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True about Gaucher disease
|
This is an inborn error of metabolism due to failure of degradation of glucocerebrosides. The enzyme beta-glucosidase is deficient in this condition.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 192
| 2 |
Due to deficiency of enzymes sphingomyelinase
|
Due to deficiency of enzyme b-Gluco-cerebroisidase
|
Deposition of glucosylceramide
|
Foam cell deposition
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of carbohydrate
|
498c9184-26ab-4019-80ee-b1f476b634bf
|
multi
|
Stages of pneumonia are all except:-
|
The stages of pneumonia/consolidation are:-
i. Stage of Exudation
ii. Stage of Red hepatisation
iii. Stage of Grey hepatisation
iv. Stage of Resolution
| 3 |
Stage of Exudation
|
Stage of Red hepatisation
|
Stage of Cavitation
|
Stage of Resolution
|
Medicine
| null |
813b6cdb-7925-44ba-8e39-b3bcb2a8b0c6
|
multi
|
Most common Complication of TIPSS procedure
|
Since systemic blood is shunted toxins ( NH3) travel to brain
causing encephalopathy. Hence TIPSS is contra indicated in
encephalopathy patients.
| 2 |
Heart failure
|
Hepatic Encephalopathy
|
Thrombosis
|
Recurrent Variceal bleed
|
Surgery
| null |
ccb0fa34-a5f0-4130-a90e-5ad3b9e86baa
|
single
|
Schirmer's test detects abnormality of which nerve?
|
(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 389)*Schirmer's test is used for the production of tear by lacrimal glands*Preganglion secretory fibers for lacrimal gland arise from the lacrimatory nucleus and pass through the facial nerve, then to its greater petrosal branch. Greater petrosal nerve forms nerve to the pterygoid canal to reach pterygopalatine ganglion. Postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal gland*Thus, lesion in any structure of this pathway will have positive Schirmer's test
| 2 |
Oculomotor
|
Facial
|
Hypoglossal
|
Glossopharyngeal
|
Ophthalmology
|
Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus
|
e5a36c5b-f3d3-4821-9b9a-95c359f2da7c
|
single
|
All except one is required for the diagnosis of obesity hypoventilation syndrome
|
Repeated
| 1 |
Hypeension
|
Sleep disorder breathing
|
BMI more than or equal to 30 kg/m2
|
PaCO2 more than or eqal to 45 mmHg
|
Medicine
|
Respiratory system
|
e25a3d49-8005-4414-b3ad-3f6f7afb586c
|
multi
|
OCP are associated with which of the following complication (Repeat 2009)
|
Ans b (Optic neuritis)Ophthalmic complication of OCP central retinal artery occlusion prethrombosis of central retinal vein perivasculitis, inflammation of anterior segment of the eye ' macular hemorrage Papillitis & lesions of optic nerve causing variable degree of visual loss
| 2 |
Papilledema
|
optic neuritis
|
colourblindness
|
Papillitis
|
Surgery
|
Miscellaneous
|
158988b2-226d-405b-9a6b-cbaabf5bb35f
|
single
|
Hydrogen sulphide acts on which complex of cytochrome oxidase
|
Complex IV inhibitors i. Carbon monoxide, inhibits cellular respiration ii. Cyanide (CN-) iii. Azide (N3-) iv. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 234
| 4 |
Comlex I
|
Comlex II
|
Comlex III
|
Comlex IV
|
Biochemistry
|
Respiratory chain
|
d92e085f-2ba7-492f-a16a-4501bc3bbb88
|
single
|
Which structure lies midway between the ASIS & pubic symphysis :
|
A. i.e. Femoral aery Femoral aery traverses the femoral triangle from its base (which is formed by inguinal ligament - attached between ASIS and Pubic tubercle) at midinguinal pointQDeep inguinal ring lies 1/2 inch above midinguinal pointQ; Superficial inguinal ring lies I/2 inch bellow midinguinal point; and Saphenous opening lies 4 cm below & lateral to the pubic tubercle.
| 1 |
Femoral aery
|
Deep inguinal ring
|
Superior epigastric aery
|
Inguinal ligament
|
Anatomy
| null |
f9f4492a-f37a-4fa1-bd32-b3bd0d11c54e
|
single
|
First antibody to appear in hepatitis -
|
Anti-HBV appears in serum a week or two after the appearance of HBsAg. It is therfore the earliest antibody marker to be seen in blood? long before anti-HBe or anti-HBs. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-546
| 3 |
IgM anti-Hbe
|
IgG-anti-Hbe
|
IgM-anti-HBc
|
IgM anti-HBs
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
cea2d2a7-48c6-4d56-8338-b6634634b04b
|
single
|
In which of the following vasculitis lung involvement does not occur:
|
Answer- B. Polyaeritis nodosa (PAN)Microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyaeritis, hypersensitivity, or leukocytoclastic vasculitis): This type of necrotizing vasculitis generally affects aerioles, capillaries, and venule.Wegener granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with polyangitis)- is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by th e triad ofacute necrotizing granulomasnecrotizing or granulomatous vasculitisrenal disease in the form of focal necrotizing often crescentic, glomerulitis"Churg- Strauss syndrome(allergic granulumatosis and angiitis) is a multisystem diseases with cutaneous involvement gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and renal disease.
| 2 |
Eosoniphilic granulomatosis with vasculitis
|
Polyaeritis nodosa (PAN)
|
Microscopic polyangitis
|
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
|
Medicine
| null |
5fe7dbf2-be56-46fd-b6c2-b12c4d79bdc4
|
single
|
Which of the following drug is commonly used in narcoanalysis?
|
Ans. (B) Scopolamine hydrochloride(Ref: J Psychiatry and Law 1993:3:447-471)Controlled administration of intravenous hypnotics to obtain information from subjects who are unable or unwilling to provide it otherwise, is known as Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis.Drugs used for narcoanalysis are:[?]Ethanol[?]Scopolamine[?]Temazepam[?]Barbiturates like Thiopentone and AmobarbitalThese drugs are also known as truth drug or truth serum.Phenobarbitone is not used, rather amobarbital is used for narcoanalysis.
| 2 |
Atropine sulfate
|
Scopolamine hydrochloride
|
Phenobarbitone
|
Morphine
|
Pharmacology
|
A.N.S.
|
0478a4df-b4ed-4f30-bf70-9784ed2bb589
|
single
|
The function common to neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages is:
|
Phagocytic cells are: neutrophils monocytes macrophages
| 2 |
Immune response is reduced
|
Phagocytosis
|
Liberation of histamine
|
Destruction of old erythrocytes
|
Pathology
|
Oxygen dependent bacterial killing
|
d5fb003c-5207-42ef-a555-7516354d027b
|
single
|
Which of the following enzyme is involved in rejoining sho fragments of DNA on the lagging strand?
|
The okasaki fragments that are sho segments of DNA formed on the lagging strand of DNA in the 5'-3' direction are joined by DNA ligase. Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry By D M Vasudevan, 3rd Edition, Pages 347-8
| 1 |
DNA Ligases
|
DNA Helicase
|
DNA Topoisomerase
|
DNA Polymerase
|
Biochemistry
| null |
b0b42625-73ea-4b87-982d-33420f1e3069
|
single
|
Ototoxicity caused by:
|
Ans. (b) StreptomycinRef : KDT 6th ed. / 743-44* Streptomycin has been assigned to pregnancy category D by the FDA.* Streptomycin crosses the placenta; reported cord concentrations have been equal to or less than the mothers serum concentration.* There are reports of fetal eighth cranial nerve damage with subsequent bilateral deafness. Most authorities, including the Centers for Disease Control and the American Thoracic Society, discourage the use of streptomycin during pregnancy due to the risk of fetal ototoxicity.
| 2 |
Vancomycin
|
Streptomycin
|
Ampicillin
|
Rifampicin
|
Pharmacology
|
Adverse Drug Effect
|
f410b51f-3c6d-4813-a290-b90540b2a917
|
single
|
The instrument below is used for
|
This is used for monitoring temperature, core temperature monitoring.
| 2 |
Endoscopic ultrasound probe
|
Oesophageal temperature probe
|
Enterography
|
None
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
11b617ed-2119-485a-a6b6-b4701529456f
|
multi
|
Alkalinization of urine is required to treat toxicity of all except:
|
Changes in urinary pH affect tubular reabsorption of drugs that are paially ionized - * Weak bases are ionize more and are less reabsorbed in acidic urine.* Weak acids ionize more and are less reabsorbed in alkaline urine. Urine is alkalinized in barbiturate, methotrexate and salicylate poisoning.
| 3 |
Salicylates
|
Barbiturates
|
Amphetamine
|
Methotrexate
|
Pharmacology
|
Sympathetic System
|
ef6475d3-7f13-44c0-a443-675a5754893c
|
multi
|
Which of the following is the feature of vegetations in Libmann Sacks endocarditis?
|
Mitral and tricuspid valvulitis with small, sterile vegetations, called Libman-Sacks endocarditis, is occasionally encountered in systemic lupus erythematosus. The lesions are small (1 to 4 mm in diameter), single or multiple, sterile, pink vegetations with a way (verrucous) appearance. They may be located on the undersurfaces of the atrioventricular valves, on the valvular endocardium, on the chords, or on the mural endocardium of atria or ventricles.
| 3 |
Large and fragile
|
Small way along the line of closure of valve
|
Small or medium sized on either or both sides of valve
|
Small bland vegetations
|
Pathology
|
Endocarditis
|
08d512d2-494a-4454-bf2e-d0100bc95982
|
multi
|
Permanent impairment of fingerprints occurs in all except
|
Permanent impairment of fingerprints occurs in: Leprosy Electrical injuries Radiation injuries Ridge alteration occur in: Acanthosis nigricans Scleroderma
| 2 |
Leprosy
|
Acanthosis nigricans
|
Electrical injuries
|
Radiation injuries
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Human identification
|
8f2c9083-567a-496a-a062-915cc9375280
|
multi
|
True about ascent to high altitude:
|
Respiratory alkalosis occurs Polycythemia is due to increased erythropoietin Acute mountain sickness develops 8-24 hr after arrival at altitude and lasts 4-8 days. Acute altitude illness: 3 forms Acute mountain sickness (AMS) The pathophysiology of AMS is not well understood. The essential factor responsible for this condition is hypoxemia High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
| 4 |
Respiratory acidosis
|
Polycythemia due to dehydration
|
Acute mountain sickness stas to develop on 7th day of ascent
|
Acetazolamide may be given prophylactically
|
Physiology
|
Respiratory System Pa 3
|
aa416fa4-aeec-4e1b-95c1-88dc92a4a753
|
multi
|
Phenol test or Reidel Walker test is done to determine:
|
Ans. d. Efficacy of a disinfectants
| 4 |
Hardness of water
|
Chlorine demand
|
Quality of disinfectant
|
Efficacy of a disinfectants
|
Microbiology
| null |
1c4fb007-eb04-4e88-bb9d-201e64917e61
|
single
|
The instrument shown here is useful for:
| null | 3 |
To condense amalgam
|
For vital bleaching
|
Removal of crown
|
Removal of broken instrument
|
Dental
| null |
e0ef61f7-b6e7-4ac1-aaba-5d1cf8269bc8
|
single
|
Goodpasture syndrome has antibodies against:
|
(Refer: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8thedition, pg no: 709)
| 3 |
Collagen 1
|
G-y or x-y of collagen
|
Collagen 4
|
Collagen 2
|
Unknown
| null |
e6d005fa-9ea5-4df0-a98a-976aa3254954
|
single
|
Zygote is dependent on which of the following for its nutrition -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the above While zygote is passing down the fallopian tube and after a brief period as it enters the uterus, it depends for its nutrition on the yolk sac granules (deutoplasm) embedded in its cytoplasm and on the fluid medium surrounding it which is secreted by the walls of the uterine tube and uterus.It also derives its energy from the stored carbohydrate in sperm, whichfeilized the ovum,
| 4 |
Deutoplasm
|
Secretions from wall of fallopian tube and uterus
|
Sperm carbohydrate stores
|
All the above
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
308aabb1-4d39-4afc-8059-f34033266ea2
|
multi
|
Urine is collected for examination in a pregnant female by :
|
Early morning sample
| 4 |
Mid stream collection
|
Suprapubic puncture
|
Catheterisation
|
Early morning sample
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
320cc577-5f62-4e6c-b5bd-f849fed7972c
|
single
|
Okazaki fragments are found during
|
DNA synthesis is always into 5&; to 3&; direction in both strands The strand which is discontinuously synthesized is referred to as the &;lagging strand &; otherwise called the retrograde strand The small DNA molecules attached to its own primer RNA are called Okazaki fragments The synthesis along the lagging strand is in 5&; to 3&; directionRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 580, 581
| 1 |
Replication
|
Translation
|
Translocation
|
Transcription
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of nucleic acids
|
c26ebb3c-2829-447d-a540-1e885f643b75
|
single
|
Which type of pelvis is associated with increased incidence of 'face to pubis' delivery:
|
As discussed in the text in Table 1.1 face-to-pubis delivery is common in anthropoid pelvis.
| 2 |
Gynaecoid pelvis
|
Anthropoid pelvis
|
Android pelvis
|
Platypelloid pelvis
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
4c909f2f-cf54-49da-af5a-576474205b13
|
single
|
HIV primarily replications in which cells -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., CD4 T-cells * The receptor for the virus is the CD4 antigen on surface. The cells affected are :# CD4 T Cells (major target)# B lymphocytes# Monocytes and macrophages# Langerhans cells in dermis# Glial cells and microglia in the CNS# Follicular dendritic cells from tonsils can be infected by HIV without the involvement of CD4
| 1 |
CD4T-cells
|
CD8 T-cells
|
Neutrophils
|
Follicular dendritic cells
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
e6913561-9a1a-4f1b-b774-c718f0624fdb
|
single
|
According to The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923, which of the following is considered an occupational disease?
|
Ans. b. Anthrax (Ref: style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0 0 0 8px; text-indent: 0">According to The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923, Anthrax is considered an occupational disease.List of Occupational Diseases as per Employee Compensation Act 1923 (Workmen Compensation Act, 1923)Part APart BPart C* Infectious and parasitic diseases contracted in an occupation where there is a particular risk of contamination (Anthrax)* Diseases caused by work in compressed air* Diseases caused by lead or its toxic compounds* Poisoning by nitrous fumes* Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds.* Diseases caused by phosphorus or its toxic compounds.* Diseases caused by mercury or its toxic compounds* Diseases caused by benzene or its toxic homologues.* Diseases caused by nitro and amido toxic derivatives of benzene or its homologues.* Diseases caused by chromium, or its toxic compounds* Diseases caused by arsenic or its toxic compounds.* Diseases caused by radioactive substances or radiations.* Primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin, caused by tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, anthracence, or the compounds, products or residues of these substances.* Disease caused by the toxic halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons (of the aliphatic and aromatic series).* Diseases caused by carbon disulphide.* Occupational cataract due to infrared radiations.* Diseases caused by manganese or its toxic compounds.* Skin diseases caused by physical, chemical or biological agents not included in other items.* Hearing impairment caused by noise.* Poisoning by dinitrophenol or a homologue or by substituted or by the salts of such substances.* Diseases caused by beryllium or its toxic compounds.* Diseases caused by cadmium or its toxic compounds.* Occupational asthma caused by recognized sensitizing agents inherent to the work process.* Diseases caused by fluorine or its toxic compounds.* Diseases caused by nitroglycerine or other nitro acid esters.* Diseases caused by alcohols and ketones.* Diseases caused by asphyxiant carbon monoxide, and its toxic derivatives, hydrogen sulphide.* Lung cancer and mesotheliomas caused by asbestos.* Primary neoplasm of the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder or the kidney or the ureter.* Snow blindness in snow bound areas.* Disease due to effect of cold in extreme cold climate.* Pneumoconiosis caused by sclerogenic mineral dust silicosis, anthracosilicosis, asbestosis) and silicotubercuiosis provided that silicosis is an essential factor in causing the resultant incapacity or death.* Bagassosis* Bronchopulmonary diseases caused by cotton, flax hemp and sisal dust (Byssinosis).* Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by the inhalation of organic dusts.* Bronchopulmonary disease caused by hard metals.* Acute pulmonary edema of high altitude.
| 2 |
Typhoid
|
Anthrax
|
Tetanus
|
Dengue
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Occupational Health
|
02f45a16-1b7d-4bf5-a2b5-247ed39f7c33
|
single
|
Radiological factors indicating an unstable pelvis are all except:
|
Radiographic factors indicating unstable pelvis are: Posterior sacroiliac complex displacement >1cm Avulsion fracture of sacral or ischial end of the sacrospinous ligament. Avulsion fractures of the L5 transverse process Disruption of pubic symphysis with pubic diastasis of 2 cm with posterior pelvic injury or injury to anterior/ posterior sacroiliac ligament or sacrospinous ligaments. Presence of gap rather than impaction in the posterior pelvic ring.
| 4 |
Posterior sacroiliac complex displacement by > 1 cm
|
Avulsion fracture of sacral or ischial end of the sacrospinous ligament
|
Avulsion fractures of the L5 transverse process
|
Isolated disruption of pubic symphysis with pubic diastasis of 2 cm
|
Orthopaedics
|
Pelvis and Hip Injury
|
3850e71b-d98e-4398-ac95-60b2491bcdb2
|
multi
|
Angioid streak is seen in -
| null | 2 |
Tuberous sclerosis
|
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
|
Sturge weber syndrome
|
Septo optic dysplasia
|
Medicine
| null |
6b10406e-1a8e-4e0c-8af3-eac2af82bc68
|
single
|
Xiphoid process fuses with body of sternum by:
|
40 years
| 4 |
10 years
|
20 years
|
30 years
|
40 years
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
52887773-dea5-4c47-a834-89defe5a175b
|
single
|
Uveitis is caused by –a) TBb) Staphylococcusc) Streptococcusd) Klebsiellae) E.Coli
|
TB causes chronic granulomatous uveitis.
Staphylococcus and streptococcus cause acute non-granulomatous pyogenic uveitis.
| 2 |
ab
|
abc
|
acd
|
bcd
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
9aa277e2-6952-40e5-986a-84c7b302b2dc
|
single
|
A young female presented to you with primary amenorrhea. Examination reveals normal breast development and absent axillary hairs. Pelvic examination shows a normally developed vagina with clitoromegaly. On ultrasound, gonads are visible in the inguinal region. What is the most likely diagnosis?
|
Ans. is b, i.e. Partial androgen insentivity syndromeIn the question patient has 1deg amenorrhea:* Breast development is normal and absent axillary hair. (This means it cannot be Mayer Rokitansky kiister hauser syndrome --where Breast and pubic as well as axillary hair are well developed and it cannot be Gonadal dysgenesis as none of the secondary sexual characteristics are developed in it).We are left with 2 options:Option a --Complete androgen insensitivityOption b --Partial androgen insensitivityIn both these conditions --Breast development will be normal and pubic hair and axillary hair will be absent but clitoromegaly will be seen in partial androgen insensitivity only.
| 2 |
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
|
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
|
Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome
|
Gonadal dysgenesis
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Disorders in Menstruation
|
bfb3f73b-a7ef-4726-97a5-29715e7bda57
|
multi
|
A patient presents with thrombocytopenia, eczema and recurrent infections. What is the most probable diagnosis?
|
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked platelet/immunologic disorder caused by mutations in the WASP gene. The triad of eczema, recurrent infections, and microthrombocytopenia that characterizes WAS only occurs in 27% of the cases. The immunologic defects include low serum concentrations of IgM, while IgA and IgG are normal and IgE is frequently increased. Ref: The Elements of Immunology By Fahim Halim Khan, 2009, Page 413 ; Harrison's 17th ed chapter 310
| 1 |
Wiskott Aldrich syndrome
|
A beta gammaglobulinemia
|
Chediak higashi syndrome
|
Lazy leukocyte syndrome
|
Medicine
| null |
a7580720-1bf3-4102-854b-63c89c138c62
|
single
|
A baby presents with refusal to feed, skin lesions, seizures, ketosis organic acids in urine with normal ammonia; likely diagnosis is:
|
Baby in the above mentioned case scenario is showing signs and symptoms of multiple carboxylase deficiency such as dermatitis severe metabolic acidosis, organic acid excretion. Ref: Essentials of Pediatrics By Nelson, 16th Edition, Pages 356 ; The Embryo: Scientific Discovery and Medical Ethics By Shraga Blazer, Page 246 ; NORD Guide to Rare Disorders: National Organization for Rare Disorders, Page 483
| 2 |
Proprionic aciduria
|
Multiple carboxylase deficiency
|
Maple syrup urine disease
|
Urea cycle enzyme deficiency
|
Biochemistry
| null |
84797bc4-0406-4d41-a130-f79e456161ef
|
single
|
Carbamoyl phosphate intermediates the synthesis of
|
(B) Urea & Pyrimidine # Biosynthesis of urea begins with the condensation of CC>2, NHs and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate, a reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthase I which is a mitochondrial enzyme, and rate limiting or pacemaker enzyme and the enzyme is active only in the presence of its allosteric activator N-acetylglutamate, which enhances the affinity of synthase for ATP.
| 2 |
Urea
|
Urea & Pyrimidine
|
Uric acid
|
Ketone body
|
Biochemistry
|
Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry)
|
ef7b70d9-9605-46ad-b894-73476befdceb
|
single
|
Which of the following is not true about Diplococcus pneumoniae
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae is optochin sensitive. Optochin sensitivity: the sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae to optochin is useful in differentiating it from other streptococci. When a disc impregnated with optochin is applied on a plate of blood agar inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae, a wide zone of inhibition appears on incubation. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 225
| 2 |
Bile solubility
|
Optochin resistance
|
Causes Meningitis
|
Possess Capsule
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteriology
|
2eedf190-2cea-4a73-aace-fdbacd32e092
|
multi
|
A patient on Bilonatumomab for refractory B cell All is now resistance to the drug. Which drug to be used:-
|
Drug Mechanism Use Vorinostat HDAC inhibitor Cutaneous T cell lymphoma Brentuximab Man against CD30 Hodgkin lymphoma Pembrolizumab PD-1 Melanoma Lung Cancer Head and neck cancer Tisagenlecleucel Ca therapy ALL Blinatumomab Bispecific t-cell engages ( targets CD19 and CD3) ALL
| 3 |
Vorinostat
|
Brentuximab
|
Pembrolizumab
|
Tisagenlecleucel
|
Pharmacology
|
JIPMER 2019
|
09e0a7d8-6a3b-41be-8200-b32900c38d06
|
multi
|
Horizontal semicircular canal responds to
|
The three canals lie at right angles to each other but the one which lies at right angles to the axis of rotation is stimulated the most.Thus horizontal canal will respond maximum to the rotation on the veical axis. (Ref: Diseases of EAR, NOSE and THROAT by PL Dhingra; 6th edition; page no.17)
| 2 |
Horizontal acceleration
|
Rotational acceleration
|
Gravity
|
Antero-posterior acceleration
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
9e307cf2-906c-4880-9c66-434b8ab8685f
|
single
|
Roof of the Anatomical snuff box is formed by the
|
Anatomical snuff box boundaries: Lateral wall Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Medial wall Extensor pollicis longus Roof Cephalic vein Sup branch of radial nerve Floor Radial styloid, scaphoid, trapezium,1st meta carpal Content Radial Aery Ref: Gray's Anatomy The Anatomical Basics of Clinical Practice 41 e pg 893.
| 3 |
Radial aery
|
Basilic aery
|
Sup branch of radial nerve
|
Sup branch of ulnar nerve
|
Anatomy
|
Upper limb
|
088e94f6-ca40-4fef-9eac-904fd15c4ef9
|
single
|
Which of these differentiates between ante moem and post moem burns?
|
SPECIFIC FINDINGS IN ANTEMOEM BURNS 1.SOOT PAICLES UPTO THE LEVEL OF TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE. 2. PRESENCE OF CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD. 3. Cyanide IN BLOOD 4. CURLING ULCER IN FIRST PA OF DUODENUM. NON SPECIFIC FINDINGS IN BURNS( ANTEMOEM + POSTMOEM BURNS) 1. PUGILISTIC ATTITUDE OR HEAT STIFFENING. 2. HEAT RUPTURE 3. HEAT HEMATOMA 4. HEAT FRACTURE.
| 3 |
Heat rupture
|
Heat Hematoma
|
Soot paicles up to terminal bronchioles
|
Pugilistic attitude
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Thermal injuries
|
90bb4a01-f48b-43fa-abbd-ebe7e3623b06
|
single
|
Arrange the following in sequential order of their involvement in estrogen synthesis: A. Progesterone B. Androgen in granulosa cell C. Androgen in theca cell D. Aromatase
|
Interaction of follicular theca and granulosa cells for production of estrogens. The theca cells, under the control of luteinizing hormone (LH), produce androgens that diffuse into the granulosa cells. In mature follicles, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts on granulosa cells to stimulate aromatase activity, which conves the androgens to estrogens. AC - Adenylate cyclase; ATP - Adenosine triphosphate; cAMP - Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; LDL - Low density lipoproteins.
| 4 |
B-A-D-C
|
A-C-D-B
|
D-C-A-B
|
A-C-B-D
|
Physiology
|
Female Reproductive System
|
32f2f0d1-4e17-41d9-9693-4a1db029239b
|
single
|
Left bundle branch block (LBBB) on ECG can suddenly develop in all of the following except:
|
Ans. b. Ashman phenomenon (Ref: Harrison 18/e p1835) style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-weight: bold; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0 0 0 8px; text-indent: 0">Ashman phenomenon:Ashman phenomenon is an intraventricular conduction abnormality caused by a change in the heart rate.Wide QRS complex) on the surface ECGA RBBB pattern is more common because of the longer refractory period of the right bundle branch, although association with LBBB has been documentedCauses of Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)* Aortic stenosis* Dilated cardiomyopathy* Acute myocardial infarction* Extensive coronary artery disease* Primary disease of the cardiac electrical conduction system* Long standing hypertension leading to aortic root dilatation and AR* Hypokalemia* Hyperkalemia
| 2 |
Acute MI
|
Ashman phenomenon
|
Hypokalemia
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Medicine
|
Electrocardiography
|
e801f1ea-1424-46c2-8686-c9781521c7aa
|
multi
|
C-3 convertase in alternate complement pathway -
| null | 3 |
C4b2a
|
C3b
|
C3bBb
|
C3a
|
Microbiology
| null |
51d267cb-45d4-4357-961a-4b4b248bf988
|
single
|
Treatment of latent TB infection in Tuberculin positive, HIV positive patients:
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., 1NH biweekly for 9 month Dosing regimens for treatment of latent tuberculosis* AdultsChildren <12IsoniazidStandard regimen:o 300 mg PO daily for nine months Alternate regimens:o 300 mg PO daily for six months900 mg PO twice weeklyD for nine months900 mg PO twice weeklyD for six monthsStandard regimen:o 10 to 15 mg/kg PO daily for nine months; not to exceed 300 mg/dayAlternate regimen:o 20 to 30 mg/kg PO twice weekly for nine months; not to exceed 900 mg/dayIsoniazid and rifapentineIsoniazid (orally once weekly for 12 doses, given by direct observation):o 15 mg/kg, rounded up to the nearest 50 or 100 mg; 900 mg maximumRifapentine (orally once weekly for three months, given by direct observation):o 10 to 14 kg: 300 mgo 14.1 to 25 kg: 450 mgo 25.1 to 32 kg: 600 mgo 32.1 to 49.9 kg: 750 mg o >50 kg: 900 mg maximumSee noteYIsoniazid (orally once weekly for 12 doses, given by direct observation):o 15 mg/kg, rounded up to the nearest 50 or 100 mg; 900 mg maximumRifapentine (orally once weekly for three months, given by direct observation):o 10 to 14 kg: 300 mgo 14.1 to 25 kg: 450 mgo 25.1 to 32 kg: 600 mgo 32.1 to 49.9 kg: 750 mgo >50 kg: 900 mg maximumRifampin600 mg PO daily for four months10 to 20 mg/kg PO daily for four months; not to exceed 600 mg/dayIsoniazid and rifampinIsoniazid 300 mg PO daily for three monthsIsoniazid 10 to 15 mg/kg PO daily for three months; not to exceed 300 mg/day Rifampin 600 mg PO daily for three monthsRifampin 10 to 20 mg/kg PO daily for three months; not to exceed 600 mg/day
| 1 |
INH biweekly for 9 month
|
2(HRZ)3 + 4(HR)3
|
Rifampicin biweekly for 6 months
|
Pyrazinamide daily for 6 months
|
Medicine
|
Bacteriology
|
4895947e-dd27-4326-a9cb-aa7b66c26380
|
single
|
In MI, which enzyme is raised in 4 to 6 hrs. & decreases in 3 to 4 days :
|
Answer is C (Creatinine phosphokinase) Creatinine phosphokinase is seen at 4 to 8 hours (May be seen at 2-4 hours), peaks at 24 hours and return to normal by 72 hours. Creatinine phosphokinase MB (CPKMB) Very sensitive (CPK MB isoenzyme increases the specificity) 'Absence in change in levels of CPK and CPKMB during the 1st 2 days essentially excludes the diagnosis of MI' -Chandrasoma CK elevation used to be test of choice in First 24 hours. ('Cardiac troponins are now preferred'). CKMB is still the test of choice for detecting recurrent ischaemic event.
| 3 |
SGOT
|
LDH
|
CPK
|
SGPT
|
Medicine
| null |
40f0dcf9-4e03-4698-ba8d-7da048d6d0c7
|
single
|
The most impoant factor in fracture healing is:
|
D i.e. Immobilization
| 4 |
Good alignment
|
Organization of blood clot
|
Accurate reduction and 100% apposition of fractured fragments
|
Immobilisation
|
Surgery
| null |
466a0e38-82d4-45ca-8246-f1f5602a5730
|
single
|
Rubella causes all except
|
Rubella: Rubella/ german measles is caused by RNA virus of togavirus family. Rubella inhibits cell division and this is the reason for congenital malformations. Congenital Rubella syndrome refers to infants born with defects secondary to intrauterine infections sometime after bih. It consists of triad of symptoms of deafness, cardiac malformation and cataract . Other defects include glaucoma , retinopathy, microcephalus, cerebral palsy , intrauterine growth retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, mental and motor retardation. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 9 th edition
| 4 |
Microcephaly
|
VSD
|
PDA
|
AS
|
Pediatrics
|
Infectious disease
|
62cde5f3-9df6-4dfa-ba6d-ee580e857c09
|
multi
|
Optical urethroplasty is done in:(Internet)
|
(Congenital stricture of urethra) (1388-89-Baily & Love 24th) (Internet) (1362-Baily & Love 25th)Hypospadias - surgical plastic repair of hypospadias is currently accomplished by a variety of highly successful one stage operations and is routinely performed between 6 and 19 months of age (1008-CSDT 12(tm))Epispadias - Treatment consist of correction of penile curvature reconstriction of the bladder neck in incontinent patients.Congenital urethral stricture - commonly these strictures are thin diaphragms that may respond to simple dilation onto direct vision internal urethrotomy.A single treatment by optical urethrotomy or dilatation is usually effective (1388-Bailey & Love 24th)* A one stage dorsal free graft urethroplasty for bulbar urethral structure to reduce the incidence of urethrocele.
| 1 |
Congenital stricture of urethra
|
Hypospadias
|
Epispadias
|
Testicular tumour's
|
Surgery
|
Urethra & Penis
|
03cd7e2f-3eba-43df-96f3-9276236534cf
|
single
|
A 78-year-old man with advanced renal disease has the ECG(lead II). What is the diagnosis?
|
(a) Source: (Fuster, p. 313)No atrial activity is detected. The ventricular rate is slightly irregular. Beat number 4 is a ventricular premature contraction. The T waves are tall and markedly peaked. This type of T wave is characteristic of hyperkalemia, as is absence of visible atrial activity. The potassium level was 8.2 mmol/L.
| 1 |
hyperkalemia
|
hypercalcemia
|
hypernatremia
|
pericarditis
|
Medicine
|
C.V.S.
|
84cd2af8-2c2e-4e13-ab76-519ecce5fada
|
single
|
Acute changes in brain due to wernicke's encephalopathy in chronic alcoholics is most frequently seen in:
|
Acute changes are most frequently seen in the 1. Mamillary bodies And also seen in 2. Around the third and fouh ventricles and 3. Aqueduct of the midbrain. Ref: Thorarinsson BL, S C I E N T I F I C P A P E R O V E R V I E W
| 1 |
Mamillary bodies
|
Aqueduct of the midbrain
|
Around the third ventricle
|
Around the fouh ventricle
|
Medicine
| null |
14f553ed-7b5f-4421-b6fd-d71e33b8c8b2
|
single
|
Secondary oocyte consists of
|
Ans. d (23 X)Secondary oocyte consist of 23 X chromosomes.The chromosomal complement of a primary oocyte is 46 XX and that of secondary oocyte is 23 X.Sequence of maturation of ovarian primordial follicle after primary follicle stage:Primordial follicle(Single layered ovarian follicle)Spermatogonium (diploid, 2N) ||Primary Spermatocyte (diploid, 2N)Primordial follicle ||Secondary Spermatocyte (haploid, N)Secondary follicle (Antral follicle) ||Spermatid (haploid, N)(Spermatogenesis begins with Spermatogonia.Full development takes 2 months.It occurs in seminiferous tubules)Graffian follicle|Corpus luteum| Corpus albicans # While majority of oogonia divide, some enter into prophase of first meiotic division and are primary oocytes. These are surrounded by flat cells, which are called primordial follicles, and are present in cortex of the ovary.# At birth, there is no more mitotic division and all the oogonia are replaced by primary oocytes, which have finished prophase of first meiotic division and remain in resting phase between prophase and metaphase.# The first stage of maturation occurs with full maturation of ovarian follicle just prior to ovulation but the final maturation occurs only after fertilization.# The primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division giving rise to secondary oocyte and one polar body.# Secondary oocyte has haploid number of chromosomes.# Ovulation occurs soon after formation of secondary oocyte.# The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division only after fertilization by the sperm in the fallopian tube.
| 4 |
46 XY
|
46 XX
|
23 Y
|
23 X
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
The Ovarian Cycle
|
8ba2b730-39d7-41bc-af72-14a9097039e8
|
single
|
True about mucosa associated lymphoma
|
Gastric lymphoma This is a rare tumour, accounting for less than 5% of all gastric malignancies. The stomach is, however, the most common site for extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 60% of all primary gastrointestinal lymphomas occur at this site. Lymphoid tissue is not found in the normal stomach but lymphoid aggregates develop in the presence of H. pylori infection. Indeed, H. pylori infection is closely associated with the development of a low-grade lymphoma (classified as extranodal marginal-zone lymphomas of MALT type). EUS plays an impoant role in staging these lesions by accurately defining the depth of invasion into the gastric wall. The clinical presentation is similar to that of gastric cancer and endoscopically the tumour appears as a polypoid or ulcerating mass. While initial treatment of low-grade lesions confined to the superficial layers of the gastric wall consists of H. pylori eradication and close observation, 25% contain t(11:18) chromosomal translocations. In these cases, additional radiotherapy or chemotherapy is usually necessary. High-grade B-cell lymphomas should be treated by a combination of rituximab, chemotherapy , surgery and radiotherapy. The choice depends on the site and extent of tumour, the presence of comorbid illnesses, and other factors, such as symptoms of bleeding and gastric outflow obstruction. The prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis. Features predicting a ourable prognosis are stage I or II disease, small resectable tumours, tumours with low-grade histology, and age below 60 years. Ref Davidson edition23rd pg805
| 1 |
H. Pylori predisposes
|
Chemotherapy sensitive
|
Multiple lymphomas
|
Stromal Polyp
|
Medicine
|
G.I.T
|
c4a55ae6-dbec-4b2d-a084-081118673a68
|
multi
|
Which is not Glucogenic?
|
The glucogenic amino acids are: Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspaic Cysteine Glutamic Glutamine Glycine Histidine Methionine Proline Serine ValineRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition
| 4 |
Arginine
|
HIstidine
|
Glycine
|
Lysine
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of carbohydrate
|
8563613e-ccc0-4b34-8458-39fadfcda3e9
|
single
|
The gene for folic acid transpoer is located on which chromosome:
|
C i.e. 21Folic acid transpoer gene (SLC 19 AI solute carrier family 19) is located on long arm of chromosome 21 (21q) Q at band 22.3. Transpo of folate occurs by potocytosis which functionally couples folate receptor, folate transpoer and V- type h+ pump.
| 3 |
5
|
15
|
21
|
X
|
Biochemistry
| null |
f24130de-63a8-4a78-9ccf-fb1c5a0993bb
|
single
|
The best treatment for class V lesion on a tooth along with extensive class II caries is:
|
With class V lesion and extensive class II cavity in the same tooth the remaining enamel surface with the supported healthy dentin will be much less hence in such situation full crown restoration will be long lasting.
| 3 |
Restoration of class II followed by class V
|
Cast gold restoration
|
A full crown restoration
|
Restoration of class V followed by class II
|
Dental
| null |
51dd9041-40e1-49e3-8f3b-0983ead096f6
|
single
|
Which has maximum nicotinic effect-
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Carbachol o Amongst the given options carbachol has maximum nicotinic actions. It has nicotinic as well as muscarinic action.
| 2 |
Bethanechol
|
Carbachol
|
Pilocarpine
|
Methacholine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
7252503e-f6ba-44d0-a96c-e3bd9e355781
|
single
|
Indications for cesarean hysterectomy are all except:
|
Cesarean hysterectomy refers to an operation where cesarean section is followed by removal of the uterus.
Peripartum hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus either at the time of cesarean delivery or in the immediate postpartum period (even following vaginal delivery).
Some indications for peripartum hysterectomy
Uterine atony
Abnormal placentation
– Bleeding
– Accrete syndromes
Uterine extension
Uterine rupture
Cervical laceration
Postpartum uterine infection
Leiomyoma
Invasive cervical cancer
Ovarian neoplasia
M/C cause of cesarean/peripartum hysterectomy is PPH.
| 2 |
Placenta accreta
|
Couvelaire uterus
|
Atonic uterus with uncontrolled PPH
|
Rupture uterus
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
a2f3cb49-a4fa-46d3-9743-bd1de0ca096e
|
multi
|
The parasympathetic secretomotor nerve supply to the nose is
|
The nerve of the pterygoid canal passes through the pterygoid canal to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion. The parasympathetic fibres relay in this ganglion. Postganglion are parasympathetic fibres arising in the ganglion ultimately supply the lacrimal gland and the mucosal glands of the nose, palate, and pharynx. The gustatory or taste fibres do not relay in the ganglion and are distributed to the palate. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition.
| 3 |
Anterior ethmoid nerve
|
Greater palatine nerve
|
Vidian nerve
|
Inferior orbital nerve
|
Anatomy
|
Head and neck
|
702f2177-19eb-46fc-a1e4-972372aaadf9
|
single
|
Foot process effacement is seen on EM in ?
|
Ans. is All 'a' i.e., Minimal change disease, 'b' i.e., Focal segmental GN, 'c' i.e., IgA nephropathyo Foot process effacement is noted in patients with nephrotic syndrome.o A variety of injurious stimuli may cause the podocyte to react with flatteninng or simplification of the foot process architecture.While most commonly noted in lipoid nephrosis (minimal change disease), foot process effacement can also be seen in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephropathy and in other glomerulonephritis.So, keep in mind that foot process efffacement is seen most commonly in minimal change disease, but can also occur in other glomerulonephropathies causing nephrotic syndrome (FSGS, IgA nephropathy, MPGN) o For option IgA nephropathy is a type of mesangioproliferative GN.
| 4 |
Minimal change disease
|
Focal segmental GN
|
IgA nephropathy
|
All
|
Pathology
| null |
bcb2dd5b-4db9-4cc5-a1b7-ce725cc2c324
|
multi
|
Most common organism associated with reactive arthritis is?
| null | 3 |
Staphylococcus
|
Shigella
|
Chlamydia
|
Yersinia
|
Medicine
| null |
57457e76-0ccb-4fe8-8ee7-05cbef9d1d7e
|
single
|
Which of the following drug is category B (adequate studies in pregnant woman have failed to demonstrate a fetal risk)?
|
Category B drugus are the one that have shown no risks in animal studies, but human studies do not exist or also if adverse effect have been seen in animal studies with no such effect im well controlled human trials. eg.ranitidine,paracetamol. TEXT BOOK OF OBSTETRICS,Sheila Balakrishnan,2nd edition,page no.564
| 1 |
Ranitidine
|
Pilocarpine
|
Latanoprost
|
Dorzolamide
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Medical, surgical and gynaecological illness complicating pregnancy
|
40d34782-f2cd-4463-a921-396b1260cd38
|
single
|
Which of the following is true regarding Hybridoma Technique
|
All the following statements are corret.
| 4 |
It is a method for production of monoclonal antibodies
|
B Cells are fused with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol
|
HAT medium is used to differentiate fused v/s unfused cells
|
All of the above
|
Biochemistry
| null |
6ed150e0-6324-40a3-8bfb-b716a0175cb9
|
multi
|
Hu is defined under section: NEET 14
|
Ans. 319 IPC
| 1 |
319 IPC
|
320 IPC
|
321 IPC
|
323 IPC
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
dbe81316-be72-4dc9-b134-ee55072ac07b
|
single
|
Pale infarcts are seen at all of the following sites except-
|
Ans is 'd' i.e., Lung INFARCTION o An infarct is an area of ischemic necrosis by occlusion of either the aerial supply or venous drainage in a paicular tissue. Pathogenesis o Mostly it is caused by interrupted blood supply. o "Nearly 99% of all infarcts results from thrombotic or embolic events and almost all result. from aerial occlusion". o Other causes of interrupted aerial supply are local vasospasm, extrinsic compression of a vessel by tumor, twisting of vessel e.g., in testicular torsion, expansion of atheroma due to hemorrhage within the plaque. o Venous obstruction usually cause congesion, edema, infarction does not occur because bypass channels rapidly open after the thrombus, providing some outflow from the area, which inturn improves aerial inflow. Infarct cause by venous thrombosis is more likely in organs with a single venous outflow channel, such as in testis and ovary. Types of infarct o Infarcts are classified on the basis of their color. o Infarcts are classified into either Red (Haemorrhagic) or White or Pale (anaemic) infarcts, reflecting the amount of haemorrhage. Red infarcts (Haemorrhagic) : occur with : Venous occlusions (eg ovarian torsion); In loose tissues (such as lungs); In tissues with dual circulation (e.g. Lung & S. intestine) In tissues that were previously congested because of sluggish venous out flow. When flow is reestablilshed to a site of previous aerial occulusion and necrosis. White or Pale infarcts : occur with : Aerial occlusions, or In solid organs e.g. Hea, spleen, Liver, kidney and brain where the solidity of tissue limits the amount of haemorrhage that can seep into the area of ischaemic necrosis.
| 4 |
Hea
|
Spleen
|
Kidney
|
Lung
|
Pathology
| null |
9d0fc292-fee0-4862-8e40-56b7128a6bb1
|
multi
|
All are split - thickness skin graft except
|
Wolfe graft is full thickness skin graft.
| 3 |
Thiersch graft
|
Padgett graft
|
Wolfe graft
|
Blair-Brown graft
|
Surgery
| null |
d250a721-a6c3-4c82-aef1-f19effcae5be
|
multi
|
Enteropathy type T cell lymphoma is associated with -
|
Answer- B. Celiac SprueEnteropathy-type- T cell lymphoma is a rare complication of long-standing celiac disease.
| 2 |
M.A.L. Toma
|
Celiac Sprue
|
Menetrier disease
|
Crohn's disease
|
Medicine
| null |
42f67821-567d-464b-9ea9-c0f7153fd39c
|
single
|
Fine touch is transmitted via:
|
Ans. A. The dorsal lemniscal systema. Lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature;b. Anterior spinothalamic tract carries crude touch;c. All other sensations are carried by dorsal lemniscal.
| 1 |
The dorsal lemniscal system
|
The anterior spinothalamic tract
|
The lateral spinothalamic tract
|
The cerebellopontine tracts
|
Physiology
|
Nervous System
|
4d7125b4-f5d7-4c00-a87b-8d2304559eb5
|
single
|
A young 25 year old man following A presented with proptosis (pulsatile in nature) ,chemosis and pain in right eye after 4 days. On Examination there was bruit on forehead and right eye. The probable diagnosis is
|
B i.e. Carotico cavernos Fistula
| 2 |
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
|
Carotico cavernous Fistula
|
Fracture sphenoid
|
Internal Carotid Aery Aneurysm
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
63171850-88da-4d16-ad44-4419876674c0
|
single
|
BERA can be most accurate from which gestation?
|
Ref: Clohertys Manual of Neonatal Care, 6th edition. Page 646 and ENT DhingraExplanation:"ABR is reliable after 34 weeks postnatal age. "Ref: ClohertyBRAINSTEM EVOKED RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY (BERA)Other nameso Auditory brainstem responses (ABR)o Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)o Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP).Measures the electroencephalographic waves generated hy the auditory system in response to clicks through three electrodes placed on the infant's scalp.The characteristic waveform recorded from the electrodes becomes better defined with increasing postnatal age.ABR is reliable after 34 weeks postnatal age.At present, because of the increased risk of injury to the auditory pathway beyond the cochlea (auditory nerve) including auditory dyssynchrony, ABR is the preferred screening method to evaluate hearing loss in the NICE graduate.Non-invasive technique to find integrity of central auditory pathways through the 8th cranial nerve, pons and midhrain.Electrical potentials are generated in response to several click stimuli or tone-bursts and picked up from the vertex by surface electrodes.It measures hearing sensitivity in the range of 1000 - 4000 Hz.In normal person. 7 waves are produced in the first 10 milliseconds.The 1st, 3rd and 5th waves are most stable and are used in measurements.Parameters studied in waveforms:o Latencyo Inter-wave latencyo Amplitude.The exact anatomic site of neural generators are:o Wave 1 - Distal part of CN 8.o Wave 2 - Proximal part of CN 8 near the brainstem.o Wave 3 - Cochlear nucleuso Wave 4 - Superior olivary complexo Wave 5 - Lateral lemniscuso Wave 6 & 7 - Inferior colliculus.UsesScreening for hearing in infants.To determine the threshold of hearing in:o Infants.o Children.o Uncooperative adultso Malingerers.To diagnose retroeochlear pathology (e.g.: Acoustic neuroma).To diagnose brainstem pathology (e.g.: Multiple sclerosis or Pontine tumors)To monitor CN 8 intraoperatively in surgery of acoustic neuromas to preserve the function of cochlear nerve.
| 3 |
30 weeks
|
32 weeks
|
34 weeks
|
28 weeks
|
ENT
|
Hearing Loss
|
c806d509-79be-4275-9b1e-b7155be25181
|
single
|
Parapharygeal space is also known as
|
Parapharyngeal space is situated on the side of the pharynx. It is pyramidal in shape with the base at the base of the skull and apex at the hyoid bone. It contains carotid vessels, jugular vein, last 4 cranial nerves and cervical sympathetic chain. Ref: Diseases of ENT, PL Dhingra, 7th edition, pg no. 301
| 3 |
Retropharyngeal space
|
Pyriform sinus
|
Lateral pharyngeal space
|
Pterygomaxillary space
|
ENT
|
Pharynx
|
4e5b932f-b4af-4520-a837-af06b82158dc
|
single
|
A patient undergoing chest x-ray following an automobile accident is found to have an enlarged mediastinum with bilateral hilar and right paratracheal adenopathy. The patient has been asymptomatic, but careful examination demonstrates an enlarged cervical lymph node. This node is biopsied and demonstrates involvement by small, non-caseating granulomas. Occasional giant cells with stellate inclusions are seen within the granulomas. These are most likely which of the following?
|
The cells described are asteroid bodies, and are classically associated with sarcoidosis, although they are not completely specific for this disease. Anitschkow cells are a form of activated histiocyte with an unusual wavy chromatin. They are found within inflammatory lesions called Aschoff bodies in the heas of patients with acute rheumatic hea disease. Paget's cells are individual adenocarcinoma cells found within the squamous epithelium of the skin.
| 3 |
Anitschkow cells
|
Aschoff bodies
|
Asteroid bodies
|
Paget's cells
|
Pathology
| null |
98c3413d-8056-4956-9828-5beb051e2612
|
multi
|
Which of the following is not true about Mumps: March 2007
|
Ans. B: Incubation period is less than 14 Incubation period of mumps is 14-18 days The more common symptoms of mumps are: Parotid inflammation/ parotitis in 60-70% of infections. Fever Headache Orchitis, referring to painful inflammation of the testicle.Males past pubey who develop mumps have a 30 percent risk of orchitis. There is no specific treatment for mumps. Mumps viral infections in adult males carries a 25% risk that the testes may become infected which in rare cases leads to sterility. After the illness, life-long immunity to mumps generally occurs. Complications Infection of other organ systems Sterility in men (this is quite rare, and mostly occurs in older men) Mild forms of meningitis (rare, 40% of cases occur without parotid swelling) Encephalitis (very rare, rarely fatal) Profound (91 dB or more) but rare sensorineural hearing loss, uni- or bilateral Pancreatitis manifesting as pain abdomen and vomiting Oophoritis (inflammation of ovaries) but feility is rarely affected.
| 2 |
Caused by paramyxovirus
|
Incubation period is less than 14 days
|
Orchitis is a common complication in males
|
Aseptic meningitis is a commoner complication in children
|
Medicine
| null |
7cf95b23-c2c6-416b-8f04-1b61b0df3d2b
|
multi
|
All are true regarding Scheuermann's osteochondritis except?
|
Scheuermann's osteochondritis has autosomal dominant inheritance. It commonly affects adolescent boys. It is characterised by irregular ossification of veebral endplates and dorsal kyphosis. Most patients are asymptomatic. It can present with backache which is aggravated by exercise. Management is by protective postural exercises with avoidance of excessive activity. Ref: Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine, 22nd edition, p1130
| 2 |
Dorsal kyphosis
|
Autosomal recessive inheritance
|
Predominantly affects adolescent boys
|
Irregular ossification of veebral endplates
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
18f1f812-6c33-4640-904c-e533d07f8517
|
multi
|
Which among the following electrolyte disturbance following diarrhoea can cause convulsions?
|
Hyponatremia can result from diarrhea, vomiting, burns, diuretic administration, and administration of sodium-poor parenteral solutions. Seizures and coma usually are associated with severe hyponatremia and may be life-threatening. Acute hypernatremia usually is caused by severe water depletion with diarrhea especially in children. Ref: Harrison's 17th edition, chapter 46
| 2 |
Hypokalemia
|
Hyponatremia
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Hypernatremia
|
Medicine
| null |
1e1f0e83-16ad-45bb-9fd1-7adfd47ef425
|
single
|
All are true about liver adenoma except
|
Clinical features Symptomatic ( upper abdominal pain) in 50-75%, related to hemorrhage or local compressive symptoms Two major risks - Rupture and malignant transformation Pathology Composed of cords of benign hepatocytes containing increased glycogen and fat, without bile ductules, fibrous septa, poal tracts or central vein Normal architecture of the liver is not seen in these lesions Central large plates of hepatocytes separated by dilated sinusoids which are perfused solely by peripheral aerial feeding vessels(lack poal venous supply), under aerial pressure Hemorrhage and necrosis are commonly seen
| 1 |
Normal liver architecture
|
Increased fat
|
Increased glycogen
|
Cells arranged in cords
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
56e18036-e4d2-4a52-a9ce-f08fefc48044
|
multi
|
First retinal abnormality in diabetic retinopathy: (PGI Dec 2007)
|
Ans. A (Microaneurysm) [Ref Khurana 4th/260-62; Parson 20th/294-98}"The earliest detectable lesion is microaneurysms in the macular area" -Khurana 4th/260Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification- 4 types Khurana 4th/260-62Non-proliferative Diabetic RetinopathyMicro aneurysmQ in macular area (the earliest detectable lesionQ)Retinal haemorrhage both deep (dot & blot haemorrhage) & superficial haemorrhages (flame shaped)Hard exudateQRetinal oedemaCotton-wool spotQProliferative Diabetic RetinopathyPDR develops in >50% of cases after about 25 years of the onset of diseaseThe hallmark Q of PDR is the occurence of neovasculari- ation'i over the changes of very severe NPDRVitreous detachment & vitreous haemorrhage may occurDiabetic MaculopathyMacular edemaQ is termed as clinically significant macular edemaChanges in macula affect visionD.Maculopathy-4 subtypeFocal exudative maculopathyDiffuse exudative maculopathyIschaemic maculopathyMixed maculopathyAdvanced Diabetic Eye DiseasePersistent vitreous haemorrhageTractiona! retinal detach m entQNeovascularglaucoma Q
| 1 |
Microaneurysm
|
Hard exudates
|
Soft exudates
|
Cotton Wool spots
|
Ophthalmology
|
Vascular Disorders
|
a0dc8c41-3b9c-4eeb-871d-1b5e61e2a3b5
|
single
|
Phase I trial is done to test:
|
Ans. D. PharmacokineticsPhase I trial is also called First in human trial. In this phase, 10-100 healthy people are enrolled to calculate pharmacokinetic data. Phase 0 trials are also done sometimes prior to phase I studies to calculate early pharmacokinetic data. Phase II and III trials usually enrol patients. Phase II trials enrol 50-100 and usually determine drug efficacy and dose ranging. Phase III trials confirm the efficacy in larger population (100-1000). Phase IV trials are also known as postmarketing studies which determine safety (adverse drug reactions, adverse events, and drug-drug interactions). Even safety of long-term drug treatment can be determined in Phase IV trials which can be missed in clinical trials due to limited duration of clinical trials.
| 4 |
Safety
|
Efficacy
|
Dose
|
Pharmacokinetics
|
Pharmacology
|
General Pharmacology
|
12dea8d2-9238-4f16-9ce8-834e8edb8000
|
single
|
New infectious agents are -
|
A new genus Henipavirus has been recently identified with the Nipah and Henda viruses causing zoonotic outbreaks. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:515
| 1 |
Nipah virus
|
Pneumocystis jieruveci
|
Corona virus
|
SARS
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
b0ab3da2-ad8d-408e-9b8e-6b7ae22ce811
|
single
|
All of the following are tumor markers, except
|
Beta-2 microglobulin and not beta macroglobulin may be used as a tumor marker (as in multiple myeloma).
| 4 |
CEA
|
HCG
|
Alpha-fetoprotein
|
Beta-2 macroglobulin
|
Pathology
| null |
5292a5ee-7e19-426f-b0a4-20a07af51d58
|
multi
|
Felty syndrome is characterised by A/E
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Thrombocytopenia Felty's syndrome is characterized by the combination of rheumatoid ahritis, splenomegaly and neutropenia. The condition is more common in those aged 50-70 years, and is more prevalent in females than males
| 4 |
Rheumatoid ahritis
|
Splenomegaly
|
Neutropeni
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
Pediatrics
| null |
f14ddf6b-2f16-435a-9904-ad144bb3f411
|
single
|
Inversion of foot is at
|
C. i.e. Talocalcaneal joint
| 3 |
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
|
Calcaneocuboid joint
|
Talocalcaneal joint
|
Inferior tibiofibular joint
|
Anatomy
| null |
52f4ab9b-7c18-4f58-897a-a54c73703718
|
single
|
The motility of cell is due to protein-
|
Functions of Microtubules include determination of cell shape and various cell movements.
| 2 |
Motilin
|
Tubulin
|
Laminin
|
Tactilin
|
Physiology
| null |
a6a7bf87-ad7b-4df1-aace-9c360b80df9f
|
single
|
After the first postoperative year of cardiac transplantation, the most common cause of death is
|
Chronic graft rejection is manifested in cardiac allografts as chronic vascular rejection of main and intramuscular coronary arteries. Myointimal proliferation and medial scarring result in diffuse and eccentric arterial narrowing referred to as accelerated graft atherosclerosis. Infection remains the primary cause of death within the first year of cardiac transplant, but accelerated graft arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of mortality thereafter. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, and re-transplantation are the current options for combating this problem.
| 3 |
Infection
|
Arrhythmia
|
Accelerated graft arteriosclerosis
|
Acute rejection episode
|
Surgery
|
Transplantation
|
241d2385-b917-4893-a7d9-7dad39f89f9b
|
single
|
Shape memory is seen in:
| null | 2 |
Stainless steel wire
|
NITINOL wire
|
TMA wire
|
Aluminium
|
Dental
| null |
d51356ac-476d-49be-a4ee-ac604b7f9294
|
single
|
Thyroid carcinoma associated with hypocalcemia is
|
Answer is B (Medullary Carcinoma) Medullary carcinoma of thyroid secretes calcitonin and this causes reduction in calcium levels.
| 2 |
Follicular carcinoma
|
Medullary carcinoma
|
Anaplastic carcinoma
|
Papillary carcinoma
|
Medicine
| null |
8ba15321-64eb-47d5-8b73-6e9e087a39bc
|
single
|
Fetal abdominal circumference is measured at the level of :
|
Abdominal Circumference (AC) is measured in the transverse section of the fetal abdomen at the level of the fetal stomach and the umbilical poion of the poal vein.This is usually affected in IUGR and is less useful in dating as it is the parameter most affected by fetal growth. Refer page no 479 of Text book of obstetrics,sheila balakrishnan 2 nd edition.
| 1 |
Stomach and umbilical vein, perpendicular to spine
|
Kidneys
|
Stomach parallel to spine
|
Liver and spleen
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Diagnosis in obstetrics
|
5a3925fa-6a7d-4689-bbeb-469a5ca13630
|
multi
|
A 16 year old boy presented with asymptomatic, multiple erythamatous annular lesions with a collarette of scales at periph-ery of the lesions present on the trunk. The most likely diagnosis is:
|
C i.e. Pityriasis rosea Pityriasis rosea is a self limiting disorderQ of unknown etiology, with a suspected association with Herpes virus 7 and 6Q. It presents with development of usually asymptomatic (i.e. no prodromal or constitutional system), sharply (well) demarcated, larger (2-6 cm), annular (oval-round), erythematousQ (red to brown) lesion k/a primary/herald/mother patch mostly located on trunk in children and young adults (10-35 yrs)( 2. Similar but smaller secondary eruptions appear in crops at interval of usually 2 weeks distributed along lines of cleavage in christmas (fir) tree appearanceQ. Lesions demonstrate fine (cigarette paper) collarette of scaleQ just inside the peripheray of plaque.
| 3 |
Pityriasis versicolor
|
Pityriasis alba
|
Pityriasis rosacea
|
Pityriasis rubra pilaris
|
Skin
| null |
61450be5-7374-42fb-9508-c16293fe3349
|
single
|
Which of the following is a stain for fat cells?
|
ANSWER: (C) Sudan IVREF: See APPENDIX-24 for "HISTOLOGY/PATHOLOGY/ MICROBIOLOGY STAINS" APPENDIX - 24Histology/Pathology/Microbiology StainsT issue/substanoeStainCommentAmyloidGross stainingLugol's iodine Light microscopyH & E, Congo redPolarised lightCongo redMetachromatic stainMethyl violet, crystal violetFluorescent stainThioflavin TNon specific stainPAS, Toludine blue. Aldan blueCaldum/calcificationVon kossa Alizarin Red SFor small quantitiesCalcein Tetracycline labellingBest for bone mineralizationConnective tissueVan Gieson stain (Picric Add + Acid Fuchsin)Simplest method of differential staining of Collagen and other Connective TissueTrichome stain (Gomori trichrome stain, Lillie's trichome & Masson trichome)Red = keratin/muscleBlue/green = bone /'collagenPink = cytoplasmCarcohydrate (Glycogen, cellulose etc)Periodic acid-Schiff stainNon specific for glycogenDiastaseSpecific for glycogenBest's carmine LipidSudan stains{Sudan III, IV, Sudan Back-B, Oil Red 0)Oil Red O largely replaced Sudan III and Sudan IVOil Red O is also used in a technique for staining latent fingerprintsOsmium tetra oxideAs a lipid stain, it is useful in scanning electron microscopy (SEM)LipofuscinSudan Black B MucinMuscarmineMost specific but less usefulPASMost sensitive, For neutral mucopolysaccharidesAlcian blue Bismark brownCan be used with live cellsColloidal iron Micro organismsFungiH & EBluePASRedGomori methamine silverMost sensitiveMycobacteriumZ N stain/methodCarbol fuchsinAuramine Rhodamine stainMost sensitive, mixture of Auramine O and Rhodamine B, used in fluorescence microscopySpirochetesWarthin starry silver stain H PyloriWarthin starry silver stainGiemsa stainH&E Pneumocystis/ Cryptococcus/ cocci diomycetesGomori methamine silver
| 3 |
PAS
|
Prussian blue
|
Sudan IV
|
Alcian blue
|
Pathology
|
Histo Pathology
|
d887e299-72d5-4912-a90b-1a0450dd1038
|
single
|
In a person with HIV-1 infection, which of the following is the most predictive of the patient's prognosis
|
Amplification assays (-PCR, DNA PCR, and b DNA tests) are routinely used to detect viral RNA in clinical specimens. The tests can be quantitative when reference standards are used, and appropriate positive and negative controls must be included in each test. Because these molecular based tests are very sensitive, they form the basis for plasma viral load determinations. It is generally agreed that the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load) is of significant prognostic value. There are continual rounds of viral replication and cell killing in each patient, and the steady-state level of virus in the blood varies with individuals. A single measurement of plasma viral load approximately 6 months after infection can predict the risk of development of AIDS in men several years later. In women, viral load appears to be less predictive. The plasma viral load appears to be the best predictor of long-term clinical outcome, whereas CD4 lymphocyte counts are the best predictor of sho-term risk of developing an oppounistic disease. Plasma viral load measurements are a critical element in assessing the effectiveness of antiretroviral drug therapy. Ref:- Baveja textbook of Microbiology
| 3 |
CD4+ cell count
|
CD4:CD8 cell ratio
|
Level of HIV-1 RNA in plasma
|
Degree of lymphadenopathy
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
723f2290-a389-4c86-b783-77fb1727c225
|
single
|
All of the following are biochemical markers included for triple test except
|
Triple test It is a combined biochemical test which includes MSAFP,hCG,UE3(unconjugated oestriol).Maternal age in relation to confirmed gestational age is also taken into account.It is used for the detection of Down&;s syndrome.In an affected pregnancy,level of MSAFP and UE3 tend to be low while that of hCG is high.It is performed in 15-18 weeks. D.C.DUTTA&;S TEXTBOOK OF OBSTETRICS,pg no:106,7th edition
| 3 |
Alfa-fetoprotein
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
|
Human placental lactogen (HPL
|
Unconjugated oestriol
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Diagnosis in obstetrics
|
85d93505-5b85-4514-ac9d-183a88365c70
|
multi
|
Maximum collagen in wound healing is seen at which stage of healing
|
ref Robbins 9/ep106-108 When the levels of collagen production and degradation equalize, the maturation phase of tissue repair is said to have begun. During maturation, type III collagen, which is prevalent during proliferation, is replaced by type I collagen.Originally disorganized collagen fibers are rearranged, cross-linked, and aligned along tension lines. The onset of the maturation phase may vary extensively, depending on the size of the wound and whether it was initially closed or left open, ranging from approximately 3 days to 3 weeks. The maturation phase can last for a year or longer, similarly depending on wound type.
| 3 |
End of first week
|
End of second week
|
End of third week
|
End of 2months
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
edbfe6fe-21c2-4743-98c2-e0c7426c7a9d
|
single
|
Elective endodontic treatment is contraindicated in
| null | 2 |
Angina patients
|
Recent MI
|
Diabetes
|
Hypertension
|
Dental
| null |
ac0b04af-936c-4c5f-b4ac-507813dd5b38
|
single
|
Which of the following is not a High Risk Characteristic in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
|
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Early PDR- Presence of new vessels High risk PDR NVD >= 1/3 - 1/2 disc area or NVD and Vitreous or Preretinal haemorrhage or NVE >= 1/2 disc area and Preretinal or Vitreous haemorrhage
| 4 |
NVD >= 1/3 - 1/2 disc area
|
NVD + Vitreous or Preretinal haemorrhage
|
NVE >= 1/2 disc area and Preretinal or Vitreous haemorrhage
|
NVD + Clinically signifacnt macular edema
|
Ophthalmology
|
Retina
|
dc27b944-65da-4b63-a642-9884cb520e38
|
multi
|
Normal aqueous production rate -
|
Aqueous humour is derived from plasma within the capillary network of ciliary processes.The normal aqueous production rate is 2.3ml/min. Ref:ophthalmology -AK khurana -6th edition chapt:10 page no:221
| 3 |
2 ml/min
|
5 ml/min
|
2ml/min
|
5 ml/min
|
Ophthalmology
|
Glaucoma
|
d02718fd-e241-4256-ae93-467655317154
|
single
|
Ex-Press giaueoma implant is oiaily up of:
|
Ans. d. Stainless steel
| 4 |
Silicone
|
Titanium
|
Gold
|
Stainless steel
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
4f8f7930-288a-452d-8d93-86a9bd6aede3
|
single
|
A 45 year - male presents with abrupt onset pain, weakness, loss of contour of shoulder and muscle wasting on 5deg day of tetanus toxoid immunization. Likely cause is:
|
Brachial plexus neuritis Ref: Basic neurology [By John Gilroy 3/e p594; "Brachial plexus neuritis is characterized by a sudden paralysis of muscles supplied through the brachial plexus and is often associated with painful dysesthesia of the arm. The condition occurs in known viral infections (herpes zoster, Epstein-Barr virus), following injections of tetanus toxoid, in putative viral infections; and as an autobnmune disorder following a surgical procedure."- Basic neurology By John Gilroy 3/e p594 Brachial plexus neuritis usually is characterized by the acute onset of excruciating unilateral shoulder pain, followed by flaccid paralysis of shoulder and parascapular muscles several days later. The syndrome can vary greatly in presentation and nerve involvement. Brachial neuritis (BN) exists in an inherited and an idiopathic form. In the idiopathic version, the pathophysiology is unknown, but the condition is generally thought to be an immune system - mediated inflammatory reaction against nerve fibers of the brachial plexus. The onset of pain in brachial neuritis (BN) is often abrupt and may follow recent illness, surgery, immunization, or even trauma (see Causes, below). Up to two thirds of cases begin during the nighttime. Sensory abnormalities are of usually of less intensity than the pain and muscle weakness. Causes: The exact cause of brachial neuritis is unknown, but the condition has been linked to many antecedent events or illnesses, as follows: Viral infection (paicularly of the upper respiratory tract) Bacterial infection (eg, pneumonia, diphtheria, typhoid) Parasitic infestation S urgery 2 Trauma (not related to shoulder) Vaccinations (eg, influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, peussis [DPT J. smallpox, swine flu) Childbih Miscellaneous medical investigative procedures (eg, lumbar puncture, administration of radiologic dye) Systemic illness (eg, polyaeritis nodosa, lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, temporal aeritis, EhlersDanlos syndrome) A rarer, hereditary form of BN has been localized to the SEPT9 gene on chromosome arm 17q and should be considered a distinct disorder. This entity presents in a younger age group, and is characterized by recurrent, often bilateral attacks. Dysmorphic facial features (eg, hypotelorism, long nasal bridge, facial asymmetry) can also be present. Diagnosis: Other causes of severe pain, such as an acute herniated cervical disc, should be excluded. In brachial plexus neuritis, electromyography and nerve conduction studies reveal abnormalities in more than one nerve; in contrast, cervical radiculopathy may show osteophytes and interspace narrowing on cervical spine x-rays and neuroforaminal disc impingement of MRI. Treatment: of brachial plexus neuritis is suppoive, with analgesics for pain, physical therapy to maintain shoulder strength/mobility, and reassurance that the condition generally will improve, albeit slowly.
| 3 |
Hysterical
|
Radial nerve entrapment
|
Brachial plexus neuritis
|
Thoracic outlet syndrome
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
010d3612-2353-4694-8d3a-9d3086dcb8bb
|
single
|
MOST common acute complication of hemodialysis is:
|
Hypotension is the most common acute complication of hemodialysis. It is paicularly common among patients with diabetes mellitus. The factors that appear to increase the risk of hypotension, are excessive ultrafiltration with inadequate compensatory vascular filling, impaired vasoactive or autonomic responses, osmolar shifts, overzealous use of antihypeensive agents, and reduced cardiac reserve. Ref: Harrisons principles of internal medicine, 18th edition, Page: 2324.
| 3 |
Muscle cramps
|
Anaphylaxis
|
Hypotension
|
Arrythmias
|
Medicine
| null |
e875b62b-33c2-4832-9185-bb14d29d14d2
|
single
|
Which of the following decreases effectiveness of insulin -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Thiazide o Thiazide, furosamide, coicosteroids, oral contraceptives, salbutamol, nifedipine tend to raise blood sugar and reduce effectiveness of insulin.
| 1 |
Thiazide
|
Atropine
|
b-blockers
|
Acute alcohol ingestion
|
Pharmacology
| null |
261a31e5-a2c6-43c1-a968-36d399308efb
|
single
|
Causes of exudative retinal detachment are all except -
|
Occurs due to the retina being pushed away by a neoplasm or accumulation of fluid beneath the retina following inflammatory or vascular lesions. Etiology: Systemic diseases- toxaemia of pregnancy, retinal HTN, blood dyscrasias. Ocular diseases- scleritis, central serous retinopathy, orbital cellulitis, retinoblastoma, malignant melanoma of choroid. Ref: Khurana 5th edition , page no 298
| 3 |
Toxemia of pregnancy
|
Scleritis
|
High myopia
|
Central serous retinopathy
|
Ophthalmology
|
Vitreous and retina
|
290a5141-1ac6-4b40-a494-9d5cbc80bb77
|
multi
|
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