of the Deutsche Physik movement in theoretical physics and academia. German nuclear weapons program
Pre-war work on physics
In mid-1936, <mask>, W. (1937) Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Ultrastrahlung, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Volume 18, 50, as cited by <mask>, W. (1938) Der Durchgang sehr energiereicher Korpuskeln durch den Atomkern, Nuovo Cimento Volume 15, 31–34; Verh.Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Volume 19, 2, as cited by appeared in the next two years. In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to The Natural Sciences reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a bursting of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.In June 1939, <mask> traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, <mask> refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II. Membership in the Uranverein
The German nuclear weapons program, known as Uranverein, was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the
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Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) out of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The project had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin.The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included <mask>, Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. The Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced. During the period when Diebner administered the KWIP under the HWA program, considerable personal and professional animosity developed between Diebner and <mask>'s inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. At a scientific conference on 26–28 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by the Army Weapons Office, <mask> presented a lecture to Reichs officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission. The lecture, entitled "Die theoretischen Grundlagen für die Energiegewinning aus der Uranspaltung" ("The theoretical basis for energy generation from uranium fission") was, as <mask> confessed after the Second World War in a letter to Samuel Goudsmit, "adapted to the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister". <mask> lectured on the enormous energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission of an
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atomic nucleus.<mask> stressed that pure U-235 had to be obtained to achieve a chain reaction. He explored various ways of obtaining isotope in its pure form, including uranium enrichment and an alternative layered method of normal uranium and a moderator in a machine. This machine, he noted, could be used in practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. <mask> stressed the importance of the Army Weapons Office's financial and material support for this scientific endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems of modern physics with decisive importance for the national defense and economy. The conference was attended by Bernhard Rust, the Reichs Minister of Science, Education and National Culture.At the conference Reichs Minister Rust decided to take the nuclear project away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Research Council was to take on the project. In April 1942 the army returned the Physics Institute to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming <mask> as Director at the Institute. With this appointment at the KWIP, <mask> obtained his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, but had gone on leave to the United States after he had refused to become a German citizen when the HWA took administrative control of the KWIP. <mask> still also had his department of physics at the University of Leipzig where work had been done for the Uranverein by Robert Döpel and his wife Klara Döpel. On 4 June 1942, <mask> was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons.During the meeting, <mask> told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would
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require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.Prof. <mask> <mask> (I662) . Stanford.edu
After the Uranverein project was placed under the leadership of the Reichs Research Council, it focused on nuclear power production and thus maintained its kriegswichtig (importance for the war) status; funding therefore continued from the military. The nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. ; see the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entries for the HWA and the RFR in Appendix B. Also see p. 372 and footnote #50 on p. 372.The point in 1942, when the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of the project relative to the number of personnel. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work. In September 1942, <mask> submitted his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary particle physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 as cited in and the third in 1944. The S-matrix described only the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states;
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there would be no reference to the intervening states.This was the same precedent as he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the foundation of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use of observables. In February 1943, <mask> was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). In April, his election to the Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved. That same month, he moved his family to their retreat in Urfeld as Allied bombing increased in Berlin. In the summer, he dispatched the first of his staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, for the same reasons. From 18–26 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, <mask> visited German-occupied Poland.From 24 January to 4 February 1944, <mask> travelled to occupied Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. He made a short return trip in April. In December, <mask> lectured in neutral Switzerland. The United States Office of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture carrying a pistol, with orders to shoot <mask> if his lecture indicated that Germany was close to completing an atomic bomb. In January 1945, <mask>, with most of the rest of his staff, moved from the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to the facilities in the Black Forest. Post-Second World War
1945: Alsos Mission
The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine if the Germans had an atomic bomb program and to exploit German atomic related facilities, research, material resources, and scientific personnel
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for the benefit of the US. Personnel on this operation generally swept into areas which had just come under control of the Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under control by German forces.Pash, Boris T. (1969) The Alsos Mission.Award. pp. 219–241. Berlin had been a location of many German scientific research facilities. To limit casualties and loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of the war. The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had been bombed so it had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation zone. This allowed the American task force of the Alsos Mission to take into custody a large number of German scientists associated with nuclear research.On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their interrogation revealed that Otto Hahn was at his laboratory in Tailfingen, while <mask> and Max von Laue were at Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and that the experimental natural uranium reactor that <mask>'s team had built in Berlin had been moved to Haigerloch. Thereafter, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear facilities in the Württemberg area. <mask> was smuggled out from Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine operation in territory still under control by elite German forces. He was taken to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May, he met Goudsmit for the first time since the Ann Arbor visit in 1939. Germany surrendered just two days later.
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<mask> would not see his family again for eight months, as he was moved across France and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.1945: Reaction to Hiroshima
Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in Nuclear Physics Research Reports as members of the Uranverein were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Operation Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including <mask>, were held at Farm Hall in England. The facility had been a safe house of the British foreign intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan.At first, there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA might have built the bomb. The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that <mask>, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, were glad the Allies had won World War II. <mask> told other scientists that he had never contemplated a bomb, only an atomic pile to produce energy. The morality of creating a bomb for the Nazis was also discussed. Only a few of the scientists expressed genuine horror at the prospect of nuclear weapons, and <mask> himself was cautious in discussing the matter. On the failure of the German nuclear weapons program to build an atomic bomb, <mask> remarked, "We wouldn't have had the moral courage to recommend to the Government in the spring of 1942 that they should employ 120,000 men just for
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building the thing up."Post-war research career
Executive positions at German research institutions
On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. <mask> settled in Göttingen, which was in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. <mask> immediately began to promote scientific research in Germany. Following the Kaiser Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Allied Control Council and the establishment of the Max Planck Society in the British zone, <mask> became the director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Max von Laue was appointed vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help <mask> establish the institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus of the institute was cosmic radiation.The institute held a colloquium every Saturday morning. <mask> together with was instrumental in the establishment of the Forschungsrat (research council). <mask> envisaged for this council to promote the dialogue between the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific community based in Germany. <mask> was appointed president of the Forschungsrat. In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science) and that same year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, <mask> was appointed to the presidium. In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA).In the interim, <mask> and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. <mask> also became
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an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. <mask> was the sole director of MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. <mask> resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970. Promotion of international scientific cooperation
In 1951, <mask> agreed to become the scientific representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the UNESCO conference, with the aim of establishing a European laboratory for nuclear physics. <mask>'s aim was to build a large particle accelerator, drawing on the resources and technical skills of scientists across the Western Bloc. On 1 July 1953 <mask> signed the convention that established CERN on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany.Although he was asked to become CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair of CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific program at CERN. In December 1953, <mask> became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure as president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. <mask> resigned as president shortly before his death. Research interests
In 1946, the German scientist Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory V in Obninsk, wrote a letter to <mask> inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists.A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to <mask>; <mask> politely declined. In 1947, <mask> presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. <mask> contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity with a paper in 1947 and two papers
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in 1948, cited in one of them with Max von Laue. In the period shortly after World War II, <mask> briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948 as cited in and one in 1950., as cited in In the post-war period <mask> continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers as cited in in 1949, two as cited in in 1952, and one in 1955. In late 1955 to early 1956, <mask>ord Lectures at St Andrews University, in Scotland, on the intellectual history of physics.The lectures were later published as Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science. During 1956 and 1957, <mask> was the chairman of the Arbeitskreis Kernphysik (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs" (Commission II "Research and Growth") of the Deutsche Atomkommission (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957. In 1957, <mask> was a signatory of the Göttinger Manifest, taking a public stand against the Federal Republic of Germany arming itself with nuclear weapons. <mask>, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But <mask> believed that the Göttinger Manifest would "influence public opinion" which politicians would have to take into account.He wrote to Walther Gerlach: "We will probably have to keep coming back to
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this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken." In 1961 <mask> signed the Memorandum of Tübingen alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Raiser. A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against "the full-time intellectual nonconformists". From 1957 onwards, <mask> was interested in plasma physics and the process of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair.He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of Tübingen which called for the recognition of the Oder–Neiße line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany. In 1973, <mask> gave a lecture at Harvard University on the historical development of the concepts of quantum theory. On 24 March 1973 <mask> gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title "Scientific and Religious Truth", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article. Philosophy and worldview
<mask> admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, describing himself as in "complete agreement" with the book The Tao of Physics. <mask> even went as far to state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy "some of the ideas that seemed so crazy
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suddenly made much more sense". Regarding the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, <mask> disliked Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus but he liked "very much the later ideas of Wittgenstein and his philosophy about language."<mask>, a devout Christian,Marganau, Henry (1985). "Why am I a Christian". Truth Journal, Vol. I wrote: "We can console ourselves that the good Lord God would know the position of the [subatomic] particles, thus He would let the causality principle continue to have validity," in his last letter to Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to maintain that quantum physics must be incomplete because it implies that the universe is indeterminate at a fundamental level. In lectures given in the 1950s and later published as Physics and Philosophy, <mask> contended that scientific advances were leading to cultural conflicts. He stated that modern physics is "part of a general historical process that tends toward a unification and a widening of our present world".When <mask> accepted the in 1974, he gave a speech, which he later published under the title Scientific and Religious Truth. He mused:
Autobiography and death
<mask>'s son, <mask>, became a neurobiologist at the University of Würzburg, while his son Jochen <mask> became a physics professor at the University of New Hampshire. In his late sixties, <mask> penned his autobiography for the mass market. In 1969 the book was published in Germany, in early 1971 it was published in English and in the years thereafter in a string of other languages. <mask> had initiated the project in 1966, when his public lectures increasingly turned to the subjects of philosophy and religion. <mask> had sent the manuscript for a textbook on the unified field theory to the Hirzel Verlag and John Wiley & Sons
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for publication. This manuscript, he wrote to one of his publishers, was the preparatory work for his autobiography.He structured his autobiography in themes, covering: 1) The goal of exact science, 2) The problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and science, 4) The divisibility of matter or Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic symmetry and its substantiation, and 6) Science and religion. <mask> wrote his memoirs as a chain of conversations, covering the course of his life. The book became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians of science. In the preface <mask> wrote that he had abridged historical events, to make them more concise. At the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in the journal Science with the comment "Now here is a memoir in the form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. And the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious literary device: lively, entertaining, and especially suited for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them." Few scientific memoirs had been published, but Konrad Lorenz and Adolf Portmann had penned popular books that conveyed scholarship to a wide audience.<mask> worked on his autobiography and published it with the Piper Verlag in Munich. <mask> initially proposed the title Gespräche im Umkreis der Atomphysik (Conversations on atomic physics). The autobiography was published eventually under the title Der Teil und das Ganze (The part and the whole). The 1971 English translation was published under the title Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. <mask> died of kidney cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, his colleagues and friends walked in remembrance from the Institute of Physics
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to his home, lit a candle and placed it in front of his door. <mask> is buried in Munich Waldfriedhof.In 1980 his widow, <mask>, published The Political Life of an Apolitical Person (de, Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen). In it she characterized <mask> as "first and foremost, a spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant scientist, next a highly talented artist, and only in the fourth place, from a sense of duty, homo politicus." Honors and awards
<mask> was awarded a number of honors:
Honorary doctorates from the University of Brussels, the Technological University of Karlsruhe, and Eötvös Loránd University. Bavarian Order of Merit
Romano Guardini Prize
Grand Cross for Federal Service with Star
Knight of the Order of Merit (Civil Class)
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1955
Member of the Academies of Sciences of Göttingen, Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Sweden, Romania, Norway, Spain, The Netherlands (1939), Rome (Pontifical), the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Halle), the Accademia dei Lincei (Rome), and the American Academy of Sciences. 1932 – Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". 1933 – Max-Planck-Medaille of the Deutsche Physikalische GesellschaftResearch reports on nuclear physics
The following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies.The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic
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Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. [English translation in: ] This is the first paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The paper was received on 27 September 1925. [English translation in: ] This is the second paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The paper was received on 16 November 1925.[English translation in: ] This is the third paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The author was cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 21 June 1934. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 22 December 1935. A translation of this paper has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1. The substance of this article was presented by <mask> in a lecture at Harvard University.Published books
(full text of 1958 version)
In popular culture
<mask>'s surname is used as the primary alias for Walter White, the lead character in AMC's crime drama series Breaking Bad throughout White's transformation from a high-school chemistry teacher into a meth cook and a drug kingpin. In the spin-off prequel series Better Call Saul, a character named <mask> directs the construction of the meth lab belonging to antagonist Gus Fring that Walt cooks in for much of Breaking Bad. <mask> was the target of an assassination by spy Moe Berg in the film The Catcher Was a Spy, based on real events. <mask> is credited with building the atomic bomb used by the Axis in the Amazon Prime
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TV series adaptation of the novel The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick. Atomic bombs in this universe are referred to as Heisenberg Devices. Daniel Craig portrayed Heisenberg in the 2002 film Copenhagen, an adaptation of Michael Frayn's play of that name. Heisenberg is the namesake of Resident Evil Village secondary antagonist <mask>.<mask>'s research on ferromagnetism served as inspiration for the character's magnetic abilities. See also
List of things named after <mask>
List of German inventors and discoverers
The Physical Principles of the Quantum TheoryReferences
Footnotes
Citations
Bibliography
See also
The author was cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 21 June 1934. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 22 December 1935. A translation of this paper has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1. [This book is a collection of 121 primary German documents relating to physics under National Socialism.The documents have been translated and annotated, and there is a lengthy introduction to put them into perspective.] External links
Annotated Bibliography for <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
MacTutor Biography: <mask> Heisenberg
Heisenberg/Uncertainty biographical exhibit by American Institute of Physics. Key Participants: <mask> Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History''
Nobelprize.org biography
<mask>nberg: Atomic Physics Mentorees
1901 births
1976 deaths
Scientists from Würzburg
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German Lutherans
German mountain climbers
German Nobel laureates
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of
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<mask> (born 22 February 1979) is a footballer who plays for North Leigh as a striker. A journeyman, he has played for 40 different clubs, being transferred 43 times over a 20-year career. He has played in the English Football League for Oxford United, Bristol Rovers and Mansfield Town and is a former Dominica international. In September 2020 he signed for his 40th club, joining Beaconsfield Town from St. Albans City. Early life
<mask> was born in Harrow, and raised in Harlesden, London. He and his mother moved to Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, when he was 17. He played football for local clubs Risborough Rangers, Aylesbury United and Thame United before, in 2001, he was convicted of dangerous driving while disqualified and sentenced to a year's imprisonment.He served six months before being released from Woodhill Prison. Club career
<mask> joined Oxford United on an initial trial basis in February 2002 and impressed suitably to be handed a Football League debut, as a 78th-minute substitute for Dave Savage, in the club's final game of the season: a 2–1 home defeat to Darlington on 20 April 2002. Retained by the club, the following season he attracted much media attention when, having scored the winner in Oxford United's televised FA Cup Second Round clash with Swindon Town, he was captured naked live on television joyously celebrating the U's draw with the club, Arsenal, he supported as a boy. The club would go on to lose the tie, at Highbury, 2–0 with <mask> appearing as a 54th-minute substitute.
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Despite the attention, his manager Ian Atkins felt that he failed to progress in the second half of the season and he was transfer listed at the season's end. On 31 July 2003 he agreed to join Woking on loan, the deal seeing him sign for one month with immediate recall, then two further months with the option of making the move permanent. He was recalled from the loan on 15 September 2003, and earned a recall to the first team.On 27 August 2004 he joined Gravesend & Northfleet on a month's loan, before being recalled from his loan period on 24 September 2004 to enable him to sign for Forest Green Rovers on a free transfer. <mask> left Forest Green Rovers for Woking on 3 December 2004, the latter paying a nominal fee for his services. He remained at Woking until the end of the 2004–05 season, scoring 3 times in 23 league matches. He made 10 league and cup appearances for Second Division side Bristol Rovers between May and September 2005. After brief spells at Worthing and Stevenage Borough, he signed for Yeading in January 2006. He remained with the club until January 2007 but played only a handful of matches for the club. <mask> then spent six months at Havant & Waterlooville and another six months at Weymouth.<mask> spent a brief spell with Maidenhead United before joining Mansfield Town in January 2008 on a three-month contract. He was released on 2 May 2008 and joined Wrexham the following month. His spell at Wrexham was a successful one, scoring 15 goals in 42 appearances in the 2008–09
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season. After having his contract with Wrexham terminated by mutual consent, he joined Crawley Town on 24 May 2009. He joined Rushden & Diamonds on loan on 12 November. However, he limped off on his debut after 17 minutes. He did well at Nene Park, and in the last game of his original loan deal he scored twice against Barrow, prompting manager Justin Edinburgh to keep him till the end of the season.He joined Gainsborough Trinity in June 2010, but in October moved on to Conference National club Darlington on loan until January 2011, with the intention of the deal then being made permanent. The deal fell through, so <mask> returned to Gainsborough at the end of the loan. Released by Gainsborough, he played once for former club Weymouth, as a substitute in a 2–1 win at Hemel Hempstead Town, then returned to the Conference with Hayes & Yeading United. Released by Hayes & Yeading at his own request in March, he rejoined Maidenhead United the following day. After spending the first half of the 2011–12 season with Brackley Town, <mask> joined Lincoln City on 31 January 2012. In June 2012 he agreed a deal to rejoin his former Rushden & Diamonds manager Justin Edinburgh at Newport County. In November 2012 he joined Whitehawk on loan until his contract with Newport County expired on 1 January 2013.He then returned to Brackley Town, making his second debut at the turn of the year against Droylsden on 5 January 2013. By the end of the season he had scored 7 goals in 24 Conference North appearances, including
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the play-offs. He left Brackley at the end of the season and signed for Hendon in July 2013. In February 2014, <mask> joined Margate, before later playing for Lowestoft Town, his 30th team. <mask>' next club was Wealdstone, whom he joined in December 2014. He scored 18 goals for the club in 57 league matches. On 3 June 2016, Staines Town announced that <mask> had put pen to paper for them.On 13 October 2016, Oxford City manager Justin Merritt completed the signing of <mask>. Caretaker boss since December, Mark Jones, released <mask> at the end of the season after being appointed the permanent manager, and he subsequently joined local rivals Banbury United. During his time at United <mask> became the first ever Banbury player to score 6 league goals in his first 6 games, breaking a 50-year-old record previously held by United's all-time top goalscorer Tony Jacques. In December 2017 he moved to fellow Southern League Premier Division side Chesham United. He switched to Farnborough of the newly formed Southern Football League Premier South ahead of the 2018–19 season. On 15 September 2018 he returned to league rivals Chesham United for the 7th round of the season, as they were struggling at the bottom of the table. On 24 December 2019 he joined St Albans City.In the summer of 2020 he joined Southern Premier Division side Beaconsfield Town. In October 2021, he transferred to North Leigh. International career
<mask> represented Dominica in a 2010 World Cup qualifier against Barbados in March 2008,
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which Dominica lost 1–0. <mask> played up front with his cousin Richard Pacquette in this match. References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Harrow, London
English footballers
Dominica footballers
Dominica international footballers
Association football forwards
Aylesbury United F.C. players
Thame United F.C. players
Oxford United F.C.players
Woking F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
Lewes F.C. players
Worthing F.C.players
Stevenage F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Yeading F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Maidenhead United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C.players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C.players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Whitehawk F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
English people of Dominica descent
Lowestoft Town F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Hendon F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C.players
Staines Town F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Oxford City F.C. players
Banbury United F.C. players
Chesham United F.C. players
Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players
St Albans City F.C.players
Beaconsfield Town F.C. players
North Leigh
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Roger Kynard "<mask>" <mask> (July 15, 1947 – May 31, 2019) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He was a founding member and the leader of the 13th Floor Elevators and a pioneer of the psychedelic rock genre. Biography
<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas, to Roger and <mask>, and had four younger brothers. The nickname "<mask>", a contraction of his first and middle names, was given to him by his parents. His father, an architect and civil engineer, was stern and disapproving of Erickson's countercultural attitudes, once forcibly cutting his son's hair rather than allow him to grow it out Beatles-style. His mother was an amateur artist and opera singer, and encouraged Erickson's musical talent by taking guitar lessons herself so she could teach him. Erickson was interested in music from his youth, playing piano from age five and taking up guitar at 10.He attended school in Austin and dropped out of Travis High School in 1965, one month before graduating, rather than cut his hair to conform to the school dress code. Erickson wrote his first songs, "You're Gonna Miss Me" and "We Sell Soul", at age 15, and started a band with neighborhood friends which would evolve into his first notable group, the Spades. The Spades scored a regional hit with "We Sell Soul"; the song is included as an unlisted bonus track on <mask>'s 1995 album All That May Do My Rhyme and was adapted as "Don't Fall Down" by the 13th Floor Elevators for their debut album. The Spades' original version of "You're Gonna Miss Me", later a hit for the 13th Floor Elevators, was featured on the compilation album The Best of Pebbles Volume 1. The 13th Floor Elevators
In late 1965, at age 18, <mask> co-founded the 13th Floor Elevators. He and bandmate Tommy Hall were the main songwriters. Early in her career, singer Janis Joplin considered joining the Elevators, but Family
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Dog's Chet Helms persuaded her to go to San Francisco instead, where she found major fame.The band released their debut album The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators in 1966. It contained the band's only charting single, <mask>'s "You're Gonna Miss Me". A stinging breakup song, the single was a major hit on local charts in the U.S. southwest and appeared at lower positions on national singles charts as well. Critic Mark Deming writes that "If <mask> <mask> had vanished from the face of the earth after The 13th Floor Elevators released their epochal debut single, "You're Gonna Miss Me", in early 1966, in all likelihood he'd still be regarded as a legend among garage rock fanatics for his primal vocal wailing and feral harmonica work." In 1967, the band followed up with Easter Everywhere, perhaps the band's most focused effort, featuring "Slip Inside This House", and a noted cover of Bob Dylan's "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue". The album Live was released in 1968 by the band's record label, International Artists, with little to no input from the band. It featured audience applause dubbed over studio recordings of cover versions, alternate takes, and older material.Bull of the Woods (1969) was the 13th Floor Elevators' final album on which they worked as a group and was largely the work of Stacy Sutherland. Erickson—due to health and legal problems—and Tommy Hall were only involved with a few tracks, including "Livin' On" and "May the Circle Remain Unbroken". Mental illness and legal problems
In 1968, while performing at HemisFair, Erickson began speaking gibberish. He was soon diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and sent to a Houston psychiatric hospital, where he involuntarily received electroconvulsive therapy. The Elevators were vocal proponents of marijuana and psychedelic drug use, and were subject to extra attention from
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law enforcement agencies. In 1969, Erickson was arrested for possession of a single marijuana joint in Austin. Facing a potential ten-year incarceration, Erickson pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to avoid prison.He was first sent to the Austin State Hospital. After several escapes, he was sent to the Rusk State Hospital in Rusk, Texas, where he was subjected to more electroconvulsive therapy and Thorazine treatments, ultimately remaining in custody until 1972. During his time at Rusk, he continued writing songs and poetry. Family and friends managed to smuggle out some of these poems and, in 1972, self published the book Openers, intending to use the proceeds to hire a lawyer. (Various sources claim approximately 1,000 copies of Openers were printed; how many copies were actually sold remains unknown.) Six tracks from the 1999 Erickson collection Never Say Goodbye were also recorded during his time at Rusk. Alien years
In 1974, after having been released from the state hospital, Erickson formed a new band which he called "Bleib Alien", Bleib being an anagram of Bible and/or German for "remain", and "Alien" being a pun on the German word allein ("alone") – the phrase in German, therefore, being "remain alone".His new band exchanged the psychedelic sounds of The 13th Floor Elevators for a more hard rock sound that featured lyrics on old horror film and science fiction themes. "Two Headed Dog (Red Temple Prayer)" (produced by The Sir Douglas Quintet's Doug Sahm and inspired by Vladimir Demikhov's 1950s head transplant experiments) was released as a single. The new band was renamed <mask> <mask> and the Aliens. In 1979, after playing with the Reversible Cords on May Day at Raul's, Erickson recorded 15 new songs with producer Stu Cook, former bass player of Creedence Clearwater Revival. These efforts were released in two "overlapping"
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LPs – <mask> <mask> and the Aliens (CBS UK, 1980) and The Evil One (415 Records, 1981). Cook played bass on two tracks, "Sputnik" and "Bloody Hammer". Roky performed with The Nervebreakers as his backup band at The Palladium in Dallas in July 1979.A recording was issued on the French label New Rose and was recently re-issued elsewhere. The Austin-based band the Explosives served as Roky's most frequent back-up band during the early Raul's era, between 1978 and the early 1980s. Billed as <mask> <mask> and the Explosives, they were regulars at Raul's, the Continental Club, and other Austin venues. It was this incarnation that contributed two live tracks to the first Live at Raul's LP, released in 1980, with other Raul's top bands: The Skunks, Terminal Mind, The Next, Standing Waves, and The Explosives (without <mask> Erickson). The <mask> Erickson tracks ("Red Temple Prayer" and "Don't Shake Me Lucifer") were not included on the initial release for contractual reasons, but were included on a later release. In 1982, Erickson asserted that a Martian had inhabited his body. He came to feel that, due to his being alien, human beings were attacking him psychically.A concerned friend enlisted a Notary Public to witness an official statement by Erickson that he was an alien; he hoped by declaring so publicly he would be in line with any "international laws" he might have been breaking. Erickson claimed the attacks then indeed stopped. Creative decline and renewed interest
Beginning in the 1980s, Erickson developed a years-long obsession with the mail, often spending hours poring over random junk mail he received and writing to solicitors and celebrities (dead or living). He was arrested in 1989 on charges of mail theft for gathering up mail from the mailboxes of neighbors who had moved; Erickson collected the mail and taped it to the walls of his
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bedroom. The charges were dropped when Erickson insisted that he had never opened any of the mail. In 1984 an observational documentary was produced in Austin for Swedish television, entitled Demon Angel: A Day and Night with <mask> Erickson. It featured Erickson in plugged and unplugged performances, solo and with local musician/producer Mike Alvarez on additional guitar, in an underground creek beneath the Congress Street Bridge on Halloween.Alvarez later released the film on VHS, updating it with interviews of some of <mask>'s friends and relatives; it was toured to several cities including Pittsburgh, where the screening was followed by a set of Erickson covers by Alvarez and others, as well as a performance by the Mount McKinleys with guest vocalist <mask>y's brother). A soundtrack of the film also was issued on CD, receiving positive reviews. Several live albums of his older material have been released since the mid-1980s, and in 1990 Sire Records/Warner Bros. Records released a tribute album, Where The Pyramid Meets The Eye: A Tribute to <mask> <mask>, produced by WB executive Bill Bentley. It featured versions of Erickson's songs performed by The Jesus and Mary Chain, R.E.M., ZZ Top, Poi Dog Pondering, Julian Cope, Butthole Surfers, Bongwater, John Wesley Harding, Doug Sahm, and Primal Scream, among others. According to the liner notes, the title of the album came from a remark Erickson made to a friend who asked him to define psychedelic music, to which Erickson reportedly replied "It's where the pyramid meets the eye, man", an apparent reference to the Eye of Providence and the Great Seal of the United States. Return to music and later life
In 1995, Erickson released All That May Do My Rhyme on Butthole Surfers drummer King Coffey's label Trance Syndicate Records. Produced by Texas Tornados bassist Speedy Sparks, Austin
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recording legend Stuart Sullivan, and Texas Music Office director Casey Monahan, the release coincided with the publication of Openers II, a complete collection of <mask>'s lyrics.Published by Henry Rollins's 2.13.61 Publications, it was compiled and edited by Monahan with assistance from Rollins and Erickson's youngest brother <mask>, a classical tuba player. Sumner was granted legal custody of <mask> in 2001, and established a legal trust to aid his brother. As a result, <mask> received some of the most effective medical and legal aid of his life, the latter useful in helping sort out the complicated tangle of contracts that had reduced royalty payments to all but nothing for his recorded works. He also started taking medication to better manage his schizophrenia. A documentary film on the life of <mask> Erickson titled You're Gonna Miss Me was made by director Keven McAlester and screened at the 2005 SXSW film festival. In September of the same year, Erickson performed his first full-length concert in 20 years at the annual Austin City Limits Music Festival with The Explosives with special guest and longtime associate Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top. In the December 30, 2005, issue of the Austin Chronicle, an alternative weekly newspaper in Austin, Texas, Margaret Moser chronicled Erickson's recovery, saying Erickson had weaned himself off his medication, played at 11 gigs in Austin that year, obtained a driver's license, bought a car (a Volvo), and voted.In 2007, <mask>y continued to play in Europe, performing for the first time in Finland at Ruisrock festival. According to the article in Helsingin Sanomat June 8, 2007, the performance was widely considered the highlight of the festival day. On September 8, 2008, Scottish post-rock band Mogwai released the Batcat EP. Erickson is featured on one of the tracks, "Devil Rides". Erickson performed
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alongside Austin-based indie rock band Okkervil River at the Austin Music Awards in 2008 and then again at the 2009 South by Southwest music festival. Erickson returned to the stage in 2008 to perform songs from the 13th Floor Elevators catalog that had not been performed in decades with fellow Austinites The Black Angels as his backing band.After months of practices and time recording in an Austin studio, they performed a show in Dallas followed by a West Coast tour. The Black Angels played a regular set and then backed Erickson as his rhythm section, playing 13th Floor Elevators songs as well as songs from Erickson's solo albums. On April 20, 2010, Erickson released True Love Cast Out All Evil, his first album of new material in 14 years. Okkervil River serves as Erickson's backing band on the album. In March 2012 Erickson toured New Zealand and Australia for the first time headlining Golden Plains Festival in Meredith as well as playing sold-out side shows in Sydney and Melbourne. On May 10, 2015, he performed with the reunited 13th Floor Elevators at Levitation (formerly Austin Psych Fest, the event was renamed "Levitation" after the song of the same title). The band consisted of original band members <mask>, Tommy Hall, John Ike Walton, and Ronnie Leatherman, joined by Roky's son Jegar <mask> on harmonica, Roky's lead guitarist Eli Southard, and rhythm guitarist Fred Mitchim.<mask> died in Austin on May 31, 2019. His death was made public through a Facebook post by his brother Mikel, who wrote, "My brother <mask> passed away peaceably today. Please allow us time." To date, no cause of death has been announced. Discography
Bermuda/The Interpreter (1977 Rhino Records RNOR-003)
Don't Slander Me (1986, Pink Dust Records)
Gremlins Have Pictures (1986, Pink Dust Records)
Casting the Runes (1987, Five Hours Back)
Holiday Inn Tapes
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(1987, Fan Club)
Click Your Fingers Applauding The Play (1988, New Rose Records)
Openers (1988, Five Hours Back)
Live at the Ritz 1987 (1988, Fan Club)
Live Dallas 1979 (1992, Fan Club)
All That May Do My Rhyme (1995, Trance Syndicate)
Demon Angel: A Day and a Night with <mask> Erickson (1995, Triple X Records)
Roky Erickson and Evilhook Wildlife (1995, Sympathy for the Record Industry)
Never Say Goodbye (1999, Emperor Jones)
Don't Knock the Rok! (2004, Norton Records)
I Have Always Been Here Before (2005, Shout! Factory, 2 cd anthology)
Halloween (2008, Norton Records)
True Love Cast Out All Evil (2010, ANTI- Records)
<mask> <mask> and the Aliens
<mask> <mask> <mask> and the Resurrectionists
Beauty and the Beast (1993, Sympathy for the Record Industry)
Tribute albums
Where The Pyramid Meets The Eye: A Tribute to <mask> Erickson (1990, Sire Records/Warner Bros. Records)
We're Gonna Miss You: A Tribute to Roky Erickson (2020, Third Eye Stimuli Records)
May the Circle Remain Unbroken: A Tribute to Roky Erickson (2021, Light in the Attic Records)
Filmography
Demon Angel: A Day and Night with Roky Erickson (1984, Swedish television, documentary; 1999, VHS version, Amsterdamned Records)
You're Gonna Miss Me (2007, Palm Pictures, documentary)
Legacy and influence
Author Jonathan Lethem titled his 2007 novel You Don't Love Me Yet in honor of two (otherwise unconnected) songs of the same title by Erickson and The Vulgar Boatmen.Lethem called <mask>'s song "irresistible" and "one of those incredibly versatile songs." The X-Files episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" features a character named "<mask> Crikenson", in homage to Erickson. Crikenson, like the original <mask>, believes himself to be an alien abductee. A plotline in an episode of 1990s sitcom The John Larroquette Show revolved around a sighting of reclusive
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novelist Thomas Pynchon. Pynchon himself did not appear, but agreed to allow his name to be used on the condition that it was specifically mentioned that Pynchon was seen wearing a T-shirt showing a picture of Erickson. According to the Los Angeles Times, this spurred an increase in sales of Erickson's albums. The album It's Spooky by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair features the song "I Met Roky Erickson", named after an encounter Johnston had with the artist.The song "White Faces" was covered by the Dutch occult rock band The Devil's Blood on their 2008 EP album Come Reap
The song "If You Have Ghosts" was covered by the Swedish heavy metal band Ghost on their EP album If You Have Ghost, leading to the title track becoming a common catchphrase and meme among Ghost fans. See also
Music of Austin
Outsider music
References
General sources
Eye Mind: The Saga of <mask> <mask> and The 13th Floor Elevators, The Pioneers of Psychedelic Sound by Paul Drummond; foreword by Julian Cope (Process Media, December 2007),
External links
A Long, Strange Trip - Texas Monthly article
Austin Chronicle article (12/05)
Roky Erickson FAQ
Roky Erickson / 13th Floor Elevators Extensive Discography
Thirteenth Floor Elevators Discography
[ <mask> Erickson on AllMusic.com]
Review of You're Gonna Miss Me soundtrack
November 2008 interview with L.A. Record
1947 births
2019 deaths
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Musicians from Dallas
Outsider musicians
Musicians from Austin, Texas
People with schizophrenia
Protopunk musicians
Psychedelic rock musicians
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
Trance Syndicate artists
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Restless Records artists
American male
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<mask> 葛思德 (November 22, 1894 – August 1, 1989), better known as B.A<mask>, was an educator, author, and executive administrator for several U.S. charities related to China. Early life
B.A<mask> was born in Stringtown, Oklahoma and spent most of his early life in the state, receiving his bachelor's degree from the University of Oklahoma. After serving in the U.S. Navy during the First World War, <mask> briefly served as the principal of Stringtown High School, before completing a master's degree at Columbia University in 1922. Life in China
In 1922, B.A<mask> became an education missionary in China under the direction of the Presbyterian Church.He studied the Chinese for one year, then accepted a post as a professor of professor of education at Cheeloo University in Jinan, Shandong province. He served in that role until 1926. From 1927 to 1932, <mask> served as secretary of the China Union Universities office in New York City. In his first year, <mask> assisted eleven Christian colleges in China reopen after they had shut due to political turmoil within the Kuomintang (KMT). Earlier that year, Communist influence in the KMT created conditions leading to closing of several of these schools. Chinese relief efforts
In October 1932, a new organization, the Associated Boards for Christian Colleges of China (ABCCC) was formed to coordinate fundraising efforts in the United States for the Protestant Christian colleges operating in China. The organization was renamed the United Board for Christian Colleges in China after the Second World War.B.A<mask> served as executive secretary of the new organization, a position he held until 1941. At the ABCCC, <mask> led efforts to promote and raise money to support these colleges, which in the 1932–1933 academic year had combined enrollments of 5,400 students and endowments of US$12 million. In 1935, <mask> received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from College of the Ozarks. Second World War
At the start of
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the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, eleven of the twelve member institutions of ABCCC were caught in the war zone, and most were forced to evacuate their campuses to western China. B.A<mask> joined the movement in the United States to raise awareness of the war and encourage other Americans to boycott Japanese goods.<mask> directed fundraising efforts for the evacuated Christian colleges, which by 1940 had grown to 13 colleges and enrolled over 7700 Chinese students. $250,000 U.S. dollars were raised by the end of that year. Many of these students and their professors were themselves evacuees from the war, and they would be destitute and unable to continue their education without financial support from the west. In March 1941, the ABCCC became joined the United China Relief (UCR), a new organization which raised money for several charities operating in China. Other organizations joining United China Relief were the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), the China Emergency Relief Committee, the American Committee for Chinese War Orphans, the Church Committee for China Relief, the American Committee for Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (also known as INDUSCO), the China Aid Council, and the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). The new board for this organization included Pearl Buck, William Bullitt, Henry Luce, Robert Sproul, Wendell Willkie, John D. Rockefeller III, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., David O. Selznick, and Thomas Lamont. Eleanor Roosevelt served as honorary chairman.This board appointed <mask> as the executive director, and he set out to raise the money needed to help the refugees from the war. United China Relief was the largest humanitarian effort in the United States to aid the Chinese people up to that time. The organization, which was renamed United Service to China (USC) after the Second World War, raised over US$50 million in donations over ten years. <mask>'s skill in fundraising was shown by the receipt of over $500,000 by
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June 1941, a mere three months after the launch of the original campaign seeking $5,000,000. Cold War
In 1951, B.A<mask> was appointed as the executive director of the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), and remained in that post until his retirement in 1979. In the 1950s, while still serving at ABMAC, <mask> also served as the executive director of the organization Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, which provided financial and immigration assistance to refugees of the Chinese Communist Revolution.In 1959, <mask> and Lowell Thomas organized the American Emergency Committee for Tibetan Refugees, in response to refugee crisis during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. <mask> served on this committee until 1970. <mask> was a member of the China Lobby and actively supported the Nationalist China, serving on the Committee for Free China and One Million Against Admission of Communist China to the UN. <mask> received the Order of Brilliant Star and the Order of Auspicious Clouds from the Republic of China on Taiwan. Published works
<mask> wrote two books, both non-fiction. The first, published in 1948, was One Increasing Purpose: The Life of Henry Winters Luce, a biography of <mask>'s mentor and friend Henry W. Luce. Henry W. Luce was another education missionary at the Christian colleges in China, and father of the publisher Henry R. Luce, founder of Time magazine.The second was his memoirs, titled Within the Four Seas, which was published in 1985. Personal life
On September 21, 1921, <mask> married Margaret Cameron. They later had one daughter, Jean. <mask>'s wife died in 1981. References
Additional Sources
1894 births
1989 deaths
People from Atoka County, Oklahoma
20th-century American biographers
20th-century American educators
20th-century American memoirists
Presbyterian missionaries in China
University of Oklahoma alumni
University of the Ozarks alumni
American Presbyterian missionaries
American expatriates in China
Columbia University
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Sir <mask> (; 24 June 17976 October 1873), also known as <mask> and Sir <mask>, was a Polish explorer, geologist, humanitarian, environmentalist, nobleman, scientist, businessman and philanthropist who in 1845 also became a British subject. He is noted for his contributions to the exploration of Australia, particularly the Snowy Mountains and Tasmania, and for climbing and naming the highest – – mountain on the continent, Mount Kosciuszko. Early years
Strzelecki was born in 1797, in Głuszyna (Glausche) near Poznań (Posen), in the Polish territory occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the third child of <mask> and Anna née Raczyńska, both from Polish nobility (szlachta), who leased the Głuszyna estate at the time. In Australia, Strzelecki was referred to as Count though there is no proof that he actually approved or used such a title himself. As Poznań was then under Prussian control, Strzelecki was a Prussian citizen. He left school without matriculating, then served briefly in the Prussian Army in the 6th Regiment of Thuringian Uhlans, at the time known as the Polish Regiment because the majority of the staff were Poles.<mask> submitted his resignation due to the strict Prussian discipline that he did not approve of. There are some suggestions that he deserted the Regiment but in the official history of the Regiment the name <mask> does not appear. Not long after, he became a tutor at a manor of local nobility. He fell in love with his young student, a girl of 15, Aleksandryn (Adyna) Turno, but was rejected as a suitor by her father, Adam Turno. There are stories that <mask> attempted unsuccessfully to elope with Adyna, but biographers find this unlikely. Adyna and <mask> exchanged letters over 40 years but they never married. Provided with funds by his family, Strzelecki travelled in Austria and Italy.He eventually came under the notice of the Polish Prince Franciszek Sapieha who placed him in charge of his large estate in the Russian-occupied part of Poland.
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<mask> was then about 26 years of age and carried out his duties very successfully. Some years later the prince died, and a dispute arose between his son and heir, Eustace, and <mask>. Eustace refused to pay Strzelecki the prince's bequest – a huge sum of money and a considerable estate – accusing him of bad faith and prevarication. After four years the dispute was settled. <mask> left Poland about 1829 and stayed some time in France, from where he travelled to Africa. He had no formal training in geology, a science then in its infancy in England, but was probably, like his English contemporaries, self taught.On 8 June 1834, he sailed from Liverpool to New York. He travelled widely in North America, analysing soil, examining minerals (tradition claims he discovered copper in Canada), and visiting farms to study soil conservation and to analyse the gluten content of wheat. In South America in 1836 he visited the most important mineral areas and he went up the west coast from Chile to California. During this time he became a strong opponent of the slave trade. He went to Cuba, Tahiti and the South Sea Islands, and came to New Zealand probably about the beginning of 1839. Australia
He arrived at Sydney on 25 April 1839. He visited the estate of his friend James Macarthur at Camden.He wrote about meeting the German vintners that the Macarthurs had brought to Australia from the Rheingau region. He wrote: "I had gone with my host to look at the farm, the fields, and the vineyard, — contiguous to which last stood in a row six neat cottages, surrounded with kitchen gardens, and inhabited by six families of German vine-dressers, who emigrated two years ago to New South Wales, either driven there by necessity, or seduced by the hope of finding, beyond the sea, fortune, peace, and happiness, – perhaps justice and liberty. The German salutation which I gave to the group that stood nearest, was like some signal-bell, which instantly set the whole colony in motion. Fathers,
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mothers, and children came running from all sides to see, to salute, and to talk to the gentleman who came from Germany. They took me for their fellow-countryman, and were happy, questioning me about Germany, the Rhine, and their native town. I was far from undeceiving them." His main interest was the mineralogy of Australia.In September he discovered gold and silver near Wellington (NSW) and in the Vale of Clwyd, in the vicinity of Hartley. He collected there numerous samples of Australian gold, which were sent to the eminent geologist Sir Roderick Murchison of London, and also to Berlin, but the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, fearing unrest among 45,000 convicts, stifled the news about the discovery. Later in 1839 <mask> set out on an expedition into the Australian Alps and explored the Snowy Mountains with James Macarthur, James Riley and two Aboriginal guides: Charlie Tarra and Jackey. In 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko, to honour Tadeusz Kościuszko, one of the national heroes of Poland and a hero of the American Revolutionary War. On Victorian maps (but never on New South Wales maps) the name Mount Kosciusko was erroneously connected to the neighbouring peak, at present known as Mount Townsend and causing later many confusions, including the recent incorrect information on swapping the names of the mountains. From there Strzelecki explored Gippsland which he named after the governor. After passing the La Trobe River it was found necessary to abandon the horses and all the specimens that had been collected and try to reach Western Port.For 22 days they were on the edge of starvation and were ultimately saved by the knowledge and hunting ability of their guide Charlie, who caught native animals for them to eat. The party, practically exhausted, arrived at Western Port on 12 May 1840 and reached Melbourne on 28 May. The <mask> Ranges are named in his honour. From 1840 to 1842, based in Launceston,
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Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land), <mask> explored nearly every part of the island, usually on foot with three men and two pack horses. His friends, the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir John Franklin, and his wife, Lady Jane, afforded him every help in his scientific endeavours. <mask> left Tasmania on 29 September 1842 by steamer and arrived in Sydney on 2 October. He was collecting specimens in northern New South Wales towards the end of that year, and on 22 April 1843, he left Sydney after having travelled through New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, examining the geology along the way.He went to England after visiting China, the East Indies and Egypt. In 1845 he published his Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. The book gained the praise of Charles Darwin and other scientists and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. It was an unsurpassed source of knowledge on Australia for at least forty-five years. He also published the first map of Gippsland and its description which helped to open up this fertile part of Victoria. He produced the first large geological map of Eastern Australia and Tasmania. In 1845 he became a naturalised British subject.Philanthropy
During the autumn and winter of 1846–47 the disaster of the great famine came to Ireland. In January 1847, a group of English banking leaders combined to raise funds for famine relief via a private charity named the “British Relief Association” and entrusted <mask> to dispense them (£500,000). <mask> was appointed the main agent of the Association to superintend the distribution of supplies in County Sligo, County Mayo and County Donegal. In order to alleviate the critical situation of famished Irish families and especially children, <mask> developed a visionary and exceptionally effective mode of assistance: feeding starving children directly through the schools. He extended daily food rations to schoolchildren across the most famine-stricken western part
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of Ireland, while also distributing clothing and promoting basic hygiene. At its peak in 1848, around 200,000 children from all denominations were being fed through the efforts of the B.R.A., many of whom would have otherwise perished from hunger and disease. Despite suffering from the effects of typhoid fever he contracted in Ireland, <mask> dedicated himself tirelessly to hunger relief.His commitment was widely recognized and praised by his contemporaries. In recognition of his services, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in November 1848. Strzelecki helped impoverished Irish families to seek new lives in Australia. He was, for many years, an active member of Family Colonisation Loan Society, originated by Caroline Chisholm and in 1854 was its chairman, fulfilling his duties with great zeal. He was also an esteemed member of Lord Herbert's Emigration Committee and of the Duke of Wellington's Emigration Committee. He was, additionally, a member of the Crimean Army Fund Committee. At the end of the Crimean campaign he accompanied Lord Lyons on a visit to Sevastopol.<mask> was also associated with Florence Nightingale and helped her in facilitating the publication of a series of her articles. He died of liver cancer in London in 1873 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. In 1997 his remains were transferred to the crypt of merit at the Church of St. Adalbert in his hometown of Poznań, Poland. Awards and honours
<mask> was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded its Gold Medal for "exploration in the south eastern portion of Australia". The Society still displays his huge geological map of New South Wales and Tasmania for public viewing. He was also appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society, having gained widespread recognition as an explorer and philanthropist. He was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford, appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1849, and appointed Knight
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Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1869.In 1983 he was honoured on a postage stamp depicting his portrait issued by Australia Post. Named after him
In Australia
Strzelecki Ranges, Victoria, in which is located the township of Strzelecki. The Strzelecki railway line ran through the ranges to the township. Mount Strzelecki, Northern Territory
Strzelecki Peak, Flinders Island
Strzelecki Creek, South Australia
Strzelecki Highway, Victoria
Strzelecki Track, South Australia
Strzelecki Desert, east of Lake Eyre in South Australia
Strzelecki Scenic Lookout, Newcastle, New South Wales
In Canada
Strzelecki Harbour
Writing
Physical Description of New South Wales. Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Diagrams, and Figures of the Organic Remains (London, 1845). See also
Poles in the United Kingdom
Notes
References
Sources
Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki. Reflections of his life by Lech Paszkowski, Australian Scholarly Publishing, 1997,
Kosciusko The Mountain in History by Alan E.J.Andrews Tabletop Press, Canberra 1991,
Paul Edmund <mask> and His Team. Achieving Together by Ernestyna Skurjat-Kozek & Lukasz Swiatek, FKPP, Sydney 2009,
Sir Paul E<mask>: A Polish Count's Explorations in 19th Century Australia by Marian Kaluski, A E Press, Melbourne, 1985,
External links
Mt Kosciuszko Inc. an organisation of Polish emigrants, was established in Perth, Western Australia, in 2002 to raise public interest in the early history of Mount Kosciuszko and Strzelecki's cultural contributions. <mask> <mask>, Prominent Poles
Polish explorers
19th-century Polish geologists
Polish geographers
Explorers of Australia
Australian geologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Polish nobility
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1797 births
1873 deaths
People from the Province of Posen
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Polish emigrants to Australia
People from
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<mask> (April 5, 1939 – April 23, 2019) was an English-American actor, dancer, choreographer, producer, distributor, director and screenwriter. At a young age, he acted in film and television projects such as Lux Video Theatre; Naked City; Mister Peepers; Rock, Rock, Rock; and Roogie's Bump. He received some attention in Broadway musicals for his roles in West Side Story (1957) and Gypsy (1959). In the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) he was one of the few to be re-cast. It became the highest grossing motion picture of that year, and won 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. <mask> became a dance choreographer. On films, he choreographed several projects with Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret starting with Viva Las Vegas (1964).Other dance choreography credits include T.A.M.I. Show (1964), Send Me No Flowers (1964), Billie (1965), A Star Is Born (1976), etc. On television, he was frequently seen with his troupe on a variety of shows choreographing popular dances of the 1960s. At the Emmy Awards, for the television special Movin' with Nancy (1967), his choreography was nominated in the category Special Classification of Individual Achievements. In the 1970s, <mask> produced and directed television specials including Raquel! (1970), Once Upon a Wheel (1971), Timex All-Star Swing Festival (1972), etc. In films, he directed Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare (1976), The Last Horror Film (1982), Thrashin (1986), etc.From the 1980s to the 1990s, <mask> ran Action International Pictures where he would produce, distribute and sometime direct action oriented films. From the 2000s to his death in
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2019, <mask> continued to produce and direct. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in London, England, the son of Jewish parents Sadie and Samuel Weizer. His family relocated to the United States in 1953. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1956. <mask> was interested in dancing at an early age. Career
Early 1950s-1967: Early roles, stage musicals, and dance choreography
At age 12, <mask> was shining shoes to pay for dance classes afraid his mother would not approve.She eventually caught him and made a deal to make him stop: if he did his bar mitzvah, she would bring him to dance classes. That same year, <mask> was spotted by a talent agent while dancing in a Manhattan restaurant. From this point he began acting and dancing on television. By the age of 14 he had worked with Jackie Gleason, Martha Raye, Mindy Carson, Sarah Churchill, Wally Cox, George Jessel, Ella Raines, Paul Douglas, and Perry Como. He also was heard on radio plays with Donald Cook and Joseph Cotten. It led him to act in over 15 television shows during a span of 10 years, including Lux Video Theatre, Naked City, The Red Buttons Show, Mister Peepers, etc. In 1954, <mask> acted in the film Roogie's Bump.That year he performed in the first Broadway revival of On Your Toes, directed by George Abbott and choreographed by George Balanchine. It opened on October 11, 1954 at the 46th Street Theatre, where it ran for 64 performances. On November 23 of that year he acted in another Broadway play called Sandhog. In 1956 he acted in Rock, Rock, Rock!. In 1957, he acted in Shinbone Alley. The Broadway production opened on April 13,
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1957 at The Broadway Theatre and closed on May 25, 1957 after 49 performances. Later that year, he played the role of Baby John in the original Broadway production of West Side Story.Conceived, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins, it ran for 732 performances before going on tour. The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical. On May 21, 1959, he starred as Yonkers in the original production of Gypsy. The show was produced by <mask> and directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins Critic Frank Rich has referred to it as one of the more influential stagings of a musical in American theatrical history. The original production received eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical. It closed on March 25, 1961 after 702 performances and two previews. In 1960, he acted in the Broadway musical One More River.In 1961, he appeared as A-Rab in the movie version of West Side Story directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. He and Carole D'Andrea, Jay Norman, Tommy Abbott, William Bramley and Tony Mordente were the only actors to have been cast in both the original Broadway show and the motion picture. The film was the highest grossing motion picture of that year, going on to win 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. During that time and moving forward to 1967, he acted regularly on television, he was seen in 77 Sunset Strip, Perry Mason, The Dick Powell Show, and more. In 1964, he choreographed George Sidney's Viva Las Vegas starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret. Ann-Margret, who was his student at the time, recommended him for the job. That year <mask>
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choreographed Norman Jewison's Send Me No Flowers, Don Weis' Pajama Party, and Steve Binder's T.A.M.I.Show. He also had a role in the film The New Intern. On September 21, the variety show Shindig! premiered where <mask> served as a choreographer. In 1965, he choreographed two musicals starring Elvis Presley: Boris Sagal's Girl Happy and Norman Taurog's Tickle Me. He also choreographed two Ann-Margret films: Bus Riley's Back in Town and Kitten with a Whip. Another choreographer credit was Don Weis' Billie.That year, he started to perform on television with his troupe, named the <mask> Ball television special Lucy in London. Also that year he acted in The Crazy-Quilt by John Korty, and The <mask> Dancers also appeared in the television special MJ's. Finally he choreographed two more Ann-Margret films Boris Sagal's Made in Paris, and George Sidney's The Swinger. In 1967, <mask> directed two episodes of the television show The Monkees. He choreographed Elvis Presley in Easy Come, Easy Go.With the <mask> Dancers, he appeared on the television special Go. That year, he was an associate director for the Broadway play Of Love Remembered, directed by Burgess Meredith. Also in 1967, for his choreography on the Nancy Sinatra television special Movin' with Nancy, he received an Emmy nomination in the category Special Classification of Individual Achievements. 1968 to 1986: Subsequent choreography, producing and directing
In 1968, he co-founded the production company Winters/Rosen which specialized in television specials. He choreographed and directed The Ann-Margret Show. That year, separately from
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<mask>/Rosen, he choreographed and performed with his troupe on the television special Monte Carlo: C'est La Rose, hosted by Princess Grace Kelly. In 1969, <mask> directed and choreographed Ann-Margret: From Hollywood with Love (for which <mask> received an Emmy nomination for dance choreography).Also that year, he produced and choreographed The Spring Thing. On April 26, 1970 CBS released Raquel Welch's first television special Raquel!, <mask> produced, directed and choreographed. On the day of the premiere, the show received a 51% share on the National ARB Ratings and an overnight New York Nielsen Rating of 58% share. In 1971, he produced and directed Once Upon a Wheel, a documentary on auto racing. It is hosted and narrated by actor Paul Newman. That same year, he was an executive producer for The 5th Dimension's television special The 5th Dimension Traveling Sunshine Show. In 1972, he produced, directed and choreographed the television special The Special London Bridge Special, starring Tom Jones, and Jennifer O'Neill.That year, he produced Timex All-Star Swing Festival (which won the Peabody Award and a Christopher Award for <mask> as its producer), a live concert with performances by jazz musicians Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Dave Brubeck, Benny Goodman, Gene Krupa, etc. In 1973, he directed, choreographed and produced the television movie Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, starring Kirk Douglas. At the Emmy Awards it was nominated for outstanding achievement in makeup, costume design, and music direction. In 1975, <mask> directed the Alice Cooper concert film Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare.
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That same year, he produced the comedy Linda Lovelace for President. In 1976, he choreographed Frank Pierson's A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand. The following year he choreographed credits 22 episodes of TV show Donny & Mary.That year he also served as a creative consultant on Don Taylor's The Island of Dr. Moreau. In 1978, he choreographed Steve Binder's Star Wars Holiday Special. In 1979 <mask> directed the tennis sport comedy Racquet, starring Bert Convy. That same year, he choreographed Mark L. Lester's Roller Boogie. Also in 1979, Diana Ross In Concert premiered on television, <mask> conceived and directed the stage production. In 1980. <mask> directed and choreographed the stage show Goosebumps.In 1981, he choreographed and was creative consultant for the Diana Ross television special Diana. In 1982, he produced, directed, wrote, and co-starred in the horror comedy The Last Horror Film, starring Joe Spinell and Caroline Munro. It played in film festivals. At the Sitges Film Festival it was part of their official selection, and won best cinematography. At the Saturn Awards the film was nominated for Best International film and Mary Spinell was nominated for best supporting actress. In 1984 he directed the documentary That Was Rock, hosted by Chuck Berry, and a television adaptation of Steadfast Tin Soldier. Also that year he worked as an artistic adviser on the film Blame it on the Night.In 1985, he directed Girls of Rock & Roll. In 1986, <mask> directed the sports film Thrashin, starring Josh Brolin, and Pamela Gidley. Set in Los Angeles, it's about Cory (Brolin), a teenage
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competitive skateboarder, and his romance with Chrissy (Gidley). With a notable soundtrack, the film maintains a following. Prior to the casting of Brolin, <mask> wanted Johnny Depp to play Cory. That same year, directed the action film Mission Kill, with Robert Ginty. 1987 to 2019: Later works
In 1987, <mask> opened the production company, Action International Pictures.He hired director <mask>. Prior, with whom he would work regularly moving forward. That year they released Deadly Prey, Aerobicide, and Mankillers. In 1988, he directed the action film Rage to Kill starring James Ryan. That year also saw the release of Space Mutiny. <mask> was assigned to produce and direct the science fiction film He had to drop out at an early stage of filming due to the death of a close relative, and most of the film was eventually directed by Neal Sundstrom. Both were un-happy with the final product, and <mask> attempted to have his name replaced with a fictional one, but due to his contract he was unable to do so.The film gained a cult status and was subject for a successful episode of the TV Show Mystery Science Theater 3000. That year, <mask> produced Dead End City, Death Chase, Night Wars, and Phoenix The Warrior. In 1989, the action film Code Name Vengeance was released, with <mask> directing and producing. Robert Ginty played the lead. <mask> would go on to produce The Bounty Hunter (1989), Order of Eagle (1989), Future Force (1989), Time Burst - The Final Alliance (1989), Deadly Reactor (1989), Hell on the Battleground (1989), Jungle Assault (1989), The Revenger (1990), Fatal Skies (1990), Future Zone
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(1990), Deadly Dancer (1990), Operation Warzone (1990), Rapid Fire (1990), The Shooters (1990), The Final Sanction (1990), Lock 'n' Load (1990), Born Killer (1990), Invasion Force (1990), Firehead (1991), Dark Rider (1991), Raw Nerve (1991), Maximum Breakout (1991), Cop-Out (1991), Presumed Guilty (1991), The Last Ride (1991), White Fury (1991), Center of the Web (1992), Armed for Action (1992), Blood on the Badge (1992), and Double Threat (1993). In 1993, AIP was re-branded as West Side Studios with the intent to take a mainstream direction. Under that banner, he produced Night Trap (1993), Raw Justice (1994), The Dangerous (1995), and Codename: Silencer (1995).In 1999, <mask> produced Rhythm & Blues. In 2002, he produced, directed, and co-starred the comedy film Welcome 2 Ibiza, which won the Bangkok Film Festival Audience Award. In 2003, he produced the horror film Devil's Harvest. In 2005, he produced period filmThe King Maker. In 2006, <mask> acted in Kevin Connor's mini-series Blackbeard. In 2012, <mask> acted in the art house film, Teddy Bear. In 2015, Dancin': It's On!, a dance film, premiered which <mask> directed.For this project, he said he reconnected with his original passion for dancing. The film stars winners and runners-up of the tv shows, So You Think You Can Dance, and Dancing with the Stars, with Witney Carson as its lead. In 2018, <mask> released his memoir Tough Guys Do Dance. Death
<mask> died on 23 April 2019 at the age of 80, from congestive heart failure. Personal life
Friends with rock singer Alice Cooper upon directing the Welcome to My Nightmare Tour in the mid 1970s, he
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hired ballerina Sheryl Goddard who became Cooper's wife. <mask> lived with Linda Lovelace as her boyfriend following her divorce from her first husband. Their relationship lasted until 1976.She credited him for bringing culture in her life. <mask> was married at least three times. He had a brother, a daughter, two sons, a stepson, and a granddaughter. Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1939 births
2019 deaths
American male child actors
American choreographers
American male dancers
American male film actors
Jewish American male actors
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American television directors
American television producers
Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery
English male child actors
English choreographers
English male dancers
English male film actors
English film directors
English film producers
English male musical theatre actors
English male screenwriters
English male television actors
English television directors
English television producers
English-language film directors
English emigrants to the United States
English Jews
Male actors from London
20th-century English businesspeople
21st-century American
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<mask> (born 17 June 1969) is a Kenyan former professional long distance runner. He became the first Kenyan man to set the world record in the marathon in 2003, with a time of 2:04:55, and is regarded as one of the most accomplished long-distance runners of all time. Runnerworld called him the "Most comprehensive runner of all time". Towards the end of his career he concentrated exclusively on the marathon. Tergat set several world records and won many titles on the track, in cross country, and on the road. He lives and trains in Eldoret. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 June 1969 in Riwo, Baringo District, in Kenya's Rift Valley Province.He attended Riwo Primary school and later joined Kapkawa Boys High School. Unlike many athletes, Tergat realised his talent after graduating high school. Career
Tergat won five straight IAAF World Cross Country Championships titles, 1995 to 1999, which was a record. Says Tergat, "Cross country is what I always liked most. It was my world, my passion. Before the IAAF introduced the short course in 1998, all the world class athletes from 1500 m to the marathon were in the same race." He won the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2000, setting a new course record and personal best of 59:06.He won the race again in 2005 with a time of 59:10. Tergat's achievements also include 5 victories in the traditional Saint Silvester Road Race, the most important event in Latin American street racing. He holds the record for the present 15 km distance, which he established in 1995. His performances in the Saint Silvester race have earned him celebrity status in Brazil. He has had an intense rivalry with his friend Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia. In the Olympic Games 10,000m finals of both 1996 Atlanta Olympics and 2000 Sydney Olympics, he was defeated by Gebrselassie by slim margins. In 2000, the margin of victory was only nine hundredths of a second.Tergat finished second to Gebrselassie in the 1997 and 1999 World Championships in Athletics at
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10,000 m, and finished third in the 1995 version of that race, behind Gebrselassie and Moroccan Khalid Skah. On the track, Tergat broke Gebrselassie's 10,000-metre world record on 22 August 1997 in Brussels with a time 26:27.85 minutes. The record was broken again by Gebrselassie in 1998 (time 26:22:75), but <mask>'s time remains a Kenyan record (as of 2014). On the road, Tergat broke the half marathon world record on 4 April 1998 in Milan by running in 59:17 minutes. (Tergat had run 58:51 minutes at the Stramilano half marathon in 1996, but a misplaced cone made the course slightly too short and no record was allowed.) The previous record, 59:47 minutes was set by Moses Tanui in 1993. <mask>'s world record was broken in 2005 by Samuel Wanjiru, another Kenyan.When Tergat raced Gebrselassie in the London Marathon in 2002, it was <mask> who beat Gebrselassie; Tergat was in second place behind then world record holder Khalid Khannouchi. The three runners raced again in the 2007 version with <mask> being the only one of them to finish. He became an IOC member at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires in September 2013. Marathon career
<mask> finished second in his first three marathons: London Marathon in 2001 and 2002 and Chicago Marathon in 2001. He continued marathoning by two fourth places: Chicago 2002 and London 2003. He set the marathon world record of 2:04:55, on 28 September 2003 at the Berlin Marathon. That is an average pace of 0:02:57 per kilometre (20.3 km/h) or 0:04:46 per mile (12.6 MPH).In his world record race, Tergat badly abraded his foot. He later said it felt like the sole of his shoe fell off. He also took a momentary wrong turn near the finish. Tergat's countryman Sammy Korir, who was a pacesetter for the race, nearly caught up to him. Korir took second place in 2:04:56, then the second-fastest marathon performance in history. <mask>'s world record was broken in 2007 by Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia. <mask>'s time remained the Kenyan
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record until 2009, when winner Duncan Kibet and 2nd placed James Kwambai both timed 2:04:27 at the Rotterdam Marathon
Tergat won the New York City Marathon 6 November 2005, in a thrilling sprint finish through New York's Central Park, prevailing over defending champion Hendrick Ramaala 2:09:29.90 to 2:09:30.22.That year, Tergat inaugurated the Baringo Half Marathon, setting up the professional race on a course near his home town. A week prior to the London Marathon on 23 April 2006, Tergat pulled a calf muscle. Calling the injury "cruel," he was forced to withdraw from the star-studded race, which would have featured a long-awaited showdown with Haile Gebrselassie. The race was won by Felix Limo of Kenya. Marílson Gomes dos Santos won the 2006 New York City Marathon; Tergat finished third. Gomes made a move at mile 19 and Tergat did not respond, saying "I'll be honest, I didn't know exactly who he was." Tergat steadily closed the gap over the final five miles.<mask> finished sixth (2:08:06) at the 2007 London Marathon in April 2007. The entry list was competitive, including Ethiopian legend Haile Gebrselassie, who dropped out just past the 30-K mark. Kenya's Martin Lel won the race in a time of 2:07.42, after a dramatic, gutsy finish. On 30 September 2007 Ethiopian long distance runner Haile Gebrselassie broke <mask>'s record marathon time of 2:04.55, finishing the Berlin Marathon in 2:04:26. Moments after finishing the race, Gebrselassie apologised to his friend <mask> for breaking the record, during a congratulatory phone call. Gebrselassie later explained "I am sorry – this record belonged to <mask>t," Gebrselassie told a news conference when asked about the phone call. "<mask> is my friend."He expressed a desire to compete in 2008 Olympics, but was not selected to represent Kenya. He finished 4th in the New York Marathon later that year. In 2009, he won the Lake Biwa Marathon in Japan, timing 2:10:22. In October 2009, he was the guest of honour at
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the relaunch of the Belgrade Race Through History. Although he never won the competition in the late 1990s, he was the only competitor to run in all of the first four editions and never finished outside of the top three. He stated his desire to close his career at the race and praised the way it promoted Serbia's cultural heritage. He was named by New York Road Runners as the recipient of the 2010 Abebe Bikila Award in recognition of his long-distance achievements, becoming the first Kenyan male winner.In his acceptance he said "The history of marathon running is incomplete without the solid and indelible mark of the late Abebe Bikila's contribution, and I am so proud to be associated [with this]". International competitions
1995
Gold medal, 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Bronze medal, 1995 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m
1996
Silver medal, 1996 Summer Olympics 10,000 m
Gold medal, 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
1997
Gold medal, 1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Silver medal, 1997 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m
1998
Gold medal, 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
1999
Gold medal, 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Silver medal, 1999 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m
Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
2000
Bronze medal, 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Silver medal, 2000 Summer Olympics 10,000 m
Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
2004
10th, 2004 Summer Olympics Marathon
Personal bests
"+" indicates mark set en route during a longer race
"a" indicates course slightly downhill
Other activities
In January 2004 Tergat was named a UN World Food Programme (WFP) "Ambassador Against Hunger". When he was a child, <mask>t's family was too poor to send him to school with food. According to Tergat, he would not have gotten a full education were it not for the World Food
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Program, which provided lunch at his school. Tergat set up the Paul Tergat Foundation in 2005. It is meant to help disadvantaged Kenyan sportspeople. He runs a Sports Marketing and PR company known as Fine Touch Communications (organises the annual Sportsman of the Year Awards in Kenya in conjunction with Safaricom, a leading mobile telephony provider in Kenya.He's also considering launching a clothing line under the name "Tergat" in the coming months. Like many other Kenyan athletes, Tergat is enlisted to Armed Forces. He is based at the Moi Air Base in Nairobi. As of April 2015, Tergat was linked with the role of leading a new interim committee to oversee Athletics Kenya (AK) after rumours surfaced that the Sports Cabinet Secretary, Hassan Wario, would soon dissolve AK. References
External links
Marathoninfo profile
Rosa & Associati profile
<mask>t Versus Haile Gebrselassie – www.paul-tergat.net
1969 births
Living people
People from Baringo County
Kalenjin people
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Kenyan male marathon runners
Olympic athletes of Kenya
Olympic silver medalists for Kenya
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners
New York City Marathon male winners
International Olympic Committee members
Morans of the Order of the Burning Spear
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Berlin Marathon male winners
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Ambassadors of supra-national bodies
World Food Programme people
Kenyan male cross country runners
Recipients of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races Best Marathon
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<mask> (born 6 December 1988) is an Estonian singer, songwriter, and violinist. Recognized within Estonia for her genre-bending style, Nurmsalu has garnered success as both the lead singer of Urban Symphony and as a solo artist. Nurmsalu rose to prominence in Estonia during her participation in the 2007 edition of the Eesti Televisioon (ETV) talent competition Kaks takti ette. While competing on the show, she formed the band Urban Symphony, of which she became the lead singer from 2007 to 2010. With Urban Symphony, Nurmsalu won Eesti Laul 2009 and represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow with the song "Rändajad", placing sixth. After Eurovision, Nurmsalu competed in Eesti Laul twice more as a soloist: in 2014 and 2019, placing as a finalist both times. Early life and education
Nurmsalu was born on 6 December 1988 in Alavere, a small village in Harju County.She began experimenting with music as a student at a music school in Kose, where she learned how to play the violin. In her youth, Nurmsalu sang with the Kose-based children's folk group Pillipiigad for seven years, and then later the folk group Virre for three years. As a teenager, she was a member of the Estonian three-piece girl group Pink Tank. Nurmsalu attended Georg Ots Music School in Tallinn, graduating in 2008. Career
2007–2008: Kaks takti ette and formation of Urban Symphony
Nurmsalu began her professional solo career in 2007, competing in the Eesti Televisioon (ETV) singing competition Kaks takti ette. During a special week of the competition where contestants were told their performances must be as part of an ensemble, Nurmsalu formed the group Urban Symphony with other stringed instrument musicians from her music school. The group's performance of
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<mask> (born January 18, 1980) is a former American football defensive end. He played college football at North Carolina, where he was recognized as a unanimous All-American, and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers second overall in the 2002 NFL Draft, and also played for the Chicago Bears from through and the Green Bay Packers from to . After rejoining the Panthers for the 2017 season, he retired in 2019. <mask> was named to the Pro Bowl nine times, and both the first and second All-Pro teams three times each. In his rookie season, he was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year in , where he recorded 12 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, and an interception, all while playing in only 12 games. He was named to the 2000s and NFL 2010s All-Decade Teams. Early years
<mask> was born in Wilson, North Carolina, and raised in nearby Bailey.He attended Bailey Elementary School, Southern Nash Middle School, and finally Southern Nash Senior High School where he played football for Coach Ray Davis. By the time he was a senior at Southern Nash High School, Peppers had grown to , . When Peppers arrived at Southern Nash his Freshman year Davis felt that Peppers would be an asset on the gridiron for the Firebirds, despite the fact that Peppers had never played football before. Davis's gamble would pay off. During his high school career, Peppers played running back and defensive lineman, finished his career with 3,501 rushing yards and 46 touchdowns, and was one of the most dangerous defensive linemen in the state. He also lettered in basketball and was voted all-conference as a power forward for four consecutive years. In 1998,
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Southern Nash won the state championship in track for the first time in the school's history.Peppers contributed as a sprinter, winning the state championship in the 4×400 meter team relay (3:23.10 minutes) and finishing second as a triple jumper (14.05 meters). He was also rumored to have cleared 2.03 meters in the high jump. During his senior year (1997–98), he was named to the Parade magazine high school All-America team in football as an all-purpose talent and was also named Male Athlete of the Year by the North Carolina High School Athletic Association. In 2005, Peppers was named by the Rocky Mount Telegram newspaper as one of the 50 Greatest Athletes from the Twin County (Nash and Edgecombe) area. College career
<mask> attended the University of North Carolina, where he played defensive end for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team from 1998 to 2001. As a true freshman in 1998, he was redshirted. Peppers led the nation with 15 quarterback sacks during his sophomore season (2000), and earned first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and second-team All-American honors.Following his junior season in 2001, he was a first-team All-ACC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He also won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the nation's top defensive player and the Lombardi Award as the best collegiate lineman and the Bill Willis Trophy as the nation's best defensive lineman. In the three seasons at North Carolina, Peppers started 33 of the 34 games in which he played. He is currently ranked second all-time in UNC history with 30.5 sacks. He accumulated 53 stops behind the line
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Baltimore Ravens, Peppers played in his first career NFL game, in which he made an impact by deflecting a pass by Ravens quarterback Chris Redman that was intercepted by linebacker Dan Morgan, who proceeded to race 22 yards down field with under two minutes remaining in the game to preserve the victory; the Panthers won the game by a score of 10–7.In <mask>' second career NFL game, which came on September 15, 2002 against the Detroit Lions, he lived up to his billing with three sacks and a forced fumble for Carolina. Peppers also had five tackles including one for a loss, and a deflected pass. <mask>, the second overall pick in the draft, got his first NFL sack early in the first quarter. He got another a few minutes later, and registered his third on the final play of the first half when he drilled Lions quarterback Mike McMahon from behind, knocking the ball loose and leaving McMahon motionless on the ground for several moments. The game ended up being a 31–7 rout of the Lions. Later that season, in a 14–13 loss against the Dallas Cowboys in week 6, Peppers produced three tackles, three sacks, one forced fumble, one pass defensed, and an interception of Cowboys quarterback Quincy Carter that he returned 21 yards, before lateralling the ball to linebacker Mark Fields, who gained an additional 30 yards. <mask>' second three-sack outing of the year tied the NFL rookie record for three-sack games in a season, set by Leslie O'Neal of the San Diego Chargers in 1986.<mask> during his rookie season also helped the Panthers boast the only defensive unit since the NFL merger in 1970 to improve from last in the league
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to the Cowboys 11 yard line. Peppers recorded 1 tackle, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed in the game.The Panthers won the game 29–10. In the divisional round against the St. Louis Rams, <mask> would again have a dominant performance by recording a sack, 2 passes defensed, and 4 tackles, one of which came on a shuffle pass in the second quarter to running back Marshall Faulk. The game would go into double overtime, as the Panthers defeated the Rams 29–23. The next week in the NFC Championship game against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> would record 2 tackles in helping to lead a dominant defensive performance for the Panthers as they held the Eagles to just 3 points. Panthers would win by a score of 14–3. The Panthers reached the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history and matched up against the New England Patriots, the game would be an instant classic as both teams went back and forth throughout the game. Peppers would record 2 tackles and pressure New England QB Tom Brady all throughout the game.On the first defensive snap of the game for the Panthers, Peppers stormed into the Patriots backfield with a speed rush from his left Defensive End spot pressuring and hitting Tom Brady right as Brady released the ball for a completion to WR Deion Branch. Two plays later on the Pats opening drive Peppers was cut blocked by Patriots Offensive Tackle Tom Ashworth, but Peppers recovered quickly and nearly deflected the pass as it whizzed by. On the very next play Peppers again ripped into the Patriots backfield along with blitzing Panthers linebacker Dan Morgan hurrying Tom Brady into a rushed throw for
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position defending against the run, the tackle was made by the Panthers defense for a short gain. In a play early in the fourth quarter, Peppers dropped into coverage and made a tackle on Receiver Troy Brown. On a third and goal play in the fourth quarter with 7:48 remaining on the clock, Patriots leading 21-16, Peppers bull rushed Ashworth and pushed him to the ground, as Peppers was closing in on Brady fellow Defensive End Al Wallace got to Brady sooner and forced Brady into a hurried throw that was intercepted by Cornerback Reggie Howard. On the first play of the next Patriots possession, Peppers dominated Ashworth yet again, bull rushing him back into Tom Brady nearly getting a sack on the play, as he and fellow Panthers Defensive End Mike Rucker hurried Brady into a quick throw which he completed for a 1 yard gain. On the Patriots final drive of the game near the end of the fourth quarter, on the Pats first snap Peppers used an outside speed rush to get around Ashworth and hit Tom Brady knocking him to the ground just as he released the hurried throw for an incompletion.<mask> was double team blocked for the remainder of the Patriots final possession. Peppers was a highly disruptive force all throughout Super Bowl XXXVIII. With 1:08 remaining in the game, and the score tied 29-29, the Patriots were given a short field when Panthers kicker John Kasay kicked the ball out of bounds on the kickoff, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 40 yard line with just over a minute left and three timeouts to use. Brady got the Patriots down the field into field goal range, and Pats kicker Adam Vinatieri kicked a
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41 yard field goal through the uprights with 4 seconds remaining for the victory. It was a crushing defeat for Peppers and the Panthers but they fought hard until the final whistle. The Patriots went on to win their 2nd Super Bowl title in 3 years. <mask> and Donovan McNabb were the only people to ever play in both the NCAA men's basketball Final Four and the NFL's Super Bowl.2004 season
On October 10, 2004 versus the Denver Broncos, on third-and-3, he was fooled on the play at first but recovered in time to push Broncos quarterback Jake Plummer out of bounds on a bootleg after a 2-yard gain. Then on fourth-and-1, he intercepted Plummer's pass and ran it back 97 yards which was an NFL record for a defensive lineman. Peppers would record 4 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed in a losing effort to the Broncos by a score of 17–20. In a game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 12, Peppers produced one of the NFL's most dominant performances of the season by blocking a 26-yard field goal attempt, recording a 46-yard interception return for a touchdown, which was Peppers first career touchdown scored and was the first interception returned for a touchdown by a defensive lineman in Carolina Panthers history. Also recorded 1 pass defensed, 1 sack and 4 tackles including one stop in which he chased down Bucs running back Michael Pittman from behind on a 68-yard screen pass in the second quarter. The Panthers would defeat the Bucs 21–14. Peppers would also make a memorable play in Week 15 against the Atlanta Falcons, which was a Saturday night game held on December 18, 2004, Peppers would grab a fumble in
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midair by Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick and race 60 yards the other way for a Panthers touchdown.Peppers also harassed and chased Michael Vick all over the field during the game as he recorded 3 tackles one being for a loss of yards, 1 pass defensed and the 60 yard fumble recovery for a touchdown. Peppers would also line up as a wide receiver in the red zone towards the end of the second quarter, and catch a pass just outside the end zone, that if thrown more accurately by Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme would have resulted in a touchdown catch for Peppers. It was a hard-fought game with the Falcons but the Panthers would lose in the end by a score of 34–31. <mask> would also set an NFL record by recording 143 total interception return yards which is the most ever recorded in a single season by a defensive lineman. He also had a combined 203 interception and fumble return yards which is the most ever by a defensive lineman in a single season since the NFL merger in 1970. <mask> would finish the season with 52 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 11 sacks, 4 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 2 interceptions, 9 passes defensed, 4 stuffs, 1 blocked kick, and 2 defensive touchdowns. For his accomplishments <mask> was named to his first NFL Pro Bowl while also earning a spot on the NFL's All Pro First-Team.<mask> would also be named the NFC Defensive Player of the Month in November 2004 and finished fourth overall in the voting by the Associated Press for the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award. He would also be named the NFC Defensive player of the Year by the Kansas City Committee, as well as
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the NFL Alumni Defensive Lineman of the Year. 2005 season
Peppers broke a bone in his right hand in the sixth game of the season against the Lions, but would return to the game with a cast and help the Panthers get a win 21–20. He would play the next few games with a cast on his hand. Peppers would record two impressive 3 sack games during the season, one against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 9, in which addition to his 3 sacks, Peppers also recorded 5 tackles. His other 3 sack effort came against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 16, in this game Peppers also recorded 8 tackles, 1 pass defensed, and 1 blocked kick. Peppers was an absolute menace and was all over the field for the Panthers defense, but despite Peppers efforts, the Panthers would lose the game 20–24.For the season Peppers recorded 38 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 10.5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 6 passes defensed, 5 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. <mask> would make his second Pro Bowl for his efforts. In the wild card round of the playoffs, Peppers was part of defensive effort that held scoreless the New York Giants offense that ranked third in the NFL in points per game. The Giants managed just 132 yards total offense. Panthers became the first team to register a shutout on the road in the playoffs since 1980 when the Los Angeles Rams posted a 9-0 victory at Tampa Bay (1/5/80) in the 1979 NFC Championship. Carolina shutout was third in team history. Panthers coach John Fox had Carolina prepared for everything New York attempted, rattling Eli Manning into four turnovers and sacking him 4 times, pressuring him throughout the game
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en route to a 23-0 victory.Peppers contributed 2 tackles, 1 sack, and 1 pass defensed. In the divisional round against the Chicago Bears, Peppers hurt his shoulder while driving Bears running back Thomas Jones out of bounds near the goal line in the fourth quarter. Peppers went to the locker room after the play, then returned to the bench but not the game. Peppers recorded 3 tackles and helped the Panthers get the win 29-21. In the NFC Championship Game, against the Seattle Seahawks Peppers would play well with a hurt shoulder and record 6 tackles 1 being for a loss of yards, but the Panthers would lose the game 34–14, and miss out on a chance to play in the Super Bowl. 2006 season
<mask> would again record two three-sack games during the season, his first against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 2, in which he recorded 8 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 stuff, 1 pass defensed, and 1 blocked kick. In week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask>, who was playing with a sore ankle, would be a nightmare all game long for QB Charlie Frye and the Browns offensive line.Throughout the game Peppers would record 5 tackles one being for a loss of yards, a sack, forced fumble, fumble recovery on the same play, 5 other QB hits and a pass defensed in which Peppers made an extremely athletic play. Browns fullback Lawrence Vickers took a handoff right but pulled up to pass the ball, Peppers, playing left end, read the play before it began to develop, sprinted downfield and tipped the ball away from tight end Kellen Winslow II. Peppers dominant play helped the Panthers defeat the Browns 20-12. In Week 6 against the Baltimore Ravens, Peppers
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became the Panthers' all-time sacks leader after registering 2 sacks during the game. Peppers also had 8 tackles and a forced fumble in yet another game that Peppers looked like the most dominant defensive player in the NFL. . In Week 10 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Peppers recorded 4 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 pass defensed, and one fumble recovery in helping to defeat the Buccaneers 24–10. Peppers was so dominant in the game that ESPN Monday Night Football analyst Joe Theismann compared him to Lawrence Taylor, whom Joe had played against while he was a Quarterback for the Washington Redskins, and Taylor a Linebacker for the New York Giants.Taylor ended Theismann's career when he broke his right leg during a Monday Night Football game in 1985. Peppers earned the NFC Defensive Player of the Month Award for the month of October 2006, his second such award. Peppers finished the season with 49 solo tackles, 9 assisted tackles, 13 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 6 passes defensed, 7 stuffs, and 2 blocked kicks. For his efforts, <mask> earned a trip to his third consecutive Pro Bowl and was also named NFL First-Team All Pro for the second time in his career. 2007 season
Following Panthers safety Mike Minter's retirement after the 2006 season, <mask> was named as the Panthers defensive captain. Peppers had a down season in 2007 after only recording 30 solo tackles, 8 assisted tackles, 2.5 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 1 interception, 5 passes defensed, 1 stuff, and 2 blocked kicks. Before the season started, Peppers suffered from an undisclosed illness and lost weight, which is assumed
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to have played a part in his down season.<mask> also missed the final two games of the season with a sprained MCL in his right knee. 2008 season
The 2008 season was a bounce back year for <mask> who reverted to his usual dominant self after recording a career-high 14.5 sacks. Peppers would change from left defensive end to right defensive end before the season, which was the position he played in college at the University of North Carolina. <mask>’ best performance of the season came against the Oakland Raiders in Week 10, a game in which he recorded 7 tackles, 3 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, and 1 pass defensed, Peppers moved all along the defensive line and dominated against the Raiders, leading the Panthers to a 17–6 victory. He would earn his second NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award after his performance. Peppers finished the season with 40 solo tackles, 11 assisted tackles, 14.5 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, 5 passes defensed, 4 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. After the season, <mask> earned a spot on the NFC Pro Bowl team, which was the fourth of his career.He also earned Second-Team All Pro honors. The Panthers made the playoffs after the 2008 NFL regular season but lost in the divisional round to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 33–13. On January 16, 2009, ESPN reported that <mask> told ESPN's Chris Mortensen he did not intend to re-sign a long-term deal with the Panthers and would like to explore options with another team, specifically one with a 3-4 defensive formation. He also expressed the desire or willingness to convert from a defensive end to an outside linebacker. Peppers said he would request a
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trade if franchise tagged. However, despite his request, the Panthers would place the Franchise tag on him on February 19. 2009 season
The 2009 season ended <mask>' first stint with the Panthers.Peppers began the season well by recording 5 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 pass defensed, and 1 blocked kick in a Week 1, 38–10 loss against the Philadelphia Eagles. But Peppers went without a sack during the next two games against the Atlanta Falcons and Dallas Cowboys, both losses as the Panthers started the season 0–3, causing Panthers linebacker Jon Beason to question Peppers' intensity on a radio show in Charlotte, North Carolina. Beason would later admit that he was wrong about saying this about Peppers and said he thought that <mask> would go down as one of the best players to ever play in the NFL. Peppers bounced back in Week 5 of the 2009 season against the Washington Redskins by recording 5 tackles, 2 sacks, and along with the help of Panthers linebacker Thomas Davis, tackled Redskins Running Back Clinton Portis in the end zone for a safety. Peppers helped the Panthers to their first win of the season defeating Washington 20–17. In Week 8, in a 34–21 win against the Arizona Cardinals, Peppers recorded 2 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 interception for a 13-yard touchdown, and 1 pass defensed earning him his third NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award. In Week 9, in a 30–20 loss against the New Orleans Saints, Peppers broke his right hand, but continued to play with a cast on his hand over the next few games.In Week 15 against the Minnesota Vikings, <mask> played one of his best games of his
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career, although only recording 1 tackle, 1 sack, and 1 pass defensed, Peppers also had 5 quarterback hurries and was all over the field, causing sports writer Peter King to say that Peppers looked like Lawrence Taylor and Deacon Jones rolled into one dominant force. Peppers played so well he caused Vikings Pro Bowl left tackle Bryant McKinnie to be benched by Vikings head coach Brad Childress. Peppers' effectiveness not only prompted Childress to switch tackles, but to also consider making a quarterback change, which Vikings quarterback Brett Favre strongly resisted. Childress said he wanted to protect Favre, who he said was getting his rear end kicked and was taking a beating. In Week 17, which came on January 3, 2010, in a 23–10 win against the New Orleans Saints played at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina, <mask> played in his final game as a member of the Carolina Panthers during his first stint with the team. Peppers recorded 3 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed. The interception Peppers recorded was, at the time, thought to be the final play of his Panthers career, but Peppers would eventually return to his home state team before the 2017 NFL season.<mask> finished the season with 36 solo tackles, 6 assisted tackles, 10.5 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 2 interceptions, 5 passes defensed, 3 stuffs, 1 blocked kick, and 1 defensive touchdown. Peppers was voted to his fifth Pro Bowl and also earned Second-Team All Pro honors. On February 22, 2010, Adam Schefter reported that the Panthers would not place the franchise tag on Peppers, leaving him an unrestricted free
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agent, free to pursue a contract with another team. Chicago Bears
2010 season
On March 5, 2010, the Chicago Bears signed <mask> to a six-year contract worth $91.5 million, with $42 million guaranteed in the first three years. Peppers made an immediate impact in Week 1 vs. the Detroit Lions by sacking quarterback Matthew Stafford and forcing a fumble with 29 seconds to go in the first half. The hit Peppers put on Stafford knocked him out for the remainder of the game. In Week 3 against the Packers on Monday Night Football, Peppers recorded just two tackles, but was a thorn in the side of the Packers offensive line and Quarterback Aaron Rodgers all game long, forcing multiple false start and holding penalties, and hurrying Rodgers in the pocket all game long.Peppers also blocked a field goal that ultimately would prove to be the difference in the game as the Bears went on to defeat the Packers by 3 points by a score of 20–17. In Week 5, <mask> went back to his home state to play against his former team, the Carolina Panthers, a game in which he and the Bears won by a score of 23–6. His biggest play of the game was when he tipped a Jimmy Clausen pass and proceeded to intercept it, by diving underneath the ball, after the play, Peppers proceeded to hush the booing crowd by raising his index finger to his lips. Peppers finished the game with 4 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed. In Week 11 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> recorded his first three-sack performance as a member of the Chicago Bears, he finished the game with 6 tackles, 3 sacks, and 1 pass deflection that was intercepted. He earned the
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fourth NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award of his career for his efforts. <mask> would also win the NFC Defensive Player of the Month Award for November 2010 making it the third time in his career he earned the award.<mask> finished the season with 43 solo tackles, 11 assisted tackles, 8 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 interceptions, 9 passes defensed, 5 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. His impact was most felt with regards to putting pressure on opposing quarterbacks, redirecting running plays, or assisting on the tackle. <mask> was voted to his sixth Pro Bowl and was named to his third, First-Team All Pro team. <mask> also finished fourth in voting for the NFL's 2010 AP Defensive Player of the Year Award, which was won by Pittsburgh Steelers safety Troy Polamalu. In Peppers first year as a Bear, he helped them make the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 season, and helped the Bears secure a victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round by a score of 35–24. Peppers and the Bears came within one game of reaching the Super Bowl, but ultimately lost to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC championship game 21–14. In his 2010 All-Pro Team column, sportswriter Peter King wrote:
2011 season
<mask> improved on his 2010 season in 2011 starting all 16 games and leading the Bears defense with 11 sacks despite facing constant double teams, and also playing much of the season with a sprained MCL in his left knee that he injured in Week 5 against the Detroit Lions.But Peppers was still able to record 33 solo tackles, 4 assisted tackles, 11 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 4 passes defensed, 6
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stuffs, and 2 blocked kicks. Peppers was awarded his fourth career NFC Defensive player of the month award for November as he collected 6 tackles, 4 sacks, and 3 pass breakups. In Week 17 facing the Vikings, Peppers was awarded a .5 sack by the league, that he originally split with fellow Bears defensive lineman Matt Toeaina, giving him his 100th career sack making him the twenty eighth player in NFL history to achieve that milestone. For his efforts <mask> was elected to the Pro Bowl which was the seventh of his career. 2012 season
During the 2012 season, <mask> played with plantar fasciitis, though he was able to record 11.5 sacks on the season, becoming the first Bears player to record ten sacks or more in back-to-back years since Rosevelt Colvin, and the first Bear to record at least 11 sacks in two consecutive seasons since Richard Dent. Peppers also recovered a career-high four fumbles, which tied for the league lead. In Week 16, in a 28–13 win against the Arizona Cardinals, Peppers recorded 5 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 stuff, 1 forced fumble, and 1 pass defensed making it the ninth time in his career that he had recorded at least three sacks in a game, for his efforts Peppers earned his fifth career NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award.<mask> finished the season with 32 solo tackles, 7 assisted tackles, 11.5 sacks, 1 forced fumble, 4 fumble recoveries, 2 passes defensed, 3 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. He was named to the 2013 Pro Bowl, his fifth consecutive, and eighth of his career, and was also selected to the NFL's 2012 All-Pro Second Team. Peppers also received the Bears Brian Piccolo Award given
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annually to the player that best exemplifies the courage, loyalty, teamwork, dedication and sense of humor of the late Bears running back Brian Piccolo. On June 5, 2013 Profootballtalk.com named <mask> to their Carolina Panthers Mount Rushmore as one of the teams most significant players in franchise history. On July 31, 2013 EA Tiburon revealed that Peppers was named to their "Madden NFL All-25 Team." 2013 season
During the Chicago Bears 2013 training camp, Peppers said after one of the Bears practices that he felt 25 years old, and that he wanted to win the first Deacon Jones Award, which was to be given to the player that led the league in sacks. In Week 3 of the 2013 NFL season in a game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Peppers returned a fumble recovery 42 yards for a Bears touchdown with under four minutes remaining in the game to help seal a Bears victory by a score of 40–23.It was the second fumble recovery <mask> had returned for a touchdown in his career, as well as his fourth touchdown scored. In the Bears Week 11 game against the Baltimore Ravens, Peppers recorded a career-high 11 tackles as well as two sacks and two more tackles for loss in helping the Bears defeat the Ravens in overtime by a score of 23–20. Peppers finished the season with 31 solo tackles, 14 assisted tackles, seven sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, one interception, three passes defensed, two stuffs, and one defensive touchdown. On March 11, 2014, <mask> was released by the Chicago Bears after attempts to trade him were unsuccessful. Green Bay Packers
2014 season
Peppers signed a three-year deal with the Green
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Bay Packers on March 15, 2014. The deal was worth $30 million with $8.5 million in first year, and $7.5 million guaranteed. In Week 3 of the 2014 NFL season, Peppers recorded his first sack as a Green Bay Packer and also recorded his 40th career forced fumble and 15th career fumble recovery on the same play.It happened in a losing effort against the Detroit Lions by a score of 19–7. In Week 5 of the 2014 NFL season <mask> recorded his tenth career interception and raced across the field and down the sideline 49 yards to score the fifth touchdown of his career. In doing so, Peppers became the first player in NFL history to record at least 100 sacks and 10 interceptions, he also recorded 3 assisted tackles 1 being for a loss of yards, a pass defensed, and a half-sack in helping the Packers defeat the Minnesota Vikings by a score of 42–10. For his efforts against the Vikings, <mask> was named the NFC defensive player of the week for the sixth time in his career, making him along with Chris Doleman the only two players to win the award with three different teams. Peppers also became the first player since sacks became an official statistic in 1982 to record at least a half-sack and an interception-return touchdown in three different games. Peppers recorded 4 tackles, 2 passes defensed, and a sack, forced fumble, and fumble recovery on the same play against Bears quarterback Jay Cutler. The Packers blew out <mask>' former team by a score of 55–14.In Week 11, Peppers recorded 2 tackles and his 11th career interception which he returned 52 yards for a touchdown, becoming the first player in NFL history to record at
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least 100 sacks and 4 interception-return touchdowns. It was Peppers sixth career touchdown scored including both interceptions and fumble recoveries returned. The Packers defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 53–20. Peppers finished the season with 29 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles, 7 sacks, 4 forced fumbles, 3 fumble recoveries, 2 interceptions, 2 defensive touchdowns, 11 passes defensed, and 4 stuffs. Peppers also ranked first among all linebackers and defensive linemen in the NFL with 101 interception return yards. In the Divisional playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys, Peppers would have a dominant performance by leading the Packers in tackles on the day with 6, sacking Dallas quarterback Tony Romo and forcing a fumble on the third play of the game, then drew a holding penalty, and later forced a fumble of running back DeMarco Murray in the third quarter that the Packers recovered and prevented what looked like a clear run to the end zone for Murray. It was yet another game changing play made by Peppers, who has made plays such as this all throughout his outstanding career, and has been one of the biggest playmakers in NFL history as a game wrecking dominant defensive force, the likes of which the NFL hasn't seen since the days of Lawrence Taylor and Reggie White.The Packers went on to defeat the Cowboys 26–21. The Packers would advance to play the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship Game. <mask> would put on another dominant playoff performance by recording 5 tackles, 1.5 sacks, 3 quarterback hits, and put much pressure on Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson throughout the game, but ultimately the
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Packers would fall short in overtime by a score of 28–22. 2015 season
<mask> started his fourteenth NFL season off with a bang against his former team, the Chicago Bears. Peppers recorded 6 tackles and 1.5 sacks on the day and in doing so passed former Kansas City Chiefs great Derrick Thomas for fifteenth most sacks in NFL history, as well as helping the Packers defeat the Bears by a score of 31–23. In Week 15 against the Oakland Raiders, Peppers recorded 4 tackles and 2.5 sacks which moved him past fellow North Carolina alumni and former New York Giants legendary linebacker Lawrence Taylor into tenth place on the all-time NFL sacks list, giving him 135 career sacks. The Packers beat the Raiders by a score of 30–20.Peppers finished the season with 25 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 10.5 sacks, and 2 stuffs. He was also selected to his ninth career Pro Bowl. Peppers helped the Packers reach the playoffs and win their wild card round playoff game against the Washington Redskins by a score of 35–18, he had several quarterback pressures and 2 tackles in the game. In the next round against the Arizona Cardinals, Peppers would record several more quarterback pressures and a sack, but the Packers would go on to lose the game in overtime 26–20. 2016 season
Before the season started, the top three living NFL sack leaders of all time, Bruce Smith, Kevin Greene, and Chris Doleman all said that <mask> should be a Hall of Famer once he retires. In Week 13, Peppers sacked Texans quarterback Brock Osweiler, moving into the top five on the NFL's all-time sack list with 142.5, passing former New York Giants Hall of Fame
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hits, and nearly had another sack and forced fumble right before halftime as he helped to disrupt Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, (who suffered an ac joint sprain in his left shoulder on one of Peppers sacks, but was able to finish the game) and the New England offense throughout the game, despite playing through a right shoulder injury of his own that he had in a brace. For his efforts, Peppers was named the NFC Defensive Player of The Week for the seventh time in his storied career. In Week 5, Peppers recorded a sack of Lions quarterback Matthew Stafford and also had a big 4th down tackle for a 4-yard loss which resulted in a turnover on downs. The Panthers would defeat the Lions by a score of 27–24. In Week 6 against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> recorded his 150th career sack, making him the fifth player in NFL history to achieve that milestone.He also forced a fumble on the same play, which gave him 48 career forced fumbles and tied him for second most all time with former Defensive End John Abraham. However, the Panthers lost 28–23. In Week 8 win against Tampa Bay, Peppers recorded his 151st sack, moving him past Chris Doleman for fourth most all-time. Peppers also recorded his 49th career forced fumble on the same play, which moved him into sole possession of second place on the all-time forced fumbles list. The sack also gave Peppers 7.5 sacks for the season, tying him with Bruce Smith for the most seasons with at least 7 sacks (15). In Week 15 against the Green Bay Packers, Peppers recorded a half sack late in the fourth quarter on a fourth down play against quarterback Aaron Rodgers, helping the
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Panthers ultimately win 31–24. The half sack gave Peppers 10 sacks on the season and 10 total seasons with double digit sacks, becoming only the fourth player in NFL history to achieve that milestone.Peppers also became only the third player in NFL history at age 37 or older to record at least 10 sacks in a season. Peppers finished the season with 21 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 11 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, and 3 stuffs. Peppers helped the Panthers make the playoffs, and they faced off against the New Orleans Saints in the wild card round. Peppers would record 2 tackles in the game including a huge tackle for loss on third down with 2:27 remaining in the fourth quarter. The Saints would go for it on fourth down and Saints' quarterback Drew Brees would throw an interception thereby giving the Panthers offense one more chance to win the game, but the Panthers offense was unable to score, causing the Panthers to lose by a score of 31–26. 2018 season
On March 14, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension with the Panthers. In week 6 against the Washington Redskins, Peppers recorded a sack and a forced fumble which gave him 50 forced fumbles for his career.<mask> is only the second player in NFL history to record at least 50 forced fumbles, the first being Robert Mathis. The Panthers would lose the game though 17-23. In week 7 against the Eagles, <mask> recorded a sack and forced fumble on fourth down late in the fourth quarter to seal the victory for the Panthers by a score of 21-17. In week 17 against the New Orleans Saints, in what would be his last NFL game, <mask> would have
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yet another dominant performance, one of many in his Hall of Fame worthy career. Peppers recorded 4 solo tackles, 1 sack, 2 other tackles for loss, and 1 pass defensed as he looked to be all over the field in helping to defeat the Saints by a score of 33-14. <mask> finished the season with 14 solo tackles, 8 assisted tackles, 5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 6 passes defensed, and 3 stuffs. After a 17-year career in the NFL, <mask> announced his retirement on February 1, 2019.<mask> finished his legendary NFL career with 716 total tackles and 159.5 sacks (fourth most all-time - trailing only Bruce Smith (200), Reggie White (198) and Kevin Greene (160). He sacked 77 different quarterbacks, tied with Hall of Famer Reggie White for the most since sacks became official in 1982. Peppers recorded at least one sack against 30 of the NFL’s 32 franchises. The exceptions were the Bengals (three games against) and the Colts (four games against). He also had 51 forced fumbles (second most all-time) 21 fumble recoveries, 11 interceptions, 82 passes defensed, 6 defensive touchdowns scored (four interceptions returned, and two fumble recoveries) 60 stuffs, and 13 blocked kicks (second most all-time). He played in 266 of a possible 272 games in his career - the sixth most games played by a defensive player in NFL history. Post-playing career
On May 8, 2019, <mask> was hired as a special assistant of business operations with the Carolina Panthers.Personal life
In February 2009, Peppers donated $500,000 to a scholarship program that supports black students at his alma mater of North Carolina. His donation would go
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<mask><mask> (born November 3, 1949) is an American adventurer and gemologist who has also been a painter, trader in gemstones, restaurateur, and art dealer. He is best known as the author and photographer of the book The Vanishing Tribes of Burma, which was published in 1997. Biography
<mask> is the son of Edward K. and <mask> of San Mateo, California. He graduated from San Mateo High School in 1968. <mask> was in the first graduating class of the California Institute of the Arts in 1972. He moved to Japan where he earned a Black Belt in karate in 1974, after which he returned to California, where he graduated from the Gemological Institute of America in 1978 Later <mask> and his Japanese wife, Junko, owned the Fuki-ya Japanese Restaurant in the Japan Center (San Francisco) (1978–1989). An article in The Goldsmith magazine claimed that it was the first Robatayaki restaurant in the United States.Jerry Hopkins and Andy McCoy have mentioned <mask> in their published books. Both remember him as part of the business and social scene in Bangkok in the early 1980s. <mask>, who first visited Burma in 1980 as a buyer of gemstones, traveled throughout Myanmar and Cambodia for more than two decades, exploring the art, the then still rarely-visited temples, and visiting still remote tribal peoples as he took photographs and acquired antiquities and gems. Antiquities repatriation
In 1994 <mask> relinquished his claim to an 11th-century Buddha statue from Pagan that he purchased in Thailand for $18,000 and brought to the United States in 1990; no criminal action was pursued against him. <mask> had scheduled the statue to be auctioned by Sotheby's in October 1991, expecting to begin bids between $15,000 and $25,000. In 1994, The United States initiated an interpleader proceeding, a civil proceeding, joining Diran and Myanmar as parties to determine the rightful owner of the statue. The sandstone Buddha, which had been stolen from a pagoda near Bagan in 1989 along with three
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other artifacts, "is widely regarded by scholars as an integral part of Myanmar's Buddhist heritage", and according to Jack Daulton, the attorney representing Myanmar, "was of the utmost rarity, a national treasure".After being confiscated by the FBI, the statue was secured at Northern Illinois University (NIU) during the times of unrest in Burma, until 2012 at which point it was moved to Paris for a few weeks en route to being repatriated and stored in the National Museum of Myanmar by November of that year. <mask>'s attorney has insisted that <mask> had been forthcoming throughout the process, having "declared it through U.S. Customs" when transporting it to the United States, and relinquishing his claim to the statue at a substantial financial loss when its ownership was challenged by the FBI and the government of Myanmar. Daulton counters that there are many clear indications that the statue was not obtained legitimately, including the fact that "It's an extremely rare piece of sculpture, and an object like this has not appeared on the market for years." A publication from NIU on the repatriation of historical artifacts stated that the case "set a legal precedent in the United States for litigation related to the international transport of antiquities." Photography:The Vanishing Tribes of Burma
<mask>'s photographs of the tribal peoples of Myanmay have been published as a book and also displayed as a traveling exhibition. <mask> took the photos in the book over a period of 17 years. Asiaweek described the book as, "the most comprehensive visual record of Myanmar's many ethnic groups".<mask>'s book explores Burma's "cultural diversity," portraying not only the better-described tribal groups, such as the Jinghpaw, the Karen and the Shan, but also lesser-known peoples including the Thet people, (a Rakhine people), the Bre, the Laytoo Chin and the Lahta. Sarah Dudley of the University of Leicester understands <mask>'s work as salvage ethnography, capturing
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images of a physical culture on the brink of disappearing. According to essay reviews inAsiaweek and The Japan Times, <mask>, entering Myanmar via a series of 7-day tourist visas issued in Bangkok, entered areas of the country barred to foreigners by the military regime either by evading or with the connivance of provincial officials and thereby obtained a unique series of images of societies on the brink of replacing traditional dress and locally woven cloth with modern fabrics and styles. Journalist Bertil Lintner took similar risks to enter Myanmar in this period. The exhibition features 70 photographs which, according to <mask>, include people from "at least 40 distinct ethnic groups, documented over more than 25 years and constituting 'the most comprehensive study of Burmese ethnography since [Sir George] Scott more than 100 years ago.'" <mask> has explained that he intended the exhibition to help humanize the many disparate ethnic groups, many of whom have very little knowledge of one another, some of whom have been "linked by the military government to insurgent terrorists". All photos in the exhibition were donated to the National Museum of Myanmar.In 2014 a human rights group in Sweden sponsored an exhibition of <mask>'s photos to draw attention to ethnic conflict in Myanmar. In Security Council resolution number A-SC-01-01 the United Nations, "Strongly suggests that the importance and heritage of various tribe groups of Myanmar are promoted through measures such as ... inviting visitors to the exhibition "The Vanishing Tribes of Burma", on permanent display at Yangon's National Museum showcasing over 70 photographs by <mask><mask>. References
External links
<mask>’s Website: Diranart
The Vanishing Tribes of Burma - filmmaker Lovisa Inserra Weblink
Burmese Television report from Kamayut Media
1949 births
Writers from San Francisco
Living people
American expatriates in Thailand
American expatriates in Myanmar
American expatriates in
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<mask> (born 1 April 1975), professionally known as <mask>, is an Australian singer, songwriter, and music producer. He is the front man for the <mask> Trio, a roots and jam band that formed in Fremantle, Western Australia, in 1998. The <mask> Trio has recorded five studio albums including three that have reached number one on the Australian charts: Sunrise Over Sea, Grand National and April Uprising. His recordings and live performances have met with critical praise and have garnered awards from the Australian Performing Right Association and Australian Recording Industry Association. <mask> was born in the United States and moved to Australia at an early age. He began playing the guitar at the age of sixteen. In 2002, <mask>, along with several partners, formed their own record label.He is also the co-founder of a grant program that seeks to improve artistic diversity in his home country, Australia, where he resides with his wife and children. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 1 April 1975 to an Australian father, Darryl Wiltshire-<mask>, and an American mother, Barbara (née <mask>). [A] He was named after his paternal grandfather, <mask>-<mask>, a forestry worker who died fighting a bushfire in Nannup. <mask> has British, Bulgarian, and Greek ancestry through his father. His genealogy was investigated on an episode of the SBS Television series Who Do You Think You Are?, which aired on 1 November 2009. The show traced his family history from his deceased grandfather's war diaries through to ancestors in Bulgaria and the events of the 1876 April Uprising. In January 1986, after his parents divorced, <mask>'s father moved the
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family to Western Australia.They eventually settled in Pinjarra, a small country town, and <mask> attended Pinjarra Primary School and Pinjarra Senior High School. He began playing guitar at the age of sixteen after his grandmother gave him a 1930s dobro belonging to his deceased grandfather. In 1996, he attended Curtin University in Perth and enrolled in an art teaching course, but eventually abandoned his studies to pursue a career in music. Some of his first musical performances were as a busker at the Fremantle Markets. <mask> was also participant in the Western Australian skateboarding scene, and is recognised for his involvement with the internationally renowned "Woolstores" street spot in Fremantle. Career
<mask> travelled to Encinitas, California, after high school, where he spent two years with his brother Jim and began his music career in a band called Vitamin. <mask>'s first gig was 9 September 1994 at the Metaphor Cafe in Escondido, California.There Vitamin was written up and reviewed in "Go" magazine they performed all around the San Diego area and played one show in Houston, Texas opening for Dive, who later became Osmant between in 1995. Vitamin recorded two tracks, "Deadhorse" and "Mary Jane" in the Belly Up Studios in Solana Beach, California in 1994. Vitamin bandmate Ozzie Rea fronted Perth funk band, Proton. The two can be found on The Live at Mojo's CD and performed together on New Years Ever Y2K. <mask> was a busker on the streets of Fremantle playing his own compositions. In mid-1996, he released a self-recorded cassette of his instrumentals, Searching for Heritage, which sold 3,000 copies. He played different styles of
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music including "Indian, Celtic, bluegrass and folk".<mask> had his first paid performance in 1997 at the Seaview Hotel in Fremantle. In 1998, North Fremantle Mojo's club owner Phil Stevens hired <mask> as a regular performer. Stevens became his manager and later his business partner. Vitamin
<mask> began his music career in a band called Vitamin, his first paying gig was at the Metaphor Cafe in Escondido, California. Vitamin was written up twice in the Escondido Times-Advocate. Vitamin gigged all over San Diego and played one show in Houston Texas in 1995. Vitamin recorded two tracts "deadhorse" and "Mary Jane" in the Belly Up Studios, Solana Beach California in 1994.Vitamin bandmate Ozzie Rea moved to Australia in 1998 and fronted a Perth Funk band called Proton who shared John <mask> Trio Drummer, Jason McGann (sound engineer mojo's) Proton and the trio can be found on The Live at Mojo's CD and gigged together on New Years Ever Y2K. The members of Vitamin were <mask> (12 string guitar, vocals) Ozzie Rea (vocals) Justin Bancroft (electric guitar) Taria Flower Star (bass) Duck Grossberg (bass) Desiree (congas) Gabe (Djembe) Jim (Harmonica) Hailey Odom (harmonica)
John <mask> Trio
John Butler
Butler was joined by drummer Jason McGann (Mojos sound engineer) and bass player Gavin Shoesmith to form the John <mask> Trio and recorded the <mask> album which was released on Waterfront Records in December 1998. At various times the members of the John <mask> Trio included drummers Michael Barker (2003–2009) and Nicky Bomba, bass players Rory Quirk (2001–2002), Andrew Fry (April 2002 – November 2002), Shannon Birchall (2002–2009) and Byron Luiters.
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The band's musical style was influenced by Black Sabbath, Fleetwood Mac and Jeff Lang. The band toured throughout Western Australia in 1999. Three
The band's second album, Three, was produced by <mask> and Shaun O'Callaghan. It was released and distributed on Waterfront Records in April 2001.It featured the tracks "Take" and "Betterman", which both received radio airplay on the Australian alternative youth radio station Triple J and rated in its annual Hottest 100. The band appeared at the Big Day Out concert series and the Woodford Folk Festival. Sunrise Over Sea
The song "Zebra" was released as a single in December 2003 and received mainstream radio airplay and reached the top 30 on the ARIA Charts. It was selected as 'Song of the Year' at the APRA Music Awards of 2004. The album, Sunrise Over Sea, was released in March 2004 and peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was the first independently released and distributed album to debut at No.1 and <mask> received the ARIA 'Best Male Artist' award that same year. Grand National
In September 2006, <mask> Trio released a promotional studio diary of the recording progress of their next album, Grand National, which was released in March 2007 and peaked at No. 1. In December 2006, Funky Tonight (EP) was released and included tracks from their live shows, such as "Daniella", "Fire in the Sky", and "Funky Tonight". The band performed at the Melbourne entertainment hub, Federation Square at Easter 2007. The one off performance featured musicians who had collaborated on Grand National, including Vika and Linda Bull, Jex Saarhelart and Nicky Bomba. The performance was telecast on JTV and was released
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on DVD in November.April Uprising
On 21 October, <mask> featured on SBS Television's documentary called Destination Australia – Bridge Between Two Worlds performing to refugee children in a class at Perth's Highgate Primary School. <mask>'s discovery of his Bulgarian ancestor's involvement in the April Uprising provided the title for the trio's next No. 1 album, April Uprising, issued in March 2010. <mask> Carmody/Paul Kelly song "From Little Things Big Things Grow" (with Carmody, Kelly, Missy Higgins and Dan Sultan) at the Kelly tribute concerts staged by Triple J in mid-November 2009, which was released as the 2010 live album Before Too Long. On 19 February 2011, <mask> performed for the first time with his wife Danielle, also known as Mama Kin, under the moniker Brave and the Bird, at the Gimme Shelter event (an annual fundraiser for the homeless) held at the Fremantle Arts Centre. Flesh and Blood
The early sessions for the <mask> Trio's sixth studio album commenced in mid-2013, following the band's largest tour of the US. For the first time in the band's lifetime, the members began with a blank songwriting slate, rather than using the initial ideas of <mask> that had been introduced.<mask> gathered with Luiters and Bomba at The Compound in Fremantle, Western Australia, which serves as the band's headquarters and the frontman's artistic space, and co-wrote material for the first time, deviating from the Butler-centric process of the past: "I had always brought the material." After contributing a large portion of work towards the album, Bomba eventually left the Compound space to work on his Melbourne Ska Orchestra project and was replaced by
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