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The 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup was an association football tournament. It was held in two venues in Panama in February 2003, and was played in a round robin tournament, each of the 6 teams playing each other once. Costa Rica won their record fourth title, and along with the Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, qualified to the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Participating teams
Squads
For a complete list of all participating squads see UNCAF Nations Cup 2003 squads
Venue
All matches were played at Estadio Rommel Fernández in Panama City.
Final round
Standings
Awards
Costa Rica, Guatemala and El Salvador qualified for 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup finals. Honduras won drawing of lots to finish in fourth place, and therefore qualify for playoff against second-placed teams in Caribbean section.
Goalscorers
3 goals
Freddy García
Carlos Ruiz
2 goals
Walter Centeno
Erick Scott
Rudis Corrales
Carlos Figueroa
Jairo Martínez
1 goal
Steven Bryce
Alonso Solís
Josué Galdámez
Diego Mejía
Víctor Velásquez
César Alegría
Guillermo Ramírez
Amado Guevara
Julio César de León
Gilberto Murgas
Emilio Palacios
Roberto Brown
Neftalí Díaz
Mario Méndez
Víctor René Mendieta, Jr.
2003 in Central American football
2003
2003
2002–03 in Salvadoran football
2002–03 in Costa Rican football
2002–03 in Honduran football
2002–03 in Guatemalan football
2002–03 in Nicaraguan football
2002–03 in Panamanian football
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A hot-tube ignitor was an early device that fit onto the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine, used to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by means of a flame heating part of the tube red-hot. A hot-tube ignitor consisted of a metal or porcelain tube, closed at one end and attached to the cylinder head at the other and an adjustable burner that could be moved to position its flame at any point along the length of the tube.
Operation
The compression stroke in the cylinder pushed some left over combustion products in the tube, followed by fresh (unburned) fuel/air mixture. When the compression was enough that the fuel reached the red-hot area of the tube, ignition occurred. On early designs, ignition timing was adjusted by adjusting the position of the red-hot spot on the tube—this was accomplished by moving the burner along the length of the tube. Most later styles used a fixed burner and varied tube lengths to change ignition timing.
Disadvantages
Hot-tube ignitors had many problems, most caused by the sudden pressure changes in the tube because of the operation of the engine and the high temperature of the tube. It was extremely difficult to find materials that were both durable enough for these conditions and inexpensive.
Also important was never setting the burner flame where it would heat the tube white hot, which would rapidly damage the tube and could cause it to burst explosively. This mistake was made often.
The tubes used were typically 6 to 12 inches long, which tended to make them impractical for use on anything but large engines (e.g., stationary motors in factories). Tubes rarely lasted longer than a year before needing replacement, especially when the engines were fueled with high sulfur gases like unpurified producer gas or natural gas.
See also
Hot bulb engine
Hot tube engine
References
Ignition systems
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In transportation, collision avoidance is the maintenance of systems and practices designed to prevent vehicles (such as aircraft, motor vehicles, ships, cranes and trains) from colliding with each other. Examples include:
Airborne collision avoidance systems for aircraft
Automatic Identification System for collision avoidance in water transport
Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
Collision avoidance system in automobiles
Positive train control
Tower Crane Anti-Collision Systems
See also
Contention (telecommunications)
References
Collision
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ADO.NET (ActiveX Data Objects .NET) — це набір бібліотек, що постачається з Microsoft .NET Framework і призначений для взаємодії з різними сховищами даних з .NET-застосунків. Бібліотеки ADO.NET включають класи для приєднання до джерела даних, виконання запитів і обробки їхніх результатів. Крім того, ADO.NET можна використовувати як надійний, ієрархічно організований, відокремлений кеш даних для автономної роботи з даними.
Об'єктна модель
ADO.NET була розроблена компанією Microsoft, для вирішення проблем, які виникали при роботі з ADO та попередніми технологіями, такими як: Data Access Objects (DAO), Remote Data Objects (RDO). Основною перевагою ADO.NET застосунків є гнучкість та розвинута підтримка XML.
Основні переваги
володіє багатьма перевагами порівняно з іншими технологіями доступу до даних. Основні з них це:
Підтримка XML
ADO також підтримує XML ,але не буде так само ефективно обробляти XML-дані, як це робить ADO.NET, оскільки ADO.NET створювався з врахуванням XML,а ADO-ні.
Простота модифікації
Протягом терміну служби системи в неї можна вносити незначні зміни, однак спроби провести архітектурні зміни трапляються рідко, через виняткову складність завдання. На жаль, при природному розвитку подій такі зміни іноді виявляються необхідними.
Простота програмування
Компоненти даних ADO.NET в Visual Studio інкапсулюють функціональні можливості доступу до даних різними способами, що допомагає розробляти програмні продукти значно швидше і з меншою кількістю помилок.
Продуктивність
Для непідключених застосунків набори даних ADO.NET дають виграш в продуктивності в порівнянні з непідключеними наборами записів ADO. Передача непідключеного набору записів між рівнями за допомогою COM-упаковки може призвести до великої витрати обчислювальних ресурсів, тому що значення в наборі записів перетворюються до типів даних, відомих COM. У ADO.NET таке перетворення типів даних не потрібно.
Постачальник даних .NET
Постачальник даних .NET — це набір класів, призначених для взаємодії зі сховищем даних певного типу. .NET Framework включає два постачальника - SQL Client.NET Data Provider і OLE DB.NET Data Provider. Постачальник OLE DB.NET Data Provider дозволяє взаємодіяти з різними сховищами даних за допомогою постачальника OLE DB. Постачальник SQL Client.NET Data Provider розрахований виключно на взаємодію з БД SQL Server. Кожен постачальник даних. NET реалізує однакові базові класи — Connection, Command, DataAdapter, DataReader, Parameter, Transaction тощо, конкретне ім'я яких залежить від постачальника. Так, у постачальника SQL Client.NET Data Provider є об'єкт SqlConnection, а у постачальника OLE DB. NET Data Provider — об'єкт OleDbConnection.
Постачальники даних ADO.NET від Microsoft
Література
Сахіл Малік Microsoft ADO.NET 2.0 для професіоналів = Pro ADO.NET 2.0. — М.: «Вільямс», 2006. — С. 560. — ISBN 1-59059-512-2
Девід Сепа — Microsoft ADO.NET:"Русская Редакция", 2003. — С. 120 — ISBN 5-7502-0223-2
Посилання
Розділ ADO.NET в бібліотеці MSDN.
ADO.NET
.NET
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A rib steak (known as côte de boeuf or tomahawk steak in the UK) is a beefsteak sliced from the rib primal of a beef animal, with rib bone attached. In the United States, the term rib eye steak is used for a rib steak with the bone removed; however, in some areas, and outside the U.S., the terms are often used interchangeably. The "rib eye" or "ribeye" was originally, the central portion of the rib steak, without the bone, resembling an eye. The rib steak can also be prepared as a tomahawk steak which requires the butcher to leave the rib bone intact, french trim the bone and leave it at least five inches long. The tomahawk steak resembles the Native American tomahawk axe from which it gets its name.
It is considered a more flavorful cut than other steaks, such as the filet, due to the muscle being exercised by the animal during its life. It is the marbling of fat that makes this suitable for slow roasting or grilling cooked to different degrees of doneness. Marbling also increases tenderness, which plays a key role in consumers' rib steak purchase choices.
The short ribs: several ribs cut from the rib and plate primals and a small corner of the square-cut chuck.
Terminology
In the United States cuisine, a bone-attached beef rib can be called "rib steak", "beef rib", "bone-in beef rib", "tomahawk steak", "bone-in rib steak", "ribeye steak" or "cowboy cut".
In Australia and New Zealand, a bone-in rib steak is called a "ribeye". When the bone is removed, Australians and New Zealanders call the resulting piece of meat a "Scotch fillet" or "whiskey fillet".
In French cuisine, the rib steak (with bone attached, called côte de bœuf, literally: "beef rib" or "side of beef") is a very popular dish and it is not uncommon to find French restaurants where a massive single côte de bœuf is served for two or more dinner guests. The French entrecôte corresponds to the rib eye steak, that is, a rib steak separated from its bone.
In Argentine cuisine, roast short ribs are called indistinctly asado de tira or tira de asado. The rib steak is known as ancho de bife for the entire cut, served with or without the bone, and ojo de bife for the rib eye.
In Spanish cuisine, in Spain, a bone-attached rib steak is called chuletón, while the same cut of meat, when its bone is removed, is called, in Spain, entrecote, a word originated in the French entrecôte.
In British cuisine, the terms côte de boeuf, and tomahawk steak, have been widely adopted to refer to the bone-attached rib steak.
In the Middle East, Beef Ribs are often found in Rib Restaurants instead of the non Halal Pork Ribs.
Images
See also
Pork ribs
Cotoletta
References
Cuts of beef
de:Rib-Eye-Steak
id:Daging iga sapi
ja:ロース#リブロース
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Super 16 may refer to
16 mm film
Super16 (film school), a film school in Copenhagen, Denmark
"Super 16", a song the second studio album, Neu! 2, by the krautrock band Neu!
A proposed expansion of the southern hemisphere Super Rugby rugby union competition
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Electric bass can mean:
Electric upright bass, the electric version of a double bass
Electric bass guitar
Bass synthesizer
Big Mouth Billy Bass, a battery-powered singing fish
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Thomas Horatio Bevan
Thomas Bevan (parlamentarzysta)
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Thomas W. Blackburn
Thomas Blackburn (biolog)
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"What a Difference a Day Makes" is the twenty-second episode of the fifth season of the American television medical drama, Grey's Anatomy and the show's 100th episode overall. Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn, the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 7, 2009. Grey's Anatomy centers around a group of young doctors in training. In this episode, a wedding takes place. The episode received highly positive reviews from critics, with Heigl and Chambers' performances receiving high critical acclaim. The initial airing was viewed by 15.326 million people and garnered a 5.3/14 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.
Plot
The episode opens to a voice-over by Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl). She is excited about the wedding of Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), which she prepared and will take place at the end of the day. Stevens, who has been diagnosed with stage IV metastatic cancer in her brain and liver, has just undergone a surgery to remove a tumor. She however has hallucinations of Denny Duquette (Jeffrey Dean Morgan), her former deceased fiancé, which she knows means she has another tumor.
Meanwhile, Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd)'s relationship is still strained after Hunt's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused him to strangle Yang while they were sleeping. Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) who has financial difficulties takes extra shifts. A group of college students who were going to their graduation arrives in the hospital following a car accident. Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) tries to know what went wrong the previous night during her date with Callie but she avoids the subject.
When Dr. Bailey (Chandra Wilson) and Derek cannot find any tumor in Izzie's brain from the MRI, they decide to map her brain while she hallucinates and they discover an inoperable tumor. Afterwards, Bailey has an idea and shares it with Derek. Meredith receives her first solo surgery as wedding gift from Derek. The colon surgery is overseen by Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), which turns out to be successful. Derek tells her Bailey's idea. In the meantime, George O'Malley (T. R. Knight) is depressed when all his patients from the car accident die until Hunt tells him one case where he helped has survived.
Later on, Callie eventually confesses to Arizona why the date didn't go well: they went to an expensive restaurant that she couldn't afford because she has been disowned by her father and now she is broke. Arizona tells her they will stay in to eat and they reconcile. Meredith tells Bailey and Derek's idea to Izzie: they give her their wedding. Yang becomes the maid of honor and Meredith serves as Alex's best man. Back at the hospital, Izzie is sad about her hair loss but Alex tells her she doesn't need it to be beautiful. The episode concludes with Izzie having shaved her head and telling Denny to leave as she wants to be alone with her husband.
Production
The episode, written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn, was filmed in Los Angeles in March 2009. Featured music included Matthew Mayfield's "First In Line", Au Revoir Simone, "Another Likely Story" and Ingrid Michaelson's "Turn To Stone". Izzie's Amsale dress, constituted of a long tulle skirt with an elaborate crystal-embroidered bodice, was designed by Kenneth Pool. The bridesmaids dresses were also from Amsale.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan returned as Denny Duquette for a final appearance in the series. Rhimes noted that his return, unlike previous ones, were as Death and caused him to wear black clothes and speak sparingly. Rhimes felt that the episode showed well Meredith's evolution throughout the show from a "dark and twisty girl" to a "happy woman". "She is the thing her mother wished for her. She is extraordinary. Because, to get past the crap of your past? To move on? To let the past go and change? That is extraordinary. To love? Without fear? Without screwing it up? That is extraordinary. It makes me happy to see her happy." Rhimes said that Karev also had grown up, which was noticeable in this episode: "Look at him. Standing at the altar and saying those vows like a man. (...) He's become a man who can step up. And I love him for it."
To promote the episode, a special website for Meredith and Derek's wedding was created, supposedly created and updated by Izzie. The website provided details on the event and an invitation to RSVP. Rhimes wanted it to "feel like a real wedding website", even though it was for fictional characters. She had the idea during the shooting.
Reception
"What a Difference a Day Makes" was originally broadcast on May 7, 2009 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched by a total of 15.326 million people, a slight increase from the previous episode "No Good at Saying Sorry", which garnered 13.485 million viewers. In terms of viewership, the episode ranked #1 in its time-slot, beating out CBS's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. "What a Difference a Day Makes" scored a 5.3/14 Nielsen rating/share in the adults among the 18–49 demographic.
Alan Sepinwall of the Star-Ledger gave a positive review of the episode: "For an episode that was so Izzie-centric, 'What a Difference a Day Makes' worked surprisingly well for me." Even though he pointed out Chandra Wilson as "the best actor in the ensemble, Sepinwall liked Justin Chambers' acting, "because of how far Karev has come, Chambers' big moments always feel more surprising, and powerful." He also appreciated "all the action in the pit." Entertainment Weekly listed Alex's speech to Izzie in their "25 Great 'I Love You's". The Los Angeles Times writer Shawna Malcolm wasn't shocked that Izzie and Alex married instead of Meredith and Derek as she had already elaborated that hypothesis weeks prior to the episode's broadcast. She underlined Heigl and Chambers' performances, saying: "it was next to impossible not to get swept up in the moment, what with Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers getting all teary and acting the hell out of the thing."
Zap2it's Lisa Todorovich wrote: "Oh, Shonda Rhimes, you minx! You get us all excited for the long-awaited marital-union between Meredith and Derek, and you pull a great big bait-and-switch with Izzie and Alex. Congratulations on the very nice-looking bridesmaids' dresses." She described the wedding as "great" and George brilliant for helping Izzie walk down the aisle. She also praised Callie "who handled the ER like a champ". Todorovich's colleague Ghosh Korbi suspected a week before the episode aired that it would center on Izzie and Alex." Dustin Christian of CinemaBlend said the wedding was "actually much better than the wedding we were led to expect." However, he thought that everything happening before the last 15 minutes was not interesting. Though he likes Callie and Arizona as a couple, he deemed their storyline "ridiculous".
BuzzSugar summarized the episode as one that "has all the elements of a classic." The reviewer wrote that the wedding made him cry "despite lots of lapses logic. It's not my favorite Grey's of the season, but if a measure of a good episode is whether I was a weepy mess by the end, then "What a Difference a Day Makes" is certainly good." He shared Malcolm's point of view that Izzie/Alex wedding twist was not surprising and concerning other minor plotlines, he called Arizona a "pest". Izzie was featured in InStyle Most Memorable TV Brides. Meeta Agrawal of Entertainment Weekly said "while Izzie's trip down the aisle was the stuff of fairy-tales, her Amsale gown — with its unflattering drop waist and glitter-pen doodling — didn't quite live up to the fantasy".
References
External links
"What a Difference a Day Makes" at ABC.com
Grey's Anatomy (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes
Television episodes about weddings
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Olympiastadion se poate referi la:
Stadionul Olimpic din Berlin
Stadionul Olimpic din München
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William Henry McMaster
William McMaster (1811–1877)
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Chad Gervich is a published author, television writer and producer, and playwright.
Gervich has produced and written for shows such After Lately, Dog With a Blog, Cupcake Wars, and Wipeout. He has written Small Screen, Big Picture: A Writers Guide to the TV Business, "How to Manage Your Agent: A Writer's Guide to Hollywood Representation", and "Psych's Guide to Crime Fighting for the Totally Unqualified".
References
External links
Chad Gervich biography on Amazon
American dramatists and playwrights
American television producers
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
American male dramatists and playwrights
Year of birth missing (living people)
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Pharaoh's Daughter is a world music band from New York.
Pharaoh's Daughter may also refer to:
Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus), who found the baby Moses in the Nile in the book of Exodus
Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon), a figure from the Hebrew Scriptures
The Pharaoh's Daughter, a classical ballet choreographed by Marius Petipa
Pharaoh's Daughter, a collection of poetry by Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill published in 1990
"Pharaoh's Daughter", a song by The Secret Machines from their album Now Here Is Nowhere
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Standalone or Stand-alone may refer to:
Stand-alone DSL, a digital subscriber line without analog telephone service; also known as naked DSL
Stand-alone expansion pack, an expansion pack which does not require the original game in order to use the new content
Stand-alone inverter, a power inverter that converts direct current into alternating current independent of a utility grid
Standalone network or Intranet, a computer network that uses Internet protocol technology within an organization
Stand-alone shell, a Unix shell designed for recovering from system failures
Stand-alone power system, an off-the-grid electricity system
Stand-alone store, a store not directly connected with a shopping mall
Standalone film, a film that does not have any relation to other films
Stand-alone sequel, a sequel set in the same fictional universe but having little or no reference to predecessors
Standalone software (disambiguation)
See also
Stand Alone, a 1985 action film
One shot (disambiguation)
One-off (disambiguation)
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Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) или Samsung Galaxy A3 2015 Edition — Android-смартфон производства Samsung. Он был представлен в октябре 2014 года, вместе с более крупным и родственным Samsung Galaxy A5. Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016) является преемником Samsung Galaxy A3.
Модели Samsung Galaxy A3 SM-A300F и SM-A300FU в настоящее время работают под управлением Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow, однако все остальные модели могут быть обновлены только до Android 5.1 Lollipop.
Дизайн
Galaxy A3 (2015) имеет неразборный корпус, изготовленный из металла. Края скошены и имеют отражающий эффект. На лицевой стороне, под 4,5-дюймовым Super AMOLED дисплеем, находится физическая кнопка "Домой", а также кнопка "Назад" и кнопка Многозадачности. Тыльная сторона имеет только динамик, камеру, включая вспышку, логотип Samsung.
Технические характеристики
Задняя камера: 8 МП
Фронтальная камера: 5 МП
Системный чип: Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 (четырехъядерный 1,2 ГГц, 64-битный процессор ARM Cortex-A53)
Графический процессор: Adreno 306
Память: 1 ГБ ОЗУ (A300F), 1,5 ГБ ОЗУ (SM-A300FU)
Хранение: 16 ГБ
Аккумулятор: 1900 мАч (несъемный)
Размер: 4,5 дюйма
Разрешение: 540 x 960 пикселей (qHD), 245 ppi
Операционная система:Android 4.4.4 KitKat (с возможностью обновления до Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow)
Вес: 110 г
Размеры: 130,1 x 65,5 x 6,9 мм.
Super AMOLED дисплей
Gorilla Glass 4
Программное обеспечение
Первоначально A3 поставлялся с операционной системой Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". В июле 2015 года последовало обновление программного обеспечения до версии 5.0.2 "Lollipop" В октябре 2016 года последовало обновление до Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow".
Примечания
Устройства на базе Android
Galaxy A3 (2015)
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The Glass Closet: Why Coming Out Is Good Business is a 2014 book by John Browne, the former Chief Executive Officer of BP. Building on Browne's 2010 memoir Beyond Business, in which he discussed the pressures of being closeted at work for decades, The Glass Closet takes a broader look at the experience of gay people in the workplace through statistics, interviews and case studies. Browne argues that LGBT-inclusive company environments increase worker productivity and identifies seven actions companies can take to allow their staff to be out at work, including creating LGBT groups and encouraging managers to be straight allies.
References
2014 non-fiction books
2010s LGBT literature
LGBT non-fiction books
LGBT and the economy
Jonathan Cape books
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Haemus Mountains can refer to the following:
Haemus Mons was an ancient Greek name for the Balkan mountains
Montes Haemus is a mountain range on the Moon
Haemus Montes is the name of a ridge on Io, a moon of Jupiter
See also
List of mountains on the Moon
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Public Enemy is an American hip hop group.
Public Enemy or Public Enemies may also refer to:
Public enemy, a phrase to describe dangerous criminals and similar outlaws
Film
The Public Enemy, a 1931 American film
Public Enemies (1941 film), an American comedy film
Public Enemies (1996 film), an American crime film about Ma Barker
Public Enemy (2002 film), a South Korean film
Public Enemies (2009 film), an American crime drama about John Dillinger
Superman/Batman: Public Enemies a 2009 animated superhero film
Literature
Public Enemies (book), a book by Gordon Korman in the "On the Run" series 2005–06
Public Enemies: Dueling Writers Take On Each Other and the World, a 2001 book by Bernard-Henri Lévy with Michel Houellebecq
Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34, a 2004 book by Bryan Burrough
"Public Enemies", a story arc of Superman/Batman
Music
Public Enemies (group), a Norwegian rhythm and blues group
"Public Enemies", a 2020 song by Farid Bang
"Public Enemy", a 1972 song by James Brown
"Public Enemy", a 2018 song by Yellow Claw
Television
Public Enemies (TV series), a 2012 British drama series
Public Enemy (TV series), a 2016 Belgian crime series
"Public Enemy", a 2012 episode of The Glades
"Public Enemy", a 2015 episode of Arrow
Other uses
The Public Enemy (professional wrestling), a tag team
See also
Enemy of the people (disambiguation)
Enemy of the state (disambiguation)
Public Enemy No. 1 (disambiguation)
Public nuisance, a type of law offence
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Hadhrami or Hadrami may refer to:
Hadhrami people, people inhabiting the Hadhramaut region in Yemen
Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic spoken by the Hadhrami people
Hadhrami Sheikhdom, one of the five sheikdoms of Upper Yafa in Southern Arabia
See also
Hadrami (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
Arabic words and phrases
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100 greatest may refer to:
100 Greatest (TV series), a Channel 4 TV strand in the United Kingdom
100 Greatest African Americans, a biographical dictionary
100 Greatest of All Time, a TV series ranking the greatest tennis players
100 Greatest Britons, a BBC TV programme
100 Greatest Discoveries, a TV series produced by THINKFilm for The Science Channel, hosted by Bill Nye
100 Greatest Greeks, part of the TV series Great Greeks
"The 100 Greatest Guitar Solos", a list compiled by magazine Guitar World
The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists, a book by British author Joel McIver
100 Greatest Romanians, a TV programme
The Top 100 NHL Players of All-Time, by the magazine The Hockey News
The 100 Greatest NHL Players, the top 100 NHL players as chosen by members of the hockey community to commemorate the NHL's 100th anniversary
Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books
The Australian rugby league's 100 greatest players
Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar (The 100 Greatest Swedes), a book
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century, a compilation by Time magazine
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, a book
The Greatest (TV series)
See also
Top 100 (disambiguation)
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Founded in 1989, by members of Alexander Calder's family in collaboration with the Centre national des arts plastiques (CNAP), the Atelier Calder residency program offers artists the residencies to create new work and projects in Calder's studio and home in Saché, France.
References
Studios in France
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Poranthera microphylla, sometimes referred to as the small poranthera, is a widespread Australian annual herb that grows naturally in a variety of habitats. A tiny soft plant, up to 10 cm in height with weak branches. Occasionally noticed after wet winters when it comes into flower. The specific epithet microphylla refers to the very small leaves.
References
Flora of Australia
Phyllanthaceae
Taxa named by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart
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Telia may refer to:
Telium, plural Telia, structure of the reproductive cycle of rusts (plant diseases)
Telia Company, Swedish telecommunications company
Telia Digital-tv, Swedish TV platform
Telia Norge, Norwegian telecommucations company
Telia Eesti, Estonian telecommucations company
Telia, India, village in India
Telia, Nepal, village in Nepal
Telia Challenge Waxholm, golf tournament
Telia 5G -areena, football stadium in Helsinki, Finland.
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Stage illusions are large-scale magic tricks. As the name implies, stage illusions are distinct from all other types of magic in that they are performed a considerable distance away from the audience, usually on a stage, in order to maintain the illusion. Stage illusions usually use large props and may involve the use of assistants or large animals. Examples of stage illusions include sawing a woman in half and Lady-to-Tiger.
Famous stage illusionists
Criss Angel
Harry Blackstone Sr.
Harry Blackstone Jr.
Guy Bavli
Lance Burton
David Copperfield
John Daniel
Murray Hatfield
Doug Henning
Alexander Herrmann
Harry Houdini
Harry August Jansen
Jeff McBride
The Pendragons
Penn and Teller
Siegfried & Roy
Chung Ling Soo
P. C. Sorcar Jr.
Howard Thurston
Val Valentino
Stage illusions
Aquarian Illusion
Asrah levitation
Assistant's Revenge
Aztec Lady
Balducci levitation
Battle of the Barrels
Bullet catch
Cabinet escape
David Copperfield's laser illusion
Devil's torture chamber
Guillotine
Impalement
Indian rope trick
Metamorphosis
Mismade Girl
Origami
Predicament escape
Radium Girl
Sawing a woman in half
Square Circle Production
Squeeze Box Illusion
Table of death
Wringer
Zig Zag Girl
References
Magic (illusion)
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Sonic Drift 2 est un jeu vidéo de course sorti en 1995 et fonctionne sur Game Gear. Le jeu a été développé et édité par Sega. C'est la suite de Sonic Drift sorti en 1994 sur Game Gear.
Personnage jouables
Sonic
Tails
Amy Rose
Eggman
Knuckles
Metal Sonic
Fang
Liens externes
Jeu vidéo Classic Sonic
Jeu vidéo de course
Jeu vidéo sorti en 1995
Jeu Game Gear
Jeu sur la console virtuelle de la Nintendo 3DS
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Jeu Sega CS
en:Sonic Drift#Sonic Drift 2
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The Daily Telegraph Foursomes Tournament was a golf tournament played in England. The event was held annually from 1947 to 1951, and had total prize money of £2,100.
Detail
32 professionals and 32 leading amateurs were invited and drawn into pairs. Five rounds of foursomes knock-out were played with one round on the first day and two rounds on the second and third days.
Winners
References
Golf tournaments in England
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A shim is a tool that is used to bypass padlocks. It works by retracting the spring-loaded catch that restrains the shackle.
Like other types of lockpicks, shims can be professionally made or improvised out of easily available materials like aluminum cans.
Higher security padlocks typically use techniques that make shimming impossible. The most common being the use of ball bearings instead of a spring-loaded catch, noticeable because the indentations on the shackle are round instead of wedge-shaped.
Locksmithing
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Push and shove may refer to:
Push and Shove (album), by No Doubt, 2012
"Push and Shove" (song), the title song
Push and shove router, a type of router supported by various EDA layout programs
See also
A Push and a Shove, a 2007 novel by Christopher Kelly
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An ellipsis is a punctuation mark comprised a series of dots: ...
"Ellipsis" may also refer to:
Arts
Ellipsis (narrative device), a literary plot technique whereby events are omitted
Ellipsis (Biffy Clyro album), a 2016 alt-rock release
Ellipsis (Scorn album), a 1995 electronica remix
Computing
Ellipsis (computer programming), a computer language token usually indicating a range of values
Ellipsis button, a graphical user interface component
Grammar
Ellipsis (linguistics), the omission from a clause of words otherwise syntactically required by remaining elements
Verb phrase ellipsis, an elliptical construction in which a verb phrase has been left out (elided)
See also
Elision (disambiguation)
Ellipse (disambiguation)
Ellipses (disambiguation)
Elliptical (disambiguation)
"...", a song by Flobots from The Circle in the Square
The . . . (JYJ album)
Three dots (disambiguation)
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A memento is a keepsake or souvenir of remembrance.
Memento may also refer to:
Film and television
Memento (film), a 2000 film directed by Christopher Nolan
"Memento" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of Stargate SG-1
Music
Memento (band), a musical group
Memento (Booka Shade album)
Memento (Dead Can Dance album)
Memento (Soel album)
"Memento" (single), by Közi
Memento Materia, a record label
Memento (Böhse Onkelz album)
Other
Memento (novel), by Radek John
Memento pattern, a software design pattern
Memento Project, a web archiving project
See also
Memento mori (disambiguation)
Momento (disambiguation)
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Low Tide is an 2019 American drama film.
Low Tide may also refer to:
Low tide, when the water in a tide stops falling
Lowtide, an Australian indie rock band formed in 2008
Lowtide (album), 2014
Low Tides (album), by This Wild Life, 2016
See also
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A Natural History of the Senses is a 1990 non-fiction book by American author, poet, and naturalist Diane Ackerman. In this book, Ackerman examines both the science of how the different senses work, and the varied means by which different cultures have sought to stimulate the senses. The book was the inspiration for the five-part Nova miniseries Mystery of the Senses (1995) in which Ackerman appeared as the presenter.
“What is most amazing is not how our senses span distance or cultures, but how they span time. Our senses connect us intimately to the past, connect us in ways that most of our cherished ideas never could.”
References
External links
New York Times Book Review
A Natural History of the Senses, Reviews
Sensory systems
1990 non-fiction books
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The 1993 UNCAF Nations Cup was the second edition of the UNCAF Nations Cup, the football championship of Unión Centroamericana de Fútbol (UNCAF).
Preliminary round
Squads
For a complete list of all participating squads see 1993 UNCAF Nations Cup squads
Stadium
Group stage
All matches were played in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Champions
Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama qualified automatically for 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Top scorers
5 goals
Nicolas Suazo
3 goals
Rónald Gómez
2 goals
Javier Astúa
Germán Rodríguez
Best XI of the Tournament
References
External links
Nations
Copa Centroamericana
International association football competitions hosted by Honduras
Nations
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Low Water or Low Waters may refer to:
Low water, or low tide, when the water of a tide stops falling
Low Water or Season of the Harvest, the third and final season of lunar and civil Egyptian calendars
Low Water (band), an American rock band
Low Waters, Hamilton, a place in Scotland
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New Lenox – wieś w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Illinois, w hrabstwie Will.
Wsie w stanie Illinois
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Thái Nguyên () is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital and largest city of Thái Nguyên Province. The city is listed as a first class city and is the ninth largest city in Vietnam. It has long been famous throughout Vietnam for its Tân Cương tea, among the most recognized Vietnamese tea regions. In 1959, it become the site of Vietnam's first steel mill, and is now home to a large and growing major regional university complex.
History
The city played an important role in Vietnam's struggles for independence during the French colonial era.
The Thái Nguyên uprising in 1917 was the "largest and most destructive" anti-colonial rebellion in French Indochina between the Pacification of Tonkin in the 1880s and the Nghe-Tinh Revolt of 1930–31. In August 1917, Vietnamese prison guards mutinied at the Thai Nguyen Penitentiary, the largest one in the region. With the aid of the freed inmates – common criminals as well as political prisoners – and weapons captured from the provincial arsenal, the rebels were able to take over control of local government offices. They then established a fortified perimeter, executed French officials and local collaborators, and called for a general uprising. Although they were only able to hold the city for five days, French forces were not able to pacify the surrounding countryside until six months later, leaving many casualties on both sides.
During the First Indochina War, the province played an important role as a safe area (abbreviated ATK in Vietnamese for An Toan Khu, 安全区) for the Viet Minh. In 1956 the town became the headquarters of the northernmost military region, called Viet Bắc, until reunification in 1975.
Originally a small township including four residential quarters, two towns, and six communes with a combined population of approximately 140,000, Thái Nguyên became a city on 19 October 1962. Before that date, the area was a part of Đồng Mô commune, Đồng Hỷ district.
Administrative divisions
Thái Nguyên City includes 21 wards and 11 communes.
Wards
Communes
Geography
Thái Nguyên City is located on the Cầu River. Its area is approximately and the population was 420,000 in 2018.
Climate
Thai Nguyen is unique in that both its record high and low occurred in February.
Commerce and industry
Thái Nguyên City has long been famous throughout Vietnam for the quality of its green tea, with Tân Cương Commune producing the most widely recognized brand. Since 2007 it has shipped an average of about 22,000 tonnes of tea domestically and 7,500 tonnes overseas, to Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, and Taiwan. In an effort to boost exports, the city hosted its First International Tea Festival in November 2011. The effort seems to have paid off. During the first five months of 2012, it exported 49,000 tonnes, an increase of over 15% from the prior year, with Pakistan its biggest customer.
In 1959, the city also became the center of a nascent metallurgical industry, with the creation of Thái Nguyên Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), thanks to its ample local resources of iron ore and coal. The new mill produced its first cast iron in November 1963. In 2009, it was converted from a wholly government-owned enterprise to a partially privatized joint-stock company. By 2011, its output reached 230,000 tonnes of pig iron and 400,000 tonnes of steel ingots. Although its primary production mills are located just south of Thai Nguyen City, it now has 17 branches and 6,000 employees, with another 8 partially owned subsidiaries in 9 northern provinces. It has won many national awards and now exports steel to Cambodia, Canada, Indonesia, Laos, and other countries overseas. Masan Group also operates a tungsten mine in Dai Tu District.
Samsung Electronics has their largest mobile phone factory in Thai Nguyen, employing over 60,000 people. The factory has operated since 2014 and has an area of 100 ha.
Thai Nguyen’s export experienced a ten-fold increase to over US$23 billion in the 2013 – 2017 period. The province hosted nearly 7,200 businesses in 2020 with a combined capital value approaching US$5.4 billion.
As per Thai Nguyen’s Department of Industry and Trade, for the first three quarters of 2020, the province’s total industrial gross output exceeded US$27 billion, while the domestic economic sector achieved US$1.8 billion. Both of these were over 70 percent of the province’s annual target. In the same period, foreign-invested enterprises generated close to US$23 billion, an increase of 2.3 percent over the previous year.
Among the province’s industries, the electronics and high-tech domains delivered the best results. Their production increased by over 16 percent year-on-year for laptops, while earphone manufacturing grew by five percent.
The socioeconomics of Thai Nguyen has seen remarkable development. In the first three quarters of 2020, industry and construction covered nearly 60 percent of the province’s economy while the services sector accounted for roughly one-third of the economy. In the same period, the province’s GDP per capita reached US$4,260, while industrial production rose by over 16 percent, and local exports grew by over 13 percent.
Thai Nguyen has also experienced significant development in infrastructure and labor productivity. Recently, the province experienced an influx of sustainable ventures. In 2020, over ten investment certificates were granted to eco-friendly and energy-efficient ventures, with a combined worth of over US$30 million.
Over the past decade, Thai Nguyen attracted a considerable amount of foreign direct investment. Samsung’s establishment of a mobile phone manufacturing complex in the province has dramatically boosted Thai Nguyen’s FDI. The province achieved over 13 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during the 2015–2020 period.
As per the Foreign Investment Agency (FIA), in August 2020, the province hosted over 172 foreign-invested projects. Together these enterprises added over US$8 billion in registered capital. This made Thai Nguyen among the country’s top 10 localities in terms of international investment inflow.
In a bid to attract investors with industrial expertise, the province is concentrating on improving the local investment climate. Thai Nguyen has prioritized timely issuance of government policies, guidance, and support for financiers. Local authorities have also shown a keen interest in high technology industries and ancillaries.
In December 2020, Hong Kong’s electronic firm, DBG Technology, was awarded an investment certificate by provincial authorities to set up a US$80 million manufacturing facility. This facility will manufacture laptops, cameras, phones, audio equipment, and home appliances. It is expected to generate a revenue of US$110 million annually, employing over 10,000 workers.
In the same month, China’s Trina Solar received Thai Nguyen’s approval to produce photovoltaic cells and solar power. With investment exceeding US$200 million, this facility has a planned capacity of over 250 million products a year. The plant is expected to begin operations from June 2021 and add over 1,800 jobs.
In November 2020, South Korean touchscreen manufacturer Samju Vina, injected capital to add a second plant in Thai Nguyen. This funding should raise its regional production per month from 20 million to 35 million units.
For enhancing its overall competitiveness, Thai Nguyen is actively encouraging the private and high-tech sectors to develop production clusters and connect value chains.
Industrial zones
Thai Nguyen’s six industrial parks are spread over 1400 hectares of land area, five of which have already received funding. The province is promoting infrastructure investment in its 105-hectare Quyet Thang Hi-Tech Industrial Park that is situated eight kilometers away from Thai Nguyen city center.
The province’s plans include 35 industrial clusters with an area of nearly 1,260 hectares. The province has called for investment in 11 of these clusters, which have a planned area of over 280 hectares. The province aims to attract investment in secondary industries that complement the Samsung group and increase its localization degree.
Specifically, industries in electronics, electric, software, high precision mechanical, and textile are favored. The investment locations promoted by Thai Nguyen include the industrial zones in Yen Binh, Diem Thuy, and Song Cong. These, along with the province-wide industrial clusters, are equipped with appropriate technical infrastructure to establish enterprises.
To raise funds, Thai Nguyen provincial authorities encouraged investors to lease land for 50 years for a one lump sum payment. Consequently, these efforts led to the collection of US$65 million to develop industrial parks.
The Diem Thuy Industrial Park is one such example and features 77 projects with combined investment exceeding US$1.1 billion. This park’s projects are modern, eco-friendly, and employ over 20,000 locals.
Education
Universities
Thái Nguyên University (TNU) is one of the major regional university systems in Vietnam, serving the entire northern mountain region with more campuses than any city except Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. In 1994, these many centers of learning were united under one general administration. Its components include seven Colleges (Education, Engineering and Technology, Agriculture and Forestry, Economics and Techniques, Economics and Business Administration, Medicine and Pharmacy, Communication and Technology), a School of Foreign Languages, and an International School. Other components are a teaching hospital, a publishing house, three research institutes, and a center for national defense education, a center for international cooperation, a center for human resource development for foreign language studies, and the office of the president. TNU is also home to one of four national Learning Resource Centers, the others being in Hanoi, Huế, Ho Chi Minh City, and Can Tho. TNU offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and vocational education, as well as research and extension services.
Attractions
Museum of cultures
Museum of Cultures of Vietnam's Ethnic Groups is located in Thai Nguyen City. It is the largest museum of Vietnam's ethnic minorities, spread over an area of 39,000 m2 in Vietnam and was established in 1960. It is housed in a pink-coloured building where an assortment of impressive exhibits of more than 10,000 documents and artefacts, which belong to the cultural heritage of 54 ethnic tribes of Vietnam, can be seen. It is surrounded by extensive gardens where locals often exercise in the early mornings and evenings. On hot nights, you can enjoy a beer and boiled peanuts with the locals in the beer garden at the back of the museum garden.
Dai Phun Nuoc
This is the central fountain which families and young people gravitate to on warm summer evenings. It has many coloured lights, and you can have your photo taken by a professional photographer, Mr Cuong, on busy nights.
Heroes Monument
Near the central fountain is the Heroes Monument, set on a small hillside. You can walk up the many steps to the top and enjoy views over the city.
Coffee Street
Just off the main street, adjacent to Dong A 1 Hotel, is Coffee Street. There are over 20 cafes in this short street, where you can sample Vietnamese coffee at its best.
Gallery
References
External links
Official Forum
Provincial capitals in Vietnam
Populated places in Thái Nguyên province
Districts of Thái Nguyên province
Cities in Vietnam
Thái Nguyên province
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A moonbow (also known as a moon rainbow or lunar rainbow) is a rainbow produced by moonlight rather than direct sunlight. Other than the difference in the light source, its formation is the same as for a solar rainbow: It is caused by the refraction of light in many water droplets, such as a rain shower or a waterfall, and is always positioned in the opposite part of the sky from the Moon relative to the observer.
Moonbows are much fainter than solar rainbows, due to the smaller amount of light reflected from the surface of the Moon. Because the light is usually too faint to excite the cone color receptors in human eyes, it is difficult for the human eye to discern colors in a moonbow. As a result, a moonbow often appears to be white. However, the colors in a moonbow do appear in long exposure photographs.
Moonbows have been mentioned at least since Aristotle's Meteorology (circa 350 BC).
Viewing
Moonbows are most easily viewed when the Moon is at or nearest to its brightest phase full moon. For moonbows to have the greatest prospect of appearing, the Moon must be low in the sky (at an elevation of less than 42 degrees, preferably lower) and must not be obscured by cloud. In addition, the night sky must be very dark. Since the sky is not completely dark on a rising/setting full moon, this means they can only be observed two to three hours before sunrise (a time with few observers), or two to three hours after sunset. And, of course, there must be water droplets (e.g. from rain or spray) opposite the Moon. This combination of requirements makes moonbows much rarer than rainbows produced by the daytime sunlight. Moonbows may also be visible when rain falls during full moonrise at extreme latitudes during the winter months when the prevalence of the hours of darkness gives more opportunity for the phenomenon to be observed.
It is said that the definition of the colours depends upon the size of the moisture drops present in the air: the smaller they are the less vivid the colours. Below 1/500 inch diameter they usually refract more or less white light as the component colours are merged.
Locations
Numerous places in the world feature spray-, fog- or mist-induced bows. In the United States such bows may be seen in relation to various waterfalls including Niagara Falls, New York, Yosemite National Park, California and Cumberland Falls, near Corbin, Kentucky. Victoria Falls, on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe is also widely known for spray moonbows.
Spray moonbows are also seen with some regularity in the cloud forests of Costa Rica, in mountain towns like Monteverde and Santa Elena. These occur when clouds of mist are blown in from the Caribbean by the Christmas Winds. The Christmas Winds happen from the end of December through late January or early February. These clouds of mists create a streaming pattern of stripes giving rise to their popular name in Spanish, pelo de gato ("cat's hair). Moonbows happen in this part of Costa Rica almost every full moon in the months of December through February. The bows that are caused by Pelo de Gato are not limited to just before dawn but can happen after sunset too, but it does need a full or nearly full moon.
Moonbows are also found in wet regions of Hawaii, such as Kauai (with the moon rising in the east during light rain) and the Big Island of Hawaii.
See also
Moon ring
Moon dog
References
External links
"Maui's Night Sky" Time elapse photography by Wally Pacholka. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol.14, No.3 (May 2010)
Lunar Rainbow photos from Victoria Falls
Moonbow picture
Moonbow picture made with long exposure
Zambezi Guide on taking photos of Lunar Rainbows from Victoria Falls
Moonbow in New Zealand
Moonbow photo at Brandywine Falls, Whistler, Canada
Moving rainbow over Patagonia, all night time-lapse movie
Kentucky State Park Moonbow Dates At the bottom of the page under the "Moonbow" tab
Moon Light Effects: Moon Rings, Moon Dogs And Other Moon Light Phenomena...
Moonbow on Big Island Hawaii
Moonbow over Yosemite Falls from Cook's Meadow
https://moon-lamp.co.uk/
Atmospheric optical phenomena
Moon
Rainbow
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Too many men is a penalty that may be called in various team sports when the team has more players on the field or other playing area than are allowed by the rules. Penalties vary from one sport to the next.
Association football
In association football, if a team is found to have more than eleven players on the field, the referee must determine which is the extra player, and the player so determined is given a yellow card. In indoor soccer, if a team is found to have more than six players on the field, the extra player is given a blue card and is sent to the penalty box for two minutes.
Australian rules football
In Australian rules football, the primary means for controlling interchanges in most leagues is the head count. At the request of a team captain, the umpire will instruct all players from both teams line to line-up in the centre of the ground, and the umpire will then count the players. If either team is found to have more than eighteen players on the field, anything the team had scored to that point of the current quarter of play is cancelled, and a free kick and 50 meter penalty are awarded.
Since 2008, in the top level Australian Football League, the interchange steward monitors player interchanges, and informs the emergency umpire directly if a team has more than eighteen men on the ground due to an interchange error. When an infringement is identified in this manner, a free kick and 50-metre penalty are awarded to the opposing team at the centre of the ground, but the team's score is not cancelled because infringements are usually noticed quickly, minimizing the potential influence on the game.
Baseball
Baseball limits teams to nine players (one pitcher, one catcher, and seven other fielders) on the defense at any time. If the defense is found to have more than nine players on the field, the umpire must determine which is the additional player(s), and the player(s) so determined shall be ejected.
Basketball
Professional and collegiate basketball (both men's and women's) limit teams to five players on the court at any one time. A team with more than five in play at once is assessed a technical foul for Too Many Players on the Court. In March 2009, the National Basketball Association rules were changed to allow for the nullification of goals scored with too many players on the court. Under no circumstance can any player or coach be ejected on a technical foul caused by too many players.
Gridiron football
In gridiron football, if a team has more than the allowed number of players on the field during a play (eleven in NFL, twelve in CFL), the offending team is penalized five (American) or ten (Canadian) yards for too many men on the field (also called twelve/thirteen men on the field). This is usually the result of an improper substitution. In the 2009 Grey Cup game in the CFL a too-many-men call cost the Saskatchewan Roughriders the victory allowing the Montreal Alouettes to capitalize on their second chance to make the game winning field goal.
A related, but more serious, penalty of illegal participation occurs if the extra man or men enter the field during the play. Illegal participation is a 15-yard penalty in high school football. If the illegal participant prevents a score, it is an unfair act and the score is awarded.
Ice hockey
Too many men on the ice is a bench penalty in ice hockey called when a team has more than the legal number of players (six, including the goalie, if not already short handed) on the ice at one time. This term is normally used even in women's ice hockey, although occasionally the word men may be replaced by players. The penalty for the infraction is two minutes in the penalty box served by the player chosen by the offending coach from one of his players on the ice at the time of the infraction.
This penalty is most commonly seen during a "line change", when teams are switching players off and replacements are coming on. If either the player entering, or the player exiting, plays the puck while the other is on the ice, the penalty is called. If the incoming or outgoing player is accidentally struck by the puck, it is not an infraction. In the NHL, substitution is allowed when the outgoing player is within of their bench.
Lacrosse
Similar to hockey, too many men is a minor penalty in lacrosse, and a player from the offending team is sent to the penalty box.
References
Ice hockey penalties
Ice hockey terminology
Terminology used in multiple sports
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The term "snatch squad" refers to two tactics used by police in riot control and crowd control.
In riot control
The snatch squad in riot control involves several police officers, usually wearing protective riot gear, rushing forwards—occasionally in a flying wedge formation—to break through the front of a crowd, with the objective of snatching one or more individuals from a riot that are attempting to control the demonstration at which they are present. The target may be a leader or a speaker, or someone who seems to be leading the crowd.
In one British form of the tactic, three or four officers rush at a group of violent or disorderly people, with two of the officers carrying batons and the others a shield. The officer with the shield rushes the most violent in the group and forces the subject between the shield and a fixed object, while the other officers either arrest the others or escort them out of the crowds.
Plainclothes snatch squads
A snatch squad may also refer to plainclothes police officers apprehending individuals, often in a looting situation. Often the plainclothes police officers will mingle with crowds intent on causing trouble and appear to be a bystander. The undercover officers can arrest any individual attempting to break or loot a store, often in an isolated scenario with few crowds as not to provoke an attack on the officers. Snatch squads are also employed against violent fugitives when they are otherwise likely to barricade themselves or use force in a search warrant setting.
Images
Police snatch squad who have grabbed a photographer and dragged him over the railings, Seattle, 20 June 2002
German police snatch squad ready for action (6th image on page)
References
Riot control
Crowd control
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General Wheeler may refer to:
Daniel D. Wheeler (1841–1916), U.S. Army brigadier general
Earle Wheeler (1908–1975), U.S. Army four-star general
Edwin B. Wheeler (1918–1985), U.S. Marine Corps major general
Hugh Wheeler (East India Company officer) (1789–1857), East India Company major general
Joseph Wheeler (1836–1906), Confederate States Army and U.S. Army major general
Norman Wheeler (1915–1990), British Army major general
Peter Wheeler (politician) (1922–2015), Georgia National Guard brigadier general
Raymond Albert Wheeler (1885–1974), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Robert E. Wheeler (fl. 1980s–2020s), U.S. Air Force major general
Roger Wheeler (British Army officer) (born 1941), British Army general
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Galaro () is a settlement on the island of Zakynthos, Greece.
Populated places in Zakynthos
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Clearance Diving Team refers to a team of Clearance divers, originally specialist naval divers who used explosives underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe to navigate, but later the term "clearance diver" was used to include other naval underwater work.
Clearance Diving Team may also refer to:
One of the two Clearance Diving Teams of the Clearance Diving Branch (RAN), unit of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), which is responsible for combat diving, clearance diving, maritime counter-terrorism and underwater repairs
See also
Frogman, naval divers in general
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YTV or ytv may refer to:
YTV (Canadian TV channel), a Canadian youth television station owned by Corus Entertainment
YTV (Burmese TV network), a Burmese television channel owned by MY Multimedia Co.,ltd
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council, a co-operation agency operating in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Yale TV, the broadcast desk of the student newspaper Yale Daily News
Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation, a TV station joining Nippon News Network and Nippon Television Network System in Osaka, Japan
Yorkshire Television, former name of ITV Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Yumurcak TV, a Turkish channel
See also
KYTV (TV station), an NBC affiliated television station in Springfield, Missouri
WYTV, an ABC affiliated television station in Youngstown, Ohio
WHYY-TV, a PBS member station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Floating is a 1997 American drama film written and directed by William Roth and starring Norman Reedus. The film marks Reedus' feature film appearance debut.
Plot
Floating is the tale of a young man's coming of age struggle set against a turbulent emotional time and financial woes. Van's life is altered at age sixteen by a car accident during which his father's legs were severed. Van's mother, who is unable to endure her husband's alcoholism and his depression, which leads to financial loss, has abandoned the family. Van is left to shoulder the responsibility for his embittered father, with no one to help him through his own pain and problems.
Cast
Norman Reedus as Van
Chad Lowe as Doug
Will Lyman as Van's Father
Sybil Temchen as Julie
Casey Affleck as Prep #1
Robert Harriell as Steve
Jonathan Quint as Jason
Josh Marchette as Flip
Bruce Kenny as Coach
Linda Roth as Screeing Woman #1
Arnold Roth as Screening Man #1
Ali Raisin as Girl #1
References
External links
1997 films
1997 drama films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
American drama films
Films about amputees
Films about father–son relationships
Films scored by David Mansfield
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Euroboy may refer to
Euroboy, the stage name of Knut Schreiner, Norwegian singer, musician and producer, member of various bands Kåre and The Cavemen / Euroboys, Turbonegro, Mirror Lakes and others
Euroboys, Norwegian band
"Euroboy" (song), a song by the Pet Shop Boys
Euroboy (magazine), a former gay pornographic magazine published by Millivres Prowler Group (MPG)
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Moffett's solution is a mixture of adrenaline, sodium bicarbonate and cocaine that is used to provide topical analgesia and vasoconstriction during ear, nose, and throat surgery, especially for operations on the nose.
References
Analgesics
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Solar maximum is the regular period of greatest solar activity during the Sun's 11-year solar cycle. During solar maximum, large numbers of sunspots appear, and the solar irradiance output grows by about 0.07%. On average, the solar cycle takes about 11 years to go from one solar maximum to the next, with duration observed varying from 9 to 14 years.
Large solar storms often occur during solar maximum. For example, the Carrington Event, which took place a few months before the solar maximum of solar cycle 10, was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history and widely considered to have been caused by an equally large solar storm.
Predictions
Predictions of a future maximum's timing and strength are very difficult; predictions vary widely. There was a solar maximum in 2000. In 2006, NASA initially expected a solar maximum in 2010 or 2011, and thought that it could be the strongest since 1958.<ref>"Solar Storm Warning", Science@NASA, 10 March 2006, Accessed 26 Mar. 2010</ref> However, the solar maximum was not declared to have occurred until 2014, and even then was ranked among the weakest on record.
Grand solar minima and maxima
In addition to the ~11 year solar cycle, the intensity of the solar maxima can vary from cycle to cycle. When several solar cycles exhibit greater than average activity for decades or centuries, this period is labelled "Grand solar maximum". Solar cycles still occur during these grand solar maximum periods, but the intensity of those cycles is greater. Likewise, extended periods in which the solar maximum is lower than average are labeled "grand solar minima". Some researchers suggest that grand solar maxima have shown some correlation with global and regional climate changes, although others dispute this hypothesis (e.g.'', see Medieval Warm Period).
Following the advent of telescopic solar observation with Galileo's 1611 observations, the intensity of solar maxima is typically measured by counting numbers and size of sunspots; for periods previous to this, isotope ratios in ice cores can be used to estimate solar activity. The table below shows the approximate dates of some of the proposed solar minima in historical times.
The idea of a Modern Maximum has now been thrown into question with the release of a paper at the International Astronomical Union General Assembly in August 2015.
A proposed list of historical Grand minima of solar activity includes also Grand minima ca. 690 AD, 360 BC, 770 BC, 1390 BC, 2860 BC, 3340 BC, 3500 BC, 3630 BC, 3940 BC, 4230 BC, 4330 BC, 5260 BC, 5460 BC, 5620 BC, 5710 BC, 5990 BC, 6220 BC, 6400 BC, 7040 BC, 7310 BC, 7520 BC, 8220 BC, 9170 BC.
See also
Solar wind
Solar variation
Solar minimum
List of solar cycles – table of solar cycles
References
Solar phenomena
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The GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers, which are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). Forming a part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard (Unified EFI Forum-proposed replacement for the PC BIOS), it is nevertheless also used for some BIOS systems, because of the limitations of master boot record (MBR) partition tables, which use 32 bits for logical block addressing (LBA) of traditional 512-byte disk sectors.
All modern personal computer operating systems support GPT. Some, including macOS and Microsoft Windows on the x86 architecture, support booting from GPT partitions only on systems with EFI firmware, but FreeBSD and most Linux distributions can boot from GPT partitions on systems with either the BIOS or the EFI firmware interface.
History
The Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning scheme, widely used since the early 1980s, imposed limitations for use of modern hardware. The available size for block addresses and related information is limited to 32 bits. For hard disks with 512byte sectors, the MBR partition table entries allow a maximum size of 2 TiB (2³² × 512bytes) or 2.20 TB (2.20 × 10¹² bytes).
In the late 1990s, Intel developed a new partition table format as part of what eventually became the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). The GUID Partition Table is specified in chapter 5 of the UEFI 2.8 specification. GPT uses 64 bits for logical block addresses, allowing a maximum disk size of 264 sectors. For disks with 512byte sectors, the maximum size is 8 ZiB (264 × 512bytes) or 9.44 ZB (9.44 × 10²¹ bytes). For disks with 4,096byte sectors the maximum size is 64 ZiB (264 × 4,096bytes) or 75.6 ZB (75.6 × 10²¹ bytes).
In 2010, hard-disk manufacturers introduced drives with 4,096byte sectors (Advanced Format). For compatibility with legacy hardware and software, those drives include an emulation technology (512e) that presents 512byte sectors to the entity accessing the hard drive, despite their underlying 4,096byte physical sectors. Performance could be degraded on write operations, when the drive is forced to perform two read-modify-write operations to satisfy a single misaligned 4,096byte write operation. Since April 2014, enterprise-class drives without emulation technology (4K native) have been available on the market.
Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions. For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI.
Features
Like MBR, GPTs use logical block addressing (LBA) in place of the historical cylinder-head-sector (CHS) addressing. The protective MBR is stored at LBA 0, and the GPT header is in LBA 1. The GPT header has a pointer to the partition table (Partition Entry Array), which is typically at LBA 2. Each entry on the partition table has a size of 128 bytes.
The UEFI specification stipulates that a minimum of 16,384 bytes, regardless of sector size, are allocated for the Partition Entry Array. Thus, on a disk with 512-byte sectors, at least 32 sectors are used for the Partition Entry Array, and the first usable block is at LBA 34 or higher, while on a 4,096-byte sectors disk, at least 4 sectors are used for the Partition Entry Array, and the first usable block is at LBA 6 or higher.
MBR variants
Protective MBR (LBA 0)
For limited backward compatibility, the space of the legacy Master Boot Record (MBR) is still reserved in the GPT specification, but it is now used in a way that prevents MBR-based disk utilities from misrecognizing and possibly overwriting GPT disks. This is referred to as a protective MBR.
A single partition of type , encompassing the entire GPT drive (where "entire" actually means as much of the drive as can be represented in an MBR), is indicated and identifies it as GPT. Operating systems and tools which cannot read GPT disks will generally recognize the disk as containing one partition of unknown type and no empty space, and will typically refuse to modify the disk unless the user explicitly requests and confirms the deletion of this partition. This minimizes accidental erasures. Furthermore, GPT-aware OSes may check the protective MBR and if the enclosed partition type is not of type or if there are multiple partitions defined on the target device, the OS may refuse to manipulate the partition table.
If the actual size of the disk exceeds the maximum partition size representable using the legacy 32-bit LBA entries in the MBR partition table, the recorded size of this partition is clipped at the maximum, thereby ignoring the rest of the disk. This amounts to a maximum reported size of 2 TiB, assuming a disk with 512 bytes per sector (see 512e). It would result in 16 TiB with 4 KiB sectors (4Kn), but since many older operating systems and tools are hard coded for a sector size of 512 bytes or are limited to 32-bit calculations, exceeding the 2 TiB limit could cause compatibility problems.
Hybrid MBR (LBA 0 + GPT)
In operating systems that support GPT-based boot through BIOS services rather than EFI, the first sector may also still be used to store the first stage of the bootloader code, but modified to recognize GPT partitions. The bootloader in the MBR must not assume a sector size of 512 bytes.
Partition table header (LBA 1)
The partition table header defines the usable blocks on the disk. It also defines the number and size of the partition entries that make up the partition table (offsets 80 and 84 in the table).
Partition entries (LBA 2–33)
After the header, the Partition Entry Array describes partitions, using a minimum size of 128 bytes for each entry block. The starting location of the array on disk, and the size of each entry, are given in the GPT header. The first 16 bytes of each entry designate the partition type's globally unique identifier (GUID). For example, the GUID for an EFI system partition is . The second 16 bytes are a GUID unique to the partition. Then follow the starting and ending 64 bit LBAs, partition attributes, and the 36 character (max.) Unicode partition name. As is the nature and purpose of GUIDs and as per RFC 4122, no central registry is needed to ensure the uniqueness of the GUID partition type designators.
The 64-bit partition table attributes are shared between 48-bit common attributes for all partition types, and 16-bit type-specific attributes:
Microsoft defines the type-specific attributes for basic data partition as:
Google defines the type-specific attributes for ChromeOS kernel as:
Operating-system support
UNIX and Unix-like systems
Windows: 32-bit versions
Windows 7 and earlier do not support UEFI on 32-bit platforms, and therefore do not allow booting from GPT partitions.
Windows: 64-bit versions
Limited to 128 partitions per disk.
Partition type GUIDs
Each partition has a "partition type GUID" that identifies the type of the partition and therefore partitions of the same type will all have the same "partition type GUID". Each partition also has a "partition unique GUID" as a separate entry, which as the name implies is a unique id for each partition.
See also
Advanced Active Partition (AAP)
Apple Partition Map (APM)
Boot Engineering Extension Record (BEER)
BSD disklabel
Device Configuration Overlay (DCO)
Extended Boot Record (EBR)
Host Protected Area (HPA)
Partition alignment
Rigid Disk Block (RDB)
Volume Table of Contents (VTOC)
Notes
References
External links
Microsoft TechNet: Disk Sectors on GPT Disks (archived page)
Microsoft Windows Deployment: Converting MBR to GPT without dats loss
Microsoft TechNet: Troubleshooting Disks and File Systems
Microsoft TechNet: Using GPT Drives
Microsoft: FAQs on Using GPT disks in Windows
Microsoft Technet: How Basic Disks and Volumes Work A bit MS-specific but good figures relate GPT to older MBR format and protective-MBR, shows layouts of complete disks, and how to interpret partition-table hexdumps.
Apple Developer Connection: Secrets of the GPT
Make the most of large drives with GPT and Linux
Convert Windows Vista SP1+ or 7 x86_64 boot from BIOS-MBR mode to UEFI-GPT mode without Reinstall
Support for GPT (Partition scheme) and HDD greater than 2.19 TB in Microsoft Windows XP
Setting up a RAID volume in Linux with >2TB disks
BIOS
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
Booting
Disk partitions
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The Rubber Stamp Film is a 1983 7 minute 16mm short animated film by Joanna Priestley, using rubber stamped images and drawings on paper. The film was directed, produced, and animated by Priestley with sound designed and produced by R. Dennis Wiancko.
Synopsis
The Rubber Stamp Film was described by Walker Art Center Film Curator Melinda Ward as “An imaginative, witty and energetic film. The images are all made from new and old rubber stamps which combine, entangle and collide at a rapid and joyous pace. A hundred little stories are told as the images zip by to a collaged soundtrack of voices and musical fragments. Pure delight!”
Process
In 1977, Joanna Priestley created a novelty rubber stamp company and sold stamps through the mail and at the Portland Saturday Market. In 1979 she purchased index cards at her local grocery store in Sisters, Oregon and began experimenting with animating rubber stamped images. For two years, all of the stamps that she used were part of her own collection. In 1981 she found two rubber stamp collectors in Portland, Oregon, who let her borrow stamps from their large collections to use in the film.
Priestley used watercolors, stamp pad ink, felt pens and gouache to create approximately 2900 index card drawings. She developed a technique to make images fade in and out by stamping a sequence of cards without re-inking the rubber stamp and used vellum masks to hide parts of stamped images, allowing an image to go behind or in front of other stamps. The index cards were shot in 16mm with a Bolex camera that Priestley purchased at a flea market. She used a homemade animation stand that was a gift from Portland filmmaker Jim Blashfield.
Soundtrack
R. Dennis Wiancko created the soundtrack for The Rubber Stamp Film, which won a Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award in Los Angeles in 1984. He collected source material with a Tascam stereo cassette recorder and then layered the master together on a 1/4” open reel recorder. Wiancko used a wide variety of sources for the sound effects and music in the film including public domain audio from his collection of wax cylinder recordings and interviews that Priestley did with film scholar Gene Youngblood (author of Expanded Cinema) and her grandmother, Eva Irene Kennedy, which was used in the "swimming pool" section of the film. Almost every individual stamp in the Rubber Stamp Film has its own sound.
Release
The Rubber Stamp Film was released in 1983 and the world premiere was at the Telluride Film Festival in Colorado, USA. The film was re-released on DVD in 2006 by Microcinema International. and it was screened in April 2009 a retrospective of Priestley's works in April 2009 at REDCAT in Los Angeles, CA and on October 18, 2019 at a retrospective at the Sweaty Eyeballs Animation Invitational in Baltimore, MD.
Awards
New York Independent Filmmakers Expo: First Place (USA)
Motion Picture Sound Editors: Golden Reel Award (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Black Maria Film Festival: Director’s Choice Award (USA)
Baltimore Film Festival: Second Place (Maryland, USA)
Film Festivals
Telluride Film Festival (Colorado, USA)
Hiroshima International Animation Festival (Japan)
Aspen Film Festival (Colorado, USA)
Chicago International Film Festival (Illinois, USA)
See also
1983 in film
Independent animation
Experimental film
References
External links
The Rubber Stamp Film at the Internet Movie Database
BFI
1983 films
1983 animated films
1980s American animated films
1980s animated short films
American animated short films
Films directed by Joanna Priestley
Collage film
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Maria is a feminine given name. It is given in many languages influenced by Latin Christianity.
It has its origin as the feminine form of the Roman name Marius (see Maria gens), and, after Christianity has spread across the Roman empire, it became the Latinised form of the name of Miriam: Mary, mother of Jesus.
Maria (Greek: Μαρία) is a form of the name used in the New Testament, standing alongside Mariam (Μαριάμ). It reflects the Syro-Aramaic name Maryam, which is in turn derived from the Biblical Hebrew name Miriam. As a result of their similarity and syncretism, the Latin original name Maria and the Hebrew-derived Maria combined to form a single name.
The name is also sometimes used as a male (middle) name. This was historically the case in many Central Europe countries and still is the case in countries with strong Catholic traditions, where it signified patronage of the Virgin Mary (French-speakers often did the same with Marie).
Variants and usage
Maria was a frequently given name in southern Europe even in the medieval period. In addition to the simple name, there arose a tradition of naming girls after specific titles of Mary, feast days associated with Mary and specific Marian apparitions (such as María de los Dolores, María del Pilar, María del Carmen etc., whence the derived given names of Dolores, Pilar, Carmen etc.). By contrast, in northern Europe the name only rose to popularity after the Reformation.
Because the name is so frequent in Christian tradition, a tradition of giving compound names has developed, with a number of such compounds themselves becoming very popular. Examples, among numerous others, include:
Anna + Maria (Anne-Marie, Marianne)
Maria + Luisa (Marie-Louise)
Margarita + Maria (English Margaret Mary, French Marguerite Marie)
Maria + Antonia (Maria Antonia, French Marie-Antoinette)
Maria + Helena (Italian Maria Elena, Spanish María Elena)
Maria + Teresa (Maria Theresa, French Marie Thérèse)
As a feminine given name, Maria ranked 109th in the United States as of 2015, down from rank 31 held during 1973–1975.
Spelling variants of Maria include: Mária (Hungarian, Slovakian), María (Greek, Icelandic, Spanish), Máire and Muire (Irish), Marya and Marija (transliterated from Cyrillic), Maria (Polish). Due to a very strong devotion of Irish and Polish Catholics to the Blessed Virgin Mary, a special exception is made for two other forms of her name – Muire and Maryja: no one else may take that name, similar to the way the name Jesus is not used in most languages. The English form Mary is derived via French Marie.
A great number of hypocoristic forms are in use in numerous languages. Cyrillic Maryam and Miriam have numerous variants, such as
Mariami (Georgian)
Mariamma, biblical Mariamme, Mariamne
Məryəm (Azerbaijani)
Meryem (Kurdish, Turkish)
Myriam (French)
The spelling in Semitic abjads is mrym: Aramaic ܡܪܝܡ, Hebrew מרים, Arabic مريم.
Cyrillic has Марыя (Marýja) (Belarusian), Марија (Marija) (Serbian, Macedonian), and Мария (Maríja) (Russian, Bulgarian).
Georgian uses მარიამ (Mariam) and მარია (Maria); Armenian has Մարիամ (Mariam).
Chinese has adopted the spelling 瑪麗 (simplified 玛丽, pinyin Mǎlì).
The variant Mariah (usually pronounced ) was rarely given in the United States prior to the 1990s, when it bounced in popularity, from rank 562 in 1989 to rank 62 in 1998, in imitation of the name of singer Mariah Carey (whose Vision of Love topped the charts in 1990).
Masculine name
Maria is used as a part of masculine given names in Hispanic and Roman Catholic tradition.
People
Female
Maaria Eira, Finnish opera singer and actress
Maria of Russia (several people)
Maria al-Qibtiyya
Maria I of Portugal (1734-1816), Queen of Portugal
María Conchita Alonso (born 1957), American singer/songwriter and actress
Maria Ahtisa Manalo, Miss International Philippines 2018
Maria Ângela Carrascalão, East Timorese politician
Maria II of Portugal (1818-1853), Queen of Portugal
María Fernanda Aristizábal (born 1997), Colombian model and beauty pageant titleholder
María Azambuya (1944–2011), Uruguayan actress and theatre director
Maria Bamford (born 1970), American stand-up comedian, actress, and voice actress
María Bazo (born 1998), Peruvian windsurfer
Maria Beasley, American inventor
Maria Beig (1920–2018), German author
Maria Bello (born 1967), American actress and writer
María Belón (born 1966), Spanish physician and motivational speaker
Maria Brink (born 1977), American singer and songwriter
María Bolívar (born 1975), Venezuelan politician
Maria Callas (1923–1977), Greek-American soprano
Maria Callani (1778–1803), Italian 18th century portrait painter active in Parma
Maria Cantwell (born 1958), U.S. Senatoor
Maria Cole (1922–2012), American jazz singer
Maria Colwell (1965–1973), British female murder victim
Maria Christina (several people)
Maria Dallas, New Zealand singer
Maria Damanaki (born 1952) Greek politician
Maria d'Apparecida (1926–2017), Brazilian opera singer
Maria Darling, British voice actress
Maria de Lourdes Martins Cruz, East Timorese religious sister
Maria de Vasconcelos (born 1970), Portuguese psychiatrist, singer and songwriter
Maria do Céu Sarmento, East Timorese politician
Maria Domingas Alves, East Timorese politician
Maria Durhuus (born 1977), Danish politician
Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849), Anglo-Irish writer of adults' and children's literature
María Escudero-Escribano (born 1983), Spanish chemist
María-Esther Vidal, Venezuelan scientist
Maria Louise Eve (1842–1900), American poet
Maria Ewing (1950–2022), American opera singer
Maria Farantouri (born 1947), Greek singer
María Fernanda Di Giacobbe (born 1964), Venezuelan chocolatier
Maria Fyfe (1938–2020), Scottish politician
María Esther García López (born, 1948), poet, writer; president, Asturias Writers Association
María la Grande (), prominent Tehuelche leader of the early 19th century
Maria Guyomar de Pinha (1664–1728), Siamese cook
Maria Harfanti (born 1992), Miss World Indonesia 2015
Maria Höfl-Riesch (born 1984), German alpine skier
María Holly (born 1932), widow of rock and roll pioneer Buddy Holly
Maria Iliou (born 1960) Greek film director, scriptwriter and producer
Maria James (1793–1868), Welsh-born American poet
Maria Jane Jewsbury (1800–1833), English writer, poet, literary reviewer
María José (several people)
Maria Kanellis (born 1982), American professional wrestler
Maria Kekkonen, Finnish erotic actress
Maria Brace Kimball (1852–1933), American educator, elocutionist, writer
Maria Kochetkova (born 1984), Russian ballet dancer
Maria Kovrigina (1910–1995), Russian physician and Soviet minister of health
Maria Kowroski (born 1976), American ballet dancer
Maria Lampadaridou Pothou (born 1933), Greek novelist, poet and playwright
Maria Elise Turner Lauder (1833–1922), Canadian writer
Maria Lauterbach (1987–2007), American murder victim
Maria Lioudaki (1894–1947), Greek educator, folklorist, and resistance fighter
Maria White Lowell (1821–1853), American poet, abolitionist
Maria Lugones (1944–2020), American philosopher
Maria Lynn Ehren (born 1992), Thai singer and model
Maria Laura Mainetti (1939–2000), Italian Catholic sister and murder victim
María Emma Mannarelli (born 1954), Peruvian feminist writer, historian, professor
Maria Mandl (1912–1948), Austrian Nazi SS commandant of the female camp at Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
Maria Rika Maniates (1937–2011), Canadian musicologist
María Marcano de León, Puerto Rican government official
Maria Mazina (born 1964), Russian Olympic champion épée fencer
Maria Alberta Menéres (1930–2019), Portuguese writer
Maria Montessori (1870–1952), Italian educator
, Japanese voice actress
Maria Nikiforova (1885–1919), Ukrainian anarchist partisan
, Japanese actress
Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma (born 1934)
Maria Palmer (1917–1981), Austrian-born American actress
Maria Petri (1939–2022), English association football supporter
Maria Posobchuk (1890–1992), Ukrainian weaver
Maria Rahajeng (born 1991), Miss World Indonesia 2014
Maria Goretti, a victim of crime and saint
Maria Rasputin (1898–1977), memoirist
María Teresa Rejas (born 1946), Spanish politician
Maria Ressa (born 1963), Filipina-American author, journalist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Maria Reynolds (1768–1828), wife of James Reynolds
Maria Sakkari (born 1995), Greek professional tennis player
María Elena Salinas, American broadcast journalist, news anchor, and author
Maria Selena (born 1990), Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder who won Puteri Indonesia 2011
Maria Sharapova (born 1987), Russian professional tennis player
Maria Shriver (born 1955), American journalist and activist
Maria Antónia Siza (1940–1973), Portuguese artist
Maria Strömkvist (born 1964), Swedish politician
Maria Tenazi (1903–1930), Soviet Armenian silent film actress
Maria Theresa (several people)
Maria von Trapp (1905–1987), Austrian-born American singer
María Valverde (born 1987), Spanish actress
Maria Eulália Vares, Brazilian mathematical statistician and probability theorist
Maria Vasilkova (born 1978), Russian politician
Maria Chantal Videla (born 2002), Filipino-Argentine actress, model and singer of K-pop girl group Lapillus
Maria Walliser (born 1963), Swiss alpine skier
Maria Torrence Wishart (1893 – 1982), Canadian medical illustrator and the founder of the University of Toronto's Art as Applied to Medicine program
Maria Zandbang (1886–1972), Polish equestrian
Fictional characters
Maria, a fictional character played by Laura Nicole in the British web series Corner Shop Show
Maria, a villain character in the tokusatsu Chōjin Sentai Jetman
Maria, the youngest princess of Macedon in the Fire Emblem video game series.
Grace Maria Fleed, a character from the anime Grendizer.
Maria (West Side Story), the main female protagonist from the musical West Side Story
María Clara, a character from the novel Noli Me Tángere (novel) by Filipino writer and activist José Rizal
Maria Jackson, a character from The Sarah Jane Adventures
Maria Renard, a character in the Castlevania video game series
Maria Robotnik, a character in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series
Maria von Trapp, the main female protagonist from the musical The Sound of Music
Lady Maria of the Astral Clocktower, a boss character from The Old Hunters DLC for the video game Bloodborne
Maria Calavera, a supporting character in the animated web series RWBY
Maria Fritz, the daughter of Ymir Fritz, namesake of Wall Maria and a minor character in the anime and manga Attack on Titan
Maria Wong, a character from the Canadian animated television series Braceface
Male (as part of a compound name or as a middle name)
Carlo Maria Abate, Italian racecar driver
Alberto María de Agostini, Italian explorer
Carlos María de Alvear, Argentine general
José María Aznar, Spanish politician, former Spanish prime minister
Angelo Maria Bandini, Italian author and librarian
Antonio María Barbieri, Uruguayan cardinal
Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria
Giovanni Maria Benzoni, Italian sculptor
Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet
Giovanni Maria Bottala, Italian painter
Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor
Giuseppe Maria Buonaparte, Corsican politician
Carlo Maria Cipolla, Italian economic historian
Giovanni Carlo Maria Clari, Italian composer
Carlo Maria Curci, Italian theologian
Corrado Maria Daclon, Italian journalist
Felix Maria Diogg, Swiss painter
Timm Maria Franz Elstner, German TV host
Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, better known as Pope Pius IX
Johann Maria Farina, Italian-German perfumer
Carlo Innocenzio Maria Frugoni, Italian poet
Alessandro Maria Gaetano Galilei, Italian architect and mathematician
Giuseppe Maria Giulietti, Italian soldier
Carlo Maria Giulini, Italian conductor
Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician
Christoph Maria Herbst, German actor
Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician
Thomas Maria Mamachi, Italo-Greek Dominican theologian and historian
Antonio Maria Maraggiano, Italian sculptor
Carlo Maria Martini, Italian cardinal
Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer
Tommaso Maria Napoli, Italian architect
José María Olazábal, Spanish golfer
Francesco Maria Piave, Italian librettist
Carlo Maria Pintacuda, Italian racecar driver
Francesco Maria Pritilli, Italian scholar and antiquarian
Erich Maria Remarque, German author
Franco Maria Ricci, Italian art publisher
Rainer Maria Rilke, German poet
Jan Maria Rokita, Polish politician
Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita, Czech astronomer
Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, king of Spain
Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Maria Stuart, leader of the Jacobite rebellion
José María Canlás Sison, Filipino activist and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines
Victor Maria Regis Sotto (born 1989), Filipino politician
Giuseppe Maria Tomasi, Italian cardinal and saint
Giovanni Maria Trabaci, Italian composer
Antonio Maria Vassallo, Italian painter
Francesco Maria Veracini, Italian composer and violinist
Gianni Versace born Giovanni Maria Versace, Italian fashion designer
Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor
Carl Maria von Weber, German composer
Edward Maria Wingfield, English explorer
Tommaso Maria Zigliara, Italian cardinal
Maximilian Maria Kolbe, Polish Conventual Franciscan
Karl-Theodor Maria Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg
Juan María Bordaberry, Uruguayan dictator
Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk, German politician, diplomat, Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer
See also
Maria (disambiguation)
References
Italian feminine given names
Romanian feminine given names
Russian feminine given names
Slovak feminine given names
Spanish feminine given names
Portuguese feminine given names
Swiss feminine given names
Pakistani feminine given names
Slavic feminine given names
Scandinavian feminine given names
Ukrainian feminine given names
German feminine given names
Dutch feminine given names
Georgian feminine given names
Greek feminine given names
Armenian feminine given names
Bulgarian feminine given names
Danish feminine given names
Norwegian feminine given names
Icelandic feminine given names
Swedish feminine given names
Finnish feminine given names
Filipino feminine given names
Belarusian feminine given names
Circassian feminine given names
Polish feminine given names
Serbian feminine given names
Slovene feminine given names
Croatian feminine given names
English feminine given names
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General Montagu or Montague may refer to:
Charles Montagu (British Army officer) (died 1777), British Army lieutenant general
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), British Army general
Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury (1388–1428), English Army lieutenant general
Percival John Montague (1882–1966), Canadian Army lieutenant general
Robert Miller Montague (1899–1958), U.S. Army lieutenant general
See also
Francis Stewart Montague-Bates, (1876–1954), British Army brigadier general
Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1857–1934), British Army major general
John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (1866−1929), British honorary brigadier general
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General Morton may refer to:
Charles Gould Morton (1861–1933), U.S. Army major general
Gerald Morton (1845–1906), British Army lieutenant general
Jacob Morton (1756–1836), New York Militia major general in the War of 1812
James St. Clair Morton (1829–1864), Union Army brigadier general
Robert W. Morton (1937–2002), Royal Canadian Air Force lieutenant general
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General Mundy may refer to:
Carl E. Mundy III (born 1960), U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant general
Carl Epting Mundy Jr. (1935–2014), U.S. Marine Corps four-star general
George W. Mundy (1905–2000), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Godfrey Mundy (1804–1860), British Army major general
Pierrepont Mundy (1815–1889), British Army major general
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Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of affective phenomena. The opposite of suffering is pleasure or happiness.
Suffering is often categorized as physical or mental. It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and frequency of occurrence usually compound that of intensity. Attitudes toward suffering may vary widely, in the sufferer or other people, according to how much it is regarded as avoidable or unavoidable, useful or useless, deserved or undeserved.
Suffering occurs in the lives of sentient beings in numerous manners, often dramatically. As a result, many fields of human activity are concerned with some aspects of suffering. These aspects may include the nature of suffering, its processes, its origin and causes, its meaning and significance, its related personal, social, and cultural behaviors, its remedies, management, and uses.
Terminology
The word suffering is sometimes used in the narrow sense of physical pain, but more often it refers to psychological pain, or more often yet it refers to pain in the broad sense, i.e. to any unpleasant feeling, emotion or sensation. The word pain usually refers to physical pain, but it is also a common synonym of suffering. The words pain and suffering are often used both together in different ways. For instance, they may be used as interchangeable synonyms. Or they may be used in 'contradistinction' to one another, as in "pain is physical, suffering is mental", or "pain is inevitable, suffering is optional". Or they may be used to define each other, as in "pain is physical suffering", or "suffering is severe physical or mental pain".
Qualifiers, such as physical, mental, emotional, and psychological, are often used to refer to certain types of pain or suffering. In particular, mental pain (or suffering) may be used in relationship with physical pain (or suffering) for distinguishing between two wide categories of pain or suffering. A first caveat concerning such a distinction is that it uses physical pain in a sense that normally includes not only the 'typical sensory experience of physical pain' but also other unpleasant bodily experiences including air hunger, hunger, vestibular suffering, nausea, sleep deprivation, and itching. A second caveat is that the terms physical or mental should not be taken too literally: physical pain or suffering, as a matter of fact, happens through conscious minds and involves emotional aspects, while mental pain or suffering happens through physical brains and, being an emotion, involves important physiological aspects.
The word unpleasantness, which some people use as a synonym of suffering or pain in the broad sense, may refer to the basic affective dimension of pain (its suffering aspect), usually in contrast with the sensory dimension, as for instance in this sentence: "Pain-unpleasantness is often, though not always, closely linked to both the intensity and unique qualities of the painful sensation." Other current words that have a definition with some similarity to suffering include distress, unhappiness, misery, affliction, woe, ill, discomfort, displeasure, disagreeableness.
Philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy
Many of the Hellenistic philosophies addressed suffering.
In Cynicism (philosophy) suffering is alleviated by achieving mental clarity or lucidity (ἁτυφια: atyphia), developing self-sufficiency (αὐτάρκεια: autarky), equanimity, arete, love of humanity, parrhesia, and indifference to the vicissitudes of life (adiaphora).
For Pyrrhonism, suffering comes from dogmas (i.e. beliefs regarding non-evident matters), most particularly beliefs that certain things are either good or bad by nature. Suffering can be removed by developing epoche (suspension of judgment) regarding beliefs, which leads to ataraxia (mental tranquility).
Epicurus (contrary to common misperceptions of his doctrine) advocated that we should first seek to avoid suffering (aponia) and that the greatest pleasure lies in ataraxia, free from the worrisome pursuit or the unwelcome consequences of ephemeral pleasures. Epicureanism's version of Hedonism, as an ethical theory, claims that good and bad consist ultimately in pleasure and pain.
For Stoicism, the greatest good lies in reason and virtue, but the soul best reaches it through a kind of indifference (apatheia) to pleasure and pain: as a consequence, this doctrine has become identified with stern self-control in regard to suffering.
Modern philosophy
Jeremy Bentham developed hedonistic utilitarianism, a popular doctrine in ethics, politics, and economics. Bentham argued that the right act or policy was that which would cause "the greatest happiness of the greatest number". He suggested a procedure called hedonic or felicific calculus, for determining how much pleasure and pain would result from any action. John Stuart Mill improved and promoted the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction of suffering over the enhancement of happiness when speaking of utility: "I believe that there is, from the ethical point of view, no symmetry between suffering and happiness, or between pain and pleasure. ... human suffering makes a direct moral appeal for help, while there is no similar call to increase the happiness of a man who is doing well anyway." David Pearce, for his part, advocates a utilitarianism that aims straightforwardly at the abolition of suffering through the use of biotechnology (see more details below in section Biology, neurology, psychology). Another aspect worthy of mention here is that many utilitarians since Bentham hold that the moral status of a being comes from its ability to feel pleasure and pain: therefore, moral agents should consider not only the interests of human beings but also those of (other) animals. Richard Ryder came to the same conclusion in his concepts of 'speciesism' and 'painism'. Peter Singer's writings, especially the book Animal Liberation, represent the leading edge of this kind of utilitarianism for animals as well as for people.
Another doctrine related to the relief of suffering is humanitarianism (see also humanitarian principles, humanitarian aid, and humane society). "Where humanitarian efforts seek a positive addition to the happiness of sentient beings, it is to make the unhappy happy rather than the happy happier. ... [Humanitarianism] is an ingredient in many social attitudes; in the modern world it has so penetrated into diverse movements ... that it can hardly be said to exist in itself."
Pessimists hold this world to be mainly bad, or even the worst possible, plagued with, among other things, unbearable and unstoppable suffering. Some identify suffering as the nature of the world and conclude that it would be better if life did not exist at all. Arthur Schopenhauer recommends us to take refuge in things like art, philosophy, loss of the will to live, and tolerance toward 'fellow-sufferers'.
Friedrich Nietzsche, first influenced by Schopenhauer, developed afterward quite another attitude, arguing that the suffering of life is productive, exalting the will to power, despising weak compassion or pity, and recommending us to embrace willfully the 'eternal return' of the greatest sufferings.
Philosophy of pain is a philosophical speciality that focuses on physical pain and is, through that, relevant to suffering in general.
Religion
Suffering plays an important role in a number of religions, regarding matters such as the following: consolation or relief; moral conduct (do no harm, help the afflicted, show compassion); spiritual advancement through life hardships or through self-imposed trials (mortification of the flesh, penance, asceticism); ultimate destiny (salvation, damnation, hell). Theodicy deals with the problem of evil, which is the difficulty of reconciling the existence of an omnipotent and benevolent god with the existence of evil: a quintessential form of evil, for many people, is extreme suffering, especially in innocent children, or in creatures destined to an eternity of torments (see problem of hell).
The 'Four Noble Truths' of Buddhism are about dukkha, a term often translated as suffering. They state the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the way leading to its cessation, the Noble Eightfold Path. Buddhism considers liberation from dukkha and the practice of compassion (karuna) as basic for leading a holy life and attaining nirvana.
Hinduism holds that suffering follows naturally from personal negative behaviors in one's current life or in a past life (see karma in Hinduism). One must accept suffering as a just consequence and as an opportunity for spiritual progress. Thus the soul or true self, which is eternally free of any suffering, may come to manifest itself in the person, who then achieves liberation (moksha). Abstinence from causing pain or harm to other beings, called ahimsa, is a central tenet of Hinduism, and even more so of another Indian religion, Jainism (see ahimsa in Jainism).
In Judaism, suffering is often seen as a punishment for sins and a test of a person's faith, like the Book of Job illustrates.
For Christianity, redemptive suffering is the belief that human suffering, when accepted and offered up in union with the Passion of Jesus, can remit the just punishment for sins and allow to grow in the love of God, others and oneself.
In Islam, the faithful must endure suffering with hope and faith, not resist or ask why, accept it as Allah's will and submit to it as a test of faith. Allah never asks more than can be endured. One must also work to alleviate the suffering of others, as well as one's own. Suffering is also seen as a blessing. Through that gift, the sufferer remembers God and connects with him. Suffering expunges the sins of human beings and cleanses their soul for the immense reward of the afterlife, and the avoidance of hell.
According to the Bahá'í Faith, all suffering is a brief and temporary manifestation of physical life, whose source is the material aspects of physical existence, and often attachment to them, whereas only joy exists in the spiritual worlds.
Arts and literature
Artistic and literary works often engage with suffering, sometimes at great cost to their creators or performers. The Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database offers a list of such works under the categories art, film, literature, and theater. Be it in the tragic, comic or other genres, art and literature offer means to alleviate (and perhaps also exacerbate) suffering, as argued for instance in Harold Schweizer's Suffering and the remedy of art.
This Brueghel painting is among those that inspired W. H. Auden's poem Musée des Beaux Arts:
About suffering they were never wrong,
The Old Masters; how well, they understood
Its human position; how it takes place
While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;
(...)
In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away
Quite leisurely from the disaster; (...)
Social sciences
Social suffering, according to Arthur Kleinman and others, describes "collective and individual human suffering associated with life conditions shaped by powerful social forces". Such suffering is an increasing concern in medical anthropology, ethnography, mass media analysis, and Holocaust studies, says Iain Wilkinson, who is developing a sociology of suffering.
The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential is a work by the Union of International Associations. Its main databases are about world problems (56,564 profiles), global strategies and solutions (32,547 profiles), human values (3,257 profiles), and human development (4,817 profiles). It states that "the most fundamental entry common to the core parts is that of pain (or suffering)" and "common to the core parts is the learning dimension of new understanding or insight in response to suffering".
Ralph G.H. Siu, an American author, urged in 1988 the "creation of a new and vigorous academic discipline, called panetics, to be devoted to the study of the infliction of suffering", The International Society for Panetics was founded in 1991 to study and develop ways to reduce the infliction of human suffering by individuals acting through professions, corporations, governments, and other social groups.
In economics, the following notions relate not only to the matters suggested by their positive appellations, but to the matter of suffering as well: Well-being or Quality of life, Welfare economics, Happiness economics, Gross National Happiness, Genuine Progress Indicator.
In law, "Pain and suffering" is a legal term that refers to the mental distress or physical pain endured by a plaintiff as a result of injury for which the plaintiff seeks redress. Assessments of pain and suffering are required to be made for attributing legal awards. In the Western world these are typical made by juries in a discretionary fashion and are regarded as subjective, variable, and difficult to predict, for instance in the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. See also, in US law, Negligent infliction of emotional distress and Intentional infliction of emotional distress.
In management and organization studies, drawing on the work of Eric Cassell, suffering has been defined as the distress a person experiences when they perceive a threat to any aspect of their continued existence, whether physical, psychological, or social. Other researchers have noted that suffering results from an inability to control actions that usually define one's view of one's self and that the characteristics of suffering include the loss of autonomy, or the loss of valued relationships or sense of self. Suffering is therefore determined not by the threat itself but, rather, by its meaning to the individual and the threat to their personhood.
Biology, neurology, psychology
Suffering and pleasure are respectively the negative and positive affects, or hedonic tones, or valences that psychologists often identify as basic in our emotional lives. The evolutionary role of physical and mental suffering, through natural selection, is primordial: it warns of threats, motivates coping (fight or flight, escapism), and reinforces negatively certain behaviors (see punishment, aversives). Despite its initial disrupting nature, suffering contributes to the organization of meaning in an individual's world and psyche. In turn, meaning determines how individuals or societies experience and deal with suffering.
Many brain structures and physiological processes are involved in suffering (particularly the anterior insula and cingulate cortex, both implicated in nociceptive and empathic pain). Various hypotheses try to account for the experience of suffering. One of these, the pain overlap theory takes note, thanks to neuroimaging studies, that the cingulate cortex fires up when the brain feels suffering from experimentally induced social distress, as well as physical pain. The theory proposes therefore that physical pain and social pain (i.e. two radically differing kinds of suffering) share a common phenomenological and neurological basis.
According to David Pearce’s online manifesto "The Hedonistic Imperative," suffering is the avoidable result of Darwinian evolution. Pearce promotes replacing the biology of suffering with a robot-like response to noxious stimuli or with information-sensitive gradients of bliss, through genetic engineering and other technical scientific advances.
Hedonistic psychology, affective science, and affective neuroscience are some of the emerging scientific fields that could in the coming years focus their attention on the phenomenon of suffering.
Health care
Disease and injury may contribute to suffering in humans and animals. For example, suffering may be a feature of mental or physical illness such as borderline personality disorder and occasionally in advanced cancer. Health care addresses this suffering in many ways, in subfields such as medicine, clinical psychology, psychotherapy, alternative medicine, hygiene, public health, and through various health care providers.
However..."If people feel unhappy when burdened by negative life events, this is no mental disorder, but “healthy suffering” . It is of great importance not to medicalize such everyday problems."
Health care approaches to suffering, however, remain problematic. Physician and author Eric Cassell, widely cited on the subject of attending to the suffering person as a primary goal of medicine, has defined suffering as "the state of severe distress associated with events that threaten the intactness of the person". Cassell writes: "The obligation of physicians to relieve human suffering stretches back to antiquity. Despite this fact, little attention is explicitly given to the problem of suffering in medical education, research or practice." Mirroring the traditional body and mind dichotomy that underlies its teaching and practice, medicine strongly distinguishes pain from suffering, and most attention goes to the treatment of pain. Nevertheless, physical pain itself still lacks adequate attention from the medical community, according to numerous reports. Besides, some medical fields like palliative care, pain management (or pain medicine), oncology, or psychiatry, do somewhat address suffering 'as such'. In palliative care, for instance, pioneer Cicely Saunders created the concept of 'total pain' ('total suffering' say now the textbooks), which encompasses the whole set of physical and mental distress, discomfort, symptoms, problems, or needs that a patient may experience hurtfully.
Mental illness
Gary Greenberg, in The Book of Woe, writes that mental illness might best be viewed as medicalization or labeling/naming suffering (i.e. that all mental illnesses might not necessarily be of dysfunction or biological-etiology, but might be social or cultural/societal).
Relief and prevention in society
Since suffering is such a universal motivating experience, people, when asked, can relate their activities to its relief and prevention. Farmers, for instance, may claim that they prevent famine, artists may say that they take our minds off our worries, and teachers may hold that they hand down tools for coping with life hazards. In certain aspects of collective life, however, suffering is more readily an explicit concern by itself. Such aspects may include public health, human rights, humanitarian aid, disaster relief, philanthropy, economic aid, social services, insurance, and animal welfare. To these can be added the aspects of security and safety, which relate to precautionary measures taken by individuals or families, to interventions by the military, the police, the firefighters, and to notions or fields like social security, environmental security, and human security.
The nongovernmental research organization Center on Long-Term Risk, formerly known as the Foundational Research Institute, focuses on reducing risks of astronomical suffering (s-risks) from emerging technologies. Another organization also focused on research, the Center on Reducing Suffering, has a similar focus, with a stress on clarifying what priorities there should be at a practical level to attain the goal of reducing intense suffering in the future.
Uses
Philosopher Leonard Katz wrote: "But Nature, as we now know, regards ultimately only fitness and not our happiness (...), and does not scruple to use hate, fear, punishment and even war alongside affection in ordering social groups and selecting among them, just as she uses pain as well as pleasure to get us to feed, water and protect our bodies and also in forging our social bonds."
People make use of suffering for specific social or personal purposes in many areas of human life, as can be seen in the following instances:
In arts, literature, or entertainment, people may use suffering for creation, for performance, or for enjoyment. Entertainment particularly makes use of suffering in blood sports and violence in the media, including violent video games depiction of suffering. A more or less great amount of suffering is involved in body art. The most common forms of body art include tattooing, body piercing, scarification, human branding. Another form of body art is a sub-category of performance art, in which for instance the body is mutilated or pushed to its physical limits.
In business and various organizations, suffering may be used for constraining humans or animals into required behaviors.
In a criminal context, people may use suffering for coercion, revenge, or pleasure.
In interpersonal relationships, especially in places like families, schools, or workplaces, suffering is used for various motives, particularly under the form of abuse and punishment. In another fashion related to interpersonal relationships, the sick, or victims, or malingerers, may use suffering more or less voluntarily to get primary, secondary, or tertiary gain.
In law, suffering is used for punishment (see penal law ); victims may refer to what legal texts call "pain and suffering" to get compensation; lawyers may use a victim's suffering as an argument against the accused; an accused's or defendant's suffering may be an argument in their favor; authorities at times use light or heavy torture in order to get information or a confession.
In the news media, suffering is often the raw material.
In personal conduct, people may use suffering for themselves, in a positive way. Personal suffering may lead, if bitterness, depression, or spitefulness is avoided, to character-building, spiritual growth, or moral achievement; realizing the extent or gravity of suffering in the world may motivate one to relieve it and may give an inspiring direction to one's life. Alternatively, people may make self-detrimental use of suffering. Some may be caught in compulsive reenactment of painful feelings in order to protect them from seeing that those feelings have their origin in unmentionable past experiences; some may addictively indulge in disagreeable emotions like fear, anger, or jealousy, in order to enjoy pleasant feelings of arousal or release that often accompany these emotions; some may engage in acts of self-harm aimed at relieving otherwise unbearable states of mind.
In politics, there is purposeful infliction of suffering in war, torture, and terrorism; people may use nonphysical suffering against competitors in nonviolent power struggles; people who argue for a policy may put forward the need to relieve, prevent or avenge suffering; individuals or groups may use past suffering as a political lever in their favor.
In religion, suffering is used especially to grow spiritually, to expiate, to inspire compassion and help, to frighten, to punish.
In rites of passage (see also hazing, ragging), rituals that make use of suffering are frequent.
In science, humans and animals are subjected on purpose to aversive experiences for the study of suffering or other phenomena.
In sex, especially in a context of sadism and masochism or BDSM, individuals may use a certain amount of physical or mental suffering (e.g. pain, humiliation).
In sports, suffering may be used to outperform competitors or oneself; see sports injury, and no pain, no gain; see also blood sport and violence in sport as instances of pain-based entertainment.
See also
Selected bibliography
Joseph A. Amato. Victims and Values: A History and a Theory of Suffering. New York: Praeger, 1990.
James Davies. The Importance of Suffering: the value and meaning of emotional discontent. London: Routledge
Cynthia Halpern. Suffering, Politics, Power: a Genealogy in Modern Political Theory. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.
Jamie Mayerfeld. Suffering and Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Thomas Metzinger. Suffering.In Kurt Almqvist & Anders Haag (2017)[eds.], The Return of Consciousness. Stockholm: Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson Foundation.
David B. Morris. The Culture of Pain. Berkeley: University of California, 2002.
Elaine Scarry. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Ronald Anderson. World Suffering and Quality of Life, Social Indicators Research Series, Volume 56, 2015. ; Also: Human Suffering and Quality of Life, SpringerBriefs in Well-Being and Quality of Life Research, 2014.
References
Feeling
Pain
Social issues
ml:വേദന
ckb:ئازار
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Nicholas Hawkins of Cardiff was a Welsh Member of Parliament. He represented Cardiff Boroughs in 1597.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Politicians from Cardiff
16th-century Welsh politicians
English MPs 1597–1598
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In Italian, crudo means "raw". In Italian cuisine, this word can be used with a lot of food: pesce crudo means "raw fish", and carne cruda means "raw meat", similar to steak tartare.
See also
Kinilaw
Ceviche
Salsiccia cruda
Poke (Hawaii)
Sashimi
References
Italian cuisine
Uncooked fish dishes
Potentially dangerous food
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Partisan may refer to:
Military
Partisan (weapon), a pole weapon
Partisan (military), paramilitary forces engaged behind the front line
Yugoslav Partisans, communist-led, anti-fascist resistance against Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia during WWII
Italian Partisans, communist-led, anti-fascist resistance against the Fascist Italian Social Republic during the Italian Civil War
Films
Partisan (film), a 2015 Australian film
Hell River, a 1974 Yugoslavian film also known as Partisans
Music
Partisan Records, an American independent record label
The Partisans (band), a 1980s punk and Oi! band
"The Partisan", a World War II anti-fascist song, later popularized by Leonard Cohen
Other uses
Partisan (politics), a committed member of a political party
Partisans (novel), a 1982 novel by Alistair MacLean about the Yugoslav partisans
Partisan game, in combinatorial game theory
Partisans (architectural firm), an architecture firm based in Toronto
The Partisans (sculpture), in Boston
See also
Partisan Review, a United States political and literary quarterly
Partizan (disambiguation)
Partizani (disambiguation)
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The 1999 UNCAF Nations Cup was a UNCAF Nations Cup held in San Jose, Costa Rica in March 1999. The host team won the tournament's final group. Costa Rica then qualified automatically, alongside second-placed Guatemala and third-placed Honduras for the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Squads
For a complete list of all participating squads see UNCAF Nations Cup 1999 squads
Stadium
First round
All games were played in San José, Costa Rica.
Group A
Group B
Final round
Champions
Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras qualified automatically for the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup. El Salvador entered a play-off for qualification with Canada, Haiti and Cuba.
All Star Team
As voted for by the CONCACAF technical Commission. A squad rather than an eleven was selected:
Goalkeepers:
Wilmer Cruz
Erick Lonnis
Defenders:
Jervis Drummond
Julio Girón
José Hernández
Ninrod Medina
Erick Miranda
Milton Reyes
Midfielders:
Jorge Caballero
Jeaustin Campos
Robel Benárdez
Rolando Fonseca
Guillermo García
Christian Santamaría
Forwards:
Milton Nunez
Carlos Pavón
José Ramírez
Jorge Rodas
1999 in Central American football
1999
1999
1998–99 in Salvadoran football
1998–99 in Costa Rican football
1998–99 in Honduran football
1998–99 in Belizean football
1998–99 in Guatemalan football
1998–99 in Nicaraguan football
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Campbell Field Airport is a public use general aviation airport located in the Weirwood, Virginia, United States hamlet on public highway route 617.
The airport serves the aviation community on Virginia's Eastern Shore. The airport covers and has two turf runways.
The airport is open during daylight, however nighttime operations are prohibited, except for military operations. Transient pilots can use aircraft tie-downs, a public restroom, and a courtesy vehicle.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned 9VG by the FAA, but has no designation from the IATA.
The airport was established in 1933 by Darrell M. Kellam and an application to the State Corporation Commission of Virginia for a license under Chapter 445, Acts of the Assembly of Virginia 1936, for the establishment, maintenance, operation, and conduct of an airport and landing field was granted in January 1937.
In 2003 the airport was purchased by Campbell Field, Inc. and renamed Campbell Field Airport. The FAA Airport Identifier was W08 (prior to 2001), VG26 (2001–2003), and is now 9VG (2003–present).
Eastern Shore Adventure Sports, Inc. operates the Eastern Shore Hang Gliding Center at Campbell Field Airport. There is hang glider traffic within the vicinity of Campbell Field Airport, especially on weekends.
References
External links
Official Site
Buildings and structures in Northampton County, Virginia
Airports in Virginia
Airports established in 1933
Transportation in Northampton County, Virginia
1933 establishments in Virginia
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Seven words may refer to:
Seven Words (album), a 2022 album by British band Xentrix
"7 Words", a song by alternative metal band Deftones from their 1995 album Adrenaline
The seven sayings of Jesus on the cross
Musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross
The seven dirty words listed by the comedian George Carlin
Jakarta Charter, also known as the "Seven Words"
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Twin Lakes Inlet flows into Twin Lakes northeast of North Wilmurt, New York.
References
Rivers of Herkimer County, New York
Rivers of New York (state)
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Several software products and services are called Data Explorer:
Azure Data Explorer
Exoplanet Data Explorer
Google Public Data Explorer
Human Olfactory Data Explorer
IBM OpenDX
UNEP Environmental Data Explorer
Other uses:
Data Explorers, a company
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The Platino Award for Best Actor (Spanish: Premio Platino al mejor actor / Premio Platino a la mejor interpretación masculina) is one of the Platino Awards, Ibero-America's film awards presented annually by the Entidad de Gestión de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales (EGEDA) and the Federación Iberoamericana de Productores Cinematográficos y Audiovisuales (FIPCA).
It was first presented in 2014, with Mexican actor, Eugenio Derbez being the first recipient of the award, for his role as Valentín Bravo in Instructions Not Included. Until the 7th edition in 2020, male supporting performances were included in this category.
No actor has won this award more than once while actors Alfredo Castro and Ricardo Darín have received the most nominations for this award with four each, followed by Antonio de la Torre, Javier Gutiérrez Álvarez and Javier Cámara with three each. Darín is also the most nominated actor in the category without a win.
Spain holds the record of most wins in the category with five of the eight winners being Spanish actors. In 2021, the category for Best Supporting Actor was created. 2020 winner Antonio Banderas also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Pain and Glory.
In the list below the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees.
Winners and nominees
2010s
2020s
See also
Goya Award for Best Actor
Goya Award for Best Supporting Actor
References
External links
Official site
Platino Awards
Awards established in 2014
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Programes Adaptats de Garantia Social, estudis de Formació Professional
Proves d'Accés a Grau Superior
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Hanqing Zhao (24 April 1994; Wuhan, China) is a Chinese draughts player (International draughts), who ranked second at the 2012 Asian Women's Draughts Championship. She became World Draughts Champion Juniors Girls 2012. She has become the champion of China many times. Zhao is an International master (MIF). At 7 years-of-age, she begin playing in checkmate. After that she started playing draughts.
World Championship
2013 (12 place)
2015 (7 place)
2019 (7 place)
References
Chinese draughts players
1994 births
Living people
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The 2021 Aegean Sea boat capsizing took place on 24 December 2021. 16 people died in a boat capsizing in Aegean Sea.
References
Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea
Shipwrecks of Greece
2021 in Greece
Maritime incidents in 2021
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The Man Who Could Not Laugh (Norwegian: Mannen som ikke kunne le) is a 1968 Norwegian comedy film. The title role is played by Rolv Wesenlund. Harald Heide-Steen Jr. plays the psychologist with the task of teaching him to laugh. The film also stars the film's director, Bo Hermansson.
The film is considered a Norwegian classic and showcases a famous comedic duo in Wesenlund and Heide-Steen.
Cast
Rolv Wesenlund ... Mr. Sonell, the man who can't laugh
Birgitta Andersson ... Stina, his Swedish girlfriend
Harald Heide-Steen Jr. ... The psychiatrist
Thea Stabell ... The nurse
Wenche Myhre ... The singer
Martin Ljung ... Himself
Sverre Wilberg ... Mandrake
Arve Opsahl ... Himself
Alf Prøysen ... Audience in the barn
Bjørn Sand ... The comedian
Bengt Calmeyer ... The interviewer
Stein Mehren ... Himself
Per Øivind Heradstveit ... TV interviewer
External links
Man who could not Laugh
1960s Norwegian-language films
Man who could not Laugh
Man who could not laugh
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Independence Centre or variation may refer to:
Independence Center, Independence, Missouri, USA; a shopping mall
Independence Center (St. Louis), Missouri, USA; a psychiatric rehabilitation center
Independence Events Center, Independence, Missouri, USA; a multipurpose arena
Independence Visitor Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
101 Independence Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA; an office building
See also
Independence Mall (disambiguation)
Independence Hall (disambiguation)
Independence Building, several structures
Independence (disambiguation)
Centre (disambiguation)
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People
Sebastiano Lo Monaco (1730–1775), Italian painter
Sebastiano Lo Monaco (born 1958), Italian actor of theatre, cinema and television
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Larsenia is een geslacht van weekdieren uit de klasse van de Gastropoda (slakken).
Soort
Larsenia scalaroides Warén, 1989
Vanikoridae
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Icingtons (also known as French icingtons) are traditional wedding figurines made entirely of icing sugar. Icingtons are distinguishable from other wedding figurines by their organic soft look. They are placed on top of the wedding cake as a visual and symbolic mechanism.
Ingredients
Icingtons consist of royal icing, also known as 'hard icing' or 'ready-to-roll icing', or sugar paste.
Origins
The design of icingtons was inspired by classic French cinema of the 1940s and 1950s. They possessed a simple yet elegant aesthetic that encapsulated the on-screen sophistication of classic French actresses and actors. While the cake topper became popularized in America during the 1950s as a symbol of union, icingtons distinguished themselves by maintaining their elegance.
Differences between cake toppers
Today, the words 'cake figurines' and 'cake toppers' are interchangeable. Cake toppers increasingly refer to figurines that are made of plastic, porcelain and now polymer clay.
Figurines made of icing are traditionally referred to as icingtons. Some adopt the generic term 'sugar paste topper' to describe them, as these days many sugar paste toppers are devoid of any French influences.
Artistry
Icingtons have evolved from the kitchens of patisserie chefs and cake decorators displaying their skills in fondant, marzipan, and royal icing. Icing sugar creations are considered an art form in itself, and require a great deal of skill and craftsmanship, and may involve embossing, crimping, broderie anglaise, and Garret frills.
Modern-day icingtons have not strayed too far from the traditional - they still retain the suave, elegant look that mirror the French Classics.
References
Wedding food
Marriage in France
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PET Container Recycling Europe, commonly known as Petcore, is a Brussels-based non-profit European trade association.
Petcore was founded in 1993 to promote the collection, sorting and recycling of post-consumer PET bottles. It networks with national collection agencies, governments, and the recycling industry. Used PET, or polyethylene terephthalate bottles are light-weight but once collected, sorted and pressed into bales, they become a valuable raw material for a range of products. End markets for recycled PET include polyester fibre, sheet, strapping, and new bottles.
PET collection
In 2011, 1,587,000 tons of PET were collected and recycled in Europe, representing a collection rate of over 51 percent. This collection has been growing by an average of 20% per year but the rate is slowing as collection schemes in most EU countries are maturing. (Source: PCI PET Packaging report for Petcore and EuPR)
See also
PET bottle recycling
Container-deposit legislation
External links
Petcore Europe Official Website
Industrial Shredders Recycling Equipment
Recycling organizations
Waste organizations
European trade associations
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Frank E. Petersen
Frank Petersen (trener)
Zobacz też
Frank Peterson
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William Burns Lindsay may refer to:
William Burns Lindsay Jr. (1824–1872), Clerk of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the first Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada
William Burns Lindsay Sr. (1796–1862), Clerk of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
Human name disambiguation pages
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In computer software, an operating environment or integrated applications environment is the environment in which users run application software. The environment consists of a user interface provided by an applications manager and usually an application programming interface (API) to the applications manager.
An operating environment is not a full operating system, but is a form of middleware that rests between the OS and the application. For example, the first version of Microsoft Windows, Windows 1.0, was not a full operating system, but a GUI laid over DOS albeit with an API of its own. Similarly, the IBM U2 system operates on both Unix/Linux and Windows NT. Usually the user interface is text-based or graphical, rather than a command-line interface (e.g., DOS or the Unix shell), which is often the interface of the underlying operating system.
In the mid 1980s, text-based and graphical user interface operating environments surrounded DOS operating systems with a shell that turned the user's display into a menu-oriented "desktop" for selecting and running PC applications. These operating environment systems allow users much of the convenience of integrated software without locking them into a single package.
History
DOS operating environments
In the mid 1980s, text-based and graphical user interface operating environments such as IBM TopView, Microsoft Windows, Digital Research's GEM Desktop, GEOS and Quarterdeck Office Systems's DESQview surrounded DOS operating systems with a shell that turned the user's display into a menu-oriented "desktop" for selecting and running PC applications. These programs were more than simple menu systems—as alternate operating environments they were substitutes for integrated programs such as Framework and Symphony, that allowed switching, windowing, and cut-and-paste operations among dedicated applications. These operating environment systems gave users much of the convenience of integrated software without locking them into a single package. Alternative operating environments made terminate-and-stay-resident pop-up utilities such as Borland Sidekick redundant. Windows provided its own version of these utilities, and placing them under central control could eliminate memory conflicts that RAM-resident utilities create. In later versions, Windows evolved from an operating environment into a complete operating system with DOS as a bootloader (Windows 9x) and a complete operating system, Windows NT, was developed at the same time. All versions after Windows ME have been based on the Windows NT kernel.
See also
Desktop environment, the graphical user interface to the computer
File manager
Integrated environment
Integrated development environment, a type of computer software that assists computer programmers in developing software
Runtime environment, a virtual machine state which provides software services for processes or programs while a computer is running
X Window System
References
Computing terminology
Middleware
Operating system APIs
User interfaces
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The Yamaha DragStar 250 (also known as the V Star 250 and the XVS250) is a motorcycle produced by Yamaha Motor Company.
V Star 250 Replaces Virago 250
In the 2008 model overview, the Virago 250 has been replaced with the V Star 250, but the specifications remain similar to the Virago 250.
See also
Yamaha DragStar
Yamaha DragStar 650 - XVS650/XVS650A
Yamaha DragStar 1100 - XVS1100/XVS1100A
External links
Yamaha Motor Co. global site
Yamaha Cruiser Australian Site
Yamaha Star Motorcycles USA Site
Drag Star 250
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Swimmer most commonly refers to a participant in:
Swimming (sport) competition
Swimming
Swimmer or swimmers may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Films
The Swimmer (1968 film), an American surreal drama film based on John Cheever's story, starring Burt Lancaster
Swimmers (2005 film), an American independent drama film starring Sarah Paulson, Cherry Jones, and Shawn Hatosy
Swimmer (2012 film), a Scottish short film
The Swimmer, a 2021 film by Strand Releasing
The Swimmers (2022 film), an American drama film
Games
Swimmer (video game), a 1982 arcade game
Literature
"The Swimmer" (poem), an 1899 poem by Adam Lindsay Gordon
"The Swimmer" (short story), a 1964 short story by John Cheever
The Swimmers, a 2022 novel by Julie Otsuka
Music and dance
The Swimmers, a four-piece rock band from Philadelphia
SWMRS, an American punk band
Swimmer (ballet), a ballet by Yuri Possokhov based on the short story by John Cheever
Albums
Swimmer (Tennis album), a 2020 album
Swimmer (The Big Dish album), a 1986 album
Swimming (Mac Miller album), a 2018 album
Songs
"Swimmers", by Broken Social Scene from the 2005 album Broken Social Scene
"The Swimmer", by Sleater-Kinney from the 2000 album All Hands on the Bad One
"The Swimmer", by Jarrod Alonge from the 2015 album Beating a Dead Horse
People
Amanda Swimmer (1921–2018), American Cherokee potter
Darren Swimmer, American screenwriter and producer
Ross Swimmer (born 1943), former Special Trustee for American Indians at the U.S. Department of the Interior
Saul Swimmer (1936–2007), American documentary film director and producer
Technology
Swimmer (BEAM), a type of aquatic robot
See also
Swim (disambiguation)
Swimming (disambiguation)
List of swimmers
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Contortion (sometimes contortionism) is a performance art in which performers called contortionists showcase their skills of extreme physical flexibility. Contortion acts often accompany acrobatics, circus acts, street performers and other live performing arts. Contortion acts are typically performed in front of a live audience. An act will showcase one or more artists performing a choreographed set of moves or poses, often to music, which require extreme flexibility. The physical flexibility required to perform such acts greatly exceeds that of the general population. It is the dramatic feats of seemingly inhuman flexibility that captivate audiences.
Skills
Many factors affect the flexibility of performers including age, genetics, stature, and adherence to rigorous physical training routines. Most contortionists are generally categorized as "frontbenders" or "backbenders", depending on the direction in which their spine is most flexible. Relatively few performers are equally adept at both.
Skills performed by contortionists include:
Frontbending skills such as folding forward at the waist with the legs straight, or placing one or both legs behind the neck or shoulders with the knees bent (called a human knot).
Backbending skills such as touching one's head to one's feet, or all the way to the buttocks (called a head-seat), while standing, lying on the floor, or in a handstand. A Marinelli bend is a backbend while supported only by a grip at the top of a short post that is held in the mouth.
Splits and oversplits (a split of more than 180 degrees) may be included in frontbending or backbending acts. An oversplit may be performed while the feet are supported by two chairs or by two assistants.
Enterology is the practice of squeezing one's body into a small, knee-high box or other contained space which initially appears to audiences as being too small to contain the performer. Also known as ‘body packing’.
Dislocations of the shoulders or hip joints are sometimes performed as a short novelty act by itself. One example is lifting the arm to the side until it passes behind the head and lies across the top of the shoulders; also referred to as bonebreaking.
Risks
A medical publication from 2008 suggests that long-term damage to the spine, called scoliosis, is common in long-term contortion practitioners. A study of five practitioners using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by Peoples et al. documented limbus vertebrae, intervertebral disc bulges, and disc degeneration. Three of the five practitioners also reported back pain.
Performances
Contortion acts are highly variable; many incorporate elements of humor, drama, shock, sensuality, or a blend of styles. Contortion may be incorporated into other types of performance, such as dance and theater.
An adagio act is an acrobatic dance in which one partner lifts and carries the other partner as she/he performs splits and other flexible poses.
In a rag doll or golliwogg act, one or two assistants bend, shake and carry the contortionist in such a way as to create the illusion that the disguised performer is actually a limp, life-sized doll. The act often ends by stuffing the doll into a small box.
Contortion positions can be performed on a Spanish web, an aerial act consisting of a rope with a hand/foot loop that is spun by someone underneath.
Contortionists might manipulate props during their performance, for instance spinning hula hoops or juggling rings, balancing towers of wine glasses, or playing a musical instrument - such as Max Smith, AKA "The Musical Contortionist," a sideshow performer who played the banjo whilst in a series of contorted positions.
A contortionist may perform alone or may have one or two assistants, or up to four contortionists may perform together as a group.
In the past, contortionists were associated almost exclusively with circuses and fairs. More recently they have also been found performing in nightclubs, amusement parks, in magazine advertisements, at trade shows, on television variety shows, in music videos, and as warmup acts or in the background at music concerts.
The Ross Sisters were American contortionists most famous for their musical rendition of 'Solid Potato Salad' in the 1944 movie Broadway Rhythm. In addition, contortion photos and digital movie clips are traded by fans on the Internet, and several web sites provide original photos of contortion acts for a monthly fee, or sell videotapes of performances through the mail.
Some loose-jointed people are able to pop a joint out of its socket without pain, thereby making it difficult to determine if a joint is dislocated without medical examination such as an X-ray. However, as long as the joint socket is the right shape, most extreme bends can be achieved without dislocating the joint. Actual dislocations are rarely used during athletic contortion acts since they make the joint more unstable and prone to injury, and a dislocated limb cannot lift itself or support any weight.
History
The primary origins of contortion take place in Asian traditions. In China and Mongolia, traditional Buddhist Cham dances would incorporate contortion into their movement. The success of these dances then encouraged the act to expand into other forms of performance. Contortion also found similarities and expressions in the Hindu doctrine of yoga. Throughout daily meditation, yoga practitioners work to assume many similar poses to those in the performance-based contortion. The recognition of these similarities in various practices and thoughts brought contortion into more clear and explicit light. For those in the Chinese tradition, contortion is typically performed as a feat of acrobatics, used to dazzle the audience with the unusual shapes built before them. According to Chinese historical records, early contortionism originated in China during Western Zhou Dynasty (1045-771 BC), which matured in Sui Dynasty (581–618).
List of notable contortionists
Arne Arnardo – Norwegian circus performer
Christine Danton – Australian contortionist who appeared on Australia's Got Talent
Sofie Dossi – American contortionist and YouTuber who appeared in season 11 of America's Got Talent
Leilani Franco – British contortionist who appeared on Britain's Got Talent
Takako Fuji – Japanese actress
Alexey Goloborodko – Russian contortionist
Troy James – American contortionist who appeared in season 13 of America's Got Talent. Troy has also portrayed Rag Doll in The Flash and Baba Yaga in Hellboy
Brooke Hyland – American contortionist and dancer who appeared on the reality show Dance Moms
Doug Jones – American actor and creature performer
Irina Kazakova – Russian contortionist and gymnast
Jaures Kombila – Gabonese contortionist who was accused of witchcraft
Elena Lev – Russian contortionist who performed in several Cirque du Soleil shows
Bonnie Morgan – American actress and contortionist who used contortion when playing Colette in Netflix's A Series of Unfortunate Events
Olga Pikhienko – Russian contortionist and circus performer
The Ross Sisters – Trio of sisters who were singers, dancers, and acrobats
Daniel Browning Smith – American contortionist nicknamed "Rubberboy" who owes his flexibility to his Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Major Zamora – Canadian dwarfish dime museum contortionist and escape artist
Glossary
Backbend/backfold - Any pose with an unusual degree of backward bending at the waist and/or any portion of spine while standing, kneeling, resting on the floor, or while suspended.
Box act (also called: body packing; enterology; packanatomicalization) - Circus act in which a contortionist squeezes his/her body into a small box or transparent container.
Chest stand - Any backbending pose in which the performer's chest is resting on the floor for support.
Dislocate - 1. [verb] To injure a joint by temporarily forcing the bone out of its normal socket. 2. [noun] In men's gymnastics, a rotating of the shoulders when performing a backwards turn on the still rings. Many skills in acrobatics appear to involve dislocating a joint, when they actually do not.
Durvasa's pose or crane pose - Named for the mythological Indian sage, Durvasa, who supposedly assumed this pose during his years of penance: to stand on one foot with the other leg lifted in front and placed behind the neck or shoulders.
Elbow stand - Any inverted pose in which the performer uses only the forearms on the floor for support.
Frontbend - Any pose that features an unusual degree of frontward bending of the waist and/or spine, either with the legs together or parted.
Front split (also called: stride split) - A split in which one leg is extended frontward and the other leg is extended backward, both at right angles to the trunk. Ideally, the hips are square facing to the front, while both legs are turned out from the hips.
Hairpin - A pose in which one kneels down, sits on top of the feet, and bends backwards until the top of the head comes into contact with the tailbone; it may also done with a starting position on hands and knees.
Headsit - An extreme backbend in which the top of the performer's head touches the buttocks; usually in a handstand or chest stand. Sometimes, a more extreme variation is done where the buttocks are positioned past the performer's head, while the lower back is on top of the head; this requires much more neck flexibility.
Leg shouldering - A standing split in which the leg touches the shoulder. Can be done to the front, side, or rear.
Marinelli bend - [from contortionist and international theatrical agent H. B. Marinelli (1864-1924)] A headsit with the legs extended, performed while supported only by a leather mouth grip at the top of a short post.
Needle scale - A front split while standing on the forward foot, with the torso bent downward with the hands touching the floor, while the rear leg is extended vertically toward the ceiling.
Oversplit (also called: hypersplit) - Any split in which the angle formed by the legs measures greater than 180 degrees. It can be done to the front with either or both legs elevated, or in a straddle split with one or both legs elevated.
Passive stretching (also called: static-passive stretching; assisted relaxed stretching) - 1. A static stretch (See: "static stretching") in which an external force (such as the floor or another person) holds the performer in the static position. 2. The practice of having a relaxed limb moved beyond its normal range of motion with the assistance of a partner. In "active stretching", in contrast, the limb is extended to its maximum range using only the muscles of that limb.
Pike - To be bend forward at the waist with the legs and trunk kept straight.
Pointe - In classical ballet, when a dancer uses special shoes (called pointe shoes or toe shoes) to dance en pointe (on their toes). The arch of the top of the foot is at its maximum when the dancer "pushes over", causing the heel of the foot to be almost directly over the toes. Difficult and often painful to learn, both men and women may benefit from studying pointe technique; however, most performance opportunities are for women only. Children do not begin to study pointe until they have years of experience and sufficient ankle strength, as well as being old enough to ensure that their bones are strong enough.
Rag doll act (also called: golliwogg act) - Circus act in which a contortionist, dressed in a loose-fitting clown costume, gives the appearance of being a limp, life-sized doll, as one or two assistants bend, roll, carry and pose the "doll" and then stuff him/her into a small box.
Rhythmic gymnastics (also called: rhythmic sportive gymnastics (RSG); rhythmics) - Olympic sport for one woman (or 5 women in group competition) consisting of a balletic floor exercise which demonstrates leaps, turns, balance and flexibility while moving and tossing hand-held apparatus: a ball, a rope, a hoop, two clubs, or a ribbon. Men's rhythmic gymnastics currently exists in Japan, and is gaining worldwide acceptance.
Rope act (also called: Spanish web) - Circus act in which an acrobat (usually female) performs exercises high above the floor while holding on to a long, vertically suspended rope, or hanging from a loop in the rope.
Scale - In acrobatics, when the leg is raised toward the back and may be held with one hand while standing.
Split (also called: the splits) - Any pose in which the legs are extended in opposite directions such that the angle of the legs is 180 degrees.
Straddle split (also called: side split; box split; Chinese split; cut split) - A split in which the legs are extended to the left and right, until a 180 degree angle between the legs is reached.
Tortoise position (also called: pancake) - A seated forward bend with the chest against the floor between the legs; the outstretched arms are also against the floor and underneath the knees.
Triple fold - A chest stand (see: "chest stand") in which the knees come all the way over to touch the floor, and the shins lie flat on the floor creating three 'layers'.
Twisting split - An exercise in which the performer changes from a split with the left leg forward, to a straddle split, and then to a split with the right leg forward, by rotating the legs, and without using the hands for support.
See also
Artistic gymnastics
Cirque du Soleil
Rhythmic gymnastics
Synchronised swimming
Yoga
References
External links
The contortionist's handbook
The Contortion Homepage
Contortionists Unite
Contortion Space
Circus skills
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The Lysistrata Project may refer to:
The Lysistrata Project (protest), a 2003 peace protest in reaction to the Iraq disarmament crisis
The Lysistrata Project (radio drama), a contemporary adaptation of Aristophanes's play
See also
Lysistrata, the play by Aristophanes
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"The Damned" is the second episode of the eighth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on October 29, 2017. The episode was written by Matthew Negrete and Channing Powell, and directed by Rosemary Rodriguez.
The combined attack on Negan and the Saviors' compound has left the entire complex surrounded by a large horde of walkers, preventing the Saviors from leaving or entering the Sanctuary. The combined forces of Alexandria, the Hilltop and the Kingdom split up to deal with other Savior outposts, using information provided by Dwight.
This episode marks the return of Morales (Juan Pareja), who was last seen in the first season episode "Wildfire", and has the longest period of absence than any other character on The Walking Dead; having been absent for six seasons and 95 episodes. The recurring characters Francine (Dahlia Legault), Andy (Jeremy Palko) and Freddie (Brett Gentile) make their final appearances after being killed by the Saviors.
Plot
Morgan, Tara, and Jesus lead a silent coordinated surprise attack on the same radio telescope observatory they had previously cleared of Saviors; however, Morgan, along with Andy and Freddie, appear to be gunned down. Tara and Jesus find a man cowering in a closet claimed to be a worker from the Sanctuary, and while Tara is eager to kill him, Jesus insists they keep him alive. However, the man turns on them, threatening to shoot Jesus. Tara and Jesus overpower him and tie him up. They later find the remaining Saviors who voluntarily drop their guns. Morgan, who was only stunned unconscious in the attack, vengefully kills any remaining Saviors on his way out and is stopped by Jesus from killing the ones they have taken captive.
King Ezekiel and Carol command their forces to a Savior pharmacy lab. With only one Savior left, they try to shoot him but only wound him, giving the guard the chance to set off a smoke bomb and unleash walkers that had been trapped within the building. Ezekiel's group readily dispatches them, but the guard has escaped and they fear he might reach a nearby Savior stronghold to warn them. They find a trail of blood and surmise he is moving slowly; they also discover a walker with its skin ripped off and Ezekiel becomes curious as to its fate. They eventually catch up with the man and Shiva the tiger mauls him to death. Ezekiel enthusiastically rallies his troops to take the nearby Savior stronghold, despite the Saviors knowing they are coming.
Aaron and his boyfriend Eric lead the assault on a warehouse where many Saviors are holed up. Francine dies of a shot in the chest during the shooting. When some of the Saviors attempt to flank them, Eric takes a risky move to move around cover and stop them. The firefight is protracted and the Saviors realize too late that its goal was to wait out the deaths of the first victims to reanimate into walkers, as to attack the remaining Saviors within. As the fight dies down, Aaron finds Eric had been shot in the stomach and races him to safety.
Using Aaron's distraction, Rick and Daryl sneak into a town hall, where Dwight's info said that heavy machine guns are hidden; Rick desires to capture these to prevent the Saviors using them to clear the walker horde. Finding the place empty, the two split up. Rick encounters one man and gets into a fight, the man seemingly protecting a specific door. Rick impales him on a shelf bracket and then opens the door, only to find a sleeping infant, and Rick becomes devastated. He is distracted enough by his act that he is easily caught at gunpoint by Morales, one of the first survivors Rick met at Atlanta, and who is now loyal to the Saviors.
Reception
Critical reception
"The Damned" received mixed reviews, with many critics citing it as a step down from the season premiere. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 50% with an average rating of 5.81 out of 10, based on 22 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "The Damned" stumbles after the season opener, with the unexpected return of a forgotten character, and a whole lot of action—but not a whole lot of thrills. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a 7.6/10, pitting chaotic action, an interesting twist at the episode's end, and a refreshing soundtrack against questionable character choices, a confusing timeline, and a stale storyline. Forbess Eric Kain gave "The Damned" an "F" and hammered the episode by saying, "I don't understand what's happening with The Walking Dead...This is how TV shows die, not with a bang but with a whimper. What we're watching isn't high-stakes drama, it's a slow-motion train wreck."
Ratings
The episode averaged a 4.0 rating among adults 18-49, the lowest for the series since the penultimate episode of season 2, "Better Angels". A total of 8.92 million viewers tuned in, the least since the season 2 finale, "Beside the Dying Fire".
References
External links
"The Damned" at AMC
2017 American television episodes
The Walking Dead (season 8) episodes
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An epididymal cyst is a cyst of the epididymis containing serous liquid. They are difficult to differentiate from a spermatocele except by aspiration, since a spermatocele contains milky-appearing sperm.
References
Cysts
Epididymis disorders
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The Canadian Ballet Festival was an annual event staged in Canada from 1948 to 1954 that brought together various Canadian dance companies to generate public interest in classical dance. Prior to the festivals, it was difficult for professional Canadian dancers to earn a living by practising their art in their own country. When the festivals ended in 1954 after six years, Canadian dancers were able to find paid work in Canadian television practising their art.
Formation
In 1947, the Royal Winnipeg Ballet formed the Canadian Ballet Festival under the direction of the manager David Yeddeau. The Canadian Ballet Festival Association (CBFA) became the official organizing body. In a statement to the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, the Canadian Ballet Festival Association identified the purpose of the festival as being to generate interest in dance in order "to prepare a professional field for Canadian dancers, thus enabling them to earn their livelihood by the practice of their own art in their own country."
Events
The inaugural festival in 1948 in Winnipeg brought together three ballet companies. In addition to the fledgling Winnipeg Ballet, the festival included the Toronto-based Volkoff Canadian Ballet, and a Montreal-based modernist troupe under Ruth Sorel. Kay Armstrong, with the British Columbia School of Dancing planned on performing which would have established her as the only Canadian choreographer with an original ballet. However, when the promised travel subsidy was withdrawn, Armstrong's troupe couldn't afford to participate.
Canadian composers wrote most of the music for the Second Annual festival, held in Toronto in March 1949 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre. It featured eleven companies, including Neo Dance Theatre, and 21 ballets were performed, including Cynthia Barrett's, Song of David and Boris Volkoff's Red Ear of Corn. John Jacob Weinzweig wrote the first Canadian score commissioned by the Festival. Samuel Hersenhoren directed the orchestra. Subsequent to the 1949 festival, participating teachers formed the Canadian Dance Teachers' Association in order to unite, communicate and monitor teaching standards.
The Third Annual Festival occurred in November 1950 in Montreal with fifteen Canadian companies and 23 original Canadian ballets. Sydney Johnson and Marcel Valois wrote introductions in the 1950 program. Le Ballet Concert performed Étude and Le Rêve Fantasque. Celia Franca, founder of the National Ballet of Canada, was invited by the CBFA to be a guest.
The Fourth Festival was held in Toronto in 1952. The Fifth Festival occurred in the spring of 1953 at the Little Theatre in Ottawa. The British Columbia Ballet Company performed Leonard Gibson's Gershwin Preludes. By 1954, when the Festivals were over, Canadian dancers were able to find paid work in television through the National Ballet of Canada and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet.
See also
Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival
International Ballet Festival of Havana
USA International Ballet Competition
References
Organizations disestablished in 1954
Recurring events disestablished in 1954
Festival, Ballet, Canadian
Recurring events established in 1948
Arts organizations established in 1947
Royal Winnipeg Ballet
Dance festivals in Canada
Ballet competitions
1947 establishments in Manitoba
1954 disestablishments in Canada
Festivals established in 1948
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The Sanremo Music Festival 1990 was the 40th annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Teatro Palafiori in Sanremo, province of Imperia, between 28 February and 3 March 1990 and broadcast on Rai 1.
The show was presented by Johnny Dorelli and Gabriella Carlucci. Adriano Aragozzini served as artistic director.
The winner of the Big Artists section was the band Pooh with the song "Uomini soli", while Mia Martini won the critics award with the song "La nevicata del '56". Marco Masini won the "Newcomers" section with the song "Disperato".
According to the rules of this edition, each song of the big artist section was presented in a double performance by a non-Italian singer or group, and adapted in their foreign language.
Participants and results
Big Artists
Newcomers
Guests
References
Sanremo Music Festival by year
1990 in Italian music
1990 in Italian television
1990 music festivals
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The 2008 South China floods began on 26 May 2008. Four rounds of torrential rains with landslides and flooding lasted for 20 days and affected fifteen provinces in Eastern and Southern China.
The first round of floods affected twelve provinces in South China and killed 93 people as of 30 May. A new round of floods began on 6 June and swept nine provinces in southern China killing 55 people with 7 missing and forcing 1.3 million to evacuate as of 14 June. China's National Meteorological Centre has said that heavy rain would continue and that precipitation in the provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan would be 30 to 70% greater than in the same period last year.
Mainland China
Mainland provinces affected include Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong.
May
China Daily that torrential rains caused by Cloud seeding in the southern provinces killed 64 people in May. According to State Flood Control and Drought Relief headquarters, floods have claimed 59 lives up to this point of the year.
June
From 28 May to 2 June, some places in Guangdong experienced heavy rainfalls. After 7 days, flood situations were investigated by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) on 3 June. The State Flood Control and Drought Relief headquarters and National Meteorological Centre (NMC) both raised emergency levels expecting more torrential rain and thunderstorms. On the weekend of 7–8 June, Guangzhou Daily reported it to be the heaviest rain storm in 50 years for Guangdong province. Wuzhou was struck with their worst flooding in 100 years. In two days the rainfall in some areas measured more than 400 millimetres (15.7 inches).
On 14 June, the Ministry of Water Resources said close to 1 million hectares of farmland have been affected with the worst hit provinces being Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei. From 25 May to 14 June, up to 18 people have died, including 2.22 million people were affected in 17 cities in Guangdong. The average rainfall of was double the long-term level, with the media reporting it as "Freak rain".
On 15 June, more than 300 places in Shenzhen were submerged underwater. Floods have forced more than 1.66 million people to evacuate, caused 67,000 houses to collapse, and killed 63 people. Three days later officials in Guangdong warned of a "black June" as high tides, rain and rivers threatened levees. Across the region, 169 were reported killed in the floods.
On 21 June, the main precipitation areas include the Huai River valleys, Guizhou, Sichuan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Heavy rain follow in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia. At the end of the month, 252 people were killed in the rainstorms and flooding.
Hong Kong
June
On 7 June, more than of rain fell on Lantau Island and more than fell on Hong Kong Island. By noon, almost 40 landslides and 156 floods were reported. In Tsim Sha Tsui, the 124-year record of rainfall per hour was smashed, with 145.5 mm (5.73 inches) of rainfall being recorded. The North Lantau Highway was blocked, for the first and so far the only time since its opening in 1997, by a landslide. Land traffic to the villages of Tai O was cut off, forcing the government to increase the frequency of ferries to and from the villages. Newspaper vendors in the streets reported that the water came very fast, flooding the area within five minutes to thigh-deep level (over-the-knee). One of the landslides killed two people in Tuen Mun. The Hong Kong Observatory thus changed the "amber rainstorm" warning to a "black rainstorm" warning.
References
External links
China View
BBC News
Reuters
2008 South China floods, Sina.com
Floods in China
2008 disasters in China
2008 floods in Asia
Natural disasters in Hong Kong
Landslides in China
Landslides in 2008
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Ракула:
Ракула — деревня в Кирилловском районе Вологодской области.
Ракула — река, приток Лудеги.
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The 2011 D.C. United season was D.C. United's 17th year of existence, their 16th season in Major League Soccer, and their 16th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. D.C. United tried to salvage a poor showing last season where they finished at the bottom of the MLS standings. The season covers the period of November 1, 2010, through October 31, 2011.
Ahead of the preseason, then interim-head coach Ben Olsen assumed head coaching duties, under a three-year contract for an undisclosed price. Olsen became the first head coach in franchise history to both play for and coach the squad. Upon retiring as a player on November 24, 2009, Olsen became an assistant coach under head coach Curt Onalfo. On August 7, 2010, Olsen was named interim head coach after Onalfo was fired. Olsen finished the 2010 season with a 3–8–1 record. Several major offseason acquisitions were made, in both the offense and defense. Notable signings included Charlie Davies on loan, Perry Kitchen, Dax McCarty and Josh Wolff. In the summer, a major trade was made when United traded McCarty to their Atlantic Cup rivals, New York Red Bulls, for Dwayne De Rosario. During the MLS regular season, United regularly hovered in the middle of the league's overall table, frequently swapping positions barely in or outside of a berth in the MLS Cup Playoffs. Ultimately, their playoff run ended in the 33rd week of the campaign, culminating a six-match winless streak, that included five consecutive losses.
Outside of MLS, the team failed to qualify for the third round proper of the U.S. Open Cup for the first time since 2002. In the qualification propers, United lost 3–2 to New England Revolution in the MLS qualification semifinals. Before the MLS regular season campaign, United participated in the preseason Carolina Challenge Cup tournament, where the club defended their 2010 title by recording a 2–0–1 record in the pre-season competition.
Background
The 2010 season marked the worst regular season record in United's history, as the club finished at the bottom of the Eastern Conference and overall league standings. As a result, United failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs for a league record-tying third year.
Midway through the season, head coach Curt Onalfo was fired and replaced by assistant coach, Ben Olsen. As interim head coach Olsen led the club to a 3–8–1 record, which advanced them to a season total of 22 points over 30 games.
The team concluded the regular season on October 23, 2010, with a 3–2 loss at home against Toronto FC. Club veteran, Jaime Moreno, earned his 133rd regular season goal during the final match of his professional career. Moreno departed professional soccer as the MLS career scoring leader.
Preseason
November 2010
On November 24, D.C. United acquired Dax McCarty and an allocation fee of roughly $35,000 from the Portland Timbers for Rodney Wallace and the lower of United's two fourth round 2011 MLS SuperDraft selections. Three days after playing for the entire MLS Cup 2010 McCarty was acquired by the Portland Timbers with the first overall pick of the 2010 MLS Expansion Draft. At 4:13 pm EST D.C. United announced it had signed McCarty from the Portland Timbers.
After much speculation for a new coach, United announced Ben Olsen became head coach on November 29, 2010. His three-year contract as an assistant coach was replaced with a new three-year guaranteed contract that also includes options for additional seasons. At the time of the announcement Olsen had only selected one assistant coach, Chad Ashton, who had been serving as technical director during the previous season. Mark Simpson, the goalkeeping coach, decided not to return to the club. Kris Kelderman, who had another year under his contract as an assistant coach, was named the head coach of the UW–Green Bay Phoenix men's soccer team in May 2010.
December
On December 2, D.C. United announced it would not exercise options on the contracts of defenders Barry Rice and Juan Manuel Peña, as well as midfielder Carlos Varela and Brandon Barklage.
On December 21, D.C. United announced MLS veteran goalkeeper Pat Onstad would join D.C. United as goalkeeping coach. Onstad retired after a 24-year professional career, including 136 regular season matches with the Houston Dynamo. It was also announced that Olsen would not hire a third assistant coach to replace Kris Kelderman.
On December 8, D.C. United acquired former Houston Dynamo forward Joseph Ngwenya during the first stage of the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft. On December 15, D.C. United acquired Josh Wolff from the Kansas City Wizards during the second stage of the draft. Ngwenya was guaranteed $156,000 for the 2011 season, which was an increase from his base salary in 2010 of $72,000. Wolff was guaranteed $160,000 for 2011, which was $60,004 less than his 2010 base salary.
Between the two stages of the MLS Re-Entry Draft, D.C. United signed D.C. United Academy player Ethan White. White previously played for the Maryland Terrapins before signing a homegrown player contract with D.C. United on December 14, 2010. He became the fourth academy signee within the last year for United.
January
The start of 2011 was highlighted by United's first selection in the SuperDraft, where they had the third overall pick in the first round. For the third pick, United drafted University of Akron standout Perry Kitchen, who was a key cog for the Akron Zips' championship-run in the College Cup the previous month. Club management expressed immense excitement in signing Kitchen, with head coach Ben Olsen and manager David Kasper sharing that if they had the first overall pick, they would have signed Kitchen.
Along with Kitchen, United signed Kitchen's teammate, Chris Korb in the second round, and in the final round, selecting Joe Willis, who last played for University of Denver in collegiate soccer, while playing for the Premier Development League's Real Colorado Foxes.
United also made one selection in the Supplemental Draft, choosing forward Blake Brettschneider in the second round. The Black-and-Red had previously traded its first-round pick and another first-round supplemental pick acquired in a SuperDraft day trade to Los Angeles Galaxy. United chose to pass on its third round Supplemental Draft selection.
On January 30, at the Washington Auto Show, United unveiled their brand-new third kits for the 2011 season. The third kit, marked the first time in club history that the team will don a third kit during any year campaign. The new third kit is predominately red; red jersey, shorts and socks, with accents of black on the jersey.
Concluding the Supplemental Draft, United shortly thereafter began their preseason training, which started with mandatory team physicals for the upcoming MLS season, as well as fitness training. Following players' medical clearances and preliminary training, United went south to Fort Lauderdale, Florida on January 31 to begin their preseason training camp.
February
During the first week of February, rumors began to circulate that D.C. United was in "serious talks" with FC Sochaux-Montbéliard to acquire U.S. national team forward Charlie Davies on loan from the French Ligue 1 side. Originally declining to comment about a possible loan, Davies' agent, Lyle Yorks, told reporters that Davies was seeking a loan, in order to have more ample playing time while recovering from a series of injuries he suffered in an automobile accident in October 2009. On February 2, D.C. United posted a press release that stated Davies would be training with United during their Fort Lauderdale training camp, for a week starting on February 3. Subsequently, club public relations released a press statement declaring that Davies would join United on loan if they saw him match fit.
On February 16, two weeks following the arrival of Charlie Davies in camp, the club made local and national headlines when they announced that they successfully acquired Davies on a 12-month loan deal from Sochaux. Club management expressed how impressive Davies was in camp. D.C. United have the option of buying out Davies from Sochaux at the end of the season should they decide to do so. United were able to obtain Davies due to their position in the leagues allocation order.
The very next day following Davies official announcement, the club waived long-time defender, Julius James. In the press statement, D.C. cited that the waiving freed another international roster spot on the team's squad. That same day, United also acquired allocation money from L.A. Galaxy when trading the international roster spot vacated with James' departure. James did not make any appearances with the club during preseason training.
During their Florida preseason training, United went undefeated in all matches, winning each match. and Florida International University's men's soccer team. Following training in Florida, United continued their preseason tour by traveling to Southern California, where they played against the PDL's Ventura County Fusion, as well as a match against UC Santa Barbara's men's team. To conclude their California preseason training, United took on fellow MLS club, C.D. Chivas USA in a friendly on February 25. During their time in California, United posted victories against Ventura County as well as UC Santa Barbara, before drawing against Chivas USA.
Concluding the Chivas USA match, the club traveled back east to Charleston, South Carolina to participate in the Carolina Challenge Cup.
March
The first half of March opened with D.C. United participating in their final preseason tune-up, the 2011 Carolina Challenge Cup, played in Charleston, South Carolina. United, the defending champions, were paired up against the host Charleston Battery in the opening match of the tournament on March 5. In the game, United emerged victorious 2–1, and moved into first place in the tournament table.
Three days later, United played their second MLS opponent of the preseason. This time, they played fellow conference foes, Chicago Fire, for the second match of the Challenge Cup. Played on March 9, the match proved to be another successful game for newly acquired Brettschneider, as he tallied on the scoresheet in the 10th minute of play. Things would continue in United's way in the 37th minute, when Chicago midfielder Diego Cháves was ejected from the game in the 37th minute, allowing United to have a one-man advantage for a significant portion of the match. Consequently, the Fire would fail to create many goalscoring opportunities, being outshot 16–5 by United. Brettschneider's tenth-minute tally was the lone goal of the match, thus giving United a 2–0–0 record in the tournament table, and placing them in a key position to win the entire cup.
Needing a draw at minimum, United were in a keen position to win their second-consecutive Challenge Cup. The club closed out their cup run with their third and final match against last-place Toronto FC; who had fallen to both Chicago and Charleston earlier in the week. The match started out heavily in favor of United, who scored off a Charlie Davies goal in the ninth minute. The 1–0 lead over the Reds was short-lived, as TFC quickly leveled off of a penalty kick scored by TFC captain, Dwayne De Rosario, leveling the match at one-all. Immediately minutes later, the Reds struck again, taking a 2–1 lead. The lead was Toronto's first in the entire tournament and, ironically, United's first time trailing in a match in the entire tournament.
Towards the end of the first half, nearing the halftime break, came an unusual string of reckless challenges from Toronto right back, Mikael Yourassowsky, on loan from Croatian side Rijeka. In the 36th minute of play, Yourassowsky was carded for a reckless challenge on Andy Najar, and a minute later was given a second yellow and subsequently ejected for doing a similarly mistimed tackle on Chris Pontius. It would not be until the 62nd minute that United were able to capitalize on the shorthanded Toronto, restoring parity at 2–2 thanks a goal from Ngwenya. The draw gave D.C. United the cup title.
Regular season
During the Major League Soccer regular season, D.C. United finished with a record of 9–12–12, failing to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs for a record fourth-consecutive year.
D.C. United's began the Major League Soccer regular season on March 19, 2011, when the club hosted the Columbus Crew. Though the club earned a 3–1 victory against Columbus, United would only post one more victory throughout March and April, and consequently, fell towards the bottom of both the Eastern Conference and overall standings. Additionally, the chain of losses in April culminated with the club being eliminated during the U.S. Open Cup qualification propers. However, following their 4–1 league loss at Houston Dynamo, United would go unbeaten in their next five matches, winning two games and drawing thrice.
During the summer, with United only losing three matches, and either winning or drawing their other league fixtures, the club ascended in the standings and eventually, into a position that offered a berth into the wildcard round of the playoffs. United held a spot within the league's top ten overall standings throughout July and August. By September, the luck faded as the club ran into a bit of a slump.
The slump continued into September and October, and as the club made up matches in hand, narrow losses ultimately doomed United in reaching the playoffs, as a club hit a five match losing streak. Upon their fourth-straight loss, United was ultimately eliminated from postseason contention with a 1–1 draw against Portland Timbers on October 15.
Late March
As the Challenge Cup concluded, United began to shift gears to the MLS regular season, and with that, naming their captain for the campaign. On March 16, 2011, Head Coach Ben Olsen named Dax McCarty the club captain.
United opened the MLS regular season on March 19, 2011. Their campaign opened in strong fashion, amassing a 3–1 victory over Eastern Conference foes, Columbus Crew. In the match, two of United's recent acquisitions tallied the three goals on the scoresheet; two for Charlie Davies, who came on as a 55th-minute substitute, and one for Josh Wolff. The goals for Davies were his first since August 12, 2009; when he scored for the U.S. national team in their 1–2 loss against Mexico in Estadio Azteca. The lone blemish for the Black-and-Red that evening was a converted penalty kick by long-time Crew midfielder Robbie Rogers in the 83rd minute.
Following their opening victory, the United traveled up north to take on New England Revolution on March 26. The United would fall into a 2–0 hole early in the match, with some citing poor officiating as the cause. A late penalty kick goal from Charlie Davies resulted in a 2–1 loss for the United.
April
Colorado snowstorm
April opened with United playing the defending MLS Cup champions, Colorado Rapids at their home ground, DSG Park on April 2. The match was almost postponed due to snow earlier in the day. However, the match was still called on, as a smaller crowd of around 9,000 braved the wintry conditions. The match saw Colorado take a first half lead off recently purchased Irish-international Caleb Folan. In the 67th minute of play, the United leveled the score thanks to a strike from Santino Quaranta.The tie was short-lived, as the Rapids immediately struck back with a 68th-minute goal from Scottish-international Jamie Smith. Ten minutes later, Folan gave the Rapids a 3–1 lead, and in injury time, Jamaican-international Omar Cummings gave a sucker punch goal, resulting in a 4–1 defeat for United to the Rapids.
By finishing in 16th in MLS last season, United were not guaranteed an MLS berth in the 2011 edition of the U.S. Open Cup. Therefore, they will have to qualify for one of two spots against teams that finished in 7th place or below in MLS last season.
On February 28, 2011, MLS announced that for their qualification, United would play the Philadelphia Union in a play-in game for U.S. Open Cup qualification. The decision for United to play the Union was due to the Union's proximity to United, and their relative record during the 2010 season. The match will be played April 6, 2011, at the Maryland SoccerPlex. United hosts the Union due to winning a coin flip. The winner of the D.C.-Philadelphia match will host New England Revolution in the second phase of MLS qualification. That match is expected to be played in late April 2011.
L.A. Galaxy match
In front of their largest league crowd in three years, United hosted the Los Angeles Galaxy on April 9. In their previous meeting, the United took a lead midway in the second half, before Galaxy captain, Landon Donovan scored two goals late in the game to give the Galaxy a 2–1 win. The match piqued interest across the region, as a crowd of 26,222 turned up for the game, United's largest league match crowd in over three years. The game itself ended in a 1–1 draw, with the Galaxy scoring the first goal, a Mike Magee header off of a David Beckham corner in the 12th minute. United equalized late into match, in the second minute of stoppage time, thanks to a Charlie Davies penalty kick, his fourth in MLS league play and his fifth with D.C. United.
The match itself swirled around controversy between Abiodun Okulaja's (the center referee) calls and officiating. The most questionable calls were associated the severity of cards distributed to players and a late-match decision to award a penalty kick to the United, in which many claimed was a fake trip in the box. One controversial call came from a reckless challenge by Galaxy midfielder, Beckham, to United forward, Josh Wolff in the 40th minute. Following the referee stopping play to call the foul, a verbal exchange between Beckham and United's Santino Quaranta resulted in a swarm of United and Galaxy players coming in to push the two apart. While Quaranta was not carded for his exchange with Beckham, Beckham was carded for his foul against Wolff in the 37th minute and Davies' penalty kick in the 91st. The goal received much national attention from the controversy surrounding the decision to award a penalty, and Davies' celebration for successfully converting the kick. Subsequent to the match, center referee Abiodun Okulaja ejected Galaxy midfielder Jovan Kirovski for cursing at him while sniping his decision.
Success in Toronto
On April 16, United took on Toronto FC at Toronto's BMO Field. In the 2010 campaign, United were able to pull out a 1–0 victory against the Reds; this time, D.C. was able to earn a 3–0 victory at Toronto. Their game against Toronto quickly went into good fortune for the Black-and-Red, as United found the back of the net twice within the first 10 minutes of play. The opening goal was scored by Chris Pontius, which was his first in MLS league play since his hat trick against Seattle Sounders FC last June, prior to his calf injury. Pontius netted in the 5th minute as well as the 73rd minute of the match. Additionally, Charlie Davies netted his fifth MLS goal of the year, and his second in the run of play. Davies' goal was a follow up shot in the 9th minute following a strike from winger Josh Wolff. Additionally, the game saw United not only pull out their first away win of the season, but their first shout-out since the Carolina Challenge Cup; which was also Bill Hamid's first shutout in MLS play.
Atlantic Cup drubbing
The following Thursday, April 22, United hosted their longtime rivals, Red Bull New York. Broadcast on ESPN2, it was United's first televised match on the network this year. In the 12th minute of play, a Luke Rodgers cross to Red Bulls striker, Thierry Henry led to the first goal for New York. Henry scored his third goal of the season, and the second of the match in the 38th minute of play, doubling New York's lead. Heading into halftime, Olsen replaced club captain, McCarty in for DP, Branko Bošković at halftime. Bošković, praised for his play in the match, had two shots on goal that were deflected off of the crossbar. In the 64th minute, Bošković sent a free kick hurdling towards the upper right post, only to be denied by the crossbar. Throughout a majority of the second half United dominated the Red Bulls in possession, but failed time and time again to score. A counterattack in the 72nd minute, led by Estonian international, Joel Lindpere gave New York a 3–0 advantage over United. Subsequently, Bošković had his third shot on goal deflect off the bar. American prospect, Juan Agudelo netted in injury time for the Red Bulls, giving the club a 4–0 win over United. The loss for United was their worst ever home loss against New York, and their worst loss at home since 2005, when the team lost 4–0 to Chicago Fire in an MLS Cup quarterfinal leg.
Following the club's 4–0 home defeat, United returned to Open Cup play, where they took on New England Revolution in the MLS qualification semifinals. Hosted at Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds, the Revolution quickly got off to a 2–0 lead, thanks to a pair of goals from Revolution midfielder Kheli Dube. Dube scored in 37th and 47th minutes of play. Twenty minutes following Dube's second goal, Virginia-native Alan Koger gave the Revs a 3–0 lead. Shortly thereafter, United's Branko Bošković scored his first two goals of 2011 to trim the lead down to one goal. The late rally, however, proved to be too little, too late as the Revolution defeated United 3–2. Consequently, it was the first time since 2002 that United did not qualify into the main tournament propers of the Open Cup.
Houston defeat, U.S. Open Cup elimination
United's woes continued in their final match of April, where they traveled south to take on Houston Dynamo on April 29. United was routed 4–1 in the match, making them have a league-worst 16 goals conceded. However, with 10 goals scored, United was jointly tied for second in the league for goals scored on. The Orange Crush came out on a roaring start, as Dynamo-striker Will Bruin netted in the fourth minute of play. In the 39th minute, United defender Marc Burch scored off a complex free kick that caused the Dynamo defense to scramble, tallying his first goal of 2011. The parity was short-lived, as Bruin would regain the lead for Houston two minutes later off of a header from Brad Davis cross. Bruin would complete his hat trick in the 57th minute to give Dynamo a commanding 3–1 lead. Houston's Cam Weaver came in to add a buffer to the lead in the 62nd minute.
May
Bošković injury
During the month of May, D.C. United went undefeated in their four Major League Soccer regular season matches, winning and drawing two games apiece. While the club had success on the field, the team suffered with several injuries, including the club's lone Designated Player, Branko Bošković. Bošković, who left in the team's U.S. Open Cup qualifier loss to New England, was revealed to have a torn Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his right thigh. Towards the end of the month, United hosted defending Dutch champions, Ajax in a friendly match, in which United lost.
Bošković's injury was released publicly on May 1, only three days before their midweek fixture against Seattle Sounders FC. D.C. United, who had never defeated Seattle at home, was coming off a two-match winning streak. The match ended in United's favor, as goals from Josh Wolff and Charlie Davies helped United earn a 2–1 victory. Playing their third match within a week, United hosted 2010 MLS Cup-finalists, FC Dallas on May 7. Like United, Dallas was suffering from a slew of injuries, most notably forward David Ferreira who broke his ankle in Dallas' 2–1 away victory at Vancouver. The game itself ended in a scoreless tie, though United out shot Dallas 5–2 in total shots on frame.
Rapids draw, Ajax friendly loss
Within a week, United squared off in their return match against the defending league champions, Colorado Rapids. The May 14 affair ended in a 1–1 draw between the two camps as the Rapids' Drew Moor netted a 23rd-minute brace to give the visitors an advantage. The hosts, United, continued to press throughout the match, dominating possession. In the 56th minute, what seemed to be a certain foul in the box for a penalty from Colorado's Jeff Lorentowictz on D.C.'s Joseph Ngwenya was waved off, resulting in heavy dissent from both the players and the bench of United. The incident was seemingly hindered in the 62nd minute when the Rapids' Kosuke Kimura collided with United's Chris Pontius. Pontius would subsequently score from the penalty spot, leveling the scoreline and thus giving United a draw.
During the week of May 22, United had a bye week from league play, which allowed the club to schedule a home friendly against the defending Dutch champions, AFC Ajax of Amsterdam. The previous week, Ajax had tallied a 3–1 win over Twente to secure the Dutch title for an unprecedented 30th time, their first since 2004. The Amsterdamers notched an early strike in the 10th minute thanks to forward, and Serbian international, Miralem Sulejmani. The Black-and-Red managed to make up for the early setback thanks to a 58th-minute cross from Ngwenya to newly drafted Blake Brettschneider, leveling the match at one apiece. However, the match ended in Ajax's favor over United as the Amsterdammers tallied a final goal in the 87th minute courtesy of midfielder Vurnon Anita.
Victory at Jeld-Wen
Heading into Memorial Day Weekend, United wrapped up May with the opening match of their two-game West Coast road trip on May 29 at Jeld-Wen Field to take on the Portland Timbers. The Timbers, who held a 5–3–2 record prior to the match had won every single match at home during MLS play. United successfully ended that home streak with a 3–2 victory over the Timbers, thanks to goals from Perry Kitchen, his first professional goal in his career, as well as Chris Pontius and Josh Wolff. In the match, Kitchen opened the scoring for United with a 13th-minute half-volley thanks to a redirected header from Dejan Jakovic. While United were able to hold the 1–0 lead well into the second half of play, a chain of contentious decisions from center official Geoff Gamble, but primarily linesmen Eric Proctor. It was only the second MLS match that Gamble officiated, with his first coming on the previous weekend. In the 67th minute of play, United conceded a penalty kick to the Timbers. United goalkeeper, Bill Hamid initially saved Timbers striker Kenny Cooper's first penalty shot, only for the shot to be retaken. Proctor flagged for a retaking of the kick claiming that Hamid stepping off his line before the kick was taken, an infraction of the rules. The contrasting argument from Hamid, as well as other United players, was that Cooper stutter-stepped before taking the ball, which is illegal in the Laws of the Game. Nevertheless, it was ruled that a second retake would be taken, again by Cooper. Hamid consecutively saved the shot, only for Proctor to again rule that Hamid repeated the same original infraction. The ruling caused Hamid to storm over to Proctor in disdain for his decision, consequently earning Hamid a yellow card for dissent. For the third shot on the mark, Timbers captain Jack Jewsbury took the shot and buried it in the bottom left-hand post, leveling the score at 1–1. The stalemate was tentative, as Diego Chara of the Timbers conceded a penalty in the box when he mistimed a slide tackle on Pontius, leading to a handball. Pontius scored his second penalty of the season, and his second consecutive in league play to give United the 2–1 advantage. A quarter of an hour later, Wolff notched a goal, extending United's lead in the 85th minute. The Timbers' Jorge Perlaza scored a consolation goal in the 88th minute of play, but it would fail to be enough.
June
Third kit debut, L.A. "family affair"
The beginning of June was heralded by the debut of United's third kit, which debuted in the opening match of the month. The new third kit, which featured a primary color of red, with black accents debuted in the June 3 away fixture at Los Angeles Galaxy. June also saw a wave of controversy arrive involving Charlie Davies and deceiving match officials during the run of play, causing Davies to be fined by MLS. As the international transfer window neared, United made an unanticipated, blockbuster trade with their Atlantic Cup rivals, New York Red Bulls on June 27. On the pitch, however, United failed to win any matches during the month, tallying three draws and a loss during the month.
The opening match of June was deemed a "family affair" by the media, due to the close relationship between Galaxy manager, Bruce Arena and United manager, Ben Olsen. Beforehand, Arena coached Olsen on the dynasty D.C. United squad of the late 1990s and on the United States national team into the mid 2000s. Continuing their unbeaten streak from May, United earned a 1–1 draw. With the draw, United tentatively moved into third place in the Eastern Conference, ahead of Columbus Crew.
In spite of the strong finish at Los Angeles, who led the Western Conference and overall standings at the time, United failed to win any matches during the month of June, amassing three subsequent draws and a loss. The loss would come the following week on June 11, where they would lose at home against San Jose Earthquakes. Consequently, the loss, along with a Columbus victory, saw United fall to fourth in the conference and 11th in the overall standings.
Davies controversy in Salt Lake
On June 16, United embarked for Salt Lake City for an June 18 away game at Real Salt Lake. Played at Rio Tinto Stadium, the venue has been considered by fans and media alike to be one of the most hostile environments in MLS and in North American to play in. In franchise history, United had not only failed to win in Rio Tinto, but failed to earn a point in the stadium. In spite of Salt Lake's struggling form, and United's improved form, many still expected Real to defeat United, having the home field advantage and a stronger roster. The June 18 fixture played to a 1–1 tie thanks to penalty kicks from Salt Lake's Fabian Espindola and United's Charlie Davies. The match was marred for its extremely physical, sometimes ruthless play, as well as the lack of discipline imposed by center referee, Terry Vaughn, who only gave one yellow card the entire match. Espindola scored the opening goal in the 38th minute. The penalty was drawn when Salt Lake captain, Kyle Beckerman dribbled within the goal box. As Beckerman dribbled inwards, United's Clyde Simms mistime a slide tackle that missed Beckerman, but resulted in his right wrist deflecting Beckerman's pass into the box. In the second half, United continued to control a majority of the ball position, only to see Chris Pontius's shot deflect off the crossbar in the 53rd minute. Controversy further ignited on what many fans and journalists declared a dive from United's Davies, who drew a penalty kick in the 85th minute, following a breakaway counterattack. The declaration was near universal as video replay and still frames of the incident in the penalty box revealed Davies falling in a diving motion prior to Salt Lake defender, Chris Wingert making any contact with Davies, only to do so once Davies had already fallen down. In spite of this, center official Terry Vaughn whistled it to be a penalty kick. Met with heavy jeers at Rio Tinto, Davies successfully bagged the match tying goal, in spite of the fact that Salt Lake's goalkeeper, a former United player, Nick Rimando, guessed the correct way. In the 92nd minute, during stoppage time, Salt Lake's Jamison Olave recklessly fouled United's Blake Brettschneider to draw a final set piece, possibly to allow United to earn a shocking road win in Salt Lake. However, Najar's free kick was successfully passed to Pontius, whose shot deflected off the crossbar, allowing the match to remain leveled at one apiece. At the match's end heavy boos were ignited by the Salt Lake crowd, primarily directed towards the officiating. The match was deemed as one of the most reckless matches of 2011.
Celebrity golf tournament, McCarty–De Rosario trade
On June 20, United hosted its annual celebrity tournament. That same day, the club made more headlines when they announced that Fred would be allowed to join Australian A-League side, Melbourne Heart on a summer transfer in July. The exact date was not disclosed, although mid-season transfer window in MLS opens on July 15 and closes August 31.
One week later, United made national headlines following an unexpected trade with their Atlantic Cup rivals, Red Bull New York. The trade, announced on June 27, involved United acquiring New York midfielder, Dwayne De Rosario in exchange for United central midfielder, Dax McCarty.
July
The month of July began with D.C. United announcing a new assistant coach, as well as playing two nearby Eastern Conference rivals. On July 1, the franchise announced that Dutch manager Sonny Silooy was hired as an assistant coach for the senior team. Three days later, United played budding rivals, Philadelphia Union at home. The match, ending in a 2–2 tie saw newcomer Dwayne De Rosario make an assist to Josh Wolff as well as midfielder Andy Najar score a long range volley from 35 yards.
Victory in New York, Atlantic Cup defeat
The following week, United traveled up the Interstate 95 corridor to take on their Atlantic Cup rivals, Red Bull New York. The Red Bulls, previously thrashed United 4–0 in April, and looked to be heavy favorites by fans and the media alike, especially coming off a 5–0 home win over Toronto. During the 61st minute of play, De Rosario scored against his former club to give United a 1–0 advantage, which ended up being the match-winning goal. The win means that the Red Bulls have failed to defeat United at home since 2008. In spite of the win, United failed to win the Atlantic Cup trophy for the second consecutive year, losing 4–1 on aggregate. However, despite winning the Cup for the second straight year, Red Bulls players found the consolation prize as nothing worth meriting about. D.C. continued their streak the following week, drawing 0–0 to FC Dallas at Pizza Hut Park.
United concluded July with a 2–0 victory over the San Jose Earthquakes at Buck Shaw Stadium. De Rosario scored both goals.
August
The fifth month into D.C. United's regular season campaign marked the return of several players whom were previously injured throughout the season. Some key players included Dejan Jakovic, Kurt Morsink and Santino Quaranta. On the field, D.C. United was scheduled to host Canada's two MLS franchises, Toronto FC and Vancouver Whitecaps FC, respectively. While recent United acquisition, and former Toronto captain, Dwayne De Rosario scored a hat trick against his former club, a shorthanded United ended up drawing 3–3 against Toronto. The following weekend, United posted a 4–0 thrashing of last-place Vancouver, earning their largest home victory since 2008.
Upon their homestance against the Canadian teams, United hit the road for matches at Eastern Conference rivals, Chicago Fire and Sporting Kansas City. A lone goal in the 73rd minute from United's Josh Wolff gave the team a point against Chicago, while an early goal from Sporting's Omar Bravo consequently ended in a 1–0 defeat against Kansas City, making it the first time since April 27 that United lost on the road.
Originally, United was expecting to conclude their competitive play on August 27, at home to the Portland Timbers, but due to the effects of Hurricane Irene, the match was rescheduled from 7:30 pm to 2:30 pm. Two days prior to the match itself, the club and the MLS League Committee agreed to postpone the match to a later date. It was later confirmed that the match would be played in October.
September
With the Portland match being postponed, it resulted in a three-week span of no competitive play for D.C. United. To give his players some additional rest and to ease the tensions in training sessions, head coach Ben Olsen granted the players and staff a four-week break over Labor Day Weekend. On September 6, United players and staff rejoined one another in training, four days ahead of their trip to Los Angeles for their road fixture against Chivas USA. The September 10 match led to a 3–0 victory for United, earning their largest road victory since April. Charlie Davies netted a hat trick, scoring thrice in the run of play, each goal coming off of an assist from Chris Pontius. However, the large victory paid a devastating price, as Pontius collided with ??? in the 83rd minute, breaking his leg, and consequently missing the remainder of the season. The road swing concluded with a 3–0 loss to Seattle Sounders.
Following the defeat to Seattle, United had a two-match homestand against 2005 expansion teams, Chivas USA and Real Salt Lake. Against Chivas USA, United went up 2–0 before conceding twice to settle for a 2–2 draw. Against Real Salt Lake, Dwayne De Rosario netted a hat trick in the match within the first 31 minutes, scoring the fastest hat trick in MLS history, earning him Player of the Week honors. In addition to De Rosario's three goals, he assisted to Andy Najar, and the club won 4–1 over Salt Lake.
The month of competitive matches ended on September 29 with a trip to their budding I-95 rivals, Philadelphia Union, where United lost 3–2.
October
Entering the final month of the regular season, the race for the 2011 MLS Cup Playoffs began to heat up. In their away fixture at Columbus Crew, United lost 1–2, with United's Daniel Woolard scoring the lone goal for the club. It was the first time since April 29 that the team lost consecutive matches. Consequently, the club remained outside of the playoff race. United in need of points, lost their third-straight match on the road to Vancouver Whitecaps, 2–1.
On October 15, United lost their fourth-consecutive match, making it their longest losing streak since August 2010. Playing Chicago, United took a 1–0 lead in the 90th minute thanks to a penalty kick from De Rosario. The slight goal lead seemed certain to return United back into a playoff position for only Chicago's Sebastián Grazzini and Diego Cháves to score for the Fire in the third and fifth minutes of stoppage time, respectively. Despite the loss, United barely remained in the playoff chance. On October 19, United hosted the Portland Timbers. With the match ending in a 1–1 draw, United failed to qualify for the playoffs for a team-record fourth-consecutive season. United concluded the regular season on October 22 with a 0–1 home loss to Sporting Kansas City.
Competitions
Key
Preseason
Carolina Challenge Cup
Major League Soccer
Matches
MLS Reserve League
U.S. Open Cup
Mid-season exhibitions
Club information
Roster
As of August 3, 2011.
Coaching staff
International players
The following players on the club have received international call-ups during the season or within the previous year:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!style="background:#c2ddff;width:150px"|Nation
!style="background:#c2ddff;width:125px"|Player
!style="background:#c2ddff;width:50px"|Position
!style="background:#c2ddff;width:215px"|Last call-up
|-
|rowspan="2"|||Dwayne De Rosario||MF||v. ; June 14, 2011
|-
|Dejan Jakovic||DF||v. ; June 1, 2011
|-
|||Branko Bošković||MF||v. ; October 12, 2010
|-
|||Andy Najar||MF||v. ; September 3, 2011
|-
|rowspan="3"|||Bill Hamid||GK||v. ; September 2, 2011
|-
|Chris Pontius||FW||v. ; September 2, 2011
|-
|Josh Wolff||FW||v. ; January 22, 2011
|-
|||Perry Kitchen||DF||v.
Standings
Results summary
Results by round
Statistics
Competitions table
MLS regular season
Field players
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!
!Player
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|- align=center
|||2||align=left|McDonaldBrandon McDonald
|DF||13||13||1139||0||0||4||0||15||7||2||0
|- align=center
|||3||align=left|BrasescoRodrigo Brasesco
|DF||3||2||155||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|- align=center
|||3||align=left|Da LuzAustin da Luz
|DF||8||2||311||0||0||7||2||3||0||2||0
|- align=center
|||4||align=left|BurchMarc Burch
|DF||12||8||787||1||1||2||1||6||6||2||0
|- align=center
|||5||align=left|JakovicDejan Jakovic
|DF||15||15||1324||0||0||2||1||18||9||3||1
|- align=center
|||6||align=left|MorsinkKurt Morsink
|MF||2||2||157||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|- align=center
|||7||align=left|De RosarioDwayne De Rosario
|MF||13||12||1166||10||6||55||26||25||20||1||0
|- align=center
|||8||align=left|BoskovicBranko Bošković
|MF||4||1||124||0||0||8||2||1||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||9||align=left|DaviesCharlie Davies
|FW||22||16||1388||11||3||31||17||22||21||3||0
|- align=center
|||10||align=left|McCartyDax McCarty
|MF||13||11||946||0||2||10||2||12||13||1||0
|- align=center
|||11||align=left|NgwenyaJoseph Ngwenya
|FW||14||6||572||0||0||11||6||19||8||1||0
|- align=center
|||12||align=left|ZaynerJed Zayner
|DF||4||4||311||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||13||align=left|PontiusChris Pontius
|FW||25||25||2144||7||5||53||20||18||33||2||0
|- align=center
|||14||align=left|NajarAndy Najar
|MF||25||22||1982||4||6||40||16||33||32||1||1
|- align=center
|||15||align=left|WhiteEthan White
|DF||21||18||1659||1||0||5||4||14||1||3||0
|- align=center
|||16||align=left|WolffJosh Wolff
|FW||24||19||1545||5||6||16||17||24||28||1||0
|- align=center
|||19||align=left|SimmsClyde Simms
|MF||25||25||2132||0||0||8||1||17||5||1||0
|- align=center
|||20||align=left|KingStephen King
|MF||15||7||717||1||0||9||3||6||8||0||0
|- align=center
|||21||align=left|WoolardDaniel Woolard
|DF||21||21||1868||0||0||5||0||14||17||0||0
|- align=center
|||22||align=left|KorbChris Korb
|DF||7||7||570||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||23||align=left|KitchenPerry Kitchen
|DF||25||24||2186||1||0||7||2||24||21||1||0
|- align=center
|||24||align=left|BarklageBrandon Barklage
|DF||4||0||38||0||0||2||1||1||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||25||align=left|QuarantaSantino Quaranta
|MF||15||7||752||1||0||11||3||18||9||2||1
|- align=center
|||27||align=left|FredFred
|MF||17||5||596||0||1||10||1||14||10||3||0
|- align=center
|||29||align=left|BrettschneiderBlake Brettschneider
|FW||12||8||644||1||2||15||4||12||7||1||0
Goalkeepers
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!
!Player
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|- align=center
|||1||align=left|CroninSteve Cronin
||2||0||126||0||4||10||6||0.6||2.86||0||0||0||0||2
|- align=center
|||20||align=left|OnstadPat Onstad
||3||3||270||0||7||16||8||0.5||2.33||2||2||1||2||0
|- align=center
|||28||align=left|HamidBill Hamid
||22||22||1852||7||26||83||56||0.675||1.26||4||4||7||4||9
|- align=center
|||31||align=left|WillisJoe Willis
||3||3||270||1||4||16||12||0.75||1.33||0||0||1||2||0
U.S. Open Cup
Field players
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!
!Player
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|- align=center
|||2||align=left|McDonaldBrandon McDonald
|DF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||3||align=left|BrasescoRodrigo Brasesco
|DF||1||1||41||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||3||align=left|Da LuzAustin da Luz
|DF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||4||align=left|BurchMarc Burch
|DF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||5||align=left|JakovicDejan Jakovic
|DF||1||0||79||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||6||align=left|MorsinkKurt Morsink
|MF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||7||align=left|De RosarioDwayne De Rosario
|MF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||8||align=left|BoskovicBranko Bošković
|MF||1||1||120||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||9||align=left|DaviesCharlie Davies
|FW||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||10||align=left|McCartyDax McCarty
|MF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||11||align=left|NgwenyaJoseph Ngwenya
|FW||1||1||120||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||12||align=left|ZaynerJed Zayner
|DF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||13||align=left|PontiusChris Pontius
|FW||1||0||31||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||14||align=left|NajarAndy Najar
|MF||1||1||120||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||15||align=left|WhiteEthan White
|DF||1||1||120||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||16||align=left|WolffJosh Wolff
|FW||1||1||120||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||19||align=left|SimmsClyde Simms
|MF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||20||align=left|KingStephen King
|MF||1||1||120||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||21||align=left|WoolardDaniel Woolard
|DF||1||1||120||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||22||align=left|KorbChris Korb
|DF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||23||align=left|KitchenPerry Kitchen
|DF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||24||align=left|BarklageBrandon Barklage
|DF||1||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||25||align=left|QuarantaSantino Quaranta
|MF||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||27||align=left|FredFred
|MF||1||1||89||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|- align=center
|||29||align=left|BrettschneiderBlake Brettschneider
|FW||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Goalkeepers
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!
!Player
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|- align=center
|||1||align=left|CroninSteve Cronin
||2||0||126||0||4||10||6||0.6||2.86||0||0||0||0||2
|- align=center
|||20||align=left|OnstadPat Onstad
||3||3||270||0||7||16||8||0.5||2.33||2||2||1||2||0
|- align=center
|||28||align=left|HamidBill Hamid
||22||22||1852||7||26||83||56||0.675||1.26||4||4||7||4||9
|- align=center
|||31||align=left|WillisJoe Willis
||3||3||270||1||4||16||12||0.75||1.33||0||0||1||2||0
Recognition
MLS Honors
MLS Player of the Month
MLS Player of the Week
MLS Best XI of the Week
MLS All-Stars 2011
Footnotes
A : Player left the club in the middle of the season
B : Player was injured during the campaign
Transfers
In
Out
Loan in
Loan out
Miscellany
Allocation ranking
D.C. United is in the No. 15 position in the MLS Allocation Ranking. The allocation ranking is the mechanism used to determine which MLS club has first priority to acquire a U.S. National Team player who signs with MLS after playing abroad, or a former MLS player who returns to the league after having gone to a club abroad for a transfer fee. D.C. United started 2011 ranked No. 3 on the allocation list and used its ranking to acquire Charlie Davies. A ranking can be traded, provided that part of the compensation received in return is another club's ranking.
International roster spots
D.C. United has five international roster spots, the fewest of any MLS club. Each club in Major League Soccer is allocated eight international roster spots, which can be traded. D.C. United traded one spot to Kansas City on February 3, 2010, for use during the 2010 and 2011 seasons, traded another spot to Los Angeles Galaxy on February 17, 2011, for use during the 2011 and 2012 seasons, and traded another spot to New York Red Bulls on July 16, 2011, for use during the remainder of the 2011 season. The remaining roster slots must belong to domestic players. For clubs based in the United States, a domestic player is either a U.S. citizen, a permanent resident (green card holder) or the holder of other special status (e.g., refugee or asylum status).
As of February 12, United have 21 American players on their roster. This is the most of any MLS club.
Future draft pick trades
References
Footnotes
A : College soccer team.
B : Waived due lack of international roster spots
C : Brandon Barklage's contract originally expired at the end of the 2010 season, and the club did not renew the contract. He re-signed with the club the following spring after a trial.
Citations
2011
D.C. United
D.C. United
2011 in sports in Washington, D.C.
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wiki
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Bulbophyllum limbatum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por John Lindley em 1840.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1840
Bulbophyllum
|
wiki
|
Bulbophyllum linearifolium é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por George King e Robert Pantling em 1897.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1897
Bulbophyllum
|
wiki
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64600
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wiki
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London Luton Airport is an international airport located in Luton, Bedfordshire, England, situated east of the town centre, and north of Central London. The airport is owned by London Luton Airport Ltd (LLAL), a company wholly owned by Luton Borough Council, and operated by London Luton Airport Operations Ltd (LLAOL).
An airport was opened on the site on 16 July 1938. During the Second World War, the airport was used by fighters of the Royal Air Force. Commercial activity and general aviation flight training at Luton resumed during 1952. By the 1960s, Luton Airport was playing a key role in the development of the package holiday business; by 1969, a fifth of all holiday flights from the UK departed from Luton Airport. From the mid-1960s, executive aircraft have been based at the airport. During the late 1970s, an expansion plan was initiated at Luton to accommodate as many as 5 million passengers per year, although the airport experienced a reduction in passenger numbers in the 1980s. In 1990, the airport was renamed London Luton Airport to try and emphasise the airport's proximity to the capital.
The arrival of new operators at Luton during the 1990s, such as charter operator MyTravel Group and new low-cost scheduled flights from Debonair and EasyJet, contributed to a rapid increase in passenger numbers that made it the fastest growing major airport in the UK. In August 1997, to fund an £80million extension of the airport, a 30-year concession contract was issued to a public-private partnership consortium, London Luton Airport Operations Limited. Throughout the 1990s, £30million was invested in Luton's infrastructure and facilities. In November 1999, a new £40million terminal was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip; the new building houses 60 check-in desks, baggage and flight information systems and a range of commercial outlets. During 2004/5, the departure and arrivals lounges and other facilities were redeveloped at a cost of £38million.
In 2018, over 16.5 million passengers passed through the airport, a record total for Luton making it the fifth
busiest airport in the UK. It is the fourth-largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted, and is one of London's six international airports along with London City and Southend. The airport serves as a base for EasyJet, TUI Airways, Ryanair and Wizz Air and previously served as a base for Monarch Airlines until it ceased operations in October 2017. The vast majority of the routes served are within Europe, although there are some charter and scheduled routes to destinations in Northern Africa and Asia.
History
Early history
Luton Municipal Airport was opened on the site on 16 July 1938 by the Secretary of State for Air, Kingsley Wood. Situated where the valley of the River Lea cuts its way through the north-east end of the Chiltern Hills, the airport occupies a hill-top location, with a roughly drop-off at the western end of the runway. The airport, which was owned by the Borough of Luton, was considered to be the northern terminal for neighbouring London.
During the Second World War, the airport was used by the Royal Air Force, fighters of No. 264 Squadron being based there. Following the end of the conflict, the site was returned to the local council. During 1952, activity at the airport resumed on a commercial basis; a new control tower was opened around this time.
British aviation company Percival Aircraft had its factory at the airport until the early 1960s. From the mid-1960s, executive aircraft have been based at the airport, initially operated by McAlpine Aviation. These activities have grown and several executive jet operators and maintenance companies are currently based at Luton.
In the 1960s, Luton Airport played a key role in the development of the package holiday business, in which the popularity of the foreign holiday rose substantially, as the launch of new services had allowed greater numbers of people to travel abroad for the first time. Luton became the operating base for several charter airlines, such as Autair (which went on to become Court Line), Euravia (now TUI Airways, following Euravia's change of name to Britannia Airways and subsequent merger with First Choice Airways and TUI rebrand) and Dan-Air.
By 1969, a fifth of all holiday flights from the UK departed from Luton Airport; during 1972, Luton Airport was the most profitable airport in the country. However, Luton suffered a severe setback in August 1974 when major package holiday operator Clarksons and its in-house airline Court Line (which also operated coach links) ceased operations and were liquidated. Nevertheless, by 1978, the airport's management initiated an expansion plan as to allow Luton to accommodate as many as 5 million passengers per year.
1980s and 1990s
During the 1980s, the airport experienced a decline in customer numbers; this was due to lack of reinvestment while the nearby Stansted Airport, which was also located north of London, was growing. The council responded to lobbying and focused again on developing the airport. During 1985, a new international terminal building was opened by Charles III (the Prince of Wales at the time). Further updates and changes over the following 15 years were made, including the opening of a new international terminal and automated baggage handling facility, a new control tower with updated air traffic control systems, a new cargo centre and runway upgrades. In 1987, Luton Airport became a limited company, of which Luton Borough Council was the sole shareholder; this reorganisation was taken as it was felt that the airport ought to be operated at arm's length via an independent management team.
While developing the basic infrastructure, various business partners were courted and business models were considered. The process envisaged a cargo centre, an airport railway station, and people mover from station to airport terminal (hence the unused underpass parallel to the road as one approaches the terminal). During 1991, an attempt was made to sell Luton Airport, but it was unsuccessful; instead, a new management team was appointed to turn around the business, stem the losses, and improve passenger numbers. Over the following five years, £30million was invested in Luton's infrastructure and facilities.
Originally, the airport's runways had been grass tracks 18/36 and 06/24, and then a concrete runway 08/26. By the end of the 1980s, there was only one runway, 08/26. The 18/36 grass runway had disappeared under a landfill, while 06/24 had effectively become a taxiway. For Luton to maintain viability, it was necessary to update airfield services, and achieve CAT III status. This meant updating the instrument landing system (ILS); glidepath and localiser and removing the hump in the runway; even a six-foot person could not see one end of the runway from the other. The hump was removed by building up layers at the end of the runway; this was done over 72 successive nights between October 1988 and February 1989, with the height being raised 90 mm on one particular night. During the course of this work, the airport would re-open for flights during the day.
In 1990, the airport was renamed London Luton Airport to re-emphasise the airport's proximity to the UK capital. In 1991, another setback occurred when Ryanair, which had flown from the airport to Ireland for a number of years, transferred its London operating base from Luton to rival Stansted. This move was attributed as causing a decline in passenger numbers at Luton. Later in the 1990s, MyTravel Group began charter flights from the airport, using the Airtours brand and new low-cost scheduled flights from Debonair and easyJet, the latter making Luton its base. The arrival of these new operators marked a rapid increase in passenger numbers; during 1997/1998, 3.4 million people travelled via the airport, while 4.4 million travellers were recording during the following year, making Luton Airport the fastest growing major airport in the UK.
In August 1997, to fund an £80million extension of the airport, the council issued a 30-year concession contract to a public-private partnership consortium, London Luton Airport Operations Limited, a partnership of Airport Group International (AGI) and Barclays Private Equity. AGI was a specialist airport management and development company once owned by Lockheed Martin. In 1999, AGI was sold to TBI plc; in 2001, Barclays also sold its shares in Luton to TBI plc.
The main feature of the development phase in 1998 was a £40million terminal made from aluminium and glass, based on an original design by Foster + Partners. The new terminal, which was officially opened in November 1999 by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, houses 60 check-in desks, baggage and flight information systems and a wide range of shops, restaurants and bars. During late 1999, British railway infrastructure company Railtrack opened the new Luton Airport Parkway railway station; built at a cost of £23million, the station facilitated a travel time to central London of less than 30 minutes.
Development since the 2000s
In September 2004, Luton Airport embarked on a 10-month project to develop the departure and arrivals lounges and other facilities at a cost of £38million; this work included a area featuring a spectacular vaulted ceiling was completed with the new terminal, but intended to lie unused until required. On 1 July 2005, the new departure hall opened on schedule, featuring a boarding pier extending out between the airport's north and east aprons and relocated security, customs and immigration facilities, as well as an expanded number of boarding gates from the previous number of 19 to 26.
In 2004, the airport management announced that they supported the government plans to expand the facilities, which included a full-length runway and a new terminal. However, local campaign groups, including Luton and District Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise (LADACAN) and Stop Luton Airport Plan (SLAP) opposed the new expansion plans, for reasons including noise pollution and traffic concerns; LADACAN also claimed that various sites, including Someries Castle, a Scheduled Monument, would be threatened by the expansion. On 6 July 2007, it was announced that the owners of London Luton Airport had decided to scrap plans to build a second runway and new terminal for financial reasons. In order for the airport to expand further, the Department for Transport (DfT) advised the airport authority to use the airport site more efficiently. The DfT supports plans to extend the runway from its current length to and increase the length of the taxiway. A full-length runway would increase airlines' operational flexibility by enabling the use of aircraft that have a greater payload capacity and longer range than is currently possible. A longer taxiway would maximise runway use by reducing the need for taxiing aircraft to cross or move along the runway.
In January 2005, London Luton Airport Operations Limited was acquired by Airport Concessions Development Limited, a company owned by Abertis Infraestructuras (90%) and Aena Internacional (10%), both Spanish companies. In November 2013, ownership of London Luton Airport Operations Ltd passed to Aena and Ardian. In April 2018, AMP Capital acquired Ardian's 49% stake in the business.
By 2006, the last flight training operator had ceased training from the airport.
From 2006 to 2008, Silverjet operated long-haul flights to Newark and Dubai from a dedicated terminal, but ceased operations due to the global economic crisis.
In September 2016, La Compagnie announced it would cease operating its Luton to Newark service citing economic reasons. Therefore, Luton lost its only long-haul service. In February 2017, Hungarian low-cost carrier Wizz Air announced it would to open its first British base at Luton Airport inaugurating three new routes to Tel Aviv, Pristina and Kutaisi in addition to more than a dozen already served ones from other bases.
In December 2018, a three-year redevelopment of the airport commenced. Costing roughly £160million, the airport management stated that the upgrade, which included new shops, a new boarding pier, and more boarding gates, would increase overall capacity by 50%, enabling the site to accommodate 18 million passengers by 2020. Campaigners from local pressure groups such as LADACAN have complained that the airport had failed to incorporate reduce noise reduction measures into the plan, while an airport spokesman stated "Our noise control measures are some of the most stringent of any major UK airport", noting that it had applied for additional flight restrictions. In addition, earlier that year, work had commenced on the construction of the Luton DART, an automated guided people mover which will travel between Luton Airport Parkway station and the airport. With costs estimated at £200million, DART is projected to eliminate the need for shuttle buses from mid-2022.
Facilities
The airport possesses a single runway, running roughly east to west (07/25), with a length of at an elevation of . The runway is equipped with an Instrument Landing System (ILS) rated to Category IIIB, allowing the airport to continue operating in conditions of poor visibility.
All the airport facilities lie to the north of the runway. The terminal and aprons have an unconventional layout for a commercial airport, with terminal drop-off, bus stands, taxi ranks and short-term car parks being accessed facing south towards the runway, being connected by a road. This road tunnels under a taxiway which connects the western apron area to the runway's taxiway network. There are approximately 60 stands available for aircraft, with 28 dedicated gates, which are all hardstands. All of these stands are located on the northern side of the terminal building, away from the runway and connected to it by a 'U' shaped set of taxiways and aprons that together encircle the terminal.
The northern side of the U-shaped apron is ringed by a continuous line of hangars and other buildings, emphasising the fact that Luton is a major maintenance base for several airlines including TUI Airways, EasyJet, and previously Monarch Airlines. By contrast to the heavily built up apron area, the airport's southern boundary is entirely rural with only a few isolated farm buildings and houses close to the airport boundary.
The airport remains in municipal ownership, owned by Luton Borough Council but managed by the private sector London Luton Airport Operations Limited (LLAOL). London Luton Airport has a Civil Aviation Authority Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P835) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction. An indicator of the importance of the airport to the economy of Luton is that Luton is reported to have the highest number of taxicabs per head of population in the United Kingdom.
EasyJet's head office is Hangar 89 (H89), a building located on the grounds of London Luton Airport; the hangar, a former Britannia Airways/TUI facility, is located from the former site of EasyLand, the previous headquarters of EasyJet. Hangar 89, built in 1974, has of office space and can house two aircraft the size of an Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 at one time. When EasyJet received H89, it had a 1970s style office setup. EasyJet modernised the building and painted it orange.
In addition, TUI Airways head office is at the airport, and — prior to its closure — Monarch Airlines, along with that of Monarch Group, was in Prospect House, on the grounds of the airport.
Terminal
Luton Airport has a single, two-storey passenger terminal building which has been expanded and rearranged several times. The ground floor has a main hall equipped with 62 check-in desks (1-62), a separate security screening hall, as well as some shops, service counters and the arrivals facilities. After the security screening hall, stairs lead to the departures lounge on the upper floor, where several more stores, restaurants and all 43 departure gates in three side piers (1-19, 20-28 and 30-43) can be found. Besides branches of Burger King, Starbucks, Boots and others, one airport lounge is located inside the terminal.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
The following airlines operate regular scheduled flights to and from Luton:
Cargo
Statistics
Traffic development
Busiest routes
Ground transport
Road
The airport lies a few miles away from the M1 motorway, which runs southwards to the M25 motorway and London, and northwards to Milton Keynes, the Midlands and the north of England. The airport is linked to M1's Junction 10 by the dual-carriageway A1081 road. There is a short stay car park adjacent to the terminal, together with medium and long term on airport car parks to the west and east of the terminal respectively and linked to the terminal by shuttle buses. Pre-booked off airport parking is also available from several independent operators.
Rail
Luton Airport Parkway has served the airport since 1999. It is on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras, between which, journeys take as little as 22 minutes, on services branded EMR.
Thameslink is the primary operator, with services running from the station to Bedford, St Albans, London, Rainham, Gatwick Airport and Brighton.
East Midlands Railway operate semi-fast services calling at the station twice hourly. These trains run south directly to London St Pancras and north to Corby via Bedford, Wellingborough and Kettering. Limited services to Nottingham and Sheffield call at the station at peak times.
In 2016, Luton Airport commissioned a study, with the support of the CBI, easyJet, the Federation of Small Businesses, and the Bedfordshire and the Hertfordshire Chambers of Commerce (among others) which sought to explore opportunities to expand rail services to and from the airport. The study found four fast trains per hour from central London was possible.
Negotiations are underway with the Department for Transport to extend the validity of the Oyster card contactless ticketing system to the airport. Contactless bank cards (but not Oyster cards) became valid for journeys to and from London from October 2019.
Airport transit
A light rail/automated guided people mover, Luton DART, provides a connection between the aiport terminal and the railway station. The transit was officially opened by King Charles III in December 2022. It opened to passengers on 10 March 2023 and is currently operating a limited service for four hours per day, with a planned 24-hour service coming into effect around the end of the month. When fully operational, the DART transit will replace the shuttle bus service.
The single fare for the DART is £4.90. Rail tickets marked "Luton Airport" include the price of the DART transit. Concessions are given to Luton residents, and free travel is provided for holders of concessionary travel passes and disabled blue badge holders, and for airport workers.
Buses
Local buses connect Luton Airport with Luton town centre and other nearby places.
The airport is served by the Route A of the Luton to Dunstable Busway, a bus rapid transit route which connects the airport with Luton Town Centre and the neighbouring towns of Dunstable, Houghton Regis and Milton Keynes. The buses, operated by Arriva Shires & Essex, run on a segregated guided busway track between Luton and Dunstable.
Conventional bus services also operate, connecting the airport with towns and cities in the region and parts of north London, including the 100, operated by Arriva, which offers an hourly daytime connection to the nearby towns of Hitchin and Stevenage; Metroline service 84A; Courtney Buses coach service to Bracknell.
Direct coach services to London include Green Line route 757 operated by Arriva Shires & Essex and the A1 operated by National Express which operate competing services to and from Victoria Coach Station. EasyBus services operate towards Liverpool Street station. A range of longer distance National Express services linking Stansted, Heathrow and Gatwick Airports as well as destinations in the Midlands and North of England.
There are also three services around the airport operated by APCOA Parking which operate 24 hours a day serving the terminal, mid stay, long stay, and staff car parks. The service that serves the staff car park also serves the car hire centre and rental companies and all stops in between including the Holiday Inn Express, the TUI Airways HQ And the ID Unit. A new fleet of six Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses were purchased for these operations during 2014.
A range of other bus services operated by off-site parking companies also serve the airport. These include Airparks, Paige Airport Parking, Centrebus and Coach Hire 4 U. The latter two operators provide staff shuttle buses on behalf of TUI and EasyJet.
An airport shuttle bus linking the airport and Luton Airport Parkway railway station is being replaced by the Luton DART rail transit, which came into service in March 2023.
In popular culture
London Luton Airport appeared in two fly-on-the-wall television documentaries, Airline (1998) and Luton Airport (2005). Airline followed the staff of EasyJet at Luton and the airline's other bases across the country whilst the 2005 series followed the life of employees in a similar format to the show Airport, set in Heathrow Airport.
The airport was mentioned in a 1977 television advert for Campari featuring Lorraine Chase, with the punch line "Were you truly wafted here from paradise?" — "Nah, Luton Airport". This advert was the inspiration for the 1979 UK hit song "Luton Airport" by Cats UK.
In the Spitting image TV skit for "The Chicken Song", Luton Airport appears for a brief few seconds at the beginning.
The first episode of the second series of the BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave is entitled In Luton Airport No-One Can Hear You Scream.
Luton Airport was mentioned in the Piranha Brothers sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus, as being the place where one of the brothers, Dinsdale, thinks that a giant hedgehog named Spiny Norman sleeps.
In 2011 the airport featured in an episode of the series Supersize Grime which focused on the cleaning of an Airbus A321 at the Monarch Aircraft Engineering hangar 127.
Accidents and incidents
4 November 1949: A Hawker Tempest single-engined piston fighter being operated by Napier Aircraft on a test flight crashed at the airport, killing the test pilot.
23 December 1967: A Hawker Siddeley HS 125 (registration: G-AVGW) of Court Line crashed shortly after taking off from Luton Airport, killing both pilots. The aircraft had been on a training flight. The crash occurred when the crew simulated an engine failure on takeoff. The HS 125 lost height rapidly and hit the roof of a nearby factory. This resulted in a post-crash fire.
3 March 1974: A Douglas DC-7C/F (registration: EI-AWG) operating an Aer Turas Teo charter flight from Dublin landed on runway 08 just after midnight but failed to achieve reverse thrust. Normal braking application also appeared to the crew to be ineffective and the emergency pneumatic brakes were applied. All main wheel tyres burst. The aircraft overran the runway and continued over the steep bank at the eastern perimeter finally coming to rest in soft ground 90 metres beyond. The situation had also been made worse by an inadvertent application of forward thrust by the crew in trying to achieve reverse thrust. Three of the six passengers and two of the four crew were injured. The aircraft was badly damaged and deemed a write-off.
18 April 1974: A BAC One-Eleven 518FG (registration: G-AXMJ) operating Court Line Flight 95 was involved in a ground collision with Piper PA-23 Aztec (registration: G-AYDE) after the Aztec entered the active runway without clearance. The pilot of the Aztec was killed and his passenger was injured. All 91 people on board the One-Eleven successfully evacuated after take-off was aborted.
21 June 1974: A Boeing 727-46 (registration: G-BAEF) operating a Dan-Air charter flight to Corfu hit the localiser antenna while taking off, thereby rendering the runway's ILS inoperative. After being told by Luton air traffic control about the incident, the crew flying the aircraft elected to divert to London Gatwick where it landed safely without harming its 134 occupants (eight crew members and 126 passengers). The subsequent investigation revealed that the aircraft only just became airborne at the end of the runway, and as the ground fell away to the Lea valley below, the aircraft actually followed a downsloping course until finally gaining positive climb. The report concluded that there had been a cumulative effect of three factors – erosion of take-off run available; delay in starting rotation; and a very slow rate of rotation – as a result of the flightdeck crew's miscalculation of the aircraft's takeoff weight (too high), a wrong pressure ratio for two of the aircraft's three engines (too low) and a sub-optimal choice of runway based on the use of outdated wind information that omitted the latest update's tailwind component.
29 March 1981: A Lockheed JetStar 1329 (registration: N267L) operating an inbound flight from Nigeria overran runway 08 and came to rest down the embankment beyond the eastern perimeter fence. The accident was caused because the pilot landed well past the touchdown zone in poor visibility at night. At the time runway 08 did not have an ILS. The co-pilot suffered severe spinal injuries but the commanding pilot and seven passengers escaped with only minor injuries.
15 January 1994: A Bell 206B JetRanger helicopter (registration: G-BODW) rolled over on takeoff. One of the rotor blades sliced into the cabin, killing the pilot. The aircraft was badly damaged and deemed a write-off.
18 July 2022: During the 2022 United Kingdom heat wave, and with air temperatures close to 40°C (104°F) the runway melted and flights were forced to be diverted to Stansted, Bristol and other nearby airports. This led to severe delays for flights to and from the airport. The issue was rectified on the same day with flights resuming by the evening.
Future expansion plans
In February 2019, London Luton Airport Limited announced plans to expand the airport by building a second terminal. The expansion would increase airport capacity to handle 32 million passengers per year 2039. The enlarged airport would continue to operate using the existing single runway.
LLAL have outlined several options for the site of the new Terminal 2. Most of the proposals involve a development that will encroach upon Wigmore Valley Park, a designated County Wildlife Site; an alternative site to the east would encroach upon the London Green Belt, and a further option proposes siting a new terminal to the south of the runway. A public consultation in October 2019 included plans for a third stop on the Luton DART transit, currently under construction.
See also
Airports of London
List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies
Transport in Luton
Notes
References
External links
London Luton Airport Limited
London Luton Airport Consultative Committee
Interactive flight radar map of London Luton Airport
Airports in the London region
Airports in the East of England
Airports established in 1938
Luton
Transport in Bedfordshire
Buildings and structures in Bedfordshire
Transport in Luton/Dunstable Urban Area
Airports in Bedfordshire
1938 establishments in England
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The homing pigeon, also called the mail pigeon or messenger pigeon, is a variety of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) derived from the wild rock dove, selectively bred for its ability to find its way home over extremely long distances. The rock dove has an innate homing ability, meaning that it will generally return to its nest using magnetoreception. Flights as long as have been recorded by birds in competitive pigeon racing. Their average flying speed over moderate distances is around and speeds of up to have been observed in top racers for short distances.
Because of this skill, domesticated pigeons were used to carry messages as messenger pigeons. They are usually referred to as "pigeon post" if used in post service, or "war pigeon" during wars. Until the introduction of telephones, homing pigeons were used commercially to deliver communication.
Messenger pigeons are often incorrectly categorized as English Carrier pigeons, an ancient breed of fancy pigeons. They were used historically to send messages but lost the homing instinct long ago. Modern-day homing pigeons (homers) or racing pigeons (racing homers) do have "Carrier blood" in them because they are in part descendants of the old-style Carriers. This is one reason why they are still commonly but erroneously called "carrier pigeons".
History
By 3000 BC, Egypt was using homing pigeons for pigeon post, taking advantage of a singular quality of this bird, which when taken far from its nest is able to find its way home due to a particularly developed sense of orientation. Messages were then tied around the legs of the pigeon, which was freed and could reach its original nest. By the 19th century homing pigeons were used extensively for military communications.
The sport of flying messenger pigeons was well-established as early as 3000 years ago. They were used to proclaim the winner of the Ancient Olympics.
Messenger pigeons were used as early as 1150 in Baghdad and also later by Genghis Khan. By 1167 a regular service between Baghdad and Syria had been established by Sultan Nur ad-Din. In Damietta, by the mouth of the Nile, the Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur saw carrier pigeons for the first time, in 1436, though he imagined that the birds made round trips, out and back. The Republic of Genoa equipped their system of watch towers in the Mediterranean Sea with pigeon posts. Tipu Sultan of Mysore (1750–1799) also used messenger pigeons; they returned to the Jamia Masjid mosque in Srirangapatna, which was his headquarters. The pigeon holes may be seen in the mosque's minarets to this day.
In 1818, a great pigeon race called the Cannonball Run took place at Brussels. In 1860, Paul Reuter, who later founded Reuters press agency, used a fleet of over 45 pigeons to deliver news and stock prices between Brussels and Aachen, the terminus of early telegraph lines. The outcome of the 1815 Battle of Waterloo has often been claimed to have been delivered to London by pigeon but there is no evidence for this, and it is very unlikely; the pigeon post was rare until the 1820s. During the Franco-Prussian War pigeons were used to carry mail between besieged Paris and the French unoccupied territory. In December 1870, it took ten hours for a pigeon carrying microfilms to fly from Perpignan to Brussels.
Historically, pigeons carried messages only one way, to their home. They had to be transported manually before another flight. However, by placing their food at one location and their home at another location, pigeons have been trained to fly back and forth up to twice a day reliably, covering round-trip flights up to 160 km (100 mi). Their reliability has lent itself to occasional use on mail routes, such as the Great Barrier Pigeongram Service established between the Auckland, New Zealand, suburb of Newton and Great Barrier Island in November 1897, possibly the first regular air mail service in the world. The world's first "airmail" stamps were issued for the Great Barrier Pigeon-Gram Service from 1898 to 1908.
In the 19th century, newspapers sometimes used carrier pigeons. To get news from Europe quicker, some New York City newspapers used carrier pigeons. The distance from Europe to Halifax, Nova Scotia, is relatively short. So reporters stationed themselves in Halifax, wrote the information received from incoming ships, and put the messages in capsules attached to the legs of homing pigeons. The birds would then fly to New York City where the information would be published.
Homing pigeons were still employed in the 21st century by certain remote police departments in Odisha state in eastern India to provide emergency communication services following natural disasters. In March 2002, it was announced that India's Police Pigeon Service messenger system in Odisha was to be retired, due to the expanded use of the Internet. The Taliban banned the keeping or use of homing pigeons in Afghanistan.
To this day, pigeons are still entered into competitions.
Navigation
Research has been performed with the intention of discovering how pigeons, after being transported, can find their way back from distant places they have never visited before. Most researchers believe that homing ability is based on a "map and compass" model, with the compass feature allowing birds to orient and the map feature allowing birds to determine their location relative to a goal site (home loft). While the compass mechanism appears to rely on the sun, the map mechanism has been highly debated. Some researchers believe that the map mechanism relies on the ability of birds to detect the Earth's magnetic field.
A prominent theory is that the birds are able to detect a magnetic field to help them find their way home. Scientific research previously suggested that on top of a pigeon's beak a large number of iron particles are found which remain aligned to Earth's magnetic north like a natural compass, thus acting as compass which helps pigeon in determining its home. However, a 2012 study disproved this theory, putting the field back on course to search for an explanation as to how animals detect magnetic fields.
A light-mediated mechanism that involves the eyes and is lateralized has been examined somewhat, but developments have implicated the trigeminal nerve in magnetoreception. Research by Floriano Papi (Italy, early 1970s) and more recent work, largely by Hans Wallraff, suggest that pigeons also orient themselves using the spatial distribution of atmospheric odors, known as olfactory navigation.
Other research indicates that homing pigeons also navigate through visual landmarks by following familiar roads and other man-made features, making 90-degree turns and following habitual routes, much the same way that humans navigate.
Research by Jon Hagstrum of the US Geological Survey suggests that homing pigeons use low-frequency infrasound to navigate. Sound waves as low as 0.1 Hz have been observed to disrupt or redirect pigeon navigation. The pigeon ear, being far too small to interpret such a long wave, directs pigeons to fly in a circle when first taking air, in order to mentally map such long infrasound waves.
Various experiments suggest that different breeds of homing pigeons rely on different cues to different extents. Charles Walcott at Cornell University was able to demonstrate that while pigeons from one loft were confused by a magnetic anomaly in the Earth it had no effect on birds from another loft away. Other experiments have shown that altering the perceived time of day with artificial lighting or using air conditioning to eliminate odors in the pigeons' home roost affected the pigeons' ability to return home.
GPS tracing studies indicate that gravitational anomalies may play a role as well.
Roles
Postal carriage
A message may be written on thin light paper, rolled into a small tube, and attached to a messenger pigeon's leg. They will only travel to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home, so "pigeon post" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons.
With training, pigeons can carry up to 75 g (2.5 oz) on their backs. As early as 1903, the German apothecary Julius Neubronner used carrier pigeons to both receive and deliver urgent medication. In 1977, a similar system of 30 carrier pigeons was set up for the transport of laboratory specimens between two English hospitals. Every morning a basket with pigeons was taken from Plymouth General Hospital to Devonport Hospital. The birds then delivered unbreakable vials back to Plymouth as needed. The carrier pigeons became unnecessary in 1983 because of the closure of one of the hospitals. In the 1980s a similar system existed between two French hospitals located in Granville and Avranche.
Wartime communication
Birds were used extensively during World War I. One homing pigeon, Cher Ami, was awarded the French Croix de guerre for his heroic service in delivering 12 important messages, despite having been very badly injured.
During World War II, the Irish Paddy, the American G.I. Joe and the English Mary of Exeter all received the Dickin Medal. They were among 32 pigeons to receive this award, for their gallantry and bravery in saving human lives with their actions. Eighty-two homing pigeons were dropped into the Netherlands with the First Airborne Division Signals as part of Operation Market Garden in World War II. The pigeons' loft was located in London, which would have required them to fly to deliver their messages. Also in World War II, hundreds of homing pigeons with the Confidential Pigeon Service were airdropped into northwest Europe to serve as intelligence vectors for local resistance agents. Birds played a vital part in the Invasion of Normandy as radios could not be used for fear of vital information being intercepted by the enemy.
During the Second World War, the use of pigeons for sending messages was highlighted in Britain by the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret as Girl Guides joining other Guides sending messages to the World Chief Guide in 1943, as part of a campaign to raise money for homing pigeons.
Computing
The humorous IP over Avian Carriers (RFC 1149) is an Internet protocol for the transmission of messages via homing pigeon. Originally intended as an April Fools' Day RFC entry, this protocol was implemented and used, once, to transmit a message in Bergen, Norway, on 28 April 2001.
In September 2009, a South African IT company based in Durban pitted an 11-month-old bird armed with a data packed 4 GB memory stick against the ADSL service from the country's biggest Internet service provider, Telkom. The pigeon, Winston, took an hour and eight minutes to carry the data . In all, the data transfer took two hours, six minutes, and fifty-seven seconds—the same amount of time it took to transfer 4% of the data over the ADSL.
Smuggling
Homing pigeons have been reported to be used as a smuggling technique, getting objects and narcotics across borders and into prisons. For instance, between 2009 and 2015, pigeons have been reported to carry contraband items such as cell phones, SIM cards, phone batteries and USB cords into prisons in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. There have also been cases where homing pigeons were used to transport drugs into prisons.
Animal exploitation
Pigeon races are sometimes considered as a type of animal exploitation and against animal welfare, particularly where betting is involved, and animal welfare is regarded as secondary. For example, the animal rights organisation PETA criticises Taiwanese owners for flying birds across wide oceans where few reach their destination, claiming a fatality rate of 98%.
See also
List of pigeon breeds
American Show Racer
Dovecote
Pigeon intelligence
Pigeon photography
Tippler
Otto J. Zahn
References
Further reading
Lucy M Blanchard, Chico, the Story of a Homing Pigeon in the Great War, Diggory Press,
Carter W. Clarke, "Signal Corps Pigeons". The Military Engineer 25.140 (1933): 133-138 Online.
Jon Day, "Operation Columba" (review of Gordon Corera, Secret Pigeon Service, William Collins, 2018, 326 pp., ), London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 7 (4 April 2019), pp. 15–16. "Pigeons flew across theRoman Empire carrying messages from the margins to the capital. [In 43 BCE] Decimus Brutus broke Marc Antony's siege of Mutina [Modena, in northern Italy] by sending letters to the consuls via pigeon. ... [However, p]igeons only really came into their own with modern [times, especially d]uring the 19th and early 20th centuries". (Jon Day, p. 15.)
Meir Shalev, A Pigeon and a Boy (English translation by Evan Fallenberg), a historical novel about the use of pigeons by the Israel Defense Forces (and the Haganah before Israel was founded in 1948) in the defence of Israel when it was first founded, and in the defence of the Jewish community before Israeli independence
Jerry Spinelli, Wringer
"Nine Champions Create A Champion", Bob Kinney Silverado, The Thoroughbred, 15 May 1998
External links
Pigeon and Business and Communication
The great pigeon race disaster of 97 suggests an answer to an enduring mystery, George Johnson, "ON SCIENCE", St. Louis Post Dispatch
The System of Military Dovecotes in Europe from an 1891 Scientific American article at Project Gutenberg
Joao Moreira Tavares: Carrier Pigeons (Portugal), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Resource for pigeon racers
Round Trip War Birds, Popular Science, November 1941, article on US Army Signal Corps use of homing pigeons with first high-speed photos showing how a pigeon flies
Fragment 'Those waiting for the birds' (2008, Eve Duchemin), documentary about Belgian homing pigeons
Airmail
Animal-powered transport
Animals in sport
Domestic pigeons
History of telecommunications
Pigeon breeds
Pigeon racing
Illegal drug trade techniques
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Fool, The Fool, or Fools may refer to:
A jester, also called a fool, a type of historical entertainer known for their witty jokes
An insult referring to someone of low intelligence or easy gullibility
Arts, entertainment and media
Fictional characters
Fool (stock character) in literature and folklore
Shakespearean fool, an archetypal character in numerous works by Shakespeare
Film
A Fool, a 2015 Chinese film directed by Chen Jianbin
Fools (1970 film), an American film
Fools (2003 film), an Indian film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao
The Fool (1913 film), a 1913 British silent film
The Fool (1925 film), a lost silent film
The Fool (1990 film), a British film
The Fool (2014 film), a Russian film
Gaming and Tarot
Fool (card game)
The Fool (Tarot card games)
The Fool (cartomantic Tarot cards)
Literature
Fool (novel), a 2009 novel by Christopher Moore
Fools (play), a 1981 play by Neil Simon
The Fool (novel), an 1880 Armenian language novel by Raffi
The Fool, a 1921 novel by H. C. Bailey
The Fool (play), a 1975 play by Edward Bond
The Fool (fictional character), a fictional character in The Realm of the Elderlings by Robin Hobb
Music
The Fool (design collective), a Dutch design collective and band in the 1960s
The Fool (guitar), a 1964 Gibson SG designed by The Fool for Eric Clapton
The Fools, a musical group from Massachusetts, U.S.
Albums
Fool (Joe Jackson album), 2019
The Fool (The Fool album), 1968
The Fool (Ryn Weaver album), 2015
The Fool (Warpaint album), 2010
Fools (The Reason album), 2010
Fools (EP), by Lauren Aquilina, 2012
Songs
"Fool" (Elvis Presley song), 1973
"Fool (If You Think It's Over)", a song by Chris Rea, 1978
"Fool" by Blur, from the 1991 album Leisure
"Fool" by Cat Power, from the 2003 album You Are Free
"Fool" by Dragon, from the 1984 album Body and the Beat
Fool (Mansun song), from the 2000 album Little Kix
"Fool" by The Rasmus, from the 2006 album Peep
"Fool" by Roxette, from their 2001 album Room Service
"Fool" by Shakira, from the 2001 album Laundry Service
"Fool" by Swans from the album Greed
"Fool (#2)" by Swans from the album Holy Money
"Fool (I Feel Bad for You)" by Medina, from the U.S. release of 2012 Forever album
"The Fool" (Sanford Clark song), 1956
"The Fool" (Lee Ann Womack song), 1997
"The Fool", a 1971 single by Gilbert Montagné
"The Fool" by Neutral Milk Hotel, from the album In the Aeroplane over the Sea
"The Fool" by Camper Van Beethoven, from the 1988 album Our Beloved Revolutionary Sweetheart
"The Fool" by The Fixx, from the 1982 album Shuttered Room
"The Fool" by Quicksilver Messenger Service, from the 1968 album Quicksilver Messenger Service
"The Fool" by Luna Halo from their 2007 self-titled album
"Fools" (Alphaville song), 1994
"Fools" by Deep Purple, from their 1971 album Fireball
"Fools" by Rachel Stevens, from the 2003 album Funky Dory
"Fools" by Troye Sivan, from the 2015 album Wild
"Fools" by Uriah Heep, from the 1980 album Conquest
"Fools" by Van Halen, from the 1980 album Women and Children First
Fool" (Fitz and the Tantrums song), 2017
Food
Fruit fool, a dish made with cooked fruit such as gooseberries or bilberries
Ful (pronounced "fool") or ful medames, a Middle Eastern dish made from fava beans
Other uses
Léon-Mba International Airport, Libreville, Gabon, ICAO airport code FOOL
The Motley Fool, a financial advice company (fool.com) nicknamed "the Fool"
See also
Folly (disambiguation)
Foolish (disambiguation)
Foolishness, the unawareness or lack of social norms which causes offence, annoyance, trouble or injury
FoolishPeople, a British theatre collective
Fools Guild, a social club of comedic performers
Foolscap (disambiguation)
List of jesters
Clown
Harlequin
Jester (disambiguation)
Joker (disambiguation)
Magic (illusion)
Stupidity
Tomfoolery
Yokel
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In cricket, a batsman may retire from an innings at any time when the ball is dead; they must then be replaced by a teammate who has not been dismissed. The most common reason for retirement is if the batsman becomes injured or unwell, in which case they can resume their innings .
Retirement is covered by Law 25 of the Laws of Cricket, which distinguishes between two types of retirement. If the batsman is ill or injured they are considered retired - not out and are permitted to return to batting if they recover. In all other cases the batsman is considered retired - out and may not return to the innings, unless the opposing captain offers an exemption. These two types of retirement are considered differently in cricket statistics.
Retired - not out
If a batting player becomes injured or falls ill (or some other exceptional circumstance forces them to leave the field), and they receive permission from the umpire, they may retire not out. If the retired batsman recovers before the end of the innings, they may resume batting, upon the dismissal or retirement of another batsman. If they cannot return to batting by the end of the innings, e.g. if they have been taken to hospital for medical treatment, the batting side must close its innings once it is all out i.e. has only one batsman who is not out and not retired. It is therefore possible for the innings to end despite the batting side only losing nine wickets (or fewer, if there are multiple retirements).
This situation is officially recorded on the scorecard as "retired - not out", though the unofficial term "retired - hurt" is often used on broadcasts instead. The batsman is considered 'not out' for statistical purposes e.g. when calculating a batting average.
Retired - out
If a batsman retires for any other reason, or without the umpire's permission, they are considered to have forfeited their wicket and are therefore out. Unless the opposing captain offers an exemption, the retired batsmen may not return. This situation is recorded on the scorecard as 'retired - out' and is considered a dismissal for statistical purposes, though is not credited to a bowler.
Examples
As of 2019, only two batsmen have retired out in a test match, and both instances occurred in the same innings: Sri Lankan batsmen Marvan Atapattu and Mahela Jayawardene both retired out in a match against Bangladesh in 2001. The decision was controversial, since they retired out to give the rest of the team batting practice, and this was considered unsporting.
The only example in Test cricket of an opposing captain granting an exemption was for Gordon Greenidge, during the fifth Test of the 1982–83 India–West Indies series. Greenidge was not out on a score of 154 overnight (his highest score in Tests to that point), when he received news that his two-year-old daughter was critically ill. He retired and flew from Antigua to Barbados to visit the hospital where his daughter was being treated; she died two days later. Greenidge took no further part in the match. As a mark of respect, he was recorded as "retired not out".
In Twenty20 (T20) cricket, teams sometimes retire a batsman for purely tactical reasons, such as to switch left- and right-handed batsmen, though this practice has been controversial and lambasted as unsporting. The first example at professional level was in a match between Bhutan and Maldives at the 2019 South Asian Games, when Sonam Tobgay of Bhutan retired out at the end of the 19th over. In the 2022 Indian Premier League, R Ashwin retired out while playing for Rajasthan Royals against Lucknow Super Giants. In June 2022, during the 2022 T20 Blast match between the Birmingham Bears and the Notts Outlaws, Carlos Brathwaite (Birmingham Bears) and Samit Patel (Notts Outlaws) both retired out for tactical reasons.
See also
List of unusual dismissals in international cricket
References
Cricket laws and regulations
Batting (cricket)
Cricket terminology
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Esther Yang (born Yang Yung-tsun; ) is a Taiwanese actress.
Filmography
Television series
References
External links
1987 births
21st-century Taiwanese actresses
Actresses from Taipei
Living people
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This is a list of all tornadoes that were confirmed by local offices of the National Weather Service in the United States from July to August 2009.
July
July 1 event
July 3 event
July 4 event
July 5 event
July 7 event
July 8 event
July 11 event
July 12 event
July 13 event
July 14 event
July 15 event
July 16 event
July 17 event (Southeast)
July 17 event (Colorado)
July 18 event (Maine)
July 18 event (New Mexico)
July 20 event
July 21 event
July 23 event
July 24 event
July 25 event
July 26 event
July 27 event
July 28 event
July 29 event (Northeast)
July 29 event (Colorado)
July 30 event
July 31 event
August
Note: 1 tornado was confirmed in the final totals, but does not have a listed rating.
August 2 event
August 4 event
August 6 event
August 8 event
August 9 event
August 12 event
August 14 event
August 15 event
August 16 event
August 17 event
August 18 event
August 19 event
August 20 event
August 21 event
August 26 event
August 29 event
August 30 event
See also
Tornadoes of 2009
References
Tornadoes of 2009
2009, 07
July 2009 events in the United States
August 2009 events in the United States
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Poi is a traditional staple food in the Polynesian diet, made from taro.
Traditional poi is produced by mashing cooked starch on a wooden pounding board, with a carved pestle made from basalt, calcite, coral or wood. Modern methods use an industrial food processor to produce large quantities for retail distribution. Water is added to the starch during mashing, and again just before eating, to achieve the desired consistency, which can range from highly viscous to liquid. In Hawaii, this is classified as either "one-finger", "two-finger", or "three-finger", alluding to how many fingers are required to scoop it up (the thicker the poi, the fewer fingers required to scoop a sufficient mouthful).
Poi can be eaten immediately, when fresh and sweet, or left to ferment and become sour, developing a smell reminiscent of plain yoghurt. A layer of water on top can prevent fermenting poi from developing a crust.
History and culture
Poi is thought to have originated in the Marquesas Islands, created some time after initial settlement from Polynesian explorers. While mashing food does occur in other parts of the Pacific, the method involved was more rudimentary. In Western Polynesia, the cooked starch was mashed in a wooden bowl using a makeshift pounder out of either the stem of a coconut leaf or a hard unripe breadfruit with several wooden pegs stuck into it. The origins of poi coincided with the development of basalt pounders in the Marquesas, which soon spread elsewhere in Eastern Polynesia, with the exception of New Zealand and Easter Island.
Poi was considered such an important and sacred aspect of daily Hawaiian life that Hawaiians believed that the spirit of Hāloa, the legendary ancestor of the Hawaiian people, was present when a bowl of poi was uncovered for consumption at the family dinner table. Accordingly, all conflict among family members was required to come to an immediate halt.
Hawaiians traditionally cook the starchy, potato-like heart of the taro corm for hours in an underground oven called an imu, which is also used to cook other types of food such as pork, carrots, and sweet potatoes.
Fermentation
Poi has a paste-like texture and a delicate flavor when freshly prepared in the traditional manner, with a pale purple color that naturally comes from the taro corm. It has a smooth, creamy texture. The flavor changes distinctly once the poi has been made: fresh poi is sweet and edible; each day thereafter the poi loses sweetness and turns sour due to a natural fermentation that involves Lactobacillus bacteria, yeast, and Geotrichum fungi. Therefore, some people find fermented poi more palatable if it is mixed with milk or sugar or both. The speed of this fermentation process depends upon the bacteria level present in the poi, but the souring process can be slowed by storing poi in a cool, dark location. To prepare commercial poi that has been stored in a refrigerator, it is squeezed out of the bag into a bowl (sometimes adding water), and a thin layer of water is put over the part exposed to air to keep a crust from forming on top. New commercial preparations of poi require refrigeration, but stay fresh longer and taste sweeter.
Sour poi is still edible but may be less palatable, and is usually served with salted fish or Hawaiian lomi salmon on the side (as in the lyrics "my fish and poi"). Sourness can be prevented by freezing or dehydrating fresh poi, although the resulting poi after defrosting or rehydrating tends to taste bland when compared to the fresh product. Sour poi has an additional use as a cooking ingredient with a sour flavor (similar to buttermilk), usually in breads and rolls.
Nutrition and dietary and medical uses
Taro is low in fat, high in vitamin A, and abounds in complex carbohydrates.
Poi has been used specifically as a milk substitute for babies, or as a baby food. It is supposed to be easy to digest. It contains no gluten, making it safe to eat for people who have celiac disease or a gluten intolerance.
See also
List of ancient dishes and foods
Fufu – West African dish made from mashed cassava
Nilupak – Filipino delicacies made from mashed starchy foods
Ube halaya – Philippine dessert made from purple yam
Citations
General and cited references
Sky Barnhart, "Powered by Poi Kalo, a Legendary Plant, Has Deep Roots in Hawaiian Culture", NO KA 'OI Maui Magazine, July/August 2007. Retrieved on 13 November 2012.
Amy C. Brown and Ana Valiere, "The Medicinal Uses of Poi", The National Center for Biotechnology Information, 23 June 2006. Retrieved on 13 November 2012.
Pamela Noeau Day, "Poi – The Ancient 'New' Superfood", POI, 22 December 2009. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
Stacy Yuen Hernandez, Got Poi? The Original Hawaiian Diet, POI, 24 March 2009. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
Marcia Z. Mager, What Is Poi Anyway?, POI, 24 March 2009. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.
Craig W. Walsh, Where Can I Buy Poi?, POI, 26 May 2005. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
External links
The History of Poi
"Powered By Poi". Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine, Vol. 11, No. 4 (July 2007).
"Kipahulu Kitchen". Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine, Vol. 10 No. 2 (April 2006). Article about community commercial kitchen in Kipahulu, Maui, where poi is made.
"Poi". YouTube video about the making of Poi.
Ancient dishes
Cook Islands cuisine
French Polynesian cuisine
Fermented foods
Hawaiian cuisine
National dishes
Oceanian cuisine
Polynesian cuisine
Porridges
Staple foods
Taro dishes
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A sharpener is an implement for sharpening; the term may refer to:
Knife sharpening
Pencil sharpener
Sharpening jig, used to sharpen woodworking tools
Sharpening rod, another name for honing steel
Sharpening
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Gy (minuscule gy) est un digramme de l'alphabet latin composé d'un G et d'un Y.
Linguistique
En hongrois, le digramme « gy » sert à représenter le son . Elle est considérée comme lettre à part entière et est placée entre le G et le H.
Représentation informatique
Comme la majorité des digrammes, il n'existe aucun encodage de Gy sous un seul signe, il est toujours réalisé en accolant un G et un Y.
Notes et références
Articles connexes
Digramme
Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin
Digramme latin
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Ortley is a cultivar of domesticated apple that originated in New Jersey. It has many other names including "Cleopatra" and "Jersey Greening". The fruit is similar to the Yellow Bellflower.
References
Apple cultivars
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