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Harakiri, a method of suicide is committed by
|
Harakiri (seppuku): It is an unusual type of suicidal disembowelment connected with Japanese Samurai warriors. The victim with a sho sword inflicts a single large abdominal stab wound into the left side, drawing the blade across to the right side and then turning it upwards producing an L-shaped cut. The sudden evisceration of the internal organs causes an immediate decrease of intra-abdominal pressure and cardiac return resulting in collapse and death. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku
| 1 |
Ripping the abdomen open
|
Jumping from a height
|
Shooter through the oral cavity
|
Stabbing over the hea
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Special topics
|
efc050bf-a52e-4ffa-816a-57e2ce64c129
|
single
|
"Tram track" appearance is seen in-
|
By light microscopy, type I MPGN and many cases of dense deposit disease are similar. The glomeruli are large, with an accentuated lobular appearance, and show proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes. The GBM is thickened, and the glomerular capillary wall often shows a double contour, or "tram track," appearance, especially evident with the use of silver or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains. This "splitting" of the GBM is due to the extension of processes of mesangial and inflammatory cells into the peripheral capillary loops and deposition of the mesangial matrix. Ref: Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page527
| 3 |
Minimal change disease
|
Membranous GN
|
Membranoproliferative GN
|
SLE
|
Pathology
|
Urinary tract
|
385c2e18-f45d-4b5d-8418-602ef9304cac
|
single
|
Maximum electrophoretic mobility and least lipid content -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., HDL o HDL:- Has maximum electrophoretic mobility, has maximum density, has minimum lipid content, has maximum protein (apoprotein) content, are smallest in size, has maximum phospholipid, has minimum triglycerideso Chylomicrons :- Have no electrophoretic mobility, have minimum density, have maximum lipid content, have minimum protein content, are largest in size, have minimum phospholipids, have maximum triglycerides. ChylomicronVLDLLDLHDLElectrophoresisFound at originPre-b (a2)ba (or a1)Mobility in electric fieldLeast Found in beta regionHighestAporproteinApob48Apo b-100Apo b-100Apo A-1 & IIOrigin (synthesis)Intestine (-nt in serum)Liver, intestineIn blood from degradationLiver of VLDLSize1000-10,000 A0 (maxm)300-700 A (minm)150-250 A075-100A0Density<.96 (lowest) > 1.063 (Max.)Major lipidsTG (90%)TG (50%)Cholesterol (45%)PL (30%)FunctionsTransports exogenous/dietary TG (Intestine - liver)Transport endogenous TG liver - peripheral tissueAtherogenic caused CAD coronary artery d/s; (major transporter of choresstrol in bid)Scavenging action transports cholest- rol from peripheral tissue to liver for degrada"
| 2 |
Chylomicrons
|
HDL
|
LDL
|
VLDL
|
Unknown
| null |
19301226-8b13-49e6-b64a-ac699732b7be
|
single
|
Defect seen due to failure of closure of rostral part of neural tube or cranial neuropore?
|
Ans. A. AnencephalyAnencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception.
| 1 |
Anencephaly
|
Spina bifida
|
Meningocele
|
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
|
Anatomy
|
Embryology
|
5b8f0957-0488-4f54-a49b-5c3d4021f129
|
single
|
H.pylori elimination confirmation test -
|
<p>Davidson&;s principles and practice of medicine 22nd edition. *urea breath test is highly specific and sensitive.breath tests are best because of accuracy simplicity and non invasiveness. </p>
| 1 |
Urea breath test
|
Culture
|
Serological test
|
Biopsy urease test
|
Medicine
|
G.I.T
|
60b3b278-654c-4058-9268-97bef1775f76
|
single
|
Cyclo developmental stage is seen in:
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. Filaria This question is one of the most often repeated question in PG examsThere are three types of biological transmission by vectors :Propagative:The infectious agent merely multiplies in the vector but no change in form.eg.plague bacilli in rat fleas.Cyclopropogative:The agent changes in form and number.eg. malaria parasite in mosquito.Cyclo-developmental:The disease agent undergoes only development but no multiplication.eg. microfilaria in mosquito.
| 2 |
Malaria
|
Filaria
|
Plague
|
Cholera
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
|
81757af8-0ec8-4f51-ba7a-2670b78a5046
|
single
|
Beta blockers are not indicated in:
| null | 1 |
Acute CHF
|
Hypertension
|
Chronic CHF
|
Arrhythmia
|
Pharmacology
| null |
7b9f8874-3c13-426e-a3ea-915b1a153667
|
single
|
Gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., DEXA [Ref: style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0 0 8pt 8px; text-indent: 0; text-align: left">o The gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis is dual energy X-ray absorption scan (DEXA scan). The test is performed by passing low energy X-rays through a bone (e.g. spine, hip or wrist). The test takes about ten minutes, is painless, and is associated with very limited radiation exposure. The values generated by the test can then be compared to both:1.Young adult population : called a "T score", this test measures the variance between the patient and the young adult baseline. A score above -1 is considered normal; a score between -1 and -2.5 is considered osteopenia; and a score below -2.5 is considered osteoporosis. For each -1 standard deviation in T score there is a 3 times increased risk of hip fracture and a 2.5 times risk of spine fracture.2. Age-and gender-matched control groups : a "Z score" measures the variance between the patient's and control groups' amount of bone. The control group consists of other people in the patient's age group of the same size and gender. An unusually high or low score may indicate the need for additional tests.
| 1 |
DEXA
|
Single beam densitometry
|
Quatitative computed tomography
|
Bone histomorphometry
|
Orthopaedics
|
Metabolic Disorders Leading to Osteosclerosis
|
ad09bb60-71ef-47e4-b42f-53f1f29feb1f
|
single
|
Which of the following increases capillary filling rate?
|
Ans. B. Reduced plasma colloidal osmotic pressure. (Ref. Ganong 23rd/pg. 592 - 594)# Net fluid movement depends on net driving pressure and two other important factors related to the properties of the membranes. The filtration coefficient ,Kf, depends on the surface area and the permeability of the capillary wall to water (hydraulic conductivity). Leaky capillaries (e.g., due to histamine) have a high Kf. Glomerular capillaries have a high Kf, needed for their function.# The potential causes of pulmonary edema and pleural effusion are increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure, increases in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Edema due to hydrostatic pressure is called cardiogenic edema. Edema due to osmotic pressure and membrane properties is called non- cardiogenic pulmonary edema.Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, and Capillary Filtration CoefficientFour primary forces that determine whether fluid will move out of the blood into the interstitial fluid or in the opposite direction. These forces, called "Starling forces " in honor of the physiologist who first demonstrated their importance:1) The capillary pressure (Pc), which tends to force fluid outward through the capillary membrane.2) The interstitial fluid pressure (Pif), which tends to force fluid inward through the capillary membrane when Pif is positive but outward when Pif is negative.3) The capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Pp), which tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane.4) The interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (Pif), which tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane.If the sum of these forces, the net filtration pressure, is positive, there will be a net fluid filtration across the capillaries. If the sum of the Starling forces is negative, there will be a net fluid absorption from the interstitial spaces into the capillaries. Net filtration from systemic capillaries is dependent on the Starling forces and capillary permeability. Equation is:Net filtration = Kf where Kf is the filtration coefficient of the membrane, and is directly proportional to capillary permeability, Pcapillary and Ptissue are the hydrostatic pressures in the capillary and tissue (interstitial space), respectively, and pcapillary and ptissue are the osmotic (colloid oncotic) pressures in the capillary and interstitial space, respectively. Increasing central venous pressure increases the capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pcapillary), which increases the filtration of fluid from the systemic capillaries, leading to edema.The movement of fluid between vascular and interstitial spaces is controlled mainly by the opposing effects of vascular hydrostatic pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Normally, the exit of fluid into the interstitium from the arteriolar end of the microcirculation is nearly balanced by inflow at the venular end; the lymphatics drain a small residual amount of excess interstitial fluid. Either increased capillary pressure or diminished colloid osmotic pressure can result in increased interstitial fluid,n Increased Hydrostatic PressureLocalized increases in intravascular pressure can result from impaired venous return; if the failing heart cannot increase cardiac output, the extra fluid load causes increased venous pressure and, eventually, edema.# Reduced Plasma Osmotic PressureCapillary hydrostatic and osmotic forces are normally balanced so that there is no net loss or gain of fluid across the capillary bed. However, increased hydrostatic pressure or diminished plasma osmotic pressure leads to a net accumulation of extravascular fluid (edema). If the ability of the lymphatics to drain tissue fluid is exceeded, persistent tissue edema results.# Effect of Abnormal Imbalance of Forces at the Capillary MembraneIf the mean capillary pressure rises above 17 mm Hg, the net force tending to cause filtration of fluid into the tissue spaces rises. Thus, a 20 mm Hg rise in mean capillary pressure causes an increase in net filtration pressure from 0.3 mm Hg to 20.3 mm Hg, which results in 68 times as much net filtration of fluid into the interstitial spaces as normally occurs. To prevent accumulation of excess fluid in these spaces would require 68 times the normal flow of fluid into the lymphatic system, an amount that is 2 to 5 times too much for the lymphatics to carry away. As a result, fluid will begin to accumulate in the interstitial spaces, and edema will result.Conversely, if the capillary pressure falls very low, net reabsorption of fluid into the capillaries will occur instead of net filtration, and the blood volume will increase at the expense of the interstitial fluid volume.Note: Approximately 60% of lean body weight is water, two-thirds of which is intracellular and the remainder is in extracellular compartments, mostly as interstitial fluid; only 5% of total body water is in blood plasma.
| 2 |
Increased capillary filling co-efficient
|
Reduced plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
|
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
|
All of the above
|
Physiology
|
Heart, Circulation, and Blood
|
ee50252a-7815-464b-8b73-e5dfd334a0a0
|
multi
|
Which of the following statements is true about BCG vaccination ?
| null | 3 |
Distilled water is used as diluent for BCG vaccine
|
The site for injection should be cleaned thoroughly with spirit
|
WHO recommends Danish 1331 strain for vaccine production
|
Mantoux test becomes positive after 48 hours of vaccination
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
ee984416-1fcb-40a3-a7aa-a6676f10fb40
|
multi
|
Muscles paralysed In Erbs palsy are all except
|
Muscles paralysed : Muscles involved in erbs palsy : mainly biceps Brachii Deltoid Brachialis Brachioradialis Paly supraspinatus, infraspinatus and supinator ref : maheswari 9thed
| 2 |
Biceps brachii
|
Triceps muscle
|
Brachioradialis
|
Brachialis muscle
|
Anatomy
| null |
33776feb-8890-438b-885c-3f354e146c18
|
multi
|
The floating tip of the iceberg represents what the physician sees in the community as:
|
Health professionals see only a small part of the illness in the community, just as only a small part of an iceberg is visible above the surface of the water. This is what is called " the tip of the iceberg", as information on the submerged portion is not available.
But the inapparent cases are important for their role in transmission. Since many inapparent infections can be transmitted and can produce disease in others, it is not sufficient to direct disease management procedures solely to clinically apparent cases.
| 1 |
Clinical cases
|
Latent cases
|
Undiagnosed cases
|
Carriers
|
Dental
| null |
9f103213-e5ef-4576-bfb1-ee3282547668
|
single
|
Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) ?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Medullary Thyroid tumor is seen in MEN II, and is medullary carcinoma of thyroid.
| 4 |
Follicular
|
Papillary
|
Anaplastic
|
Medullary
|
Pathology
| null |
66c589db-0d33-4a59-8495-13212c75e323
|
single
|
All are true about delirium tremens, except:NIMHANS 10; AI 11; FMGE 11
|
Ans. Normal sleep wake cycle
| 1 |
Normal sleep wake cycle
|
Visual hallucinations
|
Coarse tremors
|
Clouding of consciousness
|
Psychiatry
| null |
3ca1d64f-7f22-4ce9-a2f4-0bc36805a652
|
multi
|
Critical Limb ischemia results from
| null | 3 |
Mild Arterial Occlusive Disease
|
Moderate Arterial Occlusive disease
|
Severe Arterial occlusive disease
|
All of the above
|
Surgery
| null |
2f999c7c-7e1f-416c-9bad-d4aba252651e
|
multi
|
Mechanism of actions of penicillins and cephalosporins is to inhibit:
|
Beta lactam These are antibiotics having a beta-lacatam ring. The two major groups are penicillins and cephalosporins. Monobactams and carbapenems are relatively newer additions. Mechanism of action All beta-lactam antibiotics interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell wall. The P-lactam antibiotics inhibit the transpepti,iases so that cross linking (which maintains the -:lose knit structure of the cell wall) does not take rlace. These enzymes and related proteins constitute the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)which have been located in the bacterial cell membrane. Each organism has several PBPs and PBPs obtained from different species differ in their affinity towards different P-lactam antibiotics. This fact probably explains their differing sensitivity to the various P-lactam antibiotics. When susceptible bacteria divide in the ,presence of a P-lactam antibiotic-cell wall deficient (CWD) forms are produced. Because the interior of the bacterium is hyperosmotic, the CWD forms swell and burst causing bacterial lysis. This is how P-lactam antibiotics exe bactericidal action. Cnder ceain conditions and in case of ceain organisms, bizarre shaped or filamentous forms, which are incapable of multiplying, result. Grown in hyperosmotic medium, globular' giant' forms or protoplasts are produced. Lytic effect of these antibiotics may also be due to derepression of some bacterial autolysins which normally function during cell division. Rapid cell wall synthesis occurs when the organisms are actively multiplying; P-lactam antibiotics are more lethal in this phase. The peptidoglycan cell wall is unique to bacteria. Essentials of medical pharmacology K D Tripathi Sixth edition Pg no 694,695
| 1 |
Cell wall synthesis
|
Leakage from cell membrane
|
Protein synthesis
|
DNA gyrase
|
Pharmacology
|
Chemotherapy
|
a29a0045-0004-46b8-875e-e3bf53be945c
|
multi
|
Antral puncture is made on
| null | 1 |
Medial wall of maxillary sinus
|
Lateral wall of maxillary sinus
|
Apex of of maxillary sinus
|
Roof of maxillary sinus
|
ENT
| null |
b3381a14-efb1-478d-9868-e42cba78d589
|
multi
|
The staing numbers in life table is known as
|
In actuarial science and demography, a life table (also called a moality table or actuarial table) is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before his or her next bihday ("probability of death") There are two types of life tables used in actuarial science. The period life table represents moality rates during a specific time period of a ceain population. A coho life table, often referred to as a generation life table, is used to represent the overall moality rates of a ceain population's entire lifetime. They must have had to be born during the same specific time interval. A coho life table is more frequently used because it is able to make a prediction of any expected changes in moality rates of a population in the future. This type of table also analyzes patterns in moality rates that can be observed over time Ref : https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_table
| 4 |
Radix
|
Radius
|
Origin
|
Coho
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Biostatistics
|
e93f17fd-c78a-4bf1-886d-bab1fd4cd90f
|
single
|
Lucid interval is seen in which of the following?
|
Lucid interval is a state of consciousness between two episodes of unconsciousness. It is classical of extradural hemorrhage.
| 2 |
Subaractnoid hemorrhage
|
Extradural hemorrhage
|
Subdural hemorrhage
|
Seen in all head injury cases
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
16803a6b-01f5-40d6-b6dc-5ad8fd38c12b
|
multi
|
True about Crigger Najjar type II syndrome is-
|
Crigler najar type 2 is an autosomal recessive condition in which there is decrease in glucuronyl transferase, Treatment includes phenobarbital, phototherapy or liver transplant. Kernicterus is seen in type 1 not type 2. Reference: Davidson, 23rd edition, page 860
| 2 |
Diglucuronide deficiency
|
Recessive trait
|
Kemicterus is seen
|
Phenobarbitone not useful
|
Medicine
|
G.I.T
|
3c724092-d704-4555-aa9a-19e80365af7f
|
multi
|
Lipogenesis in liver is stimulated by
|
Insulin
| 2 |
Glucagon
|
Insulin
|
Thyroxine
|
Epinephrine
|
Biochemistry
| null |
4f973a16-a353-4347-b1bc-05eae1bcef10
|
single
|
In echocardiography pulses of of ultrasonic waves are admitted at a frequency of
|
In echocardiography pulses of ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 2.25 megahez are admitted from a transducer that also functions as a receiver as a receiver to detect waves reflected back from various pas of the hea. Ref:page no 347 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition
| 2 |
1 megahez
|
2 megahez
|
20 Hez
|
2000 Hez
|
Physiology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
973d9741-d390-4e46-a970-ab67fef511f6
|
single
|
During the ear examination, cough occurs due to stimulation of
|
Arnold nerve. It is an auricular branch of jugular ganglion of the vagus.
It supplies the skin of posterior part of pinna on the medial surface of the concha, and posterior wall of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane.
The auricular nerve is the afferent limb of the Ear-Cough or Arnold Reflex.
| 4 |
Hypoglossal
|
Trochlear
|
Trigeminal
|
Vagus
|
ENT
| null |
5c868612-910a-44c3-96a1-f64cf8bd472c
|
single
|
Down syndrome is
|
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46
| 1 |
Trisomy of 21
|
Trisomy of 18
|
Monosomy of 18
|
Monosomy of 21
|
Pathology
| null |
4cce21dc-18c5-4be5-9942-f1d528b97fa2
|
single
|
Breastfeeding is contraindicated in
|
Contraindications of breastfeedingGalactosemiaActive untreated tuberculosis-only in the initial periodHIV positive mother-especially in a developed country; In India its not contraindicatedSome medication(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 287)
| 1 |
Galactosemia
|
Tuberculosis history
|
Hepatitis B positive mother
|
Low bih weight infant
|
Pediatrics
|
All India exam
|
714a6fa3-f1ec-4cd4-881d-28b22e1f2d63
|
single
|
All of the following are glycoproteins except?
|
Ans. (b) Albumin ref. Harper 25/e, p 675; Lipincoft 2/e, p 157 Glycoprotein are proteins to which usually 2-10 oligosaccharides are covalently attached, e.g. Glycoprotein Ig Globular proteins except albumin Blood group antigen Mucin hCG, TSH Selectin Lectin HLA class I, II Secreted enzymes and proteins Glycophorin Transferrin, ceruloplasmin Collagen IFN 13 and y Alkaline phosphatase
| 2 |
Blood antigen
|
Albumin
|
Immunoglobulin
|
hCG
|
Microbiology
| null |
c93dc892-b6ed-4705-b9b0-49e2f3706723
|
multi
|
Which of the following best describes a patient with a classical migraine?
|
Choice A describes GIANT CELL AERITIS - Typical presenting symptoms include headache,Polymyalgia Rheumatica, jaw claudication,fever,Weight loss. Choice B describes CLUSTRE HEADACHE- The frequency is approximately 0.1%.The pain is deep, usually retroorbital,excruciating in intensity, nonfluctuating, explosive in quality. special features Periodicity -A core feature of cluster headache is periodicity. At least one of the daily attacks of pain recurs same hour each day for the duration of a cluster bout Parasympathetic autonomic activation -Cluster headache is associated with ipsilateral symptomsof cranial parasympathetic autonomic activation leading to conjunctival injection or lacrimation, rhinorrhea or nasal congestion, or cranial sympathetic dysfunction,such as ptosis. Choice C describes Ophthalmoplegic migraine choice D describes classical migraine DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR MIGRAINE Repeated attacks of headache lasting 4-72 hr in patients with a normal physical examination, no other reasonable cause for the headache, At least 2 of the following features: Plus at least 1 of following features: Unilateral pain Nausea/ vomiting Throbbing pain -Photophobia -Phonophobia Aggravation by movement Moderate or severe intensity
| 4 |
A unilateral headache with unilateral visual loss and muscle aches
|
Left a retro-orbital headache with rhinorrhoea and red eye
|
Visual deficit that persists after cessation of a unilateral headache
|
Pulsating unilateral headache worsened with the movements of head
|
Medicine
|
CNS
|
22f7af25-2dc0-4713-9a5c-859ee25d87d0
|
single
|
Which of the following tumor causes polycythemia due to increased erythropoietin production?
|
Secondary erythrocytosis involves increased erythropoietin (EPO) signalling in the bone marrow. Several types of neoplasm are known to produce excess EPO, including renal cell carcinoma, uterine fibroids, hemangioblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. EPO production can also be increased following renal transplant Ref: Verhovsek M., McFarlane A. (2012). Chapter 173. Abnormalities in Red Blood Cells. In G.V. Lawry, S.C. McKean, J. Matloff, J.J. Ross, D.D. Dressler, D.J. Brotman, J.S. Ginsberg (Eds), Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine.
| 1 |
Cerebellar hemangioblastoma
|
Medulloblastoma
|
Ependymoma
|
Oligodendroglioma
|
Pathology
| null |
17946f81-1176-46f2-a290-6491c147abc8
|
single
|
Most common tumour of eyelid is
|
(A) (Basal cell carcinoma) (430-Nema 5th) (457- Parson 21st)* Basal cell carcinoma is the most common maligment tumour of the eyelids and constitutes 85%-90% of the all malignant epithelial eyelid tumours.* Squamous papilloma is the most common benign tumour of the eyelid.Common malignant tumours of the eyelidTypeCommon locationClinical featuresSpreadTherapyBasal cell carcinomaMedial canthus, lower lidNodule, central ulceration with pearly surface telangiectasiaLocalResection RadiationSquamous cell carcinomaLower lid. From previous actinic keratosisUlcer with thickened margins, keratosis papillomatousLocal, lymph nodesResection,RadiationCryotherapySebacious cell carcinomaUpper lidNodular resembling, chalazion multifocal F > M recurrence commonLocal intraepith elial lymph nodesResectionCryotheropyExenterationMalignant melanomaPrevious nevi> 6mm size pigmented lesion. Vascularization inflammationLocal vascular lymph nodesResectionExenterationThe moct common benign orbital tumour is adults Cavernous HemangiomaMost common malignant orbital tumour in adults is LymphomaMost common benign orbital tumour in children is Dermoid cystMost common malignant orbital tumour in children is RhabdomyosarcomaBASAL CELL CARCINOMA* Also k/a "Rodent ulcer"* It is more common in Caucasians (99%)* Age is 40-79 years* Ultravoilet light exposure is one of the most important risk factors* It is locally malignant* It involves most commonly lower eyelid (50-60) >medial canthus (25-30%) >upper eyelid (15-20%) > lateral canthus* Basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin- Goltz syndrome) is a rare syndrome occurring in <l%of patients with basal cell carcinoma* Surgery is the treatment of choice - there are two- techniques(i) Moh's micrographic surgery(ii) Excisional biopsy with frozen section control
| 1 |
Basal cell carcinoma
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
Sebaceous cell carcinoma
|
Ophthalmology
|
Lid
|
7d0c8556-2b4e-489d-84c6-567b5883452f
|
single
|
Prolonged administration of Sodium nitroprusside can cause poisoning of:
|
Cyanide poisoning can occur in rapid or excessive administration of sodium nitroprusside. The breakdown of nitroprusside in the body leads to dissociation into the components cyanide and nitric oxide. Accumulation of cyanide is more common in infusions of sodium nitroprusside exceeding 2g/kg/min. Guidelines for safe administration of sodium nitroprusside has been established to prevent the risk of cyanide toxicity: Maximum acute dose: 1.5 mg/kg for 1-3 hours Maximum chronic dose: 0.5 mg/kg/hr
| 1 |
Cyanide
|
Methanol
|
Arsenic
|
Phenol
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
1e2368bc-2514-40ea-9a19-4ef6ff809929
|
single
|
Causative agent for oriental sore is: September 2007
|
Ans. C: Leishmania tropica Oriental sore is a skin disease, occurring in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, caused by the parasitic protozoan Leishmania tropica. It is a specific granuloma of the skin, endemic within ceain limited areas in warm countries; characterized primarily by a papule, gradually enlarging by peripheral and subjacent infiltration,with scaling or crusting, and which usually, sometimes with an inter-vening furunculoid stage, slowly breaks down and develops into an indolent ulcer. The disease takes the form of a slow-healing open sore or ulcer, which sometimes becomes secondarily infected with bacteria. Leishmania donovani causes kala-azar. Leishmania braziliensis causes muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis
| 3 |
Onchocerca volvulus
|
Leishmania donovani
|
Leishmania tropica
|
Brugya malayi
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
3be7ad7f-b166-425d-87be-8814bb55f3d3
|
single
|
PASCAL is used for
|
Laser photocagulations RETINAL INSTRUMENTS * OCT: Measure RNFL thickness, Ganglion cell volume, Optic nerve head parameters & retinal layers. Cystoid Macular edema is classified according to OCT classification. * OCT- Angio that shows retinal vasculature without the use of dye. * PASCAL- Patterned scanned laser used for photocoagulation. * Spectralis- can do FA, OCT, ICG in same machine. * Retcam 3- Seeing & documenting pediatric retinal diseases, (ROP, Choroidopathies & Dystrophies) * Fugo blade- Used for both anterior, posterior capsulorrhexis & PHPV.
| 2 |
Angiography
|
Laser photocoagulation
|
RNFL thickness
|
Ganglion cell layer
|
Ophthalmology
|
Retina
|
5647bd8b-cb84-4398-899e-6d19950e0a12
|
single
|
Staphylococcus is?
|
Staphylococcui are Gram-positive cocci that occur in grape like clsters . Ref: Ananthanarayan & panikers Textbook of Microbiology 9th edition page no199
| 1 |
Gram-positive cocci
|
Gram-negative cocci
|
Gram-positive bacillus
|
Gram-negative bacillus
|
Microbiology
|
general microbiology
|
bf0e731b-b7db-4352-97b2-cf4a85a78cb7
|
single
|
Whitening of the nail plates may be due to deficiency of: March 2011
|
Ans. C: Albumin Leuconychia: Nails are white and are associated with hypoalbuminemia like cirrhosis of liver Nails and dermatology: Mees lines: Arsenic poisoning Oncholysis: Psoriasis Koilonychia: Iron deficiency anemia Koenens periungal fibroma: Tuberous sclerosis
| 3 |
Iron
|
Zinc
|
Albumin
|
Copper
|
Skin
| null |
2ff42d1f-ec99-4f98-b5a2-e205cc0a2069
|
single
|
All are true about ASHA are all EXCEPT:
|
Ans. (c) Minimum class 4 passedRef : K. Park 23rd ed. / 449-50, s 21sted. /407* Minimum education required for ASH A: 8(tm) pass* ASHA is Accredited Social Health Activist.* One ASHA works for 1000 population.* In tribal, hilly and desert areas, the norm is one ASHA per habitation.Impact Indicators of ASHA* Infant mortality rate* Child malnutrition rate* Number of TB/leprosy case detection as compared to previous year.Must knowASHA* ASHA must be the resident of the village preferably in the age group of 25-45 years.* Minimum education required for ASHA: 8th pass* ASHA is selected by village panchayat/Gram Sabha* ASHA comes under national Rural Health Mission (NRHM): 2005-2012* Act as bridge between village and ANM (Auxiliary Nurse midwife)* Training of ASHA is done by ANM and AWW for a minimum duration of 23 daysAlso know* One multi-purpose worker (MPW) is for: 5000 population* One village health guide (VHG) is for: 1000* One Anganwadi worker (AWW) is for: 400-800
| 3 |
Selected by village panchayat/Gram Sabha
|
Trained by ANM
|
Minimum class 4 passed
|
Comes under NRHM 2005-2012
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health Planning and Management
|
57c69351-63d1-4cae-9a39-1d9e86e16c03
|
multi
|
Which of the following is the earliest cardiac abnormality to develop in acute rheumatic fever?
|
Acute rheumatic fever can cause mitral regurgitation, but stenosis develops decades later. Characterestic thickening of leaflets occurs with fibrous obliteration. There is also commissural fusion, chordal fusion, and shoening, and calcium deposition on the leaflets, chordae, and annulus.
| 1 |
MR
|
MS
|
AR
|
AS
|
Pediatrics
| null |
6e299dde-f4a7-4948-ade3-6ddca07a3a29
|
single
|
First deciduous teeth usually comes around 6 months of age. They are:
|
Primary teeth generally begin to erupt at about 6 months of age. The mandibular central incisors usually erupt before the maxillary incisors. The first teeth may appear as early as age 3-4 months or as late as age 12-16 months. Ref: Klein U. (2012). Chapter 17. Oral Medicine & Dentistry. In W.W. Hay, Jr., M.J. Levin, R.R. Deterding, J.J. Ross, J.M. Sondheimer (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 21e.
| 2 |
Upper central incisors
|
Lower central incisors
|
Lower lateral incisors
|
Molars
|
Pediatrics
| null |
3942706c-a372-4644-8944-3d928fae4698
|
multi
|
A 68-year-old coal miner with a history of smoking and emphysema develops severe air-flow obstruction and expires. Autopsy reveals a "black lung," with coal-dust nodules scattered throughout the parenchyma and a central area of dense fibrosis. The coal dust entrapped within this miner's lung was sequestered primarily by which of the following cells?
|
Macrophages. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis reflects the inhalation of carbon particles. The characteristic pulmonary lesions of simple coal worker's pneumoconiosis include nonpalpable coal-dust macules and palpable coal-dust nodules, both of which are typically multiple and scattered throughout the lung as 1- to 4-mm black foci. Nodules consist of dust-laden macrophages associated with a fibrotic stroma. Nodules occur when coal is admixed with fibrogenic dusts such as silica and are more properly classified as anthracosilicosis. Coal-dust macules and nodules appear on a chest radiograph as small nodular densities. The other choices are not phagocytic cells.Diagnosis: Anthracosilicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis
| 4 |
Endothelial cells
|
Fibroblasts
|
Lymphocytes
|
Macrophages
|
Pathology
|
Inflammation & Repair
|
8120e26a-abbd-43c0-b9bb-77a11661b02a
|
single
|
Treatment of choice of intracranial ALL is -
| null | 1 |
Intrathecal methotrexate
|
Vincristine and predinisolone
|
Intrathecal vincristine
|
Prednisolone
|
Medicine
| null |
71af9525-1c11-40f3-980e-4f21d43a2ad0
|
multi
|
True about MMV:
|
MVV: 150lt per min Maximum volume of air that can be breathed In and out by the patient per min Ref: G K Pal textbook of Practical physiology 4th edition, page number:159
| 4 |
150 lt per min
|
Measured with maximum voluntary effo
|
Maximum breathing capacity per minute
|
All
|
Physiology
|
Respiratory system
|
1c6873c7-9db2-4c75-a4e7-bd2e90ce3797
|
multi
|
Mill Wheel Murmur heard in case of
|
Mill WHEEL murmur: constant machine like sound, late sign, heard over precordium heard in cases of air embolism.
| 1 |
Air embolism
|
Aoic dissection
|
Coarctation of aoa
|
Abdominal aoic aneurysm
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
31e47470-33c8-49f5-9759-f51ca33d6d6e
|
single
|
HbH is characterized by:
|
Ans. A. Deletion of three alpha chain genesAlpha-ThalassemiaSilent carrier state1 gene deletion-aaaa thalassemia trait2 gene deletion-a-aHbH disease3 gene deletion---aHydrops fetalis4 gene deletion----
| 1 |
Deletion of three alpha chain genes
|
Deletion of three alpha chains and one beta chain genes
|
Deletion of two alpha and two beta chain genes
|
Deletion of four alpha chain genes
|
Medicine
|
Anemia and RBC Disorders
|
7805b54f-16ac-4698-b364-f5fa87824e7e
|
single
|
A 54 yr old smoker man comes with fever, hemoptysis, weight loss and oligo arthritis. Serial skiagram shows fleeting opacities. What is the diagnosis -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Wegner's granulomatosis On first instance, presence of fleeting opacities and hemoptysis makes it look like a case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.But presence of oligoarthritis and weight loss cannot be explained by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Presence of fever, hemoptysis and weight loss suggests T.B. or carcinoma.But these two diseases cannot explain fleeting opacities and oligoarthritisThe chest X-ray appearance in carcinoma lung is usually a peripheral or central pulmonary mass depending upon the type of Ca. (Fleeting opacities are not associated with lung Ca).Fleeting opacities are not associated with T.B. tooBesides allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, the other option that may show presence of fleeting opacities in chest X-ray is "Weener's granulomatosis".Chest X-ray of Wegner granulomatosis."Lesions occur in any part of the respiratory tract and take the form of inflammatory necrosis in the walls of small arteries and granulomatous masses upto several centimetres in diameter are apparent on chest-x- ray. These are fairly well defined and they often cavitate; the lesion may resolve spontaneously while new masses appear. There is considerable day to day variability and eventual total resolution of these abnormalities occur after t/t with prednisolone and cyclophosphomilase"About oligoarthritis and weight lossBoth the above mentioned features are seen in Wegner's granulomatosis.Wegener's granulomatosis presents with nonspecific constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, myalgia, weight loss and fever.Joint involvement in Wegner's granulomatosis take the form of pauci or polyarticular arthritis.
| 4 |
Allergic Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
|
Calung
|
TB
|
Wegeners granulomatosis
|
Medicine
|
Interstitial Lung Disease
|
534ed763-28f0-4e64-a550-e81424fcaad6
|
multi
|
A symmetric high-voltage, triphasic slow wave pattern is seen on EEG in the following :
|
Answer is A (Hepatic encephalopathy) `Symmetric, high voltage, triphasic slow wave (2 - 5 /second) pattern on Electroencephalogram (EEG) is characteristic (but non specific) of Hepatic encephalopathy' The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy should be considered when four major factors are present Acute or chronic hepatocellular disease and / or extensive poal systemic collateral shunts. Disturbance of awareness and mentation which may progress from forgetfulness and confusion to stupor and finally coma. Shifting combinations of neurological signs including asterixis, rigidity, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar signs and rarely seizures. A characteristic but (nonspecific), symmetric, high voltage, triphasic slow wave (2 to 5 /second) pattern on electroencephalogram.
| 1 |
Hepatic encephalopathy
|
Uremic encephalopathy
|
Hypoxic encephalopathy
|
Hypercarbic encephalopathy
|
Medicine
| null |
fda62466-61b7-41bc-8aef-4e396e760e20
|
single
|
All of the following are true of tuberculoid leprosy except –
|
Treatment for tuberculoid leprosy is 6 months.
| 3 |
It is infective
|
Positive lepromin test
|
Treatment for 5 years
|
Body immunity is high
|
Dental
| null |
38b8f487-1fc5-4a91-9106-42461429fda0
|
multi
|
Acquired multistep drug resistance can be seen in all except:
|
Development of acquired resistance may be due to single-step mutation (as seen with streptomycin and rifampicin) or multi-step mutation (erythromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol).
| 2 |
Erythromycin
|
Streptomycin
|
Tetracycline
|
Chloramphenicol
|
Pharmacology
| null |
39297c6a-0287-4cdb-ba34-fa104667b475
|
multi
|
A 3 year child having protein 3+ in urine with oliguria with edema. No hematuria. What is the diagnosis ?
|
Minimal Change Disease (MCD for sho) is a kidney disease in which large amounts of protein is lost in the urine. It is one of the most common causes of the Nephrotic Syndrome worldwide. The kidneys normally work to clean the blood of the natural waste products that build up over time. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition
| 1 |
Minimal change GN
|
Membranous GN
|
Mesangioproliferative GN
|
RPGN
|
Pediatrics
|
Urinary tract
|
bf15d887-818a-4a1d-b855-3b7bbae107df
|
single
|
Which is most significant finding in cardiotoco-graphy for detection of fetal hypoxia:
|
It is one of those questions where if we keep searching for reference, we get more and more confused whereas the answer lies is front of our eyes and we all know it.
All of you know — contraction stress test
“The contraction stress test (CST) is based on the response of FHR to uterine contractions, with the premise that fetal oxygenation will be worsened. This results in late decelerations in an already suboptimally oxygenated fetus. The test requires 3 contractions in 10 minutes, a positive or abnormal test is when late decelerations occur with more than half of the contractions, suspicious with any late decelerations, and negative with no late decelerations.”
COGDT 10/e, p 255
So here is our answer, the most significant finding for hypoxia is late deceleration.
Our answer is further supported by COGDT 10/e, p 257.
“Late decelerations are smooth falls in the FHR begining after the contractions has started and ending after the contractions has ended. They are associated with fetal hypoxemia and potential for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Variable decelerations are abrupt in decline and return to baseline, vary in timing with the contractions, and usually represents cord compression.”
As far as sinusoidal pattern is concerned - Williams Obs. 23/e, p 420 says “Intrapartum sinusoidal fetal heart patterns were not generally associated with fetal compromise”.
| 1 |
Late deceleration
|
Variable deceleration
|
Sinusoidal deceleration
|
Early deceleration
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
386101e7-9b67-454b-8e08-e1c58fb54a87
|
single
|
A person taking tricyclic antidepressants presents with blurred vision and dry mouth. These adverse effects results due to blockade of:
|
Anticholinergic adverse effects of TCAs include dry mouth, constipation, blurring of vision, urinary retention, etc. REF:KD TRIPATHI 8TH ED.
| 1 |
M3 muscarinic receptors
|
GABA receptor
|
H1 histamine receptors
|
5HT2 receptors
|
Pharmacology
|
Central Nervous system
|
df62defc-fa0b-453a-a7d1-f03a08a67047
|
single
|
A women noticed mass in her left breast with bloody discharge. Histopathology revealed duct ectasia.Treatment is?
| null | 4 |
Simple mastectomy
|
Microdochotomy
|
Lobectomy
|
Hadfield operation
|
Surgery
| null |
f52042bd-6103-41d2-8a91-ba19ef569745
|
single
|
Which stage of LGV infection is associated with bubo
|
LGV infection:Primary stage:Small, painless, papulovesicular (Ext.genitalia)Usually unnoticedI/P: 3 days to 5 weeksSecondary stage:About 2 weeks later- lymphatic spread to draining lymph nodesMen -Inguinal L.N women -Intrapelvic & Para rectal nodesBubo(enlarge, suppurate, adherent to the skin)- break down- sinuses - discharging pusHemorrhagic proctitis with Regional L.NThird stage: Chronic (several years)Scarring & lymphatic blockageRectal strictures & elephantiasis of vulva (ESTHIOMENE)(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p420-421)
| 2 |
First stage
|
Second stage
|
Third stage
|
Throughout all stages
|
Pathology
|
All India exam
|
d4f6394c-4037-4d21-814c-34026fee9038
|
multi
|
Mental ability to make valid will is
|
C i.e. Testamentary capacity Testamentary capacity capacity is the mental ability oof a person to make a valid willQ (Sec 31 IPC Holograph Will Will written by a testator in own hand writing Mc Naughten/ Durham's/ Curren's - Rule Rules for criminal responsibility of insaneQ Vicarious Responsibility A master is responsible for negligent acts of his servantsQ (not where servant is independent to take decisions) Euthansia Mercy killingQ Galton system Finger print study (Dactylography)Q Gustafson's/ Boyde - Method Age estimation by means of teethdeg. Beillion system/ Anthropometry Identification of an adult (> 21 years) on basis of body measurements, marks & descriptive data.Q
| 3 |
Vicarious liability
|
Curren's rule is basis for this
|
Testamentary capacity
|
McNaughten's rule
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
66edb6c1-0e05-4cdd-b90a-3e541f79ab8e
|
single
|
Tumor that follows rule of 10 is -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pheochromocytoma Note-o Pheochromocytomas usually subscribe to a convenient "rule of 10s":-10% of pheochromocytomas arise in association with one of several familial syndromes. These include the MEN-2A& MEN-2B syndromes, type I neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome & Stuige-Weber syndrome.10% of pheochromocytomas are extra-adrenal, occurring in sites such as organ of Zuckerkandl & carotid body, where these chromaffin-negative tumors are usually called paragangliomas to distinguish them from pheochromocytomas.10% of nonfamilial adrenal pheochromocytomas are bilateral: this figure may rise to 70% in cases that are associated with familial syndromes.10% ofadrenal pheochromocytomas are biologically malignant, although the associated hypertension represents a serious & potentially lethal complication of even "benign1" tumors.10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas arise in childhood, usually the familial subtypes, and with a strong male preponderance. The nonfamilial pheochromocytomas most often occur in adults between 40 & 60 years of age, with a slight female preponderance.
| 1 |
Pheochromocytoma
|
Oncocytoma
|
c) Lymphoma
|
Renal cell carcinoma
|
Unknown
| null |
94195ab2-17ec-4424-8888-0b6be9dd5066
|
single
|
Annual infection rate of tuberculosis is defined as ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Percentage of new patients positive for tuberculin test Epidemiological indices of tuberculosis Indices or parameters are needed to measure the tuberculosis problem in a community as well as for planning and evaluation of control measures. The following epidemiological-indices are used in tuberculosis problem measurement and programme strategy :? 1. Prevalence of infection It is the percentage of individuals who show a positive reaction to the standard tuberculin test. 2. Incidence of infection (Annual infection rate) It is the percentage of population under study who will be newly infected by M.tuberculosis among the non-infected of the preceding survey during the course of one year. It reflects the annual risk of being infected (or reinfected) in a given community, i.e. it expresses the attacking force of tuberculosis in a community. It is also known as tuberculin conversion index. This parameter is considered one of the best indicators for evaluating the tuberculosis problem and its trend. 3. Prevalence of disease or case rate It is the percentage of individuals whose sputum is positive for tubercle bacilli on microscopic examination. It is the best available practical index to estimate the number of infectious cases or case load in a community. 4. Incidence of new cases It is the percentage of new TB cases (confirmed by bacteriological examination) per 1000 population occurring during one year. 5. Prevalence of suspected cases This is based on X-ray examination of chest. 6. Prevalence of drug resistant cases It is the prevalence of patient excreting tubercle bacilli resistant to anti-tubercular drugs. 7. Moality rate The number of deaths from tuberculosis every year per 1,000 population. In this question Option a - Prevalance of infection. Option b - Incidence of infection (annual infection rate). Option c - Prevalance of disease (case rate) Option d - Incidence of disease.
| 2 |
Percentage of total patients positive for tuberculin test
|
Percentage of new patients positive for tuberculin test
|
Percentage of sputum positive total patients
|
Percentage of sputum positive new patients
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
2b25140a-8ab7-4449-98c6-565884429575
|
single
|
Deficiency of surfactant is seen in -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., HMDEtiopathogenesis of HMD o Surfactant deficiency (decreased production and secretion) is the primary cause of RDS.o Normally surfactant helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli ---> In the absence of surfactant, surface tension increases and alveoli collapse during expiration.Why HMD is more common in preterm baby ?o With advancing gestational age increasing amounts of surfactant is produced.o Mature levels of pulmonary surfactant are usually present after 35 weeks.o So, chance of HMD is inversely related to gestational age -f more the gestational age (more mature the neonate), less the chance of HMD.Also knowo Surfactant stas appearing in fetal lung by 20th week of gestation.o It appears in amniotic fluid between 28-32 weeks of gestation.
| 3 |
BPD
|
Neonatal asphyxia
|
HMD
|
Anencephaly
|
Pediatrics
| null |
f59d0e58-c3d0-4eb6-aa5c-6a7f6c08fb98
|
single
|
Parosmia is:
|
(a) Perversion of smell sensation(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 639)Parosmia is perversion of smell sensation. Here good smell appears bad to the patient.Absolute loss of smell sensation is called anosmia.Decreased smell sensation is called hyposmia. Normal age related decline in smell sensation is presbyosmia.Phantosmia is the perception of a smell in the absence of any physical odours. The odour can range from pleasant to disgusting smells.Cacosmia or an unpleasant phantosmia is the perception of a bad smell without an odorant stimulus.
| 1 |
Perversion of smell sensation
|
Absolute loss of smell sensation
|
Decreased smell sensation
|
Perception of bad smell
|
ENT
|
Congenital Lesions and Stridor
|
495fac11-3113-4791-afdd-34f3c7c91c20
|
single
|
Hemotoxylin bodies are seen in ?
|
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many pas of the body. Symptoms vary between people and may be mild to severe. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face. Often there are periods of illness, called flares, and periods of remission when there are few symptoms.In diagnostic pathology, a hematoxylin body, or LE body, is a dense, homogeneous, basophilic paicle, easily stainable with hematoxylin. It consists of degraded nuclear material from an injured cell, along with autoantibodies and a limited amount of cytoplasm. Hematoxylin bodies occur in systemic lupus erythematosus. The hematoxylin body may be green, blue, or purple with the Papanicolaou stain and magenta with Romanowsky stains.] The material has a positive Feulgen stain reaction, which is typical of DNA. The material may be extracellular or may be ingested by leukocytes, which are then known as LE cells.
| 1 |
SLE
|
PAN
|
RA
|
Wegners granulomatosis
|
Pathology
|
General pathology
|
35d651f2-47c6-4fe0-af6b-87183cd332f8
|
single
|
Which of the following is not true about Carvedilol?
|
Oral bioavailability of carvedilol is 30%. It is primarily metabolized and has a t1/2 of 2-8 hrs.
| 2 |
b1 + b2 + a1 adrenergic receptor blocker
|
Oral bioavailability is almost 80%
|
Has antioxidant propey
|
Cardioprotective in CHF
|
Pathology
|
All India exam
|
93831bde-04f3-4cff-b9e7-1ac229de1091
|
multi
|
About CSF following statement (s) is/are true
|
CSF has a net weight of only 50 g In humans, the volume of CSF is about 150 mLThe rate of CSF production is about 550 mL/day. The dura is attached firmly to boneRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 572
| 2 |
The dura is attached firmly to bone
|
CSF has a net weight of 1400g
|
Total volume of CSF is 150 ml
|
Daily production is 550 ml/day
|
Physiology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
f27878cb-cfff-496e-aa1d-e05be64e9298
|
multi
|
The drug available for the treatment of resistant cases of atrial fibrillation is?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Amiodarone o Amiodarone is used to maintain sinus rhythm when other drugs have failed.
| 1 |
Amiodarone
|
Quinidine
|
Propranolol
|
Digoxin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
da80790d-0b5d-4d13-be51-8d189a071f1f
|
single
|
Epinephrine is formed from?
|
Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines namely dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
| 2 |
Methionone
|
Tyrosine
|
Valine
|
Glycine
|
Biochemistry
| null |
dd5e8a64-944b-4a83-9dc0-4a7f61ad54d1
|
multi
|
Cancer cachexia is due to?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., TNF-a "Factors that have been most strongly associated driving skeletal muscle catabolism in cancer patients include tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) and Proteolysis-inducing factor (P1F)."Factors associated with cancer cachexiaa) Tumor Factors (produced by tumor cells)i) Proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF)ii) Lipid-mobilising factors (LMF).iii) Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)b) Host factors (produced by host cells)i) TNF-a (also k/a fcachexin? or 'cachectin')ii) IFN-giii) IL-1 and IL-6.iv) CRPv) Ghrelin
| 1 |
TNF-a
|
IL-5
|
IL-8
|
Phopholipase A2
|
Pathology
|
Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia
|
7d04174c-5cd7-4a72-88c3-d1b47ef4a768
|
single
|
The safest instrument for removing the pulp from the very fine canal is:
| null | 2 |
Barbed broach
|
Small K type file
|
Tempered universal Headstroem file
|
Smooth broach
|
Dental
| null |
0e3be905-bd3d-4233-8edc-08b71f8f424a
|
multi
|
A girl was killed and her body was taken for embalming. Constituents of a typical embalming solution are all, EXCEPT:
|
Embalming is the treatment of the dead body with antiseptics and preservatives to prevent putrefaction. This process coagulates the proteins, fixes the tissues, bleaches and hardened the organs and the blood is conveed into a brownish mass. Constituents of a typical embalming solution: Formalin Sodium borate Sodium citrate Glycerine Sodium chloride 1% Eosin Soluble wintergreen Water Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology: Principles & Practice, 4/e By Vij, 4th edition, Page 36.
| 4 |
Wintergreen
|
Glycerine
|
Formalin
|
HCl
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
682dcf95-ff1d-45b0-b3f8-a80d6fcdf2a1
|
multi
|
Modified Glasgow coma scale defines neurologic impairment in terms of:
|
(D) Eye opening, best verbal response and motor function > Scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately as well as their sum are considered.> Lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep coma or death), whilst the highest is 15 (fully awake person).> Best eye response (E):> There are 4 grades starting with the most severe:> No eye opening> Eye opening in response to pain. (Patient responds to pressure on the patient's fingernail bed; if this does not elicit a response, supraorbital and sternal pressure or rub may be used.)> Eye opening to speech. (Not to be confused with an awaking of a sleeping person; such patients receive a score of 4, not 3.)> Eyes opening spontaneously> Best verbal response (V):
| 4 |
Pupillary size, level of consciousness and motor function
|
Speech, cardiovascular status a consciousness
|
Sensory, motor function and speech
|
Eye opening, best verbal response and motor function
|
Anaesthesia
|
Miscellaneous
|
c46e63ec-7f03-414f-ac97-bc11aea57d5d
|
single
|
Best drug for chronic gout in patient with renal impairment is:
|
NSAIDs like naproxen have no role in chronic gout
Uricosuric drugs like probenecid and sulfinpyrazone are ineffective in the presence of renal insufficiency
Allopurinol is drug of choice for most cases of chronic gout.
| 1 |
Naproxen
|
Probenecid
|
Allopurinol
|
Sulfinpyrazone
|
Pharmacology
| null |
28c08b9b-04d4-4665-94a0-7ac7d3a321a1
|
multi
|
What percent of cases with blunt injury to kidney require surgical exploration
|
The nearest correct option is A . The thing to be rembered is percentage of cases with surgical exploration in cases of renal trauma is very less The vast majority of cases of blunt renal trauma can be treated conservatively and in one major series only 2.5% of such cases required surgical exploration. Most penetrating injuries from knife or gunshot wounds require renal exploration. ( ref : Bailey 27 th edition , chapter 76 , pg no : 1414 ) Urinary extravasation alone from a grade IV parenchymal laceration or forniceal rupture can be managed nonoperatively with an expectation of spontaneous resolution of more than 90%. Should nonble tissue constitute more than 25% in association with a parenchymal laceration, urinary extravasation, or both, the potential for complications greatly increases and operative management may be considered ( ref : Bailey 27th ed , chapter 50 , pg no 1153 )
| 1 |
20%
|
90%
|
50%
|
70%
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
f9cc40e2-5e1d-4db8-891c-3418155488a8
|
single
|
Specific stain for fat cells is
| null | 3 |
Eosin & haematoxylin
|
Carbol fuschin
|
Sudan III
|
Cresyl violet
|
Dental
| null |
62dcbcb6-1359-4cfc-af61-e9fa72c4a2e1
|
single
|
A 40-year-old woman had several episodes of rheumatic fever as a child. She is currently afebrile and feels well, and has come to a hospital for monitoring echocardiography. Which of the following findings would MOST likely be seen in this patient's mitral valve?
|
Acute rheumatic fever is a multisystem inflammatory disease that can follow group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The hea is a primary target of this disease and may be damaged sufficiently to develop permanent sequelae. The most impoant of these sequelae is chronic rheumatic hea disease with valvular damage. The damage most often involves the mitral and/or aoic valves. The resulting thickened, blunted cardiac valve leaflets, often with fibrous bridging between valve leaflets and calcification, frequently take on a "fish mouth" or "button hole" stenotic morphology.Good to know:Associate ballooning of valve leaflets with mitral valve prolapse.Associate irregular, bead like calcifications on the annulus with calcification of the mitral annulus, seen in elderly individuals.Associate large vegetations and leaflet perforation with acute bacterial endocarditis, which usually involves healthy, rather than previously damaged, valves. Ref: Carapetis J.R. (2012). Chapter 322. Acute Rheumatic Fever. In D.L. Longo, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, J.L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e.
| 2 |
Ballooning of valve leaflets
|
Fibrous bridging between thickened, calcified leaflets
|
Irregular beads of calcification in annulus
|
Large bulky vegetation with adjacent leaflet perforation
|
Pathology
| null |
4762c893-4c34-485d-ac7a-2aac1771658e
|
multi
|
Lysine is deficient in
|
Ans. a (Cereals). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th/pg.426)# Cereals are deficient in lysine and have poor nutritive value.# Cereal and pulse proteins complement each other and provide a more balance and "complete" protein.# Germinating pulses, however, contain higher concentration of vitamins, especially vitamin C and B; pulses are called "poor man's meat".FOOD MATERIALRICH INDEFICIENT INCEREALS MaizeFat, excess leucine (Pellagra)Lysine and tryptophan.RiceLysine and Vitamin BVitamins A, D and C, Ca++, IronWheatProtein, Vitamin BLysine and threonineMilled rice (Polished rice)-Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, proteinsMILLETS JowarExcess Leucine (Pellagra)Lysine and threonine,RagiCalc<<um-BajaraCalcium, iron, vitamin BLysine and threoninePULSES (LEGUMES) Pulses20-25% of proteins, Lysine, Methionine and cystein.Mineral, vitamin BSoya bean:40% of protein, 20% of fat, and 4% of minerals.Methionine
| 1 |
Cereals
|
Pulses
|
Jowar
|
Soyabean
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and Health
|
4d178bea-4222-4822-9c4c-f9ed6c79cbb9
|
single
|
During endoscopic surgery the position of patient is
|
The reverse Trendelenburg position is one in which a person is lying supine with the head elevated higher than the rest of the body and the feet suppoed with a foot board. It is the opposite of the Trendelenburg position, in which a person is placed in a supine position with the foot of the bed raised about 30 to 45 degrees. Reverse trendelenburg position improves endoscopic field of view and reduces intraoperative blood loss compared to other positions. It also helps to achieve an effective level of epidural or spinal anesthesia, prevent pulmonary aspiration due to vomiting. In lithotomy position, the patient lies on his back, the legs are flexed in the hip (90 degrees) and abducted (30 degrees) in the hip. The knees are bent 70 to 90 degrees, the lower legs are suppoed on padded leg shells.This position of the patient is needed for examinations or operations in urology, gynecology or proctology. The lithotomy position is also used as a common position for childbih.
| 3 |
Trendelenberg
|
Lateral
|
Reverse trendelenberg
|
Lithotomy
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
2189275b-0582-47f4-8499-8e8616165c90
|
single
|
Which pox wont grow in egg, animal cells -
|
Molluscum cannot be grown in eggs, tissue cultures or animals. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:465
| 4 |
Cow pox
|
Vaccinia
|
Variola
|
Molluscum
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
fa7d25b9-4be9-47e4-badd-5dfb6c14b903
|
single
|
A 46-year-old woman presents with insidious onset of shoness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Chest X-ray films reveal bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and enlarged hilar lymph nodes. A biopsy of one of these lesions shows non-necrotizing granulomas. Special stains for fungi and mycobacteria are negative. The patient works as a secretary and has no history of occupational exposure to airborne minerals or organic dusts. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
|
The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is usually made by exclusion. This disease is characterized by non-necrotizing granulomas developing most frequently in the lungs, lymph nodes, retina, hea, spleen, skin, and liver. Non-necrotizing granulomas may be seen in a number of other conditions, such as infections and ceain forms of pneumoconiosis, which must be ruled out before making a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The etiopathogenesis of sarcoidosis is obscure. Cell-mediated mechanisms are thought to be involved in an immune response to as yet unidentified antigens. About two-thirds of patients with sarcoidosis recover without residual functional deficits, 20% have permanent pulmonary or visual damage, and 10% die of pulmonary or cardiac involvement.Also know:Asbestosis, berylliosis, and byssinosis are all lung diseases caused by inhalation of airborne dusts. Asbestosis is due to chronic inhalation of asbestos fibers, which may affect workers involved in installation and removal of insulation. Asbestosis leads to diffuse fibrosis of the lungs. In this case, granulomas are absent or scanty; the most characteristic sign of asbestos exposure is the asbestos body, which is an elongated beaded rod composed of asbestos fibers coated by proteins. Chronic exposure to beryllium in mining and fabrication leads to berylliosis , a granulomatous condition of the lungs indistinguishable morphologically from sarcoidosis. Clinical history is therefore essential in excluding this condition. Byssinosis results from occupational exposure to cotton fibers. This condition belongs to a diversified category of diseases mediated by a hypersensitivity reaction against inhaled organic dusts. Farmer's lung, pigeon breeder's lung, air-conditioner lung, and byssinosis are typical examples of these conditions, which lead to a granulomatous reaction that may progress to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Again, clinical history is crucial in the identification of this etiology. Ref: Wasfi Y.S., Fontenot A.P. (2003). Chapter 12. Sarcoidosis. In M.E. Hanley, C.H. Welsh (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Pulmonary Medicine.
| 4 |
Asbestosis
|
Berylliosis
|
Byssinosis
|
Sarcoidosis
|
Pathology
| null |
c4f3f0e0-c12d-466c-9f3d-d15457624817
|
single
|
Which of the following drug induces parkinsonism?
| null | 2 |
Chlorpheniramine
|
Chlorpromazine
|
Chloroquine
|
Chlorhexidine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
8e151a5f-4e2b-4693-8adc-4999e14fd1f8
|
single
|
Aspirin in low doses produces long lasting inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase because:
|
Aspirin in low doses irreversibly inhibits COX enzyme in platelets and the endothelium. Platelets lack nucleus and thus cannot regenerate COX whereas endothelium can synthesize fresh enzyme. Net effect of this process is the inhibition of platelet cox and thus, TXA2 synthesis. Low TXA2 level results in the anti-aggregation of platelets.
| 2 |
Platelet contain low quantity of COX
|
Platelets cannot synthesize fresh COX molecules
|
Platelets bind aspirin with high affinity
|
Platelet COX is inducible
|
Pharmacology
|
NSAIDs, Gout and Rheumatoid Ahritis
|
20bad502-7d2a-415b-a5f9-5677edc1dc17
|
single
|
A 7 year old girl is brought with complaints of generalized swelling of the body. Urinary examination reveals Grade 3 proteinuria and the presence of hyaline and fatty casts. She has no history of Hematuria. Which of the following statements about her condition is true:
|
Answer is A (No IgG Deposits or C3 deposition on Renal biopsy) The presence of generalized edema significant proteinuria and absence of hematuria in a young (7 year old) girl suggests a diagnosis of Nephrotic syndrome. Minimal change disease (Lipoid nephrosis) is the commonest cause of Nephrotic syndrome in children and is the most likely diagnosis of the patient in question. Minimal chance disease is characterized by absence of IgG deposits and / or complement on immunofluorescence (biopsy specimen) and is therefore the single best answer of choice. IRA Nephropathy and Alpo's syndrome characteristically present with an Acute Nephritic syndrome with recurrent gross hematuria. The patient in question has no hematuria and hence these diagnosis can be excluded. Serum complement C3 levels are characteristically normal in Minimal change disease The Patient in question is a case of Minimal change disease because: Age of Patient Peak age of onset of Minimal change disease is 6 - 8 years Presenting symptoms Peripheral edema / Generalized edema is the characteristic presenting feature of minimal change disease. Hematuria is uncommon in Minimal change disease Laboratory Features Proteinuria (Nephrotic range) is characteristic Hyaline casts and Fatty casts may be seen in minimal change disease. Occasional Hyaline casts and Fatty casts may be seen in Minimal change disease Hyaline Casts Hyaline casts are composed almost exclusively of protein alone and they pass almost unchanged down the urinary tract Small number of these casts may be seen in normal urine and in any condition associated with proteinuria (including Minimal change disease) These casts carry no attached significance and do not necessarily imply an underlying renal disease Fatty Casts Fatty casts are a special type of cellular cast associated with fatty degeneration of tubular epithelium These casts are composed of fatty droplets and protein Presence of these casts suggests a disease associated with nephrotic syndrome such as primary lipoid nephrosis (minimal change) or nephrosis secondary to Diabetes, SLE, amyloidosis etc. Minimal change Disease: Review Most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome in children (80% in children; 20% in adults) Peak Age of onset is between 6-8 years of Age (usually < 10 years) Type of onset : Insidious Clinical features Peripheral Edema: Presenting Feature Hematuria : Uncommon (may be seen in 20-30% of patients) Hypeension V. Rare Nephrotic syndrome is the typical presentation Peripheral edema is the hallmark of Nephrotic syndrome occurring when serum albumin levels become less than 3g/dl Initially dependent Edema > Generalized edema May develop Pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, ascitis Laboratory (Features of Nephrotic syndrome) Proteinuria Hypoalbuminemia Hyperlipidemia/Hyper cholesterolemia (Increased hepatic production of lipids) Hypercoagulabilny Serum Complement `C3' levels are Normal Renal pathology (Biopsy) Investigation Light microscopy Q Electron microscopy Q lmmunofluorescenceQ Observation No abnormality hence the term minimal change Fusion of foot processes Absence of immunoglobulin or complemen No immunoglobulin deposit (IgG) are seen as Renal biopsy Prognosis Prognosis is Good Response to steroids is Excellent Does not progress to Renal Failure Treatments Coieosteroids form the mainstay for treatment of MCD
| 1 |
No IgG deposits or C3 deposition on Renal biopsy
|
Her C3 levels will be low
|
IgA Nephropathy is the likely diagnosis
|
Alpo's syndrome is the likely diagnosis
|
Medicine
| null |
90e25bc7-a9c7-442b-8c2a-96eb01b7770f
|
multi
|
Which of the following is an atypical antipsychotic?
|
(Ref: KD Tripathi, 7th ed. pg. 440-41)Classification of typical vs atypical antipsychoticsTypical/Classical antipsychoticsMOA: D2 receptor blocking* Phenothiazines: Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Trifluperazine, Fluphenazine, Perphenazine* Thioxanthenes: Flupenthixol, Zuclopenthixol, Thiothixene* Butyrophenones: Flaloperidol, Droperidol, Benperidol, DomperidoneAtypical AntipsychoticsMOA: 5HT2A , D4, D2, a blocking* Risperidone, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Clozapine, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone, Zotepine, Asenapine, Sertidole, Lurasidone
| 1 |
Clozapine
|
Chlorpromazine
|
Thioridazine
|
Haloperidol
|
Pharmacology
|
C.N.S
|
7041a5be-1a1f-4b36-9551-20e2fc0ba45a
|
single
|
Which among the following is NOT a second messenger?
|
Calcium is used as second messenger in systems involving G proteins and inositol triphosphate. Second messengers include 3', 5'-cAMP, synthesized from ATP by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase in response to the hormone epinephrine, and Ca2+, which is stored inside the endoplasmic reticulum of most cells. Other second messengers include 3',5'-cGMP, nitric oxide, and the polyphosphoinositols produced by the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids by hormone-regulated phospholipases. Ref: Kennelly P.J., Rodwell V.W. (2011). Chapter 9. Enzymes: Regulation of Activities. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e.
| 4 |
cAMP
|
cGMP
|
Ca
|
G- Protein
|
Biochemistry
| null |
4c23a225-ea20-439b-a29f-c15c3a3ea0b4
|
single
|
Which of the following does not suggest postoperative infection?
| null | 4 |
Increase in temperature
|
Swelling
|
Pain
|
Pitting edema
|
Surgery
| null |
a67b4275-7b4b-4aa1-b02b-0456b052426f
|
single
|
Most common determinant of energy expenditure in a resting state is:
|
Energy expended in the resting state depends primarily on the lean body mass and the metabolic cost for processing ingested nutrients. Ref: New Developments in Obesity Research By Lawrence F. Ditmier, Page 131; Handbook of Obesity: Etiology and Pathophysiology By George A. Bray, Page 705
| 1 |
Lean Body Mass
|
Adipose tissue
|
Resting Hea Rate
|
Exercise
|
Biochemistry
| null |
3fdc13ba-1858-431a-aa73-cd0ed8763202
|
single
|
Spontaneous pneumothorax is seen ina) Smokersb) Male sexc) Exercised) Short stature
| null | 4 |
ac
|
a
|
ad
|
ab
|
Medicine
| null |
b3515116-9c0a-4df0-bd88-a0acb445f0b8
|
single
|
The following are live attenuated vaccines, except -
| null | 4 |
BCG
|
Oral typhoid
|
Measles
|
Pertussis
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
c170ccc1-2dae-4adc-b147-d71474c10dc4
|
multi
|
Rigor mortis can be simulated by -
| null | 1 |
Cadaveric spasm
|
Algor mortis
|
Adipocere
|
Livor mortis
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
3ccc7743-d4df-4c05-85e9-f70162e4604c
|
single
|
Posterior right subhepatic intraperitoneal space is
|
Posterior right subhepatic intraperitoneal space is called morrison&;s pouch. Morison&;s pouch is the space that separates the liver from the right kidney. As a potential space, the recess is not filled with fluid under normal conditions. However, fluid can collect in this space in circumstances where the abdomen fills with fluid, such as hemoperitoneum Its one of the four regions seen in FAST scan
| 4 |
Lesser sac
|
Hepatorenal pouch
|
Superior pa of supracolic compament
|
Morrison's pouch
|
Surgery
|
General surgery
|
c66eb51c-3896-4a53-92cb-993d5b816877
|
single
|
Field defect seen in pituitary adenoma-
|
Bitemporal hemianopia. Sagittal (central) lesions of the chiasma. These are characterised by bitemporal hemianopia and bitemporal hemianopic paralysis of pupillary reflexes. These usually lead to paial descending optic atrophy. Common causes of central chiasmal lesion are: suprasellar aneurysms, tumours of pituitary gland, craniopharyngioma, suprasellar meningioma and glioma of third ventricle, third ventricular dilatation due to obstructive hydrocephalus and chronic chiasmal arachnoiditis. Ref :AK Khurana 4thE pg 290
| 1 |
Bitemporal hemianopia
|
Binasal hemianopia
|
Quadrantanopia
|
"Pie in sky" defect
|
Ophthalmology
|
Neuro-ophthalmology
|
842d162c-9a49-41b4-ae71-38eefa0ba682
|
single
|
A 44-year-old man sustains a myocardial infarction, and is admitted to the hospital from the emergency room. Serum chemistries reveal two-fold elevation of his LDL cholesterol. He is prescribed lovastatin, which acts by inhibiting which of the following enzymes?
|
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis, in which HMG-CoA (formed from 3 acetyl-CoA molecules) is reduced to mevalonic acid, using 2 NADPH. Lovastatin and pravastatin reduce cholesterol synthesis and lower serum cholesterol levels by inhibiting this enzyme. Lovastatin is metabolized by the CYP3A isoform of cytochrome P450. In contrast, gemfibrozil and clofibrate lower cholesterol by increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which is produced by the endothelial cells of the vasculature of adipose and muscle tissue. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first step in fatty acid synthesis. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in urea synthesis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the transition step between glycolysis and the TCA (Krebs) cycle. Ref: Baron R.B. (2013). Chapter 28. Lipid Disorders. In M.A. Papadakis, S.J. McPhee, M.W. Rabow (Eds), CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2013.
| 3 |
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
|
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
|
Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase
|
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
Pharmacology
| null |
220ca02a-a35d-4e6c-9a3a-d3354f4af2a8
|
single
|
A group of 7 expes discussing and interacting about a topic in front of large audience is known as?
|
A panel discussion is designed to provide an oppounity for a group to hear several people knowledgeable about a specific issue or topic present information and discuss personal views. A panel discussion may help the audience fuher clarify and evaluate their positions regarding specific issues or topics being discussed and increase their understanding of the positions of others. A workshop describes an office or conference room meeting intended to create or generate plans, analysis, or design to suppo organizational effos. Symposium is ameeting or conference for discussion of a topic, especially one in which the paicipants form an audience and make presentations. Seminar is asmall group of advanced students in a college or graduate school engaged in original research or intensive study under the guidance of a professor who meets regularly with them to discuss their repos and findings.
| 4 |
Workshop
|
Symposium
|
Seminar
|
Panel discussion
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
157812c3-aa64-4095-8dea-25fcf38e0eed
|
single
|
Immunoflourosence of pemphigus vulgaris shows?
|
ANSWER: (C) Fish net appearanceREF: Fitz Patricks Dermatology, Sixth Edition Page 561, 563, 565
| 3 |
Linear IgG in BMZ
|
Granular IgG in BMZ
|
Fish net appearance
|
IgA deposition in dermal papillae
|
Skin
|
Pemphigus
|
235632e1-ec5e-4346-a3d2-4d91c60bc7a2
|
single
|
Which type of shift in intracranial content is common in children with progressive hydrocephalus –
|
Central transtentorial (uncinate, mesial temporal) herniation occurs when the medial aspect of the temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of tentorium cerebelli.
It can results in increased ICT and hydrocephalus.
| 4 |
Transforaminal herniation
|
Upward cerebellar herniation
|
Unilateral transtentorial herniation
|
Central transtentorial herniation
|
Pediatrics
| null |
397a4632-ca96-40f2-8877-f001377b1c66
|
single
|
In a bimodal series, if mean is 2 and median is 3, what is the mode -
|
Mode is the most frequently occurring value in the distribution.
However sometimes, there are two (instead of one) most frequently occurring values in the distribution. This is known as bimodal distribution.
For bimodal distribution:-
Mode = 3 median – 2 mean
In the question median is 3 and mean is 2. Thus, Mode = 3 (3) – 2 (2) = 5.
| 1 |
5
|
2.5
|
4
|
3
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
aeac1e2a-c477-4e08-95da-42b781ef8926
|
single
|
Disease of Sweat glands-
|
Fox Fordyce disease or Apocrine miliaria is seen in young adult women as pruritic papules in the apocrine areas Reference Harrison20th edition pg 1209
| 3 |
Fordyce's spot
|
Acne vulgaris
|
Fox-Fordyce's disease
|
None
|
Dental
|
Anatomy of skin
|
e5283d62-8d70-440b-b66e-36216081fb7f
|
multi
|
Radionuclide scan done for Parathrroid adenoma is?
|
Ans. (a) Sesta MIBI scanRef. Grainger and Allison 4thed p-1380
| 1 |
Sesta MIBI scan
|
Iodine-123 scan
|
99mTc-sulphur colloid
|
Gallium scan
|
Radiology
|
Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Salivary Gland Scintigraphy
|
934ebf67-590a-46ee-91f6-a51cff55a7e3
|
multi
|
GAS relates to :
|
D i.e. Path of stress ANS (autonomic nervous system) when we are aroused by a stressful situation: General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is seen in stressful situationsQGeneral Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)- Hans Selye (1945) developed a model of stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and postulated that the hypophyseal - adrenocoical axis responded to various types of physical and psychological stress with hormonal changes that can ultimately cause organic diseases such as rheumatoid ahritis & peptic ulcer. Syele viewed these diseases as a byproduct of the body's attempt to adapt to stress from any source and thought aderenal coical hormones responsible for the physiological reaction.Selye considered stress a nonspecific bodily response to any demand caused by either pleasant or unpleasant conditions. He believed that stress need not always be unplasant; and called unpleasant stress distress. Accepting both types of stress requires adaptation.
| 4 |
How we achieve homeostasis
|
How well we adapt to new situations
|
Pattern followed by physiological response to stress
|
Path of stress ANS (autonomic nervous system) when we are aroused by a stressful situation
|
Psychiatry
| null |
fe7573d1-038e-4b5a-b03f-b86cc950050c
|
single
|
The same screening test is applied to two comunities X and Y;Y shows more false + ye cases as compared to X. The possibility is -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Y community has low prevalence o Same test is applied on two communities Sensitivity & Specificity, remain the same.
| 4 |
High sensitivity
|
High specificity
|
Y community has high prevalence
|
Y community has low prevalence
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
4792c5e5-e34a-45fd-9ee5-299676789fdb
|
multi
|
Deficiency of vitamin D increases the risk of all Except
|
and muscle weakness. However, mildvitamin D deficiency is not necessarily associated with any symptoms. Vitamin D has been referred to as the "sunlight vitamin" because it is made in our skin when we are exposed to sunlight.
| 4 |
Colon cancer
|
Prostate cancer
|
Breast cancer
|
Lymphoma
|
Pathology
|
General pathology
|
9d2a3fb3-0baf-44b2-bcc4-9f685b258d0c
|
multi
|
Which of following is used for initial management of rectal prolapse in children?
|
Ans. (a) Digital positioningRef: Bailey & Love 2&h ed. /1220* Patients who present with a prolapsed rectum should undergo manual reduction. Conservative management is appropriate in selected patients. Treatment should be directed to the underlying cause. After treating the underlying cause, conservative management is usually successful. Cases of difficult reduction and patients with recurrent episodes are less likely to respond to conservative measures.* The prolapsed bowel may be grasped with lubricated gloved fingers and pushed back in with gentle steady pressure. If the bowel has become edematous, firm steady pressure for several minutes may be necessary to reduce the swelling and allow for reduction. If the prolapse immediately recurs, it may be reduced again and the buttocks taped together for several hours.* However, if the prolapse persists after an adequate trial of medical therapy (usually a period of months), surgical intervention may be required. Pain, excoriations, and rectal bleeding are considered indications for surgical treatment.
| 1 |
Digital positioning
|
Trans-anal surgery
|
Injection sclerotherapy
|
Resection rectopexy
|
Surgery
|
Rectal Prolapse
|
b085c9c4-e0fa-4e62-a472-7e189fdf78f3
|
single
|
The operating temperature in an ethylene oxide sterilization during a warm cycle is
|
Ethylene Oxide sterilization (High level disinfectant) Cold cycle stas at 37 + 5 oC Warm cycle stas at 54 + 5 oC ETO is Highly penetrating gas It is used for sterilizing plastic ,rubber paicles , Respirators, Hea lung machine , disposable plastic syringes , petri dishes Bacillus Globigi used as biological indicator for ethylene oxide sterilizer
| 1 |
49-63oC
|
92- 110oC
|
20-35oC
|
68-88oC
|
Microbiology
|
General Microbiology Pa-2 and Pa-3 (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)
|
97d65b83-24e9-45cc-ad3e-4f1f755dd37f
|
single
|
All of the following diseases are caused by Epstein Barr virus except:
|
Epstein-Barr virus causes heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and B cell lymphoma (in patients with immunodeficiencies). Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Chapter 181
| 1 |
Measles
|
Hodgkins lymphoma
|
Infectious mononucleosis
|
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
|
Microbiology
| null |
3a596ea7-e054-4471-9d72-ddbcb894cd07
|
multi
|
Mizuo-phenomenon is seen in -
|
Oguchi disease is characterized by a golden-brown fundus with a yellow-gray 'metallic' sheen in the light-adapted state. After complete dark adaptation (3 to 12 hours), the fundus appears normal, and this disappearance of the shiny, yellow, fundus reflex is called the Mizuo-Nakamura phenomenon.
| 3 |
Fundus albipathicus
|
Fundus flavimaculatus
|
Oguchis disease
|
Choroideremia
|
Ophthalmology
|
Vitreous and retina
|
6f49754d-b459-4860-836b-2c9c646d9f7a
|
single
|
Which of the following anti-cancer drug comes under monoclonal antibodies: March 2013
|
Ans. C i.e. Ritumixab Rituximab It is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20, which is primarily found on the surface of B cells. Rituximab destroys B cells, and is therefore used to treat diseases which are characterized by excessive numbers of B cells, overactive B cells, or dysfunctional B cells. This includes many lymphomas, leukemias, transplant rejection, and autoimmune disorders.
| 3 |
Di-ethyl-stilbestrol
|
Tamoxifen
|
Ritumixab
|
Boezomib
|
Pharmacology
| null |
9ec14d8a-8f21-407c-a6d3-eccc75ae3a96
|
single
|
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