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-5462246300836482698	Alcohol laws of Missouri	Alcohol laws of Missouri - wikipedia Alcohol laws of Missouri Jump to : navigation , search Location of Missouri The alcohol laws of Missouri are among the most permissive in the United States . Missouri is known throughout the Midwest for its largely laissez - faire approach to alcohol regulation , in sharp contrast to the very strict alcohol laws of some of its neighbors , like Kansas and Oklahoma . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Missouri alcohol laws 2 What constitutes `` intoxicating liquor '' 3 Liquor sales 3.1 Off - premises sales 3.2 On - premises sales 4 Shipping 4.1 Bulk shipments 4.2 Special regulations for wine shipments 5 Open container 5.1 Driving 5.2 In public 5.3 Special allowance for open containers in public in Kansas City 6 DUI 7 Minors and alcohol in Missouri 7.1 Drinking age 7.1. 1 Special expungement for MIP 7.2 Fake ID 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History of Missouri alcohol laws ( edit ) The packaging plant at the Anheuser - Busch headquarters in St. Louis See also : Missouri bellwether Nicknamed the `` Show Me State '' for Missourians ' well - known `` stalwart , conservative , noncredulous '' attitude toward regulation in general , this tendency always has been readily visible with regard to the state 's alcohol laws . Missouri 's laissez - faire approach to alcohol regulation also stems from its position as the leading alcohol - producing state in America , well known for wine production in the Missouri Rhineland and for beer production in St. Louis by Anheuser - Busch , which produces Budweiser . Anheuser - Busch is the principal advocate of keeping Missouri 's alcohol laws as lax as they are . But these laws have generally always been this way . During the height of the temperance movement in the late - 19th century and early - 20th century before nationwide prohibition , Missouri never implemented its own statewide prohibition . Actually , the voters of Missouri rejected prohibition in three separate initiative elections in 1910 , 1912 , and 1918 . When temperance crusader Carrie A. Nation entered a bar in Kansas City in April 1901 and began to smash liquor bottles with her hatchet , she was promptly arrested and fined $ 500 ( $12,926 in 2010 dollars ) , which her judge stayed as long as she agreed to leave Missouri and never return . The Missouri General Assembly did ratify the 18th Amendment in 1919 , but only after it already had received enough previous ratifications to become part of the Constitution . During Prohibition , political boss Tom Pendergast ensured that the national prohibition law would not affect Kansas City 's liquor industry and saloons . Kansas City 's federal prosecutor , who was on Pendergast 's payroll , never brought a single felony prosecution under the Volstead Act . Effectively , thanks to Pendergast , prohibition did not affect Kansas City . This atmosphere led the editor of the Omaha World - Herald to remark , `` If you want to see some sin , forget about Paris . Go to Kansas City . '' An 1857 Missouri statute left all liquor regulation to localities , including the question whether to go dry , except the collection of licensing fees . As a result , despite the lack of statewide prohibition , by the end of nationwide prohibition in 1934 half of Missouri 's counties had gone dry . Immediately , though , Missouri enacted its first Liquor Control Law , which repealed and superseded those local laws . This was the first time Missouri had any statewide control of liquor . Today , Missouri has no dry jurisdictions whatsoever . Before state alcohol regulation began in 1934 , many Missouri cities , including both St. Louis and Kansas City , had banned Sunday liquor sales . Missouri 's original 1934 Liquor Control Law prohibited Sunday sales of beverages with more than 5 % alcohol by volume , but this restriction was lifted entirely in 1975 . For 2013 , the annual `` Freedom in the 50 States '' study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri third in the nation in alcohol freedom , noting Missouri 's `` alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States , with no blue laws and taxes well below average . '' What constitutes `` intoxicating liquor '' ( edit ) Unlike many states , the alcohol laws of Missouri do not differentiate between types of alcohol based on the percentage of alcohol in a given beverage . Missouri 's Liquor Control Law covers any `` alcohol for beverage purposes , alcohol , spiritous , vinous , fermented , malt , or other liquors , or combination of liquors , a part of which is spiritous , vinous , or fermented , and all preparations or mixtures for beverage purposes , containing in excess of one - half of one percent by volume . '' Thus , the Liquor Control Law covers any type of alcoholic beverage which contains more than 0.5 % alcohol by volume . Until recently , there was a separate regulation for beer containing at least 0.5 % alcohol by volume and at most 3.2 % alcohol by weight , which was classified as `` nonintoxicating beer '' ( rather than a liquor ) and was subject to a separate law from the Liquor Control Law . For a long time , however , the Nonintoxicating Beer Law was rarely invoked , as the Liquor Control Law 's permissive sale provisions for any alcoholic beverage made so - called `` three - two beer '' a rarity in Missouri . The Missouri General Assembly repealed it in August 2009 . The Liquor Control Law now controls all alcoholic beverages containing more than 0.5 % alcohol by volume . Any beverage containing less than 0.5 % alcohol by volume ( including low alcohol beer ) is expressly exempt from all alcohol regulation in Missouri ( including age restrictions ) , and is subject only to ordinary food safety laws . Liquor sales ( edit ) Off - premises sales ( edit ) A bar in Downtown Kansas City advertising `` Liquors by drink or package , '' meaning that it is licensed as both a bar and liquor store . Missouri has no specific state limitations on the places where alcohol may be sold `` off - premises '' ( i.e. for consumption elsewhere ) . As a result , Missouri is famous in the region for grocery stores , drug stores , and even gas stations throughout the state which sell a wide variety of beer , wine , and liquor . As long as it is not located within 100 feet ( 30 m ) of a school or church , virtually any retail business ( including a vague and undefined `` general merchandise store '' ) which obtains the proper licenses from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control and local authorities may sell any type of alcohol . State law even forbids a local option and prohibits cities and counties from banning the off - premises sale of alcohol . Missouri does , however , limit the hours of retail alcohol sales to between 6 : 00 AM and 1 : 30 AM Monday through Saturday , and -- for an additional license fee -- between 9 : 00 AM and midnight on Sunday . Most municipalities , including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law , which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1 : 30 AM and 6 : 00 AM Tuesday through Saturday , and between midnight on Sunday and 9 : 00 AM the following morning . No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off - premises and on - premises licenses . As a result , some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both `` by the drink '' ( individually for consumption on premises ) and `` by the package '' ( by the container for consumption off premises ) . Effectively , these are bars which double as liquor stores . In these places , off - premises sales are allowed until 1 : 30 a.m. , even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3 : 00 a.m. ( on - premises sales may continue until 3 : 00 , but off - premises sales must cease by 1 : 30 ) . On - premises sales ( edit ) Generally , the hours for sales of liquor by the drink ( for consumption on the premises ) are the same as liquor by the package : between 6 : 00 AM and 1 : 30 AM Monday through Saturday , and -- again for an additional fee -- between 9 : 00 AM and midnight on Sunday . State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on - premises sale of liquor by public referendum , although no city in Missouri ever has held such a referendum . The on - premises sale of liquor is allowed throughout the state , without any limitation except for the hours when sale is permitted . Since 1981 , properly licensed establishments with certain levels of annual revenue in Kansas City , Jackson County , North Kansas City , St. Louis , and St. Louis County have been permitted to sell liquor by the drink between 6 : 00 AM and 3 : 00 AM Mondays through Saturdays , and between 9 : 00 AM and 3 : 00 AM on Sundays . Shipping ( edit ) Except for wine , Missouri places no limitations on the interstate shipping of alcohol into the state , as long the alcohol is in a quantity less than five gallons , has been lawfully manufactured in its source jurisdiction , and is shipped to a person who is at least 21 years of age . There are no quantity limits whatsoever for shipments which are entirely within Missouri or which are made by licensed Missouri alcohol retailers . Bulk shipments ( edit ) To ship alcohol into Missouri in quantities greater than five gallons , both the commercial carrier doing the shipping and the sender itself must obtain a `` transporter 's license '' from the Missouri Department of Revenue and pay the necessary licensing fees . Additionally , for such shipments , the commercial carrier must be generally licensed to do business by the Department of Economic Development . In practice , ordinary commercial shippers like FedEx and UPS have the necessary licenses . Special regulations for wine shipments ( edit ) An alcohol retailer licensed in Missouri or in any other state which has similar , `` reciprocal '' wine - shipping laws may ship up to two cases of wine each year to any Missouri resident over the age of 21 , provided that the wine is for personal use and not for resale . Such a delivery is deemed not to be a sale in Missouri . Otherwise , for direct shipments of wine from a winery , a wine manufacturer licensed in Missouri or any other state can obtain a `` wine direct shipper license '' from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control which lets that manufacturer ship up to two cases of wine per month to any person in Missouri who is at least 21 years of age . Unlike shipments under the `` reciprocal '' provision , for shipments under this provision , the wine manufacturer must use a licensed alcohol carrier . Open container ( edit ) Driving ( edit ) Skyline of St. Louis , Missouri , where , as in most of Missouri , passengers ( but not drivers ) may possess open containers and drink openly in moving vehicles Although a driver is prohibited from consuming alcohol while driving , Missouri has no general open container law for vehicles , a characteristic which Missouri shares only with the states of Arkansas , Connecticut , Delaware , Mississippi , Virginia , and West Virginia . Any non-driving vehicle passenger thus is permitted to possess an open container and consume alcohol in Missouri while the vehicle is in motion , although 31 smaller municipalities , the largest being Independence and St. Charles , have local open container laws . The metropolises of St. Louis and Kansas City have no local open container laws , and thus the state law ( or lack thereof ) governs . This makes it possible for a passenger to drink legally through the entire 250 - mile ( 400 km ) trip across Missouri on Interstate 70 between Downtown Kansas City and Downtown St. Louis , only closing the container while passing through the city limits of Independence , Bates City , Columbia , Foristell , and St. Charles . As a result of having no state open container laws , under the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century of 1999 , a percentage of Missouri 's federal highway funds is transferred instead to alcohol education programs each year . Since 1999 , the Missouri General Assembly has considered several bills which would have created open container regimens satisfying the federal law , but each one `` failed due to weak legislative support . '' Anheuser - Busch leads opposition to enacting a passenger open container law . In public ( edit ) Missouri also is one of only six states ( along with Georgia , Louisiana , Montana , Nevada , and Pennsylvania ) which has no state law prohibiting drinking in public , although an establishment selling liquor by the drink ordinarily may not permit a patron to take unfinished liquor off the premises . Restaurant and winery patrons , though , may take unfinished bottles of wine out of the restaurant or winery , provided that the containers are closed and placed in sealed bags . Missouri has no state public intoxication law either , unlike many other states , and state law expressly prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting any law `` which authorizes or requires arrest or punishment for public intoxication or being a common or habitual drunkard or alcoholic . '' It is a misdemeanor in Missouri , however , to be both intoxicated and disorderly or to consume or offer any alcoholic beverage specifically in any school , church , or courthouse . Consumption and offering in courthouses is permitted , though , at social functions after business hours when authorized by the court . Despite the lack of a general state law prohibiting drinking in public , nearly all municipalities , including both St. Louis and Kansas City , do prohibit drinking in public . St. Louis , however , does allow picnickers in public parks to consume alcohol without limitation . Special allowance for open containers in public in Kansas City ( edit ) Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , where open containers have been allowed in the street in certain areas since the spring of 2008 In 2005 , anticipating Kansas City 's new Power & Light District , a nine - block shopping , bar , and restaurant entertainment district in Downtown Kansas City , and after lobbying by the Cordish Company of Baltimore ( the District 's developer ) , the Missouri General Assembly passed a new law specifically allowing patrons of any `` entertainment district '' in Downtown Kansas City to remove any alcoholic beverage from any establishment in the district and carry it openly throughout the district , provided that the beverage is in a plastic cup marked with the logo of the establishment at which it was purchased . The City Council later legalized the possession of an open container in any portion not open to vehicular traffic of the Power & Light District , Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts , the Crossroads Arts District , the 18th and Vine Historic District , the Liberty Memorial , Crown Center , and the Union Hill neighborhood . The Power & Light District opened in the spring of 2008 , and no law prohibits drinking there `` in the street . '' It is one of only a few places in the United States where open containers are allowed in public . DUI ( edit ) Like every other state in the United States , driving under the influence is a crime in Missouri , and is subject to a great number of regulations outside of the Liquor Control Law . Missouri 's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is . 08 % for persons over the age of 21 and . 02 % for minors and adults under age 21 . Ordinarily , DUI is a misdemeanor in Missouri , although the third DUI conviction becomes a felony . Refusal to take a chemical test ( i.e. breathalyzer ) when so requested by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause will result in a one - year suspension of the suspect 's driver 's license . Minors and alcohol in Missouri ( edit ) Drinking age ( edit ) Missouri 's drinking age has been 21 since 1945 . That is , Missouri law prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol . Thus , when the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 came into effect on January 1 , 1985 , Missouri was in no danger of losing federal highway funds . A minor in possession ( MIP ) of alcohol or a business or person which furnishes alcohol to a minor is guilty of a misdemeanor , although for sellers there are numerous defenses and exceptions . Missouri is one of six states , however , with a unique exception which allows a minor to be furnished alcohol by his or her parent or guardian . Of course , if a parent or guardian purposefully intoxicated his or her child , it would be a form of child abuse . Rather , this sort of law allows parents to let their children have a small amount of liquor with a meal , at social gatherings , in religious services , or otherwise use alcohol in moderation . Additionally , although Missouri prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol , it is one of 20 states ( and the District of Columbia ) which have no specific law prohibiting the consumption of alcohol by minors . In 2005 , though , the Missouri General Assembly amended the Liquor Control Law to prohibit any minor from having a blood alcohol level higher than . 02 % . This new law has been referred to as `` Possession by Consumption '' . It remains unclear how the provision permitting family consumption , the lack of a specific consumption prohibition , and the new `` minor under the influence '' law will work together . Any teen can consume alcohol as long as they do not get caught with the alcohol in their possession if searched by a police officer . This means you can not get arrested if you are intoxicated but not breaking the law in some other way , ex. driving . Special expungement for MIP ( edit ) Main article : Expungement in Missouri Since 2005 , Missouri law has had a special method of expungement for a person who pleaded guilty to or was convicted of being a minor in possession of alcohol one time in Missouri . If more than a year has passed since said person turns twenty - one , and said person has had no other MIP expungements and has had no other alcohol - related law enforcement contacts ( like drunk driving or violating the terms of a liquor license ) , then all records of the case can be completely deleted upon proper application to the Circuit Court of the county in which the person was charged . Fake ID ( edit ) In Missouri , it is only a misdemeanor punishable by up to a $500 fine for a person under 21 to represent by virtue of displaying a fake ID that he or she is over 21 for the purposes of purchasing or possessing alcohol . Additionally , it constitutes a separate misdemeanor under the Liquor Control Law if the minor reproduced or altered the ID himself , punishable by up to one year in prison and / or a fine of up to $1,000 . The forgery of an identity document is a separate felony in Missouri , punishable by up to seven years in prison and / or a fine of up to $5,000 ( or if financial gain was made , up to the amount of that financial gain ) . Possession of forgery instruments also is a felony with the same prospective punishments as that of ordinary forgery . See also ( edit ) Alcohol laws of the United States by state History of Kansas City History of St. Louis , Missouri Smoking laws of Missouri People and culture of St. Louis , Missouri Sumptuary law Tom Pendergast Wine shipping laws in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mercatus Center ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Freedom in the 50 States - Missouri '' . Freedom in the 50 States . George Mason University . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Missouri Secretary of State - State Archives - Origin of `` Show Me '' slogan ^ Jump up to : `` Anheuser ends opposition to . 08 in Missouri , '' Modern Brewery Age , January 22 , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Kenneth H. Winn , `` It All Adds Up : Reform and the Erosion of Representative Government in Missouri , 1900 - 2000 , '' published by the Missouri Secretary of State Jump up ^ Ira M. Wasserman , `` Prohibition and Ethno - Cultural Conflict : the Missouri Prohibition Referendum of 1918 , '' Social Science Quarterly , Volume 70 , pp. 886 - 901 . Jump up ^ The Inflation Calculator Archived 2011 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Nation Barred from Kansas City , '' The New York Times ( April 16 , 1901 ) Jump up ^ Allan May , `` The History of the Kansas City Family , '' Crime Magazine , October 10 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Ken Burns , `` Kansas City , a Wide Open Town , '' from Jazz , PBS , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Anti-saloonists win : St. Louis must close her saloons on Sunday '' , The New York Times , May 8 , 1888 Jump up ^ 11 CSR § 70 - 1.010 ( 1 ) ( Missouri Secretary of State - Code of State Regulations ) Jump up ^ Annotations to Mo . Rev. Stat § 311.010 Jump up ^ `` For Missouri Prohibition ; Senate Passes Resolution Submitting Constitutional Amendment to People '' , The New York Times , May 6 , 1909 Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Lid Padlocked : Not a Saloon Opened on Sunday Either on the Missouri or Kansas Side '' , The New York Times , July 2 , 1906 Jump up ^ Missouri Attorney General 's Opinion 39 - 77 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . Chapter 311 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.020 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat Chapter 312 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 312.020 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.080 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.200 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.170 Archived 2010 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.290 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.293 Jump up ^ City of St. Louis Rev. Code of Ordinances § § 14.03. 030 - 040 Jump up ^ Kansas City Code of Ordinances § § 10 - 333 and 10 - 104 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.110 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.174 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.176 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.178 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.410 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.420 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.462 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.185 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 577.017 Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation - Open Container Law Conformance ^ Jump up to : Justin Roberts , `` Missouri State and Local Open Container Laws , '' University of Missouri Institute of Public Policy , June 2005 Jump up ^ 23 U.S.C. § 154 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.101 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 67.305 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 574.075 Jump up ^ City of St. Louis Rev. Code of Ordinanes § 14.05. 010 Jump up ^ Kansas City Code of Ordinances § 50 - 152 Jump up ^ City of St. Louis Rev. Code of Ordinances § 14.05. 010 ( a ) Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.086 Archived 2010 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kansas City Code of Ordinances § § 10 - 134 and 10 - 135 ^ Jump up to : Rick Alm , `` Drinking to be allowed on street in Power & Light District , '' The Kansas City Star , July 27 , 2005 Jump up ^ Kansas City Code of Ordinance § 10 - 134 ( c ) Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . Chapter 577 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 577.012 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.325 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 577.023 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 577.041 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.310 Archived 2010 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.326 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.320 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 311.329 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 558.011 ^ Jump up to : Mo . Rev. Stat . § 560.016 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 570.090 Jump up ^ Mo . Rev. Stat . § 570.100 External links ( edit ) Missouri Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control Missouri Liquor Control Law ( hide ) Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Missouri&oldid=826336586 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Missouri law Food and drink in Missouri Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 15 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is it legal to distill alcohol in missouri	[]	[]
7244675835533607122	Royal Proclamation of 1763	Royal Proclamation of 1763 - wikipedia Royal Proclamation of 1763 Jump to : navigation , search `` Indian Magna Carta '' redirects here . This term has also been applied to the United States Indian Reorganization Act . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Library and Archives Canada . A portion of eastern North America ; the 1763 `` proclamation line '' is the border between the red and the pink areas . Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Supreme Court Act ( 1875 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7 , 1763 , by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War . It forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains , which was delineated as an Indian Reserve . This proclamation rendered worthless all land grants given by the government to British subjects who fought for the Crown against France . People throughout the various colonies were filled with indignation at having been unjustly shut out of the vast western wilderness and away from its resources . This anger was a foreshadowing of the discontent that would later arise during the American Revolution . The Royal Proclamation continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada . The 1763 proclamation line is similar to the Eastern Continental Divide 's path running northwards from Georgia to the Pennsylvania -- New York border and north - eastwards past the drainage divide on the St. Lawrence Divide from there northwards through New England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Provisions 2.1 New colonies 2.2 Native lands 2.2. 1 Proclamation line 3 Legacy 3.1 Indigenous peoples 3.2 United States 3.3 250th anniversary celebrations 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Sources 7 Further reading 7.1 Canada 8 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War The Treaty of Paris was the official conclusion to the Seven Years ' War , of which the French and Indian War was the North American theater . Under this treaty , France ceded ownership of all of continental North America east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , and the rest of Canada to Britain . Spain received all French territory west of the Mississippi . Both Spain and Britain received some French islands in the Caribbean . France kept a few small islands used by fishermen , modern - day Haiti and the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe . Provisions ( edit ) New colonies ( edit ) The Eastern ( orange line ) in the southern areas , and St. Lawrence ( magenta line ) watershed boundaries in the northern areas of this map more - or-less defined almost all of the Royal Proclamation 's western boundaries Besides regulating colonial expansion , the Proclamation of 1763 dealt with the management of inherited French colonies from the French and Indian War . It established government for four areas : Quebec , West Florida , East Florida , and Grenada . Native lands ( edit ) Some Native American peoples -- primarily in the ( Great Lakes region ) -- had a long and close relationship with France , and were dismayed to find that they were now under British sovereignty . They missed the amicable relationship with the French , along with the gifts they bestowed upon them , neither of which they had with the British . Pontiac 's Rebellion ( 1763 -- 66 ) , a war launched by a group of natives around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley , was an unsuccessful effort by the western tribes to push the British back . However tribes were able to take over a large number of the forts which commanded the waterways involved in trade within the region and export to Great Britain . The Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac 's Rebellion , but the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process . British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and help to prevent future hostilities . Proclamation line ( edit ) New borders drawn by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . At the outset , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the occupied territories of North America . Explaining parts of the Frontier expansion in North America , in Colonial America and especially Canada colony of New France , a diminutive new colony , the Province of Quebec was carved . The territory northeast of the St. John River on the Labrador coast was placed under the Newfoundland Colony . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement , to the great disappointment of the land speculators of Virginia and Pennsylvania , who had started the Seven Years ' War to gain these territories . The proclamation created a boundary line ( often called the proclamation line ) between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands ( called the Indian Reserve ) west of the Appalachian Mountains . The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Aboriginal lands , but rather a temporary boundary which could be extended further west in an orderly , lawful manner . It was also not designed as an uncrossable boundary ; people could cross the line , just not settle past it . Its contour was defined by the headwaters that formed the watershed along the Appalachians . All land with rivers that flowed into the Atlantic was designated for the colonial entities , while all the land with rivers that flowed into the Mississippi was reserved for the native Indian population . The proclamation outlawed the private purchase of Native American land , which had often created problems in the past . Instead , all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials `` at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians '' . Furthermore , British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands , and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval . The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians . British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them . Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line , some of which had been temporarily evacuated during Pontiac 's War , and there were many already granted land claims yet to be settled . For example , George Washington and his Virginia soldiers had been granted lands past the boundary . Prominent American colonials joined with the land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west . Their efforts were successful , and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Native Americans . In 1768 the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour , followed in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber , opened much of what is now Kentucky and West Virginia to British settlement . Legacy ( edit ) Indigenous peoples in Canada First Nations Inuit Métis History ( show ) Paleo - Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Residential schools Indian hospitals Conflicts First Nations Inuit Politics ( show ) Crown and Indigenous peoples Treaty rights Health Policy Numbered Treaties Royal Commission Self - government Indian Act British Columbia Treaty Process Idle No More Missing and murdered Indigenous women Politics Organizations Case law Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Culture ( show ) Indigenous cultures Indigenous personalities Country food Music Demographics ( show ) Indian reserves AB FN Métis Atlantic CA BC MB ON QC SK Territories Pacific Coast Linguistics ( show ) Indigenous languages Inuit languages Indigenous English Dialects NAPA Aboriginal syllabics Inuit grammar Religions ( show ) Traditional beliefs Inuit religion Index ( show ) Index of articles Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Stubs Wikiprojects ( show ) Portal Indigenous Canadian portal WikiProject Indigenous North Americans First Nations Commons Wiktionary Inuit Commons Wiktionary Métis Commons Wiktionary Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Further information on Canadian Aboriginal legacy : The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America , especially Upper Canada and Rupert 's Land . The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of Indigenous peoples in Canada -- First Nations , Inuit , and Métis . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is thus mentioned in Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . According to historian Colin Calloway , `` ( settler ) scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty '' . The proclamation established the important precedent that the indigenous population had certain rights to the lands they occupied . Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a `` fundamental document '' for First Nations land claims and self - government . It is `` the first legal recognition by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights '' and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown . The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature , only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of `` settler encroachments on their lands '' and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement . Advice given by a merchant to the Board of Trade on August 30 , 1764 , expressed that The Indians all know we can not be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive woody Country ... from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts , Trade & ca securely , it can not be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants . Some historians believe that `` the British were trying to convince Native people that there was nothing to fear from the colonists , while at the same time trying to increase political and economic power relative to First Nations and other European powers . '' Others argue that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara , provide for an argument that `` discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations '' and affirms Aboriginal `` powers of self - determination in , among other things , allocating lands . '' United States ( edit ) USA Proclamation of 1763 Silver Medal . Franklin Mint Issue 1970 . The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted . Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768 , since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement . Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country . Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties , the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans , which angered colonial land speculators . Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown . George Washington was given 20,000 acres ( 81 km ) of wild land in the Ohio region for his services in the French and Indian War . In 1770 , Washington took the lead in securing the rights of him and his old soldiers in the French War , advancing money to pay expenses in behalf of the common cause and using his influence in the proper quarters . In August 1770 , it was decided that Washington should personally make a trip to the western region , where he located tracts for himself and military comrades and eventually was granted letters patent for tracts of land there . The lands involved were open to Virginians under terms of the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770 , except for the lands located 2 miles south of Fort Pitt , now known as Pittsburgh . In the United States , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . Afterward , the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation . The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790 , prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands . In 1823 , the U.S. Supreme Court case Johnson v. M'Intosh established that only the U.S. government , and not private individuals , could purchase land from Native Americans . 250th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) In October 2013 the 250th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation was celebrated in Ottawa with a meeting of Indian leaders and Governor - General David Johnston . The Aboriginal movement Idle No More held birthday parties for this monumental document at various locations across Canada . See also ( edit ) Indian removal Indian barrier state Northwest Territory Indian Reserve ( 1763 ) Halifax Treaties Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 - 1766 ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution , A History . New York , Modern Library , 2002 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 1 , p. 22 Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , France in America , Fitzhrenry & Whiteside Limited 1972 , p220 Jump up ^ Jack M. Sosin , Whitehall and the Wilderness ( University of Nebraska Pres. 1961 p. 146 Jump up ^ Harvey Markowitz , American Indians ( 1995 ) p. 633 Jump up ^ Louis De Vorsey , The Indian boundary in the southern colonies , 1763 -- 1775 ( 1966 ) p. 39 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Scratch of a Pen , 93 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 155 . Jump up ^ Douglas R. Francis , Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith , Origins : Canadian History to Confederation 6th ed . ( Toronto : Nelson Education Ltd. , 2009 ) , 157 . Jump up ^ Francis et al. , Origins , 156 . Jump up ^ Jack Stagg , Anglo - Indian Relations In North America to 1763 and An Analysis of the Royal Proclamation of 7 October 1763 , Indian and Northern Affairs Canada , Research Branch , 1981 , 356 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Native Liberty , Crown Sovereignty : The Existing Aboriginal Right of Self - Government in Canada , Bruce Clark . ( Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1990 ) , 81 . Jump up ^ Borrows , `` Wampum , '' 160 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 164 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 165 . Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( August 1994 ) . `` The Ohio Indians and the Coming of the American Revolution in Virginia '' . The Journal of Southern History . 60 ( 3 ) : 453 -- 78 . doi : 10.2307 / 2210989 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 : Relationships , Rights and Treaties -- Poster '' . Government of Canada . 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from George Washington to George Mercer dated November 7 , 1771 , at Williamsburg '' . The writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources . p. 68 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 21 U.S. ( 8 Wheat . ) 543 ( 1823 ) Jump up ^ CBC.ca : `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Canada 's ' Indian Magna Carta , ' turns 250 '' 6 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ G + M `` Royal Proclamation 's 250th anniversary has First Nations reflecting on their rights '' 7 October 2013 Sources ( edit ) Abernethy , Thomas Perkins ( 1959 ) ( 1937 ) . Western Lands and the American Revolution . New York : Russell & Russell . Borrows , John ( 1997 ) . `` Wampum at Niagara : The Royal Proclamation , Canadian Legal History , and Self - Government '' . In Asch , Michael . Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada . Vancouver : UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0580 - 3 . Calloway , Colin ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530071 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Marshall , Peter . `` Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix , 1768 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1967 ) 1 # 2 pp 149 -- 179 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875800007830 Sosin , Jack . Whitehall and the wilderness : The Middle West in British colonial policy , 1760 - 1775 ( 1961 ) , the standard scholarly history of the proclamation and its effects . Stuart , Paul . The Indian Office : Growth and Development of an American Institution , 1865 - 1900 ( UMI Research Press , 1979 ) Canada ( edit ) Cashin , Edward J. `` Governor Henry Ellis and the Transformation of British North America . '' Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1994 . Fenge , Terry and Jim Aldridge ( eds . ) , Keeping Promises : The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Aboriginal Rights , and Treaties in Canada , 2015 , McGill - Queen 's University Press Lawson , Philip . The Imperial Challenge : Quebec and Britain in the Age of the American Revolution . Montreal / Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1989 . Roth , Christopher F. ( 2002 ) `` Without Treaty , without Conquest : Indigenous Sovereignty in Post-Delgamuukw British Columbia . '' Wicazo Sa Review , vol. 17 , no . 2 , pp. 143 -- 165 . Stonechild , Blair A. `` Indian - White Relations in Canada , 1763 to the Present . '' In Encyclopedia of North American Indians , ed . Frederick E. Hoxie , 277 -- 81 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1996 . Tousignant , Pierre . `` The Integration of the Province of Quebec into the British Empire , 1763 -- 91 . Part 1 : From the Royal Proclamation to the Quebec Act . '' In Dictionary of Canadian Biography , vol. 4 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1980 . 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-164959375668613161	2017 Billboard Music Awards	2017 Billboard Music Awards - wikipedia 2017 Billboard Music Awards Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Billboard Music Awards Date May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) Location T - Mobile Arena , Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Hosted by Ludacris Vanessa Hudgens Most awards Drake ( 13 ) Most nominations The Chainsmokers and Drake ( 22 each ) Television / radio coverage Network ABC ← 2016 Billboard Music Awards 2018 → The 2017 Billboard Music Awards was held at the T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas on May 21 , 2017 . The list of nominees was announced on April 10 , 2017 . Non-televised awards were announced on Billboard website the same day as the main ceremony . This was the last BBMAs on ABC as they moved to NBC the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Presenters 3 Winners and nominees 4 References Performances ( edit ) Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Nicki Minaj Lil Wayne David Guetta Jason Derulo `` No Frauds '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Swalla '' `` Regret in Your Tears '' Camila Cabello `` I Have Questions '' `` Crying in the Club '' The Chainsmokers `` Young '' Julia Michaels `` Issues '' Ed Sheeran `` Castle on the Hill '' Miley Cyrus `` Malibu '' Lorde `` Green Light '' Sam Hunt `` Body Like a Back Road '' Celine Dion `` My Heart Will Go On '' Imagine Dragons `` Believer '' Drake `` Gyalchester '' Halsey `` Now or Never '' Florida Georgia Line John Legend `` Surefire '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' Cher `` Believe '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' Bruno Mars `` Versace on the Floor '' Notes Sheeran 's performance was pre-recorded at Movistar Arena in Santiago , Chile Drake 's performance was pre-recorded at The Fountains of Bellagio Mars ' performance was pre-recorded at Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam , Netherlands Presenters ( edit ) Ed Helms Kevin Hart G - Eazy Ashley Tisdale Kate Beckinsale Rita Ora Bebe Rexha DJ Khaled Mark Cuban Sara Foster Rachel Lindsay Savvy Shields Billy Ray Cyrus Noah Cyrus Josh Duhamel Hailee Steinfeld Alexandra Daddario Ansel Elgort Sean `` Diddy '' Combs Lindsey Stirling Logan Paul Lea Michele Nicole Scherzinger Jussie Smollett Rachel Platten Chris Daughtry Olivia Munn Dan Reynolds Gwen Stefani Prince Michael Jackson Winners and nominees ( edit ) Winners are listed in bold . Top Artist Top New Artist Drake Adele Beyoncé Justin Bieber The Chainsmokers Ariana Grande Shawn Mendes Rihanna Twenty One Pilots Zayn Alessia Cara Desiigner Lil Uzi Vert Lukas Graham Top Female Artist Top Male Artist Beyoncé Adele Ariana Grande Rihanna Sia Drake Justin Bieber Future Shawn Mendes The Weeknd Top Duo / Group Billboard Chart Achievement ( Fan - voted ) Twenty One Pilots The Chainsmokers Coldplay Florida Georgia Line Guns N ' Roses Twenty One Pilots Luke Bryan Nicki Minaj The Chainsmokers The Weeknd Top Billboard 200 Artist Top Billboard 200 Album Drake Beyoncé Prince Twenty One Pilots The Weeknd Views -- Drake Anti -- Rihanna Blurryface -- Twenty One Pilots Lemonade -- Beyoncé Starboy -- The Weeknd Top Hot 100 Artist Top Hot 100 Song Drake The Chainsmokers Rihanna Twenty One Pilots The Weeknd `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Justin Timberlake `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` Heathens '' -- Twenty One Pilots `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Top Song Sales Artist Top Selling Song Drake The Chainsmokers Prince Justin Timberlake Twenty One Pilots `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Justin Timberlake `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` Heathens '' -- Twenty One Pilots `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Top Radio Songs Artist Top Radio Song Twenty One Pilots Justin Bieber The Chainsmokers Drake Rihanna `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Justin Timberlake `` Cheap Thrills '' -- Sia featuring Sean Paul `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Top Collaboration Top Streaming Artist The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey , `` Closer '' The Chainsmokers featuring Daya , `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Drake featuring WizKid & Kyla , `` One Dance '' Sia featuring Sean Paul , `` Cheap Thrills '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` Starboy '' Drake The Chainsmokers Desiigner Rihanna Twenty One Pilots Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Top Streaming Song ( Video ) `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` Broccoli '' -- DRAM featuring Lil Yachty `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Needed Me '' -- Rihanna `` Starboy '' -- The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Desiigner , `` Panda '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey , `` Closer '' Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall , `` Juju on That Beat ( TZ Anthem ) '' Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane , `` Black Beatles '' Twenty One Pilots , `` Heathens '' Top Touring Artist Top Social Artist ( Fan - voted ) Beyoncé Justin Bieber Coldplay Guns N ' Roses Bruce Springsteen & the E-Street Band BTS Justin Bieber Ariana Grande Shawn Mendes Selena Gomez Top Christian Artist Top Christian Song Lauren Daigle Hillsong Worship Hillary Scott & the Family Skillet Chris Tomlin `` Thy Will '' -- Hillary Scott & the Family `` Trust In You '' -- Lauren Daigle `` Feel Invincible '' -- Skillet `` Eye of the Storm '' -- Ryan Stevenson featuring GabeReal `` Chain Breaker '' -- Zach Williams Top Christian Album Top Gospel Artist How Can It Be -- Lauren Daigle Hymns That Are Important to Us -- Joey + Rory Love Remains -- Hillary Scott & the Family The Very Next Thing -- Casting Crowns Unleashed -- Skillet Kirk Franklin Jekalyn Carr Travis Greene Tamela Mann Hezekiah Walker Top Gospel Song Top Gospel Album `` Made a Way '' -- Travis Greene `` You 're Bigger '' -- Jekalyn Carr `` Put a Praise On It '' -- Tasha Cobbs featuring Kierra Sheard `` Wanna Be Happy ? '' -- Kirk Franklin `` Better '' -- Hezekiah Walker One Way -- Tamela Mann Better : Azusa -- The Next Generation 2 -- Hezekiah Walker Losing My Religion -- Kirk Franklin The Hill -- Travis Greene One Place Live -- Tasha Cobbs Top Country Artist Top Country Song Blake Shelton Florida Georgia Line Keith Urban Chris Stapleton Jason Aldean Florida Georgia Line , `` H.O.L.Y. '' Kenny Chesney featuring P ! nk , `` Setting the World on Fire '' Florida Georgia Line featuring Tim McGraw , `` May We All '' Little Big Town , `` Better Man '' Keith Urban , `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' Top Country Album Top Country Collaboration Traveller -- Chris Stapleton Dig Your Roots -- Florida Georgia Line If I 'm Honest -- Blake Shelton Ripcord -- Keith Urban They Do n't Know -- Jason Aldean Kenny Chesney featuring P ! nk , `` Setting the World on Fire '' Dierks Bentley featuring Elle King , `` Different for Girls '' Eric Church featuring Rhiannon Giddens , `` Kill a Word '' Florida Georgia Line featuring Tim McGraw , `` May We All '' Chris Young featuring Vince Gill , `` Sober Saturday Night '' Top Country Tour Top Dance / Electronic Artist Kenny Chesney Luke Bryan Dixie Chicks The Chainsmokers Calvin Harris Major Lazer DJ Snake Lindsey Stirling Top Dance / Electronic Song Top Dance / Electronic Album `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` This Is What You Came For '' -- Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna `` Cold Water '' -- Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber & MØ `` Let Me Love You '' -- DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber Brave Enough -- Lindsey Stirling Bouquet -- The Chainsmokers Collage -- The Chainsmokers Skin -- Flume Cloud Nine -- Kygo Top Latin Artist Top Latin Song Juan Gabriel J Balvin Los Plebes del Rancho de Ariel Camacho Maluma Nicky Jam Nicky Jam , `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Daddy Yankee , `` Shaky Shaky '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Wisin , `` Duele el Corazón '' Shakira featuring Maluma , `` Chantaje '' Carlos Vives & Shakira , `` La Bicicleta '' Top Latin Album Top R&B Artist Los Dúo , Vol. 2 -- Juan Gabriel Energia -- J Balvin Primera Cita -- CNCO Vestido de Etiqueta por Eduardo Magallanes -- Juan Gabriel Recuerden Mi Estilo -- Los Plebes del Rancho de Ariel Camacho Beyoncé Bruno Mars Frank Ocean Rihanna The Weeknd Top R&B Song Top R&B Album Drake featuring WizKid & Kyla , `` One Dance '' Bruno Mars , `` 24K Magic '' Rihanna , `` Needed Me '' Rihanna featuring Drake , `` Work '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` Starboy '' Lemonade -- Beyoncé Anti -- Rihanna Blonde -- Frank Ocean Starboy -- The Weeknd 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars Top R&B Collaboration Top R&B Tour Drake featuring WizKid & Kyla , `` One Dance '' PARTYNEXTDOOR featuring Drake , `` Come and See Me '' Rihanna featuring Drake , `` Work '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` I Feel It Coming '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` Starboy '' Beyoncé Lionel Richie Rihanna Top Rap Artist Top Rap Song Drake J. Cole Desiigner Future Rae Sremmurd Desiigner , `` Panda '' Drake , `` Fake Love '' DRAM featuring Lil Yachty , `` Broccoli '' Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert , `` Bad and Boujee '' Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane , `` Black Beatles '' Top Rap Album Top Rap Collaboration Views -- Drake 4 Your Eyez Only -- J. Cole Islah -- Kevin Gates Major Key -- DJ Khaled We Got It from Here ... Thank You 4 Your Service -- A Tribe Called Quest Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane , `` Black Beatles '' DRAM featuring Lil Yachty , `` Broccoli '' Zay Hilfigerr & Zayion McCall , `` Juju on That Beat ( TZ Anthem ) '' Machine Gun Kelly & Camila Cabello , `` Bad Things '' Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert , `` Bad and Boujee '' Top Rap Tour Top Rock Artist Drake Future Kanye West Twenty One Pilots Coldplay The Lumineers Metallica X Ambassadors Top Rock Song Top Rock Album Twenty One Pilots , `` Heathens '' Lil Wayne , Wiz Khalifa & Imagine Dragons with Logic & Ty Dolla $ ign featuring X Ambassadors , `` Sucker for Pain '' Twenty One Pilots , `` Ride '' Twenty One Pilots , `` Stressed Out '' X Ambassadors , `` Unsteady '' Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct -- Metallica A Moon Shaped Pool -- Radiohead Blurryface -- Twenty One Pilots Cleopatra -- The Lumineers The Getaway -- Red Hot Chili Peppers Top Rock Tour Top Soundtrack / Cast Album Coldplay Guns N ' Roses Bruce Springsteen & the E-Street Band Hamilton : An American Musical Moana Purple Rain Suicide Squad : The Album Trolls Icon Award Cher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2017 Show Date Announced '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Drake , The Chainsmokers Lead Nominees for the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' 2017 BILLBOARD MUSIC AWARDS `` ANNOUNCE NON-TELEVISED AWARD RECIPIENTS '' . Billboard Music Awards . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars , Ed Sheeran , Camila Cabello , Nicki Minaj & More to Perform at 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to Perform ' My Heart Will Go On ' at 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile Presents Julia Michaels To Perform -- Billboard Music Awards '' . May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers , Halsey and Sam Hunt Performing at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` John Legend & Florida Georgia Line to Perform ( Together ! ) At 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Here Is the Complete List of Winners From the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Bigger than Bieber ? K - pop group BTS beats US stars to win Billboard Music Award '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . ( hide ) Billboard Music Awards Awards Top Artist Top New Artist Top Male Artist Top Female Artist Top Duo / Group Top Touring Artist Top Billboard 200 Artist Top Billboard 200 Album Top Hot 100 Artist Top Hot 100 Song Top Radio Songs Artist Top Radio Song Top Selling Song Top Streaming Artist Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Top Streaming Song ( Video ) Top Christian Artist Top Christian Song Top Christian Album Top Gospel Artist Top Gospel Song Top Gospel Album Top Country Artist Top Country Song Top Country Album Top Dance / Electronic Artist Top Dance / Electronic Song Top Dance / Electronic Album Top Latin Artist Top Latin Song Top Latin Album Top R&B Artist Top R&B Song Top R&B Album Top Rap Artist Top Rap Song Top Rap Album Top Rock Artist Top Rock Song Top Rock Album Top Soundtrack Top Social Artist Chart Achievement See full list Special awards Spotlight Award Icon Award Millennium Award Awards ceremony 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related Billboard Touring Awards Billboard Women in Music Billboard Latin Music Awards Billboard Japan Music Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Billboard_Music_Awards&oldid=833107359 '' Categories : Billboard Music Award Billboard awards 2017 in Nevada 2017 music awards T - Mobile Arena Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Čeština 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 21 . 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-7276671635242703399	X-Men: The Last Stand	X-Men : the Last Stand - wikipedia X-Men : the Last Stand X-Men : The Last Stand Theatrical release poster Directed by Brett Ratner Produced by Lauren Shuler Donner Ralph Winter Avi Arad Written by Simon Kinberg Zak Penn Based on X-Men by Jack Kirby Stan Lee Starring Hugh Jackman Halle Berry Ian McKellen Famke Janssen Anna Paquin Kelsey Grammer James Marsden Rebecca Romijn Shawn Ashmore Aaron Stanford Vinnie Jones Patrick Stewart Ellen Page Music by John Powell Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Mark Helfrich Mark Goldblatt Julia Wong Production companies Dune Entertainment Marvel Entertainment The Donners ' Company Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $210 million Box office $459.4 million X-Men : The Last Stand is a 2006 superhero film , based on the X-Men superhero team introduced in Marvel Comics . It is the sequel to 2003 's X2 and the third installment in the X-Men film series . The film was directed by Brett Ratner , written by Simon Kinberg and Zak Penn , and features an ensemble cast , including Hugh Jackman , Halle Berry , Ian McKellen , Famke Janssen , Anna Paquin , Kelsey Grammer , James Marsden , Rebecca Romijn , Shawn Ashmore , Aaron Stanford , Vinnie Jones , and Patrick Stewart . The film 's script is loosely based on two X-Men comic book story arcs : `` The Dark Phoenix Saga '' by writer Chris Claremont and artist John Byrne , and `` Gifted '' by writer Joss Whedon and artist John Cassaday , with a plot that revolves around a `` mutant cure '' that causes serious repercussions among mutants and humans , and on the resurrection of Jean Grey . Bryan Singer , who had directed the two previous films , X-Men ( 2000 ) and X2 , decided to leave to work on Superman Returns , as he had not even defined the storyline for a third film . Matthew Vaughn , who was initially hired as the new director , left due to personal and professional issues , and was replaced with Ratner . Filming took place from August 2005 to January 2006 with a budget of $210 million , and was consequently the most expensive film at the time of its release . It had extensive visual effects created by 11 different companies . X-Men : The Last Stand was released on May 26 , 2006 , by 20th Century Fox . It grossed approximately $459 million worldwide , becoming the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2006 ; it was at the time the highest - grossing film in the series and currently the fourth - highest - grossing film of the franchise . Critical reception was mixed , with the acting and the action scenes receiving positive notice , and criticism directed at the screenplay , overuse of characters , and style . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 3.5 Music 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Sequels and prequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty years in the past , Professor Charles Xavier and Erik Lehnsherr meet young Jean Grey at her parents ' house to invite her to join their school , the X-Mansion . Ten years later , the industrialist father of Warren Worthington III discovers his son is a mutant as Warren tries to cut off his wings . In the present , Worthington Labs announces it has developed an inoculation to suppress the X-gene that gives mutants their abilities , and offer the `` cure '' to any mutant who wants it . The cure is created from the genome of a young mutant named Jimmy , who lives at the Worthington facility on Alcatraz Island . While some mutants are interested in the cure , including the X-Men 's Rogue , many others are horrified by the announcement . Lehnsherr re-establishes his Brotherhood of Mutants with those who oppose the cure , warning his followers that the cure will be forcefully used to exterminate the mutant race . With help from Pyro , Lehnsherr recruits Callisto and several other mutants . They attack the mobile prison holding Mystique to free her , also freeing Juggernaut and Multiple Man . Mystique saves Lehnsherr by taking a shot of the mutant cure aimed at him , rendering Raven Darkhölme human . Hateful of humans , Lehnsherr abandons Darkhölme , much to her shock and anguish . Meanwhile , Scott Summers , still distraught over the loss of his fiancée , Jean Grey , drives to her resting location at Alkali Lake . Jean appears to Summers but , as the two kiss , Jean kills him . Sensing trouble , Xavier sends Logan and Storm to investigate . When they arrive , they find only telekinetically floating rocks , Summers ' glasses , and an unconscious Jean . When they return to the X-Mansion , Xavier explains to Logan that when Jean sacrificed herself to save them , she also freed the `` Phoenix '' , a dark and extremely powerful alternate personality which Xavier had telepathically repressed , aware of the Phoenix 's godlike destructive potential . Logan is disgusted to learn of this psychic tampering with Jean 's mind but , once she awakens , he discovers that she killed Summers and is not the Jean Grey he once knew . The Phoenix emerges , knocks out Logan , and escapes to her childhood home . Lehnsherr learns of Jean 's resurrection through Callisto , and the X-Men arrive at the Grey home at the same time as the Brotherhood . Lehnsherr and Xavier go in alone , and both vie for Jean 's loyalty until the Phoenix resurfaces . She destroys the house and disintegrates Xavier before Lehnsherr and Logan can stop her . Jean leaves with Lehnsherr . The Brotherhood decides to strike Worthington Labs , and the government sends multiple teams to attack the Brotherhood 's base in the forest , with information gained from Darkhölme , furious over Lehnsherr 's betrayal . However , the life forms in the camp are all copies of Multiple Man , and Lehnsherr uses his powers to move the Golden Gate Bridge so he and his army can get to Alcatraz and facilitate the attack on Worthington Labs . The remaining X-Men confront the Brotherhood , despite being significantly outnumbered , and arrive just as the military troops who thus far have been neutralizing the attacking mutants are overwhelmed by the Brotherhood . During the fight , Kitty Pryde saves Jimmy from Juggernaut , who had been sent to kill him . Logan has Colossus throw him at Lehnsherr and distract him long enough for Hank McCoy to inject Lehnsherr with the `` cure '' and thus nullify his powers . Army reinforcements arrive and shoot at Jean just as Logan had calmed her down . The Phoenix is awakened by the attack and disintegrates the troops in retaliation . The Phoenix then begins to destroy Alcatraz and anyone within range of her powers . Logan realizes that only he can stop the Phoenix due to his healing factor and adamantium skeleton . When Logan approaches her , Jean momentarily gains control and begs him to save her . Logan fatally stabs Jean , stopping the Phoenix , but mourns for her death . Sometime later , mutant rights are finally obtained and Xavier 's school is still operating with Storm as headmistress . The President of the United States appoints Hank McCoy as ambassador to the United Nations . Rogue reveals to Bobby Drake that she has taken the cure , much to his disappointment . Meanwhile , Lehnsherr sits alone at a chessboard in a San Francisco park . As he gestures toward a metal chess piece , it wobbles slightly , indicating that his powers may be returning . In a post-credits scene , Moira MacTaggert checks on a comatose patient who greets her with Xavier 's voice , leaving her startled . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine A Canadian mutant born with hyper - acute , animal - like senses , claws on his hands , and an accelerated healing factor that made it possible to implant a coating of the indestructible metal alloy adamantium on his skeleton . Jackman was pleased to see that the script allowed Wolverine to expand his character choices , as instead of questioning whether he would remain a loner or join the X-Men , Logan now is asked if he will play a leadership role in the X-Men . Halle Berry as Ororo Munroe / Storm A mutant , who is one of Xavier 's earlier students and the leader of the X-Men in Cyclops ' absence . Storm is a woman with the ability to manipulate the weather . Berry had stated during interviews for X2 that she would not return unless the character had a significant presence comparable to the comic book version , leading to a larger role in The Last Stand 's script . Berry declared that her ethnicity made the actress identify with the cure plot : `` When I was a child , I felt that if only I could change myself , my life would be better . As I 've gotten older , I 've come to terms with what utter nonsense that is . '' The character was given a more modern haircut , and costume designer Judianna Makovsky opted to give Storm more black clothes , a color she only wore in the leather costume for previous films , to make her `` tougher and sexier '' . Ian McKellen as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto Leader and founder of the Brotherhood , Magneto is a mutant Holocaust survivor who wages war against humanity in the name of mutant superiority . He has the ability to control and manipulate metal , making him one of the most powerful mutants . Well - known for his homosexuality , McKellen found a parallel of the cure with many prejudices : `` It 's abhorrent to me , as it would be if a person said I need curing of my sexuality , or if someone said that black people could take a pill that would ' cure ' them of being black . '' McKellen 's shooting schedule had to accommodate his work in both The Da Vinci Code and the London theatre , going as far as filming the actor in England to later superimpose into the Vancouver plates . Famke Janssen as Jean Grey / Phoenix A mutant former member of the X-Men , a Class 5 mutant who possesses potentially limitless telepathic and telekinetic powers . The X-Men learn that she has survived the flooding dam from the previous film , but when the rest of the team finds her , Grey has given in completely to her aggressive alternate personality of her powers , the Phoenix . Her mutant powers rival those of Xavier . The writers described the multiple personalities was `` an Oedipal drama played out '' , where the Phoenix was `` someone embodying ( a ) Greek goddess '' , while Jean Grey kept the character as `` a human , grounded in Freudian terms , a victim , a schizophrenic . To mark the change of Jean Grey into Phoenix , her wardrobe focused on red colors , and everyday fabric in contrast to the leather costumes of the X-Men . Digital make - up also made Jean 's face darker with her skin showing some veins and her eyes turning black , signifying the Phoenix personality of her powers . Haley Ramm as Young Jean Grey Anna Paquin as Marie / Rogue A young mutant woman whose power causes her to temporarily take on the powers of anyone she touches , leaving her victims ( mutant or human ) unconscious , Rogue 's lack of control over her power causes a great deal of strain on her relationship with Iceman . Paquin declared that while Rogue did not have `` a large physical component in this movie '' , the `` adult decisions '' the character was forced to do made for more intensity on the emotional side . Kelsey Grammer as Dr. Hank McCoy / Beast A mutant former student of Xavier 's Institute for Gifted Mutants who is now a member of the U.S. Cabinet as the Secretary of Mutant Affairs , Beast is a brilliant scientist and statesman . He is covered in blue fur and has heightened strength , reflexes and agility , as well as pointed fangs and a lion - like roar . Grammer 's make - up took three hours to apply , it involved applying latex prosthetics before painting his eye area and lips blue , applying various hair pieces and wigs , and a muscle suit covered with a hand - punched fur suit . James Marsden as Scott Summers / Cyclops A mutant , who is X-Men's field leader , Cyclops emits powerful energy blasts from his eyes , and must wear specially made glasses to prevent the destruction of anything he looks at . Although he is in a committed relationship with Jean Grey , her Phoenix persona kills him early in the film . Marsden saw no problem in having a smaller role , as the films opted to feature Wolverine as the standpoint character , and feeling that `` it 's difficult when you have however many new characters that you 're trying to introduce to an audience in 90 to 120 minutes , to give everyone their due . '' Rebecca Romijn as Raven Darkhölme / Mystique Magneto 's mutant blue - skinned right - hand woman possesses the ability to shape - shift to mimic anyone 's appearance , as well as fight with incredible agility , reflexes and strength . She jumps in front of cure darts intended for Magneto and , after she loses her mutant abilities as a result , Magneto abandons her . Romijn described this story as `` a traumatic experience '' for Mystique , given that the previous movies implied that she and Magneto had `` a deep - seated bond '' , and becoming `` a frail mortal would be her worst nightmare '' . Shawn Ashmore as Bobby Drake / Iceman A young mutant , Iceman can create constructs of ice or blasts of cold . Ashmore 's commitments to X-Men made him decline Bryan Singer 's invitation to play Jimmy Olsen in Superman Returns . The actor was content with his bigger role after Bobby joined the X-Men main team in X2 , as during the predecessor 's production he wondered `` When do I get to freeze something or get into a fight ? '' Aaron Stanford as John Allerdyce / Pyro A mutant who was a former student of Xavier 's School for Gifted Mutants with a grudge against his former friend Bobby Drake , Pyro has the ability to manipulate fire , generated through wrist - mounted lighters . Stanford stated that with the Brotherhood , Pyro `` is allowed to fully explore his power '' for lacking moral restraints . The actor was comfortable with returning to the role , particularly for following The Hills Have Eyes , which had an exhausting shoot in the Moroccan desert , while Pyro was nowhere near as physically demanding -- `` My character 's pretty much stand - and - deliver , stand there and throw fire at people . There 's no acrobatics . '' Vinnie Jones as Cain Marko / Juggernaut A mutant criminal recruited by the Brotherhood in a prison truck , Juggernaut is incredibly strong , fast and , once he gains momentum , he is nearly unstoppable . The film 's version of Juggernaut is depicted as a mutant and his relation to Charles Xavier was never mentioned . Matthew Vaughn cast Jones , who he met producing the Guy Ritchie gangster movies where Jones begun his acting career . The actor had to go through a four - hour make - up process to portray Juggernaut , which included a muscle suit and a prosthetic chin . The costume tried to retain the bullet - shaped helmet of the comics without going excessively over the top . Patrick Stewart as Charles Xavier / Professor X A mutant with uncharted telepathic powers , and founder of Xavier 's Institute for Gifted Mutants . Xavier is an authority on genetic mutation and an advocate of peaceful relations between human and mutant kind . Stewart signed to the film without knowing Xavier would die , and not meeting original director Matthew Vaughn -- both would meet in Manchester , where Stewart was filming Eleventh Hour , but eventually Brett Ratner called to introduce himself as the new director. ( 24 ) Ellen Page as Kitty Pryde / Shadowcat A mutant with the ability to phase through matter and walk through solid objects , her clear affection for Iceman further adds to the tension already present between Iceman and Rogue . Maggie Grace was considered for the role , before Ratner invited Page , who impressed the director with her performance in Hard Candy . The actress initially declined , not wanting to yet jump to Hollywood filmmaking , but accepted after reading the script . Page said part of her motivation was having a new experience : `` I thought , well , when else am I going to have a chance to wear a leather suit and run through exploding things ? Why not be a superhero for a change ? '' Ben Foster as Warren Worthington III / Angel The mutant son of an industrialist , who has feathered wings which allow him to fly . The static wings were models with a 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) wingspan and 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) height glued to Foster 's back , replaced with computer - generated ones when movement was required . Cayden Boyd as Young Warren Worthington III Dania Ramirez as Callisto The leader of The Omegas , Callisto is a mutant with enhanced superhumanly acute senses , who senses mutants and their powers , and possesses superhuman speed and reflexes . The character combined the powers of the comics ' Callisto with another of the Morlocks , Caliban , and was written as someone who could be `` beautiful , but with a tough persona '' . Ramirez had originally auditioned to play the mutant prostitute Stacy X , and impressed Brett Ratner so much the director decided to bring her to play Callisto . Michael Murphy as Warren Worthington II The head of Worthington Labs , the corporation developing the `` cure '' , Worthington expects to rid his son of his mutant abilities . The addition of the character allowed to integrate Angel into the cure plot , which also added a parallel between Warren 's discovery of his son 's mutation with a father finding out about his son 's homosexuality . Shohreh Aghdashloo as Dr. Kavita Rao A scientist who works at Worthington Labs on the mutant cure , she is killed by Kid Omega . Aghdashloo signed without a completed script , and erroneously said her character would be mutant doctor Cecilia Reyes . Josef Sommer as The President The President of the United States is tolerant of mutants , but fearful of the Brotherhood 's threats . While creating the role , the producers felt that a `` different '' president , like an African American or a woman , had become a cliché in itself and went for a traditional route with an elder caucasian man . Sommer was invited by Ratner following their collaboration in The Family Man . Bill Duke as Trask The head of the Department of Homeland Security , Secretary Trask aids the president of the United States during the war against the mutants . The character is based on the comic books ' Bolivar Trask however his first name was never mentioned in the film and is portrayed as African American . In the comics , Bolivar Trask is the head of Trask Industries and creator of the mutant - hunting Sentinels . The comics version of Bolivar Trask is later played by Peter Dinklage in X-Men : Days of Future Past . Daniel Cudmore as Peter Rasputin / Colossus A mutant with the ability to transform his body into an organic steel , while also granting him superhuman strength and a resistance to physical damage while in that form . Cudmore wore a foam latex muscle suit covered with a chrome - plated plastic plus a hard plastic head to have the metal skin on the set , with some digital augmentation being used to enhance the facial expressions . A digital double was used only for stunts that could not be achieved practically , such as the Fastball Special where Colossus throws Wolverine . Eric Dane as James Madrox / Multiple Man A mutant and thief recruited by the Brotherhood in a prison truck , Madrox has the ability to create a very large number of copies of himself . The writers considered Dane 's performance memorable despite being featured in only two scenes . Madrox 's wardrobe invoked the symbols worn in his comics costume . Other actors who portrayed mutants were : Meiling Melançon as Psylocke , a mutant with the ability to teleport herself through areas of shadow ; Omahyra Mota as Arclight , a mutant who has the ability to generate shock waves of concussive force ; Ken Leung as Kid Omega , a mutant with the ability to eject spikes from his body , most notably his face ( though the character resembles the comic books ' character Quill and was later confirmed as such however , the official cast credits read `` Kid Omega '' ) ; and Cameron Bright as Jimmy / Leech , a mutant who has the ability to neutralize the powers of nearby mutants . Various characters were included at the suggestion of editor Mark Helfrich , who brought Marvel 's X-Men Encyclopedia to director Brett Ratner , searching for mutants who could make appearance . Mark Helfrich portrays an unnamed mutant with ash - gray skin . These include Phat , a mutant that is a very large man who can slim down to fit in a smaller space ( played by two actors , Via Saleaumua -- `` large mode '' -- and Richard Yee -- `` small mode '' ) ; Spike ( played by Lance Gibson ) , a mutant who battles Wolverine in the forest by extruding bony spikes from his flesh -- the character was added because the editing team felt that the original cut of the scene portrayed Logan as a cold - blooded killer , which could be changed if another mutant attacked Wolverine before he struck the Brotherhood and Glob Herman ( played by Clayton Dean Watmough ) , a mutant with transparent skin . Various other mutants make cameos at the X-Mansion ; Shauna Kain and Kea Wong reprised their cameo roles as Siryn and Jubilee respectively , and three identical girls in the background in one scene are a reference to the Stepford Cuckoos . Olivia Williams portrays Moira MacTaggert . X-Men co-creator Stan Lee and writer Chris Claremont have cameos in the film 's opening scene as the neighbors of young Jean Grey . The sergeant directing defensive preparations before the Brotherhood assaults Alcatraz Island is played by R. Lee Ermey . Lloyd Adams portrays the green - skinned mutant that climbs the guard tower on Alcatraz . Many fans believed this was Toad however , the credits list him as lizard man and Brett Ratner confirmed it was Anole . Avalanche and Vanisher also appear ; however , it is not known who portrayed them . Production ( edit ) Matthew Vaughn ( left ) , who would later direct X-Men : First Class , was Fox 's first choice to replace Bryan Singer . Once he left , Brett Ratner ( right ) took over directing The Last Stand . Development ( edit ) Bryan Singer , the director of the first two X-Men films , left the project in July 2004 in favor of developing Superman Returns . Singer stated that he `` did n't fully have X-Men 3 in my mind '' in contrast to a fully formed idea for a Superman film and interest in joining that franchise . By the time of his departure , Singer had only produced a partial story treatment with X2 screenwriters Dan Harris and Michael Dougherty , who accompanied him to Superman Returns . The treatment focused on Jean Grey 's resurrection , which would also introduce the villainness Emma Frost , a role intended for Sigourney Weaver . Frost was an empath manipulating Jean 's emotions in the treatment and , like the finished film , Magneto desires to control her . Overwhelmed by her powers , Jean kills herself , but Jean 's spirit survives and becomes a god - like creature , which Dougherty compared to the star child in A Space Odyssey . New contracts for returning cast members were made , as the actors and actresses had signed for only two films . Hugh Jackman 's contract included the approval of director , initially offering the position to Darren Aronofsky , with whom he had just finished filming on The Fountain . Joss Whedon , whose comic book `` Gifted '' was integrated into the script 's plot , turned down the offer because he was working on a Wonder Woman film . Rob Bowman and Alex Proyas were also rumored to be up for consideration , though Proyas personally turned it down , citing feuds with 20th Century Fox president Thomas Rothman while producing I , Robot . Zack Snyder was also approached , but he was already committed to 300 . Peter Berg was also considered to direct the film but he too turned down the job . In February 2005 , with still no director hired , Fox announced a May 5 , 2006 , release date , with filming to start in July 2005 in Vancouver . One month later , the studio signed Matthew Vaughn to direct , and pushed the release date three weeks to May 26 , Memorial Day weekend . Vaughn cast Kelsey Grammer as Beast , Dania Ramirez as Callisto , and Vinnie Jones as Juggernaut , but family issues led him to withdraw before filming began . Vaughn was also cautious of the tight deadlines imposed by Fox , stating that he `` did n't have the time to make the movie that I wanted to make '' . John Moore was also considered to direct the film at one point . Brett Ratner , who was previously considered to direct X-Men in 1996 , replaced Vaughn during pre-production . Ratner said he was surprised to get an invitation , as he thought he would have no chance to do a comic - book film after the cancelled Superman : Flyby for Warner Bros. With a limited knowledge of the X-Men mythos , Ratner trusted his writers on doing something faithful to the comics , having the script drawing all of its scenes from the original Marvel publications . Writing ( edit ) Simon Kinberg , who had worked in other two Marvel adaptations for Fox , Fantastic Four and Elektra , was hired as writer for X-Men 3 in August 2004 . X2 co-writer Zak Penn was separately working on his own draft , and the two joined forces for a combined screenplay in January 2005 . Kinberg wanted `` The Dark Phoenix Saga '' to be the emotional plot of the film , while `` Gifted '' would serve as the political focus . The duo had seven months to complete The Last Stand 's script , and during the first week of work completed the first eighty pages , consisting of the first two - thirds of the plot . This incomplete draft was leaked to Ai n't It Cool News , who proceeded to write a negative review . The writers had to fight Fox 's executives to retain the Phoenix plot , as the studio only wanted the cure story as it provided a reason for Magneto 's conflict with the X-Men . Still the disputes made them not add much for Jean Grey to do in most of the film 's second half , as the executives considered the tone of the Phoenix story too dark for a mainstream summer movie , and that its appeal would be limited to hardcore fans rather than a general audience . Penn defended the divergences from the original Dark Phoenix stories , stating that the Phoenix was not a firebird - shaped cosmic force `` because it does n't fit into the world , '' and that Cyclops did not have as much screentime as Wolverine because the latter was more popular and `` with Cyclops , you ca n't see his eyes . It 's a harder character to relate to for the audience . '' Killing Cyclops was Fox 's decision , based on the availability of actor James Marsden , who was cast in Singer 's Superman Returns . The studio considered killing him off - screen with a dialogue reference , but Kinberg and Penn insisted that Jean kill him , emphasizing their relationship . Xavier 's death was intended to match the impact of Spock 's demise in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , as Fox felt the script called for a dramatic turning point . Kinberg and Penn were originally cautious , but grew to like the idea of killing off Xavier . They decided to write a post-credits scene suggesting the character 's return for a sequel . As the studio was simultaneously developing X-Men Origins : Wolverine , limitations were set on which mutants could be used for cameo appearances in X-Men 3 in an attempt to avoid risking character development for Wolverine . Gambit was considered for both the convoy scene being freed by Magneto and the Battle of Alcatraz along with the X-Men , but the writers did not want to introduce a fan favorite character and `` not be able to do him justice . '' Kinberg reasoned , `` there just was n't enough space '' , and considered Gambit would only work with as much screentime as Beast . Alan Cumming had been uncomfortable with the long hours he had to take with the prosthetic makeup as Nightcrawler in X2 , but still planned to return for the sequel . The part of Nightcrawler was so minimal , however , that the studio felt it was not worthwhile to go through the long and costly makeup process , and the character was cut . Kinberg felt that `` there was n't much left to do with the character . It also felt like he might tread a little bit on the terrain of Beast , in terms of similarities in the characters and their political standpoints in terms of dealing with their mutancy . '' Nightcrawler 's absence was later explained in the tie - in video game . The introdutory scenes tried to emulate the Auschwitz opener for the first film , going with different scenes that resonated later in the plot instead of an action scene like in most blockbusters . Afterwards came a scene in the Danger Room , which was considered for the previous X-Men films but never included for budget and writing concerns . The writers tried to make the simulation not feel extraneous by showcasing some of the character conflicts and abilities in a `` Days of Future Past '' - inspired battle with a Sentinel . Another repurposed scene was Magneto attacking the convoy to free Mystique , Madrox and Juggernaut , which Penn had previously envisioned for X2 . Ratner collaborated with Penn and Kinberg in rearranging the plot structure of the film . Originally , the Golden Gate Bridge sequence was in the middle of the film , where the moved bridge was used by Magneto to free mutants being held prisoners on Alcatraz , and the climax was set in Washington , D.C. . Ratner felt too many recent action films , such as Planet of the Apes and X2 itself , had their ending in Washington , and the Golden Gate sequence `` would be the biggest sequence in my entire career '' , and suggested to instead put the Worthington laboratory in Alcatraz , along with `` creating a face for the cure '' , which became the character of Jimmy / Leech . Kinberg agreed , as he previously argued with Penn about `` blowing so many things early in the movie '' . Filming ( edit ) X-Men : The Last Stand began shooting in August 2005 and wrapped in January 2006 . Much of the film was shot at Vancouver Film Studios , the same location of X2 . Locations included the Hatley Park National Historic Site and Royal Roads University , which doubled for the X-Mansion . An old lumber mill next to the Fraser River doubled as Alcatraz Island . The tight schedule made Ratner `` begin post-production the day I started shooting , '' sending the scenes he had just filmed to his editors . The editing team was led by Mark Helfrich , who had edited all of Ratner 's films , assisted by Mark Goldblatt in the action scenes and Julia Wong with effects - heavy footage . According to associate producer Dave Gordon , `` This is the biggest production ever filmed in Canada . It used to be X2 , now it 's X3 . '' The $210 million budget also made The Last Stand the most expensive film to be made at the time . The film 's record would be first broken by Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 's $225 million budget . The original cinematographer was Philippe Rousselot , who eventually opted to depart production . Dante Spinotti , a frequent collaborator of Ratner , replaced him , with assistance of J. Michael Muro . Fox Filmed Entertainment co-chairmen Thomas Rothman and Jim Gianopulos debated whether Rogue should give Iceman a passionate kiss at the film 's end or simply hold his hand . The two executives screened The Last Stand for their daughters , as well as the studio 's female marketing executives , and the hand holding prevailed . Gianopulos stated that the kissing `` was all about sex , and we did n't want that . '' A strong campaign of secrecy about the script was enforced by Ratner and the writers . Even the actors had problems with getting full screenplays , the call sheets did not reveal all the characters , and many scenes were shot in varied ways . Both of the ending scenes were not included on the shooting script , with Ratner taking a small crew during one day 's lunch time to film the post-credits scene with Xavier , and later going to London to film Magneto in the park . In 2014 , Kinberg said of the wobbling chess piece at the end of the film , `` There is a scene before the credits where Magneto 's playing chess , and you see that he can just make the chess piece move , so there 's a hint that he 's starting to regain his powers . The leap from there was that cure from The Last Stand did n't work exactly the way they thought it would , and so we just leaped forward however many years , and he 's got his powers back . '' Visual effects ( edit ) To make sure the visual effects were made in just one year and without exceeding the budget , special effects supervisor John Bruno shipped the 900 effects shots to eleven companies in four countries -- United States , New Zealand , United Kingdom and Canada -- and did extensive previsualization . Their work begun in April 2005 , before the director Brett Ratner had even been announced , and Bruno made sure to emphasize practical effects , `` shoot as many practical elements as possible , and only use CG when we had to . '' For instance , complex wirework rigs were employed which enabled the actors to do some stunts without resorting to digital doubles , including a computer controlled flying rig from Cirque Du Soleil for Angel 's flight , and one for Halle Berry 's flying spins . Bruno estimates one - sixth of the effects budget was spent on the Golden Gate Bridge scene , which employed both a miniature of the bridge and computer graphics . The effects team had to work without reference footage due to the city of San Francisco vetting any filming in the actual bridge , including aerial shooting as the area has restrictions on flying helicopters . Framestore had further challenges in matching the varied weather conditions across the film 's plates . As compositing supervisor Matt Twyford detailed , `` the elements consisted of cold , rainy night live - action footage from Vancouver , sunny day miniature elements , traditional misty day background plates of San Francisco , and of course the CG bridge and fx elements . '' Another miniature was for the Grey home , which had a destructable equivalent matched the Canadian location and also had a digital equivalent . A notable effect was the `` digital skin - grafting '' , which rejuvenated the faces of senior actors Patrick Stewart and Ian McKellen , made by the Brothers Strause 's Lola Visual Effects . Bruno made sure to ask the atomization made by Phoenix was not too vivid and gruesome , instead resembling oatmeal . Music ( edit ) Main article : X-Men : The Last Stand ( soundtrack ) Ratner , a fan of John Powell 's work in The Bourne Identity , invited Powell to write the music for The Last Stand . Powell was unsure if the Bourne work was `` the kind of score that would fit the film '' and Fox got reluctant on the composer 's availability given he was already scoring Ice Age : The Meltdown at the time of Ratner 's contact . But Powell finished the Ice Age score early to accept the X-Men job even if it meant a tighter schedule . Powell included references to the score from the previous two films as `` it all had to be in the same family , and the same language '' . The Phoenix theme used lyrics from Benjamin Britten 's Requiem Mass for the choir parts . A soundtrack album was released on May 23 , 2006 . Marketing ( edit ) The marketing for The Last Stand was darker and more ambiguous compared to the two predecessors . Fox president Tom Rothman declared that the decision was made so the film would `` be different from all of the other movies in the summer , '' with a campaign that `` wanted people to stop and not have it be so immediately apparent that we 're selling a movie . We 're interested in selling an emotion and an idea . '' The film 's official website was launched in October 2005 . The teaser trailer release with King Kong the following December was done in conjunction with the studio releasing the film 's first official screen shots of the film to USA Today . Diamond Select Toys created a toy line , scanning the actors from the film with likenesses for the first time in the trilogy . Additional product tie - ins came with Harley - Davidson and 7 - Eleven . A seven - minute sneak peek aired on Fox Broadcasting two weeks before the film 's theatrical release . Del Rey Books published a novelization of the film , written by comic book writer Chris Claremont , while Newmarket Press published The Art of X-Men : The Last Stand : From Concept to Feature Film . Claremont also worked on Activision 's tie - in video game , X-Men : The Official Game , doing the script along with screenwriter Zak Penn . The game 's story bridges the events between X2 and The Last Stand , featuring Wolverine , Iceman and Nightcrawler as playable characters , voiced by their film portrayers Hugh Jackman , Shawn Ashmore , and Alan Cumming . Patrick Stewart also appears as Professor X . The game was released to negative reviews and eventually underperformed commercially . Release ( edit ) Hugh Jackman , Halle Berry and Kelsey Grammer at the USS Kearsarge ( LHD - 3 ) for an advance screening . X-Men : The Last Stand premiered at an out - of - competition event of the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on May 22 , 2006 . Two days later , Hugh Jackman , Halle Berry and Kelsey Grammer attended an advance screening at USS Kearsarge ( LHD - 3 ) , as the ship was en route to New York City for Fleet Week . The film was released in the United States on May 26 , 2006 , in 3,690 theaters , while also opening in 95 international markets that same weekend . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 58 % based on 232 reviews , with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` X-Men : The Last Stand provides plenty of mutant action for fans of the franchise , even if it does so at the expense of its predecessors ' deeper moments . '' At Metacritic , the film has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Ebert and Roeper gave the film a `` two thumbs up '' rating , with Roger Ebert saying , `` I liked the action , I liked the absurdity , I liked the incongruous use and misuse of mutant powers , and I especially liked the way it introduces all of those political issues and lets them fight it out with the special effects . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com gave it a mixed review , noting that it was `` only half a mess '' , and that Ratner `` could have stuck a bit more closely to the ' Dark Phoenix ' narrative than he did . '' However , Zacharek did note that that third act captured some of the original story 's `` majesty '' . Famke Janssen 's performance was praised by critics and audiences . Also impressed with Janssen 's performance was Total Film , who said , `` Playing the super-freaky mind - control goddess like GoldenEye 's Xenia Onatopp 's all - powerful psycho sister , her scenes -- particularly that one with the house -- crackle with energy and tragedy . If only the rest of X3 had followed suit . '' Justin Chang of Variety said the film was `` a wham - bam sequel noticeably lacking in the pop gravitas , moody atmospherics , and emotional weight that made the first two Marvel comicbook adaptations so rousingly successful . '' Frank Lovece of Film Journal International said , `` A risk - taking script with genuine consequences elevates this above the lackluster direction of Brett Ratner , whose competent mechanics move the story efficiently but with very little soul . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly called it a `` '' diminished sequel , a brute - force enterprise '' and said it was an example of `` what happens when movies are confused with sandwich shops as franchise opportunities '' . The Minneapolis Star Tribune characterized Ratner 's approach as `` Forget subtlety ! Let 's blow things up ! '' David Edelstein of New York magazine called it `` just another big - budget B - movie . It 's a fast and enjoyable B - movie , though . '' Foreshadowing X-Men : First Class , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said , `` Last stand ? My ass . Billed as the climax of a trilogy , the third and weakest chapter in the X-Men series is a blatant attempt to prove there is still life in the franchise . And there is : just enough to pull a Star Trek and spawn a Next Generation saga . '' X-Men : The Last Stand has been criticized by fans for killing off major characters such as Professor Charles Xavier , Cyclops , and Jean Grey . The 2014 film X-Men : Days of Future Past has subsequently been viewed by some critics as a revision of those controversial plot elements in X-Men : The Last Stand . Writer Kinberg would later state that `` there are a lot of things about ' X3 ' that I love and there are a lot of things that I regret '' , detailing that he would have preferred the Dark Phoenix as the main plotline and `` I would have fought harder '' for that , considering that at the period `` the darkness of her story was a little bit daunting on a huge $200 million studio movie '' leading Fox to ask for rewrites . Previous X-Men director Bryan Singer declared that The Last Stand `` is n't what I would have done '' and he was dissatisfied with the busy plot and excessive character deaths , but Singer still liked some parts of the movie , such as Ellen Page 's casting -- leading Singer to bring her back as Kitty Pryde in X-Men : Days of Future Past -- and the scenes with Leech , which he described as `` really sweet moments '' . Matthew Vaughn , who was attached as director before dropping out , criticized Ratner 's direction : `` I could have done something with far more emotion and heart . I 'm probably going to be told off for saying that , but I genuinely believe it . '' While promoting his own installment of the franchise , 2011 's X-Men : First Class , Vaughn would say regarding The Last Stand that `` I storyboarded the whole bloody film , did the script . My X3 would have been 40 minutes longer . They did n't let the emotions and the drama play in that film . It became wall - to - wall noise and drama . I would have let it breathe and given far more dramatic elements to it . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film broke the Memorial Day weekend record with $102,750,665 in its four - day opening weekend . The film 's release was also a new single - day record for Friday openings . The opening weekend gross was surpassed six weeks later by Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , making The Last Stand 's opening the second - highest of 2006 . Internationally , The Last Stand topped the box office in 26 countries with a total gross of $76.1 million overall , but suffered competition from The Da Vinci Code , which retained the top spot in most markets , and beat The Last Stand in international gross that weekend with $91 million . The film 's second weekend dropped 67 percent to $34 million , which was the steepest post-Memorial Day opening drop on record . X-Men : The Last Stand eventually grossed $234,362,462 in the domestic box office and $224,997,093 internationally , for a worldwide total of $459,359,555 , the fourth - highest in domestic grosses and seventh - highest worldwide for 2006 . X-Men : The Last Stand was also the highest - grossing film in the franchise , until it was surpassed by X-Men : Days of Future Past eight years later . Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Result Empire Awards Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Scene Of The Year The Phoenix and Professor X showdown Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Costume Design for Film -- Fantasy Judianna Makovsky Nominated Irish Film & Television Award Best International Actor Ian McKellen Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite Movie Drama Nominated Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Female Action Star Halle Berry Won Satellite Award Best Editing Mark Helfrich , Mark Goldblatt , Julia Wong Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress Famke Janssen Won Best Science Fiction Film Nominated Best Supporting Actor Kelsey Grammer Nominated Best Music John Powell Nominated Best Costume Judianna Makovsky Nominated Best Special Effects John Bruno , Eric Saindon , Craig Lyn Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Action Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Action Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Action Halle Berry Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Ian McKellen Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Hugh Jackman and Famke Janssen Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble The X-Men vs. Magneto 's Brotherhood Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Supporting Young Actor in a Feature Film Cameron Bright Nominated Home Media ( edit ) X-Men : The Last Stand was released on October 3 , 2006 , on DVD . It was available in three editions : single - disc , two - disc , and a trilogy box set with the previous two films . Extras included three alternative endings , each with optional commentary by director Ratner ; 10 deleted scenes ; audio commentaries from Ratner , the writers and the producers ; and two hidden Easter eggs . The two - disc edition came with a 100 - page commemorative comic book with a new story written by X-Men co-creator Stan Lee , his first original Marvel comic book in five years . The DVD sold 2.6 million units in its first day , exceeding Fox 's expectations , and sold a total 5 million in its first week . A Blu - ray edition was issued in November 2006 . Sequels and prequels ( edit ) In February 2006 , Ratner said that The Last Stand could be the final X-Men film : `` We wanted to make sure the audiences knew that this was a trilogy . Even though they were n't made together like Lord of the Rings , this is really closure for the X-Men series. ... This is the last stand for sure . '' However , the next two X-Men films , X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) and X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) were instead prequels that took place before the events of the first X-Men movie . The first installment set chronologically after The Last Stand was The Wolverine , released in 2013 . A stand - alone sequel , The Wolverine shows Logan heading for Japan to escape the memories of what occurred during The Last Stand . Hugh Jackman and Famke Janssen reprised their roles , while Ian McKellen and Patrick Stewart appear in a mid-credits scene . X-Men : Days of Future Past , the sequel to First Class , was released on May 23 , 2014 , with Jackman , Berry , Stewart , McKellen , Paquin , Page , Ashmore , Cudmore , Grammer , Janssen , and Marsden returning in their respective roles . The plot , inspired by the arc `` Days of Future Past '' , begins in a dystopian future years after The Last Stand , and Wolverine 's consciousness is sent back into his 1973 self so he could guide the past Xavier and Magneto into preventing the catastrophe . The events of the film end up retroactively changing the continuity of the series , erasing key events in films set after First Class ( including The Last Stand ) resulting in an altered timeline where Jean and Cyclops are still alive . Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` X-Men The Last Stand ( 2006 ) '' . London : British Film Institute . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . For full data , click `` Show more '' link . Jump up ^ `` X-Men -- The Last Stand ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 11 , 2006 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` X Marks the Shots '' . 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3806881264078957894	Mule deer	Mule deer - wikipedia Mule deer Jump to : navigation , search Mule deer Male and female in Elk Creek Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Subfamily : Capreolinae Genus : Odocoileus Species : O. hemionus Binomial name Odocoileus hemionus ( Rafinesque , 1817 ) Subspecies 10 , but some disputed ( see text ) Distribution map of subspecies : Sitka black - tailed deer ( O. h . sitkensis ) Black - tailed deer ( O. h . columbianus ) California mule deer ( O. h . californicus ) Southern mule deer ( O. h . fuliginatus ) Peninsula mule deer ( O. h . peninsulae ) Desert mule deer ( O. h . eremicus ) Rocky Mountain mule deer ( O. h . hemionus ) The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) is a deer indigenous to western North America ; it is named for its ears , which are large like those of the mule . There are several subspecies , including the black - tailed deer . Unlike the related white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , mule deer are generally more associated with the land west of the Missouri River , and more specifically with the Rocky Mountain region of North America . Mule deer have also been introduced to Argentina and Kauai , Hawaii . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Seasonal behaviors 3 Diet and foraging behaviors 4 Nutrition 5 Taxonomy 5.1 Subspecies 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Small herd of mule deer in the Sulphur Springs Valley of southern Arizona Stotting mule deer The most noticeable differences between white - tailed and mule deer are the size of their ears , the color of their tails , and the configuration of their antlers . In many cases , body size is also a key difference . The mule deer 's tail is black - tipped whereas the whitetail 's is not . Mule deer antlers are bifurcated ; they `` fork '' as they grow , rather than branching from a single main beam , as is the case with white - tails . Each spring , a buck 's antlers start to regrow almost immediately after the old antlers are shed . Shedding typically takes place in mid February , with variations occurring by locale . Although capable of running , mule deer are often seen stotting ( also called pronking ) , with all four feet coming down together . The mule deer is the larger of the two Odocoileus species on average , with a height of 80 -- 106 cm ( 31 -- 42 in ) at the shoulders and a nose - to - tail length ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 m ( 3.9 to 6.9 ft ) . Of this , the tail may comprise 11.6 to 23 cm ( 4.6 to 9.1 in ) . Adult bucks normally weigh 55 -- 150 kg ( 121 -- 331 lb ) , averaging around 92 kg ( 203 lb ) , although trophy specimens may weigh up to 210 kg ( 460 lb ) . Does ( female deer ) are rather smaller and typically weigh from 43 to 90 kg ( 95 to 198 lb ) , with an average of around 68 kg ( 150 lb ) . Unlike the whitetail , the mule deer does not generally show marked size variation across its range , although environmental conditions can cause considerable weight fluctuations in any given population . An exception to this is the subspecies , the Sitka black - tailed deer ( O. h . sitkensis ) . This race is markedly smaller than other mule deer , with an average weight of 54.5 kg ( 120 lb ) and 36 kg ( 79 lb ) in males and females , respectively . Seasonal behaviors ( edit ) In addition to movements related to available shelter and food , the breeding cycle is important in understanding deer behavior . The `` rut '' or mating season usually begins in the fall as does go into estrus for a period of a few days and males become more aggressive , competing for mates . Does may mate with more than one buck and go back into estrus within a month if they did not become pregnant . The gestation period is about 190 -- 200 days , with fawns born in the spring , staying with their mothers during the summer and being weaned in the fall after about 60 -- 75 days . Mule deer females usually give birth to two fawns , although if it is their first time having a fawn , they often have just one . A buck 's antlers fall off during the winter , to grow again in preparation for the next season 's rut . The annual cycle of antler growth is regulated by changes in the length of the day . For a guide to identify the sex and age class of Rocky Mountain mule deer at various seasons see S1 File . For more information see the main article on deer . The size of mule deer groups follow a marked seasonal pattern . Groups are smallest during fawning season ( June and July in Saskatchewan and Alberta ) and largest in early gestation ( winter ; February and March in Saskatchewan and Alberta ) . Besides humans , the three leading predators of mule deer are coyotes , gray wolves , and cougars . Bobcats , wolverines , American black bears , and brown bears may prey upon adult deer , but most often only attack fawns or infirm specimens or eat the deer after it has died naturally . Bears and smaller sized carnivores are typically opportunistic feeders , and would pose little threat to a strong , healthy mule deer . Diet and foraging behaviors ( edit ) Play media Mule deer foraging on a late winter morning at Okanagan Mountain Provincial Park Kufleld et al. ( 1973 ) analyzed 99 studies of mule deer diets and found that some 788 species of plants were eaten by mule deer , and mule deer diets vary greatly depending on the season , geographic region , year , and elevation . Kufeld , et al. ( 1973 ) gave the following data for Rocky Mountain mule deer diets : Shrubs and trees Forbs Grasses and grasslikes Winter 74 % 15 % 11 % ( varies 0 - 53 % ) Spring 49 % 25 % 26 % ( varies 4 - 64 % ) Summer 49 % 46 % ( varies 3 - 77 % ) 3 % ( varies 0 - 22 % ) Fall 60 % 30 % ( varies 2 - 78 % ) 9 % ( varies 0 - 24 % ) Anthony & Smith ( 1977 ) found that the diets of mule deer are very similar to those of whitetail deer in areas where they coexist . Mule deer are intermediate feeders rather than pure browsers or grazers ; they predominantly browse , but also eat forb vegetation , small amounts of grass , and where available , tree or shrub fruits such as beans , pods , nuts ( including acorns , and berries . Mule deer readily adapt to agricultural products and landscape plantings . In the Sierra Nevada range , mule deer depend on the lichen Bryoria fremontii as a winter food source . The most common plant species consumed by mule deer are : Among trees and shrubs : Artemisia tridentata ( big sagebrush ) , Cercocarpus ledifolius ( curlleaf mountain mahogany ) , Cercocarpus montanus ( true mountain mahogany ) , Cowania mexicana ( Mexican cliffrose ) , Populus tremuloides ( quaking aspen ) , Purshia tridentata ( antelope bitterbrush ) , Quercus gambelii ( Gambel oak ) , and Rhus trilobata ( skunkbush sumac ) . Among forbs : Achillea millefolium ( western yarrow ) , Antennaria sp . ( pussytoes ) , Artemisia frigida ( fringed sagebrush ) , Artemisia ludoviciana ( Louisiana sagewort ) , Aster spp. , Astragalus sp . ( milkvetch ) , Balsamorhiza sagittata ( arrowleaf balsamroot ) , Cirsium sp . ( thistle ) , Erigeron spp . ( fleabane ) , Geranium sp. , Lactuca serriola ( prickly lettuce ) , Lupinus spp . ( lupine ) , Medicago sativa ( alfalfa ) , Penstemon spp. , Phlox spp. , Polygonum sp . ( knotweed / smartweed ) , Potentilla spp . ( cinquefoil ) , Taraxacum officinale ( dandelion ) , Tragopogon dubius ( western salsify ) , Trifolium sp . ( clover ) , and Vicia americana ( American vetch ) . Among grasses and grasslike species : Agropyron , Elymus ( wheatgrasses ) , Elytrigia , Pascopyrum sp . ( wheatgrasses ) , Pseudoroegneria spicatum ( bluebunch wheatgrass ) , Bromus tectorum ( cheatgrass ) , Carex spp . ( sedge ) , Festuca idahoensis ( Idaho fescue ) , Poa fendleriana ( muttongrass ) , Poa pratensis ( Kentucky bluegrass ) , and other Poa spp . ( bluegrass ) . Mule deer have also been known to eat ricegrass , gramagrass , bromegrass , and needlegrass , as well as antelope brush , bearberry , bitter cherry , bitterbrush , black oak , California buckeye , ceanothus , cedar , cliffrose , cottonwood , creek dogwood , creeping barberry , dogwood , Douglas fir , elderberry , fendlera , goldeneye , holly - leaf buckthrorn , jack pine , knotweed , kohleria , manzanita , mesquite , oak , pine , rabbitbrush , ragweed , redberry , scrub oak , serviceberry ( including Pacific serviceberry ) , Sierra juniper , silktassel , snowberry , stonecrop , sunflower , tesota , thimbleberry , turbinella oak , velvet elder , western chokecherry , wild cherry , and wild oats . Where available , mule deer also eat a variety of wild mushrooms , which are most abundant in late summer and fall in the southern Rocky Mountains ; mushrooms provide moisture , protein , phosphorus , and potassium . Mule deer grazing in Zion National Park Buck grazing near Leavenworth , Washington Doe grazing in Alberta , Canada Humans sometimes engage in supplemental feeding efforts in severe winters in an attempt to avoid mule deer starvation . Wildlife agencies discourage most such efforts , which may cause harm to mule deer populations by spreading disease ( such as tuberculosis and chronic wasting disease ) when deer congregate for feed ; disrupting migratory patterns ; and causing overpopulation of local mule deer populations and overbrowsing of shrubs and forbs . Supplemental feeding efforts are appropriate when carefully conducted under limited circumstances , but to be successful , the feeding must begin early in the severe winter , before poor range conditions and severe weather cause malnourishment or starvation , and must be continued until range conditions can support the herd . Mule deer are variably gregarious , with a large proportion of solitary individuals ( 35 to 64 % ) and small groups ( groups with ≤ 5 deer , 50 to 78 % ) . Reported mean group size measurements are three to five and typical group size ( i.e. crowding ) is about seven . Nutrition ( edit ) Mule deer are ruminants , meaning they employ a nutrient acquisition strategy of fermenting plant material before digesting it . Deer consuming high - fiber , low - starch diets require less food than those consuming high - starch , low - fiber diets . Rumination time also increases when deer consume high - fiber , low - starch diets which allows for increased nutrient acquisition due to greater length of fermentation . Because some of the subspecies of mule deer are migratory , they encounter variable habitats and forage quality throughout the year . Forages consumed in the summer are higher in digestible components ( i.e. proteins , starches , sugars , and hemicellulose ) than those consumed in the winter . The average gross energy content of the consumed forage material is 4.5 kcal / g . Due to fluctuations in forage quality and availability , mule deer fat storage varies throughout the year , with the most fat stored in October , which is depleted throughout the winter to the lowest levels of fat storage in March . Changes in hormone levels are indications of physiological adjustments to the changes in the habitat . Total body fat is a measure of the individual 's energy reserves while thyroid hormone concentrations are a metric to determine the deer 's ability to utilize the fat reserves . Triiodothryionine ( T3 ) hormone is directly involved with basal metabolic rate and thermoregulation . Taxonomy ( edit ) The mule deer can be divided into two main groups : The mule deer ( sensu stricto ) and the black - tailed deer . The first group includes all subspecies , except O. h . columbianus and O. h . sitkensis , which are in the black - tailed deer group . The two main groups have been treated as separate species , but they hybridize , and virtually all recent authorities treat the mule deer and black - tailed deer as conspecific . It appears the mule deer evolved from the black - tailed deer . Despite this , the mtDNA of the white - tailed deer and mule deer are similar , but differ from that of the black - tailed deer . This may be the result of introgression , although hybrids between the mule deer and white - tailed deer are rare in the wild ( apparently more common locally in West Texas ) , and the hybrid survival rate is low even in captivity . Many claims of observations of wild hybrids are not legitimate , as identification based on external features is complicated . Subspecies ( edit ) Some authorities have recognized O. h . crooki as a senior synonym of O. h . eremicus , but the type specimen of the former is a hybrid between the mule deer and white - tailed deer , so the name O. h . crooki is invalid . Additionally , the validity of O. h . inyoensis has been questioned , and the two insular O. h . cerrosensis and O. h . sheldoni may be synonyms of O. h . eremicus or O. h . peninsulae . The 10 valid subspecies based on the third edition of Mammal Species of the World are : Mule deer ( sensu stricto ) group : O. h . californicus -- California mule deer O. h . cerrosensis -- Cedros / Cerros Island mule deer ( Cedros Island ) O. h . eremicus -- desert / burro mule deer ( Lower Colorado River Valley ; northwest Mexico , southeastern California , and Arizona ) O. h . fuliginatus -- southern mule deer ( southernmost California and Baja California ) O. h . hemionus -- Rocky Mountain mule deer ( western and central North America ) O. h . inyoensis -- Inyo mule deer ( Sierra Nevada , California ) O. h . peninsulae -- Peninsula mule deer ( Baja California Sur ) O. h . sheldoni -- Tiburon Island mule deer ( Tiburon Island ) Black - tailed deer group : O. h . columbianus -- black - tailed deer ( Pacific Northwest and Northern California regions ) O. h . sitkensis -- Sitka black - tailed deer ( coastal area and islands off western British Columbia ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sanchez Rojas , G. & Gallina Tessaro , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Odocoileus hemionus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern . Jump up ^ `` Odocoileus hemionus '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 23 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald M. Nowak ( 7 April 1999 ) . Walker 's Mammals of the World . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Fiona Reid ( 15 November 2006 ) . Peterson Field Guide to Mammals of North America ( Fourth ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 547 - 34553 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Heffelfinger , J. ( March 2011 ) . `` Tails With A Dark Side : The truth about whitetail - mule deer hybrids '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Valerius Geist ( January 1998 ) . Deer of the World : Their Evolution , Behaviour , and Ecology . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 0 . Jump up ^ Petersen , David ( Nov. / Dec. , 1985 ) . `` North American Deer : Mule , Whitetail and Coastal Blacktail Deer '' . Mother Earth News . Ogden Publications , Inc . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Odocoileus hemionus , Animal Diversity Jump up ^ David Burnie ( 1 September 2011 ) . Animal : The Definitive Visual Guide to the World 's Wildlife . Dorling Kindersley Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 6233 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Deer ( Family Cervidae ) '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sitka Black - tailed Deer Hunting Information '' . Alaska Department of Fish and Game . 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mule Deer Fact Sheet ^ Jump up to : Mejía Salazar , María Fernanda ; Waldner , Cheryl ; Stookey , Joseph ; Bollinger , Trent K. ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Infectious Disease and Grouping Patterns in Mule Deer '' . PLOS ONE . 11 ( 3 ) : e0150830 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4805189 . PMID 27007808 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0150830 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Heffelfinger , Deer of the Southwest : A Complete Guide to the Natural History , Biology , and Management of Southwestern Mule Deer and White - tailed Deer , Texas A&M University Press , 2006 , pp. 97 - 111 . ^ Jump up to : Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) Fact Sheet , Colorado Natural Resources Conservation Service , March 2000 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , David M ( 2014 ) . `` Species Profile : Deer '' . Colorado Division of Wildlife . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander Campbell Martin ; Herbert Spencer Zim ; Arnold L. Nelson ( 1961 ) . American Wildlife & Plants : A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits : the Use of Trees , Shrubs , Weeds , and Herbs by Birds and Mammals of the United States . Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20793 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lichens in relation to management issues in the Sierra Nevada national parks , McCune , B. , J. Grenon , and E. Martin , L. Mutch , Sierra Nevada Network , Cooperative agreement CA9088A0008 . Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon , and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks , Three Rivers , California , ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Leonard Lee Rue , III , The Deer of North America , First Lyons Press , 1997 , p. 499 - 502 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mule Deer in the West - Changing LandScapes , Changing Perspectives_Supplemental Feeding - Just Say No '' ( PDF ) . Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kucera , Thomas E. ( 1978 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Social Behavior and Breeding System of the Desert Mule Deer '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 59 ( 3 ) : 463 -- 476 . ISSN 0022 - 2372 . doi : 10.2307 / 1380224 . Jump up ^ Bowyer , R.T. ; McCullough , D.R. ; Belovsky , G.E. `` Causes and consequences of sociality in mule deer . '' . Alces ( 37 ( 2 ) : 371 -- 402 . ) . Jump up ^ Reiczigel J ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Comparing radio - tracking and visual detection methods to quantify group size measures '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Ecology. 1 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1515 / eje - 2015 - 0011 . Jump up ^ Mccusker , S ( 2011 ) . `` Effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) fawns '' . Journal of Animal Nutrition . Jump up ^ deCalesta , David S. ; Nagy , Julius G. ; Bailey , James A. ( October 1975 ) . `` Starving and Refeeding Mule Deer '' . The Journal of Wildlife Management . 39 ( 4 ) : 663 . doi : 10.2307 / 3800224 . Jump up ^ Wallmo , O.C. ; Carpenter , L.H. ; Regelin , W.L. ; Gill , R.B. ; Baker , D.L. ( March 1977 ) . `` Evaluation of Deer Habitat on a Nutritional Basis '' . Journal of Range Management . 30 ( 2 ) : 122 . doi : 10.2307 / 3897753 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Eric J. ; Doherty , Paul F. ; Bishop , Chad J. ; Wolfe , Lisa L. ; Banulis , Bradley A. ; Kaltenboeck , Bernhard ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Herbivore Body Condition Response in Altered Environments : Mule Deer and Habitat Management '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 9 ) : e106374 . PMC 4153590 . PMID 25184410 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0106374 . ^ Jump up to : George A. Feldhamer ; Bruce C. Thompson ; Joseph A. Chapman ( 21 October 2003 ) . Wild Mammals of North America : Biology , Management , and Conservation . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7416 - 1 . Jump up ^ Heffelfinger , J. ( 2000 ) . `` Status of the name Odocoileus hemionus crooki ( Mammalia : Cervidae ) '' . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 113 : 319 -- 333 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odocoileus hemionus . Wikispecies has information related to : Odocoileus hemionus Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account - Mule deer Video of Arizona mule deer Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below ( hide ) Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Caribou ( R. tarandus ) Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Strepsicerotini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Imbabala ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Game animals and shooting in the United States Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q338831 ADW : Odocoileus_hemionus EoL : 328651 Fossilworks : 49284 GBIF : 2440974 iNaturalist : 42220 ITIS : 180698 IUCN : 42393 MSW : 14200267 NCBI : 9872 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mule_deer&oldid=803594473 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Deer Mammals described in 1817 Mammals of North America Mammals of the United States Mammals of Mexico Megafauna of North America Fauna of the Western United States Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley Fauna of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Fauna of the Rocky Mountains Mammals of Canada Urban animals Introduced animals of Hawaii Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do mule deer give birth in colorado	[ "In addition to movements related to available shelter and food, the breeding cycle is important in understanding deer behavior. The \"rut\" or mating season usually begins in the fall as does go into estrus for a period of a few days and males become more aggressive, competing for mates. Does may mate with more than one buck and go back into estrus within a month if they did not become pregnant. The gestation period is about 190–200 days, with fawns born in the spring, staying with their mothers during the summer and being weaned in the fall after about 60–75 days. Mule deer females usually give birth to two fawns, although if it is their first time having a fawn, they often have just one.[13]" ]	[ "in the spring" ]
1866932839635086689	United Kingdom–United States relations	United Kingdom -- United States relations - wikipedia United Kingdom -- United States relations United Kingdom -- United States relations United Kingdom United States Diplomatic Mission United Kingdom Embassy , Washington , D.C. United States Embassy , London Envoy Ambassador Sir Kim Darroch Ambassador Woody Johnson A view towards the British Virgin Islands from the US Virgin Islands . British Prime Minister Theresa May ( left ) and U.S. President Donald Trump ( right ) meet in Washington , January 2017 . British -- American relations , also referred to as Anglo - American relations , encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets . Since 1940 they have been close military allies enjoying the Special Relationship built as wartime allies , and NATO partners . The two nations are bound together by shared history , an overlap in religion and a common language and legal system , and kinship ties that reach back hundreds of years , including kindred , ancestral lines among English Americans , Scottish Americans , Welsh Americans , Scotch - Irish Americans and American Britons respectively . Today large numbers of expatriates live in both countries . Through times of war and rebellion , peace and estrangement , as well as becoming friends and allies , Britain and the US cemented these deeply rooted links during World War II into what is known as the `` Special Relationship . '' In long - term perspective , the historian Paul Johnson has called it the `` cornerstone of the modern , democratic world order '' . In the early 20th century , the United Kingdom affirmed its relationship with the United States as its `` most important bilateral partnership '' in the current British foreign policy , and the American foreign policy also affirms its relationship with Britain as its most important relationship , as evidenced in aligned political affairs , mutual cooperation in the areas of trade , commerce , finance , technology , academics , as well as the arts and sciences ; the sharing of government and military intelligence , and joint combat operations and peacekeeping missions carried out between the United States Armed Forces and the British Armed Forces . Canada has historically been the largest importer of U.S. goods and the principal exporter of goods to the USA . As of January 2015 the UK was fifth in terms of exports and seventh in terms of import of goods . The two countries also have had a significant impact of the cultures of many other countries . They are the two main nodes of the Anglosphere , with a combined population of around 385 million in 2015 . Together , they have given the English language a dominant role in many sectors of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 2 Special Relationship 3 History 3.1 Origins 3.2 Migration 3.3 Religion 3.4 American Revolution 3.5 Peace treaty 3.6 End of the Revolution 3.7 1783 -- 1807 : Role of Jay Treaty 3.8 War of 1812 3.9 Disputes 1815 -- 60 3.10 American Civil War 3.11 Late 19th century 3.12 Venezuelan and Alaska border disputes 3.13 The Great Rapprochement 3.14 World War I 3.15 Inter-war years 3.16 World War II 3.16. 1 India 3.17 The Marshall Plan ( 1948 - 1952 ) 3.18 Cold War 3.19 1960s 3.20 1970s 3.21 1980s 3.22 Post-Cold War 3.23 War on Terror and Iraq War 3.24 Release of Abdelbaset al - Megrahi 3.25 Deepwater Horizon oil spill 3.26 Present status 3.26. 1 Obama administration 3.26. 2 Trump administration 4 Trade , investment and the economy 5 Tourism 6 Transportation 6.1 Air Transportation 7 State and official visits 8 Diplomacy 9 Common memberships 9.1 Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group 9.2 UK - USA Security Agreement 10 Sister - Twinning cities 10.1 England and the United States 10.2 Scotland and the United States 10.3 Wales and the United States 10.4 Northern Ireland and the United States 10.5 Friendship links 11 Heritage 12 Culture and media 12.1 Literature 12.2 Press 12.3 Film 12.4 Theatre 12.5 Television 12.6 Radio 12.7 Music 13 Sport 13.1 Football ( soccer ) 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 17.1 Special Relationship 17.2 Primary sources 18 External links Country comparison ( edit ) Leaders of United Kingdom and United States from 1940 Special relationship ( edit ) See also : Special Relationship Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta in 1945 The Special Relationship characterises the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the two countries . It is specially used for relations since 1940 . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Mayflower transported the Pilgrims to the New World in 1620 , as depicted in William Halsall 's The Mayflower in Plymouth Sound , 1882 . See also : Thirteen Colonies After several failed attempts , the first permanent English settlement in mainland North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown in the Colony and Dominion of Virginia . By 1624 , the Colony and Dominion of Virginia ceased to be a charter colony administered by the Virginia Company of London and became a crown colony . The Pilgrims were a small Protestant sect based in England and Amsterdam ; they sent a group of settlers on the Mayflower . After drawing up the Mayflower Compact by which they gave themselves broad powers of self - governance , they established the small Plymouth Colony in 1620 . In 1630 the Puritans established the much larger Massachusetts Bay Colony ; they sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new and `` more pure '' church in the New World . Other colonies followed in Province of Maine ( 1622 ) , Province of Maryland ( 1632 ) , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ( 1636 ) and Connecticut Colony ( 1636 ) . Later came the founding of Province of Carolina ( 1663 ) ( divided in 1729 into the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina ) . The Province of New Hampshire was founded in 1691 . Next came the Province of Georgia in 1732 . The Province of New York was formed from the conquered Dutch colony of New Netherland . In 1674 , the Province of New Jersey was split off from New York . In 1681 William Penn was awarded a royal charter by King Charles II to found Province of Pennsylvania . The colonies each reported separately to London . There was a failed effort to group the colonies into the Dominion of New England , 1686 - 89 . Migration ( edit ) During the 17th century , an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived as permanent residents in the Thirteen Colonies . In the century after the Acts of Union 1707 this was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants . During British settler colonization , liberal administrative , juridical , and market institutions were introduced , positively associated with socioeconomic development . At the same time , colonial policy was also quasi-mercantilist , encouraging trade within the Empire , discouraging trade with other powers , and discouraging the rise of manufacturing in the colonies , which had been established to increase the trade and wealth of the mother country . Britain made much greater profits from the sugar trade of its commercial colonies in the Caribbean . The introduction of coercive labor institutions was another feature of the colonial period . All of the Thirteen Colonies were involved in the slave trade . Slaves in the Middle Colonies and New England Colonies typically worked as house servants , artisans , laborers and craftsmen . Early on , slaves in the Southern Colonies worked primarily in agriculture , on farms and plantations growing indigo , rice , cotton , and tobacco for export . The French and Indian War , fought between 1754 and 1763 , was the North American theatre of the Seven Years ' War . The conflict , the fourth such colonial war between France and Britain in North America , resulted in the British acquisition of New France , with its French Catholic population . Under the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763 , the French ceded control of French Louisiana east of the Mississippi River to the British , which became known as the Indian Reserve . Religion ( edit ) See also : Religion in early Virginia and History of the Religious Society of Friends The religious ties between the metropole and the colonies were pronounced . Most of the churches were transplants from England ( or Germany ) . The Puritans of New England seldom kept in touch with nonconformists in England . Much closer were the transatlantic relationships maintained by the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania . The Methodists also maintained close ties . The Anglican Church was officially established in the Southern colonies , which meant that local taxes paid the salary of the minister , the parish had civic responsibilities such as poor relief , and the local gentry controlled the parish . The church was disestablished during the American Revolution . The Anglican churches in America were under the authority of the Bishop of London , and there was a long debate over whether to establish an Anglican bishop in America . The other Protestants blocked any such appointment . After the Revolution the newly formed Episcopal Church selected its own bishop and kept its distance from London . Data from the US Census in 2000 Proportions of English ancestry Proportions of Scots ancestry Proportions of Scots - Irish ancestry Proportions of Welsh ancestry American Revolution ( edit ) John Trumbull 's painting depicting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , 1775 . See also : American Revolution and American Revolutionary War The Thirteen Colonies gradually obtained more , albeit limited , self - government . British mercantilist policies became more stringent , benefiting the mother country which resulted in trade restrictions , thereby limiting the growth of the colonial economy and artificially constraining colonial merchants ' earning potential . The American Colonies were expected to help repay debt that had accrued during the French and Indian War . Tensions escalated from 1765 to 1775 over issues of taxation without representation and control by King George III . Stemming from the Boston Massacre of 1770 when British Redcoats opened fire on civilians , rebellion consumed the outraged colonists . The British Parliament had imposed a series of taxes such as the Stamp Act of 1765 , and later the Tea Act of 1773 , against which an angry mob of colonists protested in the Boston Tea Party by dumping chests of tea into Boston Harbor . The British Parliament responded to the defiance of the colonists by passing what the colonials called the Intolerable Acts in 1774 . This course of events ultimately triggered the first shots fired in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the beginning of the American War of Independence . A British victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 agitated tensions even further . While the goal of attaining independence was sought by a majority known as Patriots , a minority known as Loyalists wished to remain as British subjects indefinitely . When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in May 1775 , deliberations conducted by notable figures such as Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , John Hancock , Samuel Adams , and John Adams eventually resulted in seeking full independence from the mother country . Thus , the Declaration of Independence , unanimously ratified on July 4 , 1776 , was a radical and decisive break . The United States of America became the first colony in the world to successfully achieve independence in the modern era . In early 1775 the Patriots forced all the British officials and soldiers out of the new nation . The British returned in force in August 1776 , and captured New York City , which became their base until the war ended in 1783 . The British , using their powerful navy , could capture major ports , but 90 % of the Americans lived in rural areas where they had full control . After the Patriots captured a British invasion force moving down from Canada in the Saratoga campaign of 1777 , France entered the war as an ally of the US , and added the Netherlands and Spain as French allies . Britain lost naval superiority and had no major allies and few friends in Europe . The British strategy was then refocused on the South , where they expected large numbers of Loyalists would fight alongside the redcoats . Far fewer Loyalists took up arms than Britain needed ; royal efforts to control the countryside in the South failed . When the British army tried to return to New York , its rescue fleet was turned back by the French fleet and its army was captured by combined French - American forces under General George Washington at the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781 . That effectively ended the fighting . Peace Treaty ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1783 on terms quite favourable to the new nation . The key events were in September 1782 , when the French Foreign Minister Vergennes proposed a solution that was strongly opposed by his ally the United States . France was exhausted by the war , and everyone wanted peace except Spain , which insisted on continuing the war until it captured Gibraltar from the British . Vergennes came up with a deal that Spain would accept instead of Gibraltar . The United States would gain its independence but be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . Britain would take the area north of the Ohio River . In the area south of that would be set up an independent Indian state under Spanish control . It would be an Indian barrier state . The Americans realised that French friendship was worthless during these negotiations : they could get a better deal directly from London . John Jay promptly told the British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them , cutting off France and Spain . The British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne agreed . He was in full charge of the British negotiations and he now saw a chance to split the United States away from France and make the new country a valuable economic partner . The western terms were that the United States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Canada . The northern boundary would be almost the same as today . The United States would gain fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favourable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Shelburne foresaw a highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , which indeed came to pass . End of the Revolution ( edit ) The treaty was finally ratified in 1784 . The British evacuated their soldiers and civilians in New York , Charleston and Savannah in late 1783 . Over 80 percent of the half - million Loyalists remained in the United States and became American citizens . The others mostly went to Canada , and referred to themselves as the United Empire Loyalists . Merchants and men of affairs often went to Britain to reestablish their business connections . Rich southern Loyalists , taking their slaves with them , typically headed to plantations in the West Indies . The British also took away about 3000 free blacks , former slaves who fought the British army ; they went to Nova Scotia . Many found it inhospitable and went to Sierra Leone , the British colony in Africa . The new nation gained control of nearly all the land east of the Mississippi and south of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes . The British colonies of East and West Florida were given to Spain as its reward . The Native American tribes allied with Britain struggled in the aftermath ; the British ignored them at the Peace conference , and most came under American control unless they moved to Canada or to Spanish territory . The British kept forts in the American Midwest ( especially in Michigan and Wisconsin ) , where they supplied weapons to Indian tribes . 1783 -- 1807 : role of Jay Treaty ( edit ) Privately printed pamphlet containing the text of the Jay Treaty Trade resumed between the two nations when the war ended . The British allowed all exports to America but forbade some American food exports to its colonies in the West Indies . British exports reached £ 3.7 million , compared with imports of only £ 750,000 . The imbalance caused a shortage of gold in the US . In 1785 , John Adams became the first American plenipotentiary minister , now known as an ambassador , to the Court of St James 's . King George III received him graciously . In 1791 , Great Britain sent its first diplomatic envoy , George Hammond , to the United States . When Great Britain and France went to war in 1793 , relations between the United States and Great Britain also verged on war . Tensions were subdued when the Jay Treaty was signed in 1794 , which established a decade of peace and prosperous trade relations . The historian Marshall Smelser argues that the treaty effectively postponed war with Britain , or at least postponed it until the United States was strong enough to handle it . Bradford Perkins argued that the treaty was the first to establish a special relationship between Britain and the United States , with a second installment under Lord Salisbury . In his view , the treaty worked for ten years to secure peace between Britain and America : `` The decade may be characterised as the period of `` The First Rapprochement . '' As Perkins concludes , `` For about ten years there was peace on the frontier , joint recognition of the value of commercial intercourse , and even , by comparison with both preceding and succeeding epochs , a muting of strife over ship seizures and impressment . Two controversies with France ... pushed the English - speaking powers even more closely together . '' Starting at swords ' point in 1794 , the Jay treaty reversed the tensions , Perkins concludes : `` Through a decade of world war and peace , successive governments on both sides of the Atlantic were able to bring about and preserve a cordiality which often approached genuine friendship . '' Historian Joseph Ellis finds the terms of the treaty `` one - sided in Britain 's favor '' , but asserts a consensus of historians agrees that it was `` a shrewd bargain for the United States . It bet , in effect , on England rather than France as the hegemonic European power of the future , which proved prophetic . It recognised the massive dependence of the American economy on trade with England . In a sense it was a precocious preview of the Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) , for it linked American security and economic development to the British fleet , which provided a protective shield of incalculable value throughout the nineteenth century . Mostly , it postponed war with England until America was economically and politically more capable of fighting one . '' The US proclaimed its neutrality in the wars between Britain and France ( 1793 -- 1815 ) , and profited greatly by selling food , timber and other supplies to both sides . Thomas Jefferson had bitterly opposed the Jay Treaty because he feared it would strengthen anti-republican political enemies . When Jefferson became president in 1801 , he did not repudiate the treaty . He kept the Federalist minister , Rufus King in London to negotiate a successful resolution to outstanding issues regarding cash payments and boundaries . The amity broke down in 1805 , as relations turned increasingly hostile as a prelude to the War of 1812 . Jefferson rejected a renewal of the Jay Treaty in the Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty of 1806 as negotiated by his diplomats and agreed to by London ; he never sent it to the Senate . The legal international slave trade was largely suppressed after Great Britain passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 . At the urging of President Jefferson , the United States passed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves in 1807 , to take effect January 1 , 1808 . War of 1812 ( edit ) See also : War of 1812 and Origins of the War of 1812 An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at the Battle of Baltimore in 1814 , which inspired Francis Scott Key to write the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The United States imposed a trade embargo , namely the Embargo Act of 1807 , in retaliation for Britain 's blockade of France , which involved the visit and search of neutral merchantmen , and resulted in the suppression of Franco - United States trade for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars . The Royal Navy also boarded American ships and impressed sailors suspected of being British deserters . Western expansion into the American Midwest ( Ohio to Wisconsin ) was hindered by Indian tribes given munitions and support by British agents . Indeed , Britain 's goal was the creation of an independent Indian state to block American expansion . After diplomacy and the boycott had failed , the issue of national honour and independence came to the fore . Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also vindication of American identity . '' Finally in June 1812 President James Madison called for war , and overcame the opposition of Northeastern business interests . The American strategy called for a war against British shipping and especially cutting off food shipments to the British sugar plantations in the West Indies . Conquest of the northern colonies that later became Canada was a tactic designed to give the Americans a strong bargaining position . The main British goal was to defeat France , so until that happened in 1814 the war was primarily defensive . To enlist allies among the Indians , led by Tecumseh , the British promised an independent Indian state would be created in American territory . Repeated American invasions of Canada were fiascoes , because of inadequate preparations , very poor generals , and the refusal of militia units to leave their home grounds . The Americans took control of Lake Erie in 1813 and destroyed the power of the Indian allies of the British in the Northwest and Southeast . The British invasion of the Chesapeake Bay in 1814 culminated in the `` Burning of Washington '' , but the subsequent British attack on Baltimore was repelled . The British invasion of New York state in 1814 was defeated at the Battle of Plattsburgh , and the invasion of Louisiana that launched before word of a ceasefire had reached General Andrew Jackson was decisively defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 . Negotiations began in 1814 and produced the Treaty of Ghent , which restored the status quo ante bellum . No territorial gains were made by either side , and the British plan to create an Indian nation was abandoned . The United Kingdom retained the theoretical right of impressment , but stopped impressing any sailors , while the United States dropped the issue for good . The US celebrated the outcome as a victorious `` second war of independence . '' The British , having finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo , celebrated that triumph and largely forgot the war with America . Tensions between the US and Canada were resolved through diplomacy . The War of 1812 marked the end of a long period of conflict ( 1775 -- 1815 ) and ushered in a new era of peace between the two nations . Disputes 1815 -- 60 ( edit ) The Monroe Doctrine , a unilateral response in 1823 to a British suggestion of a joint declaration , expressed American hostility to further European encroachment in the Western hemisphere . Nevertheless , the United States benefited from the common outlook in British policy and its enforcement by the Royal Navy . In the 1840s several states defaulted on bonds owned by British investors . London bankers avoided state bonds afterwards , but invested heavily in American railroad bonds . In several episodes the American general Winfield Scott proved a sagacious diplomat by tamping down emotions and reaching acceptable compromises . Scott handled the Caroline affair in 1837 . Rebels from British North America ( now Ontario ) fled to New York and used a small American ship called the Caroline to smuggle supplies into Canada after their rebellion was suppressed . In late 1837 , Canadian militia crossed the border into the US and burned the ship , leading to diplomatic protests , a flare - up of Anglophobia , and other incidents . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted Tensions on the vague Maine -- New Brunswick boundary involved rival teams of lumberjacks in the bloodless Aroostook War of 1839 . There was no shooting but both sides tried to uphold national honor and gain a few more miles of timber land . Each side had an old secret map that apparently showed the other side had the better legal case , so compromise was easily reached in the Webster -- Ashburton Treaty of 1842 , which settled the border in Maine and Minnesota . In 1859 , the bloodless Pig War determined the position of the border in relation to the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands . But the Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty proved an important step in improving relations . Relations with the United States were often strained , and even verged on war when Britain almost supported the Confederacy in the early part of the American Civil War . British leaders were constantly annoyed from the 1840s to the 1860s by what they saw as Washington 's pandering to the democratic mob , as in the Oregon boundary dispute in 1844 - 46 . However British middle - class public opinion sensed a `` special relationship '' between the two peoples based on language , migration , evangelical Protestantism , liberal traditions , and extensive trade . This constituency rejected war , forcing London to appease the Americans . During the Trent affair of late 1861 , London drew the line and Washington retreated . In 1844 - 48 the two nations had overlapping claims to Oregon . The area was largely unsettled , making it easy to end the crisis in 1848 by a compromise that split the region evenly , with British Columbia to Great Britain , and Washington , Idaho , and Oregon to America . The US then turned its attention to Mexico , which threatened war over the annexation of Texas . Britain tried without success to moderate the Mexicans , but when the war began it remained neutral . The US gained California , in which the British had shown only passing interest . American Civil war ( edit ) See also : Britain in the American Civil War and Trent Affair In the American Civil War a major Confederate goal was to win recognition from Britain and France , which it expected would lead them to war with the US and enable the Confederacy to win independence . Because of astute American diplomacy , no nation ever recognised the Confederacy and war with Britain was averted . Nevertheless , there was considerable British sentiment in favour of weakening the US by helping the South win . At the beginning of the war Britain issued a proclamation of neutrality . The Confederate States of America had assumed all along that Britain would surely enter the war to protect its vital supply of cotton . This `` King Cotton '' argument was one reason the Confederates felt confident in the first place about going to war , but the Southerners had never consulted the Europeans and were tardy in sending diplomats . Even before the fighting began in April 1861 Confederate citizens ( acting without government authority ) cut off cotton shipments in an effort to exert cotton diplomacy . It failed because Britain had warehouses filled with cotton , whose value was soaring ; not until 1862 did shortages become acute . The Trent Affair in late 1861 nearly caused a war . A warship of the U.S. Navy stopped the British civilian vessel RMS Trent and took off two Confederate diplomats , James Murray Mason and John Slidell . Britain prepared for war and demanded their immediate release . President Lincoln released the diplomats and the episode ended quietly . Britain realised that any recognition of an independent Confederacy would be treated as an act of war against the United States . The British economy was heavily reliant on trade with the United States , most notably cheap grain imports which in the event of war , would be cut off by the Americans . Indeed , the Americans would launch all - out naval war against the entire British merchant fleet . Despite outrage and intense American protests , London allowed the British - built CSS Alabama to leave port and become a commerce raider under the naval flag of the Confederacy . The war ended in 1865 ; arbitration settled the issue in 1871 , with a payment of $15.5 million in gold for the damages caused . In January 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which was strongly supported by liberal elements in Britain . The British government predicted that emancipation of the slaves would create a race war , and that intervention might be required on humanitarian grounds . There was no race war , and the declining capabilities of the Confederacy -- such as loss of major ports and rivers -- made its likelihood of success smaller and smaller . Late 19th century ( edit ) Relations were chilly during the 1860s as Americans resented British and Canadian roles during the Civil War . After the war American authorities looked the other way as Irish `` Fenians '' plotted and even attempted an invasion of Canada . The Fenians proved a failure but Irish American politicians , a growing power in the Democratic Party demanded more independence for Ireland and made anti-British rhetoric -- called `` twisting the lion 's tail '' -- a staple of election campaign appeals to the Irish vote . Britain persisted in its free trade policy even as its major rivals , the US and Germany , turned to high tariffs ( as did Canada ) . American heavy industry grew faster than Britain , and by the 1890s was crowding British machinery and other products out of the world market . London , however , remained the world 's financial center , even as much of its investment was directed toward American railways . The Americans remained far behind the British in international shipping and insurance . The American `` invasion '' of the British home market demanded a response . Tariffs , although increasingly under consideration , were not imposed until the 1930s . Therefore , British businessmen were obliged to lose their market or else rethink and modernise their operations . The boot and shoe industry faced increasing imports of American footwear ; Americans took over the market for shoe machinery . British companies realised they had to meet the competition so they re-examined their traditional methods of work , labour utilisation , and industrial relations , and to rethink how to market footwear in terms of the demand for fashion . Venezuelan and Alaska border disputes ( edit ) President Cleveland twists the tail of the British Lion regarding Venezuela -- a policy hailed by Irish Catholics in the United States ; cartoon in Puck by J.S. Pughe , 1895 In 1895 the Venezuela Crisis with the United States erupted . A border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela caused a major Anglo - American crisis when the United States intervened to take Venezuela 's side . Propaganda sponsored by Venezuela convinced American public opinion that the British were infringing on Venezuelan territory . The United States demanded an explanation and Prime Minister Salisbury refused . The crisis escalated when President Grover Cleveland , citing the Monroe Doctrine , issued an ultimatum in late 1895 . Salisbury 's cabinet convinced him he had to go to arbitration . Both sides calmed down and the issue was quickly resolved through arbitration which largely upheld the British position on the legal boundary line . Salisbury remained angry but a consensus was reached in London , led by Lord Landsdowne , to seek much friendlier relations with the United States . By standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of the British , the US improved relations with the Latin Americans , and the cordial manner of the procedure improved diplomatic relations with Britain . The Olney - Pauncefote Treaty of 1897 was a proposed treaty between the United States and Britain in 1897 that required arbitration of major disputes . Despite wide public and elite support , the treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate , which was jealous of its prerogatives , and never went into effect . Arbitration was used to settle the dispute over the boundary between Alaska and Canada , but the Canadians felt betrayed by the result . The Alaska Purchase of 1867 drew the boundary between Canada and Alaska in ambiguous fashion . With the gold rush into the Yukon in 1898 , miners had to enter through Alaska and Canada wanted the boundary redrawn to obtain its own seaport . Canada rejected the American offer of a long - term lease on an American port . The issue went to arbitration and the Alaska boundary dispute was finally resolved by an arbitration in 1903 . The decision favoured the US when the British judge sided with the three American judges against the two Canadian judges on the arbitration panel . Canadian public opinion was outraged that their interests were sacrificed by London for the benefit of British - American harmony . The Great Rapprochement ( edit ) This 1898 depiction of the Great Rapprochement shows Uncle Sam embracing John Bull , while Columbia and Britannia sit together and hold hands . The Great Rapprochement is a term used to describe the convergence of social and political objectives between the United Kingdom and the United States from 1895 until World War I began in 1914 . The large Irish Catholic element in the US provided a major base for demands for Irish independence , and occasioned anti-British rhetoric , especially at election time . The most notable sign of improving relations during the Great Rapprochement was Britain 's actions during the Spanish -- American War ( started 1898 ) . Initially Britain supported the Spanish Empire and its colonial rule over Cuba , since the perceived threat of American occupation and a territorial acquisition of Cuba by the United States might harm British trade and commercial interests within its own imperial possessions in the West Indies . However , after the United States made genuine assurances that it would grant Cuba 's independence ( which eventually occurred in 1902 under the terms dictated in the Platt Amendment ) , the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States , unlike most other European powers who supported Spain . In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War , although many Americans favoured the Boers . Victory in the Spanish -- American War had given the United States its own rising empire . This new status was demonstrated in 1900 -- 01 , when the US and Britain , as part of the Eight - Nation Alliance , suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and maintained foreign Concessions ( colonies ) in Qing Dynasty China . The naval blockade of several months ( 1902 - 1903 ) imposed against Venezuela by Britain , Germany and Italy over President Cipriano Castro 's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in a recent failed civil war . Castro assumed that the Monroe Doctrine would see the U.S. prevent European military intervention , but at the time President Theodore Roosevelt saw the Doctrine as concerning European seizure of territory , rather than intervention per se . Roosevelt also was concerned with the threat of penetration into the region by Germany and Britain . With Castro failing to back down under U.S. pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reactions to the affair , President Roosevelt persuaded the blockading nations agreed to a compromise , but maintained the blockade , during negotiations over the details of refinacial the debt on Washington Protocols . This incident was a major driver of the Roosevelt Corollary and the subsequent U.S. Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America . In 1907 -- 09 , President Theodore Roosevelt sent the `` Great White Fleet '' on an international tour , to demonstrate the power projection of the United States ' blue - water navy , which had become second only to the Royal Navy in size and firepower . World war I ( edit ) See also : American entry into World War I and Diplomatic history of World War I An American doughboy receiving an award from King George V . The United States had a policy of strict neutrality . The United States was willing to export any product to any country . Germany could not import anything due to the British blockade , so the American trade was with the Allies . It was financed by the sale of American bonds and stocks owned by the British . When that was exhausted the British borrowed heavily from New York banks . When that credit ran dry in late 1916 , a financial crisis was at hand for Britain . American public opinion moved steadily against Germany , especially in the wake of the Belgian atrocities in 1914 and the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915 . The large German American and Irish Catholic element called for staying out of the war , but the German Americans were increasingly marginalised . The Germans renewed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 knowing it would lead to war with the US . Germany 's invitation to Mexico to join together in war against the US in the Zimmermann Telegram was the last straw , and the US declared war in April 1917 . The Balfour Mission in April and May tried to promote cooperation between the UK and US . The Americans planned to send money , food and munitions , but it soon became clear that millions of soldiers would be needed to decide the war on the Western Front . The US sent two million soldiers to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing , with more on the way as the war ended . Many of the Allied forces were skeptical of the competence of the American Expeditionary Force , which in 1917 was severely lacking in training and experience . By summer 1918 , the American doughboys were arriving at 10,000 a day , as the German forces were shrinking because they had run out of manpower . The first summit conference took place in London in late 1918 , between Wilson and Prime Minister David Lloyd George . It went poorly , as Wilson distrusted Lloyd George as a schemer , and Lloyd George grumbled that the president was excessively moralistic . The two did work together at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 , as part of the Big Four . They moderated the demands of French Prime Minister Clemenceau to permanently weaken Germany . Lloyd George later quipped that sitting between them was like `` being seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon . '' The reparations demanded of Germany were publicized as very heavy , but in practice they were not severe at all . Inter-war years ( edit ) Further information : International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) By 1921 a cardinal principle of British foreign - policy was to `` cultivate the closest relations with the United States . '' As a result , Britain decided not to renew its military alliance with Japan , which was becoming a major rival to the United States in the Pacific . The US sponsored a successful Washington Naval Conference in 1922 that largely ended the naval arms race for a decade . World War I marked the end of the Royal Navy 's superiority , an eclipse acknowledged in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , when the United States and Britain agreed to equal tonnage quotas on warships . By 1932 , the 1922 treaty was not renewed and Britain , Japan and the US were again in a naval race . In the 1920s , bilateral relations were generally friendly . In 1923 London renegotiated its ₤ 978 million war debt to the U.S. Treasury by promising regular payments of ₤ 34 million for ten years then ₤ 40 million for 52 years . The idea was for the US to loan money to Germany , which in turn paid reparations to Britain , which in turn paid off its loans from the US government . In 1931 all German payments ended , and in 1932 Britain suspended its payments to the US . The debt was finally repaid after 1945 . The League of Nations was established , but Wilson refused to negotiate with Republican supporters of the League . They objected to the provision that allowed the League to force the United States to join in a war declared by the League without the approval of Congress or the president . It was defeated in the Senate . The United States never joined the League , leaving Britain and France to dominate the organization . In any case , it had very little effect on major issues and was replaced in 1945 with a United Nations in which both Britain and the United States had veto power . Major conferences , especially the Washington Conference of 1922 occurred outside League auspices . The US refused to send official delegates to League committees , instead sending unofficial `` observers . '' The second summit took place between President Herbert Hoover and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in the United States in 1929 . Both men were seriously devoted to peace , and the meeting went smoothly in discussions regarding naval arms limitations , and the application of the Kellogg -- Briand Pact peace pact of 1928 . One result was the successful London Naval Treaty of 1930 , which continued the warship limitations among the major powers first set out in 1922 . During the Great Depression , starting in late 1929 , the U.S. was preoccupied with its own internal affairs and economic recovery , espousing an isolationist policy . When the US raised tariffs in 1930 , the British retaliated by raising their tariffs against outside countries ( such as the US ) while giving special trade preferences inside the Commonwealth . The US demanded these special trade preferences be ended in 1946 in exchange for a large loan . The overall world total of all trade plunged by over two - thirds , while trade between the US and Britain shrank from $848 million in 1929 to $288 million in 1932 , a decline of almost two - thirds ( 66 % ) . When Britain in 1933 called a worldwide London Economic Conference to help resolve the depression , President Franklin D. Roosevelt killed it by refusing to cooperate . Tensions over the Irish question faded with the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 . The American Irish had achieved their goal , and in 1938 its leader Joseph P. Kennedy became ambassador to the Court of St. James 's . He moved in high London society and his daughter married into the aristocracy . Kennedy supported the Neville Chamberlain policy of appeasement toward Germany , and when the war began he advised Washington that prospects for Britain 's survival were bleak . When Winston Churchill came to power in 1940 , Kennedy lost all his influence in London and Washington . World war II ( edit ) See also : United Kingdom - United States relations in World War II and Diplomatic history of World War II Although many of the American people were sympathetic to Britain during the war with Nazi Germany , there was widespread opposition to American intervention in European affairs . This was reflected in a series of Neutrality Acts ratified by the United States Congress in 1935 , 1936 , and 1937 . However , President Roosevelt 's policy of cash - and - carry still allowed Britain and France to order munitions from the United States and carry them home . Roosevelt and Churchill drafted the Atlantic Charter in August 1941 Churchill , who had long warned against Germany and demanded rearmament , became prime minister after Chamberlain 's policy of appeasement had totally collapsed and Britain was unable to reverse the German invasion of Norway in April 1940 . After the fall of France in June 1940 , Roosevelt gave Britain and ( after June 1941 ) the Soviet Union all aid short of war . The Destroyers for Bases Agreement which was signed in September 1940 , gave the United States a 99 - year rent - free lease of numerous land and air bases throughout the British Empire in exchange for the Royal Navy receiving 50 old destroyers from the United States Navy . Beginning in March 1941 , the United States enacted Lend - Lease in the form of tanks , fighter airplanes , munitions , bullets , food , and medical supplies . Britain received $31.4 billion out of a total of $50.1 billion sent to the Allies . Roosevelt insisted on avoiding the blunder that Wilson had made in the First World War of setting up the financing as loans that had to be repaid by the recipients . Lend lease aid was freely given , with no payments . Also there were also cash loans were repaid at low rates over a half - century . Summit meetings became a standard practice carting starting with August 1941 , when Churchill and Roosevelt met on British territory , and announced the Atlantic Charter . It became a fundamental document -- All the Allies had to sign it -- and it led to the formation of the United Nations . Shortly after Pearl Harbor , Churchill spent several weeks in Washington with the senior staff hammering out wartime strategy with the American counterparts at the Arcadia Conference . They set up the Combined Chiefs of Staff to plot and coordinate strategy and operations . Military cooperation was close and successful . Technical collaboration was even closer , as the two nations shared secrets and weapons regarding the proximity fuze ( fuse ) and radar , as well as airplane engines , Nazi codes , and the atomic bomb . Millions of American servicemen were based in Britain during the war . Americans were paid five times more than comparable British servicemen , which led to a certain amount of friction with British men and intermarriage with British women . In 1945 Britain sent a portion of the British fleet to assist the planned October invasion of Japan by the USA , but this was cancelled when Japan was forced to surrender unconditionally in August . India ( edit ) Serious tension erupted over American demands that India be given independence , a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected . For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain 's disengagement from India . The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism , practical concern for the outcome of the war , and the expectation of a large American role in a post-colonial era . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India movement , the British authorities immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Mahatma Gandhi ) . Meanwhile , India became the main American staging base for aid to China . Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt pushed too hard , so Roosevelt backed down . The Marshall plan ( 1948 - 1952 ) ( edit ) In Spring 1949 the Bank of England issued instructions to British banks restricting the conversion of sterling for any oil that was purchased outside the sterling area . This was particularly damaging to the Arabian American Oil Company ( ARAMCO ) -- Standard Oil of Jersey and Socony had been invited to join the Saudi concession because of their extensive overseas contacts who were now subject to London 's embargo . Britain also began bartering oil for payment in kind in defiance of international agreements with the US . Britain devalued its currency in September 1949 and promptly reduced exchanges - for - dollars by restricting American - affiliated oil companies from selling dollar oil within the sterling area until all the sterling oil had been sold . The disagreement was especially dire because Americans wanted to sell the oil they purchased from Saudi Arabia under the new concession arrangement . Eventually the British and the Americans reached an agreement that allowed American companies to sell Saudi oil in the sterling area . Cold war ( edit ) See also : Cold War In the aftermath of the war Britain faced a financial crisis , whereas the United States was in the midst of an economic boom . The process of de-colonization accelerated with the independence Britain granted to India , Pakistan and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) in 1947 . The Labour government , which was alarmed at the threat of Communism in the Balkans , implored the US to take over the British role in Greece , which led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947 , with financial and military aid to Greece and Turkey as Britain withdrew from the region . The US provided financial aid in the form of the Anglo - American loan of 1946 , a 50 - year loan with a low 2 % interest rate starting in 1950 . A more permanent solution was the Marshall Plan of 1948 -- 51 , which poured $13 billion into western Europe , of which $3.3 billion went to Britain to help modernise its infrastructure and business practices . The aid was a gift and carried requirements that Britain balance its budget , control tariffs and maintain adequate currency reserves . The need to form a united front against the Soviet threat compelled the US and Britain to cooperate in helping to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with their European allies . NATO is a mutual defence alliance whereby an attack on one member country is deemed an attack on all members . The United States had an anti-colonial and anti-communist stance in its foreign policy throughout the Cold War . Military forces from the United States and the United Kingdom were heavily involved in the Korean War , fighting under a United Nations mandate . Military forces withdrew when a stalemate was implemented in 1953 . When the Suez Crisis erupted in October 1956 , the United States feared a wider war , after the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side . Thus the United States applied sustained econo - financial pressure to encourage and ultimately force the United Kingdom , Israel and France to end their invasion of Egypt . British post-war debt was so large that economic sanctions could have caused a devaluation of sterling . This was something the UK government intended to avoid at all costs , and when it became clear that the international sanctions were serious , the British and their French allies withdrew their forces back to pre-war positions . The following year saw the resignation of Sir Anthony Eden . Anglo - American cooperation during Eisenhower 's presidency was troubled , approaching in 1956 a complete breakdown that represented the lowest point in the relations between the two countries since the 1920s . 1960s ( edit ) Through the US - UK Mutual Defence Agreement signed in 1958 , the United States assisted the United Kingdom in their own development of a nuclear arsenal . The British , however , were financially unable to develop their own delivery systems for nuclear weapons . In April 1963 , the Polaris Sales Agreement called for the U.S. to sell the UGM - 27 Polaris ballistic missile for use in the Royal Navy 's submarine fleet starting in 1968 . The American containment policy called for military resistance to the expansion of communism , and Vietnam became the main battlefield in the 1950s down to the communist victory in 1975 . Harold Wilson , the Prime Minister ( 1964 - 1970 ) believed in a strong `` Special Relationship '' and wanted to highlight his dealings with the White House to strengthen his own prestige as a statesman . President Lyndon Johnson disliked Wilson , and ignored any `` special '' relationship . He agreed to provide financial help but he strongly opposed British plans to devalue the pound and withdraw military units east of Suez . Vietnam was the sore point . As the American military involvement deepened after 1964 , Johnson repeatedly asked for British ground units to validate international support for American intervention . Wilson never sent troops , but he did provide help with intelligence , and training in jungle warfare , as well as verbal support . He also took the initiative in attempting numerous mediation schemes , typically involving Russian intervention , none of which gained traction . Wilson 's policy Divided the Labour Party ; the Conservative opposition generally supported the American position on Vietnam . Issues of foreign policy were rarely salient in general elections . Wilson and Johnson also differed sharply on British economic weakness and its declining status as a world power . Historian Jonathan Colman concludes it made for the most unsatisfactory `` special '' relationship in the 20th century . 1970s ( edit ) Edward Heath ( Prime minister 1970 - 74 ) and Richard Nixon ( President 1969 - 74 ) maintained a close working relationship . Heath deviated from his predecessors by supporting Nixon 's decision to bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in Vietnam in April 1972 . Nevertheless , relations deteriorated noticeably during the early 1970s . Throughout his premiership , Heath insisted on using the phrase `` natural relationship '' instead of `` special relationship '' to refer to Anglo - American relations , acknowledging the historical and cultural similarities but carefully denying anything special beyond that . Heath was determined to restore a measure of equality to Anglo - American relations which the USA had increasingly dominated as the power and economy of the United Kingdom flagged in the post-colonial era . Heath 's renewed push for British admittance to the European Economic Community ( EEC ) brought new tensions between the United Kingdom and the United States . French President Charles De Gaulle , who believed that British entry would allow undue American influence on the organisation , had vetoed previous British attempts at entry . Heath 's final bid benefited from the more moderate views of Georges Pompidou , De Gaulle 's successor as President of France , and his own Eurocentric foreign policy schedule . The Nixon administration viewed this bid as a pivot away from close ties with the United States in favour of continental Europe . After Britain 's admission to the EEC in 1973 , Heath confirmed this interpretation by notifying his American counterparts that the United Kingdom would henceforth be formulating European policies with other EEC members before discussing them with the United States . Furthermore , Heath indicated his potential willingness to consider a nuclear partnership with France and questioned what the United Kingdom got in return for American use of British military and intelligence facilities worldwide . In return , Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger briefly cut off the Anglo - American intelligence tap in August 1973 . Kissinger then attempted to restore American influence in Europe with his abortive 1973 `` Year of Europe '' policy plan to update the NATO agreements . Members of the Heath administration , including Heath himself in later years , regarded this announcement with derision . In 1973 , American and British officials disagreed in their handling of the Arab - Israeli Yom Kippur War . While the Nixon administration immediately increased military aid to Israel , Heath maintained British neutrality in the conflict and imposed a British arms embargo on all combatants , which mostly hindered the Israelis by preventing them obtaining spares for their Centurion tanks . Anglo - American disagreement intensified over Nixon 's unilateral decision to elevate American forces , stationed at British bases , to DEFCON 3 status on October 25 in response to the breakdown of the United Nations ceasefire . Heath disallowed American intelligence gathering , resupplying , or refueling from British bases in Cyprus , which greatly limited the effective range of American reconnaissance planes . In return , Kissinger imposed a second intelligence cutoff over this disagreement and some in the administration even suggested that the United States should refuse to assist in the British missile upgrade to the Polaris system . Tensions between the United States and United Kingdom relaxed as the second ceasefire took effect . Wilson 's return to power in 1974 helped to return Anglo - American relations to normality . On July 23 , 1977 , officials from the United Kingdom and the United States renegotiated the previous Bermuda I Agreement , and signed the Bermuda II Agreement under which only four airlines , two from the United Kingdom and two from the United States , were allowed to operate flights between London Heathrow Airport and specified `` gateway cities '' in the United States . The Bermuda II Agreement was in effect for nearly 30 years until it was eventually replaced by the EU - US Open Skies Agreement , which was signed on April 30 , 2007 and entered into effect on March 30 , 2008 . 1980s ( edit ) Ronald Reagan with close ally and personal friend Margaret Thatcher in November 1986 Throughout the 1980s , Margaret Thatcher was strongly supportive of Ronald Reagan 's unwavering stance towards the Soviet Union . Often described as `` political soulmates '' and a high point in the `` Special Relationship '' , Reagan and Thatcher met many times throughout their political careers , speaking in concert when confronting Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev . In 1982 , the British Government made a request to the United States , which the Americans agreed upon in principle , to sell the Trident II D5 ballistic missile , associated equipment , and related system support for use on four Vanguard class nuclear submarines in the Royal Navy . The Trident II D5 ballistic missile replaced the United Kingdom 's previous use of the UGM - 27 Polaris ballistic missile , beginning in the mid-1990s . In the Falklands War in 1982 , the United States initially tried to mediate between the United Kingdom and Argentina , but ended up supporting the United Kingdom 's counter-invasion . The U.S. supplied the British military with equipment as well as logistical support . In October 1983 , the United States and a coalition of Caribbean nations undertook Operation Urgent Fury , codename for the invasion of the Commonwealth to the island nation of Grenada . A bloody Marxist coup had overrun Grenada , and neighboring countries in the region asked the United States to intervene militarily , which it did successfully despite having made assurances to a deeply resentful British Government . On April 15 , 1986 , the United States Air Force with elements of naval and marine forces launched Operation El Dorado Canyon from RAF Fairford , RAF Upper Heyford , RAF Lakenheath , and RAF Mildenhall in England . Despite firm opposition from within the Conservative Party , Margaret Thatcher allowed Ronald Reagan to use Royal Air Force stations in the United Kingdom during the bombings of Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya , a counter-attack by the United States in response to Muammar Gaddafi 's export of state - sponsored terrorism directed towards civilians and American servicemen stationed in West Berlin . On December 21 , 1988 , Pan American Worldways ' Flight 103 from London Heathrow Airport to New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport exploded over the town of Lockerbie , Scotland , killing 169 Americans and 40 Britons on board . The motive that is generally attributed to Libya can be traced back to a series of military confrontations with the United States Navy in the 1980s in the Gulf of Sidra , the whole of which Libya claimed as its territorial waters . Despite a guilty verdict on January 31 , 2001 by the Scottish High Court of Justiciary which ruled against Abdelbaset al - Megrahi , the bomber , on charges of murder and conspiracy to commit murder , Libya never formally admitted carrying out the 1988 bombing over Scotland until 2003 . During the Soviet war in Afghanistan , the United States and the United Kingdom throughout the 1980s provided arms to the Mujahideen rebels in Afghanistan until the last troops from the Soviet Union left Afghanistan on February 15 , 1989 . Post-cold war ( edit ) See also : Gulf War , Kosovo War , and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia When the United States became the world 's lone superpower after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , new threats emerged which confronted the United States and its NATO allies . With military build - up beginning in August 1990 and the use of force beginning in January 1991 , the United States , followed at a distance by Britain , provided the two largest forces respectively for the coalition army which liberated Kuwait from Saddam Hussein 's regime during the Persian Gulf War . In 1997 , the British Labour Party was elected to office for the first time in eighteen years . The new prime minister , Tony Blair , and Bill Clinton both used the expression `` Third Way '' to describe their centre - left ideologies . In August 1997 , the American people expressed solidarity with the British people , sharing in their grief and sense of shock on the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , who perished in a car crash in Paris , France . Throughout 1998 and 1999 , the United States and Britain sent troops to impose peace during the Kosovo War . War on terror and Iraq war ( edit ) Tony Blair and George W. Bush seen shaking hands after a press conference in the East Room of the White House on November 12 , 2004 . See also : War on Terror , September 11 attacks , 7 July 2005 London bombings , and Iraq War 67 Britons were among the 2,977 victims killed during the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City , the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , and in an open field near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , on September 11 , 2001 , which were orchestrated by al - Qaeda . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , there was an enormous outpouring of sympathy from the United Kingdom for the American people , and Tony Blair was one of George W. Bush 's strongest international supporters for bringing al - Qaeda and the Taliban to justice . Indeed , Blair became the most articulate spokesman . He was the only foreign leader to attend an emergency joint session of Congress called immediately after the attacks ( and remains the only foreign leader ever to attend such a session ) , where he received two standing ovations from members of Congress . During this session of Congress , President George W. Bush stated matter - of - factly that `` America has no truer friend than Great Britain '' . The United States declared a War on Terror following the attacks . British forces participated in NATO 's war in Afghanistan . Blair took the lead ( against the opposition of France , Canada , Germany , China , and Russia ) in advocating the invasion of Iraq in 2003 . Again Britain was second only to the US in sending forces to Iraq . Both sides wound down after 2009 , and withdrew their last troops in 2011 . President Bush and Prime Minister Blair provided sustained mutual political and diplomatic support and won votes in Congress and parliament against their critics at home . During this period Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld said that `` America has no finer ally than the United Kingdom . '' The July 7 , 2005 London bombings emphasised the difference in the nature of the terrorist threat to both nations . The United States concentrated primarily on global enemies , like the al - Qaeda network and other Islamic extremists from the Middle East . The London bombings were carried out by homegrown extremist Muslims , and it emphasised the United Kingdom 's threat from the radicalisation of its own people . By 2007 , support amongst the British public for the Iraq war had plummeted . Despite Tony Blair 's historically low approval ratings with the British people , mainly due to allegations of faulty government intelligence of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction , his unapologetic and unwavering stance for the British alliance with the United States can be summed up in his own words . He said , `` We should remain the closest ally of the US ... not because they are powerful , but because we share their values . '' The alliance between George W. Bush and Tony Blair seriously damaged the prime minister 's standing in the eyes of many British citizens . Tony Blair argued it was in the United Kingdom 's interest to `` protect and strengthen the bond '' with the United States regardless of who is in the White House . A perception that the relationship was unequal led to use of the term `` Poodle - ism '' in the British media , that Britain and its leaders were lapdogs to the Americans . All British servicemen were withdrawn with the exception of 400 who remained in Iraq until July 31 , 2009 . On June 11 , 2009 , the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda accepted four Chinese Uighurs from the United States ' detainment facility known as Guantanamo Bay detention camp located on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba . At the request of the United States Government , Bermudan officials agreed to host Khaleel Mamut , Hozaifa Parhat , Salahidin Abdulahat , and Abdullah Abdulqadirakhun as guest workers in Bermuda who seven years ago , were all captured by Pakistani bounty hunters during the United States - led invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001 . This decision agreed upon by American and Bermudan officials drew considerable consternation and contempt by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as it was viewed by British officials in London that they should have been consulted on whether or not the decision to take in four Chinese Uighurs was a security and foreign issue of which the Bermudian government does not have delegated responsibility over . Release of Abdelbaset al - Megrahi ( edit ) See also : Release of Abdelbaset al - Megrahi On August 20 , 2009 , The Scottish government headed by Alex Salmond announced that it would release Abdelbaset al - Megrahi on medical grounds . He was the only person convicted of the terrorist plot which killed 169 Americans and 40 Britons on Pan American Worldways ' Flight 103 over the town of Lockerbie , Scotland on December 21 , 1988 . He was sentenced to life in prison in 2001 , but was released after being diagnosed with terminal cancer , with around three months to live . Americans said the decision was uncompassionate and insensitive to the memory of the victims of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing . President Barack Obama said that the decision was `` highly objectionable . '' U.S. Ambassador Louis Susman said that although the decision made by Scotland to release Abdelbaset al - Megrahi was seen by the United States as extremely regrettable , relations with the United Kingdom would remain fully intact and strong . The British government led by Gordon Brown was not involved in the release and Gordon Brown stated at a press conference that they had played ' no role ' in the decision . Abdelbaset al - Megrahi died May 20 , 2012 at the age of 60 . Deepwater Horizon oil spill ( edit ) In April 2010 , the explosion , sinking and resultant oil spill from the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig led to diplomatic friction and populist anti-British sentiment , even though the rig was owned and operated by the Swiss company Transocean and the cement work carried out by the US company Halliburton . Commentators referred to `` British Petroleum '' even though the company had been known as `` BP '' since 1998 . UK politicians expressed concerns about anti-British rhetoric in the US . BP 's CEO Tony Hayward was called `` the most hated man in America '' . Conversely , the widespread public demonisation of BP and the effects on the company and its image , coupled with Obama 's statements with regard to BP caused a degree of anti-American sentiment in the UK . This was particularly evidenced by the comments of the Business Secretary Vince Cable , who said that `` It 's clear that some of the rhetoric in the US is extreme and unhelpful '' , for reasons of British pension funds , loss of revenues for the exchequer and the adverse effect such the rhetoric was having on the share price of one of the UK 's largest companies . The meeting between Barack Obama and David Cameron in July somewhat helped strained diplomatic relations , and President Obama stated that there lies a `` truly special relations '' between the two countries . The degree to which anti-British or anti-American hostilities continue to exist , remains to be seen . Present status ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II welcomed President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama to Buckingham Palace on April 1 , 2009 British policy is that the relationship with the United States represents the United Kingdom 's `` most important bilateral relationship '' in the world . United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton paid tribute to the relationship in February 2009 by saying , `` it stands the test of time '' . Obama administration ( edit ) On March 3 , 2009 , Gordon Brown made his first visit to the Obama White House . During his visit , he presented the president a gift in the form of a pen holder carved from HMS Gannet , which served anti-slavery missions off the coast of Africa . Barack Obama 's gift to the prime minister was a box of 25 DVDs with movies including Star Wars and E.T. The wife of the prime minister , Sarah Brown , gave the Obama daughters , Sasha and Malia , two dresses from British clothing retailer Topshop , and a few unpublished books that have not reached the United States . Michelle Obama gave the prime minister 's sons two Marine One helicopter toys . During this visit to the United States , Gordon Brown made an address to a joint session of the United States Congress , a privilege rarely accorded to foreign heads of government . In March 2009 , a Gallup poll of Americans showed 36 % identified Britain as their country 's `` most valuable ally '' , followed by Canada , Japan , Israel , and Germany rounding out the top five . The poll also indicated that 89 % of Americans view the United Kingdom favourably , second only to Canada with 90 % . According to the Pew Research Center , a global survey conducted in July 2009 revealed that 70 % of Britons who responded had a favourable view of the United States . In 2010 , Obama stated `` the United States has no closer friend and ally than the United Kingdom , and I reiterated my deep and personal commitment to the special relationship between our two countries . '' Prime Minister David Cameron and President Barack Obama talk during the 39th G8 summit in June 2013 In February 2011 , The Daily Telegraph , based on evidence from WikiLeaks , reported that the United States had tendered sensitive information about the British Trident nuclear arsenal ( whose missile delivery systems are manufactured and maintained in the United States ) to the Russian Federation as part of a deal to encourage Russia to ratify the New START Treaty . Professor Malcolm Chalmers of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies speculated that serial numbers could undermine Britain 's non-verification policy by providing Russia `` with another data point to gauge the size of the British arsenal '' . On May 25 , 2011 , during his official visit to the UK , Obama reaffirmed the relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States of America in an address to Parliament at Westminster Hall . Amongst other points , Obama stated : `` I 've come here today to reaffirm one of the oldest ; one of the strongest alliances the World has ever known . It 's long been said that the United States and the United Kingdom share a special relationship . '' In the final days before the Scottish independence referendum in September 2014 , Obama announced in public the vested interest of the United States of America in enjoying the continued partnership with a ' strong and united ' UK which he described as `` one of the closest allies we will ever have . '' During a joint press conference with Prime Minister Theresa May , Obama stated `` The bottom line is , is that we do n't have a stronger partner anywhere in the world than the United Kingdom . '' Trump administration ( edit ) Prime Minister Theresa May and President Donald Trump at the White House on January 27 , 2017 President Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Theresa May are continuing the United Kingdom -- United States special relationship . May was the first foreign leader Trump hosted in Washington after taking office , and UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage was the first foreign politician Trump met with after winning the presidential election , when he was still President - elect of the United States . However , Trump was the subject of popular protests in Britain even before he took office , particularly because of his anti-immigration proposals and perceived racism . During his presidency there were protests when he was inaugurated , when he announced his first immigration ban on citizens from certain Muslim countries , and when he said he would recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . On June 4 , 2017 , Trump responded to a terror attack on London Bridge by attacking London Mayor Sadiq Khan for saying that there `` was no reason to be alarmed '' . The comments were condemned by Khan who stated that his remarks were deliberately taken out of context in that he was referring to an increased police presence in the days after the attack , which should not alarm the public . Trump also suggested that , `` we must stop being politically correct and get down to the business of security for our people '' . On November 29 , 2017 , Trump re-tweeted three videos posted by Jayda Fransen , deputy leader of the far - right nationalist Britain First party . One of the videos , titled ' Muslim immigrant beats up Dutch boy on crutches ' , was subsequently discredited by the Dutch embassy in the United States . The spokesperson for the Prime Minister said that what the President had done was ' wrong ' and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said that ' hate speech had no place in the UK ' . In response , Trump tweeted at the Prime Minister suggesting that she worry about immigration in her own country rather than whom he chose to retweet . White House spokeswoman Sarah Sanders said that the President attempted to start a conversation about immigration . May was the first foreign leader to visit Trump after his inauguration , and she invited him to make a return visit . More than 1.8 million U.K citizens signed a petition to rescind the invitation , and Parliament debated a nonbinding resolution to that effect in February 2017 . The visit was tentatively planned for late February 2018 , and would include a ceremonial opening of the new American embassy in Nine Elms . However , on January 11 , 2018 he cancelled the visit and denounced the new embassy in a tweet saying Reason I canceled my trip to London is that I am not a big fan of the Obama Administration having sold perhaps the best located and finest embassy in London for `` peanuts , '' only to build a new one in an off location for 1.2 billion dollars . Bad deal . Wanted me to cut ribbon - NO ! This was despite the official reason for relocating the embassy due to the security , as the Grosvenor Square site could n't accommodate the requirements for being 100 ft ( 30.5 m ) away from the street , and the fact that the move was decided by Obama 's predecessor Bush , who approved the relocation in 2008 . It was speculated that the real reason for cancelling the visit was due to Trump 's unpopularity and the possibility of large protests against him in London . Trade , investment and the economy ( edit ) The United States accounts for the United Kingdom 's largest single export market , buying $57 billion worth of British goods in 2007 . Total trade of imports and exports between the United Kingdom and the United States amounted to the sum of $107.2 billion in 2007 . The United States and the United Kingdom share the world 's largest foreign direct investment partnership . In 2005 , American direct investment in the United Kingdom totaled $324 billion while British direct investment in the United States totaled $282 billion . In a press conference that made several references to the special relationship , US Secretary of State John Kerry , in London with UK Foreign Secretary William Hague on September 9 , 2013 , said `` We are not only each other 's largest investors in each of our countries , one to the other , but the fact is that every day almost one million people go to work in America for British companies that are in the United States , just as more than one million people go to work here in Great Britain for American companies that are here . So we are enormously tied together , obviously . And we are committed to making both the U.S. - UK and the U.S. - EU relationships even stronger drivers of our prosperity . '' Tourism ( edit ) More than 4.5 million Britons visit the United States every year , spending approximately $14 billion . Around 3 million people from the United States visit the United Kingdom every year , spending approximately $10 billion . Transportation ( edit ) Air transportation ( edit ) Two of the three major American airlines , American Airlines & United Airlines fly directly between the US and the UK , principally between London and New York . While the third major US carrier Delta , code - shares with the UK 's Virgin Atlantic which it owns a 49 % stake in . Low - cost carriers JetBlue & Southwest fly between the eastern US and the British overseas territories of Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands . The British flag carrier British Airways flies to over twenty destinations in the US . Also two main British charter airlines , Thomas Cook Airlines and TUI Airways fly to the US although principally to the holiday destinations of Florida and California . While long - haul low - cost carrier Norwegian Air Shuttle flies from Gatwick , Edinburgh & Belfast to fifteen American airports . Both American Airlines and BA are founders of the airline alliance , Oneworld . Both BA and TUI Airways are major purchasers of American - made Boeing aircraft . New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport is the most popular international destination for people flying out of London Heathrow Airport . Approximately 2,802,870 people on multiple daily non-stop flights flew from Heathrow to JFK in 2008 . Concorde , British Airways flagship supersonic airliner , began trans - Atlantic service to Washington Dulles International Airport in the United States on May 24 , 1976 . The trans - Atlantic route between London 's Heathrow and New York 's JFK in under 31⁄2 hours , had its first operational flight between the two hubs on October 19 , 1977 and the last being on October 23 , 2003 . State and official visits ( edit ) See also : United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom In the 20th century , there were 78 formal and informal summits bringing together the president and the prime minister to deal with an agreed - upon agenda . The first was 1918 , the second in 1929 . The rest began in 1941 , which marked the decline of ambassadors as the key transmitters of policy discussions . In three out of four of the summits , the British delegation traveled to America . Summits have become much less important in the 21st century , with its new communication modes . State visits involving the head of state have been made over the years by four presidents and two monarchs . Queen Elizabeth II has met all the presidents since Truman except Johnson . In addition , the Queen made three private visits in 1984 , 1985 , and 1991 to see stallion stations and stud farms . Queen Elizabeth II and the 43rd President of the United States , George W. Bush , share a toast during a 2007 state dinner held at the White House in celebration of British - American relations . Queen Elizabeth II and the 40th President of the United States , Ronald Reagan , riding on horseback in Windsor Great Park during President Reagan 's 1982 official visit to the United Kingdom . Queen Elizabeth II and the 38th President of the United States , Gerald Ford , dancing in the East Room at the White House during Her Majesty 's state visit to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976 . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh leaving National Presbyterian Church after attending a worship service with the 34th President of the United States , Dwight Eisenhower and First Lady Mamie Eisenhower during their state visit to the United States in 1957 . State and official visits to the United States by the British Monarch Dates Monarch and Consort Locations Itinerary June 7 -- 11 , 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Washington D.C. , New York City , and Hyde Park ( New York ) Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , stayed at the White House , laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery , visited George Washington 's Virginian plantation Mount Vernon , made an appearance at the 1939 World 's Fair in New York City , and made a private visit to Franklin Roosevelt 's upstate New York retreat , Springwood Estate . October 17 -- 20 , 1957 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Jamestown and Williamsburg ( Virginia ) , Washington D.C. , and New York City Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , attended the official ceremonies of the 350th anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown , Virginia , and made a brief stop - over in New York City to address the United Nations General Assembly before sailing to the United Kingdom . July 6 -- 9 , 1976 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Philadelphia , Washington D.C. , New York City , Charlottesville ( Virginia ) , Newport and Providence ( Rhode Island ) , and Boston Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. and toured the United States East Coast in conjunction with the United States Bicentennial celebrations aboard HMY Britannia . February 26 -- March 7 , 1983 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip San Diego , Palm Springs , Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , San Francisco , Yosemite National Park ( California ) , and Seattle ( Washington ) Made an official visit to the United States , toured the United States West Coast aboard HMY Britannia , and made a private visit to Ronald Reagan 's retreat in the Santa Ynez Mountains , Rancho del Cielo . May 14 -- 17 , 1991 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Washington D.C. , Baltimore ( Maryland ) , Miami and Tampa ( Florida ) , Austin , San Antonio , and Houston ( Texas ) , and Lexington ( Kentucky ) Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , addressed a joint session of the United States Congress , made a private visit to Kentucky , and toured the Southern United States . May 3 -- 8 , 2007 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Richmond , Jamestown , and Williamsburg ( Virginia ) , Louisville ( Kentucky ) , Greenbelt ( Maryland ) , and Washington D.C. Paid a state visit to Washington D.C. , addressed the Virginia General Assembly , attended the official ceremonies of the 400th anniversary of the establishment of Jamestown , toured NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center , visited the National World War II Memorial on the National Mall , and made a private visit to Kentucky to attend the 133rd Kentucky Derby . July 6 , 2010 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip New York City Made a one - day official visit to the United States to address the United Nations General Assembly , visited the World Trade Center site to pay respects to the victims of the September 11 attacks , and paid homage to British victims of the terrorist attack at the Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden in Hanover Square . State and official visits to the United Kingdom by the President of the United States Dates Administration Locations Itinerary December 26 -- 28 , 1918 Woodrow Wilson and Edith Wilson London , Carlisle , and Manchester Made an official visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Buckingham Palace , attended an official dinner , had an audience with King George V and Queen Mary , and made a private visit called the ' pilgrimage of the heart ' to the ancestral home of his British - born mother , Janet Woodrow . June 7 -- 9 , 1982 Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan London and Windsor Made an official visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Windsor Castle , attended a state banquet , and addressed the Parliament of the United Kingdom . November 28 -- December 1 , 1995 Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton London , Belfast , and Londonderry Paid a state visit to the United Kingdom and addressed the Parliament of the United Kingdom . November 18 -- 21 , 2003 George W. Bush and Laura Bush London and Sedgefield Paid a state visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Buckingham Palace , attended a state banquet , laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey , and made a private visit to Tony Blair 's constituency in County Durham , North East England . May 24 -- 26 , 2011 Barack Obama and Michelle Obama London Paid a state visit to the United Kingdom , stayed at Buckingham Palace , welcomed during an arrival ceremony in Buckingham Palace Gardens , dined at a state banquet , addressed Parliament in Westminster Hall , presented wedding gifts to Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge ( donation of MacBook notebook computers to Peace Players International ) ; met with Queen Elizabeth II , Prince Philip , and Prime Minister David Cameron . Diplomacy ( edit ) See also : United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States Of United States London ( Embassy ) Edinburgh ( Consulate General ) Belfast ( Consulate General ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( Consulate General ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( Consular agent attached to embassy in Kingston , Jamaica ) Providenciales , Turks and Caicos Islands ( Consulate office attached to embassy in Nassau , Bahamas ) Of United Kingdom Washington , D.C. ( Embassy ) Atlanta ( Consulate - General ) Boston ( Consulate - General ) Chicago ( Consulate - General ) Denver ( Consulate - General ) Houston ( Consulate - General ) Los Angeles ( Consulate - General ) Miami ( Consulate - General ) New York City ( Consulate - General ) San Francisco ( Consulate - General ) Common memberships ( edit ) Bank for International Settlements British - American Project Food and Agriculture Organization Group of Eight Group of Ten Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors International Atomic Energy Agency International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Justice International Electrotechnical Commission International Energy Agency International Monetary Fund International Olympic Committee International Renewable Energy Agency International Telecommunication Union Interpol North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Pilgrims Society Rim of the Pacific Exercise UKUSA Community United Nations United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Security Council Universal Postal Union World Bank World Health Organization World Trade Organization Strategic alliance cyber crime working group ( edit ) Map showing member countries of the Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group and their respective lead agencies . ( Note : This map refers to SOCA , this body is now the National Crime Agency ) UKUSA Community Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States The Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group is an initiative by Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and headed by the United States as a `` formal partnership between these nations dedicated to tackling larger global crime issues , particularly organised crime . '' The cooperation consists of `` five countries from three continents banding together to fight cyber crime in a synergistic way by sharing intelligence , swapping tools and best practices , and strengthening and even synchronising their respective laws . '' Within this initiative , there is increased information sharing between the United Kingdom 's National Crime Agency and the United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation on matters relating to serious fraud or cyber crime . UK - USA security Agreement ( edit ) The UK - USA Security Agreement is an alliance of five English - speaking countries ; Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , and the United States , for the sole purpose of sharing intelligence . The precursor to this agreement is essentially an extension of the historic BRUSA Agreement which was signed in 1943 . In association with the ECHELON system , all five nations are assigned to intelligence collection and analysis from different parts of the world . For example , the United Kingdom hunts for communications in Europe , Africa , and Russia west of the Ural Mountains whereas the United States has responsibility for gathering intelligence in Latin America , Asia , Asiatic Russia , and northern mainland China . Sister - Twinning cities ( edit ) England and the United States ( edit ) Ashby - de-la - Zouch and Evans , Colorado Ashford and Hopewell , Virginia Barnet , London and Barnet , Vermont Barnet , London and Montclair , New Jersey Barnstaple and Barnstable , Massachusetts Belper and Pawtucket , Rhode Island Berwick - upon - Tweed and Berwick , Pennsylvania Billericay and Billerica , Massachusetts Billericay and Fishers , Indiana Birmingham and Chicago , Illinois Bodmin and Grass Valley , California Boston , Lincolnshire and Boston , Massachusetts Brentwood and Brentwood , Tennessee Burton upon Trent and Elkhart , Indiana Bury and Woodbury , New Jersey Calne and Caln Township , Pennsylvania Canterbury and Bloomington , Illinois Cheltenham and Cheltenham , Pennsylvania Chester and Lakewood , Colorado Cleveland , England , UK and Cleveland , Ohio Cornwall and Cornwall , New York County Durham and Durham County , North Carolina Coventry and Coventry , Connecticut Coventry and Coventry , New York Coventry and Coventry , Rhode Island Dalton - in - Furness and Dalton , Pennsylvania Doncaster and Wilmington , North Carolina Dover and Huber Heights , Ohio Durham and Durham , North Carolina Evesham and Evesham Township , New Jersey Fleetwood and Fleetwood , Pennsylvania Gravesend and Chesterfield , Virginia Hartlepool and Muskegon , Michigan Haverhill and Haverhill , Massachusetts Haworth and Haworth , New Jersey Hertford and Hartford , Connecticut Hinckley and Midland , Ohio Keighley and Myrtle Beach , South Carolina Kettering and Kettering , Ohio Kingston upon Hull and Raleigh , North Carolina Leeds , City of and Louisville , Kentucky Lincoln and Lincoln , Nebraska Lambeth , London and Brooklyn , New York London and New York City , New York Manchester and Los Angeles , California Mansfield and Mansfield , Massachusetts Mansfield and Mansfield , Ohio Middlesbrough and Middlesborough , Kentucky Newcastle upon Tyne and Atlanta , Georgia Newmarket and Lexington , Kentucky Norfolk and Norfolk , Virginia Northampton and Easton , Pennsylvania Northampton and Northampton , Pennsylvania Oakham and Dodgeville , Wisconsin Oxford and Oxford , Michigan Penzance and Nevada City , California Plymouth and Plymouth , Massachusetts Portsmouth and Portsmouth , New Hampshire Reading and Reading , Pennsylvania Redruth and Mineral Point , Wisconsin Richmond , London and Richmond , Virginia Rochester and Rochester , New York Rugeley and Western Springs , Illinois Runnymede and Herndon , Virginia Rye and Rye , New Hampshire Salisbury and Salisbury , Maryland Salisbury and Salisbury , North Carolina Sefton , Metropolitan Borough of and Fort Lauderdale , Florida Sheffield and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Shrewsbury and Shrewsbury , Massachusetts Southampton and Hampton , Virginia Stafford and Stafford County , Virginia Swindon and Chattanooga , Tennessee Southwark , London and Cambridge , Massachusetts Stourbridge and Sturbridge , Massachusetts Stratford - upon - Avon and Stratford , Connecticut Stroud and Stroud , Oklahoma Sunderland and Washington , D.C. Taunton and Taunton , Massachusetts Truro and Truro , Massachusetts Warrington and Lake County , Illinois Warwick and Warwick , New York Warwick and Warwick , Rhode Island Watford and Wilmington , Delaware Whitby and Anchorage , Alaska Whitby and Waimea , Hawaii Winchester and Winchester , Virginia Wirral , Metropolitan Borough of and Midland , Texas Wolverhampton and Buffalo , New York Worcester and Worcester , Massachusetts Scotland and the United States ( edit ) Aberdeen and Aberdeen , Washington Blairgowrie and Pleasanton , California Dundee and Alexandria , Virginia Dunfermline and Sarasota , Florida Edinburgh and San Diego , California Inverness and Inverness , Florida Livingston and Grapevine , Texas Midlothian and Midlothian , Illinois Prestwick and Vandalia , Ohio Stirling and Dunedin , Florida Stornoway and Pendleton , South Carolina Dull , Perth and Kinross and Boring , Oregon Wales and the United States ( edit ) Brecon and Saline , Michigan Machynlleth and Belleville , Michigan Nantyglo and Nanty Glo , Pennsylvania Newport , Pembrokeshire , and Annapolis , Maryland Northern Ireland and the United States ( edit ) Ballymena and Morehead , Kentucky Bangor , County Down and Virginia Beach , Virginia Belfast and Belfast , Maine Belfast and Boston , Massachusetts Belfast and Nashville , Tennessee Carrickfergus and Anderson , South Carolina Carrickfergus and Jackson , Michigan Castlereagh and Kent , Washington Craigavon and LaGrange , Georgia Derry and Buffalo , New York Larne and Clover , South Carolina Newtownabbey and Gilbert , Arizona Friendship links ( edit ) Liverpool and Memphis , Tennessee Liverpool and New Orleans , Louisiana Newcastle upon Tyne and Little Rock , Arkansas Wellingborough and Willingboro , New Jersey Heritage ( edit ) See also : Anglo - America and British - American The Resolute desk as seen in the Oval Office at the White House during the Carter Administration , was hand - crafted from barque - timbers of the decommissioned HMS Resolute , and then presented by Queen Victoria as a gift to the United States on November 23 , 1880 . The United States and Britain share many threads of cultural heritage . Since English is the main language of both the British and the Americans , both nations belong to the English - speaking world . Their common language comes with ( relatively minor ) differences in spelling , pronunciation , and the meaning of words . The American legal system is largely based on English common law . The American system of local government is rooted in English precedents , such as the offices of county courts and sheriffs . Although the US , unlike Britain , remains highly religious , the largest Protestant denominations emerged from British churches brought across the Atlantic , such as the Baptists , Methodists , Congregationalists and Episcopalians . Britain and the United States practise what is commonly referred to as an Anglo - Saxon economy in which levels of regulation and taxes are relatively low , and government provides a low to medium level of social services in return . Independence Day , July 4 , is a national celebration which commemorates the July 4 , 1776 adoption of the Declaration of Independence from the British Empire . American defiance of Britain is expressed in the American national anthem , `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , written during the War of 1812 to the tune of a British celebratory song as the Americans beat off a British attack on Baltimore . It is estimated that between 40.2 million and 72.1 million Americans today have British ancestry , i.e. between 13 % and 23.3 % of the US population . In the 1980 US Census , 61,311,449 Americans reported British ancestry reaching 32.56 % of the US population at the time which , even today , would make them the largest ancestry group in the United States . Particular symbols of the close relationship between the two countries are the JFK Memorial and the American Bar Association 's Magna Carta Memorial , both at Runnymede in England . Culture and media ( edit ) Both the U.S. and UK are considered `` cultural superpowers '' , with both countries having a large scale influence around the world in film , cuisine , music , literature , and television . Literature ( edit ) Literature is transferred across the Atlantic Ocean , as evidenced by the appeal of British authors such as William Shakespeare , Charles Dickens , J.R.R. Tolkien , Jackie Collins , and J.K. Rowling in the United States , and American authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe , Mark Twain , Ernest Hemingway , Stephen King and Dan Brown in Britain . Henry James moved to Britain and was well known in both countries , as was T.S. Eliot . Eliot moved to England in 1914 and became a British subject in 1927 . He was a dominant figure in literary criticism and greatly influenced the Modern period of British literature . In the UK , many noted American novels including The Catcher in the Rye , Roll of Thunder , Hear my Cry , Of Mice & Men , To Kill a Mockingbird , The Great Gatsby & The Color Purple are frequently used texts for British secondary - level education English and English Literature exams as set by the main examination boards . Press ( edit ) In area of press , connections between the US and the UK in terms of print content there is slight , however it is strong in online content . Until 2016 , a condensed version of The New York Times was inside The Observer newspaper . In some newsagents in the UK , you can find international editions of USA Today , The New York Times International Edition , The Wall Street Journal Europe , the Europe edition of Time , Newsweek , The New Yorker , New York magazine and Foreign Affairs . While in the US you would be able to find the international edition of The Economist and in New York City , the Financial Times . After Rupert Murdoch 's purchase of the New York Post in November 1976 , he redesigned the newspaper into a populist right - wing tabloid , likewise his earlier relaunch of the British Sun newspaper as a down - market tabloid from 1969 . In magazine publishing , the three big American magazine publishing houses of Time , Hearst and Condé Nast have operations in the UK , with British editions of Good Housekeeping , GQ , Men 's Health , Cosmopolitan , Vogue , National Geographic and Wired among others . On occasions , some of the American editions are also available for purchase usually next to the local edition or in the international section . In British magazines in the US , Northern & Shell has since 2005 created an American version of OK ! magazine . There are a number of Americans and British in each other countries ' press corp , including editors , correspondents , journalists and columnists . Individuals born in the United States active in the British press corp include the FT 's news editor Peter Spiegel , Daily Telegraph columnist Janet Daley , and Guardian columnists Tim Dowling and Hadley Freeman . Originally from the UK were Christopher Hitchens ( 1949 -- 2011 ) and the current editor of Vogue , Anna Wintour . The current CEO of The New York Times Company is the former Director - General of the BBC ( effectively a CEO ) , Mark Thompson . The current editor - in - chief of the London - based Guardian since 2015 , Katharine Viner was previously the editor of The Guardian 's American website between 2014 and 2015 . In terms of online content , three newspaper - online sites have American editions , TheGuardian.com , Mail Online and The Independent . BBC News Online is a frequently visited by Americans . The American online news sites BuzzFeed , Breitbart News and HuffPost ( formerly The Huffington Post ) all possess British - based editions . Film ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Hollywood and the United Kingdom There is much crossover appeal in the modern entertainment culture of the United Kingdom and the United States . For example , Hollywood blockbuster movies made by Steven Spielberg and George Lucas have had a large effect on British audiences in the United Kingdom , while the James Bond and Harry Potter series of films have attracted high interest in the United States . Also , the animated films of Walt Disney as well as those of Pixar , DreamWorks , Don Bluth , Blue Sky , Illumination and others have continued to make an indelible mark and impression on British audiences , young and old , for almost 100 years . Films by Alfred Hitchcock continuously make a lasting impact on a loyal fan base in the United States , as Alfred Hitchcock himself influenced notable American film makers such as John Carpenter , in the horror and slasher film genres . Production of films are often shared between the two nations , whether it be a concentrated use of British and American actors or the use of film studios located in London or Hollywood . Theatre ( edit ) Broadway theatre in New York City has toured London 's West End theatre over the years , with notable performances such as The Lion King , Grease , Wicked , and Rent . British productions , such as Mamma Mia ! and several of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's musicals , including Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Cats and The Phantom of the Opera have found success on Broadway . For over 150 years , Shakespeare 's plays have been overwhelmingly popular with upscale American audiences . Television ( edit ) See also : Television in the United States and Television in the United Kingdom Both the United Kingdom and the United States have television shows which are similar , as they are either carried by the other nations ' networks , or are re-created for distribution in their own nations . Some popular British television shows that were re-created for the American market in more recent years include House of Cards , The Office , Pop Idol ( American Idol ) , Strictly Come Dancing ( Dancing with the Stars ) , Top Gear , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , and The X Factor . Some American television shows re-created for the British market in more recent years include The Apprentice and Deal or No Deal . Popular American television shows that are currently popular in the United Kingdom include The Big Bang Theory , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation series , Family Guy , Friends , Modern Family , Scrubs , The Simpsons , and South Park . The BBC airs two networks in the United States , BBC America and BBC World News . The American network PBS collaborates with the BBC and rebroadcasts British television shows in the United States such as Doctor Who , Keeping Up Appearances , Masterpiece Theatre , Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Nova . The BBC also frequently collaborates with American network HBO , showing recent American mini-series in the United Kingdom such as Band of Brothers , The Gathering Storm , John Adams , and Rome . Likewise , the American network Discovery Channel has partnered with the BBC by televising recent British mini-series in the United States such as Planet Earth and The Blue Planet , the latter popularly known as The Blue Planet : Seas of Life in the American format . The United States ' public affairs channel C - SPAN , broadcasts Prime Minister 's Questions every Sunday . On some British digital television platforms , it is also possible to watch American television channels direct from the United Kingdom , such as Fox News Channel , as well as American television channels tailored for British audiences such as CNBC Europe , CNN International , ESPN Classic , Comedy Central , and Fox . The Super Bowl , the National Football League 's championship tournament of American football which occurs every February , has been broadcast in the United Kingdom since 1982 . Conversely , the Premier League has been shown on NBC Sports Network in the United States . Radio ( edit ) See also : Radio in the United Kingdom and Radio in the United States Compared to music and television broadcasting , radio broadcasting is very limited between both sides of the pond . There are several reasons for this . The major one the majority of radio broadcasting in the US is commercial and funded by advertising and the small public radio stations are supported by donations , compared to the UK where the national public broadcaster is the major player which funded by the television licence . This leads to a completely different structure of radio stations and schedules . Other factors include differing technical standards of radio broadcasting . This is influenced by their countries ' broadcasting authorities which shapes over-the - air radio . In the UK , it is influenced by authorities of Ofcom and the EBU which are working towards DAB and DRM . While in the United States , it influenced by FCC which is working towards satellite radio and HD radio . Due to broadcasting rights , the internet radio feeds of American and British radio stations are sometimes blocked or on restricted bandwidth . For example , BBC Radio 2 is on a 128 kbit / s AAC domestic stream , while internationally it 's on a 48 kbit / s AAC+ stream . However both the American and the British international broadcasters Voice of America and the BBC World Service is fully accessible online . The BBC World Service is sometimes syndicated on various major city public radio stations in the United States such as WNYC , and on SiriusXM satellite radio . From 2005 to 2011 , a time - shifted version of BBC Radio 1 was available on Sirius satellite radio . There has been attempts in the past to bring British formats to American audiences , such as the News Quiz USA . While in the UK , A Prairie Home Companion ( called Garrison Keillor 's Radio Show ) was available weekly until 2016 on BBC Radio 4 Extra and the joint - produced BBC and WGBH factual programme Boston Calling is available on the domestic feed of the World Service . The radio programme Democracy Now ! is available on the WRN station , which is accessible on channel 0122 on Sky satellite radio and online . There has been a number of American personalities that have been on British airwaves included music journalist Paul Gambaccini , disc jockey Suzi Quattro and comedians Rich Hall and Greg Proops . While New Zealand - born disc jockey Zane Lowe , who spent much of career in the UK was recruited to Apple 's Beats 1 station . A special mention should be made to the factual programme `` Letter from America '' presented by Alistair Cooke , which was broadcast from 1946 to 2004 initially on the BBC Home Service and later on BBC Radio 4 , plus on the BBC World Service . It was one of the BBC 's longest running radio programmes . Which in itself was based on a similar programme by Alistair Cooke in the 1930s for American listeners about life in the UK on NBC Red Network . Music ( edit ) The arrival of The Beatles in the United States and subsequent appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 marked the beginning of the `` British Invasion . '' See also : British Invasion and Anglo - American music American artists such as Whitney Houston , Madonna , Tina Turner , Cher , Michael Jackson , Bing Crosby , Elvis Presley , Bob Dylan , Jimi Hendrix , Diana Ross , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Frank Sinatra , Lady Gaga , Taylor Swift and Beyoncé , are popular in the United Kingdom . British artists such as The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Rolling Stones , Sting , The Who , Queen , Shirley Bassey , Tom Jones , David Bowie , Pink Floyd , the Spice Girls , the Bee Gees , Amy Winehouse , KT Tunstall , Leona Lewis , Elton John ( Elton John recorded `` Candle in the Wind '' which , to date , is the best ever selling single worldwide ) , Coldplay and Adele have achieved much success in the large American market . Undoubtedly , the popular music of both nations has had a strong sway on each other . In the United Kingdom , many Hollywood films as well as Broadway musicals are closely associated and identified with the musical scores and soundtracks created by famous American composers such as George Gershwin , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Henry Mancini , John Williams , Alan Silvestri , Jerry Goldsmith , and James Horner . The Celtic music of the United Kingdom has had a dynamic effect upon American music . In particular , the traditional music of the Southern United States is descended from traditional Celtic music and English folk music of the colonial period , and the musical traditions of the South eventually gave rise to country music and , to a lesser extent , American folk . The birth of jazz , swing , big band , and especially rock and roll , all developed and originating in the United States , had greatly influenced the later development of rock music in the United Kingdom , particularly British rock bands such as The Beatles and Herman 's Hermits , The Rolling Stones , while its American precursor , the blues , greatly influenced British electric rock . Sport ( edit ) See also : Sport in the United Kingdom and Sports in the United States Despite sports being a major cultural interest in both the United States and the United Kingdom . The most popular team sports in each country , which are in the UK : football ( soccer ) , rugby union , rugby league and cricket and the US : ( American ) football , baseball , ice hockey and basketball are considered minor sports in either other country . However , there is a growing interest the other countries sports in each other country . Another area of differing tastes in sports between the UK and the US is motorsport , In the UK : Formula 1 , rallying and speedway are popular . While in the US , the main popular motorsports are NASCAR and the Indianapolis 500 . Football ( soccer ) ( edit ) A picture of the last time England and USA played together , at 2010 FIFA World Cup There are currently three Americans in the FA 's Premier League : Geoff Cameron , Danny Williams & DeAndre Yedlin . All play for the U.S. national team . While there are 14 English and two Scottish players currently playing in the Major League Soccer . None of the English or Scottish players play for their national teams . The most noted Briton that is currently playing MLS is Ashley Cole , and the most noted former player is David Beckham who played from 2007 to 2012 , both players played for LA Galaxy . The last match between the national teams of England and the USA , was at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa . The match ended in a draw 1 - 1 . The Premier League can be watched in the United States on NBC Sports , while a few MLS games can be watched in the UK on Sky Sports . Gallery ( edit ) This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King George VI and Queen Elizabeth with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt in London , 1942 . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , Princess Alice , Countess of Athlone , and Clementine Churchill at the Second Quebec Conference , 1944 . Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Yalta Conference , 1945 . President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan at Key West , 1961 . President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Edward Heath , 1970 . President Richard Nixon with Prince Edward , Duke of Windsor and Wallis , Duchess of Windsor , 1970 . President Gerald Ford dancing with Queen Elizabeth II at the White House , 1976 . President Jimmy Carter and Prime Minister James Callaghan in the Oval Office , 1978 . President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh at Rancho del Cielo , 1983 . President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan with Charles , Prince of Wales and Diana , Princess of Wales at the White House during the Waleses ' official visit to the United States , 1985 . President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Denis Thatcher at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House , 1988 . President George H.W. Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House , 1991 . President George H.W. Bush and Prime Minister John Major conducting a press conference at Camp David , 1992 . First Lady Hillary Clinton and Diana , Princess of Wales chatting in the Map Room , 1997 . President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Tony Blair embracing each other at a conference in Florence , Italy , 1999 . Prime Minister Tony Blair and President George W. Bush conducting a press conference at Camp David , 2001 . President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush with Charles , Prince of Wales and Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall at the White House during the Waleses ' official visit to the United States , 2005 . President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House , 2007 . Prime Minister Gordon Brown and President George W. Bush having their first meeting at Camp David , 2007 . Prime Minister Gordon Brown and President Barack Obama in the Oval Office , 2009 . President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama with Queen Elizabeth II in the Buckingham Palace , 2009 . Prime Minister David Cameron and President Barack Obama at the bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit in Toronto , Canada , 2010 . President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama with Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge in the Buckingham Palace , 2011 . Prime Minister Theresa May and President Donald Trump conducting a press conference at the East Room , 2017 . First Lady Melania Trump and Prince Harry at the Invictus Games in Toronto , Canada , 2017 . Prince Harry with his fiancée , American actress Meghan Markle , Belfast , 2018 . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal United States portal International relations portal Anglophobia Timeline of British diplomatic history Timeline of United States diplomatic history Foreign policy of the United States Foreign relations of the United States Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Transatlantic relations UKUSA Agreement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Johnson , The Birth of the Modern : World Society 1815 - 1830 , ( 1991 ) Preface , p. xix . ^ Jump up to : Giles , Chris ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` / Home UK / UK -- Ties that bind : Bush , Brown and a different relationship '' . Financial Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Spillius , ' Special relationship Britain and America share fundamental values , Clinton tells Miliband ' , The Daily Telegraph ( February 4 , 2009 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ David Williamson , `` U.S. envoy pays tribute to Welsh Guards ' courage '' , The Western Mail ( November 26 , 2009 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Trade - U.S. Trade with '' . Census.gov . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derek E. Mix - The United Kingdom : Background and Relations with the United States - fas.org . Congressional Research Service . April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ember et al 2004 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Lange , James Mahoney , and Matthias vom Hau , `` Colonialism and Development : A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and British Colonies '' , The American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 111 , No. 5 ( March 2006 ) , pp. 1412 -- 1462 . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp. 121 - 384 excerpt and text search Jump up ^ John Nelson , A Blessed Company : Parishes , Parsons , and Parishioners in Anglican Virginia , 1690 -- 1776 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ A useful survey is Francis D. Cogliano , Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search ; the author is an American based at a British university . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) ; H.M. Scott , British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty of 1842 made some shifts in Maine and Minnesota . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff , The Other Side of Revolution : Loyalists in the British Empire William and Mary Quarterly ( 2008 ) 65 # 2 pp. 205 - 232 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff , Liberty 's Exiles : American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Simon Schama , Rough Crossings : The Slaves , the British , and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Peacemakers ; the Great Powers and American Independence ( 1965 ) , the standard scholarly history ; Morris , `` The Great Peace of 1783 , '' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings ( 1983 ) Vol. 95 , pp 29 -- 51 , a summary of his long book in JSTOR Jump up ^ Perkins ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , The Democratic Republic , 1801 -- 1815 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Perkins p. vii Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , The First Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1795 -- 1805 ( 1955 ) p. 1 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ellis , Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation ( 2000 ) pp. 136 -- 7 . 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Britain should take a much more robust and independent approach to the United States , according to a Guardian / ICM poll published today , which finds strong public opposition to Tony Blair 's close working relationship with President Bush . Jump up ^ `` PM 's speech on US Elections '' . number10.gov.uk . November 3 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Young , Hugo ( November 14 , 2002 ) . `` Blair has not been a poodle , but poodleism still beckons '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` British hand over Basra command to US '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Foreign Office fury over settlement of Guantánamo Uighurs in Bermuda '' . The Times . London . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keesing 's Contemporary Archives Volume 55 , ( August 2009 ) Page 49368 Jump up ^ `` Ambassador : US - UK ties intact despite Lockerbie '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Lockerbie bomber 's Libya reception ' repulsed ' Brown '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Across Atlantic , Much Ado About Oil Company 's Name '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Anna ( June 12 -- 13 , 2010 ) . `` frills and spills '' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eaglesham , Jean ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Frills and spills '' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rachman , Gideon ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Love and loathing across the ocean '' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Helen ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` BP 's CEO Tony Hayward : The most hated -- and most clueless -- man in America '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Evans , Judith ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Boris Johnson attacks Americas anti-British rhetoric on BP '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` U.S. hails ' special ties ' with UK '' . BBC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Blockbuster Gift for Brown : 25 DVDs -- '' . Fox News . March 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll ranks Canada second in list of top U.S. allies '' . CTV News . CTV.ca news staff . March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spence , Matt ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` President Obama makes U.S. popular in Europe again , Pew poll says '' . The Times . London . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump hits back at British PM Theresa May on Twitter over far - right retweets '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Donald Trump attacks Theresa May over her criticism of his far - right retweets '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam , Karla ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` British parliament debates Trump visit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US ambassador hopeful for Trump UK visit '' . BBC News . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castle , Stephen ; Ramzy , Austin ( 2018 ) . `` Trump Wo n't Visit London to Open Embassy . His U.K. Critics Say He Got the Message . '' The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Reason I canceled my trip to London is that I am not a big fan of the Obama Administration having sold perhaps the best located and finest embassy in London for `` peanuts , '' only to build a new one in an off location for 1.2 billion dollars . Bad deal . Wanted me to cut ribbon - NO ! `` . @ realDonaldTrump . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' As usual , he 's dead wrong ' : Former U.S. ambassadors explain London Embassy move after Trump criticism '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Steps Toward Embassy Relocation '' . U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom . October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Jamie ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Debunked : Trump reasons for cancelling London visit '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ editor , Heather Stewart Political ; Smith , and David ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump cancels London visit amid protest fears '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trade and Investment with the United States '' . UK Trade and Investment . Jump up ^ `` Top Trading Partners -- Total Trade , Exports , Imports '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Trade and Investment with the United States '' . Foreign TradeX . Jump up ^ `` Press Conference by Kerry , British Foreign Secretary Hague '' . United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office , London : U.S. Department of State . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK & USA relations '' . UK in the USA Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Jump up ^ `` UK Airport Statistics '' . BAA . Jump up ^ `` Concorde '' . Super 70s.com . Jump up ^ Jonathan Colman , `` Summit Meetings '' in Will Kaufman and Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson , eds . Britain and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History ( 3 vol. 2005 ) 3 : 941 - 45 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen , Presidents And Protocol '' . CBS News . CBS Evening News with Katie Couric . March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HM The Queen - Interests '' . The British Monarchy . Crown Copyright . February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Royal Visit : June 7 -- 12th , 1939 '' . Jump up ^ `` State Visit '' . Embassy of the U.S. London . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Queen Breezes In for an Afternoon '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Visit of President Bush to the United Kingdom November 18 -- 21 , 2003 '' . USEmbassy.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5286.htm Jump up ^ http://wivtc.com/portal/?p=16811 Jump up ^ `` International cyber-cop unit girds for uphill battles '' . NetworkWorld.com . Jump up ^ `` The UKUSA Community '' . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between American and British English '' . Jump up ^ Robert D. Putnam ; David E. Campbell ; Shaylyn Romney Garrett ( 2010 ) . American Grace : How Religion Divides and Unites Us . Simon and Schuster . p. 316 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Types of Capitalism '' . innovationzen.com . October 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ American Community Survey Total British ancestry reported as a collective group Archived November 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ British - American ancestry ACS 2009 . Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 100 MILLION IMMIGRATION RECORDS GO ONLINE Jump up ^ United States 1980 Census Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/c20d03e2-2fa6-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153 Jump up ^ http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/617807/British-culture-world-only-global-power Jump up ^ John Worthen , T.S. Eliot : A Short Biography ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Pilgrim , Imelda ( July 4 , 1997 ) . Roll of Thunder , Hear My Cry : York Notes for GCSE ( 2 edition ed . ) . Harlow : Longman . ISBN 9780582314559 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` GCSE English Text Guide - Of Mice & Men - CGP Books '' . www.cgpbooks.co.uk . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A-level English Text Guide - The Great Gatsby - CGP Books '' . www.cgpbooks.co.uk . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Deirdre ( November 20 , 1976 ) . `` Dorothy Schiff Agrees to Sell Post To Murdoch , Australian Publisher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Clive ( August 11 , 2003 ) . `` What if Rupert Murdoch had n't bought The Sun ? '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brogan , Patrick ( October 11 , 1982 ) . `` Citizen Murdoch '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Katharine Viner appointed editor - in - chief of the Guardian '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Perlberg , Steven ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` How The Guardian Lost America '' . Buzz Feed . 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Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Radio 4 pilots US version of News Quiz '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garrison Keillor 's Radio Show - BBC Radio 4 Extra '' . BBC . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Calling - BBC World Service '' . BBC . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome page at WRN '' . www.wrn.org . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Celtic Music 's Contributions to American Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Country Music '' . Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . Jump up ^ `` Pop and Rock Music in the 60s A Brief History '' . Spectropop . Jump up ^ Although the paper is edited in Paris , it is effectively a version of the New York paper Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , H.C. Great Britain and the United States : A History of Anglo - American Relations , 1783 -- 1952 ( 1954 ) , 1032pp . online Bartlett , Christopher John . The Special Relationship : A Political History of Anglo - American Relations Since 1945 ( 1992 ) Burt , Alfred L. The United States , Great Britain , and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . ( 1940 ) , detailed history by Canadian scholar ; online Campbell , Charles S. Anglo - American Understanding 1898 -- 1903 ( 1957 ) John Charmley . Churchill 's Grand Alliance : The Anglo - American Special Relationship 1940 -- 57 ( 1996 ) Crawford , Martin . The Anglo - American Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century : The Times and America , 1850 -- 1862 ( 1987 ) Dobson , Alan P. Anglo - American Relations in the Twentieth Century ( 1995 ) Dumbrell , John . A special relationship : Anglo - American relations from the cold war to Iraq ( 2006 ) Edwards , Jill . Anglo - American Relations and the Franco Question , 1945 -- 1955 ( 1999 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198228714.001. 0001 Ellis , Sylvia . Historical Dictionary of Anglo - American Relations ( 2009 ) and text search Foreman , Amanda . A World on Fire : Britain 's Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( Random House , 2011 ) , 958 pp . Geoffrey Wheatcroft , `` How the British Nearly Supported the Confederacy , '' New York Times Sunday Book Review June 30 , 2011 online Hollowell ; Jonathan . Twentieth - Century Anglo - American Relations ( 2001 ) Hitchens , Christopher . Blood , Class and Empire : The Enduring Anglo - American Relationship ( 2004 ) Lane , Ann . Strategy , Diplomacy and UK Foreign Policy ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 ) Louis , William Roger ; Imperialism at Bay : The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire , 1941 -- 1945 ( 1978 ) Louis , William Roger , and Hedley Bull . The `` Special Relationship '' : Anglo - American Relations since 1945 ( 1987 ) Perkins ; Bradford . The First Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1795 -- 1805 ( 1955 ) Perkins , Bradford . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 ( 1961 ) full text online free Perkins , Edwin J. Financing Anglo - American trade : The House of Brown , 1800 -- 1880 ( 1975 ) Peskin , Lawrence A. `` Conspiratorial Anglophobia and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American History 98 # 3 ( 2011 ) : 647 - 669 . online Reynolds , David . From World War to Cold War : Churchill , Roosevelt , and the International History of the 1940s ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Shawcross , William . Allies : The U.S. , Britain , Europe and the War in Iraq ( 2004 ) Tuffnell , Stephen . `` '' Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed `` : Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth - Century Politics and Culture . '' American Nineteenth Century History 12 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 77 - 99 . Williams , Paul . British Foreign Policy under New Labour ( 2005 ) Williams , Andrew J. France , Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 1900 -- 1940 ( 2014 ) . 133 - 171 . Woods , Randall Bennett . Changing of the Guard : Anglo - American Relations , 1941 -- 1946 ( 1990 ) Woodward , David R. Anglo - American Relations . 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) complete book online Special relationship ( edit ) Coker , Christopher . `` Britain and the new world order : the special relationship in the 1990s , '' International Affairs ( 1992 ) : 407 - 421 . in JSTOR Colman , Jonathan . A ' Special Relationship ' ? : Harold Wilson , Lyndon B. Johnson and Anglo - American Relations ' at the Summit , 1964 - 8 ( Manchester University Press , 2004 ) Dobson , Alan and Steve Marsh . `` Anglo - American Relations : End of a Special Relationship ? '' International History Review 36 : 4 ( August 2014 ) : 673 - 697 . DOI : 10.1080 / 07075332.2013. 836124 . online review argues it is still in effect Dobson , Alan J. The Politics of the Anglo - American Economic Special Relationship ( 1988 ) Dobson , Alan . `` The special relationship and European integration . '' Diplomacy and Statecraft ( 1991 ) 2 # 1 79 - 102 . Dumbrell , John . A Special Relationship : Anglo - American Relations in the Cold War and After ( 2001 ) Dumbrell , John . `` The US -- UK Special Relationship : Taking the 21st - Century Temperature . '' The British Journal of Politics & International Relations ( 2009 ) 11 # 1 pp : 64 - 78 . online Glancy , Mark . `` Temporary American citizens ? British audiences , Hollywood films and the threat of Americanisation in the 1920s . '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television ( 2006 ) 26 # 4 pp 461 -- 484 . Hendershot , Robert M. Family Spats : Perception , Illusion , and Sentimentality in the Anglo - American Special Relationship ( 2008 ) Lyons , John F. America in the British Imagination : 1945 to the Present ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) . Malchow , H.L. Special Relations : The Americanization of Britain ? ( Stanford University Press ; 2011 ) 400 pages ; explores American influence on the culture and counterculture of metropolitan London from the 1950s to the 1970s , from `` Swinging London '' to black , feminist , and gay liberation . excerpt and text search Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 2011 ) online pp 493 -- 516 , covers FDR 's policies Reynolds , David . Rich relations : the American occupation of Britain , 1942 - 1945 ( 1995 ) Reynolds , David . `` A ' special relationship ' ? America , Britain and the international order since the Second World War . '' International Affairs ( 1985 ) : 1 - 20 . Rofe , J. Simon and Alison R. Holmes , eds . The Embassy in Grosvenor Square : American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom , 1938 - 2008 ( 2012 ) , essays by scholars how the ambassadors promoted a special relationship Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . Primary sources ( edit ) Blair , Tony . A Journey : My Political Life ( 2010 ) , memoir by UK prime minister Loewenheim , Francis L. et al. eds . Roosevelt and Churchill , their secret wartime correspondence ( 1975 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of the United Kingdom and the United States . History of United Kingdom -- United States relations from U.S. State Dept . Atlantic Archive : UK - US Relations in an Age of Global War 1939 -- 1945 John Bull and Uncle Sam : Four Centuries of British American Relations An analysis of the Special Relationship from a British perspective . From the Second World War to the latest global problems facing the United States . Lecture : Anti-Americanism and American Exceptionalism Goldwin Smith , `` The Hatred of England , '' ( 1890 ) essay by Canadian scholar British Embassy in the United States of America Embassy of the United States of America in the United Kingdom The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents , oral history interviews and other empirical sources . 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1704177561113485146	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)	Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) - Wikipedia Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original UK version . For the international franchise , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Created by David Briggs Steve Knight Mike Whitehill Presented by Chris Tarrant ( 1998 -- 2014 ) Jeremy Clarkson ( 2018 -- ) Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Nick Magnus ( 2007 -- 14 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 30 No. of episodes 592 Production Producer ( s ) David Briggs Location ( s ) Elstree Studios ( 1998 -- 2014 ) MediaCityUK ( 2018 -- ) Running time 30 -- 75 minutes Production company ( s ) Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 10 ) Victory Television ( 2011 -- 14 ) Stellify Media ( 2018 ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 16 : 9 ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Original release Original series 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) - 11 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) Revival 2018 ( 2018 ) -- Present ( Present ) External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? is a British television quiz show that offers a maximum cash prize of one million pounds for correctly answering successive multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty . One contestant played at a time and originally had no time limit to answer questions . Contestants were presented with the question and four possible answers before they decided whether to attempt an answer , use one or more of their lifelines : 50 : 50 , Ask The Audience or Phone a Friend ( or later on , Switch ) , or walk away with the money they have already won . The show first aired on 4 September 1998 and aired its final episode on 11 February 2014 . Over this time , 30 series and 592 episodes were aired . It was presented by Chris Tarrant and produced by Victory Television for the ITV network . It was based on a format devised by David Briggs , who , along with Steven Knight and Mike Whitehill , devised a number of the promotional games for Tarrant 's breakfast show on Capital FM radio . The original working title for the show was Cash Mountain . Four years later , ITV announced that there will be a special 7 - episode revived series broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson as the new host , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Broadcast details 2 Gameplay 2.1 Lifelines 2.2 1998 -- 2010 format 2.3 2010 clock format 3 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 4 Top prize winners 4.1 Judith Keppel ( 20 November 2000 ) 4.2 David Edwards ( 21 April 2001 ) 4.3 Charles Ingram ( 18 September 2001 ) 4.4 Robert Brydges ( 29 September 2001 ) 4.5 Pat Gibson ( 24 April 2004 ) 4.6 Ingram Wilcox ( 23 September 2006 ) 5 Controversies 5.1 Incorrect answer to question accepted 5.2 One Foot in the Grave 5.3 Ambiguous question 5.4 Charles Ingram affair 5.5 Robert Brydges affair 5.6 Phone - a-Friend 6 Series overview 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) One of the most significant shows in British popular culture , it was ranked 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes . The show has been exported to many other countries , all of which follow the same general format . Rights to both the format and all UK episodes of the show were put up for sale by Celador in March 2006 , as the first step towards the sale of Celador 's formats division . These were acquired by the Dutch company 2waytraffic . 2waytraffic was in turn acquired by Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008 . On 22 October 2013 , it was announced that Tarrant had decided to leave the show after 15 years . Because of this , ITV consequently announced that Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? would conclude after the contract finished , stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned . Tarrant 's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013 . On the day before ( 18 December ) , Tarrant pre-recorded two other celebrity episodes to be shown in early 2014 . The final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . The show is set to make a return in 2018 on ITV , with the broadcaster putting out a casting call for contestants on 23 February . On 9 March , Jeremy Clarkson was confirmed as the new host of the show . Broadcast details ( edit ) Originally broadcast on successive evenings for around ten days , the series later appeared weekly on ITV in a primetime slot on Saturday evenings , and also occasionally on Tuesday evenings . The episodes typically lasted for one hour ( including adverts ) . The first contestant was Graham Elwell , who won £ 64,000 . At its peak in 1999 , the show pulled in up to 19 million viewers , often when it only had a half - hour timeslot , before declining to around 8 million viewers by 2003 . Variants on the format were screened from time to time as special episodes were produced , such as celebrities playing for charity , couples games ( where both partners must agree on the answer ) , Mother 's Day specials , etc . Since April 2011 , only celebrity contestants appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays such as Christmas , Mother 's Day , Remembrance Day , the end of a school term , etc . The `` Clock Format '' is still used during live celebrity shows . However , during Series 29 in 2012 , there were three The People Play specials that were broadcast live for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July . These specials featured non-celebrity contestants and allowed viewers to play along at home . A fourth The People Play special aired on 7 May 2013 with a further two broadcast the following Tuesday nights with the last ever People 's Play episode for the contestants on 21 May 2013 . Gameplay ( edit ) Payout structure Question number Question value 1998 -- 2007 2007 -- 2014 £ 100 £ 500 £ 200 £ 1,000 £ 300 £ 2,000 £ 500 £ 5,000 5 £ 1,000 £ 10,000 6 £ 2,000 £ 20,000 7 £ 4,000 £ 50,000 8 £ 8,000 £ 75,000 9 £ 16,000 £ 150,000 10 £ 32,000 £ 250,000 11 £ 64,000 £ 500,000 12 £ 125,000 £ 1 Million 13 £ 250,000 N / A 14 £ 500,000 15 £ 1 Million Members of the public applied to appear on the show by calling a premium - rate telephone number or sending a premium - rate text message . Applications could also be made at the ITV website via a system of £ 1 `` credits '' , as well as through a contestant casting audition . Such auditions were held at various locations around the UK . Contestants were chosen from the large number of applicants through a combination of random selection and the ability to answer test general knowledge questions . A contestant being asked a question about pop music on the show . Contestants answered a list of initially 15 ( until 2007 ) , and later just 12 increasingly difficult questions to win the top prize of £ 1 million . A contestant could choose to leave the game at any point and claim the prize for the last correctly answered question without penalty . From 2007 , answering the second question correctly guaranteed that a contestant left with no less than £ 1,000 if they provided an incorrect answer to a later question , and answering the seventh question correctly increased the minimum payout to £ 50,000 . A contestant who answered either the first or second question incorrectly left with nothing . The first , third and eight question were called `` free '' questions , the contestants could not lose anything if they provided an incorrect answer . On the final part of each programme whilst a game was in progress , the `` Out of time '' signal ( which usually consisted of one long blast of a chord played from brass instruments ) was sounded , which was called the ' klaxon ' . Most recently in the live specials , Chris told the viewers on the final part that the klaxon would sound the end of the game and the question would be null and void ( the question would not count ) . If , however , a future live special was to be scheduled , then the contestant would return on the next programme . Tarrant 's catchphrases on the show include `` Is that your final answer ? '' , `` But we do n't want to give you that '' ( meaning that he would like the contestant to go on and win even more money ) , more recently at the end of the show , `` But the cashpoint is now closed for tonight '' or when a contestant is relieved , he sometimes says `` Quite pleased , then ? '' Lifelines ( edit ) Three lifelines were presented at the beginning of the game in order to aid contestants : 50 / 50 : Eliminated two random wrong answers , leaving the right answer but also whichever wrong answer was the most likely to be a tempting choice . Phone a Friend : The contestant called one of their friends , who had provided their phone numbers in advance . The contestant had 30 seconds to read the question and four or two ( if the contestant had already used their 50 / 50 option ) possible answers to the friend , who then had the remaining time to offer help . Ask the Audience : Audience members used touch pads to designate what they believed the correct answer to be . The percentage of the audience choosing each specific option was displayed to the contestant . Flip / Switch ( 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 14 ) : This fourth additional lifeline was introduced in 2002 , where the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value . Any lifelines already used on the original question were not reinstated . It appeared as a ' Q ' symbol or as two circling arrows . 1998 -- 2010 format ( edit ) Prior to 2010 , ten contestants competed against each other on each episode in the `` Fastest Finger First '' round in order to determine which contestant would play the main portion of the game . In the first series , players were to answer a four - choice question similar to those in the main game . However , this was later changed in series two , where a question and four answers were presented and each contestant ordered those answers in a specified order ( e.g. ranking events chronologically , items in order of size etc . ) . The contestant who achieved the correct order in the fastest time moved to the second portion of the game . If that contestant chose to stop the game early or was eliminated following an incorrect answer , a new contestant was chosen in the same manner from the remaining nine contestants . If no - one got the question right , it was thrown out and replaced by a different question - and in the event of a tie where two contestants got the right answer at the same time , a sudden death question would be played in the same manner but with just the 2 remaining contestants and whoever won that would play . Additionally , contestants were required to answer 15 questions to win the top prize . The minimum payouts were £ 1,000 for answering five questions correctly and £ 32,000 for answering ten questions . 2010 Clock format ( edit ) The UK version adopted the US ' Clock Format ' on 3 August 2010 , still using the 12 - question money tree and that the final 5 questions would not have a time limit ( unlike the U.S. version ) , and using the original lifelines . Contestants also received a fourth lifeline ; `` Flip '' or `` Switch '' , upon completing question 7 . Contestants would have to answer the first seven questions within a specific time limit : 15 seconds for questions one and two , and 30 seconds for each question thereafter . Questions 8 - 12 were not timed . If , during the first seven questions , the contestant ran out of time on a question , their winnings would drop back down to either nothing ( on question 1 or 2 ) or the £ 1,000 milestone ( if they passed that point ) , as if the question had been answered incorrectly . The clock was stopped when a contestant chose to use a lifeline on questions 1 - 7 . Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the `` Walkaway Text Game '' . The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question , if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got , by choosing the letters ' A , B , C or D ' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number . The viewer who answered the question won £ 1,000 by having their entries selected randomly . On 9 September 2006 , there were some changes . The competition stayed the same but this time , they played it before some commercial breaks . A question to which the contestant had given their final answer , but the correct answer had not yet been revealed , was offered as a competition to viewers . Entry was via SMS text message at a cost of £ 1 per entry , and the competition ran through the commercial break , after which the answer was revealed and the game continued . One viewer who answered the question correctly won £ 1,000 . The text game ended on 28 July 2007 . Top prize WINNERS ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners Judith Keppel ( 20 November 2000 ) ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) -- no time limit Which King was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine ? A : Henry I B : Henry II C : Richard I D: Henry V Keppel 's £ 1 million question Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( born 18 August 1942 ) , a cash - strapped garden designer at the time , was the first one - million - pound winner and only woman to have won the top prize on the United Kingdom version of the programme . David Edwards ( 21 April 2001 ) ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) -- no time limit If you planted the seeds of Quercus robur , what would grow ? A : Trees B : Flowers C : Vegetables D: Grain Edwards 's £ 1 million question David Edwards ( born 1947 in Barry , South Wales ) is a former physics teacher at Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire who became the first man to win the million pounds on the British Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? on 21 April 2001 , and was only the second person to answer all 15 questions correctly , and hence win the prize , after Judith Keppel . He competed in both series of Are You an Egghead ? , reaching the last 16 in 2008 , and the final in 2009 , where he lost to fellow Millionaire winner Pat Gibson . His million pound question was `` If you planted the seeds of Quercus robur , what would grow ? '' The options were Trees , Flowers , Vegetables and Grain . The correct answer was Trees . He had no lifelines for this question , having used all three on a previous question . The phone - a-friend he used was his son , Richard Edwards ( who later won £ 125,000 on the show ) . Charles Ingram ( 18 September 2001 ) ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) -- no time limit A number one followed by one hundred zeros is known by what name ? A : Googol B : Megatron C : Gigabit D: Nanomole Ingram 's £ 1 million question Charles Ingram ( born 6 August 1963 ) is a former British Army major who made headlines in Britain after cheating in 2001 . He was convicted of deception in 2003 , and was given an 18 - month suspended sentence , although he maintains that he did not cheat . The ITV programme was produced by Celador at Elstree Studios , Borehamwood , Hertfordshire . After winning £ 1,000,000 , the payout was suspended when Ingram was accused of cheating by having his wife , Diana , and an accomplice , Tecwen Whittock , cough as Ingram announced the correct answer from the available choices . Following a trial at Southwark Crown Court lasting four weeks ( including jury deliberation for three - and - a-half days ) , which ended soon after a jury member was evicted for discussing the case in public , Charles and Diana Ingram and Whittock were convicted by a majority verdict of the crime of `` procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception '' on 7 April 2003 , and all three received suspended prison sentences ; in addition , Ingram was stripped of his winnings . Robert Brydges ( 29 September 2001 ) ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) -- no time limit Which scientific unit is named after an Italian nobleman ? A : Pascal B : Ohm C : Volt D: Hertz Brydges 's £ 1 million question Robert Kempe Brydges is an Oxford - educated banker from Holland Park , London . He was previously a director of GNI Fund Management , an investment brokers ' firm , earning £ 300,000 a year and held the position of vice-president of US bank Hanover Trust . On 29 September 2001 , Brydges won £ 1 million , becoming the fourth person to answer the final question correctly . His appearance in the show fuelled controversy because of his wealth prior to participation ( see below ) . Pat Gibson ( 24 April 2004 ) ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) -- no time limit Which of these is not one of the American Triple Crown horse races ? A : Arlington Million B : Belmont Stakes C : Kentucky Derby D: Preakness Stakes Gibson 's £ 1 million question Pat Gibson ( born 19 July 1961 in Galway , Ireland ) is an Irish quiz player . He is a multiple world champion in quizzing and one of the world 's most successful quiz players . He is has won several quiz shows and is a panellist on Eggheads . He was born and educated in Ireland but has lived in the United Kingdom for many years . On 24 April 2004 he became the fourth contestant to win the £ 1m jackpot on the quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . On the question he still had his 50 : 50 and phone a friend . He used the 50 : 50 first , where B. Belmont Stakes and D. Preakness Stakes disappeared . He then used his phone - a-friend option , phoning Mark Kerr ( a highly ranked British quiz player and winner of TV 's `` Brainiest Estate Agent '' title ) who said he was 90 % sure the answer was Arlington Million , which was Gibson 's original instinct . He was the only person in the United Kingdom to reach the one million pound question with two lifelines remaining . He used his Ask - the - Audience on the £ 64,000 question , and kept 50 : 50 and phone a friend back until the final question . Gibson correctly answered ' Arlington Million ' to win £ 1 million . Ingram Wilcox ( 23 September 2006 ) ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) -- no time limit Which boxer was famous for striking the gong in the introduction to J. Arthur Rank films ? A : Bombardier Billy Wells B : Freddie Mills C : Terry Spinks D: Don Cockell Wilcox 's £ 1 million question Ingram Wilcox ( born 1944 ) is a British quiz enthusiast was the fifth and final person to win one million pounds on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? in the United Kingdom on 23 September 2006 . When he reached the million - pound question , he had already used up all his lifelines by the £ 32,000 question . In two previous appearances he reached the `` fastest finger first '' stage but did not get through . His final question was `` Which boxer was famous for striking the gong in the introduction to J. Arthur Rank films ? '' He correctly chose Bombardier Billy Wells to win the prize . Controversies ( edit ) Incorrect answer to question accepted ( edit ) In March 1999 contestant Tony Kennedy was asked `` Theoretically , what is the minimum number of strokes with which a tennis player can win a set ? '' , with possible answers of 12 , 24 , 36 , and 48 . He calculated that a player would need four shots to win a game , with six games in a set , giving an answer of 24 . This won him the £ 64,000 question . The Daily Mirror newspaper reported the next day , with the pun headline ' Fault ! ' , that a player could win a game without playing a shot if their opponent double - faulted on every serve . This would allow a winning set in 12 strokes , assuming the player aced each of his or her own serves . The programme acknowledged the mistake and apologised for it , but Kennedy was allowed to keep his prize money ( an eventual £ 125,000 ) . One Foot in the Grave ( edit ) The broadcast of Judith Keppel 's victory as the first jackpot winner on the UK version of Millionaire coincided with the transmission of the final episode of the BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave . The news of Keppel 's win , recorded the preceding Sunday , was leaked to the press ; ITV announced Keppel 's success at a press conference on the day of broadcast . David Renwick , writer of One Foot was annoyed that this would take audience interest away from the sitcom . He said that the early announcement of the outcome of Millionaire was `` naked opportunism '' , and it `` would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way '' . He pointed out that they also `` killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme '' , but `` television is all about ratings '' . It was alleged that Millionaire 's production company Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC 's expected high ratings for the sitcom 's finale . Richard Wilson in particular was quoted as saying that ITV had `` planned '' the win , adding `` it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor 's last moments on earth . '' Richard Webber 's account , in his 2006 book , cites `` unnamed BBC sources '' as those who `` questioned the authenticity of Keppel 's victory '' . ITV was upset at the allegation , claiming that it `` undermined viewers ' faith in the programme . '' Leslie Hill , the chairman of ITV , wrote to Sir Christopher Bland , the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC , to complain about the issue . The corporation apologised , saying that any suggestion of ' rigging ' `` did not represent the official view of the BBC . '' Eleven viewers complained about the quiz show to the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) , but Millionaire was cleared of any wrongdoing . Ambiguous question ( edit ) On a special Valentine 's Day celebrity edition of the show in 2006 , which aired 11 February , Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen and Jackie Llewelyn - Bowen reached the £ 1,000,000 question , which was `` Translated from the Latin , what is the motto of the United States ? '' The Bowens chose answer A , `` In God , We Trust '' , but the correct answer intended was actually answer B , `` One Out of Many '' which is the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum . Because they answered the £ 1,000,000 question incorrectly , they lost £ 468,000 . However , the question turned out to be ambiguous , as `` In God , We Trust '' is the legal motto for the United States ; the phrase is found on many American coins , though it is not of Latin origin . Because of this , they were invited back to play again , reinstating their previously lost £ 468,000 to bring them back up to £ 500,000 . The contestants decided not to risk it this time and left with the £ 500,000 for their chosen charities . No other contestant had ever lost £ 468,000 ; the most money ever lost was £ 218,000 , which occurred only twice : Duncan Bickley lost in October 2000 and Rob Mitchell in October 2003 , when they answered their £ 500,000 questions incorrectly and fell from £ 250,000 down to £ 32,000 . Charles Ingram affair ( edit ) Charles Ingram and his wife Diana . In an episode of the show recorded on 9 and 10 September 2001 , Charles Ingram won the £ 1 million prize . During the recording it was noticed that a suspicious pattern of coughing could be heard . Ingram 's unusual behaviour in the hot seat also drew attention . Analysed , it was believed that another contestant , Tecwen Whittock , sitting behind him , was offering him prompts in the form of coughs , indicating the correct answers . On some of the questions , Ingram read aloud all of the four answers , until a significant cough was heard , before choosing his answer . In some cases , he dismissed an answer , read aloud the answer choices again , and then picked the answer that he had earlier dismissed . It also appeared on the tapes that after Ingram repeated a particular incorrect answer several times believing it to be correct , Whittock coughed and then loudly whispered ' No ! ' After Ingram won the million , Whittock won the next Fastest Finger game and so took to the hotseat . He reached the £ 4,000 mark , but dropped back to £ 1,000 after answering a cookery question incorrectly . The Prosecution suggested that Ingram 's wife , Diana ( who had won £ 32,000 on a previous show , as had her brother ) , had organised the scam . Pager telephone records revealed what appeared to be a practice session for another plan to cheat the system that was not subsequently carried out . The Prosecution claimed that the original plan was for Ingram to hide four pagers on his body that would vibrate when an accomplice called the pager indicating the correct answer . It would seem that during one of Diana 's questions , an audible cough could be heard after Tarrant had read out all the questions to her , with the cough landing at the end of the correct answer . Following a trial at Southwark Crown Court lasting four weeks , Ingram , his wife Diana , and Whittock were convicted of `` procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception '' on 7 April 2003 . Ingram and his wife were each given suspended 18 - month prison sentences and fined £ 15,000 , while Whittock received a 12 - month suspended sentence and was fined £ 10,000 . Together with legal costs , the Ingrams had to pay £ 115,000 , in addition to not receiving his £ 1,000,000 . Despite the conviction , the Ingrams and Whittock continue to deny that they colluded or acted dishonestly . They appealed against the conviction . An ITV documentary entitled Millionaire : A Major Fraud , presented by Martin Bashir , was broadcast in Britain on 21 April 2003 with a follow - up two weeks later , Millionaire : The Final Answer . Excerpts from the recording were broadcast but with enhanced audio highlighting the coughs emanating , the Prosecution alleged , from Whittock . Immediately after Major Fraud , the uncut recording , but again with enhanced audio , was broadcast on ITV2 . Major Fraud included additional video recorded during the programme of Mrs. Ingram sitting in the audience and apparently prompting Major Ingram with her own coughing and making glances in the direction of Whittock . Major Fraud also contained interviews with production staff and some contestants present at the recording describing how they felt that something unusual had been happening . The defendants declined to be interviewed for the programme . Ingram described Major Fraud and the programme broadcast on ITV2 as `` one of the greatest TV editing con tricks in history '' . On 24 July 2003 , the British Army ordered Charles Ingram to resign his commission as a Major . James Plaskett has argued in favour of the innocence of Ingram , his wife , and Whittock . Plaskett 's essay led to journalist Bob Woffinden , who had a long - time interest in miscarriages of justice , publishing a two - page article in the 9 October 2004 edition of the British newspaper the Daily Mail entitled ' Is the Coughing Major Innocent ? ' Jon Ronson , who attended the trial and had written two articles about it in The Guardian , wrote a piece about Plaskett 's theory entitled ' Are the Millionaire three innocent ? ' In 2015 Woffinden and Plaskett published a book entitled Bad Show : The Quiz , the Cough , the Millionaire Major , arguing that Ingram 's appearance on the show coinciding with Whittock 's was `` chance '' . Plaskett may also be heard at Episode 29 of The Pod Delusion podcast being interviewed by political blogger , Mark Thompson , who was himself led by Plaskett 's essay to take an interest in the case of The Millionaire Three . In January 2006 , Plaskett himself made it into the hot seat and won £ 250,000 . He subsequently sponsored Ingram for £ 25,000 to run the 2006 Flora London Marathon for the charity SENSE . Robert Brydges affair ( edit ) The participation of Robert Brydges raised the ire of Brydges 's neighbour , Sarah Elliott , who said `` Bob is loaded . When I found out he was going on the show I knew he would win . He 's as sharp as a razor and has no problem under pressure . But gambling on the tricky questions must be a lot easier when you 're already worth millions . I suppose £ 16,000 must seem like loose change to him . '' Elliott 's grandmother was less kind , saying `` It is so unfair that someone like Robert should be allowed on the show . That family certainly does not need the money . It wo n't make any difference to them because they 're filthy rich and live like millionaires anyway '' . In addition , the show has been called elitist : presenter Eamonn Holmes suggested live on GMTV that only millionaires or minor royals had a chance of winning the prize . A spokesman for Celador responded `` Everybody has an equal chance to get on . It is impossible for us to check how much money people already have when they get on the show . We 'd love a penniless binman as our next winner , but it never happens . '' Phone - a-friend ( edit ) The Phone - a-Friend lifeline provided multiple instances of controversy during the show 's run . A 2002 edition of the Daily Mail reported that many contestants had selected strangers who were `` contacts among the quizzing fraternity '' to act as their Phone - a-Friends . Specifically , game show champion Daphne Fowler was approached by a man she had not previously met and asked if she would be his lifeline in exchange for £ 200 . Fowler refused , adding : `` I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won , so if I helped him get from £ 32,000 to £ 64,000 I would expect to get £ 16,000 . '' The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme . In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings . The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland . Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999 ; he estimates those contestants to have won around £ 5,000,000 . The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation , with Burgess stating : `` The show knows about me and these types of syndicates , but they cover it up to keep the show going . '' An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003 . Paul Smith , the Managing Director of Celador Productions , stated : `` We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing , and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure . We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system . '' Since then , the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on - air . Series overview ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 4 September 1998 25 December 1998 11 1 January 1999 13 January 1999 13 5 March 1999 16 March 1999 12 3 September 1999 14 September 1999 13 5 5 November 1999 26 December 1999 18 6 16 January 2000 22 January 2000 7 7 26 March 2000 1 May 2000 13 8 7 September 2000 6 January 2001 55 9 8 January 2001 26 April 2001 45 10 4 September 2001 29 December 2001 43 11 5 January 2002 9 April 2002 55 12 31 August 2002 28 December 2002 19 13 4 January 2003 31 May 2003 21 14 30 August 2003 27 December 2003 21 15 3 January 2004 5 June 2004 23 16 18 September 2004 25 December 2004 16 17 1 January 2005 11 June 2005 24 18 17 September 2005 31 December 2005 11 19 7 January 2006 8 July 2006 27 20 9 September 2006 6 January 2007 13 21 10 March 2007 28 July 2007 17 22 18 August 2007 30 October 2007 11 23 1 January 2008 3 June 2008 19 24 16 August 2008 31 January 2009 18 25 13 June 2009 20 December 2009 20 26 13 April 2010 8 June 2010 8 27 3 August 2010 23 December 2010 11 28 2 April 2011 19 December 2011 6 29 3 January 2012 20 December 2012 11 30 1 January 2013 11 February 2014 11 31 2018 TBC 7 References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BIOGRAPHY '' . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( 4 June 2008 ) . `` Sony Pictures acquires 2waytraffic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it was time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . itv.com. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson replaces Chris Tarrant on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . BBC News . 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This summer , Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? will once again be going live , but this time with the Great British public in the hotseat ! '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110713070556/http://millionaire.itv.com/viewergame.php?howtoplay=1 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Millionaire -- Walkaway Game '' . itv.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . ) , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Fourth Millionaire ' is millionaire ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2001 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Millionaire ' quiz show aims to broaden appeal '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth contestant wins ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Nadia . `` The man who won a million '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THANKS A MILLION ... WE 'RE BOTH WINNERS ; EXCLUSIVE : Couple each scoop TV prize '' . Free Online Library . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend - part one '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The last Gongman , Ken Richmond , had died on 3 August 2006 , not long before the show was recorded . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows.com . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webber 2006 , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Judd , Terri ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` BBC apologises for ' Millionaire ' dirty tricks slur '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Casey & Calvert 2008 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Dyja 2002 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Whitehead , Jennifer ( 13 January 2006 ) . `` Llewelyn - Bowen gets second chance at ' Millionaire ' jackpot after unfair question '' . Brand Republic . Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ronson , Jon ( 17 July 2006 ) . `` Are the Millionaire three innocent ? '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Levi ( 17 January 2015 ) . `` ' Coughing Major ' was INNOCENT of cheating on Who Wants to be a Millionaire , says new book '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 29 -- 9th April 2010 '' . The Pod Delusion. 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire winner denies elitist claim '' . BBC . 1 October 2001 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Woffinden ; Plaskett , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Conlan , Tara ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` I 'll phone a stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phoney a Friend '' . Sunday Mirror. 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz syndicate leader denies wrongdoing '' . crewechronicle.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire syndicate is probed '' . northamptonchron.co.uk. 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Casey , Bernadette ; Calvert , Ben ( 2008 ) . Television Studies : The Key Concepts ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37149 - 0 . Dyja , Eddie , ed. ( 2002 ) . BFI Film and Television Handbook 2002 . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 904 - 8 . Webber , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Complete One Foot in the Grave . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 7357 - 2 . Woffinden , Bob ; Plaskett , James ( 2015 ) . Bad Show : The Quiz , the Cough , the Millionaire Major . Bojangles Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9930755 - 2 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(UK_game_show)&oldid=832199173 '' Categories : 1998 British television programme debuts 1990s British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows Films shot at Elstree Studios ITV game shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television English - language television programs Television series revived after cancellation Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 12 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wants to be a millionaire 1 million question	[]	[]
1022884668653655100	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , Paul Stanley , Eric Carr , Bruce Kulick . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=800493640 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 22 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	who was the first singing brothers inducted into the rock 'n' roll hall of fame	[ "\n\nYear\nImage\nName\nInducted members\n\n\n1986\n\nBerry, ChuckChuck Berry\n\n\n\n1986\n\nBrown, JamesJames Brown\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCharles, RayRay Charles\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCooke, SamSam Cooke\n\n\n\n1986\n\nDomino, FatsFats Domino\n\n\n\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[10]\n\n\n1986\n\nHolly, BuddyBuddy Holly\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLittle Richard\n\n\n\n1986\n\nPresley, ElvisElvis Presley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nCoasters !The Coasters\nCarl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will \"Dub\" Jones.[11]\n\n\n1987\n\nCochran, EddieEddie Cochran\n\n\n\n1987\n\nDiddley, BoBo Diddley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nFranklin, ArethaAretha Franklin\n\n\n\n1987\n\nGaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye\n\n\n\n1987\n\nHaley, BillBill Haley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nKing, B.B.B.B. King\n\n\n\n1987\n\nMcPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter\n\n\n\n1987\n\nNelson, RickyRicky Nelson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nOrbison, RoyRoy Orbison\n\n\n\n1987\n\nPerkins, CarlCarl Perkins\n\n\n\n1987\n\nRobinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nTurner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWaters, MuddyMuddy Waters\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWilson, JackieJackie Wilson\n\n\n\n1988\n\nBeach Boys !The Beach Boys\nAl Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[12]\n\n\n1988\n\nBeatles !The Beatles\nGeorge Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[13]\n\n\n1988\n\nDrifters !The Drifters\nBen E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[14]\n\n\n1988\n\nDylan, BobBob Dylan\n\n\n\n1988\n\nSupremes !The Supremes\nFlorence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[15]\n\n\n1989\n\nDion !Dion\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRedding, OtisOtis Redding\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRolling Stones !The Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[16]\n\n\n1989\n\nTemptations !The Temptations\nMelvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[17]\n\n\n1989\n\nWonder, StevieStevie Wonder\n\n\n\n1990\n—\nBallard, HankHank Ballard\n\n\n\n1990\n\nDarin, BobbyBobby Darin\n\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Seasons !The Four Seasons\nTom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[18]\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Tops !Four Tops\nRenaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[19]\n\n\n1990\n\nKinks !The Kinks\nMick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[20]\n\n\n1990\n\nPlatters !The Platters\nDavid Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[21]\n\n\n1990\n\nSimon & Garfunkel\nPaul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[22]\n\n\n1990\n\nWho !The Who\nRoger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[23]\n\n\n1991\n\nBaker, LaVernLaVern Baker\n\n\n\n1991\n\nByrds !The Byrds\nGene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[24]\n\n\n1991\n\nHooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker\n\n\n\n1991\n—\nImpressions !The Impressions\nCurtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[25]\n\n\n1991\n\nPickett, WilsonWilson Pickett\n\n\n\n1991\n\nReed, JimmyJimmy Reed\n\n\n\n1991\n\nTurner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner\nIke Turner and Tina Turner.[26]\n\n\n1992\n\nBland, Bobby !Bobby \"Blue\" Bland\n\n\n\n1992\n\nBooker T. & the M.G.'s\nBooker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[27]\n\n\n1992\n\nCash, JohnnyJohnny Cash\n\n\n\n1992\n\nIsley Brothers !The Isley Brothers\nErnie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[28]\n\n\n1992\n\nHendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience\nJimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[29]\n\n\n1992\n\nSam & Dave\nSam Moore and Dave Prater.[30]\n\n\n1992\n\nYardbirds !The Yardbirds\nJeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[31]\n\n\n1993\n\nBrown, RuthRuth Brown\n\n\n\n1993\n\nCream\nGinger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[32]\n\n\n1993\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\nDoug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[33]\n\n\n1993\n\nDoors !The Doors\nJohn Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[34]\n\n\n1993\n\nLymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers\nHerman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[35]\n\n\n1993\n\nJames, EttaEtta James\n\n\n\n1993\n\nMorrison, VanVan Morrison\n\n\n\n1993\n\nSly and the Family Stone\nGregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[36]\n\n\n1994\n\nAnimals !The Animals\nEric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[37]\n\n\n1994\n\nBand !The Band\nRick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[38]\n\n\n1994\n\nEddy, DuaneDuane Eddy\n\n\n\n1994\n\nGrateful Dead\nTom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[39]\n\n\n1994\n\nJohn, EltonElton John\n\n\n\n1994\n\nLennon, JohnJohn Lennon\n\n\n\n1994\n\nMarley, BobBob Marley\n\n\n\n1994\n\nStewart, RodRod Stewart\n\n\n\n1995\n\nAllman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band\nDuane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[40]\n\n\n1995\n\nGreen, AlAl Green\n\n\n\n1995\n\nJoplin, JanisJanis Joplin\n\n\n\n1995\n\nLed Zeppelin\nJohn Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[41]\n\n\n1995\n\nMartha and the Vandellas\nRosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[42]\n\n\n1995\n\n\n\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\n\n\n\n1995\n\nZappa, FrankFrank Zappa\n\n\n\n1996\n\nBowie, DavidDavid Bowie\n\n\n\n1996\n\nKnight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips\nWilliam Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald \"Bubba\" Knight, and Edward Patten.[43]\n\n\n1996\n\nJefferson Airplane\nMarty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[44]\n\n\n1996\n\nLittle Willie John\n\n\n\n1996\n\nPink Floyd\nSyd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[45]\n\n\n1996\n\nShirelles !The Shirelles\nShirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[46]\n\n\n1996\n\nVelvet Underground !The Velvet Underground\nJohn Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[47]\n\n\n1997\n\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[48]\n\n\n1997\n\nBuffalo Springfield\nRichie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[49]\n\n\n1997\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash\nDavid Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[50]\n\n\n1997\n\nJackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5\nJackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[51]\n\n\n1997\n\nMitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell\n\n\n\n1997\n\nParliament-Funkadelic\nJerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William \"Billy Bass\" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[52]\n\n\n1997\n\nRascals !The (Young) Rascals\nEddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[53]\n\n\n1998\n\nEagles\nDon Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[54]\n\n\n1998\n\nFleetwood Mac\nLindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[55]\n\n\n1998\n\nMamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas\nDenny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[56]\n\n\n1998\n\nPrice, LloydLloyd Price\n\n\n\n1998\n\nSantana\nJose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[57]\n\n\n1998\n\nVincent, GeneGene Vincent\n\n\n\n1999\n\nJoel, BillyBilly Joel\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMcCartney, PaulPaul McCartney\n\n\n\n1999\n\nShannon, DelDel Shannon\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringfield, DustyDusty Springfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\n\n1999\n\nStaple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers\nCleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[58]\n\n\n2000\n\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\n\n\n2000\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nPhilip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nLovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful\nSteve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nMoonglows, TheThe Moonglows\nPrentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nRaitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt\n\n\n\n2000\n\nTaylor, JamesJames Taylor\n\n\n\n2001\n\nAerosmith\nTom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[60]\n\n\n2001\n\nBurke, SolomonSolomon Burke\n\n\n\n2001\n\nFlamingos, TheThe Flamingos\nJake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry \"Buzzy\" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[61]\n\n\n2001\n\nJackson, MichaelMichael Jackson\n\n\n\n2001\n\nQueen\nJohn Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[62]\n\n\n2001\n\nSimon, PaulPaul Simon\n\n\n\n2001\n\nSteely Dan\nWalter Becker and Donald Fagen.[63]\n\n\n2001\n\nValens, RitchieRitchie Valens\n\n\n\n2002\n\nHayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes\n\n\n\n2002\n\nLee, BrendaBrenda Lee\n\n\n\n2002\n\nPetty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\nTom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[64]\n\n\n2002\n\nPitney, GeneGene Pitney\n\n\n\n2002\n\nRamones\nDee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[65]\n\n\n2002\n\nTalking Heads\nDavid Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[66]\n\n\n2003\n\nAC/DC\nBrian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[67]\n\n\n2003\n\nClash, TheThe Clash\nTerry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[68]\n\n\n2003\n\nCostello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions\nElvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[69]\n\n\n2003\n\nPolice, TheThe Police\nStewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[70]\n\n\n2003\n\nRighteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers\nBobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[71]\n\n\n2004\n\nBrowne, JacksonJackson Browne\n\n\n\n2004\n\nDells, TheThe Dells\nVerne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[72]\n\n\n2004\n\nHarrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison\n\n\n\n2004\n\nPrince\n\n\n\n2004\n\nSeger, BobBob Seger\n\n\n\n2004\n\nTraffic\nJim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[73]\n\n\n2004\n\nZZ Top\nFrank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[74]\n\n\n2005\n\nGuy, BuddyBuddy Guy\n\n\n\n2005\n\nO'Jays, TheThe O'Jays\nEddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[75]\n\n\n2005\n\nPretenders\nMartin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[76]\n\n\n2005\n\nSledge, PercyPercy Sledge\n\n\n\n2005\n\nU2\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[77]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlack Sabbath\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[78]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlondie\nClem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[79]\n\n\n2006\n\nDavis, MilesMiles Davis\n\n\n\n2006\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\nBob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[80]\n\n\n2006\n\nSex Pistols\nPaul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[81]\n\n\n2007\n\nGrandmaster Flash and The Furious Five\nMelvin \"Melle Mel\" Glover, Nathaniel \"The Kidd Creole\" Glover, Eddie \"Scorpio\" Morris, Joseph \"Grandmaster Flash\" Sadler, Robert Keith \"Keef Cowboy\" Wiggins, and Guy Todd \"Rahiem\" Williams.[82]\n\n\n2007\n\nR.E.M.\nBill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[83]\n\n\n2007\n\nRonettes, TheThe Ronettes\nEstelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[84]\n\n\n2007\n\nSmith, PattiPatti Smith\n\n\n\n2007\n\nVan Halen\nMichael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[85]\n\n\n2008\n\nClark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five\nDave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[86]\n\n\n2008\n\nCohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMadonna\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp\n\n\n\n2008\n\nVentures, TheThe Ventures\nBob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[87]\n\n\n2009\n\nBeck, JeffJeff Beck\n\n\n\n2009\n\nLittle Anthony and the Imperials\nClarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster \"Nat\" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[88]\n\n\n2009\n\nMetallica\nCliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[89]\n\n\n2009\n\nRun–D.M.C.\nDarryl \"D.M.C.\" McDaniels, Jason \"Jam-Master Jay\" Mizell, and Joseph \"DJ Run\" Simmons.[90]\n\n\n2009\n\nWomack, BobbyBobby Womack\n\n\n\n2010\n\nABBA\nBenny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[91]\n\n\n2010\n\nGenesis\nTony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[92]\n\n\n2010\n\nCliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff\n\n\n\n2010\n\nHollies, TheThe Hollies\nBernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[93]\n\n\n2010\n\nStooges, TheThe Stooges\nDave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[94]\n\n\n2011\n\nAlice Cooper\nAlice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[95]\n\n\n2011\n\nDiamond, NeilNeil Diamond\n\n\n\n2011\n\nDr. John\n\n\n\n2011\n\nLove, DarleneDarlene Love\n\n\n\n2011\n\nWaits, TomTom Waits\n\n\n\n2012\n\nBeastie Boys\nMichael \"Mike D\" Diamond, Adam \"Ad-Rock\" Horovitz, and Adam \"MCA\" Yauch.[96]\n\n\n2012\n—\nBlue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]\nBacking band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[97]\n\n\n2012\n\nComets !The Comets[N1]\nBacking band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[98]\n\n\n2012\n\nCrickets !The Crickets[N1]\nBacking band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[99]\n\n\n2012\n\nDonovan\n\n\n\n2012\n\nFamous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]\nBacking vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[100]\n\n\n2012\n\nGuns N' Roses\nSteven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[101]\n\n\n2012\n—\nMidnighters !The Midnighters[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[102]\n\n\n2012\n\nMiracles !The Miracles[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[103]\n\n\n2012\n\nNyro, LauraLaura Nyro\n\n\n\n2012\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nFlea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[104]\n\n\n2012\n—\nSmall Faces/Faces\nKenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[105]\n\n\n2013\n\nHeart\nMichael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[106]\n\n\n2013\n\nKing, AlbertAlbert King\n\n\n\n2013\n\nNewman, RandyRandy Newman\n\n\n\n2013\n\nPublic Enemy\nFlavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[107]\n\n\n2013\n\nRush\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[108]\n\n\n2013\n\nSummer, DonnaDonna Summer\n\n\n\n2014\n\nGabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel\n\n\n\n2014\n\nHall & Oates\nDaryl Hall and John Oates.[109]\n\n\n2014\n\nKiss\nPeter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Eric Carr, Bruce Kulick.[110]\n\n\n2014\n\nNirvana\nKurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[111]\n\n\n2014\n\nRonstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt\n\n\n\n2014\n\nStevens, CatCat Stevens\n\n\n2015\n\nButterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band\nPaul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nJett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts\nJoan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nReed, LouLou Reed[113]\n\n\n\n2015\n\nGreen Day\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[113]\n\n\n2015\n\nVaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble\nStevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nWithers, BillBill Withers\n\n\n\n2016\n\nCheap Trick\nBun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nChicago\nPeter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nDeep Purple\nRitchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nN.W.A\nDJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nMiller, SteveSteve Miller\n\n\n\n2017\n\nElectric Light Orchestra\nBev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[115]\n\n\n2017\n\nBaez, JoanJoan Baez\n\n\n\n2017\n\nJourney\nJonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nPearl Jam\nJeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[117]\n\n\n2017\n\nTupac Shakur\n\n\n\n2017\n\nYes\nJon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[118]\n\n" ]	[ "The Everly Brothers" ]
-229727921450210370	Walk Through This World with Me	Walk Through This World with Me - Wikipedia Walk Through This World with Me Jump to : navigation , search Walk Through This World with Me Studio album by George Jones Released February 1967 Genre Country Label Musicor Producer Pappy Daily George Jones chronology We Found Heaven Right Here on Earth at `` 4033 '' ( 1967 ) We Found Heaven Right Here on Earth at `` 4033 '' 1967 Walk Through This World with Me ( 1967 ) Sings the Songs of Dallas Frazier ( 1968 ) Sings the Songs of Dallas Frazier 1968 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Walk Through This World with Me is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 ( see 1967 in country music ) on the Musicor Records label . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track listing 3 Chart positions 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The song `` Walk Through This World With Me '' would become a number one hit for Jones in 1967 , his first chart topper in five years . According to Bob Allen 's book George Jones : The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend , Jones was less than enthusiastic about the `` musically middle - of - the - road love ballad that was almost inspirational in its unabashedly optimistic and romantic sentiments - a far cry from ' The Window Up Above , ' '' and it was only at his producer H.W. `` Pappy '' Daily 's insistence that he recorded the song at all . In the 1994 retrospective Golden Hits , Jones states that he was unhappy with his singing on the LP version and , after the song started getting heavy airplay in Chicago , he told his manager Pappy Daily that he wanted to recut it . `` The single record on it was different , even though it was almost the same , I did a little better job singing the single than I did on the album . '' Jones would perform the song in concert throughout his career , often as part of an `` oldies '' medley . Walk Through This World With Me features two songs associated with a couple of people who would soon figure prominently in Jones 's life : singer Tammy Wynette and producer Billy Sherrill . `` Apartment No. 9 '' had been co-written by former Jones Boy Johnny Paycheck and had been a minor hit for Wynette in 1966 , a new singer in the country music world who would eventually become Jones 's third wife . Wynette was discovered by Sherrill , who co-wrote the sentimental country standard `` Almost Persuaded '' and would eventually produce Jones throughout the 1970s and 1980s . Buoyed by the popularity of the title track , Walk Through This World With Me would rise to number two on the country music album chart . Track listing ( edit ) `` Walk Through This World With Me '' ( Sandy Seamons , Kaye Savage ) `` The Shoe Goes on the Other Foot Tonight '' ( Buddy Mize ) `` Sweet Thang '' ( Nat Stuckey ) `` Am I That Easy to Forget '' ( Carl Belew , W.S. Stevenson ) `` Apartment No. 9 '' ( Johnny Paycheck , Bobby Austin ) `` There Goes My Everything '' ( Dallas Frazier ) `` Life Turned Her That Way '' ( Harlan Howard ) `` Almost Persuaded '' ( Billy Sherrill , Glenn Sutton ) `` Lonely Street '' ( Carl Belew , W.S. Stevenson , Kenny Sowder ) `` Do n't Do It Darlin ' '' ( Webb Pierce ) Chart positions ( edit ) Album -- Billboard ( North America ) Year Chart Position 1967 Country Albums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review External links ( edit ) George Jones ' Official Website ( hide ) George Jones Studio albums Grand Ole Opry 's New Star ( 1956 ) Hillbilly Hit Parade Long Live King George Country Church Time White Lightning and Other Favorites George Jones Salutes Hank Williams Sings Country and Western Hits Sings from the Heart George Jones Sings Bob Wills Homecoming in Heaven My Favorites of Hank Williams I Wish Tonight Would Never End Blue & Lonesome George Jones Sings Like the Dickens ! Mr. Country & Western Music New Country Hits Old Brush Arbors Country Heart Love Bug I 'm a People We Found Heaven Right Here on Earth at `` 4033 '' Walk Through This World with Me Sings the Songs of Dallas Frazier If My Heart Had Windows I 'll Share My World with You Where Grass Wo n't Grow Will You Visit Me on Sunday ? George Jones with Love George Jones Sings the Great Songs of Leon Payne George Jones ( We Can Make It ) A Picture of Me ( Without You ) Nothing Ever Hurt Me ( Half as Bad as Losing You ) In a Gospel Way The Grand Tour Memories of Us The Battle Alone Again I Wanta Sing Bartender 's Blues I Am What I Am Still the Same Ole Me Shine On Jones Country You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart Ladies ' Choice Who 's Gonna Fill Their Shoes Wine Colored Roses Too Wild Too Long One Woman Man You Oughta Be Here with Me And Along Came Jones Walls Can Fall High - Tech Redneck I Lived to Tell It All It Do n't Get Any Better Than This Cold Hard Truth The Rock : Stone Cold Country 2001 The Gospel Collection Hits I Missed ... And One I Did n't Collaborative albums What 's in Our Hearts A King & Two Queens Bluegrass Hootenanny Famous Country Duets George Jones and Gene Pitney : For the First Time ! Two Great Singers George Jones and Gene Pitney ( Recorded in Nashville ! ) It 's Country Time Again ! We Go Together Me and the First Lady We Love to Sing About Jesus Let 's Build a World Together We 're Gonna Hold On George & Tammy & Tina Golden Ring My Very Special Guests Double Trouble Together Again A Taste of Yesterday 's Wine Friends in High Places The Bradley Barn Sessions George and Tammy Super Hits One God 's Country : George Jones and Friends Kickin ' Out the Footlights ... Again Burn Your Playhouse Down -- The Unreleased Duets Compilations Hits by George Anniversary -- 10 Years of Hits By Request First Time Live Super Hits Super Hits , Volume 2 16 Biggest Hits Live with the Possum 50 Years of Hits Related articles Albums discography Singles discography Discography with Tammy Wynette Awards Tammy Wynette ( third wife ) This 1960s country music album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_Through_This_World_with_Me&oldid=811921263 '' Categories : 1967 albums George Jones albums Albums produced by Pappy Daily Musicor Records albums 1960s country album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 25 . About Wikipedia	who sings walk through this world with me	[]	[]
2624672954634114310	List of The 100 episodes	List of the 100 episodes - Wikipedia List of the 100 episodes The 100 ( pronounced `` The Hundred '' ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . As of August 7 , 2018 , 71 episodes of The 100 have aired , concluding the fifth season . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3.6 Summary 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , all known humans are residents of merged orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husband 's discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day . She is caught , and their mother is floated ( execution by being blown out of an airlock ) . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does not speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She is successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived , but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has not spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 Lexa decides to kill Octavia to protect the secret that she and Clarke knew about the missile strike in advance . Clarke stops her and Lexa reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Meanwhile , Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog ; Bellamy soon discovers it was a trick but radio contact has been cut and he has no way to warn the others . Lexa agrees to trust Clarke and not hurt Octavia , and Clarke notes there is more to life than survival . Lexa kisses Clarke who says that she is n't ready for a relationship . On Raven 's signal that the fog is disabled , Clarke and Lexa lead the army to Mount Weather . Bellamy manages to destroy the acid fog system just as the mountain men are deploying it . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew continue to search for the City of Light . They take casualties crossing a minefield and reach a lake where a mysterious boat appears . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Commander of Death ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E. at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the A.L.I.E. 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about A.L.I.E. 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under A.L.I.E. 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she is her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does not die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to A.L.I.E. 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from A.L.I.E. 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / A.L.I.E. in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a Nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 With little sense of the situation outside the bunker , Clarke and Jaha refuse to open the door and risk the future of humanity . Abby helps Bellamy unlock the door and Clarke is unable to use force to stop him from opening it . Echo is stopped from exposing Skaikru 's treachery when Octavia threatens to reveal her cheating and banishment . Octavia bars Echo from the bunker . By Octavia 's decision , Clarke is left with 12 hours to banish over 300 of her people to the surface , possibly leaving too few skilled workers to maintain the bunker . At Arkadia , Monty tries to save the others by explaining how horribly they 'll die , which convinces them to blissfully overdose -- except for Harper who decides that she loves Monty enough to live . Raven has hallucinations of Sinclair which convince her to undertake a risky procedure to stop her mental deterioration and live . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young Nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Shallow Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young Nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does not work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do not release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that the launch codes have been changed . Miles tells them it must be Raven . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march in the Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does not know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo and reiterates the latter 's banishment . Diyoza 's ship arrives , delivering apples and offering free passage to any Wonkru defectors . Octavia offers Echo a deal ; spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the firewall from the inside ; Echo , who has decided against Octavia 's plan , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp . Octavia agrees , but has Cooper to shoot fleeing defectors , ostensibly for appearances . Murphy and Emori work to remove his shock collar and decide to use his collar to set up an explosive trap . During which time they discuss and rekindle their relationship . The two find McCreary survived the explosion and take him hostage . Clarke believing that Octavia will figure out and kill Madi for her natural Nightblood status , plans to leave with the defectors . Madi objects , fearing for Clarke 's safety , and reveals her status to Octavia . Octavia tells Clarke that nothing bad will happen to Madi and that Madi will train as a Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's camp . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) T27. 13557 0.83 Kane finds Abby huddled on the floor by a dead patient and deduces she was high on pills during the surgery despite her denials . Later , Kane gives Abby an ultimatum ; him or the pills . Diyoza interviews the Wonkru defectors to determine their use and trustworthiness . In order to gain Diyoza 's trust , Echo reports Shaw as the one to shutdown the systems despite Raven 's initial protests . Echo uses Raven 's demonstration about the shutdown to Diyoza to install Monty 's backdoor into the prisoner 's system . A bloodied , collared Shaw later appears in the defector 's room . In the bunker , Clarke and Bellamy discover Cooper 's human experimentation to breed the parasitic worms as a weapon . Octavia reveals her plan to release the worms with the next group of Defectors . Diyoza reveals her pregnancy to Abby . Madi , at the urging of Clarke and Gaia , initially hides her aptitude in hand - to - hand combat , but drops the charade during a class presentation to Octavia and is designated Octavia 's second . Clarke attempts to negotiate a nonviolent settlement of the valley with Diyoza . The only term Diyoza will agree to is Wonkru 's unconditional surrender , to which Octavia will never agree . Clarke declares the need to assassinate Octavia . 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) T27. 13558 0.73 Octavia is ready to prepare for an all - out war against Diyoza which Clarke opposes . Despite perfecting the algae , Monty 's request to end the war and forget about the valley is ignored . Monty , sick of the unending violence , resolves to not go with his friends to the valley . Due to Octavia 's unwillingness to listen to reason , Clarke and Bellamy decide to sabotage Wonkru 's plan to attack the valley . Clarke and Bellamy enlist the help of Indra to sabotage Octavia 's plan . They use the worms to kill Cooper , and attempt to make her death look like an accident . At the camp , Diyoza reveals to Kane that she is pregnant while the two discuss their plans for a better world . Raven finds out about Abby 's addiction to pills , and feels betrayed when Abby tricks her into creating a device that can cure the lung disease of the Eligius prisoners . Later , Octavia finds Cooper 's body , and immediately deduces Cooper was murdered and she reveals to Indra that she had planned to use the worm 's eggs on the camp instead of the worms . Octavia arrests Clarke for treason and plans to have her executed . Bellamy and Octavia have dinner where Bellamy uses Monty 's algae to poison her food . 67 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' Ian Samoil Miranda Kwok July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) T27. 13559 0.89 Indra announces her intentions to surrender to Diyoza to Wonkru , only to be challenged by Miller for leadership . Wonkru takes Miller 's side and Indra tells Bellamy that Madi ascending is the only way that they can stop the war . Clarke opposes the plan but Bellamy leaves her chained up to carry it out . In Eden , Murphy successfully starts a civil war by telling McCreary that Diyoza has a cure for the lung disease . A battle breaks out , and McCreary takes over the valley with Diyoza escaping . Raven , Emori , Echo , and Shaw escape while Kane and Murphy stay behind to find Abby and Diyoza . Octavia wakes up and reports Bellamy 's betrayal , but Indra secures the room and will not let her leave . Niylah eventually rescues Clarke who goes to kill Octavia . Octavia convinces her that neither of them want Madi to ascend . However , Gaia performs the ascension on Madi ; Clarke then shows up and escapes with Madi in the rover . Octavia arrests Bellamy , Indra , and Gaia and sentences them to fight in the arena . Then , behind closed doors , Octavia sheds a tear . 68 10 `` The Warriors Will '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) T27. 13560 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke goes on the run with Madi and tells her she will remove the flame , but Madi insists that she needs to go back , because the flame is giving her visions of the previous commanders , specially Becca Pramheda . Bell tells Octavia that they must be shown what happens if they do n't march by making Bellamy , Indra and Gaia fight in the arena . Octavia goes to Indra to try and come up with another way , which Indra denies . She also says that if they fight , she will kill Bellamy and then ensure that Gaia kills her . Octavia remembers her childhood with Bellamy when she cut herself and was terrified someone would find her by the blood , but Bellamy was always there to help . She then asks how that led to him poisoning her and he states that was to protect her too . Octavia tells Bellamy of a weakness of Indra 's - because she still does n't want him to die . Monty shows Octavia that the Hydrofarm is working again and they could grow crops elsewhere than the Shallow Valley , but it makes no difference , she still makes Indra , Bellamy and Gaia fight . McCreary takes Abby 's pills away in order to make her cure him - sure she will break before she dies , so she enlists Vinson to get them back for her under the pretense of 2 hourly check - ups . By the time Vinson is back with the pills , he attacks the other guards , while Abby takes too many pills . Clarke and Madi find Diyoza 's men burying bodies in the woods and convince one to tell them where Abby is , where they find her unconscious . Monty stops the fight between Bellamy , Gaia and Indra by revealing the truth about the Hydrofarm to Wonkru , as well as Octavia 's knowledge of it . They turn against her , so she burns the Hydrofarm down , leaving everybody with one choice , stay behind and die , or march with her and live . 69 11 `` The Dark Year '' Alex Kalymnios Heidi Cole McAdams July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) T27. 13561 0.85 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke helps Abby after her overdose and McCreary orders her to get her mother operating again , and says that if she still refuses to cure them , they can both watch their daughters die . Raven , Emori , Murphy and Echo head out to scout ways into the valley ( Octavia 's army will arrive in 5 days ) . Raven tells Shaw to stay behind . Shaw follows the scouting group , and after Murphy suggests they steal the ammo rather than just scouting , they get ambushed , and Shaw saves them . The truth of the dark year in the bunker is revealed - they do not have enough protein until another year , so they have to get it from the fighting pits . Clarke and Abby cure McCreary 's people and Madi confronts Clarke , telling her they are on the wrong side of the war . Bellamy tells Octavia about the safe way into the valley , as long as she agrees to his terms - accept McCreary 's surrender and share the valley - to which Octavia agrees . Diyoza and Kane go to McCreary and tell him that Wonkru will win because they know every move he is going to make before he makes it but they will tell him how to win the war . 70 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' Dean White Justine Juel Gillmer July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) T27. 13562 0.88 McCreary 's men ambush Wonkru at the gorge , causing many fatalities and trapping Bellamy , Octavia , Indra , and Gaia . Madi hears the attack over the radio and tries to help , but Clarke forcibly detains her . The surviving Wonkru retreat to the wasteland and descend into disarray . Echo , Raven , and Shaw go into McCreary 's camp to recover Madi so she can lead Wonkru , however Clarke betrays them to McCreary . Vinson attacks Kane and grievously injures him , however Vinson is slain by Abby . Recalling Lexa 's memories from the flame , Madi sways Clarke to her side . Clarke kills McCreary 's guards and stays to prevent the launch of the transport ship while Madi and Echo return to Wonkru . Back at the gorge Octavia decides to draw the fire of McCreary 's men so that Bellamy and Indra can flee with Gaia , but before she gets gunned down they 're saved by the Rover carrying Bellamy 's group and Madi . 71 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) T27. 13563 0.99 Bellamy 's group along with Madi , Octavia , Gaia , and Indra return to Wonkru . Octavia publicly submits to Madi , unifying Wonkru under Madi 's command . Madi consults the previous commanders with Gaia 's help and devises a strategy to take the gorge . Clarke frees Diyoza and holds her and McCreary 's unborn child hostage , grounding the transport ship . Bellamy 's group freely enter the gorge and take out its defenses , clearing the way for Wonkru . Bellamy convinces Madi to spare the remainder of McCreary 's men . McCreary triggers a protocol that will destroy the valley before he 's killed by Clarke . Everyone on Earth flees the planet aboard the Eligius transport ship and head towards the mother ship before the valley is destroyed . Due to the limited rations , everyone decides to enter cryogenic sleep for 10 years in order to give Earth time to recuperate . Clarke and Bellamy are the first to awake and are greeted by a 27 - year old man named Jordan , Harper and Monty 's son , who informs them 125 years have passed . He shows them a series of video diaries recorded by Monty and Harper , in which Monty gives updates on Earth 's condition , their lives , and their son . As years go by , it became clear to him that Earth would not recuperate , so he put his son to sleep as well . Over decades , he managed to crack the Eligius III data and found a new planet to sustain the survivors , although Harper 's death due to her genetic illness and his own age left him unwilling to put himself to sleep . Bellamy and Clarke stare outside the ship 's window to the new planet , hoping that this time , things will be different . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 0.5 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 0.4 1.0 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 0.4 0.9 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 0.4 1.0 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 N / A N / A 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 0.3 0.9 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 N / A N / A 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 N / A N / A 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 N / A N / A 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 0.3 0.8 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 N / A N / A `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.9 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.9 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 0.4 1.0 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.4 1.0 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.4 0.9 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.9 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.4 0.9 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.9 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 0.4 0.9 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 0.3 0.8 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 0.4 0.9 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 0.4 0.8 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will '' July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year '' July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 0.2 0.62 0.5 1.50 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.73 Summary ( edit ) The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.99 N / A Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' , ' Enlisted ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Parenthood ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Glee ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 34 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainers in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' the Lone Telecast to Rise At Least 3 Million Viewers , Also Tops Scripted Fare in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Bachelorette ' lead in 18 - 49 broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shades of Blue ' doubles in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' Series Finale Telecast Ranks as Fourth - Largest Percentage Gainer Among Broadcast Network Entries '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Both ' Elementary ' Airings on CBS Lead in Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the second season , see `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the third season , see `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fourth season , see `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fifth season , see `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=863186104 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar मराठी Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 06 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does episode 13 of the 100 air	[]	[]
-2235653379964468404	Postal holiday	Postal holiday - wikipedia Postal holiday Jump to : navigation , search In the United States , a Postal holiday is a Federal holiday recognized by the United States Postal Service , during which no mail is delivered . Part 608 , section 3.2 of the DMM ( U.S. Domestic Mail Manual ) groups holidays into `` Widely Observed '' and `` Not Widely Observed '' . Holidays `` Widely Observed '' include New Year 's Day , Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving Day , and Christmas Day . Holidays `` Not Widely Observed '' are Martin Luther King , Jr. 's Birthday ; Presidents Day ; Columbus Day ; and Veterans Day . If a holiday occurs on Sunday , service will be observed on Monday . List of holidays ( edit ) The ten postal holidays are : Date Official Name Remarks January 1 New Year 's Day Celebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year . Festivities include countdowns to midnight . Third Monday in January Birthday of Martin Luther King , Jr . Honors Martin Luther King , Jr. , Civil Rights leader ; combined with other holidays in several states ( traditionally January 15 ) Third Monday in February Washington 's Birthday Honors George Washington . Often popularly observed as `` Presidents Day '' in recognition of other American presidents , such as Abraham Lincoln , born February 12 . Last Monday in May Memorial Day Honors the nation 's war dead ; unofficially marks the beginning of summer . ( traditionally May 30 ) July 4 Independence Day Celebrates Declaration of Independence , usually called the Fourth of July . First Monday in September Labor Day Celebrate achievements of workers and the labor movement ; unofficially marks the end of summer and the return to school for students in most parts of the United States . Second Monday in October Columbus Day Honors Christopher Columbus , traditional discoverer of the Americas . In some areas it is also a celebration of Italian culture and heritage . ( traditionally October 12 ) November 11 Veterans Day Honors all veterans of the United States armed forces . Fourth Thursday in November Thanksgiving Day Traditionally celebrates giving thanks for the autumn harvest , and customarily includes the consumption of a turkey dinner . December 25 Christmas Day Celebrates the Nativity of Jesus which is traditionally observed on 25 December . Secular aspects of this holiday include giving gifts and decorating a Christmas tree . This list is nearly identical to the list of Federal holidays , but does not include inauguration day . If a postal holiday falls on a Sunday , it is observed on the following Monday . Canada Post also maintains a list of Postal Holidays . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Postal Service . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Federal holidays Holidays of the United States List of observances in the United States by presidential proclamation External links ( edit ) USPS Domestic Mail Manual , Part 608 , Section 3.2 , archived as of April 19 , 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal_holiday&oldid=738585697 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United States United States Postal Service Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2016 , at 21 : 20 . About Wikipedia	does the us postal service deliver mail on columbus day	[]	[]
4064064281894420780	The Rhythm of the Saints	The Rhythm of the Saints - wikipedia The Rhythm of the Saints The Rhythm of the Saints Studio album by Paul Simon Released October 16 , 1990 Recorded December 1989 -- June 1990 Genre Pop , rock , worldbeat Length 44 : 34 Label Warner Bros . Producer Paul Simon Paul Simon chronology Negotiations and Love Songs ( 1988 ) Negotiations and Love Songs 1988 Rhythm of the Saints ( 1990 ) Paul Simon 's Concert in the Park ( 1991 ) Paul Simon 's Concert in the Park 1991 The Rhythm of the Saints is the eighth solo studio album by American singer - songwriter Paul Simon , released on October 16 , 1990 on Warner Bros. Like its predecessor , Graceland ( 1986 ) , the album gained commercial success and received mostly favorable reviews from critics . In 1992 , The Rhythm of the Saints earned two nominations for the 34th Grammy Awards -- Album of the Year and Producer of the Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Reception 3 Central Park concert 4 Track listing 4.1 Alternate listing 4.2 2004 reissue 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following the success of 1986 's Graceland , on which he worked principally with South African musicians , Simon broadened his interests in diverse forms of music from around the world . He turned to Latin America for the musicians and rhythms which characterize much of this album , partnering with Afro - Brazilian superstars Grupo Cultural Olodum , masters of the heavily percussive sub-style of samba called Batuque or Batucada . The group 's drumming is featured on the opening song and first single , `` The Obvious Child '' . Brazilian singer - songwriter Milton Nascimento co-wrote `` Spirit Voices '' and contributed some vocals . Guest appearances were also made by mandolin - and `` guitarra baiana '' master Armandinho , another Bahia musician , and by Afro - Cuban drummer Francisco Aguabella , and Puerto Rican - born drummer Giovanni Hidalgo . Another collaborator was jazz percussionist and master of the berimbau , Naná Vasconcelos ; jazz guitarist Rafael Rabelo also played on the album , along with many other Brazilian musicians . The musical styles on The Rhythm of the Saints are , however , not uniformly Brazilian . US saxophonist Michael Brecker and other horn players contribute as session musicians ( for example , on `` Proof '' ) , as well as American roots rock guitarist JJ Cale , Fabulous Thunderbirds vocalist Kim Wilson ( contributing harmonica on `` The Obvious Child '' ) , R&B keyboards player Greg Phillinganes and jazz drummer Steve Gadd . Art rock guitarist and synth player Adrian Belew , who played on Graceland , is credited on `` Spirit Voices '' . There are also many backing vocals on The Rhythm of the Saints , such as `` She Moves On '' , a duet with Charlotte Mbango . Simon was also influenced by bikutsi for this album . The album is characterized by impressionistic lyrics ( referring to the Chernobyl incident in `` Ca n't Run But , '' an Amazonian ayahuasca experience in `` Spirit Voices , '' and the state of the world in `` The Cool , Cool River '' ) , with slower tempos than Graceland and an atmospheric flow . Along with Latin rhythms , the prime influence on the album was West African and Central African music . Cameroonian jazz composer Andre Manga plays bass , and South African guitarist Ray Phiri , who also collaborated on Graceland , plays one song of the album , while famed trumpeter and worldbeat bandleader Hugh Masekela is credited with playing flugelhorn on one song . Although drums for `` The Obvious Child '' were recorded live at Pelourinho Square in Salvador , Bahia , Simon recorded most of the rhythms for the tracks in Rio de Janeiro studios before returning to The Hit Factory in New York City to record guitar accompaniment and , later , the final arrangements . The Rhythm of the Saints marks Simon 's first collaboration with Cameroonian guitarist Vincent Nguini , a member of his band up until his death in December 2017 . Nguini is credited with creating the music and guitar arrangements for `` The Coast '' , although Simon still wrote the lyrics . Nguini also arranged guitar for other songs , such as `` She Moves On '' and `` The Cool , Cool River , '' and he arranged the horns for `` Proof . '' Together , Simon and Nguini created the melodies , lyrics , and arrangements that changed the bare rhythm and guitar recordings into ( due to Simon 's studio experience ) the expertly - edited final product . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Chicago Tribune Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly A+ Los Angeles Times Orlando Sentinel Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide The Rhythm of the Saints peaked at # 4 on the US album chart , while Graceland had peaked at # 3 , both among Simon 's most commercially successful albums . The album was also commercially successful across the Atlantic , reaching # 1 on the UK album chart . However , with the exception of `` The Obvious Child '' , none of its singles charted or received substantial radio play ( `` Proof '' and `` Born at the Right Time '' were released as well ) . `` The Obvious Child '' also failed to reach the US top 40 , although it came in at # 15 in the UK -- his last major hit in the UK . In the end , the album was certified multi-Platinum . Central Park concert ( edit ) Simon and his fellow musicians performed live versions of many of the songs from the album at a free concert in Central Park , New York City on August 15 , 1991 , in front of an audience of around 850,000 people . The performance was recorded and later released as the album Paul Simon 's Concert in the Park . Track listing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All tracks composed by Paul Simon , except where noted . Side one `` The Obvious Child '' -- 4 : 10 `` Ca n't Run But '' -- 3 : 36 `` The Coast '' ( Simon , Vincent Nguini ) -- 5 : 04 `` Proof '' -- 4 : 39 `` Further to Fly '' -- 5 : 36 Side two `` She Moves On '' -- 5 : 03 `` Born at the Right Time '' -- 3 : 48 `` The Cool , Cool River '' -- 4 : 33 `` Spirit Voices '' ( Simon , Milton Nascimento ) -- 3 : 56 `` The Rhythm of the Saints '' -- 4 : 12 Alternate listing ( edit ) According to an article published in Stereophile magazine , Simon 's original track sequence was changed when `` the boys in Warners ' front office insisted the album 's lead single , ' The Obvious Child ' be given pride of place . '' To hear Simon 's preferred track order , the current release would have to be re-sequenced as 3 - 6 - 4 - 7 - 8 - 1 - 2 - 9 - 5 - 10 ( see below ) . `` The Coast '' `` She Moves On '' `` Proof '' `` Born at the Right Time '' `` The Cool , Cool River '' `` The Obvious Child '' `` Ca n't Run But '' `` Spirit Voices '' `` Further To Fly '' `` The Rhythm of the Saints '' 2004 reissue ( edit ) In 2004 , the album was remastered by Dan Hersch and Bill Inglot . It was reissued with the same track order as the original release , along with four previously unreleased bonus tracks : `` Born at the Right Time '' ( Acoustic demo ) -- 3 : 50 `` Thelma '' ( Outtake ) -- 4 : 14 `` The Coast '' ( Work - in - progress version ) -- 5 : 13 `` Spirit Voices '' ( Work - in - progress version ) -- 3 : 49 Personnel ( edit ) Paul Simon -- vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar C.J. Chenier -- accordion Ladysmith Black Mambazo -- background vocals Milton Nascimento -- vocals Naná Vasconcelos -- percussion , conga , triangle , berimbau , gourd Adrian Belew -- synthesizer J.J. Cale -- guitar Rigo Star -- guitar ( Liner notes erroneously credit him as `` Ringo Star '' ) Michael Brecker -- saxophone , EWI synthesizer Hugh Masekela -- flugelhorn Giovanni Hidalgo -- congas Kim Wilson -- harmonica Clifton Anderson -- trombone Francisco Aguabella -- congas Artur Andres -- percussion Mingo Araujo -- percussion , castanets , congas , cymbals , drums , triangle , shaker , African bells , agogo bells , casinette Isaac Asante -- percussion Martin Atangana -- electric guitar Dave Bargeron -- euphonium Karen Bernod -- background vocals Jude Bethel -- tenor saxophone Jacques Bolognesi -- trombone Randy Brecker -- piccolo trumpet Briz -- background vocals Anthony Carrillo -- bongos Elolongue Mbango Catherine -- background vocals Don Chacal -- bongos , congas , bata , gourd Wilson DasNeves -- percussion , cowbell Djana 'd -- background vocals Charles Doherty -- tenor and alto saxophone Steve Gadd -- drums Florence Gnimagnon -- background vocals Myrna Lynn Gomila -- background vocals Gordinho -- surdo Grupo Cultural Olodum -- drums Alain Hatot -- saxophone Errol Ince -- trumpet Kia Jeffries -- background vocals Remi Kabaka -- percussion Bakithi Khumalo -- bass Armand Sabal - Lecco -- bass Charlotte M'bango -- background vocals Andre Manga -- bass Mazzola -- percussion , chicote Jimmy McDonald -- accordion Clyde Mitchell -- trumpet Madeleine Yayodele Nelson -- chekere Vincent Nguini -- guitars , bass , claves Greg Phillinganes -- synthesizer Ray Phiri -- guitar Raphael Rabello -- guitar Decio Ramos -- drums Felix Sabal - Lecco -- drums Paul Santos -- percussion Paulo Sérgio Santos -- chicote George Seba -- electric guitar Phillipe Slominski -- trumpet Pedro Sorongo -- percussion , scraper Justin Tchounou -- synthesizer Antonio Luis Alves de Souza -- director Remi Kabaka -- drums Beloba -- percussion Marçalzinho -- percussion Armandinho -- guitar Canegal -- percussion Sidinho Moreira -- bongos , conga , drums , bottle , water bowl Madeleine Yayodele Nelson -- shekere Jorge Ferreira da Silva -- percussion Kofi Electrik -- guitar Uakti -- percussion Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 91 ) Position Australian ARIA Albums Chart Austrian Albums Chart Belgian Albums Chart 6 Canadian Albums Chart Dutch Mega Albums Chart European Top 100 Albums Finnish Albums Chart 7 French SNEP Albums Chart 22 German Media Control Albums Chart 11 Hungarian Albums Chart 13 Italian Albums Chart 13 Japanese Oricon Albums Chart 87 Norwegian VG - lista Albums Chart 6 New Zealand Albums Chart 6 Spanish Albums Chart 17 Swedish Albums Chart 8 Swiss Albums Chart UK Albums Chart United States Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 36 Canadian Albums Chart 26 Dutch Albums Chart 29 UK Albums Chart 13 Chart ( 1991 ) Position Canadian Albums Chart 22 U.S. Billboard 200 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hunt and Richard Cromelin ( 1991 - 01 - 09 ) . `` THE 34TH ANNUAL GRAMMY NOMINATIONS : Grammys Get ' Religion , ' Nominate R.E.M. 7 Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dennis Hunt and Richard Cromelin . `` Rock On The Net : 34th Annual Grammy Awards -- 1992 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mick Berry , Jason Gianni ( 2003 ) . The Drummer 's Bible : How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro - Cuban to Zydeco . See Sharp Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884365 - 32 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` The Rhythm of the Saints -- Paul Simon '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( November 2006 ) . `` Back Catalogue : Paul Simon '' . Blender . New York ( 53 ) . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( October 14 , 1990 ) . `` The Evolution Of Simon 's Diverse Solo Career '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sandow , Greg ( October 26 , 1990 ) . `` The Rhythm of the Saints '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( October 14 , 1990 ) . `` Paul Simon : ' The Rhythm of the Saints ' ( Warner Bros . ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Gettelman , Parry ( October 19 , 1990 ) . `` Paul Simon '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McAlley , John ( November 15 , 1990 ) . `` Paul Simon : The Rhythym ( sic ) of the Saints '' . Rolling Stone . New York . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 2004 ) . `` Paul Simon '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . London : Fireside Books . pp. 736 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints -- austriancharts.at '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 28 December 1989 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 16 January 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints '' . dutchcharts.nl . MegaCharts . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=bCgEAAAAMBAJ&lr=&rview=1%7Caccessdate=25 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste : Paul Simon '' . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Paul Simon '' ( in German ) . Media Control . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ lightmedia.hu . `` Kereső - előadó / cím szerint - Archívum - Hivatalos magyar slágerlisták '' . slagerlistak.hu . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - ALBUM 1990 '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ ポール・サイモン - リリース - ORICON STYLE - ミュージック `` Highest position and charting weeks of The Rhythm of the Saints by Paul Simon '' Check url = value ( help ) . oricon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Oricon Style . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints '' . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of the Saints -- hitparade.ch '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm Of The Saints '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Allmusic -- The Rhythm of the Saints > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 50 Albums 1990 '' . aria.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums of 1990 '' . RPM . December 22 , 1990 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1990 '' ( ASP ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete UK Year - End Album Charts '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Albums ( CDs & Cassettes ) of 1991 '' . RPM . December 21 , 1991 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's list reveals best sellers '' . Houston Chronicle Archives . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of The Saints '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Paul Simon in the field Interpret . Enter The Rhythm of The Saints in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of The Saints '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Paul Simon ; ' Rhythm of The Saints ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of The Saints '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Spanish album certifications -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of The Saints '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select album under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Paul Simon ; ' The Rhythm of The Saints ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of The Saints '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter The Rhythm of The Saints in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Paul Simon -- The Rhythm of The Saints '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH hide Paul Simon Discography Songs recorded Songs written Studio albums The Paul Simon Songbook ( 1966 ) Paul Simon ( 1972 ) There Goes Rhymin ' Simon ( 1973 ) Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1975 ) One - Trick Pony ( 1980 ) Hearts and Bones ( 1983 ) Graceland ( 1986 ) The Rhythm of the Saints ( 1990 ) Songs from The Capeman ( 1997 ) You 're the One ( 2000 ) Surprise ( 2006 ) So Beautiful or So What ( 2011 ) Stranger to Stranger ( 2016 ) In the Blue Light ( 2018 ) Live albums Paul Simon in Concert : Live Rhymin ' Paul Simon 's Concert in the Park Compilations Greatest Hits , Etc . Negotiations and Love Songs The Paul Simon Anthology Paul Simon 1964 / 1993 Greatest Hits : Shining Like a National Guitar Recorded as Jerry Landis The Essential Paul Simon This Better Be Good The Ultimate Collection Film and theater One - Trick Pony The Capeman Paul Simon in Concert Tours Never Ending Tour 1999 On Stage Together Tour Related Simon & Garfunkel Edie Brickell ( wife ) Harper Simon ( son ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rhythm_of_the_Saints&oldid=847378202 '' Categories : Paul Simon albums 1990 albums Warner Bros. Records albums Albums produced by Paul Simon Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with URL errors CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 22 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	paul simon the rhythm of the saints full album	[]	[]
-8852587084603499712	Tony Award	Tony Award - wikipedia Tony Award Jump to : navigation , search `` Tonys '' redirects here . For other uses , see Tony . Tony Award 71st Tony Awards Designed by Herman Rosse , 1949 Awarded for Excellence in Broadway theatre Country United States Presented by American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League First awarded April 6 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 04 - 06 ) Website tonyawards.com The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre , more commonly known as Tony Award , recognizes the excellence in live Broadway theatre . The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual ceremony in New York City . The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances , and an award is given for regional theatre . Several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given , including a Special Tony Award , the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre , and the Isabelle Stevenson Award . The awards are named after Antoinette `` Tony '' Perry , co-founder of the American Theatre Wing . The rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document `` Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing 's Tony Awards '' , which applies for that season only . The Tony Awards are considered the highest U.S. theatre honor , the New York theatre industry 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( Oscars ) for film , the Emmy Awards for television , and the Grammy Awards for music . It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT , that is someone who has won all four awards . The Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France . From 1997 to 2010 , the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television , except in 1999 , when it was held at the Gershwin Theatre . In 2011 and 2012 , the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre . From 2013 to 2015 , the 67th , 68th , and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall . The 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12 , 2016 at the Beacon Theatre . The 71st Tony Awards were held on June 11 , 2017 at Radio City Music Hall with Kevin Spacey as host . Contents ( hide ) 1 Award categories 2 History 2.1 The medallion 3 Details of the Tony Awards 3.1 Rules for a new play or musical 3.2 Committees and voters 3.3 Eligibility date ( Season ) 3.4 Broadway theatre 4 Criticism 5 Award milestones 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Award categories ( edit ) As of 2014 , there are 24 categories of awards , plus several special awards . Starting with 11 awards in 1947 , the names and number of categories have changed over the years . Some examples : the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called `` Best Author ( Musical ) '' . The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards . For two years , in 1960 and 1961 , this category was split into Best Costume Designer ( Dramatic ) and Best Costume Designer ( Musical ) . It then went to a single category , but in 2005 it was divided again . For the category of Best Director of a Play , a single category was for directors of plays and musicals prior to 1960 . A newly established non-competitive award , The Isabelle Stevenson Award , was given for the first time at the awards ceremony in 2009 . The award is for an individual who has made a `` substantial contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian , social service or charitable organizations '' . The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009 -- 2010 season . The categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014 - 2015 season . On April 24 , 2017 , the Tony Awards administration committee announced that the Sound Design Award would be reintroduced for the 2017 - 2018 season . Performance categories Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Show and technical categories Best Musical Best Revival of a Musical Best Direction of a Musical Best Book of a Musical Best Original Score Best Orchestrations Best Choreography Best Scenic Design in a Musical Best Costume Design in a Musical Best Lighting Design in a Musical Best Play Best Revival of a Play Best Direction of a Play Best Scenic Design in a Play Best Costume Design in a Play Best Lighting Design in a Play Special awards Regional Theatre Tony Award Special Tony Award ( includes Lifetime Achievement Award ) Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre Isabelle Stevenson Award Retired awards Best Author Best Conductor and Musical Director Best Costume Design ( split into two categories : Best Costume Design in a Musical and Best Costume Design in a Play ) Best Lighting Design ( split into two categories : Best Lighting Design in a Musical and Best Lighting Design in a Play ) Best Newcomer Best Revival ( split into two categories : Best Revival of a Musical and Best Revival of a Play ) Best Scenic Design ( split into two categories : Best Scenic Design in a Musical and Best Scenic Design in a Play ) Best Stage Technician Best Special Theatrical Event Best Director ( split into two categories : Best Direction of a Musical and Best Direction of a Play ) Best Sound Design of a Musical Best Sound Design of a Play History ( edit ) Main article : List of Tony Awards ceremonies Former logo The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton . The award is named after Antoinette Perry , nicknamed Tony , an actress , director , producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing , who died in 1946 . As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states , `` At ( Warner Bros. story editor ) Jacob Wilk 's suggestion , ( Pemberton ) proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting and technical achievement . At the initial event in 1947 , as he handed out an award , he called it a Tony . The name stuck . '' The first awards ceremony was held on April 6 , 1947 , at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City . The first prizes were `` a scroll , cigarette lighter and articles of jewelry such as 14 - carat gold compacts and bracelets for the women , and money clips for the men . '' It was not until the third awards ceremony in 1949 that the first Tony medallion was given to award winners . Awarded by a panel of approximately 868 voters ( as of 2014 ) from various areas of the entertainment industry and press . Since 1967 , the award ceremony has been broadcast on U.S. national television and includes songs from the nominated musicals , and occasionally has included video clips of , or presentations about , nominated plays . The American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League jointly present and administer the awards . Audience size for the telecast is generally well below that of the Academy Awards shows , but the program reaches an affluent audience , which is prized by advertisers . According to a June 2003 article in The New York Times : `` What the Tony broadcast does have , say CBS officials , is an all - important demographic : rich and smart . Jack Sussman , CBS 's senior vice president in charge of specials , said the Tony show sold almost all its advertising slots shortly after CBS announced it would present the three hours . ' It draws upscale premium viewers who are attractive to upscale premium advertisers , ' Mr. Sussman said ... '' The viewership has declined from the early years of its broadcast history ( for example , the number of viewers in 1974 was 20,026,000 , in 1999 9,155,000 ) but has settled into between six and eight million viewers for most of the decade of the 2000s . In contrast , the 2009 Oscar telecast had 36.3 million viewers . The medallion ( edit ) The Tony Award medallion was designed by art director Herman Rosse and is a mix of mostly brass and a little bronze , with a nickel plating on the outside ; a black acrylic glass base , and the nickel - plated pewter swivel . The face of the medallion portrays an adaptation of the comedy and tragedy masks . Originally , the reverse side had a relief profile of Antoinette Perry ; this later was changed to contain the winner 's name , award category , production and year . The medallion has been mounted on a black base since 1967 . A larger base was introduced in time for the 2010 award ceremony . The new base is slightly taller -- 5 inches ( 13 cm ) , up from 3 ⁄ inches ( 8.3 cm ) -- and heavier -- 3 ⁄ pounds ( 1.6 kg ) , up from 1 ⁄ pounds ( 680 grams ) . This change was implemented to make the award `` feel more substantial '' and easier to handle at the moment the award is presented to the winners . According to Howard Sherman , the executive director of the American Theatre Wing : We know the physical scale of the Oscars , Emmys and Grammys he said . While we 're not attempting to keep up with the Joneses , we felt this is a significant award , and it could feel and look a bit more significant ... By adding height , now someone can grip the Tony , raise it over their head in triumph and not worry about keeping their grip he said . Believe me , you can tell the difference . For the specific Tony Awards presented to a Broadway production , awards are given to the author and up to two of the producers free of charge . All other members of the above - the - title producing team are eligible to purchase the physical award . Sums collected are designed to help defray the cost of the Tony Awards ceremony itself . An award cost $400 as of at least 2000 , $750 as of at least 2009 , and , as of 2013 , had been $2,500 `` for several years '' , according to Tony Award Productions . Details of the Tony Awards ( edit ) Source : Tony Awards Official Site , Rules Rules for a New Play or Musical ( edit ) For the purposes of the award , a new play or musical is one that has not previously been produced on Broadway and is not `` determined to be ' classic ' or in the historical or popular repertoire '' , as determined by the Administration Committee ( per Section ( 2g ) of the Rules and Regulations ) . The rule about `` classic '' productions was instituted by the Tony Award Administration Committee in 2002 , and stated ( in summary ) `` A play or musical that is determined ... to be a ' classic ' or in the historical or popular repertoire shall not be eligible for an Award in the Best Play or Best Musical Category but may be eligible in that appropriate Best Revival category . '' Shows transferred from Off - Broadway or the West End are eligible as `` new '' , as are productions based closely on films . This rule has been the subject of some controversy , as some shows have been ruled ineligible for the `` new '' category , meaning that their authors did not have a chance to win the important awards of Best Play or Best Musical ( or Best Score or Best Book for musicals ) . On the other hand , some people feel that allowing plays and musicals that have been frequently produced to be eligible as `` new '' gives them an unfair advantage , because they will have benefited from additional development time as well as additional familiarity with the Tony voters . Committees and voters ( edit ) The Tony Awards Administration Committee has twenty - four members : ten designated by the American Theatre Wing , ten by The Broadway League , and one each by the Dramatists Guild , Actors ' Equity Association , United Scenic Artists and the Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers . This committee , among other duties , determines eligibility for nominations in all awards categories . The Tony Awards Nominating Committee makes the nominations for the various categories . This rotating group of theatre professionals is selected by the Tony Awards Administration Committee . Nominators serve three - year terms and are asked to see every new Broadway production . The Nominating Committee for the 2012 - 13 Broadway season ( named in June 2012 ) had 42 members ; the Nominating Committee for the 2014 - 2015 season has 50 members and was appointed in June 2014 . There are approximately 868 eligible Tony Award voters ( as of 2014 ) , a number that changes slightly from year to year . The number was decreased in 2009 when the first - night critics were excluded as voters . That decision was changed , and members of the New York Drama Critics ' Circle were invited to be Tony voters beginning in the 2010 - 2011 season . The eligible Tony voters include the board of directors and designated members of the advisory committee of the American Theatre Wing , members of the governing boards of Actors ' Equity Association , the Dramatists Guild , the Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers , United Scenic Artists , and the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers , members of the Theatrical Council of the Casting Society of America and voting members of The Broadway League ( in 2000 , what was then The League of American Theaters and Producers changed membership eligibility and Tony voting status from a life - time honor to all above - the - title producers , to ones who had been active in the previous 10 years . This action disenfranchised scores of Tony voters , including Gail Berman , Harve Brosten , Dick Button , Tony Lo Bianco , and Raymond Serra ) . Eligibility date ( season ) ( edit ) To be eligible for Tony Award consideration , a production must have officially opened on Broadway by the eligibility date that the Management Committee establishes each year . For example , the cut - off date for eligibility the 2013 -- 2014 season was April 24 , 2014 . The season for Tony Award eligibility is defined in the Rules and Regulations . Broadway Theatre ( edit ) A Broadway theatre is defined as having 500 or more seats , among other requirements . While the rules define a Broadway theatre in terms of its size , not its geographical location , the list of Broadway theatres is determined solely by the Tony Awards Administration Committee . As of the 2016 -- 2017 season , the list consisted solely of the 41 theaters located in the vicinity of Times Square in New York City and Lincoln Center 's Vivian Beaumont Theater . Criticism ( edit ) While the theatre - going public may consider the Tony Awards to be the Oscars of live theatre , critics have suggested that the Tony Awards are primarily a promotional vehicle for a small number of large production companies and theatre owners in New York City . In a 2014 Playbill article , Robert Simonson wrote that `` Who gets to perform on the Tony Awards broadcast , what they get to perform , and for how long , have long been politically charged questions in the Broadway theatre community ... '' The producers `` accept the situation ... because just as much as actually winning a Tony , a performance that lands well with the viewing public can translate into big box - office sales . '' Producer Robyn Goodman noted that , if the presentation at the ceremony shows well and the show wins a Tony , `` you 're going to spike at the box office '' . The awards met further criticism when they eliminated the sound design awards in 2014 . In 2014 , a petition calling for the return of the Sound Design categories received more than 30,000 signatures . Addressing their previous concerns over Tony voters in the category , it was announced that upon the awards ' return for the 2017 - 2018 season , they would be decided by a subset of voters based on their expertise . Award milestones ( edit ) Some notable records and facts about the Tony Awards include the following : Productions Nominations : The most Tony nominations ever received by a single production was the musical Hamilton ( 2016 ) with 16 nominations in 13 categories , narrowly passing the previous holders of this record , The Producers ( 2001 ; 15 nominations in 12 categories ) and Billy Elliot ( 2009 ; 15 nominations in 13 categories ) . Wins : The most Tony Awards ever received by a single production was the musical The Producers ( 2001 ) with 12 awards , including Best Musical . Non-musical wins : The most Tonys ever received by a non-musical play was The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) with 7 Awards , including Best Play . Most nominated with fewest wins : The musical The Scottsboro Boys ( 2011 ) was nominated for 12 Tony Awards but did not win any . It also holds the record for most nominations for a closed show ( having closed nearly six months before the Tony Awards ) . Three productions , all musicals , have won all `` big six '' awards for their category : South Pacific ( 1950 awards ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 Awards ) and Hairspray ( 2003 awards ) ; each won the Best Musical , Best Score , Best Book , Best Performance by a Leading Actor , Best Performance by a Leading Actress and Best Direction awards . Acting Awards : Only one production , South Pacific ( 1950 awards ) , has won all four of the acting Awards in a single year . Words and Music : Only five musicals have won the Tony Award for Best Musical when a person had ( co - ) written the Book ( non-sung dialogue and storyline ) and the Score ( music and lyrics ) : 1958 winner The Music Man ( Meredith Willson -- award for Book and Score did not exist that year ) , 1986 winner The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( Rupert Holmes -- who also won for Book and Score ) , 1996 winner Rent ( Jonathan Larson -- who also won for Book and Score ) , 2011 winner The Book of Mormon ( Trey Parker , Robert Lopez , and Matt Stone also won for Book and Score ) , and 2016 winner Hamilton ( Lin - Manuel Miranda also won for Book and Score ) . Design Awards : Eight shows have swept the Design Awards ( original 3 of Best Scenic Design , Best Costume Design , Best Lighting Design -- joined by Best Sound Design starting in 2008 ) : Follies ( 1972 ) , The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) , The Lion King ( 1998 ) , The Producers ( 2001 ) , The Light in the Piazza ( 2005 ) , The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) , the 2008 revival of South Pacific ( first to sweep the expanded four awards for Creative Arts ) and Peter and the Starcatcher ( first straight play to sweep the expanded four awards for Creative Arts ) ( 2012 ) . Revivals : Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller in 2012 became the first show ( play or musical ) to win as Best Production in four different years , Best Play at the 1949 awards , Best Revival at the 1984 awards ( before the Best Revival award was split into two categories for Play and Musical in 1994 ) , and Best Revival of a Play at the 1999 and 2012 awards . La Cage aux Folles made history as the first musical to win as Best Production in three different years , Best Musical at the 1984 awards and Best Revival of a Musical at both the 2005 awards and the 2010 awards . Individuals Wins : Harold Prince has won 21 Tony Awards , more than anyone else , including eight for Best Direction of a Musical , eight for Best Musical , two for Best Producer of a Musical , and three special Tony Awards . Tommy Tune has won ten Tony Awards including three for direction , four for choreography , two for performing , and one special Tony Award . Stephen Sondheim has won more Tony Awards than any other composer , with eight . Bob Fosse has won the most Tonys for choreography , also eight . Oliver Smith has won a record eight scenic design Tony Awards . Jules Fisher has won the most lighting design awards , also eight . Audra McDonald has the most performance Tony Awards with six . Terrence McNally and Tom Stoppard are the most awarded writers with four Tonys each ; McNally has won Best Play twice and Best Book of a Musical twice , while Stoppard has won Best Play four times . Most nominations : Julie Harris and Chita Rivera have been nominated more often than any other performer , a total of ten times . Performers in two categories : Five performers have been nominated in two acting categories in the same year : Amanda Plummer , Dana Ivey , Kate Burton , Jan Maxwell , and Mark Rylance . Plummer in 1982 was nominated for Best Actress in a Play for A Taste of Honey and Best Featured Actress in a Play for Agnes of God , for which she won . Ivey in 1984 was nominated as Best Featured Actress in Musical for Sunday in the Park with George and Best Featured Actress in a Play for Heartbreak House . In 2002 , Burton was nominated for Best Actress in Play for Hedda Gabler and Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Elephant Man . Maxwell was nominated in 2010 for Best Actress in a Play for The Royal Family and Best Featured Actress in a Play for Lend Me a Tenor . Rylance was nominated in 2014 for Best Actor in a Play for Richard III and Best Featured Actor in a Play for Twelfth Night , for which he won . Performers in all categories : Five performers have been nominated for all four performance awards for which a performer is eligible . Boyd Gaines was the first performer to be nominated for each of Best Featured Actor in a Play in The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) , Best Actor in a Musical for She Loves Me ( 1994 ) , Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Contact ( 2000 ) and Gypsy ( 2008 ) and Best Actor in a Play for Journey 's End ( 2007 ) . Gaines won in three of the categories ( and four of the five nominations ) , missing only for the performance in Journey 's End . Raúl Esparza was the second performer to be nominated in all four categories ( no wins ) , achieving this over a mere six seasons : Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Taboo ( 2004 ) , Best Actor in a Musical for Company ( 2007 ) , Best Featured Actor in a Play for The Homecoming ( 2008 ) , and Best Actor in a Play for Speed - the - Plow ( 2009 ) . Angela Lansbury was the third performer to be nominated for all four performance awards . She won Best Actress in a Musical for Mame ( 1966 ) , Dear World ( 1969 ) , Gypsy ( 1975 ) , and Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) . She was nominated for Best Actress in a Play for Deuce ( 2007 ) . She won Best Featured Actress in a Play for Blithe Spirit ( 2009 ) . She was nominated for Featured Actress in a Musical for A Little Night Music ( 2010 ) . Jan Maxwell became the fourth performer to achieve this distinction by being nominated for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2005 ) , Best Featured Actress in a Play for Coram Boy ( 2007 ) and Lend Me a Tenor ( 2010 ) , Best Actress in a Play for The Royal Family ( 2010 ) , and Best Actress in a Musical for Follies ( 2012 ) . Audra McDonald became the fifth performer to accomplish the feat and the first to win in all four categories , winning Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Carousel ( 1994 ) and Ragtime ( 1998 ) , Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for Master Class ( 1996 ) and A Raisin in the Sun ( 2004 ) , Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) , and Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for Lady Day at Emerson 's Bar and Grill ( 2014 ) . She was nominated for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for Marie Christine ( 2000 ) and 110 in the Shade ( 2007 ) . Performers Playing Opposite Sex : While several performers have won Tonys for roles that have involved cross dressing , only four have won for playing a character of the opposite sex : Mary Martin in the title role of Peter Pan ( 1955 ) , Harvey Fierstein as Edna Turnblad in Hairspray ( 2003 ) , Mark Rylance as Olivia in Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) , and Lena Hall as Yitzhak in Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) . In 2000 , Australian actor Barry Humphries won the Special Tony Award for a live theatrical event at the 55th Annual Tony Awards for Dame Edna : The Royal Tour . Shared Performances : All three of the young actors who shared the duties of performing the lead character in Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 awards ) -- David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish -- also shared a single nomination , then shared the win , for Best Actor in a Musical . Previously , the only prior joint winners were John Kani and Winston Ntshona , who shared the Best Actor in a Play award in 1975 for Sizwe Banzi is Dead and The Island , two plays they co-wrote and co-starred in . Both sexes in one role : Ben Vereen and Patina Miller both won , respectively , Best Actor in a Musical in 1972 and Best Actress in a Musical in 2013 for the role of the Leading Player in Pippin , marking the first time the same role has been won by both a male and a female in a Broadway production . Writing and performing : Two people have won Tonys as an author and as a performer . Harvey Fierstein won Best Play and Best Lead Actor in a Play for Torch Song Trilogy ( 1983 ) , Best Book of a Musical for La Cage aux Folles , and Best Lead Actor in a Musical for Hairspray . Tracy Letts , the author of 2008 Best Play August : Osage County , won Best Lead Actor in a Play for Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) . Firsts First female author to win Best Play : Frances Goodrich with her partner ( and husband ) Albert Hackett for The Diary of Anne Frank in 1956 . First African - American to win Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical : Diahann Carroll for No Strings in 1962 . First African - American to win Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play : James Earl Jones for The Great White Hope in 1969 . First African - American to win Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical : Cleavon Little for Purlie in 1970 . First African - American author to win Best Play : Joseph A. Walker for The River Niger in 1974 . First Asian - American author to win Best Play : David Henry Hwang for M Butterfly in 1988 . First Asian - American to win Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play : B.D. Wong for M Butterfly in 1988 . First female author to solely win Best Play : Wendy Wasserstein for The Heidi Chronicles in 1989 . First Asian to win Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical : Lea Salonga for Miss Saigon in 1991 . First female to win Best Direction of a Musical : Julie Taymor for The Lion King in 1998 . First female to win Best Direction of a Play : Garry Hynes for The Beauty Queen of Leenane in 1998 . First African - American to win Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play : Phylicia Rashad for A Raisin in the Sun in 2004 . First female to solely win Tony Award for Best Score : Cyndi Lauper for Kinky Boots in 2013 . First Asian - American to win Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical : Ruthie Ann Miles for The King and I in 2015 . First female team to win Tony Award for Best Score and Tony Award for Best Book : Jeanine Tesori & Lisa Kron for Fun Home in 2015 . See also ( edit ) New York City portal Theatre portal List of Tony Awards ceremonies Drama Desk Award Laurence Olivier Award Helpmann Awards Obie Award New York Drama Critics ' Circle Theatre World Award Broadway theatre The Society of London Theatre List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards List of African - American Tony nominees and winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Theatre Wing. `` 2014 Rules for use of Tony Awards trademarks '' tonyawards.com , Apr 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` League of American Theatres and Producers Announces Name Change '' Archived December 21 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . The League of American Theatres and Producers was renamed `` The Broadway League '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( undated ) . `` Who 's Who '' . tonyawards.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Awards Rules and Regulations for 2013 -- 14 season '' tonyawards.com , accessed June 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , David and Simonson , Robert . `` ' Fosse ' , ' Annie ' , ' Salesman ' & ' Side Man ' Win Top Tonys '' Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 7 , 1999 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` No Tickets Will Be Available to General Public for 2011 Tony Awards '' Archived May 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey ( June 9 , 2013 ) . Kinky Boots , Vanya and Sonia , Pippin and Virginia Woolf ? Are Big Winners at 67th Annual Tony Awards '' Archived June 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Spacey Will Host the 2017 Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Pesner , Ben . `` The Tony Awards - Category by Category '' tonyawards.com ( webcache.googleusercontent.com ) , accessed June 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Awards to Present Isabelle Stevenson Award in May 2009 '' Archived December 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 18 , 2009 ). `` Tony Awards Retire Special Theatrical Event Category '' Archived June 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowgen , Philippe . `` Tony Award Administration Committee Eliminates Sound Design Categories '' Archived June 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 11 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : American Theatre Editors ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Awards to Reinstate Sound Design Categories ''. American Theatre Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nassour , Ellis ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` From The 2011 Tony Playbill : Who Was the Original ' Tony ' ? '' . Playbill . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nassour , Ellis . `` Who Is ' Tony ' ? '' . tonyawards.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken ( 2004 ) . `` Tony Award '' Broadway -- Its History , People and Places . Taylor & Francis . p. 531 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93704 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nassour , Ellis ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` From the 2011 Tony Playbill : Tony Awards at 65 -- Then and Now '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( undated ) . `` Rules & Voting '' . tonyawards.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jesse McKinley ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` The Tony Awards ; Is There a Tony Doctor in the House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Homepage tonyawards.com Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 10 , 2011 ). `` Guess This Year 's ' Tony Awards ' Viewership ( Poll ) + Ratings History '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : Oscars Up , ' Dollhouse ' Down '' Archived February 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary . ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Playbill.com : Tony Statuettes '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Tony Awards FAQ '' . tonyawards.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` A History of the Tony Awards '' . American Theatre Wing . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Piepenburg , Erik . `` Tony Gets a Mini-Makeover '' The New York Times , June 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Broadway Success Has a Price : $2,500 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ; Simonson , Robert ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` New Tony Awards Ruling on Classic Texts May Affect Current and Upcoming Shows '' Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Tony Administration Committee Convenes for Final Meeting of the Season April 25 '' Archived April 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , April 25 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew . 50 - Member Tony Awards Nominating Committee Announced for 2014 - 15 Season '' Archived June 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` Mark Brokaw , Cheyenne Jackson , Liza Gennaro , Adam Guettel and More Join Tony Nominating Committee for 2012 -- 13 '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Healy , Patrick ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Tony Awards Committee Trims List of Voters , Citing Conflicts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` First - Nighters Lose Tony - Voting Privilege '' Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , July 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Tony Awards Extend Votes to Members of New York Drama Critics ' Circle '' Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , March 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` 68th Annual Tony Awards Will Be Broadcast Live from Radio City Music Hall '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , October 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( February 7 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Playbill.com : Broadway or Off - Broadway -- Part I '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/theater/hudson-theater-broadway.html Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( May 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Public Editor ; There 's No Business Like Tony Awards Business '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Teachout , Terry ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Why Straight Plays Ca n't Make It on Broadway '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Previews of Coming Attractions : Tony Awards Favor Future Musicals Over Present Ones '' playbill.com , June 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : Tony Awards Committee Meets - Changes Rules for Revival Authors , Erases 2 Creative Categories for 2014 - 15 ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Awards to Restore Sound Design Categories Next Season '' Variety Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Editors , American Theatre ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Awards to Reinstate Sound Design Categories '' . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Tony Awards Will Reinstate the Best Sound Design Categories '' Playbill.com Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Awards to Restore Sound Design Categories Next Season '' . Jump up ^ `` Facts & Trivia - History from the Tony Awards '' Archived July 8 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . tonyawards.com , Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ; Gans , Andrew ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Tony Nominations Announced ; ' Book of Mormon ' Earns 14 Nominations '' Archived October 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill ( playbill.com ) , Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( June 9 , 2003 ) . `` ' Take Me Out ' , ' Hairspray ' Are Top Winners in 2003 Tony Awards ; ' Long Day 's Journey ' , ' Nine ' Also Hot '' Archived August 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill ( playbill.com ) . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website www.cbs.com/shows/tony_awards/ , the Tony Award 's official broadcast website americantheatrewing.org , the American Theatre Wing 's official website broadwayleague.com , The Broadway League 's official website Tony Awards American Theatre Wing The Broadway League List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Play Best Play Best Direction of a Play Best Leading Actor in a Play Best Leading Actress in a Play Best Featured Actor in a Play Best Featured Actress in a Play Best Costume Design in a Play Best Lighting Design in a Play Best Revival of a Play Best Scenic Design in a Play Musical Best Musical Best Direction of a Musical Best Leading Actor in a Musical Best Leading Actress in a Musical Best Featured Actor in a Musical Best Featured Actress in a Musical Best Book of a Musical Best Choreography Best Costume Design in a Musical Best Lighting Design in a Musical Best Orchestrations Best Original Score Best Revival of a Musical Best Scenic Design in a Musical Special ( non-competitive ) Regional Theatre Tony Award Special Tony Award Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre Isabelle Stevenson Award Retired Best Author Best Conductor and Musical Director Best Costume Design Best Director Best Lighting Design Best Newcomer Best Revival Best Scenic Design Best Sound Design Best Special Theatrical Event Best Stage Technician Ceremonies 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Award&oldid=805804512 '' Categories : Tony Awards 1947 establishments in New York ( state ) American theater awards Annual events in the United States American annual television specials Awards established in 1947 Broadway theatre CBS television specials Competitions in New York City Events in New York City Radio City Music Hall Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2013 Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 19 : 03 . 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About Wikipedia	what broadway show has won the most tonys how many	[ "\nNominations: The most Tony nominations ever received by a single production was the musical Hamilton (2016) with 16 nominations in 13 categories, narrowly passing the previous holders of this record, The Producers (2001; 15 nominations in 12 categories) and Billy Elliot (2009; 15 nominations in 13 categories).\nWins: The most Tony Awards ever received by a single production was the musical The Producers (2001) with 12 awards, including Best Musical.\nNon-musical wins: The most Tonys ever received by a non-musical play was The Coast of Utopia (2007) with 7 Awards, including Best Play.\nMost nominated with fewest wins: The musical The Scottsboro Boys (2011) was nominated for 12 Tony Awards but did not win any.[47] It also holds the record for most nominations for a closed show (having closed nearly six months before the Tony Awards).\nThree productions, all musicals, have won all \"big six\" awards for their category: South Pacific (1950 awards), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1979 Awards) and Hairspray (2003 awards);[48] each won the Best Musical, Best Score, Best Book, Best Performance by a Leading Actor, Best Performance by a Leading Actress and Best Direction awards.\nActing Awards: Only one production, South Pacific (1950 awards), has won all four of the acting Awards in a single year.\nWords and Music: Only five musicals have won the Tony Award for Best Musical when a person had (co-)written the Book (non-sung dialogue and storyline) and the Score (music and lyrics): 1958 winner The Music Man (Meredith Willson – award for Book and Score did not exist that year), 1986 winner The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Rupert Holmes – who also won for Book and Score), 1996 winner Rent (Jonathan Larson – who also won for Book and Score), 2011 winner The Book of Mormon (Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone also won for Book and Score), and 2016 winner Hamilton (Lin-Manuel Miranda also won for Book and Score).\nDesign Awards: Eight shows have swept the Design Awards (original 3 of Best Scenic Design, Best Costume Design, Best Lighting Design – joined by Best Sound Design starting in 2008): Follies (1972), The Phantom of the Opera (1986), The Lion King (1998), The Producers (2001), The Light in the Piazza (2005), The Coast of Utopia (2007), the 2008 revival of South Pacific (first to sweep the expanded four awards for Creative Arts) and Peter and the Starcatcher (first straight play to sweep the expanded four awards for Creative Arts) (2012).\nRevivals: Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller in 2012 became the first show (play or musical) to win as Best Production in four different years, Best Play at the 1949 awards, Best Revival at the 1984 awards (before the Best Revival award was split into two categories for Play and Musical in 1994), and Best Revival of a Play at the 1999 and 2012 awards. La Cage aux Folles made history as the first musical to win as Best Production in three different years, Best Musical at the 1984 awards and Best Revival of a Musical at both the 2005 awards and the 2010 awards.\n", "\nNominations: The most Tony nominations ever received by a single production was the musical Hamilton (2016) with 16 nominations in 13 categories, narrowly passing the previous holders of this record, The Producers (2001; 15 nominations in 12 categories) and Billy Elliot (2009; 15 nominations in 13 categories).\nWins: The most Tony Awards ever received by a single production was the musical The Producers (2001) with 12 awards, including Best Musical.\nNon-musical wins: The most Tonys ever received by a non-musical play was The Coast of Utopia (2007) with 7 Awards, including Best Play.\nMost nominated with fewest wins: The musical The Scottsboro Boys (2011) was nominated for 12 Tony Awards but did not win any.[47] It also holds the record for most nominations for a closed show (having closed nearly six months before the Tony Awards).\nThree productions, all musicals, have won all \"big six\" awards for their category: South Pacific (1950 awards), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1979 Awards) and Hairspray (2003 awards);[48] each won the Best Musical, Best Score, Best Book, Best Performance by a Leading Actor, Best Performance by a Leading Actress and Best Direction awards.\nActing Awards: Only one production, South Pacific (1950 awards), has won all four of the acting Awards in a single year.\nWords and Music: Only five musicals have won the Tony Award for Best Musical when a person had (co-)written the Book (non-sung dialogue and storyline) and the Score (music and lyrics): 1958 winner The Music Man (Meredith Willson – award for Book and Score did not exist that year), 1986 winner The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Rupert Holmes – who also won for Book and Score), 1996 winner Rent (Jonathan Larson – who also won for Book and Score), 2011 winner The Book of Mormon (Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone also won for Book and Score), and 2016 winner Hamilton (Lin-Manuel Miranda also won for Book and Score).\nDesign Awards: Eight shows have swept the Design Awards (original 3 of Best Scenic Design, Best Costume Design, Best Lighting Design – joined by Best Sound Design starting in 2008): Follies (1972), The Phantom of the Opera (1986), The Lion King (1998), The Producers (2001), The Light in the Piazza (2005), The Coast of Utopia (2007), the 2008 revival of South Pacific (first to sweep the expanded four awards for Creative Arts) and Peter and the Starcatcher (first straight play to sweep the expanded four awards for Creative Arts) (2012).\nRevivals: Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller in 2012 became the first show (play or musical) to win as Best Production in four different years, Best Play at the 1949 awards, Best Revival at the 1984 awards (before the Best Revival award was split into two categories for Play and Musical in 1994), and Best Revival of a Play at the 1999 and 2012 awards. La Cage aux Folles made history as the first musical to win as Best Production in three different years, Best Musical at the 1984 awards and Best Revival of a Musical at both the 2005 awards and the 2010 awards.\n" ]	[ "The Producers (2001)", "12" ]
8362295058736133520	Lieutenant colonel (United States)	Lieutenant colonel ( United States ) - wikipedia Lieutenant colonel ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search For the use of this rank outside the United States , see lieutenant colonel . Lieutenant colonel Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force garrison insignia of the rank of lieutenant colonel . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . Country United States Service branch United States Army United States Air Force United States Marine Corps Abbreviation LTC , LtCol , Lt. Colonel Rank Lieutenant colonel NATO rank OF - 4 Non-NATO rank O - 5 Next higher rank Colonel Next lower rank Major Equivalent ranks Commander ( United States Navy and United States Coast Guard ) U.S. Army insignia of the rank of lieutenant colonel for the dress blue uniform . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Marine Corps insignia of the rank of lieutenant colonel as shown on the coat of winter uniform Alpha . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Air Force insignia of the rank of lieutenant colonel as shown on the coat of the dress blue uniform . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O - 5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank consists of a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army / Air Force version and the Navy / Marine Corps version . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 for officers in the Active Component and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest 70 % of majors should be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving a minimum of three years at their present rank and after attaining 15 -- 17 years of cumulative commissioned service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Modern usage 4 Notable American lieutenant colonels 5 In popular culture 6 References Etymology ( edit ) While often written as `` Lt. Colonel '' in orders and signature blocks , as a courtesy , lieutenant colonels are addressed simply as `` colonel '' verbally and in the salutation of correspondence . The U.S. Army uses the three letter abbreviation `` LTC . '' The United States Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force use the abbreviations `` LtCol '' and `` Lt Col '' ( note the space ) respectively . The U.S. Government Printing Office recommends the abbreviation `` LTC '' for U.S. Army usage , `` LtCol '' for Marine Corps usage , and `` Lt. Col . '' for the Air Force . The Associated Press Stylebook recommends the abbreviation `` Lt. Col . '' for the Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force . Slang terms for the rank historically used by the U.S. military include `` light colonel '' , `` short colonel '' , `` light bird '' , `` half colonel '' , `` bottlecap colonel '' ( referring to the silver oak leaf insignia ) , and `` telephone colonel '' ( from self - reference as `` colonel '' when using a telephone ) . History ( edit ) Lieutenant colonel rank insignia of the Confederate army , used during the American Civil War . The rank of lieutenant colonel has existed in the British Army since at least the 16th century and was used in both American colonial militia and colonial regular regiments . The Continental Army continued the British and colonial use of the rank of lieutenant colonel , as the second - in - command to a colonel commanding a regiment . The lieutenant colonel was sometimes known as `` lieutenant to the colonel . '' In British practice , regiments were actually commanded by their lieutenant colonels , as the colonel was a titular position ( with the incumbent absent from the regiment serving as a senior staff officer , a general officer , or as a member of the nobility ) . Since the British colonel was not a `` combat '' officer , beginning in May 1778 to simplify prisoner of war exchanges , American regiments began to eliminate colonels by attrition and replace them with a lieutenant colonel commandant . The conversion was never completely effected and some regiments remained commanded by colonels throughout the war . From 1784 until 1791 , there was only one lieutenant colonel in the US Army ( Josiah Harmar ) , who acted as the army 's commanding officer . In the Continental Army aides to the Commander in Chief , viz. , Lieutenant General George Washington , were lieutenant colonels . Additionally , certain officers serving under the Adjutant General , Inspector General , and Judge Advocate General , ranked as lieutenant colonels . During the 19th century , lieutenant colonel was often a terminal rank for many officers , since the rank of `` full colonel '' was considered extremely prestigious reserved only for the most successful officers . Upon the outbreak of the Civil War , the rank of lieutenant colonel became much more common and was used as a `` stepping stone '' for officers who commanded small regiments or battalions and were expected , by default , to be promoted to full colonel once the manpower of a regiment grew in strength . Such was the case of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , who commanded a Maine regiment as both a lieutenant colonel and later as a colonel . After the Civil War ended , those officers remaining in the United States Armed Forces found lieutenant colonel to again be a terminal rank , although many lieutenant colonels were raised to higher positions in a brevet status . Such was the case with George A. Custer , who was a lieutenant colonel in the regular army , but held the brevet rank of major general . The 20th century saw lieutenant colonel in its present - day status although , during the 1930s , many officers again found the rank to be terminal as the rank of colonel was reserved for only a select few officers . Modern usage ( edit ) Army Service Uniform infantry shoulder strap with the rank of lieutenant colonel In the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , a lieutenant colonel typically commands a battalion / squadron - sized unit ( 300 to 1,200 Soldiers / Marines ) , with a major as executive officer ( XO ) and a command sergeant major / sergeant major ( USMC ) as principal NCO or senior enlisted adviser ( SEA ) . A lieutenant colonel may also serve as a brigade / brigade combat team , regiment / regimental combat team , Marine Aviation Group ( MAG ) , Marine Expeditionary Unit ( MEU ) , or battalion task force executive officer . Lieutenant colonels routinely serve as principal staff officers , under a colonel as chief of staff , on a general staff ( `` G '' staff ) of a division , Marine Expeditionary Brigade ( MEB ) , Marine Aircraft Wing ( MAW ) , or Marine Logistics Group ( MLG ) . These staff positions may include : G - 1 ( administration and personnel ) , G - 2 ( intelligence ) , G - 3 ( operations ) , G - 4 ( logistics ) , G - 5 ( civil / military affairs ) , or G - 6 ( computers and communications ) . Usage of `` The G - n '' may refer to either a specific staff section or the staff officer leading a section . Lieutenant colonels may also be junior staff at a variety of higher echelons . In the United States Air Force , a lieutenant colonel is generally a squadron commander in the operations group , mission support and maintenance groups , or a squadron commander or division chief in a medical group . Lieutenant colonels may also serve on general staffs and may be the heads of some wing staff departments . Senior Lieutenant colonels occasionally serve as group commanders . In US Army and Air Force ROTC detachments , the commanding officer is typically a lieutenant colonel , along with several majors , captains , and non-commissioned officers serving as assistants . However , some detachments are commanded by full colonels . The rank of lieutenant colonel is also used by many large American police departments for officers in senior administrative positions . The rank is not always called `` lieutenant colonel , '' and in many cases -- particularly with municipal police agencies -- an alternate term such as `` assistant chief '' or `` commander '' is used , and only the insignia is retained . In some organizations , however , especially state police agencies , both the title and insignia are used . Occasionally , the rank is used in conjunction with , rather than instead of , an official title . For example , in the Texas Department of Public Safety , the head of the agency 's patrol division is titled `` Chief of the Highway Patrol '' , but holds the rank of a lieutenant colonel : this figure is thus referred to as `` lieutenant colonel , '' not `` chief '' . Notable American lieutenant colonels ( edit ) Tench Tilghman ( Continental Army ) Robert L. Bacon ( U.S. Army ) Scott Brown ( U.S. Army National Guard ) Alexander Hamilton ( Continental Army ) Aaron Burr ( Continental Army ) John Laurens ( Continental Army ) Ernest Childers ( U.S. Army ) Medal of Honor recipient Joshua Chamberlain ( U.S. Army ) Medal of Honor recipient Jerry Coleman ( U.S. Marine Corps ) Robert G. Cole ( U.S. Army ) Medal of Honor recipient Richard Scheuring ( U.S. Army ) Jerry Coleman ( United States Marine Corps ) Philip Corso ( U.S. Army ) David P. Cooley ( U.S. Air Force ) Bruce P. `` Snake '' Crandall ( U.S. Army ) , Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at Ia Drang . George A. Custer ( U.S. Army ) James Harold `` Jimmy '' Doolittle ( U.S. Air Force ) , Medal of Honor recipient for his raid on Tokyo Tammy Duckworth ( U.S. Army ) , United States Senator ( D - Illinois ) Joni Ernst ( Iowa Army National Guard ) , United States Senator ( R - Iowa ) Rick Francona ( U.S. Air Force ) John C. Fremont ( U.S. Army ) Gregory D. Gadson ( U.S. Army ) bilateral above - the - knee amputee , occasional actor and motivational speaker . Virgil I. `` Gus '' Grissom ( U.S. Air Force ) Dave Grossman ( U.S. Army ) professor of psychology and military science , author and speaker Iceal Hambleton ( U.S. Air Force ) Anthony B. Herbert ( U.S. Army ) Christopher B. Howard ( U.S. Air Force ) Gus Kohntopp ( U.S. Air National Guard ) Bob McDonnell ( U.S. Army ) Former Republican Attorney General and Governor of Virginia . Hal Moore ( U.S. Army ) Famous for his actions at Ia Drang Michael Mori ( U.S. Marine Corps ) lawyer and military judge ( retired ) , known for representing David Hicks . Dick Muri ( U.S. Air Force ) Oliver North ( U.S. Marine Corps ) Ellison S. Onizuka ( U.S. Air Force ) Ralph Peters ( U.S. Army ) Rob Riggle ( U.S. Marine Corps ) William R. Rowley ( U.S. Army ) Francis R. Scobee ( U.S. Air Force ) John Shimkus ( U.S. Army ) U.S. Representative from Illinois Ronald Speirs ( U.S. Army ) Michael Strobl ( U.S. Marine Corps ) William Travis ( Texas Militia ) Matt Urban ( U.S. Army ) John Paul Vann ( U.S. Army ) Ed White ( U.S. Air Force ) Earl Woods ( U.S. Army ) David P. Weber ( Maryland State Guard ) , lawyer and certified fraud examiner , revealed nation - state hacking by the Chinese PLA and Russian FSB of U.S. Stock Exchanges Allen West ( U.S. Army ) former Republican Congressman ( FL - 22 ) Shawna R. Kimbrell ( U.S. Air Force ) , First female African - American fighter pilot In popular culture ( edit ) Lt. Col Owen Thursday portrayed by Henry Fonda in the 1948 film Fort Apache . Lt. Col Kirby York portrayed by John Wayne in the 1950 film Rio Grande . Lt. Col. Henry Blake of the film MASH and television series M * A * S * H , portrayed by Roger Bowen and McLean Stevenson , respectively . Samantha Carter was promoted to this rank in the eighth season of the television series Stargate SG - 1 ( portrayed by Amanda Tapping ) . John Sheppard was promoted to this rank in the second season of the television series Stargate : Atlantis ( portrayed by Joe Flanigan ) . Lt. Col. Cameron Mitchell of the television series Stargate SG - 1 , portrayed by Ben Browder . George Peppard famously played Lt. Colonel John `` Hannibal '' Smith on The A-Team . Although he was usually referred to as a colonel , his rank was clarified in many episodes as lieutenant colonel . Lt. Col. Bill Kilgore in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now , portrayed by American actor Robert Duvall . Lt. Col. Robert Neville of the 2007 film I Am Legend , portrayed by American actor Will Smith . The movie is based on the book of the same name , I Am Legend , from 1954 . The 2007 film version is a remake of the 1971 film The Omega Man , in which Robert Neville , portrayed by Charlton Heston , is one of few remaining survivors of a hellish germ - warfare doomsday . Lt. Col. Sarah MacKenzie was promoted to this rank in the fifth season of the television series JAG , portrayed by Catherine Bell . Lt. Col. Hollis Mann who appeared on NCIS , portrayed by Susanna Thompson . Al Pacino portrayed Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in the 1992 film Scent of a Woman . Sean Connery portrayed Lt. Col. Alan Caldwell in the film The Presidio in 1988 Lt. Col. Joan Burton of the Lifetime television series Army Wives , portrayed by Wendy Davis . The series is based on the book of the same name , Army Wives by Tanya Biank . Lt. Col. Thomas Devoe of the movie The Peacemaker , portrayed by George Clooney . Lt. Col. Nathaniel Serling of the movie Courage Under Fire , portrayed by Denzel Washington . Lt. Col. James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes , portrayed by Terrence Howard in Iron Man and Don Cheadle in Iron Man 2 and Iron Man 3 . Lt. Col. John Cambridge , portrayed by Christian Camargo in The Hurt Locker . Lt. Col. Wayne Fields , portrayed by Eric Steinberg in Pretty Little Liars . Lt. Col Paul Ironhorse portrayed by Richard Chaves in War of the Worlds Lt. Col. Morton Williams was charged with picking the tune to be radioed out from the Mariner X rocket satellite in Jack Perry 's 1963 play `` The Whole Darn Shooting Match '' . Lt. Col. Stephen `` Godfather '' Ferrando portrayed by Chance Kelly in Generation Kill . Lt. Col. Matthew Andrew Markinson , portrayed by J.T. Walsh in A Few Good Men . Lt. Col. John Laurens , originated by Anthony Ramos in the Broadway musical Hamilton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Preliminary - cloth. indd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jack ( 21 May 2009 ) . `` AP Style Book '' . Apstylebook.blogspot.com . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Continental Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History ( p. 13 ) . 1 May 1982 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the lieutenant colonel rank '' . Usmilitary.about.com. 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Continental Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History ( p. 13 ff . ) . 1 May 1982 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Continental Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History ( p. 48 ) . 1 May 1982 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Continental Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History ( pp. 127 -- 128 ff . ) . 1 May 1982 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Continental Army ( pp. 128 & 145 ) '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . 1 May 1982 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel And Brevet Major - General George A. Custer , U.S.A '' . All-biographies.com . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brevet Rank In The Civil War '' . Civilwarhome.com . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM No universal insignia for officer candidate rank ; Navy candidate insignia shown Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized United States Army portal United States Marine Corps portal United States Air Force portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)&oldid=824848945 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Army United States Marine Corps ranks Officer ranks of the United States Air Force Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Lietuvių Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what rank is lieutenant colonel in the marines	[ "In the United States Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services." ]	[ "a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel" ]
5698642721443497651	List of New Zealand rugby union Test matches	List of New Zealand rugby union Test matches - wikipedia List of New Zealand rugby union Test matches Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 Legend 2 Overall 3 1900s 4 1910s 5 1920s 6 1930s 7 1940s 8 1950s 9 1960s 10 1970s 11 1980s 12 1990s 13 2000s 14 2010s 15 References Legend ( edit ) Win Loss Draw Overall ( edit ) New Zealand 's overall Test match record against all nations , updated to 16 September 2017 , is as follows : Games Played Won Lost Drawn Percentage of wins 560 432 108 20 77.14 % 1900s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1903 - 08 - 15 Australia 22 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1904 - 08 - 13 British Isles 9 Athletic Park Wellington 1905 - 09 - 02 Australia 14 Tahuna Park Dunedin 1905 - 11 - 18 Scotland 12 7 Inverleith Edinburgh 1905 - 11 - 25 Ireland 15 0 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1905 - 12 - 02 England 15 0 Crystal Palace London 1905 - 12 - 16 Wales 0 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff Wales 1906 - 01 - 01 France 38 8 Parc des Princes Paris 1907 - 07 - 20 Australia 26 6 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1907 - 08 - 03 Australia 14 5 The Gabba Brisbane 1907 - 08 - 10 Australia 5 5 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Draw 1908 - 06 - 06 British Isles 32 5 Carisbrook Dunedin 1908 - 06 - 27 British Isles Athletic Park Wellington Draw 1908 - 07 - 25 British Isles 29 0 Potter 's Park Auckland 1910s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1910 - 06 - 25 Australia 6 0 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1910 - 06 - 27 Australia 0 11 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1910 - 07 - 02 Australia 28 13 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1913 - 09 - 06 Australia 30 5 Athletic Park Wellington 1913 - 09 - 13 Australia 25 13 Carisbrook Dunedin 1913 - 09 - 20 Australia 5 16 Lancaster Park Christchurch Australia 1913 - 11 - 15 United States 51 California Field Berkeley 1914 - 07 - 18 Australia 5 0 Sydney Sports Ground Sydney 1914 - 08 - 01 Australia 17 0 The Gabba Brisbane 1914 - 08 - 15 Australia 22 7 Sydney Sports Ground Sydney 1920s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1921 - 08 - 13 South Africa 13 5 Carisbrook Dunedin 1921 - 08 - 27 South Africa 5 9 Eden Park Auckland South Africa 1921 - 09 - 17 South Africa 0 0 Athletic Park Wellington Draw 1924 - 11 - 01 Ireland 6 0 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1924 - 11 - 29 Wales 19 0 St. Helen 's Swansea 1925 - 01 - 03 England 17 11 Twickenham London 1925 - 01 - 18 France 30 6 Ponts Jumeaux Toulouse 1928 - 06 - 30 South Africa 0 17 Kingsmead Durban South Africa 1928 - 07 - 21 South Africa 7 6 Ellis Park Johannesburg 1928 - 08 - 18 South Africa 6 11 Crusader Park Port Elizabeth South Africa 1928 - 09 - 01 South Africa 13 5 Newlands Cape Town 1929 - 07 - 06 Australia 8 9 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1929 - 07 - 20 Australia 9 17 Exhibition Ground Brisbane Australia 1929 - 07 - 27 Australia 13 15 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1930s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1930 - 06 - 21 British Isles 6 Carisbrook Dunedin Lions 1930 - 07 - 05 British Isles 13 10 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1930 - 07 - 26 British Isles 15 10 Eden Park Auckland 1930 - 08 - 09 British Isles 22 8 Athletic Park Wellington 1931 - 09 - 12 Australia 20 13 Eden Park Auckland 1932 - 07 - 02 Australia 17 22 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1932 - 07 - 16 Australia 21 Exhibition Ground Brisbane 1932 - 07 - 23 Australia 21 13 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1934 - 08 - 11 Australia 11 25 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1934 - 08 - 25 Australia Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Draw 1935 - 11 - 23 Scotland 18 8 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1935 - 12 - 07 Ireland 17 9 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1935 - 12 - 21 Wales 12 13 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff Wales 1936 - 01 - 04 England 0 13 Twickenham London England 1936 - 09 - 05 Australia 11 6 Athletic Park Wellington 1936 - 09 - 12 Australia 38 13 Carisbrook Dunedin 1937 - 08 - 14 South Africa 13 7 Athletic Park Wellington 1937 - 09 - 04 South Africa 6 13 Lancaster Park Christchurch South Africa 1937 - 09 - 25 South Africa 6 17 Eden Park Auckland South Africa 1938 - 07 - 23 Australia 24 9 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1938 - 08 - 06 Australia 20 14 Exhibition Ground Brisbane 1938 - 08 - 13 Australia 14 6 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1940s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1946 - 09 - 14 Australia 31 8 Carisbrook Dunedin 1946 - 09 - 28 Australia 14 10 Eden Park Auckland 1947 - 06 - 14 Australia 13 5 Exhibition Ground Brisbane 1947 - 06 - 28 Australia 27 14 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1949 - 07 - 16 South Africa 11 15 Newlands Cape Town South Africa 1949 - 08 - 13 South Africa 6 12 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 1949 - 09 - 03 Australia 6 11 Athletic Park Wellington Australia 1949 - 09 - 03 South Africa 9 Kingsmead Durban South Africa 1949 - 09 - 17 South Africa 8 11 Crusader Park Port Elizabeth South Africa 1949 - 09 - 24 Australia 9 16 Eden Park Auckland Australia 1950s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1950 - 05 - 27 British Isles 9 9 Carisbrook Dunedin Draw 1950 - 06 - 10 British Isles 8 0 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1950 - 07 - 01 British Isles 6 Athletic Park Wellington 1950 - 07 - 29 British Isles 11 8 Eden Park Auckland 1951 - 06 - 23 Australia 8 0 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1951 - 07 - 07 Australia 17 11 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1951 - 07 - 21 Australia 16 6 The Gabba Brisbane 1952 - 09 - 06 Australia 9 14 Lancaster Park Christchurch Australia 1952 - 09 - 13 Australia 15 8 Athletic Park Wellington 1953 - 12 - 19 Wales 8 13 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff Wales 1954 - 01 - 09 Ireland 14 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1954 - 01 - 30 England 5 0 Twickenham London 1954 - 02 - 13 Scotland 0 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1954 - 02 - 27 France 0 Stade Olympique Colombes France 1955 - 08 - 20 Australia 16 8 Athletic Park Wellington 1955 - 09 - 03 Australia 8 0 Carisbrook Dunedin 1955 - 09 - 17 Australia 8 Eden Park Auckland Australia 1956 - 07 - 14 South Africa 10 6 Carisbrook Dunedin 1956 - 08 - 04 South Africa 8 Athletic Park Wellington South Africa 1956 - 08 - 18 South Africa 17 10 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1956 - 09 - 01 South Africa 11 5 Eden Park Auckland 1957 - 06 - 25 Australia 25 11 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1957 - 07 - 01 Australia 22 9 Exhibition Ground Brisbane 1958 - 08 - 23 Australia 25 Athletic Park Wellington 1958 - 09 - 06 Australia 6 Lancaster Park Christchurch Australia 1958 - 09 - 20 Australia 17 8 Epsom Showgrounds Auckland 1959 - 07 - 18 British Isles 18 17 Carisbrook Dunedin 1959 - 08 - 15 British Isles 11 8 Athletic Park Wellington 1959 - 08 - 29 British Isles 22 8 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1959 - 09 - 19 British Isles 6 9 Eden Park Auckland Lions 1960s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1960 - 06 - 25 South Africa 0 13 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 1960 - 07 - 23 South Africa 11 Newlands Cape Town 1960 - 08 - 13 South Africa 11 11 Free State Stadium Bloemfontein Draw 1960 - 08 - 27 South Africa 8 Boet Erasmus Stadium Port Elizabeth South Africa 1961 - 07 - 22 France 13 6 Eden Park Auckland 1961 - 08 - 05 France 5 Athletic Park Wellington 1961 - 08 - 19 France 32 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1962 - 05 - 26 Australia 20 6 Exhibition Ground Brisbane 1962 - 06 - 04 Australia 14 5 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1962 - 08 - 25 Australia 9 9 Athletic Park Wellington Draw 1962 - 09 - 08 Australia 0 Carisbrook Dunedin 1962 - 09 - 22 Australia 16 8 Eden Park Auckland 1963 - 05 - 25 England 21 11 Eden Park Auckland 1963 - 06 - 01 England 9 6 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1963 - 12 - 07 Ireland 6 5 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1963 - 12 - 21 Wales 6 0 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff 1964 - 01 - 04 England 14 0 Twickenham London 1964 - 01 - 18 Scotland 0 0 Murrayfield Edinburgh Draw 1964 - 02 - 09 France 12 Stade Olympique Colombes 1964 - 08 - 15 Australia 14 9 Carisbrook Dunedin 1964 - 08 - 22 Australia 18 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1964 - 08 - 29 Australia 5 20 Athletic Park Wellington Australia 1965 - 07 - 31 South Africa 6 Athletic Park Wellington 1965 - 08 - 21 South Africa 13 0 Carisbrook Dunedin 1965 - 09 - 04 South Africa 16 19 Lancaster Park Christchurch South Africa 1965 - 09 - 18 South Africa 20 Eden Park Auckland 1966 - 07 - 16 British Isles 20 Carisbrook Dunedin 1966 - 08 - 06 British Isles 16 12 Athletic Park Wellington 1966 - 08 - 27 British Isles 19 6 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1966 - 09 - 10 British Isles 24 11 Eden Park Auckland 1967 - 08 - 19 Australia 29 9 Athletic Park Wellington 1967 - 11 - 04 England 23 11 Twickenham London 1967 - 11 - 11 Wales 13 6 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff 1967 - 11 - 25 France 21 15 Stade Olympique Colombes 1967 - 12 - 02 Scotland 14 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1968 - 06 - 15 Australia 27 11 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1968 - 06 - 22 Australia 19 18 Ballymore Brisbane 1968 - 07 - 13 France 12 9 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1968 - 07 - 27 France 9 Athletic Park Wellington 1968 - 08 - 10 France 19 12 Eden Park Auckland 1969 - 05 - 31 Wales 19 0 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1969 - 06 - 14 Wales 33 12 Eden Park Auckland 1970s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1970 - 07 - 25 South Africa 6 17 Loftus Versfeld Pretoria South Africa 1970 - 08 - 08 South Africa 9 8 Newlands Cape Town 1970 - 08 - 29 South Africa 14 Boet Erasmus Stadium Port Elizabeth South Africa 1970 - 09 - 12 South Africa 17 20 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 1971 - 06 - 26 British Isles 9 Carisbrook Dunedin Lions 1971 - 07 - 10 British Isles 22 12 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1971 - 07 - 31 British Isles 13 Athletic Park Wellington Lions 1971 - 08 - 14 British Isles 14 14 Eden Park Auckland Draw 1972 - 08 - 19 Australia 29 6 Athletic Park Wellington 1972 - 09 - 02 Australia 30 17 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1972 - 09 - 16 Australia 38 Eden Park Auckland 1972 - 12 - 02 Wales 19 16 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff 1972 - 12 - 16 Scotland 14 9 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1973 - 01 - 06 England 9 0 Twickenham London 1973 - 01 - 20 Ireland 10 10 Lansdowne Road Dublin Draw 1973 - 02 - 10 France 6 13 Parc des Princes Paris France 1973 - 09 - 15 England 10 16 Eden Park Auckland England 1974 - 05 - 25 Australia 11 6 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1974 - 06 - 01 Australia 16 16 Ballymore Brisbane Draw 1974 - 06 - 08 Australia 16 6 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1974 - 11 - 23 Ireland 15 6 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1975 - 06 - 14 Scotland 24 0 Eden Park Auckland 1976 - 06 - 05 Ireland 11 Athletic Park Wellington 1976 - 07 - 24 South Africa 7 16 Kings Park Stadium Durban South Africa 1976 - 08 - 14 South Africa 15 9 Free State Stadium Bloemfontein 1976 - 09 - 04 South Africa 10 15 Newlands Cape Town South Africa 1976 - 09 - 18 South Africa 14 15 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 1977 - 06 - 18 British Isles 16 12 Athletic Park Wellington 1977 - 07 - 09 British Isles 9 13 Lancaster Park Christchurch Lions 1977 - 07 - 30 British Isles 19 7 Carisbrook Dunedin 1977 - 08 - 13 British Isles 10 9 Eden Park Auckland 1977 - 11 - 11 France 13 18 Stade de Toulouse Toulouse France 1977 - 11 - 19 France 15 Parc des Princes Paris 1978 - 08 - 19 Australia 13 12 Athletic Park Wellington 1978 - 08 - 26 Australia 22 6 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1978 - 09 - 09 Australia 16 30 Eden Park Auckland Australia 1978 - 11 - 04 Ireland 10 6 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1978 - 11 - 11 Wales 13 12 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff 1978 - 11 - 25 England 16 6 Twickenham London 1978 - 12 - 09 Scotland 18 9 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1979 - 07 - 07 France 23 9 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1979 - 07 - 14 France 19 24 Eden Park Auckland France 1979 - 07 - 28 Australia 6 12 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1979 - 11 - 10 Scotland 20 6 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1979 - 11 - 24 England 10 9 Twickenham London 1980s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1980 - 06 - 21 Australia 9 13 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1980 - 06 - 28 Australia 12 9 Ballymore Brisbane 1980 - 07 - 12 Australia 10 26 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1980 - 11 - 01 Wales 23 Cardiff Arms Park Cardiff 1981 - 06 - 13 Scotland 11 Carisbrook Dunedin 1981 - 06 - 20 Scotland 40 15 Eden Park Auckland 1981 - 08 - 15 South Africa 14 9 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1981 - 08 - 29 South Africa 12 24 Athletic Park Wellington South Africa 1981 - 09 - 12 South Africa 25 22 Eden Park Auckland 1981 - 10 - 24 Romania 14 6 Stadionul Dinamo Bucharest 1981 - 11 - 14 France 13 9 Stade de Toulouse Toulouse 1981 - 11 - 21 France 18 6 Parc des Princes Paris 1982 - 08 - 14 Australia 23 16 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1982 - 08 - 28 Australia 16 19 Athletic Park Wellington Australia 1982 - 09 - 11 Australia 33 18 Eden Park Auckland 1983 - 06 - 04 British Isles 16 12 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1983 - 06 - 18 British Isles 9 0 Athletic Park Wellington 1983 - 07 - 02 British Isles 15 8 Carisbrook Dunedin 1983 - 07 - 16 British Isles 38 6 Eden Park Auckland 1983 - 08 - 20 Australia 18 8 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1983 - 11 - 12 Scotland 25 25 Murrayfield Edinburgh Draw 1983 - 11 - 19 England 9 15 Twickenham London England 1984 - 06 - 16 France 10 9 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1984 - 06 - 23 France 31 18 Eden Park Auckland 1984 - 07 - 21 Australia 9 16 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1984 - 08 - 04 Australia 19 15 Ballymore Brisbane 1984 - 08 - 18 Australia 25 24 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 1985 - 06 - 01 England 18 13 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1985 - 06 - 08 England 42 15 Athletic Park Wellington 1985 - 06 - 29 Australia 10 9 Eden Park Auckland 1985 - 10 - 28 Argentina 33 20 Ferrocaril Oeste Buenos Aires 1985 - 11 - 02 Argentina 21 21 Ferrocaril Oeste Buenos Aires Draw 1986 - 06 - 28 France 18 9 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1986 - 08 - 09 Australia 12 13 Athletic Park Wellington Australia 1986 - 08 - 23 Australia 13 12 Carisbrook Dunedin 1986 - 09 - 06 Australia 9 22 Eden Park Auckland Australia 1986 - 11 - 08 France 19 7 Stade de Toulouse Toulouse 1986 - 11 - 15 France 16 Stade de la Beaujoire Nantes France 1987 - 05 - 22 Italy 70 6 Eden Park Auckland 1987 - 05 - 27 Fiji 74 13 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1987 - 06 - 01 Argentina 46 15 Athletic Park Wellington 1987 - 06 - 06 Scotland 30 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1987 - 06 - 14 Wales 49 6 Ballymore Brisbane 1987 - 06 - 20 France 29 9 Eden Park Auckland 1987 - 07 - 25 Australia 30 16 Concord Oval Sydney 1988 - 05 - 28 Wales 52 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1988 - 06 - 11 Wales 54 9 Eden Park Auckland 1988 - 07 - 03 Australia 32 7 Concord Oval Sydney 1988 - 07 - 16 Australia 19 19 Ballymore Brisbane Draw 1988 - 07 - 30 Australia 30 9 Concord Oval Sydney 1989 - 06 - 17 France 25 17 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1989 - 07 - 01 France 34 20 Eden Park Auckland 1989 - 07 - 15 Argentina 60 9 Carisbrook Dunedin 1989 - 07 - 29 Argentina 49 12 Athletic Park Wellington 1989 - 05 - 08 Australia 24 12 Eden Park Auckland 1989 - 11 - 04 Wales 34 9 National Stadium Cardiff 1989 - 11 - 18 Ireland 23 6 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1990s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 1990 - 06 - 16 Scotland 31 16 Carisbrook Dunedin 1990 - 06 - 23 Scotland 21 18 Eden Park Auckland 1990 - 07 - 21 Australia 21 6 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1990 - 08 - 04 Australia 27 17 Eden Park Auckland 1990 - 08 - 18 Australia 9 21 Athletic Park Wellington Australia 1990 - 11 - 03 France 24 Stade Marcel Saupin Nantes 1990 - 11 - 10 France 30 12 Parc des Princes Paris 1991 - 07 - 06 Argentina 28 14 Vélez Sársfield Buenos Aires 1991 - 07 - 13 Argentina 36 6 Vélez Sársfield Buenos Aires 1991 - 08 - 10 Australia 12 21 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney Australia 1991 - 08 - 24 Australia 6 Eden Park Auckland 1991 - 10 - 03 England 18 12 Twickenham London 1991 - 10 - 08 United States 46 6 Kingsholm Gloucester 1991 - 10 - 13 Italy 31 21 Welford Road Leicester 1991 - 10 - 20 Canada 29 13 Stadium Lille Métropole Lille 1991 - 10 - 27 Australia 6 16 Lansdowne Road Dublin Australia 1991 - 10 - 30 Scotland 13 6 National Stadium Cardiff 1992 - 04 - 18 World XV 14 28 Lancaster Park Christchurch World XV 1992 - 04 - 22 World XV 54 26 Athletic Park Wellington 1992 - 04 - 25 World XV 26 15 Eden Park Auckland 1992 - 05 - 30 Ireland 24 21 Carisbrook Dunedin 1992 - 06 - 06 Ireland 59 6 Athletic Park Wellington 1992 - 07 - 04 Australia 15 16 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney Australia 1992 - 07 - 19 Australia 17 19 Ballymore Brisbane Australia 1992 - 07 - 25 Australia 26 23 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney 1992 - 08 - 15 South Africa 27 24 Ellis Park Johannesburg 1993 - 06 - 12 British Isles 20 18 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1993 - 06 - 26 British Isles 7 20 Athletic Park Wellington Lions 1993 - 07 - 03 British Isles 30 13 Eden Park Auckland 1993 - 07 - 17 Australia 25 10 Carisbrook Dunedin 1993 - 07 - 31 Western Samoa 35 13 Eden Park Auckland 1993 - 11 - 20 Scotland 51 15 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1993 - 11 - 27 England 9 15 Twickenham London England 1994 - 06 - 26 France 8 22 Lancaster Park Christchurch France 1994 - 07 - 03 France 20 23 Eden Park Auckland France 1994 - 07 - 09 South Africa 22 14 Carisbrook Dunedin 1994 - 07 - 23 South Africa 13 9 Athletic Park Wellington 1994 - 08 - 06 South Africa 18 18 Eden Park Auckland Draw 1994 - 08 - 17 Australia 16 20 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney Australia 1995 - 04 - 22 Canada 73 7 Eden Park Auckland 1995 - 05 - 27 Ireland 43 19 Ellis Park Johannesburg 1995 - 05 - 31 Wales 34 9 Ellis Park Johannesburg 1995 - 06 - 04 Japan 145 17 Free State Stadium Bloemfontein 1995 - 06 - 11 Scotland 48 30 Loftus Versfeld Pretoria 1995 - 06 - 18 England 45 29 Newlands Cape Town 1995 - 06 - 24 South Africa 12 15 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 1995 - 07 - 22 Australia 28 16 Eden Park Auckland 1995 - 07 - 29 Australia 34 23 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney 1995 - 10 - 28 Italy 70 6 Campo Arcoveggio Bologna 1995 - 11 - 11 France 15 22 Stade de Toulouse Toulouse France 1995 - 11 - 18 France 37 12 Parc des Princes Paris 1996 - 06 - 07 Western Samoa 51 10 McLean Park Napier 1996 - 06 - 15 Scotland 62 31 Carisbrook Dunedin 1996 - 06 - 22 Scotland 36 12 Eden Park Auckland 1996 - 07 - 06 Australia 43 6 Athletic Park Wellington 1996 - 07 - 20 South Africa 15 11 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1996 - 07 - 27 Australia 32 25 Lang Park Brisbane 1996 - 08 - 10 South Africa 29 18 Newlands Cape Town 1996 - 08 - 17 South Africa 23 19 Kings Park Stadium Durban 1996 - 08 - 24 South Africa 33 26 Loftus Versfeld Pretoria 1996 - 08 - 31 South Africa 22 32 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 1997 - 06 - 14 Fiji 71 5 North Harbour Stadium Albany 1997 - 06 - 21 Argentina 93 8 Athletic Park Wellington 1997 - 06 - 28 Argentina 62 10 Rugby Park Hamilton 1997 - 07 - 05 Australia 30 13 Lancaster Park Christchurch 1997 - 07 - 19 South Africa 35 32 Ellis Park Johannesburg 1997 - 07 - 26 Australia 33 18 MCG Melbourne 1997 - 08 - 09 South Africa 55 35 Eden Park Auckland 1997 - 08 - 16 Australia 36 24 Carisbrook Dunedin 1997 - 11 - 15 Ireland 63 15 Lansdowne Road Dublin 1997 - 11 - 22 England 25 8 Old Trafford Manchester 1997 - 11 - 29 Wales 42 7 Wembley Stadium London 1997 - 12 - 06 England 26 26 Twickenham London Draw 1998 - 06 - 20 England 64 22 Carisbrook Dunedin 1998 - 06 - 27 England 40 10 Eden Park Auckland 1998 - 07 - 11 Australia 16 24 MCG Melbourne Australia 1998 - 07 - 25 South Africa 13 Athletic Park Wellington South Africa 1998 - 08 - 01 Australia 23 27 Lancaster Park Christchurch Australia 1998 - 08 - 15 South Africa 23 24 Kings Park Stadium Durban South Africa 1998 - 08 - 29 Australia 14 19 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney Australia 1999 - 06 - 18 Samoa 71 13 North Harbour Stadium Albany 1999 - 06 - 26 France 54 7 Athletic Park Wellington 1999 - 07 - 10 South Africa 28 0 Carisbrook Dunedin 1999 - 07 - 24 Australia 34 15 Eden Park Auckland 1999 - 08 - 07 South Africa 34 18 Loftus Versfeld Pretoria 1999 - 08 - 28 Australia 7 28 Stadium Australia Sydney Australia 1999 - 10 - 03 Tonga 45 9 Memorial Stadium Bristol 1999 - 10 - 09 England 30 16 Twickenham London 1999 - 10 - 14 Italy 101 McAlpine Stadium Huddersfield 1999 - 10 - 24 Scotland 30 18 Murrayfield Edinburgh 1999 - 10 - 31 France 31 43 Twickenham London France 1999 - 11 - 04 South Africa 18 22 Millennium Stadium Cardiff South Africa 2000s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 2000 - 06 - 16 Tonga 102 0 North Harbour Stadium Albany 2000 - 06 - 24 Scotland 69 20 Carisbrook Dunedin 2000 - 07 - 01 Scotland 48 14 Eden Park Auckland 2000 - 07 - 15 Australia 39 35 Stadium Australia Sydney 2000 - 07 - 22 South Africa 25 12 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2000 - 08 - 05 Australia 23 24 WestpacTrust Stadium Wellington Australia 2000 - 08 - 19 South Africa 40 46 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 2000 - 11 - 11 France 39 26 Stade de France Saint - Denis 2000 - 11 - 18 France 33 42 Stade Vélodrome Marseille France 2000 - 11 - 25 Italy 56 19 Stadio Marassi Genoa 2001 - 06 - 16 Samoa 50 6 North Harbour Stadium Albany 2001 - 06 - 23 Argentina 67 19 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2001 - 06 - 30 France 37 12 WestpacTrust Stadium Wellington 2001 - 07 - 21 South Africa 12 Newlands Cape Town 2001 - 08 - 11 Australia 15 23 Carisbrook Dunedin Australia 2001 - 08 - 25 South Africa 26 15 Eden Park Auckland 2001 - 09 - 01 Australia 26 29 Stadium Australia Sydney Australia 2001 - 11 - 17 Ireland 40 29 Lansdowne Road Dublin 2001 - 11 - 24 Scotland 37 6 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2001 - 12 - 01 Argentina 24 20 El Monumental Buenos Aires 2002 - 06 - 08 Italy 64 10 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2002 - 06 - 15 Ireland 15 6 Carisbrook Dunedin 2002 - 06 - 22 Ireland 40 8 Eden Park Auckland 2002 - 06 - 29 Fiji 68 18 WestpacTrust Stadium Wellington 2002 - 07 - 13 Australia 12 6 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2002 - 07 - 20 South Africa 41 20 WestpacTrust Stadium Wellington 2002 - 08 - 03 Australia 14 16 Telstra Stadium Sydney Australia 2002 - 08 - 10 South Africa 30 23 Kings Park Stadium Durban 2002 - 11 - 09 England 28 31 Twickenham London England 2002 - 11 - 16 France 20 20 Stade de France Saint - Denis Draw 2002 - 11 - 23 Wales 43 17 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2003 - 06 - 14 England 13 15 Westpac Stadium Wellington England 2003 - 06 - 21 Wales 55 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2003 - 06 - 28 France 31 23 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2003 - 07 - 19 South Africa 52 16 Loftus Versfeld Pretoria 2003 - 07 - 26 Australia 50 21 Telstra Stadium Sydney 2003 - 08 - 09 South Africa 19 11 Carisbrook Dunedin 2003 - 08 - 16 Australia 21 17 Eden Park Auckland 2003 - 10 - 11 Italy 70 7 Docklands Stadium Melbourne 2003 - 10 - 17 Canada 68 6 Docklands Stadium Melbourne 2003 - 10 - 24 Tonga 91 7 Lang Park Brisbane 2003 - 11 - 02 Wales 53 37 Stadium Australia Sydney 2003 - 11 - 08 South Africa 29 9 Docklands Stadium Melbourne 2003 - 11 - 15 Australia 10 22 Stadium Australia Sydney Australia 2003 - 11 - 20 France 40 13 Stadium Australia Sydney 2004 - 06 - 12 England 36 Carisbrook Dunedin 2004 - 06 - 19 England 36 12 Eden Park Auckland 2004 - 06 - 26 Argentina 41 7 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2004 - 07 - 10 Pacific Islanders 41 26 North Harbour Stadium Albany 2004 - 07 - 17 Australia 16 7 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2004 - 07 - 24 South Africa 23 21 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2004 - 08 - 07 Australia 18 23 Telstra Stadium Sydney Australia 2004 - 08 - 14 South Africa 26 40 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 2004 - 11 - 13 Italy 59 10 Stadio Flaminio Rome 2004 - 11 - 20 Wales 26 25 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2004 - 11 - 27 France 45 6 Stade de France Saint - Denis 2005 - 06 - 10 Fiji 91 0 North Harbour Stadium Albany 2005 - 06 - 25 British and Irish Lions 21 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2005 - 07 - 02 British and Irish Lions 48 18 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2005 - 07 - 09 British and Irish Lions 38 19 Eden Park Auckland 2005 - 08 - 06 South Africa 16 22 Newlands Cape Town South Africa 2005 - 08 - 13 Australia 30 13 Telstra Stadium Sydney 2005 - 08 - 27 South Africa 31 27 Carisbrook Dunedin 2005 - 09 - 03 Australia 34 24 Eden Park Auckland 2005 - 11 - 05 Wales 41 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2005 - 11 - 12 Ireland 45 7 Lansdowne Road Dublin 2005 - 11 - 19 England 23 19 Twickenham London 2005 - 11 - 26 Scotland 29 10 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2006 - 06 - 10 Ireland 34 23 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2006 - 06 - 17 Ireland 27 17 Eden Park Auckland 2006 - 06 - 24 Argentina 25 19 José Amalfitani Stadium Buenos Aires 2006 - 07 - 08 Australia 32 12 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2006 - 07 - 22 South Africa 35 17 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2006 - 07 - 29 Australia 13 9 Suncorp Stadium Brisbane 2006 - 08 - 19 Australia 34 27 Eden Park Auckland 2006 - 08 - 26 South Africa 45 26 Loftus Versfeld Pretoria 2006 - 09 - 02 South Africa 20 21 Royal Bafokeng Stadium Rustenburg South Africa 2006 - 11 - 05 England 41 20 Twickenham London 2006 - 11 - 11 France 47 Stade de Gerland Lyon 2006 - 11 - 18 France 23 11 Stade de France Saint - Denis 2006 - 11 - 25 Wales 45 10 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2007 - 06 - 02 France 42 11 Eden Park Auckland 2007 - 06 - 09 France 61 10 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2007 - 06 - 16 Canada 64 13 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2007 - 06 - 23 South Africa 26 21 ABSA Stadium Durban 2007 - 06 - 30 Australia 15 20 MCG Melbourne Australia 2007 - 07 - 14 South Africa 33 6 Jade Stadium Christchurch 2007 - 07 - 21 Australia 26 12 Eden Park Auckland 2007 - 09 - 08 Italy 76 14 Stade Vélodrome Marseille 2007 - 09 - 15 Portugal 108 13 Stade de Gerland Lyon 2007 - 09 - 23 Scotland 40 0 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2007 - 09 - 29 Romania 85 8 Stadium Municipal Toulouse 2007 - 10 - 06 France 18 20 Millennium Stadium Cardiff France 2008 - 06 - 07 Ireland 21 11 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2008 - 06 - 14 England 37 20 Eden Park Auckland 2008 - 06 - 21 England 44 12 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2008 - 07 - 05 South Africa 19 8 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2008 - 07 - 12 South Africa 28 30 Carisbrook Dunedin South Africa 2008 - 07 - 26 Australia 19 34 ANZ Stadium Sydney Australia 2008 - 08 - 02 Australia 39 10 Eden Park Auckland 2008 - 08 - 16 South Africa 19 0 Newlands Cape Town 2008 - 09 - 03 Samoa 101 14 Yarrow Stadium New Plymouth 2008 - 09 - 13 Australia 28 24 Suncorp Stadium Brisbane 2008 - 11 - 01 Australia 19 14 Hong Kong Stadium Hong Kong 2008 - 11 - 08 Scotland 32 6 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2008 - 11 - 15 Ireland 22 Croke Park Dublin 2008 - 11 - 22 Wales 29 9 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2008 - 11 - 25 England 32 6 Twickenham London 2009 - 06 - 13 France 22 27 Carisbrook Dunedin France 2009 - 06 - 20 France 14 10 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2009 - 06 - 27 Italy 27 6 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2009 - 07 - 18 Australia 22 16 Eden Park Auckland 2009 - 07 - 25 South Africa 19 28 Vodacom Park Bloemfontein South Africa 2009 - 08 - 01 South Africa 19 31 ABSA Stadium Durban South Africa 2009 - 08 - 22 Australia 19 18 ANZ Stadium Sydney 2009 - 09 - 12 South Africa 29 32 Waikato Stadium Hamilton South Africa 2009 - 09 - 19 Australia 33 6 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2009 - 10 - 31 Australia 32 19 National Olympic Stadium Tokyo 2009 - 11 - 07 Wales 19 12 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2009 - 11 - 14 Italy 20 6 San Siro Milan 2009 - 11 - 21 England 19 6 Twickenham London 2009 - 11 - 28 France 39 12 Stade Vélodrome Marseille 2010s ( edit ) Date Opponent Venue City Winner 2010 - 06 - 12 Ireland 66 28 Yarrow Stadium New Plymouth 2010 - 06 - 19 Wales 42 9 Carisbrook Dunedin 2010 - 06 - 26 Wales 29 10 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2010 - 07 - 10 South Africa 32 12 Eden Park Auckland 2010 - 07 - 17 South Africa 31 17 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2010 - 07 - 31 Australia 49 28 Etihad Stadium Melbourne 2010 - 08 - 07 Australia 20 10 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2010 - 08 - 21 South Africa 29 22 FNB Stadium Johannesburg 2010 - 09 - 11 Australia 23 22 ANZ Stadium Sydney 2010 - 10 - 30 Australia 24 26 Hong Kong Stadium Hong Kong Australia 2010 - 11 - 06 England 26 16 Twickenham London 2010 - 11 - 14 Scotland 49 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2010 - 11 - 21 Ireland 38 18 Aviva Stadium Dublin 2010 - 11 - 28 Wales 37 25 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2011 - 07 - 22 Fiji 60 14 Carisbrook Dunedin 2011 - 07 - 30 South Africa 40 7 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2011 - 08 - 06 Australia 30 14 Eden Park Auckland 2011 - 08 - 20 South Africa 5 18 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium Port Elizabeth South Africa 2011 - 08 - 27 Australia 20 25 Suncorp Stadium Brisbane Australia 2011 - 09 - 09 Tonga 41 10 Eden Park Auckland 2011 - 09 - 16 Japan 83 7 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2011 - 09 - 24 France 37 17 Eden Park Auckland 2011 - 10 - 01 Canada 79 15 Wellington Regional Stadium Wellington 2011 - 10 - 09 Argentina 33 10 Eden Park Auckland 2011 - 10 - 16 Australia 20 6 Eden Park Auckland 2011 - 10 - 23 France 8 7 Eden Park Auckland 2012 - 06 - 09 Ireland 42 10 Eden Park Auckland 2012 - 06 - 16 Ireland 22 19 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2012 - 06 - 23 Ireland 60 0 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2012 - 08 - 17 Australia 27 19 ANZ Stadium Sydney 2012 - 08 - 25 Australia 22 0 Eden Park Auckland 2012 - 09 - 08 Argentina 21 5 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2012 - 09 - 15 South Africa 21 11 Forsyth Barr Stadium Dunedin 2012 - 09 - 30 Argentina 54 15 Estadio Ciudad de La Plata La Plata 2012 - 10 - 07 South Africa 32 16 FNB Stadium Johannesburg 2012 - 10 - 20 Australia 18 18 Suncorp Stadium Brisbane Draw 2012 - 11 - 12 Scotland 51 22 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2012 - 11 - 18 Italy 42 10 Stadio Olimpico Rome 2012 - 11 - 24 Wales 33 10 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2012 - 12 - 01 England 21 38 Twickenham Stadium London England 2013 - 06 - 08 France 23 13 Eden Park Auckland 2013 - 06 - 15 France 30 0 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2013 - 06 - 22 France 24 9 Yarrow Stadium New Plymouth 2013 - 08 - 17 Australia 47 29 ANZ Stadium Sydney 2013 - 08 - 24 Australia 27 16 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2013 - 09 - 07 Argentina 28 13 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2013 - 09 - 14 South Africa 29 15 Eden Park Auckland 2013 - 09 - 28 Argentina 33 15 Estadio Ciudad de La Plata La Plata 2013 - 10 - 05 South Africa 38 27 Ellis Park Johannesburg 2013 - 10 - 19 Australia 41 33 Forsyth Barr Stadium Dunedin 2013 - 11 - 02 Japan 54 6 Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium Tokyo 2013 - 11 - 09 France 26 19 Stade de France Saint - Denis 2013 - 11 - 16 England 30 22 Twickenham London 2013 - 11 - 24 Ireland 24 22 Aviva Stadium Dublin 2014 - 06 - 07 England 20 15 Eden Park Auckland 2014 - 06 - 14 England 28 27 Forsyth Barr Stadium Dunedin 2014 - 06 - 21 England 36 13 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2014 - 08 - 16 Australia 12 12 ANZ Stadium Sydney Draw 2014 - 08 - 23 Australia 51 20 Eden Park Auckland 2014 - 09 - 06 Argentina 28 9 McLean Park Napier 2014 - 09 - 13 South Africa 14 10 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2014 - 09 - 28 Argentina 34 13 Estadio Ciudad de La Plata La Plata 2014 - 10 - 04 South Africa 25 27 Ellis Park Johannesburg South Africa 2014 - 10 - 18 Australia 29 28 Suncorp Stadium Brisbane 2014 - 11 - 01 United States 74 6 Soldier Field Chicago 2014 - 11 - 08 England 24 21 Twickenham London 2014 - 11 - 15 Scotland 24 16 Murrayfield Edinburgh 2014 - 11 - 22 Wales 34 16 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2015 - 07 - 08 Samoa 25 16 Apia Park Apia 2015 - 07 - 17 Argentina 39 18 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2015 - 07 - 25 South Africa 27 20 Emirates Airline Park Johannesburg 2015 - 08 - 08 Australia 19 27 ANZ Stadium Sydney Australia 2015 - 08 - 15 Australia 41 13 Eden Park Auckland 2015 - 09 - 20 Argentina 26 16 Wembley Stadium London 2015 - 09 - 24 Namibia 58 14 Olympic Park London 2015 - 10 - 02 Georgia 43 10 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2015 - 10 - 09 Tonga 47 9 St James ' Park Newcastle 2015 - 10 - 17 France 62 13 Millennium Stadium Cardiff 2015 - 10 - 24 South Africa 20 18 Twickenham London 2015 - 10 - 31 Australia 34 17 Twickenham London 2016 - 06 - 11 Wales 39 21 Eden Park Auckland 2016 - 06 - 18 Wales 36 22 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2016 - 06 - 25 Wales 46 6 Forsyth Barr Stadium Dunedin 2016 - 08 - 20 Australia 42 8 ANZ Stadium Sydney 2016 - 08 - 27 Australia 29 9 Westpac Stadium Wellington 2016 - 09 - 10 Argentina 57 22 Waikato Stadium Hamilton 2016 - 09 - 17 South Africa 41 13 AMI Stadium Christchurch 2016 - 10 - 01 Argentina 36 17 José Amalfitani Stadium Buenos Aires 2016 - 10 - 08 South Africa 57 15 Kings Park Stadium Durban 2016 - 10 - 22 Australia 37 10 Eden Park Auckland 2016 - 11 - 05 Ireland 29 40 Soldier Field Chicago Ireland 2016 - 11 - 12 Italy 68 10 Stadio Olimpico Rome 2016 - 11 - 19 Ireland 21 9 Aviva Stadium Dublin 2016 - 11 - 26 France 24 19 Stade de France Saint - Denis 2017 - 06 - 16 Samoa 78 0 Eden Park Auckland 2017 - 06 - 24 British and Irish Lions 30 15 Eden Park Auckland 2017 - 07 - 01 British and Irish Lions 21 24 Westpac Stadium Wellington Lions 2017 - 07 - 08 British and Irish Lions 15 15 Eden Park Auckland Draw 2017 - 08 - 19 Australia 54 34 ANZ Stadium Sydney 2017 - 08 - 26 Australia 35 29 Forsyth Barr Stadium Dunedin 2017 - 09 - 09 Argentina 39 22 Yarrow Stadium New Plymouth 2017 - 09 - 16 South Africa 57 0 North Harbour Stadium Albany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statsguru Team analysis New Zealand - Test matches '' . ESPN Scrum . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Zealand_rugby_union_Test_matches&oldid=800894267 '' Categories : New Zealand national rugby union team Lists of national rugby union team results New Zealand rugby union lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 10 : 22 . About Wikipedia	when was the last time new zealand lost 2 games in a row	[]	[]
7813816823169461049	Mississippi River	Mississippi River - wikipedia Mississippi River Jump to : navigation , search For a different river in Canada , see Mississippi River ( Ontario ) . For other uses of `` Mississippi '' , see Mississippi ( disambiguation ) . Mississippi River Ojibwe : Misi - ziibi , Dakota : Mníšošethąka , Myaamia : Mihsi - siipiiwi , Cheyenne : Ma'xeé'ometāā'e , Kiowa : Xósáu , Arapaho : Beesniicie , Pawnee : Kickaátit Mississippi River near Fire Point in Effigy Mounds National Monument , Iowa Name origin : Ojibwe word misi - ziibi , meaning `` Great River '' , or gichi - ziibi , meaning `` Big River '' Nickname : `` Old Man River '' Country United States States Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , Louisiana Tributaries - left St. Croix River , Wisconsin River , Rock River , Illinois River , Kaskaskia River , Ohio River - right Minnesota River , Des Moines River , Missouri River , White River , Arkansas River Cities Minneapolis , MN , St. Paul , MN , La Crosse , WI , Quad Cities , IA / IL , St. Louis , MO , Memphis , TN , Baton Rouge , LA , New Orleans , LA Source Lake Itasca - location Itasca State Park , Clearwater County , MN - elevation 1,475 ft ( 450 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 14 ′ 23 '' N 95 ° 12 ′ 27 '' W / 47.23972 ° N 95.20750 ° W / 47.23972 ; - 95.20750 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Pilottown , Plaquemines Parish , LA - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Coordinates : 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Length 2,320 mi ( 3,734 km ) Basin 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,981,076 km ) Discharge for mouth ; max and min at Baton Rouge , LA - average 593,000 cu ft / s ( 16,792 m / s ) - max 3,065,000 cu ft / s ( 86,791 m / s ) - min 159,000 cu ft / s ( 4,502 m / s ) Mississippi River basin The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . Flowing entirely in the United States ( although its drainage basin reaches into Canada ) , it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river in the world by discharge . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries . Most were hunter - gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country , which resulted in the river 's storied steamboat era . During the American Civil War , the Mississippi 's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory due to the river 's importance as a route of trade and travel , not least to the Confederacy . Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats , the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees , locks and dams , often built in combination . Since modern development of the basin began , the Mississippi has also seen its share of pollution and environmental problems -- most notably large volumes of agricultural runoff , which has led to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone off the Delta . In recent years , the river has shown a steady shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta ; a course change would be an economic disaster for the port city of New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and significance 2 Physical geography 2.1 Divisions 2.1. 1 Upper Mississippi 2.1. 2 Middle Mississippi 2.1. 3 Lower Mississippi 2.2 Watershed 2.3 Outflow 2.4 Course changes 2.4. 1 Prehistoric courses 2.4. 2 Historic course changes 2.5 New Madrid Seismic Zone 3 Cultural geography 3.1 State boundaries 3.2 Communities along the river 3.3 Bridge crossings 4 Navigation and flood control 4.1 19th century 4.2 20th century 4.3 21st century 5 History 5.1 Native Americans 5.2 European exploration 5.3 Colonization 5.4 Steamboat era 5.5 Civil War 5.6 20th and 21st centuries 5.7 Future 6 Recreation 7 Ecology 7.1 Fish 7.2 Other fauna 7.3 Introduced species 8 Cultural references 8.1 Literature 8.2 Music 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Name and significance ( edit ) The word itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . In the 18th century , the river was the primary western boundary of the young United States , and since the country 's expansion westward , the Mississippi River has been widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern , Southern , and Midwestern United States , and the Western United States . This is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase `` Trans - Mississippi '' as used in the name of the Trans - Mississippi Exposition . It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it , such as `` the highest peak east of the Mississippi '' or `` the oldest city west of the Mississippi '' . The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast callsigns , which begin with W to the east and K to the west , mixing together in media markets along the river . Physical geography ( edit ) The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of the river itself , its watershed , its outflow , its prehistoric and historic course changes , and possibilities of future course changes . The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy . These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands . Divisions ( edit ) The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections : the Upper Mississippi , the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River ; the Middle Mississippi , which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River ; and the Lower Mississippi , which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico . Upper Mississippi ( edit ) The beginning of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca ( 2004 ) Mississippi head of navigation , St. Anthony Falls Confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers , viewed from Wyalusing State Park in Wisconsin The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri . It is divided into two sections : The headwaters , 493 miles ( 793 km ) from the source to Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; and A navigable channel , formed by a series of man - made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis , Missouri , some 664 miles ( 1,069 km ) . The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca , 1,475 feet ( 450 m ) above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County , Minnesota . The name `` Itasca '' was chosen to designate the `` true head '' of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth ( veritas ) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head ( caput ) . However , the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams . From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis , Missouri , the waterway 's flow is moderated by 43 dams . Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes , including power generation and recreation . The remaining 29 dams , beginning in downtown Minneapolis , all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river . Taken as a whole , these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river . Beginning just below Saint Paul , Minnesota , and continuing throughout the upper and lower river , the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river 's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks . The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids , Minnesota . Before it was built in 1913 , steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud , Minnesota , depending on river conditions . The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis . Above the dam , the river 's elevation is 799 feet ( 244 m ) . Below the dam , the river 's elevation is 750 feet ( 230 m ) . This 49 - foot ( 15 m ) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams . The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete . Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River . The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall . After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963 , the river 's head of navigation moved upstream , to the Coon Rapids Dam . However , the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp , making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river . The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes , with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish , near Grand Rapids , Minnesota , over 11 miles ( 18 km ) across . Lake Onalaska , created by Lock and Dam No. 7 , near La Crosse , Wisconsin , is more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) wide . Lake Pepin , a natural lake formed behind the delta of the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi , is more than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide . By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul , Minnesota , below Lock and Dam No. 1 , it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet ( 209 m ) above sea level . From St. Paul to St. Louis , Missouri , the river elevation falls much more slowly , and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams . The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities ; the St. Croix River near Prescott , Wisconsin ; the Cannon River near Red Wing , Minnesota ; the Zumbro River at Wabasha , Minnesota ; the Black , La Crosse , and Root rivers in La Crosse , Wisconsin ; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin ; the Rock River at the Quad Cities ; the Iowa River near Wapello , Iowa ; the Skunk River south of Burlington , Iowa ; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota , the Chippewa River in Wisconsin , the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa , and the Illinois River in Illinois . The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands . From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque , Iowa , the river is entrenched , with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side . The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque , though they are still significant through Savanna , Illinois . This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi , which is a meandering river in a broad , flat area , only rarely flowing alongside a bluff ( as at Vicksburg , Mississippi ) . The confluence of the Mississippi ( left ) and Ohio ( right ) rivers at Cairo , Illinois , the demarcation between the Middle and the Lower Mississippi River Middle Mississippi ( edit ) The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River 's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri , for 190 miles ( 310 km ) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . The Middle Mississippi is relatively free - flowing . From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence , the Middle Mississippi falls 220 feet ( 67 m ) over 180 miles ( 290 km ) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile ( 23 cm / km ) . At its confluence with the Ohio River , the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet ( 96 m ) above sea level . Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois , no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River . Lower Mississippi ( edit ) Lower Mississippi River near New Orleans The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico , a distance of about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) . At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi , the long - term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo , Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second ( 7,970 cubic metres per second ) , while the long - term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes , Illinois ( just upriver from Cairo ) is 208,200 cu ft / s ( 5,900 m / s ) . Thus , by volume , the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River ( and the Allegheny River further upstream ) , rather than the Middle Mississippi . In addition to the Ohio River , the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River , flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas ; the Arkansas River , joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post ; the Big Black River in Mississippi ; and the Yazoo River , meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in width in several places . Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River , with 30 % of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route , rather than continuing down the Mississippi 's current channel past Baton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf . Although the Red River is commonly thought to be a tributary , it is actually not , because its water flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River . Watershed ( edit ) Map of the Mississippi River watershed . Play media An animation of the flows along the rivers of the Mississippi watershed . See also : List of drainage basins by area The Mississippi River has the world 's fourth - largest drainage basin ( `` watershed '' or `` catchment '' ) . The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles ( 3,220,000 km ) , including all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico , part of the Atlantic Ocean . The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40 % of the landmass of the continental United States . The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains , Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) . Sequence of NASA MODIS images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi ( arrows ) into the Gulf of Mexico ( 2004 ) In the United States , the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains , except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North ; to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River ; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande , the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers , the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers , and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf . The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles ( 160 km ) downstream from New Orleans . Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat , but the United States Geological Survey 's number is 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days . Outflow ( edit ) The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second ( 7,000 -- 20,000 m / s ) . Although it is the fifth - largest river in the world by volume , this flow is a small fraction of the output of the Amazon , which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second ( 200,000 m / s ) during wet seasons . On average , the Mississippi has only 8 % the flow of the Amazon River . Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately . The images from NASA 's MODIS ( to the right ) show a large plume of fresh water , which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter - blue surrounding waters . These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately . Instead , it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico , into the Straits of Florida , and entered the Gulf Stream . The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS . Before 1900 , the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico . During the last two decades , this number was only 145 million metric tons per year . The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi , Missouri , and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams , meander cutoffs , river - training structures , and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them . Course changes ( edit ) Over geologic time , the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course , as well as additions , deletions , and other changes among its numerous tributaries , and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region . Through a natural process known as avulsion or delta switching , the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so . This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment begin to clog its channel , raising the river 's level and causing it to eventually find a steeper , more direct route to the Gulf of Mexico . The abandoned distributaries diminish in volume and form what are known as bayous . This process has , over the past 5,000 years , caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance toward the Gulf from 15 to 50 miles ( 24 to 80 km ) . The currently active delta lobe is called the Birdfoot Delta , after its shape , or the Balize Delta , after La Balize , Louisiana , the first French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi . Prehistoric courses ( edit ) The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age . The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present - day United States and Mississippi basin . When the ice sheet began to recede , hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited , creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley . During the melt , giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed , creating such features as the Minnesota River , James River , and Milk River valleys . When the ice sheet completely retreated , many of these `` temporary '' rivers found paths to Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean , leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features `` oversized '' for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period . Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present , blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island , Illinois , diverting it to its present channel farther to the west , the current western border of Illinois . The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin , Illinois . South of Hennepin , to Alton , Illinois , the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage . View along the former riverbed at the Tennessee / Arkansas state line near Reverie , Tennessee ( 2007 ) Timeline of outflow course changes c. 5000 BC : The last Ice Age ended ; world sea level became what it is now . c. 2500 BC : Bayou Teche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 800 BC : The Mississippi diverted further east . c. 200 AD : Bayou Lafourche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 1000 AD : The Mississippi 's present course took over . Before c. 1400 AD : The Red River of the South flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea 15th century : Turnbull 's Bend in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South . The Red River below the captured section became the Atchafalaya River . 1831 : Captain Henry M. Shreve dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull 's Bend . 1833 to November 1873 : The Great Raft ( a huge logjam in the Atchafalaya River ) was cleared . The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course . 1963 : The Old River Control Structure was completed , controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya . Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding ( article in Popular Archaeology periodical ) Historic course changes ( edit ) In March 1876 , the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of Reverie , Tennessee , leaving a small part of Tipton County , Tennessee , attached to Arkansas and separated from the rest of Tennessee by the new river channel . Since this event was an avulsion , rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition , the state line still follows the old channel . The town of Kaskaskia , Illinois once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia ( Okaw ) Rivers . Founded as a French colonial community , it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819 . Beginning in 1844 , successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east . A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles of the Kaskaskia River , forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state . Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town , including the original State House . Today , the remaining 2,300 acre island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side . New Madrid Seismic Zone ( edit ) The New Madrid Seismic Zone , along the Mississippi River near New Madrid , Missouri , between Memphis and St. Louis , is related to an aulacogen ( failed rift ) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico . This area is still quite active seismically . Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area , and were felt in many other places in the midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river . Cultural geography ( edit ) State boundaries ( edit ) The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states , from Minnesota to Louisiana , and was used to define portions of these states ' borders , with Wisconsin , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Mississippi along the east side of the river , and Iowa , Missouri , and Arkansas along its west side . Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river , although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states . In all of these cases , the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states . In various areas , the river has since shifted , but the state borders have not changed , still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment , leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel , contiguous with the adjacent state . Also , due to a meander in the river , a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee , but isolated from the rest of its state . Lake Pepin , the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi , is part of the Minnesota -- Wisconsin border . The Mississippi River in downtown Baton Rouge Communities along the River ( edit ) Metro Area Population Minneapolis - Saint Paul 3,615,901 St. Louis 2,916,447 Memphis 1,316,100 New Orleans 1,214,932 Baton Rouge 802,484 Quad Cities , IA - IL 382,630 St. Cloud , MN 189,148 La Crosse , WI 133,365 Cape Girardeau -- Jackson MO - IL 96,275 Dubuque , IA 93,653 In Minnesota , the Mississippi River runs through the Twin Cities ( 2007 ) Community of boathouses on the Mississippi River in Winona , MN ( 2006 ) The Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks just north of St. Louis ( 2005 ) Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below ; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river . They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end . Bemidji , Minnesota Grand Rapids , Minnesota Jacobson , Minnesota Palisade , Minnesota Aitkin , Minnesota Riverton , Minnesota Brainerd , Minnesota Fort Ripley , Minnesota Little Falls , Minnesota Sartell , Minnesota St. Cloud , Minnesota Monticello , Minnesota Anoka , Minnesota Coon Rapids , Minnesota Brooklyn Park , Minnesota Brooklyn Center , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Nininger , Minnesota Hastings , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin Prairie Island , Minnesota Diamond Bluff , Wisconsin Red Wing , Minnesota Hager City , Wisconsin Maiden Rock , Wisconsin Stockholm , Wisconsin Lake City , Minnesota Maple Springs , Minnesota Camp Lacupolis , Minnesota Pepin , Wisconsin Reads Landing , Minnesota Wabasha , Minnesota Nelson , Wisconsin Alma , Wisconsin Buffalo City , Wisconsin Weaver , Minnesota Minneiska , Minnesota Fountain City , Wisconsin Winona , Minnesota Homer , Minnesota Trempealeau , Wisconsin Dakota , Minnesota Dresbach , Minnesota La Crescent , Minnesota La Crosse , Wisconsin Brownsville , Minnesota Stoddard , Wisconsin Genoa , Wisconsin Victory , Wisconsin Potosi , Wisconsin De Soto , Wisconsin Lansing , Iowa Ferryville , Wisconsin Lynxville , Wisconsin Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin Marquette , Iowa McGregor , Iowa Wyalusing , Wisconsin Guttenberg , Iowa Cassville , Wisconsin Dubuque , Iowa Galena , Illinois Bellevue , Iowa Savanna , Illinois Sabula , Iowa Fulton , Illinois Clinton , Iowa Cordova , Illinois Port Byron , Illinois LeClaire , Iowa Rapids City , Illinois Hampton , Illinois Bettendorf , Iowa East Moline , Illinois Moline , Illinois Davenport , Iowa Rock Island , Illinois Buffalo , Iowa Muscatine , Iowa New Boston , Illinois Keithsburg , Illinois Oquawka , Illinois Burlington , Iowa Dallas City , Illinois Fort Madison , Iowa Nauvoo , Illinois Keokuk , Iowa Warsaw , Illinois Quincy , Illinois Hannibal , Missouri Louisiana , Missouri Clarksville , Missouri Grafton , Illinois Portage Des Sioux , Missouri Alton , Illinois St. Louis , Missouri Ste . Genevieve , Missouri Kaskaskia , Illinois Chester , Illinois Grand Tower , Illinois Cape Girardeau , Missouri Thebes , Illinois Commerce , Missouri Cairo , Illinois Wickliffe , Kentucky Columbus , Kentucky Hickman , Kentucky New Madrid , Missouri Tiptonville , Tennessee Caruthersville , Missouri Osceola , Arkansas Reverie , Tennessee Memphis , Tennessee West Memphis , Arkansas Tunica , Mississippi Helena - West Helena , Arkansas Napoleon , Arkansas ( historical ) Arkansas City , Arkansas Greenville , Mississippi Vicksburg , Mississippi Waterproof , Louisiana Natchez , Mississippi Morganza , Louisiana St. Francisville , Louisiana New Roads , Louisiana Baton Rouge , Louisiana Donaldsonville , Louisiana Lutcher , Louisiana Destrehan , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Pilottown , Louisiana La Balize , Louisiana ( historical ) Bridge crossings ( edit ) See also : List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River and List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River The Stone Arch Bridge , the Third Avenue Bridge and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis ( 2004 ) The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert , through which the river ( locally named `` Nicolet Creek '' ) flows north from Lake Nicolet under `` Wilderness Road '' to the West Arm of Lake Itasca , within Itasca State Park . The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855 . It spanned the river in Minneapolis , Minnesota where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located . No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River . The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856 . It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport , Iowa . Steamboat captains of the day , fearful of competition from the railroads , considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation . Two weeks after the bridge opened , the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge , setting it on fire . Legal proceedings ensued , with Abraham Lincoln defending the railroad . The lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States , which ruled in favor of the railroad . Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance , with their cities or locations . They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi 's source to the Lower Mississippi 's mouth . Stone Arch Bridge -- Former Great Northern Railway ( now pedestrian ) bridge at Saint Anthony Falls connecting downtown Minneapolis with the historic Marcy - Holmes neighborhood . I - 35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge -- In Minneapolis , opened in September 2008 , replacing the I - 35W Mississippi River bridge which had collapsed catastrophically on August 1 , 2007 , killing 13 and injuring over 100 . Eisenhower Bridge ( Mississippi River ) -- In Red Wing , Minnesota , opened by Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1960 . I - 90 Mississippi River Bridge -- Connects La Crosse , Wisconsin , and Winona County , Minnesota , located just south of Lock and Dam No. 7 . Black Hawk Bridge -- Connects Lansing in Allamakee County , Iowa and rural Crawford County , Wisconsin ; locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge and documented in the Historic American Engineering Record . The Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge ( 2004 ) Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge -- Connects Dubuque , Iowa , and Grant County , Wisconsin . Julien Dubuque Bridge -- Joins the cities of Dubuque , Iowa , and East Dubuque , Illinois ; listed in the National Register of Historic Places . Savanna - Sabula Bridge -- A truss bridge and causeway connecting the city of Savanna , Illinois , and the island city of Sabula , Iowa . The bridge carries U.S. Highway 52 over the river , and is the terminus of both Iowa Highway 64 and Illinois Route 64 . Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge -- A 4 - lane steel girder bridge that carries Interstate 80 and connects LeClaire , Iowa , and Rapids City , Illinois . Completed in 1966 . I - 74 Bridge -- Connects Bettendorf , Iowa , and Moline , Illinois ; originally known as the Iowa - Illinois Memorial Bridge . Government Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois and Davenport , Iowa , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 15 ; the fourth crossing in this vicinity , built in 1896 . Rock Island Centennial Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1940 . Sergeant John F. Baker , Jr . Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1973 . Norbert F. Beckey bridge at Muscatine , Iowa , with LED lighting Norbert F. Beckey Bridge -- Connects Muscatine , Iowa , and Rock Island County , Illinois ; became first U.S. bridge to be illuminated with light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights decoratively illuminating the facade of the bridge . Great River Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting Burlington , Iowa , to Gulf Port , Illinois . Fort Madison Toll Bridge -- Connects Fort Madison , Iowa , and unincorporated Niota , Illinois ; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge ; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River . Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1999 . Keokuk -- Hamilton Bridge -- Connects Keokuk , Iowa and Hamilton , Illinois ; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge . Bayview Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge bringing westbound U.S. Highway 24 over the river , connecting the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois . Quincy Memorial Bridge -- Connects the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois , carrying eastbound U.S. 24 , the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges . Clark Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting West Alton , Missouri , and Alton , Illinois , also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program , Nova ; built in 1994 , carrying U.S. Route 67 across the river . This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area , replacing the Old Clark Bridge , a truss bridge built in 1928 , named after explorer William Clark . The Chain of Rocks Bridge at St. Louis , Missouri Chain of Rocks Bridge -- Located on the northern edge of St. Louis , notable for a 22 - degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing , necessary for navigation on the river ; formerly used by U.S. Route 66 to cross the Mississippi . Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by a nearby pair of new bridges ; now a pedestrian bridge . Eads Bridge -- A combined road and railway bridge , connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis , Illinois . When completed in 1874 , it was the longest arch bridge in the world , with an overall length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) . The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring , as was the use of steel as a primary structural material ; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project . Chester Bridge -- A truss bridge connecting Route 51 in Missouri with Illinois Route 150 , between Perryville , Missouri , and Chester , Illinois . The bridge can be seen in the beginning of the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . In the 1940s , the main span was destroyed by a tornado . Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge -- Connecting Cape Girardeau , Missouri and East Cape Girardeau , Illinois , completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights . Caruthersville Bridge -- A single tower cantilever bridge carrying Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412 across the Mississippi River between Caruthersville , Missouri and Dyersburg , Tennessee . The Hernando de Soto Bridge in Memphis , Tennessee ( 2009 ) Hernando de Soto Bridge -- A through arch bridge carrying Interstate 40 across the Mississippi between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Harahan Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying two rail lines of the Union Pacific Railroad across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Frisco Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying a rail line across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee , previously known as the Memphis Bridge . When it opened on May 12 , 1892 , it was the first crossing of the Lower Mississippi and the longest span in the U.S. Listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark . Memphis & Arkansas Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying Interstate 55 between Memphis and West Memphis ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Helena Bridge Greenville Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Old Vicksburg Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Natchez - Vidalia Bridge John James Audubon Bridge -- The second - longest cable - stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere ; connects Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes in Louisiana . It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez . This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011 , due to the 2011 floods . Huey P. Long Bridge -- A truss cantilever bridge carrying US 190 ( Airline Highway ) and one rail line between East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana . Horace Wilkinson Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying six lanes of Interstate 10 between Baton Rouge and Port Allen in Louisiana . It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River . Sunshine Bridge Gramercy Bridge Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge Huey P. Long Bridge -- In Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana . Crescent City Connection -- Connects the east and west banks of New Orleans , Louisiana ; the fifth - longest cantilever bridge in the world . Navigation and flood Control ( edit ) Main article : List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River Towboat and barges at Memphis , Tennessee Ships on the lower part of the Mississippi A clear channel is needed for the barges and other vessels that make the main stem Mississippi one of the great commercial waterways of the world . The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , which was established in 1802 . Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags , close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and sandbars . Steamboats entered trade in the 1820s , so the period 1830 -- 1850 became the golden age of steamboats . As there were few roads or rails in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase , river traffic was an ideal solution . Cotton , timber and food came down the river , as did Appalachian coal . The port of New Orleans boomed as it was the trans - shipment point to deep sea ocean vessels . As a result , the image of the twin stacked , wedding cake Mississippi steamer entered into American mythology . Steamers worked the entire route from the trickles of Montana , to the Ohio River ; down the Missouri and Tennessee , to the main channel of the Mississippi . Only with the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s did steamboat traffic diminish . Steamboats remained a feature until the 1920s . Most have been superseded by pusher tugs . A few survive as icons -- the Delta Queen and the River Queen for instance . Oil tanker on the Lower Mississippi near the Port of New Orleans Barge on the Lower Mississippi River A series of 29 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi , most of which were built in the 1930s , is designed primarily to maintain a 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel for commercial barge traffic . The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing . The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it . No flood control is intended . During periods of high flow , the gates , some of which are submersible , are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function . Below St. Louis , the Mississippi is relatively free - flowing , although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams . On the lower Mississippi , from Baton Rouge to the mouth of the Mississippi , the navigation depth is 45 feet ( 14 m ) , allowing container ships and cruise ships to dock at the Port of New Orleans and bulk cargo ships shorter than 150 - foot ( 46 m ) air draft that fit under the Huey P. Long Bridge to traverse the Mississippi to Baton Rouge . There is a feasibility study to dredge this portion of the river to 50 feet ( 15 m ) to allow New Panamax ship depths . 19th century ( edit ) Lock and Dam No. 11 , north of Dubuque , Iowa ( 2007 ) In 1829 , there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi , the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids , where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock . The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles ( 18 km ) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline , Illinois . Both rapids were considered virtually impassable . In 1848 , the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built to connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan via the Illinois River near Peru , Illinois . The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways . In 1900 , the canal was replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . The second canal , in addition to shipping , also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues ( typhoid fever , cholera and other waterborne diseases ) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan . The Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5 - foot - deep ( 1.5 m ) channel at the Des Moines Rapids , but work did not begin until after Lieutenant Robert E. Lee endorsed the project in 1837 . The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids . By 1866 , it had become evident that excavation was impractical , and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids . The canal opened in 1877 , but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle . In 1878 , Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4.5 - foot - deep ( 1.4 m ) channel to be obtained by building wing dams which direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel , by closing secondary channels and by dredging . The channel project was complete when the Moline Lock , which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids , opened in 1907 . To improve navigation between St. Paul , Minnesota , and Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area , including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama . The dams , which were built beginning in the 1880s , stored spring run - off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota ( 2007 ) Lock and Dam No. 15 , is the largest roller dam in the world Davenport , Iowa ; Rock Island , Illinois . ( 1990 ) 20th century ( edit ) In 1907 , Congress authorized a 6 - foot - deep ( 1.8 m ) channel project on the Mississippi , which was not complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel project . In 1913 , construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk , Iowa , the first dam below St. Anthony Falls . Built by a private power company ( Union Electric Company of St. Louis ) to generate electricity ( originally for streetcars in St. Louis ) , the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro - electric plants in the world at the time . The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids . Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1917 . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota , was completed in 1930 . Before the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Corps 's primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river . It was thought that the river 's velocity would scour off bottom sediments , deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding . The 1927 flood proved this to be so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to create their own levee breaks to relieve the force of the rising river . The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) channel project , which called for a navigation channel 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) feet deep and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide to accommodate multiple - barge tows . This was achieved by a series of locks and dams , and by dredging . Twenty - three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence . Formation of the Atchafalaya River and construction of the Old River Control Structure . Project design flood flow capacity for the Mississippi river in thousands of cubic feet per second . Until the 1950s , there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois . Chain of Rocks Lock ( Lock and Dam No. 27 ) , which consists of a low - water dam and an 8.4 - mile - long ( 13.5 km ) canal , was added in 1953 , just below the confluence with the Missouri River , primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis . It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water . U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico . Eventually the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico , leaving New Orleans on a side channel . As a result , the U.S. Congress authorized a project called the Old River Control Structure , which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans . Because the large scale of high - energy water flow threatened to damage the structure , an auxiliary flow control station was built adjacent to the standing control station . This $300 million project was completed in 1986 by the Corps of Engineers . Beginning in the 1970s , the Corps applied hydrological transport models to analyze flood flow and water quality of the Mississippi . Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois , which had structural problems , was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990 . The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished . A low - water dam deepens the pool above the Chain of Rocks Lock near St. Louis ( 2006 ) Soldiers of the Missouri Army National Guard sandbag the River in Clarksville , Missouri , June 2008 , following flooding . 21st century ( edit ) The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes , as well as route part of the Mississippi 's flow into the Atchafalaya Basin and from there to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . The main structures are the Birds Point - New Madrid Floodway in Missouri ; the Old River Control Structure and the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana , which direct excess water down the west and east sides ( respectively ) of the Atchafalaya River ; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway , also in Louisiana , which directs floodwaters to Lake Pontchartrain ( see diagram ) . Some experts blame urban sprawl for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River . Some of the pre-1927 strategy is still in use today , with the Corps actively cutting the necks of horseshoe bends , allowing the water to move faster and reducing flood heights . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Main articles : Woodland period , Hopewell tradition , and Mississippian culture Monks Mound , a platform mound at the site of the Mississippian city of Cahokia . The area of the Mississippi River basin was first settled by hunting and gathering Native American peoples and is considered one of the few independent centers of plant domestication in human history . Evidence of early cultivation of sunflower , a goosefoot , a marsh elder and an indigenous squash dates to the 4th millennium BCE . The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BCE during what is now called the Woodland period , with increasing evidence of shelter construction , pottery , weaving and other practices . A network of trade routes referred to as the Hopewell interaction sphere was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 CE , spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes . A period of more isolated communities followed , and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters ( maize , beans and squash ) gradually came to dominate . After around 800 CE there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture , with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers . The most prominent of these , now called Cahokia , was occupied between about 600 and 1400 CE and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants , larger than London , England of that time . At the time of first contact with Europeans , Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed , and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress . Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne , Sioux , Ojibwe , Potawatomi , Ho - Chunk , Fox , Kickapoo , Tamaroa , Moingwena , Quapaw and Chickasaw . The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo - zaaga'igan ( Elk Lake ) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo - ziibi ( Elk River ) . After flowing into Lake Bemidji , the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag - ziibi ( River from the Traversing Lake ) . After flowing into Cass Lake , the name of the river changes to Gaa - miskwaawaakokaag - ziibi ( Red Cedar River ) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as Wiinibiigoonzhish - ziibi ( Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River ) , Gichi - ziibi ( Big River ) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River , then finally as Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River . After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft , the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi - ziibi was named `` Mississippi River '' . The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians , known as the Gichi - ziibiwininiwag , are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi - ziibi . The Cheyenne , one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River , called it the Máʼxe - éʼometaaʼe ( Big Greasy River ) in the Cheyenne language . The Arapaho name for the river is Beesniicíe . The Pawnee name is Kickaátit . The Mississippi was spelled Mississipi or Missisipi during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint - Louis . European exploration ( edit ) Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto A.D. 1541 by William Henry Powell depicts Hernando De Soto and Spanish Conquistadores seeing the Mississippi River for the first time . Ca . 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet 's 1673 expedition . On May 8 , 1541 , Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River , which he called Río del Espíritu Santo ( `` River of the Holy Spirit '' ) , in the area of what is now Mississippi . In Spanish , the river is called Río Mississippi . French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century . Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it Ne Tongo ( `` Big river '' in Sioux language ) in 1673 . Marquette proposed calling it the River of the Immaculate Conception . When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century , natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River . When he found the Chicago Portage , he remarked that a canal of `` only half a league '' ( less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , 3 km ) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes . In 1848 , the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River . This both accelerated the development , and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes . In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France , calling the river Colbert River after Jean - Baptiste Colbert and the region La Louisiane , for King Louis XIV . On March 2 , 1699 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi , following the death of La Salle . The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage . In 1718 , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) upriver , New Orleans was established along the river crescent by Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville , with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of Mobile , the capital of French Louisiana at the time . Colonization ( edit ) See also : Flood of 1851 A Home on the Mississippi ( 1871 ) Following Britain 's victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires . The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi . Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba , which the British occupied during the war . Britain then divided the territory into East and West Florida . Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) states , `` The navigation of the river Mississippi , from its source to the ocean , shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States '' . With this treaty , which ended the American Revolutionary War , Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain the Bahamas , which Spain had occupied during the war . In 1800 , under duress from Napoleon of France , Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France . When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803 , a dispute arose again between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida exactly had Spain ceded to France , which would in turn decide which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish property . These aspirations ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney 's Treaty in 1795 . France reacquired ' Louisiana ' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 . The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of War of 1812 when British forces mounted an attack on New Orleans -- the attack was repulsed by an American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson . In the Treaty of 1818 , the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel north . In effect , the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the Red River basin . So many settlers traveled westward through the Mississippi river basin , as well as settled in it , that Zadok Cramer wrote a guide book called The Navigator , detailing the features and dangers and navigable waterways of the area . It was so popular that he updated and expanded it through 12 editions over a period of 25 years . Shifting sand bars made early navigation difficult . The colonization of the area was barely slowed by the three earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , that were centered near New Madrid , Missouri . Steamboat era ( edit ) Main article : Steamboats of the Mississippi Mark Twain 's book , Life on the Mississippi , covered the steamboat commerce which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern ships replaced the steamer . The book was published first in serial form in Harper 's Weekly in seven parts in 1875 . The full version , including a passage from the then unfinished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors , was published by James R. Osgood & Company in 1885 . The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the New Orleans in December 1811 . Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811 -- 12 . The Upper Mississippi was treacherous , unpredictable and to make traveling worse , the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed . Until the 1840s only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats which suggests it was not very profitable . Steamboat transport remained a viable industry , both in terms of passengers and freight until the end of the first decade of the 20th century . Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted Anchor Line , which , from 1859 to 1898 , operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans . Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami , wrote about his journey on the Virginia , which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota . He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi . The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi , as well as the nature of travel itself . The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade . Civil War ( edit ) Battle of Vicksburg ( ca . 1888 ) Mississippi River from Eunice , Arkansas , a ghost town . Eunice was destroyed by gunboats during the Civil War . Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the American Civil War . In 1862 Union forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at Island Number 10 and Memphis , Tennessee , while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured New Orleans , Louisiana . The remaining major Confederate stronghold was on the heights overlooking the river at Vicksburg , Mississippi , and the Union 's Vicksburg Campaign ( December 1862 to July 1863 ) , and the fall of Port Hudson , completed control of the lower Mississippi River . The Union victory ending the Siege of Vicksburg on July 4 , 1863 , was pivotal to the Union 's final victory of the Civil War . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) See also : Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Great Flood of 1951 , and Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993 The `` Big Freeze '' of 1918 -- 19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis , Tennessee , preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois . This resulted in widespread shortages , high prices , and rationing of coal in January and February . In the spring of 1927 , the river broke out of its banks in 145 places , during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated 27,000 sq mi ( 70,000 km ) to a depth of up to 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . In 1962 and 1963 , industrial accidents spilled 3.5 million US gallons ( 13,000,000 L ) of soybean oil into the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers . The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin , creating an ecological disaster and a demand to control water pollution . On October 20 , 1976 , the automobile ferry , MV George Prince , was struck by a ship traveling upstream as the ferry attempted to cross from Destrehan , Louisiana , to Luling , Louisiana . Seventy - eight passengers and crew died ; only eighteen survived the accident . In 1988 , the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below zero on the Memphis gauge . The remains of wooden - hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres ( 18,000 m ) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis , Arkansas . They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The State of Arkansas , the Arkansas Archeological Survey , and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two - month data recovery effort . The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought . The Great Flood of 1993 was another significant flood , primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as American Heritage Rivers in 1997 : the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee , and the upper portion around Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota and Missouri . The Nature Conservancy 's project called `` America 's Rivershed Initiative '' announced a ' report card ' assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+ . The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems . Campsite at the river in Arkansas In 2002 , Slovenian long - distance swimmer Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river , from Minnesota to Louisiana , over the course of 68 days . In 2005 , the Source to Sea Expedition paddled the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to benefit the Audubon Society 's Upper Mississippi River Campaign . Future ( edit ) Geologists believe that the lower Mississippi could take a new course to the Gulf . Either of two new routes -- through the Atchafalaya Basin or through Lake Pontchartrain -- might become the Mississippi 's main channel if flood - control structures are overtopped or heavily damaged during a severe flood . Failure of the Old River Control Structure , the Morganza Spillway , or nearby levees would likely re-route the main channel of the Mississippi through Louisiana 's Atchafalaya Basin and down the Atchafalaya River to reach the Gulf of Mexico south of Morgan City in southern Louisiana . This route provides a more direct path to the Gulf of Mexico than the present Mississippi River channel through Baton Rouge and New Orleans . While the risk of such a diversion is present during any major flood event , such a change has so far been prevented by active human intervention involving the construction , maintenance , and operation of various levees , spillways , and other control structures by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The Old River Control Structure complex . View is to the east - southeast , looking downriver on the Mississippi , with the three dams across channels of the Atchafalaya River to the right of the Mississippi . Concordia Parish , Louisiana is in the foreground , on the right , and Wilkinson County , Mississippi , is in the background , across the Mississippi on the left . The Old River Control Structure , between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin , sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30 % of the Mississippi 's flow to the Atchafalaya River . There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi 's main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin . If this facility were to fail during a major flood , there is a strong concern the water would scour and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi 's main channel . The structure was nearly lost during the 1973 flood , but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play . In particular , the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity . These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973 , which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods , such as that of 2011 . Because the Morganza Spillway is slightly higher and well back from the river , it is normally dry on both sides . Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood , the flood waters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location . During the 2011 floods , the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1 / 4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 ft / sec of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream , this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system . Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure . Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated , `` The Mississippi wants to go west . 1973 was a forty - year flood . The big one lies out there somewhere -- when the structures ca n't release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way . That is when the river 's going to jump its banks and try to break through . '' Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans . This route is controlled by the Bonnet Carré Spillway , built to reduce flooding in New Orleans . This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 4 -- 6 meters ( 12 to 20 feet ) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new , shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico . Diversion of the Mississippi 's main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion , but to a lesser extent , since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area . Recreation ( edit ) Great River Road in Wisconsin near Lake Pepin ( 2005 ) The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin . Ralph Samuelson of Lake City , Minnesota , created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922 . He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year . There are seven National Park Service sites along the Mississippi River . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself . The other six National Park Service sites along the river are ( listed from north to south ) : Effigy Mounds National Monument Jefferson National Expansion Memorial ( includes Gateway Arch ) Vicksburg National Military Park Natchez National Historical Park New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Ecology ( edit ) The American paddlefish is an ancient relict from the Mississippi The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic fauna and has been called the `` mother fauna '' of North American fresh water . Fish ( edit ) About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin , far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate / subtropical regions , except the Yangtze . Within the Mississippi basin , streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species . Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics , as well as relicts such as paddlefish , sturgeon , gar and bowfin . Because of its size and high species diversity , the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions . The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species , including walleye , sauger , large mouth bass , small mouth bass , white bass , northern pike , bluegill , crappie , channel catfish , flathead catfish , common shiner , freshwater drum and shovelnose sturgeon . Other fauna ( edit ) In addition to fish , several species of turtles ( such as snapping , musk , mud , map , cooter , painted and softshell turtles ) , American alligator , aquatic amphibians ( such as hellbender , mudpuppy , three - toed amphiuma and lesser siren ) , and cambarid crayfish ( such as the red swamp crayfish ) are native to the Mississippi basin . Introduced species ( edit ) Numerous introduced species are found in the Mississippi and some of these are invasive . Among the introductions are fish such as Asian carp , including the silver carp that have become infamous for outcompeting native fish and their potentially dangerous jumping behavior . They have spread throughout much of the basin , even approaching ( but not yet invading ) the Great Lakes . The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species zebra mussels and Eurasian watermilfoil . Cultural references ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature ( edit ) William Faulkner uses the Mississippi River and Delta as the setting for many hunts throughout his novels . It has been proposed that in Faulkner 's famous story , The Bear , young Ike first begins his transformation into a man , thus relinquishing his birthright to land in Yoknapatawpha County through his realizations found within the woods surrounding the Mississippi River . Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River . One of his first major works , Life on the Mississippi , is in part a history of the river , in part a memoir of Twain 's experiences on the river , and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river . The river was noted for the number of bandits which called its islands and shores home , including John Murrell who was a well - known murderer , horse stealer and slave `` re-trader '' . His notoriety was such that author Twain devoted an entire chapter to him in Life on the Mississippi , and Murrell was rumored to have an island headquarters on the river at Island 37 . Twain 's most famous work , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , is largely a journey down the river . The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river having multiple different meanings including independence , escape , freedom , and adventure . Herman Melville 's novel The Confidence - Man portrayed a Canterbury Tales - style group of steamboat passengers whose interlocking stories are told as they travel down the Mississippi River . The novel is written both as cultural satire and a metaphysical treatise . Like Huckleberry Finn , it uses the Mississippi River as a metaphor for the larger aspects of American and human identity that unify the otherwise disparate characters . The river 's fluidity is reflected by the often shifting personalities and identities of Melville 's `` confidence man '' . Much of Edna Ferber 's 1926 novel Show Boat takes place on the Mississippi River . The novel is the basis for the celebrated 1927 musical play by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II . Music ( edit ) On The Mississippi , music sheet cover for a 1912 song The song `` When the Levee Breaks '' , made famous in the version performed by Led Zeppelin on the album Led Zeppelin IV , was composed by Memphis Minnie McCoy in 1929 after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 . Another song about the flood was `` Louisiana 1927 '' by Randy Newman for the album Good Old Boys . Ferde Grofé composed a set of movements for symphony orchestra entitled `` Mississippi Suite '' , based on the lands the river travels through . The stage and movie musical Show Boat 's central musical piece is the spiritual - influenced ballad `` Ol ' Man River '' . Its composer , Jerome Kern , also composed an orchestral piece entitled `` Mark Twain Suite '' . The musical Big River is based on the travels of Huckleberry Finn down the river . The Johnny Cash song `` Big River '' is about the Mississippi River , and about drifting the length of the river to pursue a relationship that fails . The places mentioned in the song are Saint Paul , Davenport , St. Louis , Memphis , Baton Rouge and New Orleans . `` Louisiana 1927 '' is a 1974 song written and recorded by Randy Newman on the album Good Old Boys . It tells the story of the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 which left 700,000 people homeless in Louisiana and Mississippi . Illinois - born singer Lissie has a song called Oh Mississippi dedicated to the river . `` Roll On Mississippi '' and `` Mississippi Cotton Picking Delta Town '' are two classics from Charley Pride that refer to the Mississippi River . The late Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn collaborated on the song `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' . Paul Simon mentions the river and the Mississippi Delta in his song `` Graceland '' . See also ( edit ) Atchafalaya Basin Capes on the Mississippi River Chemetco Great River Road List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Lists of crossings of the Mississippi River Mississippi embayment Mississippi River floods The Waterways Journal Weekly Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ decolonialatlas ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Headwaters of the Mississippi River in Ojibwe '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AISRI Dictionary Database Search Jump up ^ `` Myaamia Dictionary Search '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Cheyenne '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Kiowa '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ XML File of Arapaho Place Names Jump up ^ Southband Pawnee Dictionary Jump up ^ The United States Geological Survey recognizes two contrasting definitions of a river 's source.USGS.gov By the stricter definition , the Mississippi would share its source with its longest tributary , the Missouri , at Brower 's Spring in Montana . The other definition acknowledges `` somewhat arbitrary decisions '' and places the Mississippi 's source at Lake Itasca , which is publicly accepted as the source , USGS.gov and which had been identified as such by Brower himself.MT.gov Jump up ^ Kammerer , J.C. ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey Hydrological Unit Code : 08 - 09 - 01 - 00 - Lower Mississippi - New Orleans Watershed ^ Jump up to : `` Lengths of the major rivers '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ 2001 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Upper Mississippi River Navigation Chart Jump up ^ Middle Mississippi River Regional Corridor : Collaborative Planning Study ( July 2007 update ) . St. Louis , Missouri , USA : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , St. Louis District . 2007 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` MMRP : Middle Mississippi River Partnership '' . Middle Mississippi River Partnership . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frits van der Leeden , Fred L. Troise , David Keith Todd : The Water Encyclopedia , 2nd edition , p. 126 , Chelsea , Mich . ( Lewis Publishers ) , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 87371 - 120 - 3 Jump up ^ USGS stream gage 07022000 Mississippi River at Thebes , IL Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( February 23 , 1987 ) . `` The Control of Nature : Atchafalaya '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Republished in McPhee , John ( 1989 ) . The Control of Nature . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 12890 - 1 . Jump up ^ Angert , Joe and Isaac . `` Old River Control '' . The Mighty Mississippi River . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Includes map and pictures . Jump up ^ Kemp , Katherine ( January 6 , 2000 ) . `` The Mississippi Levee System and the Old River Control Structure '' . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi '' . nps.gov . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert , Colorado '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information about the Mississippi River '' . Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . National Park Service . 2004 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Wetland : Resource Center '' . Americaswetlandresources.com . November 4 , 1939 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrologie du bassin de l'Amazone '' ( PDF ) . Grands Bassins Fluviaux , Paris ( in French ) . November 22 -- 24 , 1993 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meade , R.H. , and J.A. Moody , 1984 , Causes for the decline of suspended - sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system , 1940 -- 2007 Hydrology Processes vol. 24 , pp. 35 -- 49 . Jump up ^ McKay , E.D. , 2007 , Six Rivers , Five Glaciers , and an Outburst Flood : the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River . ( PDF ) Proceedings of the 2007 Governor 's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System : Our continuing Commitment , 11th Biennial Conference , Oct. 2 -- 4 , 2007 , 11 p . Jump up ^ McKay , E.D. , and R.C. Berg , 2008 , Optical ages spanning two glacial - interglacial cycles from deposits of the ancient Mississippi River , north - central Illinois . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , Vol. 40 , No. 5 , p. 78 with Powerpoint presentation Jump up ^ The New Yorker : Atchalafaya , File : Geomorphology of Old River. jpg , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARKANSAS V. TENNESSEE , 246 U.S. 158 : : Volume 246 : : 1918 : : Full Text : : US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knopp , Lisa ( 2012 ) . What the river carries : encounters with the Mississippi , Missouri , and Platte . Columbia , Mo. : University Of Missouri Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1974 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` encyclopediaofarkansas.net '' . encyclopediaofarkansas.net. April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yale.edu `` Treaty of Friendship , Limits , and Navigation '' , Avalon project at the Yale Law School Jump up ^ Google Streetview image at 47.1938103 N , 95.2306761 W Jump up ^ Costello , Mary Charlotte ( 2002 ) . Climbing the Mississippi River Bridge by Bridge . Volume Two : Minnesota . Cambridge , Minnesota : Adventure Publications . ISBN 0 - 9644518 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Ross ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Hell Gate of the Mississippi : The Effie Afton Trial and Abraham Lincoln 's Role in It '' . The Annals of Iowa . 68 ( 3 ) : 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ `` US Army Corps of Engineers , Brief History '' . Usace.army.mil . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi River '' . USGS : Status and trends of the nation 's biological resources . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Waterway System Facts , December 2005 '' ( PDF ) . USACE Navigation Data Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Valley Trade & Transport Council '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corps to Study Lower Mississippi River Deepening Project -- International Dredging Review -- June 2015 '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mississippi and its Uses '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resource Management Section , Rock Island Engineers . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix E : Nine - foot navigation channel maintenance activities '' . National Park Service , Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Comprehensive Management Plan . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Mississippi River & Tributaries Project : Designing the Project Flood ( PDF ) . Information Paper . United States Army Corps of Engineers . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Old River Control Structure on the Lower Mississippi River '' . sjsu.edu . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Salter ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Levees among possible cause of more frequent flooding '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project '' . US Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Richerson , P.J. ; Boyd , R. ; Bettinger , R.L. ( 2001 ) . `` Was Agriculture Impossible During the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene ? A Climate Change Hypothesis '' . American Antiquity. 66 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 411 . doi : 10.2307 / 2694241 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippian Mounds '' . Sacred Land Film Project . Sacredland.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 2003 ) . `` Resettled Farmers and the Making of a Mississippian Polity '' . American Antiquity. 68 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 3557032 . Jump up ^ Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 1998 ) . `` Refiguring the Archaeology of Greater Cahokia '' . Journal of Archaeological Research . 6 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 89 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022839329522 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lynne P. ( 2001 ) . Archaeology of the Appalachian highlands . University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 142 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Yourdictionary.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gilfillan , Joseph A. , `` Minnesota Geographical Names Derived from the Chippewa Language '' in The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota : The Fifteenth Annual Report for the Year 1886 ( St. Paul : Pioneer Press Company , 1887 ) Jump up ^ `` English - Arapaho dictionary '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AISRI Dictionary Database Search -- prototype version . `` River '' , Southband Pawnee `` . American Indian Studies Research Institute . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bellin , Jacques - Nicolas ( 1703 -- 1772 ) Cartographe ; Dheulland , Guillaume ( 17 ? - 177 ) Graveur ; Charlevoix , Pierre - François - Xavier de ( 1682 -- 1761 ) Auteur du texte ( January 1 , 1744 ) . `` Carte de la Louisiane , cours du Mississipi et pais voisins ... / par Nicolas Bellin ... ; Dheulland sculpsit '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delisle , Guillaume ( 1675 -- 1726 ) Auteur du texte ( January 1 , 1718 ) . `` Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi. 100 lieues françoises ( = 0m. 092 ; 1 : 4.830. 000 environ ) . Dressé sur un grand nombre de mémoires entre autres sur ceux de M. Le Maire / par Guillaume Delisle de l'Académie Royale des Sciences '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fer , Nicolas de ( 1647 ? -- 1720 ) Cartographe ( January 1 , 1718 ) . `` Le cours du Mississipi ou de St Louis , fameuse rivière ... aux environs de laquelle se trouve le pays appellé Louisiane / dressée ... par N. de Fer '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NA - Watersheds. gif ( 3060x2660 pixels ) '' . cec.org . June 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jolliet and La Salle 's Canal Plans '' . Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois & Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor '' . Nps.gov . August 24 , 1984 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville '' ( bio ) , webpage from The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume VII , 1910 , New York : CathEn - 07614b . Jump up ^ `` Plan of New Orleans the Capital of Louisiana ; With the Disposition of Its Quarters and Canals as They Have Been Traced by Mr. de la Tour in the Year 1720 '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roseman , Curtis C. , and Elizabeth M. Roseman . Grand Excursions On The Upper Mississippi River : Places , Landscapes , And Regional Identity After 1854 . Iowa City : University Of Iowa Press , 2004 . eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas Ruys . River Of Dreams : Imagining The Mississippi Before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2007 . eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Missouri State University : The Big Freeze , 1918 -- 1919 '' . Semo.edu . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manulik , Joseph ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Mississippi River Oil Spill , 1962 -- 1963 '' . MNopedia . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ UA - WRI Research Station , Historical Archeology . `` Ghost Boats of the Mississippi '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi River Basin Receives D+ in First - Ever Report Card '' ( Press Release ) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Mississippi Valley Division . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . US Army Corps of Engineers website Jump up ^ `` Source to Sea '' . Source to Sea . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Mississippi River Campaign '' . National Audubon Society . 2006 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paddling the Mississippi River to Benefit the Audubon Society '' . Source to Sea : The Mississippi River Project . Source to Sea 2006 . 2006 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Controlling the Mighty Mississippi 's path to the sea '' . Americaswetlandresources.com . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Rising : Apocalypse Now ? ( April 28 , 2011 ) '' . Daily Impact . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will the Mississippi River change its course in 2011 to the red line ? '' . Mappingsupport . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jeff Masters ' WunderBlog : Mississippi River sets all - time flood records ; 2nd major spillway opens : Weather Underground '' . Wunderground.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contributing Op - Ed columnist . `` Floods are a reminder of the Mississippi River 's power : John Barry '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Morganza ready for flood The Advertiser '' . theadvertiser.com . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Estimated Inundation ( US Army Corps of Engineers ) Jump up ^ Mark Schleifstein , The Times - Picayune . `` Mississippi River flooding in New Orleans area could be massive if Morganza spillway stays closed '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( February 23 , 1987 ) . `` McPhee , The Control of Nature : Atchafalaya '' . Newyorker.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnet Carre Spillway , Norco , LA '' . Johnweeks.com. April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beginning '' . USA Water Ski.org. 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , W.J. ( 1998 ) . Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology . pp. 5 and 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ye , S. ; Li , Z. ; Liu , J ; , Zhang , T. ; and Xie , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Distribution , Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin , China '' . Ecosystems Biodiversity . pp. 41 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 417 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fish of the Mississippi River '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species of the Mississippi River '' . Jump up ^ Conant , R. ; and J.T. Collins ( 1998 ) . Reptiles and Amphibians , Eastern and Central North America . Peterson Field Guides ( 3 ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90452 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hobbs , H.H. , Jr. ( 1989 ) . `` An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes ( Decapoda : Astacidae , Cambaridae , and Parastacidae ) '' . Smithsonian Journal of Zoology. 480 : 1 -- 236 . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00810282.480 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Matheny , K. ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Invasive Asian carp less than 50 miles from Lake Michigan '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designation of Infested Waters '' . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Further reading ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen . The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation : From the Louisiana Purchase to Today ( National Geographical Society , 2002 ) heavily illustrated Anfinson , John O. ; Thomas Madigan ; Drew M. Forsberg ; Patrick Nunnally ( 2003 ) . The River of History : A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . St. Paul , MN : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District . OCLC 53911450 . Anfinson , John Ogden . Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi River ( US Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District , 1994 ) Bartlett , Richard A. ( 1984 ) . Rolling rivers : an encyclopedia of America 's rivers . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 003910 - 0 . OCLC 10807295 . Botkin , Benjamin Albert . A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore : stories , ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country ( 1984 ) . Carlander , Harriet Bell . A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River ( PhD Diss . Iowa State College , 1954 ) online ( PDF ) Daniel , Pete . Deep'n as it come : The 1927 Mississippi River flood ( University of Arkansas Press , 1977 ) Fremling , Calvin R. Immortal river : the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times ( U. of Wisconsin Press , 2005 ) , popular history Milner , George R . `` The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley : Foundations , florescence , and fragmentation . '' Journal of World Prehistory ( 1990 ) 4 # 1 pp : 1 -- 43 . Morris , Christopher . The Big Muddy : An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 300 pages ; links drought , disease , and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river . Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the world : a social , geographical , and environmental sourcebook . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 042 - 5 . OCLC 260075679 . Smith , Thomas Ruys ( 2007 ) . River of dreams : imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3233 - 3 . OCLC 182615621 . Scott , Quinta ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi : A Visual Biography . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1840 - 7 . OCLC 277196207 . Pasquier , Michael ( 2013 ) . Gods of the Mississippi . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2530 - 0806 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mississippi River . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mississippi River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mississippi River . Mississippi River , project of the American Land Conservancy Flood management in the Mississippi River Friends of the Mississippi River Mississippi River Challenge -- annual canoe & kayak event on the Twin Cities stretch Mississippi River Field Guide Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MN ) from the NPS Mississippi River Facts from the NPS `` Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' , from the digital library of Northern Illinois University Interactive detailed satellite photos and zoomable USGS topographic quad maps of the lower Mississippi , the alternative course for the river , and the various control structures and floodways Lower Mississippi Valley -- Engineering Geology Mapping Program -- PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries . Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Map `` Old Man River Loses His Kinks '' , April 1942 , Popular Science article on 1930 - 40s project to improve barge navigation between Helena and Natchez The short film `` The River ( 1938 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The River ( Part II ) ( 1937 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The Valley of the Giant : Mississippi River story '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive Geographic data related to Mississippi River at OpenStreetMap Roundtable discussion on Imagining the River , University of Minnesota , 2009 MRTIS -- Mississippi River Traffic Information System American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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-2448072056052456887	Croats	Croats - wikipedia Croats Jump to : navigation , search For the medieval Catalan currency , see Croat ( coin ) . For the 17th - century mobile light military forces , see Croats ( military unit ) . Croats Hrvati Oton Iveković : Arrival of Croats to the Adriatic Sea Total population c. 9 million Regions with significant populations Croatia 3,874,321 ( 2011 ) census Bosnia and Herzegovina 544,780 ( 2013 ) census Europe c. 5.5 million Germany 227,510 -- 350,000 ( est . ) Austria 150,719 ( 2001 ) Serbia 57,900 ( 2011 ) Switzerland 40,484 ( 2006 ) France 40,000 ( est . ) Slovenia 35,642 Sweden 35,000 ( est . ) Hungary 23,561 Italy 21,360 Netherlands 10,000 United Kingdom 6,992 Romania 6,786 Montenegro 6,021 Denmark 5,400 Norway 5,272 Slovakia 2,600 Czech Republic 2,490 North America c . 530,000 -- 2,500,000 United States 414,714 ( 2012 ) -- 1,200,000 ( est . ) Canada 114,880 South America c . 650,000 Chile 200,000 -- 380,000 Argentina 250,000 Brazil 20,000 ( est . ) Peru 6,000 Paraguay 5,000 Ecuador 4,000 Other c . 250,000 Australia 126,264 ( 2011 ) New Zealand 2,550 -- 60,000 ( 2006 est . ) South Africa 8,000 Languages Croatian Religion Predominantly Roman Catholicism Related ethnic groups Other South Slavs Croats ( / ˈkroʊæt , ˈkroʊɑːt / ; Croatian : Hrvati , pronounced ( xr̩ʋăːti ) ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group located at the crossroads of Central Europe and the Balkans . Croats mainly live in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , but are an officially recognized minority in Austria , Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Italy , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia , Slovenia , and Slovakia . Responding to political , social and economic pressure , many Croats have migrated throughout Europe ( especially Germany , Austria , Switzerland , France and Italy ) and the Americas ( particularly the United States , Canada , Argentina , and Chile ) , establishing a diaspora . Croats are mostly Roman Catholics . The Croatian language is official in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , as well as in the European Union , and is a recognised minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro , Austria ( Burgenland ) , Italy ( Molise ) , Romania ( Carașova , Lupac ) and Serbia ( Vojvodina ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formative Period 1.1. 1 The `` Dark Ages '' 1.1. 2 Croat ethnogenesis 1.1. 3 Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia 1.2 Early medieval age 1.2. 1 Pannonian Principality ( `` Savia '' ) 1.2. 2 Dalmatian Croats 1.3 Kingdom of Croatia 925 -- 1102 1.4 Personal union with Hungary ( 1102 -- 1918 ) 1.4. 1 Croatian national revival ( 1593 -- 1918 ) 1.5 Modern history ( 1918 -- present ) 2 Genetics 3 Language 4 Religion 5 Culture 5.1 Tradition 5.2 Arts 6 Symbols 7 Communities 7.1 Autochthonous communities and minorities 7.2 Diaspora 8 Maps 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of Croatia This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Formative period ( edit ) Main articles : Origin hypotheses of the Croats , White Croatia , and White Croats The `` dark Ages '' ( edit ) Evidence is rather scarce for the period between the 7th and 8th centuries , CE . Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal Dalmatia and Istria . In contrast , much of the Dinaric hinterland appears to have been depopulated , as virtually all hilltop settlements , from Noricum to Dardania , were abandoned ( only few appear destroyed ) in the early 7th century . Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements is still disputed , there is a hiatus of almost a century . The origin , timing and nature of the Slavic migrations remain controversial , however , all available evidence points to the nearby Danubian and Carpathian regions . Croat ethnogenesis ( edit ) The ethnonym `` Croat '' is first attested during the 9th century CE , in the charter of Duke Trpimir ; and indeed begins to be widely attested throughout central and eastern Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries . Much uncertainty revolves around the exact circumstances of their appearance given the scarcity of literary sources during the 7th and 8th century `` Dark Ages '' . Traditionally , scholarship has placed the arrival of the Croats in the 7th century , primarily on the basis of the later Byzantine document De Administrando Imperio . As such , the arrival of the Croats was seen as a second wave of Slavic migrations , which liberated Dalmatia from Avar hegemony . However , as early as the 1970s , scholars questioned the reliability of Porphyrogenitus ' work , written as it was in the 10th century . Rather than being an accurate historical account , De Administrando Imperio more accurately reflects the political situation during the 10th century . It mainly served as Byzantine propaganda praising Emperor Heraclius for repopulating the Balkans ( previously devastated by the Avars ) with Croats ( and Serbs ) , who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been ' Roman land ' . Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat ( Hrvat ) to be Iranian , thus suggesting that the Croats were actually a Sarmatian tribe from the Pontic region who were part of a larger movement of Slavs toward the Adriatic . The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and inscriptions from the Tanais dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE , mentioning the name Khoro ( u ) athos . Similar arguments have been made for an alleged Gothic - Croat link . Whilst there is indeed evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croat times in parts of Dalmatia , the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century Ustaše political aspirations than historical reality . Contemporary scholarship views the rise of `` Croats '' as an autochthonous , Dalmatian response to the demise of the Avar khanate and the encroachment of Frankish and Byzantine Empires into northern Dalmatia . They appear to have been based around Nin and Klis , down to the Cetina and south of Liburnia . Here , concentrations of the `` Old Croat culture '' abound , marked by some very wealthy warrior burials dating to the 9th century CE . Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia ( edit ) Other , distinct polities also existed near the Croat duchy . These included the Guduscans ( based in Liburnia ) , the Narentines ( around the Cetina and Neretva ) and the Sorabi ( Serbs ) who ruled some other eastern parts of ex-Roman `` Dalmatia '' . Also prominent in the territory of future Croatia was the polity of Prince Liutevid , who ruled the territories between the Drava and Sava rivers ( `` Pannonia Inferior '' ) , centred from his fort at Sisak . Although Duke Liutevid and his people are commonly seen as a `` Pannonian Croats '' , he is , due to the lack of `` evidence that they had a sense of Croat identity '' referred to as dux Pannoniae Inferioris , or simply a Slav , by contemporary sources . However , soon , the Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia , absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige . In the south , while having periods of independence , the Naretines also `` merged '' with Croats later under control of Croatian Kings . With such expansion , Croatia soon became dominant power and absorb other polities between Frankish , Bulgarian and Byzantine empire . Although the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja has been dismissed as an unreliable record , the mentioned `` Red Croatia '' suggests that Croatian clans and families might have settled as far south as Duklja / Zeta and city of Drač in today 's Albania . Early medieval age ( edit ) Part of a series on Croats Recognized ( show ) Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Kosovo Austria Italy Montenegro Romania Slovakia Hungary Czech Republic Diaspora ( show ) Europe Belgium Germany Macedonia Sweden Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland Russia North America United States Canada South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Peru Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Subgroups ( show ) Bunjevci Šokci Burgenland Croats Janjevci Molise Croats Krašovani Culture ( show ) Literature Music Art Cinema Cuisine Dress Sport History ( show ) History of Croatia Origins Rulers Language ( show ) Croatian Chakavian Shtokavian Kajkavian Burgenland Molise Related nations ( show ) Bosniaks South Slavs Main articles : Duchy of Croatia and Principality of Pannonian Croatia The lands which constitute modern Croatia fell under 3 major geographic - politic zones during the Middle Ages , which were influenced by powerful neighbour Empires -- notably the Byzantines , the Avars and later Magyars , Franks and Bulgars . Each vied for control of the Northwest Balkan regions . Nevertheless , two independent Slavic dukedoms emerged sometime during the 9th century : the Croat Duchy and Principality of Lower Pannonia . Pannonian Principality ( `` Savia '' ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Having been under Avar control , lower Pannonia became a march of the Carolingian Empire around 800 . Aided by Vojnomir in 796 , the first named Slavic Duke of Pannonia , the Franks wrested control of the region from the Avars before totally destroying the Avar realm in 803 . After the death of Charlemagne in 814 , Frankish influence decreased on the region , allowing Prince Ljudevit Posavski to raise a rebellion in 819 . The Frankish margraves sent armies in 820 , 821 and 822 , but each time they failed to crush the rebels . Aided by Borna the Guduscan , the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit , who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them , according to the Frankish Annals . For much of the subsequent period , Savia was probably directly ruled by the Carinthian Duke Arnulf , the future East Frankish King and Emperor . However , Frankish control was far from smooth . The Royal Frankish Annals mention several Bulgar raids , driving up the Sava and Drava rivers , as a result of a border dispute with the Franks , from 827 . By a peace treaty in 845 , the Franks were confirmed as rulers over Slavonia , whilst Srijem remained under Bulgarian clientage . Later , the expanding power of Great Moravia also threatened Frankish control of the region . In an effort to halt their influence , the Franks sought alliance with the Magyars , and elevated the local Slavic leader Braslav in 892 , as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia . In 896 his rule stretched from Vienna and Budapest to southern Croat dutchies , and included almost whole of ex-Roman Pannonian provinces ( whole 4 ) . He probably died c. 900 fighting against his former allies , the Magyars . The subsequent history of Savia again becomes mirky , and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century . However , it is likely that the ruler Tomislav , the first crowned King , was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign . It is indeed at this time that sources first refer to a `` Pannonian Croatia '' , appearing in the 10th century Byzantine work De Administrando Imperio . Dalmatian Croats ( edit ) In the meantime , the Dalmatian Croats were recorded to have been subject to the Kingdom of Italy under Lothair I , since 828 . The Croatian Prince Mislav ( 835 -- 845 ) built up a formidable navy , and in 839 signed a peace treaty with Pietro Tradonico , doge of Venice . The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the independent Slavic pirates of the Pagania region , but failed to defeat them . The Bulgarian king Boris I ( called by the Byzantine Empire Archont of Bulgaria after he made Christianity the official religion of Bulgaria ) also waged a lengthy war against the Dalmatian Croats , trying to expand his state to the Adriatic . The Croatian Prince Trpimir I ( 845 -- 864 ) succeeded Mislav . In 854 , there was a great battle between Trpimir 's forces and the Bulgars . Neither side emerged victorious , and the outcome was the exchange of gifts and the establishment of peace . Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of the inland regions towards Pannonia , while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates ( an idea he picked up from the Franks ) . The first known written mention of the Croats , dates form 4 March 852 , in statute by Trpimir . Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the Trpimirović dynasty , that ruled in Croatia , with interruptions , from 845 until 1091 . After his death , an uprising was raised by a powerful nobleman from Knin -- Domagoj , and his son Zdeslav was exiled with his brothers , Petar and Muncimir to Constantinople . Facing a number of naval threats by Saracens and Byzantine Empire , the Croatian Prince Domagoj ( 864 -- 876 ) built up the Croatian navy again and helped the coalition of emperor Louis II and the Byzantine to conquer Bari in 871 . During Domagoj 's reign piracy was a common practice , and he forced the Venetians to start paying tribute for sailing near the eastern Adriatic coast . After Domagoj 's death , Venetian 's chronicles named him `` The worst duke of Slavs '' , while Pope John VIII referred to Domagoj in letters as `` Famous duke '' . Domagoj 's son , of unknown name , ruled shortly between 876 and 878 with his brothers . They continued the rebellion , attacked the western Istrian towns in 876 , but were subsequently defeated by the Venetian navy . Their ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke Kocelj ( 861 -- 874 ) who was suzerain to the Franks , and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status . Wars of Domagoj and his son liberated Dalmatian Croats from supreme Franks rule . Zdeslav deposed him in 878 with the help of the Byzantines . He acknowledged the supreme rule of Byzantine Emperor Basil I. In 879 , the Pope ask for help from prince Zdeslav for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and Zahumlje , but on early May 879 , Zdeslav was killed near Knin in an uprising led by Branimir , a relative of Domagoj , instigated by the Roman Pope fearing Byzantine power . Branimir 's ( 879 -- 892 ) own actions were approved from the Holy See to bring the Croats further away from the influence of Byzantium and closer to Rome . Duke Branimir wrote to Pope John VIII affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the Roman Papacy . During the solemn divine service in St. Peter 's church in Rome in 879 , Pope gave his blessing to the duke and the whole Croatian people , about which he informed Branimir in his letters , in which Branimir was recognized as the Duke of the Croats ( Dux Chroatorum ) . During his reign , Croatia retained its sovereignty from both Holy Roman imperial and Byzantine rule , and became a fully recognized state . After Branimir 's death , Prince Muncimir ( 892 -- 910 ) , Zdeslav 's brother , took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux ( with God 's help , duke of Croats ) . In Dalmatia , duke Tomislav ( 910 -- 928 ) succeeded Muncimir . Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of the Arpads , expelled them over the Sava River , and united ( western ) Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state . Kingdom of Croatia 925 -- 1102 ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Croatia ( medieval ) Coronation of King Tomislav by Oton Iveković . Tomislav ( 910 -- 928 ) became king of Croatia by 925 . The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925 , surviving only in 16th - century copies , from Pope John X calling Tomislav rex Chroatorum . According to De Administrando Imperio , Tomislav 's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 infantry units , 60,000 cavaliers , and 80 larger ( sagina ) and 100 smaller warships ( condura ) , but generally is n't taken as credible . Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire was in conflict with the rising Bulgarian Empire ruled by Tsar Simeon I. In 923 , due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole , the sovereignty of Byzantine coastal cities in Dalmatia came under Tomislav 's Governancy . The war escalated on 27 May 927 , in the battle of the Bosnian Highlands , after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom . There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated Bulgarian army led by military commander Alogobotur , and stopped Simeon 's extension westwards . The central town in the Duvno field was named Tomislavgrad ( `` Tomislav 's town '' ) in his honour in the 20th century . Tomislav was succeeded by Trpimir II ( 928 -- 935 ) , and Krešimir I ( 935 -- 945 ) , this period , on the whole , however , is obscure . Miroslav ( 945 -- 949 ) was killed by his ban Pribina during an internal power struggle , losing part of islands and coastal cities . Krešimir II ( 949 -- 969 ) kept particularly good relations with the Dalmatian cities , while his son Stjepan Držislav ( 969 -- 997 ) established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and received a formal authority over Dalmatian cities . His three sons , Svetoslav ( 997 -- 1000 ) , Krešimir III ( 1000 -- 1030 ) and Gojslav ( 1000 -- 1020 ) , opened a violent contest for the throne , weakening the state and further losing control . Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020 , and attemppted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control . Krešimir was succeeded by his son Stjepan I ( 1030 -- 1058 ) , who tried to reinforce the alliance with Byzantine when 1032 sent a segment of naval fleet in war against Arabs , in favour for tolerance about conquering Zadar from Venice , another Byzantine ally . He did conquer it , but the circumstances changed later and lost it . Krešimir IV ( 1058 -- 1074 ) managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities . Croatia under Krešimir IV was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav 's time , and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania . From the outset , he continued the policies of his father , but was immediately commanded by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059 and then in 1060 to reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite . This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054 . Baška tablet , which is the oldest evidence of the glagolitic script , mentions king Zvonimir . He was succeeded by Dmitar Zvonimir , who was of the Svetoslavić branch of the House of Trpimirović , and a Ban of Slavonia ( 1064 -- 1075 ) . He was crowned on 8 October 1076 at Solin in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses ( known today as Hollow Church ) by a representative of Pope Gregory VII . He was in conflict with dukes of Istria , while historical records Annales Carinthiæ and Chronica Hungarorum note he invaded Carinthia to aid Hungary in war during 1079 / 83 , but this is disputed . Unlike Petar Krešimir IV , he was also an ally of the Normans , with whom he joined in wars against Byzantium . He married in 1063 Helen of Hungary , the daughter of King Bela I of the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , and the sister of the future King Ladislaus I. As King Zvonimir died in 1089 in unknown circumstances , with no direct heir to succeed him , Stjepan II ( r . 1089 -- 1091 ) last of the main Trpimirović line came to the throne at an old age and reigned for two years . After his death civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward as northern nobles decided Ladislaus I for the Croatian King . In 1093 , southern nobles elected a new ruler , King Petar Svačić ( r . 1093 -- 1097 ) , who managed to unify the Kingdom around his capital of Knin . His army resisted repelling Hungarian assaults , and restored Croatian rule up to the river Sava . He reassembled his forces in Croatia and advanced on Gvozd Mountain , where he met the main Hungarian army led by King Coloman I of Hungary . In 1097 , in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain , the last native king Peter was killed and the Croats were decisively defeated ( because of this , the mountain was this time renamed to Petrova Gora , `` Peter 's Mountain '' ) . In 1102 , Coloman returned to the Kingdom of Croatia in force , and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns ( with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia ) . Personal union with Hungary ( 1102 -- 1918 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Croatia in personal union with Hungary and Croatian - Ottoman Wars Pacta Conventa , is a historical document by which Croatia agreed to enter a personal union with Hungary . Although the validity of the document itself is disputed , Croatia did keep considerable autonomy . In the union with Hungary , institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the Sabor ( an assembly of Croatian nobles ) and the ban ( viceroy ) . In addition , the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles . Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land . Coloman 's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in Biograd na Moru . The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the feudal system . Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state . However , by enabling the nobility to seize more economic and military power , the kingdom itself lost influence to the powerful noble families . In Croatia the Šubić were one of the oldest Croatian noble families and would become particularly influential and important , ruling area between Zrmanja and Krka rivers . The local noble family from Krk island ( latter took surname Frankopan ) is often considered the second most important medieval family , as ruled over northern Adriatic and are responsible for adoption of one of oldest European statutes , Law codex of Vinodol ( 1288 ) . Both families gave many native bans of Croatia . Other powerful families were Nelipić from Dalmatian Zagora ( 14th -- 15th centuries ) ; Kačić who ruled over Pagania and were famous for piracy and wars against Venice ( 12th -- 13th centuries ) ; Kurjaković family , a branch of old Croatian noble family Gusić from Krbava ( 14th -- 16th centuries ) ; Babonići who ruled from western Kupa to eastern Vrbas and Bosna rivers , and were bans of Slavonia ( 13th -- 14th centuries ) ; Iločki family who ruled over Slavonian stronghold - cities , and in 15th century rose to power . During this period , the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia . In the second half of the 13th century , during the Árpád and Anjou dynasty struggle , Šubić family became hugely powerful under Paul I Šubić of Bribir who was the longest Croatian Ban ( 1274 -- 1312 ) , conquered Bosnia and declared himself `` Lord of all of Bosnia '' ( 1299 -- 1312 ) , appointed his brother Mladen I Šubić as Ban of Bosnia ( 1299 -- 1304 ) , and helped Charles I from House of Anjou to be the King of Hungary . After his death in 1312 , his son Mladen II Šubić was the Ban of Bosnia ( 1304 -- 1322 ) and Ban of Croatia ( 1312 -- 1322 ) . The kings from House of Anjou intended to strengthen the kingdom by uniting the power and control in their hands , but to do so had to diminish the power of the higher nobility . Already Charles I tried to crash the aristocratic particularism , intention finished by his son Louis the Great ( 1342 -- 1382 ) , relying on lower nobility and towns . Both ruled without the parliament , and inner nobility struggles only helped them in their intentions . This led to Mladen 's defeat at the battle of Bliska in 1322 by a coalition of several Croatian noblemen and Dalmatian coastal towns with support of King himself , exchange of Šubić 's castle of Ostrovica for Zrin Castle in Central Croatia ( thus this branch was named Zrinski ) in 1347 . Eventually , Babonić and Nelipić families also succumbed to king 's offensive against nobility , but with the centralization of power , Louis managed to force Venice by the Treaty of Zadar in 1358 to give up their possessions in Dalmatia . When king Louis died , without successor the question of succession remained open . The kingdom once again entered the time of internal unrest . Besides King Louis 's daughter Mary , Charles III of Naples as the closest king male relative pretended to the throne . In February 1386 , two months after his coronation , was assassinated by order of queen Elizabeth of Bosnia . His supporters , bans John of Palisna , John Horvat and Stjepan Lacković planned a rebellion against them , and managed to capture and imprison Elizabeth and Mary . By orders of John of Palisna , Elizabeth was strangled . As the answer for that , Magyars crowned Mary 's husband Sigismund of Luxembourg . With the Ottoman invasion getting closer to Hungarian - Croatian kingdom , king Sigismund 's army at the Battle of Nicopolis ( 1396 ) was catastrophically defeated , and without news about the king , then ruling Croatian ban Stjepan Lacković and nobles invited Charles III 's son Ladislaus of Naples to be the new king . This resulted with Bloody Sabor of Križevci in 1397 , lose of interest for the crown by Ladislaus and selling of Dalmatia to Venice in 1403 , and spreading of Croatian name to the north , while of Slavonia to the east . The dynastic struggle did n't finish , and with the Ottoman invasion on Bosnia started the first short raids in Croatian territory , defended only by local nobles . Zrínyi 's charge on the Turks from the Fortress of Szigetvár , by Simon Hollósy As the Turkish incursion into Europe started , Croatia once again became a border area between two major forces in the Balkans . Croatian military troops fought in many battles under command of Italian Franciscan priest fra John Capistrano , the Hungarian Generalissimo John Hunyadi , and Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus , like in the Hunyadi 's long campaign ( 1443 -- 1444 ) , battle of Varna ( 1444 ) , second battle of Kosovo ( 1448 ) , and contributed to the Christian victories over the Ottomans in the siege of Belgrade ( 1456 ) and Siege of Jajce ( 1463 ) . At the time they suffered a major defeat in the battle of Krbava field ( Lika , Croatia ) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire . Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity ( Antemurale Christianitatis ) in 1519 , given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Ottoman Turks . Among them there were ban Petar Berislavić who won a victory at Dubica on the Una river in 1513 , the captain of Senj and prince of Klis Petar Kružić , who defended the Klis Fortress for almost 25 years , captain Nikola Jurišić who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532 , or ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski who helped save Pest from occupation in 1542 and fought in the Battle of Szigetvar in 1566 . During the Ottoman conquest tens of thousands of Croats were taken in Turkey , where they became slaves . The Cetingrad Charter from 1 January 1527 , when Croatian Sabor elected the Habsburg Monarchy . The Battle of Mohács ( 1526 ) and the death of King Louis II ended Hungarian rule over Croatia . In 1526 the Hungarian parliament elected two separate kings János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I Habsburg , but the choice of the Croatian sabor at Cetin prevailed on the side of Ferdinand I , as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527 , uniting both lands under Habsburg rule . In return they were promised the historic rights , freedoms , laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom . However , the Hungarian - Croatian Kingdom was not enough well prepared and organized and the Ottoman Empire expanded further in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia , western Bosnia and Lika . For the sake of stopping the Ottoman conquering and possible assault on the capital of Vienna , the large areas of Croatia and Slavonia ( even Hungary and Romania ) bordering the Ottoman Empire were organized as a Military Frontier which was ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters . The invasion caused migration of Croats , and the area which became deserted was subsequently settled by Serbs , Vlachs , Germans and others . The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords due to various injustices . After the fall of Bihać fort in 1592 , only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered . The remaining 16,800 square kilometres ( 6,487 sq mi ) were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom . Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at the battle of Sisak in 1593 , 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field , and the short Long Turkish War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606 , after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban , managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom ( present - day western Bosnia and Herzegovina ) , as the present - day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome . Croatian national revival ( 1593 -- 1918 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Kingdom of Croatia ( Habsburg ) and Austria - Hungary In the first half of the 17th century , Croats fought in the Thirty Years ' War on the side of Holy Roman Empire , mostly as light cavalry under command of imperial generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein . Croatian Ban , Juraj V Zrinski , also fought in the war , but died in a military camp near Bratislava , Slovakia , as he was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel . His son , future ban and captain - general of Croatia , Nikola Zrinski , participated during the closing stages of the war . Peter Zrinyi and Ferenc Frangepán in the Wiener - Neustadt Prison by Viktor Madarász . In 1664 , the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks , but Emperor Leopold failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the Peace of Vasvár in which Croatia and Hungary were prevented from regaining territory lost to the Ottoman Empire . This caused unrest among the Croatian and Hungarian nobility which plotted against the emperor . Nikola Zrinski participated in launching the conspiracy which later became to be known as the Magnate conspiracy , but he soon died , and the rebellion was continued by his brother , Croatian ban Petar Zrinski , Fran Krsto Frankopan and Ferenc Wesselényi . Petar Zrinski , along the conspirators , went on a wide secret diplomatic negotiations with a number of nations , including Louis XIV of France , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden , the Republic of Venice and even the Ottoman Empire , to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty . Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on 30 April 1671 executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it , including Zrinski and Frankopan in Wiener Neustadt . The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated , soon after extinguished . Between 1670 and the revolution of 1848 , there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality . The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia 's political dark age . Meanwhile , with the victories over Turks , Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization , new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods , at the expense of domestic element . Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance , and the nobility less attended it , yet went only to the one in Hungary . The Croatian Sabor ( Parliament ) in 1848 , by Dragutin Weingärtner In the 18th century , Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles 's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741 -- 48 . Subsequently , the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters , by making several changes in the feudal and tax system , administrative control of the Military Frontier , in 1745 administratively united Slavonia with Croatia and in 1767 organized Croatian royal council with the ban on head , however , she ignored and eventually disbanded it in 1779 , and Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary , held by the ban of Croatia . To fight the Austrian centralization and absolutism , Croats passed their rights to the united government in Hungary , thus to together resist the intentions from Vienna . But the connection with Hungary soon adversely affected the position of Croats , because Magyars in the spring of their nationalism tried to Magyarize Croats , and make Croatia a part of a united Hungary . Because of this pretensions , the constant struggles between Croats and Magyars emerged , and lasted until 1918 . Croats were fighting in unfavorable conditions , against both Vienna and Budapest , while divided on Banska Hrvatska , Dalmatia and Military Frontier . In such a time , with the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797 , its possessions in eastern Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year . Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces , but won back to the Austrian crown 1815 . Though now part of the same empire , Dalmatia and Istria were part of Cisleithania while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of the Monarchy . The national revival began with the Illyrian movement in 1830 . In the 19th century Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization . The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian movement . The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture . The champion of the Illyrian movement was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized the Croatian literary language . Official language in Croatia has been Latin until 1847 when it became Croatian . The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception , and its national , political and social ideas were advanced at the time . By the 1840s , the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands . By the royal order of 11 January 1843 , originating from the chancellor Metternich , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden . This deterred the movement 's progress but it could n't stop the changes in the society that had already started . On 25 March 1848 , was conducted a political petition `` Zahtijevanja naroda '' , which program included thirty national , social and liberal principles , like Croatian national independence , annexation of Dalmatia and Military Frontier , independence from Hungary as far as finance , language , education , freedom of speech and writing , religion , nullification of serfdom etc . In the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire , the Croatian Ban Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary , successful until the Battle of Pákozd . Croatia was later subject to Hungarian hegemony under ban Levin Rauch when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria - Hungary in 1867 . Nevertheless , Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of serfdom in Croatia , which eventually brought about massive changes in society : the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided , to the extent of risking famine . Many Croatians began emigrating to the New World countries in this period , a trend that would continue over the next century , creating a large Croatian diaspora . Modern history ( 1918 -- present ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ; Kingdom of Yugoslavia ; Independent State of Croatia ; SFR Yugoslavia ; and Republic of Croatia After the First World War and dissolution of Austria - Hungary , most Croats were united within the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , created by unification of the short - lived State of SHS with the Kingdom of Serbia . Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom . The state was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors -- the South Slavs - Yugoslavs . In 1939 , the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the Banovina of Croatia was created , which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom . In the Second World War , the Axis forces created the Independent State of Croatia led by the Ustaše movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present - day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Post-WWII Yugoslavia became a federation consisting of 6 republics , and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two -- Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region . Following the democratization of society , accompanied with ethnic tensions that emerged in the post-Tito era , in 1991 the Republic of Croatia declared independence , which was followed by war with its Serb minority , backed up by Serbia - controlled Yugoslav People 's Army . In the first years of the war , over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions . In the peak of the fighting , around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars . Post-war government 's policy of easing the immigration of ethnic Croats from abroad encouraged a number of Croatian descendants to return to Croatia . The influx was increased by the arrival of Croatian refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina . After the war 's end in 1995 , most Croatian refugees returned to their previous homes , while some ( mostly Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Janjevci from Kosovo ) moved into the formerly - held Serbian housing . Genetics ( edit ) Further information : Origin hypotheses of the Croats § Genetics and anthropology Croatian Y chromosomal lineages testify to mostly Paleolithic European ancestry . A majority ( > 85 % ) of Croats from Croatia belong to one of the three major European Y - DNA haplogroups : I ( 38 % -- 45 % ) , R1a ( 27 % -- 34 % ) and R1b ( 13 % -- 15 % ) , while a minority ( > 15 % ) mostly belongs to haplogroup E ( 9 % ) , and others to haplogroups J ( 4.4 % ) , N ( 2 % ) , and G ( 1 % ) . The frequency of haplogroup I , especially I2 , in Croatian populations is especially high , indicating that the Adriatic coast is a likely source of the recolonization of Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum . Croatian Y chromosomal lineages testify to different migrational movements carrying mostly Palaeolithic European ancestry , a minor Neolithic impact from the Near East , as well as a Slavic influence from northeastern Europe . This frankly points to heterogeneous ethnogenesis , a high degree of mixing of newly arrived medieval migrant tribes ( such as Slavs ) with the indigenous populations that were already present in the region of modern - day Croatia . Hence , most modern day Croats are partly descended from the original European population of the region who have lived in the territory by other names , such as Illyrians , and their forebears . These original inhabitants also served an important role in re-populating Europe after the last ice age . Language ( edit ) Further information : Croatian language Location map of dialects in Croatia and areas in BiH . Speech example An example of Old Croatian used in Baška tablet . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Croats speak Croatian , a South Slavic language of the Western South Slavic subgroup . Standard Croatian is considered a variety of Serbo - Croatian , as mutually intelligible with the Serbian and Bosnian languages ( see Differences in standard Serbian , Croatian and Bosnian ) which are all based on the Shtokavian dialect . Besides Shtokavian , Croats from the Adriatic coastline speak in a Chakavian , while Croats from the continental northwestern part of Croatia in Kajkavian dialect . Vernacular texts in the Chakavian dialect first appeared in the 13th century , and Shtokavian texts appeared a century later . Standardization began in the period sometimes called `` Baroque Slavism '' in the first half of the 17th century , while some authors date it back to the end of the 15th century . The modern Neo-Shtokavian standard that appeared in the mid 18th century was the first unified Croatian literary language . Croatian is written in Gaj 's Latin alphabet . The beginning of the Croatian written language can be traced to the 9th century , when Old Church Slavonic was adopted as the language of the liturgy . This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic . The two variants of the language , liturgical and non-liturgical , continued to be a part of the Glagolitic service as late as the middle of the 19th century . The earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic are Vienna Folios from the late 11th / early 12th century . Until the end of the 11th century Croatian medieval texts were written in three scripts : Latin , Glagolitic , and Croatian Cyrillic ( bosančica / bosanica ) , and also in three languages : Croatian , Latin and Old Slavonic . The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of Church Slavonic between the 12th and 16th centuries . The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the Baška tablet from the late 11th century . It is a large stone tablet found in the small Church of St. Lucy , Jurandvor on the Croatian island of Krk which contains text written mostly in Chakavian , today a dialect of Croatian , and in Croatian angular Glagolitic script . It mentions Zvonimir , the king of Croatia at the time . However , the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era , when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature . The most notable are the `` Missal of Duke Novak '' from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia ( 1368 ) , `` Evangel from Reims '' ( 1395 , named after the town of its final destination ) , Hrvoje 's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia ( 1404 ) , and the first printed book in Croatian language , the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice ( 1483 ) . During the 13th century Croatian vernacular texts began to appear , the most important among them being the `` Istrian land survey '' of 1275 and the `` Vinodol Codex '' of 1288 , both written in the Chakavian dialect . The Shtokavian dialect literature , based almost exclusively on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance ( missals , breviaries , prayer books ) appeared almost a century later . The most important purely Shtokavian vernacular text is the Vatican Croatian Prayer Book ( ca . 1400 ) . Both the language used in legal texts and that used in Glagolitic literature gradually came under the influence of the vernacular , which considerably affected its phonological , morphological and lexical systems . From the 14th and the 15th centuries , both secular and religious songs at church festivals were composed in the vernacular . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Roman Catholicism in Croatia Alojzije Stepinac Zagreb Cathedral Stepinac was a beatified Croatian Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Zagreb . Croats are predominantly Roman Catholic , and before Christianity they adhered to Slavic paganism . The earliest record of contact between the Pope and the Croats dates from a mid-7th century entry in the Liber Pontificalis . Pope John IV ( John the Dalmatian , 640 -- 642 ) sent an abbot named Martin to Dalmatia and Istria in order to pay ransom for some prisoners and for the remains of old Christian martyrs . This abbot is recorded to have travelled through Dalmatia with the help of the Croatian leaders , and he established the foundation for the future relations between the Pope and the Croats . The beginnings of the Christianization are also disputed in the historical texts : the Byzantine texts talk of duke Porin who started this at the incentive of emperor Heraclius ( 610 -- 641 ) , then of duke Porga who mainly Christianized his people after the influence of missionaries from Rome , while the national tradition recalls Christianization during the rule of Dalmatian duke Borna ( 810 -- 821 ) . It is possible that these are all renditions of the same ruler 's name . The earliest known Croatian autographs from the 8th century are found in the Latin Gospel of Cividale . Curiously enough , the Croats were never obliged to use Latin -- rather , they held masses in their own language and used the Glagolitic alphabet . In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro , followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914 , and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920 , but only for feast days of the main patron saints . The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state . This was officially sanctioned in 1248 by Pope Innocent IV , and only later did the Latin alphabet prevail . The Latin Rite prevailed over the Byzantine Rite rather early due to numerous interventions from the Holy See . There were numerous church synods held in Dalmatia in the 11th century , particularly after the East - West Schism , during the course of which the use of the Latin rite was continuously reinforced until it became dominant . Culture ( edit ) Tradition ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Croatia Alka is a traditional knights ' competition . The area settled by Croats has a large diversity of historical and cultural influences , as well as diversity of terrain and geography . The coastland areas of Dalmatia and Istria were subject to Roman Empire , Venetian and Italian rule ; central regions like Lika and western Herzegovina were a scene of battlefield against the Ottoman Empire , and have strong epic traditions . In the northern plains , Austro - Hungarian rule has left its marks . The most distinctive features of Croatian folklore include klapa ensembles of Dalmatia , tamburitza orchestras of Slavonia . Folk arts are performed at special events and festivals , perhaps the most distinctive being Alka of Sinj , a traditional knights ' competition celebrating the victory against Ottoman Turks . The epic tradition is also preserved in epic songs sung with gusle . Various types of kolo circular dance are also encountered throughout Croatia . Arts ( edit ) Main articles : Croatian art , Architecture of Croatia , and Croatian literature Grgur Ninski statue by Ivan Meštrović , with a tower of the Diocletian 's Palace in the background Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations . Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and in the central regions , architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence . Large squares named after culture heroes , well - groomed parks , and pedestrian - only zones , are features of these orderly towns and cities , especially where large scale Baroque urban planning took place , for instance in Varaždin and Karlovac . Subsequent influence of the Art Nouveau was reflected in contemporary architecture . Along the coast , the architecture is Mediterranean with a strong Venetian and Renaissance influence in major urban areas exemplified in works of Giorgio da Sebenico and Niccolò Fiorentino such as the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik . The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th - century churches , with the largest and the most representative among them being the Church of St. Donatus . Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks in Croatia , there is a long history of artists in Croatia reaching to the Middle Ages . In that period the stone portal of the Trogir Cathedral was made by Radovan , representing the most important monument of Romanesque sculpture in the Balkans . The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the Hundred Years ' Croatian -- Ottoman War . With the waning of the Ottoman Empire , art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo . The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans , helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer . Croatian artists of the period achieving worldwide renown were Vlaho Bukovac and Ivan Meštrović . The Baška tablet , a stone inscribed with the Glagolitic alphabet found on the Krk island which is dated to 1100 , is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian . The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and Marko Marulić . Besides Marulić , Renaissance playwright Marin Držić , Baroque poet Ivan Gundulić , Croatian national revival poet Ivan Mažuranić , novelist , playwright and poet August Šenoa , poet and writer Antun Gustav Matoš , poet Antun Branko Šimić , expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krleža , poet Tin Ujević and novelist and short story writer Ivo Andrić are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature . Symbols ( edit ) The current flag of Croatia , including the current coat of arms . Main articles : Flag of Croatia and Coat of arms of Croatia The current coat of arms shows , in order , the symbols of Zagreb , Dubrovnik , Dalmatia , Istria , and Slavonia . Examples of the Croatian pleter . The flag of Croatia consists of a red - white - blue tricolor with the Coat of Arms of Croatia in the middle . The red - white - blue tricolor was chosen as those were the colours of Pan-Slavism , popular in the 19th century . The coat - of - arms consists of the traditional red and white squares or grb , which simply means ' coat - of - arms ' . It has been used to symbolise the Croats for centuries ; some speculate that it was derived from Red and White Croatia , historic lands of the Croatian tribe but there is no generally accepted proof for this theory . The current design added the five crowning shields , which represent the historical regions from which Croatia originated . The red and white checkerboard has been a symbol of Croatian kings since at least the 10th century , ranging in number from 3 × 3 to 8 × 8 , but most commonly 5 × 5 , like the current coat . The oldest source confirming the coat - of - arms as an official symbol is a genealogy of the Habsburgs dating during 1512 -- 18 . In 1525 it was used on a votive medal . The oldest known example of the šahovnica ( chessboard in Croatian ) in Croatia is to be found on the wings of four falcons on a baptismal font donated by king Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia ( 1058 -- 1074 ) to the Archbishop of Split . Unlike in many countries , Croatian design more commonly uses symbolism from the coat of arms , rather than from the Croatian flag . This is partly due to the geometric design of the shield which makes it appropriate for use in many graphic contexts ( e.g. the insignia of Croatia Airlines or the design of the shirt for the Croatia national football team ) , and partly because neighbouring countries like Slovenia and Serbia use the same Pan-Slavic colours on their flags as Croatia . The Croatian interlace ( pleter or troplet ) is also a commonly used symbol which originally comes from monasteries built between the 9th and 12th century . The interlace can be seen in various emblems and is also featured in modern Croatian military ranks and Croatian police ranks insignia . Communities ( edit ) In Croatia ( the nation state ) , 3.9 million people identify themselves as Croats , and constitute about 90.4 % of the population . Another 553,000 live in Bosnia and Herzegovina , where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups , predominantly living in Western Herzegovina , central Bosnia and Posavina . The minority in Serbia number about 70,000 , mostly in Vojvodina , where also vast majority of the Šokci consider themselves Croats , as well as many Bunjevci ( the latter , as well as other nationalities , settled the vast , abandoned area after the Ottoman retreat ; this Croat subgroup originates from the south , mostly from the region of Bačka ) . Smaller Croat autochthonous minorities exist in Slovenia ( mainly in Primorska , Prekmurje and in the Metlika area in Dolenjska regions -- 35,000 Croats ) , Montenegro ( mostly in the Bay of Kotor -- 6,800 Croats ) , and a regional community in Kosovo called Janjevci who nationally identify as Croats . In the 1991 census Croats consisted 19.8 % of the overall population of former Yugoslavia ; there were around 4.6 million Croats in the entire country . The subgroups of Croats are commonly based on regional affiliation , like Dalmatians , Slavonians , Zagorci , Istrani etc. , while outside Croatia there exist several ethnic groups : Šokci ( Croatia , Serbia , Hungary ) , Bunjevci ( Serbia , Hungary ) , Burgenland Croats ( Austria ) , Molise Croats ( Italy ) , Croats of Boka Kotorska or Bokelji ( Montenegro ) , Raci ( Hungary ) , Krashovans ( Romania ) , Janjevci ( Kosovo ) . Autochthonous communities and minorities ( edit ) Autochthonous communities Croatia is the nation - state of Croats . In Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croats are one of three constitute ethnic groups , numbering around 553,000 people or 14.6 % of population . The entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to majority ( 495,000 or about little under 90 % ) of Bosnian Croats . In Montenegro , Bay of Kotor , Croats are a national minority , numbering 6,021 people or 0.97 % of population . In Serbia , Croats are a national minority , numbering 70,602 people or 0.94 % of population . They mostly live in the region of Vojvodina , where the Croatian language is official ( along with five other languages ) , and the national capital city of Belgrade . In Slovenia , Croats are not recognized as a minority , numbering 35,642 people or 1.81 % of population . They mostly live in Primorska , Prekmurje and in the Metlika area in Dolenjska regions . Croatian communities with minority status In Austria , Croats are an ethnic minority , numbering around 30,000 people in Burgenland , ( Burgenland Croats ) , the eastern part of Austria , and around 15,000 people in the capital city of Vienna . In the Czech Republic , Croats are a national minority , numbering 850 -- 2,000 people , forming a portion of the 29 % minority ( as `` Others '' ) . They mostly live in the region of Moravia , in the villages of Jevišovka , Dobré Pole and Nový Přerov . In Hungary , Croats are an ethnic minority , numbering 25,730 people or 0.26 % of population . In Italy , Croats are a linguistic , and ethnic minority , numbering 23,880 people , of which 2,801 people belong to ethnic minority of Molise Croats from the region of Molise . In Romania , Croats are a national minority , numbering 6,786 people . They mostly live in the Caraș - Severin County , in communes of Lupac ( 90.7 % ) and Carașova ( 78.28 % ) . In Slovakia , Croats are an ethnic and national minority , numbering around 850 people . They mostly live in the area around Bratislava , in the villages of Chorvátsky Grob , Čunovo , Devínska Nová Ves , Rusovce and Jarovce . Croatian minorities exist in the following regions In Bulgaria , exist a small Croatian community , a branch of Janjevci , Croats from Kosovo . In Kosovo , Croats or Janjevci ( Letničani ) , as inhabited mostly the town of Janjevo , before 1991 numbered 8,062 people , but after the war many fled , and as of 2011 number only 270 people . In the Republic of Macedonia , Croats number 2.686 people or 0.1 % of population , mostly living in the capital city Skopje , city Bitola and around Lake Ohrid . Diaspora ( edit ) Main article : Croatian diaspora Croatian Embassy in Canberra , Australia There are currently 4 -- 4.5 million Croats in diaspora throughout the world . The Croat diaspora was the consequence of either mostly economic or political ( coercion or expulsions ) reasons : To the west ( Slovenia , Italy ) and north ( Austria , Slovakia , Germany , Hungary ) , caused by the conquering of Ottoman Turks , when Croats as well by religion as Roman Catholic were more oppressed than Orthodox Christians and Muslims . To North America ( Croatian American and Canadians of Croatian ancestry ) ; South America , Chile ( Croatian Chilean ) and Argentina ( Croatian Argentine ) , with smaller communities in Brazil ( Croatian Brazilian ) , Peru ( Croatian Peruvian ) , and Ecuador ( Croatian Ecuadorian ) ; Australia ( Croatian Australian ) and New Zealand ( Croats - New Zealander ) ; and South Africa ; in the end of 19th and early 20th century , larger numbers of Croats emigrated , particularly for economic reasons . A further , larger wave of emigration , this time for political reasons , took place after the end of the World War II . At this time , both collaborators of the Ustaša régime and refugees who did not want to live under a communist régime fled the country . Going abroad as immigrant workers , particularly to Germany , Austria , and Switzerland in the 1960s and 1970s . In addition , some emigrants left for political reasons . This migration made it possible for communist Yugoslavia to achieve lower unemployment and at the same time the money sent home by emigrants to their families provided an enormous source of foreign exchange income . The last large wave of Croat emigration occurred during and after the Yugoslav Wars ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Migrant communities already established in countries such as Australia , the United States , and Germany grew as a result . The count for diaspora is approximate because of incomplete statistical records and naturalization . Overseas , the United States contains the largest Croatian emigrant group ( 544,270 in the 1990 census ; 374,271 in the 2000 census ) , mostly in Ohio , Pennsylvania , Illinois and California , with a sizable community in Alaska , followed by Australia ( 105,747 according to 2001 census , with concentrations in Sydney , Melbourne and Perth ) and Canada ( Southern Ontario , British Columbia and Alberta ) . The total number of Croatian descendants in the United States and Canada has been estimated to 2 millions . Croats have also emigrated in several waves to Latin America , mostly to South America : chiefly Chile , Argentina , and Brazil ; estimates of their number vary wildly , from 150,000 up to 500,000 . There are also smaller groups of Croatian descendants in the Brazil , Ecuador , Peru , South Africa , New Zealand , Mexico , and South Korea . The most important organisations of the Croatian diaspora are the Croatian Fraternal Union , Croatian Heritage Foundation and the Croatian World Congress . Reported Croatian ancestry by country Croatia More than 200,000 More than 100,000 More than 30,000 Maps ( edit ) Croats in Croatia Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina Croats in Vojvodina , Serbia Croats in Romania See also ( edit ) Croatia portal Croatia , nation - state of Croats Timeline of Croatian history List of Croats Croatian American Croatian Argentine Croatians in Austria Croatian Australian Croats of Belgium Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian Brazilian Croatian Canadian Croatian Chilean Croats in the Czech Republic Croatian Ecuadorian Croatians in Germany Croats in Hungary Croats of Italy Croats of Montenegro Croats in New Zealand Croatian Peruvian Croats of Romania Croats of Russia Croats of Serbia Croats in Slovakia Croats of Slovenia Croats of Sweden Croats of Switzerland Croats in Uruguay Croats in Venezuela List of rulers of Croatia List of bans of Croatia Genetic studies on Croats Origin hypotheses of the Croats Slavs ; Medieval Slav tribes ; South Slavs Notes ( edit ) 1 . c. 5,500,000 in Europe + c. 2,500,000 in North America + c. 650,000 in South America + c. 250,000 in Other = c . 8,900,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Central Bureau of Statistics '' . Dzs.hr . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sarajevo , juni 2016 . CENZUS OF POPULATION , HOUSEHOLDS AND DWELLINGS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA , 2013 FINAL RESULTS ( PDF ) . BHAS . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ German Federal Statistical Office Archived 24 July 2006 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` State Office for Croats Abroad '' . Hrvatiizvanrh.hr . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Census 2001 `` Tabelle 5 : Bevölkerung nach Umgangssprache und Staatsangehörigkeit '' , page 60 `` 131,307 Croatians + 19,412 Burgenland Croats = 150,719 . In the Austrian census , Burgenland Croats are separate from the main Croat group . '' Jump up ^ `` Попис становништва , домаћинстава и станова 2011 . у Републици Србији '' ( PDF ) . Webrzs.stat.gov.rs . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Figures Publ. Document. 88215. pdf '' ( PDF ) . p. 68 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Note : Petra - P12 , gives a 40,484 number . as of 2004 page 12 2.1. 1 . Ständige ausländische Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität 2001 -- 04 , gives a 44,035 number . Jump up ^ `` Présentation de la Croatie '' ( in French ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistini urad RS -- Popis 2002 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatsko iseljeništvo u Švedskoj '' . Hrvatiizvanrh.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hungary census Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite Jump up ^ Foreigners in Italy Archived 27 June 2013 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` State Office for Croats Abroad '' . Hrvatiizvanrh.hr . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Census in Romania Archived 13 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Montenegrin census page 14 Population by national or ethnic affiliation -- Review for Republic of Montenegro and municipalities Jump up ^ Joshua Project . `` Country -- Denmark : Joshua Project '' . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population by immigrant category and country background '' . Statistics Norway . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From the lives of Croatian faithful outside Croatia '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Croats of Czech Republic : Ethnic People Profile '' . czso.cz . Czech Statistical Office . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Farkas , Evelyn ( 2003 ) . Fractured States and U.S. Foreign Policy . Iraq , Ethiopia , and Bosnia in the 1990s . Palgrave Macmillan US . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Paquin , Jonathan ( 2010 ) . A Stability - Seeking Power : US Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Directory of Historical Organizations in the United States and Canada . American Association for State and Local History . 2002 . p. 205 . Jump up ^ Zanger , Mark ( 2001 ) . The American Ethnic Cookbook for Students . Greenwood . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Ember , David , Melvin ( 1997 ) . American immigrant cultures : builders of a nation . Macmillan . p. 191 . Jump up ^ Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs Appropriations for 1994 : Testimony of members of Congress and other interested individuals and organizations . United States . Congress . House . Committee on Appropriations . Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs. 1993 . p. 690 . Jump up ^ National Genealogical Inquirer . Janlen Enterprises . 1979 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Results American Fact Finder ( US Census Bureau ) Jump up ^ Croatian diaspora in the USA It has been estimated that around 1.200. 000 Croats and their descendants live in the USA . Jump up ^ `` 2011 National Household Survey : Data tables '' . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Status of Croatian immigrants and their descendants abroad '' . REPUBLIC OF CROATIA : State Office for Croats Abroad . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Diaspora Croata El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Chile evalúa que en ese país actualmente viven 380.000 personas consideradas de ser de descendencia croata , lo que es un 2 , 4 % de la población total de Chile . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatsko iseljeništvo u Ekvadoru '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State Office for Croats Abroad '' . Hrvatiizvanrh.hr . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2011 Census of Population and Housing . Australia ( Excel file entitled `` Basic Community Profile '' . Spreadsheet B08 lists population of Australia by ancestry . ) Jump up ^ `` 7 . Facts and figures -- Dalmatians -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatsko iseljeništvo u Novom Zelandu '' . Hrvatiizvanrh.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dom i svijet -- Broj 227 -- Croatia klub u Juznoj Africi '' . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue -- South Slavic languages '' . ethnologue.com . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Daphne Winland ( 2004 ) , `` Croatian Diaspora '' , in Melvin Ember ; Carol R. Ember ; Ian Skoggard , Encyclopedia of Diasporas : Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World . Volume I : Overviews and Topics ; Volume II : Diaspora Communities , 2 ( illustrated ed . ) , Springer , p. 76 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 48321 - 9 , It is estimated that 4.5 million Croatians live outside Croatia ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` About Us - Croatian World Coungress '' . Web.archive.org. 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Curta ( 2010 , p. 323 `` If anything , the reconsideration of the problem in the light of the Making of the Slavs strongly suggests that the Slavs did not have to migrate from some distant Urheimat in order to become Slovenians and Croats . '' ) Jump up ^ Dzino ( 2010 , p. 175 ) Jump up ^ Borri ( 2011 , p. 215 ) Jump up ^ Curta ( 2006 , p. 138 ) Jump up ^ Dzino ( 2010 , p. 20 ) Jump up ^ Ančić , Mladen ( January 1997 ) . `` From Carolingian Official to Croatian Ruler - The Croats and the Carolingian Empire in the First Half of the Ninth Century '' . Hortus Artium Medievalium. 3 : 7 -- 13 . doi : 10.1484 / J. HAM. 2.305094 . Jump up ^ Curta ( 2006 , pp. 141 -- 42 ) Jump up ^ Budak ( 2008 , p. 223 ) Jump up ^ Dzino ( 2010 , p. 186 ) Jump up ^ Wolfram ( 2002 ) Liudewit is usually considered the first Croatian prince we know of . To be true , there is no doubt that Constantine Porphyrogenitus has Dalmatia and parts of Slavonia populated by Croatians . But this author wrote more than a hundred years after the Frankish Royal annals which never mention the name of the Croatians although you will find a great many Slavic tribal names there . Therefore , if one applies the methods of an ethnogenetic interpretation , the Croatian Liudewit seems to be an anachronism . Jump up ^ `` enciklopedija.lzmk.hr '' . enciklopedija.lzmk.hr . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fine ( 2005 , p. 6203 ) Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfram ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The early medieval Balkans : a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century . University of Michigan Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08149 - 3 . Jump up ^ Draganović , Krunoslav ( 1991 ) . Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do godine 1463 . Hrvatsko kulturno društvo Napredak . p. 191 . Jump up ^ Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The early medieval Balkans : a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century . University of Michigan Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08149 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hrvatski leksikon ( 1996 -- 1997 ) ( in Croatian ) Jump up ^ Stjepan Antoljak , Pregled hrvatske povijesti , Split 1993. , str. 43 . Jump up ^ De Administrando Imperio , Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos , 950 Jump up ^ Bakalov , Istorija na Bǎlgarija , `` Simeon I Veliki '' Jump up ^ Omrčanin , Ivo ( 1984 ) . Military history of Croatia . Dorrance . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 2893 - 8 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland ; JSTOR ( Organization ) ( 1882 ) . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Croatian ) PETAR KREŠIMIR IV. TRPIMIROVIĆ Jump up ^ Dominik Mandić , Rasprave i prilozi iz stare hrvatske povijesti , Institute of Croatian history , Rome , 1963. , page 315. , 438 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Demetrius , Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Raukar , Tomislav ( 1997 ) . Hrvatsko srednjovjekovlje : prostor , ljudi , ideje . ISBN 978 - 953 - 0 - 30703 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Curta , Stephenson , p. 267 Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` The southern Slav question and the Habsburg Monarchy '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Ingrao ( 2000 ) . The Habsburg Monarchy , 1618 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78505 - 1 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine -- Index '' . Vojvodina.gov.rs . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barać L , Pericić M , Klarić IM , et al. ( July 2003 ) . `` Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates '' ( PDF ) . Eur. J. Hum . Genet. 11 ( 7 ) : 535 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejhg. 5200992 . PMID 12825075 . ^ Jump up to : Rootsi Siiri ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Phylogeography of Y - Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 75 ( 1 ) : 128 -- 37 . doi : 10.1086 / 422196 . PMC 1181996 . PMID 15162323 . ^ Jump up to : Pericić M , Lauc LB , Klarić IM , et al. ( October 2005 ) . `` High - resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations '' . Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 ( 10 ) : 1964 -- 75 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msi185 . PMID 15944443 . Fig. 3 . -- I1b * ( xM26 ) frequency and variance surfaces ... ^ Jump up to : Y - chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe , Battaglia et al . Jump up ^ Steve Olson , Mapping Human History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ David Dalby , Linguasphere ( 1999 / 2000 , Linguasphere Observatory ) , pg. 445 , 53 - AAA - g , `` Srpski + Hrvatski , Serbo - Croatian '' . Jump up ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV , Indo - European Language and Culture : An Introduction , 2nd ed. ( 2010 , Blackwell ) , pg. 431 , `` Because of their mutual intelligibility , Serbian , Croatian , and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo - Croatian . '' Jump up ^ Václav Blažek , `` On the Internal Classification of Indo - European Languages : Survey '' , phil.muni.cz ; retrieved 20 October 2010 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Krasić , Stjepan ( 2009 ) . Počelo je u Rimu : Katolička obnova i normiranje hrvatskoga jezika u XVII . stoljeću . ISBN 978 - 953 - 6316 - 76 - 2 . Jump up ^ Babić , Stjepan ( 1995 ) . Hrvatski jučer i danas . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 160 - 052 - 1 . Jump up ^ Journal of Croatian studies ( 1986 ) 27 -- 30 : 45 Jump up ^ `` Croatia : Themes , Authors , Books Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection '' . Library.yale.edu. 16 November 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Glanville ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe . Oxford , UK : Blackwell Publishers Ltd. p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19286 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kapetanović , Amir ( 2005 ) . `` HRVATSKA SREDNJOVJEKOVNA LATINICA '' . HRVATSKA SREDNJOVJEKOVNA LATINICA . Jump up ^ Branko Fučić ( September 1971 ) . `` Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi '' . Slovo ( in Croatian ) . Old Church Slavonic Institute . 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvoje 's Missal ~ 1403 -- 1404 '' . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VINODOLSKI ZAKON ( 1288 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Istarski Razvod '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vatikanski hrvatski molitvenik '' . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south - western Balkan countries , and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes '' ( Dalmatia in Catholic Encyclopedia ) Jump up ^ Marko Japundzić . The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage , croatianhistory.net ; accessed 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Clissold , Stephen ; Darby , Henry Clifford ( 1968 ) . A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966 . CUP Archive . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09531 - 0 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Najljepši gradovi Sjeverne Hrvatske -- Karlovac , Ozalj , Ogulin '' ( The Most Beautiful Cities of the Northern Croatia -- Karlovac , Ozalj , Ogulin ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Darja Radović Mahečić ( 2006 ) . `` Sekvenca secesije -- arhitekt Lav Kalda '' ( Sequence of the Art Nouveau -- Architect Lav Kalda ) ( PDF ) . Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti ( in Croatian ) . Institute of Art History ( Croatia ) . 30 : 241 -- 264 . ISSN 0350 - 3437 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CROATIAN ART HISTORY -- OVERVIEW OF PREHISTORY '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ( Croatia ) . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Church of Saint Donat '' . Zadar Tourist Board . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Pavao Nujić ( September 2011 ) . `` Josip Juraj Strossmayer -- Rođeni Osječanin '' ( Josip Juraj Strossmayer -- Native of Osijek ) . Essehist ( in Croatian ) . University of Osijek -- Faculty of Philosophy. 2 : 70 -- 73 . ISSN 1847 - 6236 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Baška tablet '' . Island of Krk Tourist Board . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska književnost u 270.000 redaka '' ( Croatian Literature in 270,000 Lines ) ( in Croatian ) . Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute . 11 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Kaplan ( 18 April 1993 ) . `` A Reader 's Guide to the Balkans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Влада Аутономне Покрајине Војводине Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` REPUBLICKI ZAVOD ZA STATISTIKU -- Republike Srbije '' . Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HKDC Geschichte -- Frame '' . Croates.at . Archived from the original on 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office Population by national / ethnic groups Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` HIA -- iseljenici '' . Hia.com.hr . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Većeslav Holjevac . `` In his book Hrvati izvan domovine estimates the number of Croatian emigrants in South America at 180,000 in 1932 '' . Croatian Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Croatian Emigrant Adresary places the total number of Croats in South America as high as 500,000 '' . Croatian Emigrant Adresary . Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 . Cite error : A list - defined reference has no name ( see the help page ) . Sources ( edit ) Dzino , Danijel ( 2010 ) , Becoming Slav , Becoming Croat . Identity transformations in post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia , Brill Curta , Florin ( 2001 ) . The Making of the Slavs : History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region , c. 500 -- 700 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Curta , Florin ( 2006 ) . Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages , 500 -- 1250 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Curta , Florin ( 2010 ) , `` The early Slavs in the northern and eastern Adriatic region . A critical approach '' , Archeologia Medievale , 37 Wolfram , Herwig ( 2002 ) , `` Slavic Princes in the Carolingian Marches of Bavaria '' , Hortus Artium Medievalium , 8 I.H. Garipzanov ; P. Geary ; P. Urbanczyk , eds. ( 2008 ) , `` Identities in Early Medieval Dalmatia ( Seventh -- Eleventh Centuries ) '' , Franks , Northmen , and Slavs Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe , Brepols Borri , Francesco ( 2011 ) , `` White Croatia and the arrival of the Croats : an interpretation of Constantine Porphyrogenitus on the oldest Dalmatian history '' , Early Medieval Europe , 19 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0254.2011. 00318. x External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croats . ( in Croatian ) Matica hrvatska Review of Croatian History at Central and Eastern European Online Library `` Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina : History '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2002 . The Croatian nation at the beginning of the 20th century Famous Croats and Croatian cultural heritage `` Hrvatska matica iseljenika '' . Croatian Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 27 April 2005 . 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-3768948778943377930	Escape velocity	Escape velocity - wikipedia Escape velocity Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Escape velocity ( disambiguation ) . In physics , escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body . The escape velocity from Earth is about 11.186 km / s ( 6.951 mi / s ; 40,270 km / h ; 25,020 mph ) at the surface . More generally , escape velocity is the speed at which the sum of an object 's kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy is equal to zero ; an object which has achieved escape velocity is neither on the surface , nor in a closed orbit ( of any radius ) . With escape velocity in a direction pointing away from the ground of a massive body , the object will move away from the body , slowing forever and approaching , but never reaching , zero speed . Once escape velocity is achieved , no further impulse need be applied for it to continue in its escape . In other words , if given escape velocity , the object will move away from the other body , continually slowing , and will asymptotically approach zero speed as the object 's distance approaches infinity , never to come back . Speeds higher than escape velocity have a positive speed at infinity . Note that the minimum escape velocity assumes that there is no friction ( e.g. , atmospheric drag ) , which would increase the required instantaneous velocity to escape the gravitational influence , and that there will be no future sources of additional velocity ( e.g. , thrust ) , which would reduce the required instantaneous velocity . For a spherically symmetric , massive body such as a star , or planet , the escape velocity for that body , at a given distance , is calculated by the formula v e = 2 G M r , ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2GM ) ( r ) ) ) , ) where G is the universal gravitational constant ( G ≈ 6.67 × 10 m kg s ) , M the mass of the body to be escaped from , and r the distance from the center of mass of the body to the object . The relationship is independent of the mass of the object escaping the massive body . Conversely , a body that falls under the force of gravitational attraction of mass M , from infinity , starting with zero velocity , will strike the massive object with a velocity equal to its escape velocity given by the same formula . When given a speed V ( \ displaystyle V ) greater than the escape speed v e , ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) , ) the object will asymptotically approach the hyperbolic excess speed v ∞ , ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ infty ) , ) satisfying the equation : v ∞ 2 = V 2 − v e 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( v_ ( \ infty ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = V ^ ( 2 ) - ( v_ ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) In these equations atmospheric friction ( air drag ) is not taken into account . A rocket moving out of a gravity well does not actually need to attain escape velocity to escape , but could achieve the same result ( escape ) at any speed with a suitable mode of propulsion and sufficient propellant to provide the accelerating force on the object to escape . Escape velocity is only required to send a ballistic object on a trajectory that will allow the object to escape the gravity well of the mass M . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Escape velocity in various situations 2.1 From the surface of a body 2.2 From a rotating body 2.3 Practical considerations 2.4 From an orbiting body 2.5 Barycentric escape velocity 2.6 Height of lower velocity trajectories 3 Trajectory 4 Multiple bodies 5 List of escape velocities 6 Deriving escape velocity using calculus 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Luna 1 , launched in 1959 , was the first man - made object to attain escape velocity from Earth ( see below table ) . The existence of escape velocity is a consequence of conservation of energy and an energy field of finite depth . For an object with a given total energy , which is moving subject to conservative forces ( such as a static gravity field ) it is only possible for the object to reach combinations of locations and speeds which have that total energy ; and places which have a higher potential energy than this can not be reached at all . By adding speed ( kinetic energy ) to the object it expands the possible locations that can be reached , until , with enough energy , they become infinite . For a given gravitational potential energy at a given position , the escape velocity is the minimum speed an object without propulsion needs to be able to `` escape '' from the gravity ( i.e. so that gravity will never manage to pull it back ) . Escape velocity is actually a speed ( not a velocity ) because it does not specify a direction : no matter what the direction of travel is , the object can escape the gravitational field ( provided its path does not intersect the planet ) . The simplest way of deriving the formula for escape velocity is to use conservation of energy . For the sake of simplicity , unless stated otherwise , we assume that an object is attempting to escape from a uniform spherical planet by moving away from it and that the only significant force acting on the moving object is the planet 's gravity . In its initial state , i , imagine that a spaceship of mass m is at a distance r from the center of mass of the planet , whose mass is M. Its initial speed is equal to its escape velocity , v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) . At its final state , f , it will be an infinite distance away from the planet , and its speed will be negligibly small and assumed to be 0 . Kinetic energy K and gravitational potential energy U are the only types of energy that we will deal with , so by the conservation of energy , ( K + U g ) i = ( K + U g ) f ( \ displaystyle ( K + U_ ( g ) ) _ ( i ) = ( K + U_ ( g ) ) _ ( f ) \ , ) K = 0 because final velocity is zero , and U = 0 because its final distance is infinity , so ⇒ 1 2 m v e 2 + − G M m r = 0 + 0 ⇒ v e = 2 G M r = 2 μ r ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Rightarrow ( ) & ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( - GMm ) ( r ) ) = 0 + 0 \ \ ( 3pt ) \ Rightarrow ( ) &v_ ( e ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2GM ) ( r ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 \ mu ) ( r ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where μ is the standard gravitational parameter . The same result is obtained by a relativistic calculation , in which case the variable r represents the radial coordinate or reduced circumference of the Schwarzschild metric . Defined a little more formally , `` escape velocity '' is the initial speed required to go from an initial point in a gravitational potential field to infinity and end at infinity with a residual speed of zero , without any additional acceleration . All speeds and velocities measured with respect to the field . Additionally , the escape velocity at a point in space is equal to the speed that an object would have if it started at rest from an infinite distance and was pulled by gravity to that point . In common usage , the initial point is on the surface of a planet or moon . On the surface of the Earth , the escape velocity is about 11.2 km / s , which is approximately 33 times the speed of sound ( Mach 33 ) and several times the muzzle velocity of a rifle bullet ( up to 1.7 km / s ) . However , at 9,000 km altitude in `` space '' , it is slightly less than 7.1 km / s . The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the escaping object . It does not matter if the mass is 1 kg or 1,000 kg ; what differs is the amount of energy required . For an object of mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) the energy required to escape the Earth 's gravitational field is GMm / r , a function of the object 's mass ( where r is the radius of the Earth , G is the gravitational constant , and M is the mass of the Earth , M = 5.9736 × 10 kg ) . A related quantity is the specific orbital energy which is essentially the sum of the kinetic and potential energy divided by the mass . An object has reached escape velocity when the specific orbital energy is greater or equal to zero . Escape velocity in various situations ( edit ) From the surface of a body ( edit ) An alternative expression for the escape velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) particularly useful at the surface on the body is : v e = 2 g r ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2gr \ , ) ) ) where r is the distance between the center of the body and the point at which escape velocity is being calculated and g is the gravitational acceleration at that distance ( i.e. , the surface gravity ) . For a body with a spherically - symmetric distribution of mass , the escape velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) from the surface is proportional to the radius assuming constant density , and proportional to the square root of the average density ρ . v e = K r ρ ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = Kr ( \ sqrt ( \ rho ) ) ) where K = 8 3 π G ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi G ) ) ) ≈ 2.364 × 10 m kg s From a rotating body ( edit ) The escape velocity relative to the surface of a rotating body depends on direction in which the escaping body travels . For example , as the Earth 's rotational velocity is 465 m / s at the equator , a rocket launched tangentially from the Earth 's equator to the east requires an initial velocity of about 10.735 km / s relative to Earth to escape whereas a rocket launched tangentially from the Earth 's equator to the west requires an initial velocity of about 11.665 km / s relative to Earth . The surface velocity decreases with the cosine of the geographic latitude , so space launch facilities are often located as close to the equator as feasible , e.g. the American Cape Canaveral ( latitude 28 ° 28 ' N ) and the French Guiana Space Centre ( latitude 5 ° 14 ' N ) . Practical considerations ( edit ) In most situations it is impractical to achieve escape velocity almost instantly , because of the acceleration implied , and also because if there is an atmosphere the hypersonic speeds involved ( on Earth a speed of 11.2 km / s , or 40,320 km / h ) would cause most objects to burn up due to aerodynamic heating or be torn apart by atmospheric drag . For an actual escape orbit , a spacecraft will accelerate steadily out of the atmosphere until it reaches the escape velocity appropriate for its altitude ( which will be less than on the surface ) . In many cases , the spacecraft may be first placed in a parking orbit ( e.g. a low Earth orbit , LEO , at 160 -- 2,000 km ) and then accelerated to the escape velocity at that altitude , which will be slightly lower ( about 11.0 km / s at a LEO of 200 km ) . The required additional change in speed , however , is far less because the spacecraft already has significant orbital velocity ( in low Earth orbit speed is approximately 7.8 km / s , or 28,080 km / h ) . From an orbiting body ( edit ) The escape velocity at a given height is 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) times the speed in a circular orbit at the same height , ( compare this with the velocity equation in circular orbit ) . This corresponds to the fact that the potential energy with respect to infinity of an object in such an orbit is minus two times its kinetic energy , while to escape the sum of potential and kinetic energy needs to be at least zero . The velocity corresponding to the circular orbit is sometimes called the first cosmic velocity , whereas in this context the escape velocity is referred to as the second cosmic velocity . For a body in an elliptical orbit wishing to accelerate to an escape orbit the required speed will vary , and will be greatest at periapsis when the body is closest to the central body . However , the orbital speed of the body will also be at its highest at this point , and the change in velocity required will be at its lowest , as explained by the Oberth effect . Barycentric escape velocity ( edit ) Technically escape velocity can either be measured as a relative to the other , central body or relative to center of mass or barycenter of the system of bodies . Thus for systems of two bodies , the term escape velocity can be ambiguous , but it is usually intended to mean the barycentric escape velocity of the less massive body . In gravitational fields , escape velocity refers to the escape velocity of zero mass test particles relative to the barycenter of the masses generating the field . In most situations involving spacecraft the difference is negligible . For a mass equal to a Saturn V rocket , the escape velocity relative to the launch pad is 253.5 am / s ( 8 nanometers per year ) faster than the escape velocity relative to the mutual center of mass . Height of lower velocity trajectories ( edit ) Ignoring all factors other than the gravitational force between the body and the object , an object projected vertically at speed v ( \ displaystyle v ) from the surface of a spherical body with escape velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) and radius R ( \ displaystyle R ) will attain a maximum height h ( \ displaystyle h ) satisfying the equation v = v e h R + h , ( \ displaystyle v = v_ ( e ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( h ) ( R + h ) ) ) \ , ) which , solving for h results in h = x 2 1 − x 2 R , ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ R \ , ) where x = v v e ( \ displaystyle x = ( \ frac ( v ) ( v_ ( e ) ) ) ) is the ratio of the original speed v ( \ displaystyle v ) to the escape velocity v e . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) . ) Unlike escape velocity , the direction ( vertically up ) is important to achieve maximum height . Trajectory ( edit ) If an object attains exactly escape velocity , but is not directed straight away from the planet , then it will follow a curved path or trajectory . Although this trajectory does not form a closed shape , it can be referred to as an orbit . Assuming that gravity is the only significant force in the system , this object 's speed at any point in the trajectory will be equal to the escape velocity at that point due to the conservation of energy , its total energy must always be 0 , which implies that it always has escape velocity ; see the derivation above . The shape of the trajectory will be a parabola whose focus is located at the center of mass of the planet . An actual escape requires a course with a trajectory that does not intersect with the planet , or its atmosphere , since this would cause the object to crash . When moving away from the source , this path is called an escape orbit . Escape orbits are known as C3 = 0 orbits . C3 is the characteristic energy , = − GM / 2a , where a is the semi-major axis , which is infinite for parabolic trajectories . If the body has a velocity greater than escape velocity then its path will form a hyperbolic trajectory and it will have an excess hyperbolic velocity , equivalent to the extra energy the body has . A relatively small extra delta - v above that needed to accelerate to the escape speed can result in a relatively large speed at infinity . For example , at a place where escape speed is 11.2 km / s , the addition of 0.4 km / s yields a hyperbolic excess speed of 3.02 km / s : v ∞ = V 2 − v e 2 = 11.6 2 − 11.2 2 ≈ 3.02 . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ infty ) = ( \ sqrt ( V ^ ( 2 ) - ( v_ ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 11.6 ^ ( 2 ) - 11.2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ approx 3.02 . ) If a body in circular orbit ( or at the periapsis of an elliptical orbit ) accelerates along its direction of travel to escape velocity , the point of acceleration will form the periapsis of the escape trajectory . The eventual direction of travel will be at 90 degrees to the direction at the point of acceleration . If the body accelerates to beyond escape velocity the eventual direction of travel will be at a smaller angle , and indicated by one of the asymptotes of the hyperbolic trajectory it is now taking . This means the timing of the acceleration is critical if the intention is to escape in a particular direction . Multiple bodies ( edit ) When escaping a compound system , such as a moon orbiting a planet or a planet orbiting a sun , a rocket that leaves at escape velocity ( v e 1 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e1 ) ) ) for the first ( orbiting ) body , ( e.g. Earth ) will not travel to an infinite distance because it needs an even higher speed to escape gravity of the second body ( e.g. the Sun ) . Near the Earth , the rocket 's trajectory will appear parabolic , but it will still be gravitationally bound to the second body and will enter an elliptical orbit around that body , with a similar orbital speed to the first body . To escape the gravity of the second body once it has escaped the first body the rocket will need to be travelling at the escape velocity for the second body ( v e 2 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e2 ) ) ) ( at the orbital distance of the first body ) . However , when the rocket escapes the first body it will still have the same orbital speed around the second body that the first body has ( v o ( \ displaystyle v_ ( o ) ) ) . So its excess velocity as it escapes the first body will need to be the difference between the orbital velocity and the escape velocity . With a circular orbit , escape velocity is √ 2 times the orbital speed . Thus the total escape velocity v t e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( te ) ) when leaving one body orbiting a second and seeking to escape them both is , under simplified assumptions : v t e = ( v e 2 − v o ) 2 + v e 1 2 = ( k v e 2 ) 2 + v e 1 2 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( te ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( v_ ( e2 ) - v_ ( o ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( e1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( kv_ ( e2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( e1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where k = 1 − 1 2 ≈ 0.2929 ( \ displaystyle k = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ approx 0.2929 ) for circular orbits . List of escape velocities ( edit ) Location Relative to V ( km / s ) Location Relative to V ( km / s ) System escape V ( km / s ) On the Sun The Sun 's gravity 617.5 On Mercury Mercury 's gravity 4.25 At Mercury The Sun 's gravity ~ 67.7 ~ 20.3 On Venus Venus 's gravity 10.36 At Venus The Sun 's gravity 49.5 17.8 On Earth Earth 's gravity 11.186 At Earth / the Moon The Sun 's gravity 42.1 16.6 On the Moon The Moon 's gravity 2.38 At the Moon The Earth 's gravity 1.4 2.42 On Mars Mars ' gravity 5.03 At Mars The Sun 's gravity 34.1 11.2 On Ceres Ceres 's gravity 0.51 At Ceres The Sun 's gravity 25.3 7.4 On Jupiter Jupiter 's gravity 60.20 At Jupiter The Sun 's gravity 18.5 60.4 On Io Io 's gravity 2.558 At Io Jupiter 's gravity 24.5 7.6 On Europa Europa 's gravity 2.025 At Europa Jupiter 's gravity 19.4 6.0 On Ganymede Ganymede 's gravity 2.741 At Ganymede Jupiter 's gravity 15.4 5.3 On Callisto Callisto 's gravity 2.440 At Callisto Jupiter 's gravity 11.6 4.2 On Saturn Saturn 's gravity 36.09 At Saturn The Sun 's gravity 13.6 36.3 On Titan Titan 's gravity 2.639 At Titan Saturn 's gravity 7.8 3.5 On Uranus Uranus ' gravity 21.38 At Uranus The Sun 's gravity 9.6 21.5 On Neptune Neptune 's gravity 23.56 At Neptune The Sun 's gravity 7.7 23.7 On Triton Triton 's gravity 1.455 At Triton Neptune 's gravity 6.2 2.33 On Pluto Pluto 's gravity 1.23 At Pluto The Sun 's gravity ~ 6.6 ~ 2.3 At Solar System galactic radius The Milky Way 's gravity 492 -- 594 On the event horizon A black hole 's gravity 299,792.458 ( speed of light ) The last two columns will depend precisely where in orbit escape velocity is reached , as the orbits are not exactly circular ( particularly Mercury and Pluto ) . Deriving escape velocity using calculus ( edit ) Let G be the gravitational constant and let M be the mass of the earth ( or other gravitating body ) and m be the mass of the escaping body or projectile . At a distance r from the centre of gravitation the body feels an attractive force F = G M m r 2 . ( \ displaystyle F = G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The work needed to move the body over a small distance dr against this force is therefore given by d W = F d r = − G M m r 2 d r , ( \ displaystyle dW = Fdr = - G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dr , ) where the minus sign indicates the force acts in the opposite sense of d r ( \ displaystyle dr ) . The total work needed to move the body from the surface r of the gravitating body to infinity is then W = ∫ r 0 ∞ − G M m r 2 d r = − G M m r 0 = − m g r 0 . ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( \ infty ) - G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dr = - G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ) = - mgr_ ( 0 ) . ) This is the minimal required kinetic energy to be able to reach infinity , so the escape velocity v satisfies W + K = 0 ⇒ 1 2 m v 0 2 = G M m r 0 , ( \ displaystyle W + K = 0 \ Rightarrow ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) = G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ) , ) which results in v 0 = 2 G M r 0 = 2 g r 0 . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( 0 ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2GM ) ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2gr_ ( 0 ) ) ) . ) See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Black hole -- an object with an escape velocity greater than the speed of light Characteristic energy ( C ) Delta - v budget -- speed needed to perform manoeuvres . Gravitational slingshot -- a technique for changing trajectory Gravity well List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System Newton 's cannonball Oberth effect -- burning propellant deep in a gravity field gives higher change in kinetic energy Orbital speed Two - body problem Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gravitational potential energy is negative since gravity is an attractive force and the potential energy has been defined for this purpose to be zero at infinite distance from the centre of gravity . Jump up ^ The value GM is called the standard gravitational parameter , or μ , and is often known more accurately than either G or M separately . References ( edit ) Roger R. Bate ; Donald D. Mueller ; Jerry E. White ( 1971 ) . Fundamentals of astrodynamics . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 60061 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lai , Shu T. ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging : Spacecraft Interactions with Space Plasmas . Princeton University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 3909 - 4 . Extract of page 240 Jump up ^ Giancoli , Douglas C. ( 2008 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics . Addison - Wesley . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0131495081 . Jump up ^ Khatri , Poudel , Gautam , M.K. , P.R. , A.K. ( 2010 ) . Principles of Physics . Kathmandu : Ayam Publication . pp. 170 , 171 . ISBN 9789937903844 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bate , Roger R. ; Mueller , Donald D. ; White , Jerry E. ( 1971 ) . Fundamentals of Astrodynamics ( illustrated ed . ) . Courier Corporation . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 60061 - 1 . Extract of page 39 Jump up ^ NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Details Jump up ^ Taylor , Edwin F. ; Wheeler , John Archibald ; Bertschinger , Edmund ( 2010 ) . Exploring Black Holes : Introduction to General Relativity ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . pp. 2 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 51286 - 4 . Sample chapter , page 2 - 22 Jump up ^ Choquet - Bruhat , Yvonne ( 2015 ) . Introduction to General Relativity , Black Holes , and Cosmology ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966646 - 1 . Extract of page 116 , 117 Jump up ^ `` escape velocity physics '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bate , Mueller and White , p. 35 Jump up ^ Teodorescu , P.P. ( 2007 ) . Mechanical systems , classical models . Springer , Japan . p. 580 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 5441 - 6 . , Section 2.2. 2 , p. 580 Jump up ^ Bajaj , N.K. ( 2015 ) . Complete Physics : JEE Main . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 6.12 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 392 - 2032 - 7 . Example 21 , page 6.12 Jump up ^ note this assumes the excess velocity as the rocket escapes the first body is in the same direction as the orbital velocity ( i.e. they are parallel vectors ) . If the first body 's orbit is elliptical the total escape velocity will vary . ^ Jump up to : For planets : `` Planets and Pluto : Physical Characteristics '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Smith , Martin C. ; Ruchti , G.R. ; Helmi , A. ; Wyse , R.F.G. ( 2007 ) . `` The RAVE Survey : Constraining the Local Galactic Escape Speed '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 2 ( S235 ) : 137 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921306005692 . Jump up ^ Kafle , P.R. ; Sharma , S. ; Lewis , G.F. ; Bland - Hawthorn , J. ( 2014 ) . `` On the Shoulders of Giants : Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way Mass Distribution '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 794 ( 1 ) : 17 . arXiv : 1408.1787 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 794 ... 59K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 794 / 1 / 59 . Jump up ^ Muncaster , Roger ( 1993 ) . A-level Physics . Nelson Thornes . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 7487 - 1584 - 3 . Extract of page 103 External links ( edit ) Escape velocity calculator Web - based numerical escape velocity calculator Major subfields of astronomy and astrophysics Astrobiology Astrochemistry Astrometry Cosmochemistry Cosmology Extragalactic astronomy Galactic astronomy Orbital mechanics Physical cosmology Planetary geology Planetary science Solar astronomy Stellar astronomy Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν , θ , f True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escape_velocity&oldid=833641609 '' Categories : Astrodynamics Orbits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	escape velocity at the center of the earth	[]	[]
-1894707760884197624	Miss	Miss - wikipedia Miss `` Misses '' redirects here . For the clothing size , see US standard clothing size § Women 's sizes . For the term used to describe married women , see Mrs. For other uses , see Miss ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with USA and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Miss ( pronounced / ˈmɪs / ) is an English language honorific traditionally used only for an unmarried woman ( not using another title such as `` Doctor '' or `` Dame '' ) . Originating in the 17th century , it is a contraction of mistress , which was used for all women . A period is not used to signify the contraction . Its counterparts are Mrs. , usually used only for married women , and Ms. , which can be used for married or unmarried women . The plural Misses may be used , such as in The Misses Doe . The traditional French `` Mesdemoiselles '' ( abbreviation `` Mlles '' ) may also be used as the plural in English language conversation or correspondence . In Australian schools the term miss is used interchangeably with female teacher . Contents 1 Use as a title ( honorific ) in the United States 2 Use alone as a form of address 3 Other uses 4 See also 5 References Use as a title ( honorific ) in the United States ( edit ) The usage of `` Miss '' as a title in the United States is most frequently seen when referring to young women , or women whose marital status is unknown . Though Miss is less commonly used as a title by unmarried adult women in the United States than in the past , some still prefer to be referred to as such . Twenty - first century etiquette honors an adult woman 's personal preference of title . However , if the preference is not known , `` Ms . '' is used . `` Ms . '' is the preferred choice as the female title in business . It is the equivalent to the male title `` Mr . '' as neither is marital status specific . Miss was formerly the default title for businesswomen , but has largely been replaced by Ms. in this context . It was a default title for actresses ( Miss Helen Hayes , Miss Barbara Stanwyck ) or other celebrities ( Miss Amelia Earhart ) . Such default usage has also proved problematic ; the poet Dorothy Parker was often referred to as Miss Parker , even though Parker was the name of her first husband and she herself preferred Mrs. Parker . Later in the century , the use of `` Miss '' or `` Mrs . '' became a problem for The New York Times in referring to political candidate Geraldine Ferraro , a married woman who did not use her husband 's surname , since Mrs. has been used with a woman 's maiden name only in limited circumstances in public life before the 1980s . ( See more at Ms . ) Use alone as a form of address ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Miss '' is the proper form for addressing all young ladies . It is sometimes used when addressing a younger adult woman , for example , `` May I help you , Miss ? '' In the United States , the titles of `` Ma'am '' or `` Madam '' are sometimes used instead of `` Miss . '' Use of any of these terms implies marital status . Some take offense to the use of `` Ma'am '' or `` Madam '' because it indicates that the speaker thinks the woman being addressed must certainly be married due to her apparent age , and some take offense to the use of the terms `` Ma'am '' or `` Madam '' because of their association with houses of ill repute . On the other hand , addressing a woman as `` Miss '' may be taken as patronizing . Other uses ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In some American subcultures , such as the American South and some urban cultures , Miss is sometimes used irrespective of marital status with a woman 's first name in direct or indirect informal address , as Miss Ellen from Gone with the Wind or Miss Ellie from Dallas . This form was also used in upper class households in some English - speaking countries by servants to address or refer to the unmarried ladies of the household , and occasionally in family - run businesses in the same manner , though more commonly it was used to address servants if they were addressed by title at all . This is also common with female child - care givers ; small children will refer to their preschool teacher or nanny as `` Miss '' and their first name , regardless of marital status . In some school districts in the United States , this custom extends through the early primary school grades . In some styles of etiquette , the eldest daughter of a family was addressed on paper simply as Miss Doe , with the younger daughters being addressed as Miss Jane Doe and Miss Rebecca Doe . In person , as in when making introductions , the styling would have been extended to unmarried cousins with the same surname . Another notable use of Miss is as the title of a beauty queen ( given that in most pageants it is a requirement that contestants be unmarried ) , such as Miss America , Miss World , and Miss Universe . Other languages , such as French , Spanish , German , and Portuguese , have borrowed the English Miss to refer to the winner of a beauty pageant . In some Mexican schools ( particularly , but not exclusively , in bilingual schools ) , the term Miss and female teacher are used interchangeably ; students often address their female teachers simply as Miss . See also ( edit ) Fräulein ( German - language term for Miss , gained popularity due to the Fräuleinwunder , lit . Miracle of the Miss ) References ( edit ) English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss&oldid=853618710 '' Categories : Women 's social titles Titles Honorifics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2012 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština فارسی Nederlands Runa Simi Русский Shqip Slovenščina Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 00 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the title for a woman who is not married	[ "Miss (pronounced /ˈmɪs/) is an English language honorific traditionally used only for an unmarried woman (not using another title such as \"Doctor\" or \"Dame\"). Originating in the 17th century, it is a contraction of mistress, which was used for all women. A period is not used to signify the contraction. Its counterparts are Mrs., usually used only for married women, and Ms., which can be used for married or unmarried women.\n" ]	[ "Miss" ]
-1950636095349757901	That Was Then, This Is Now	That Was Then , This is Now - wikipedia That Was Then , This is Now Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see That Was Then This Is Now . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) That Was Then , This Is Now First U.S. edition , 1971 Author S.E. Hinton Country United States Language English Genre Young adult fiction Publisher Viking / Penguin ( hardcover ) , Dell Publishing , Laurel Leaf Library ( paperback ) Publication date 1971 Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) , Audiobook ( audiocassettes ) Pages 159pp ISBN 4 - 400 - 86520 - 7 Preceded by The Outsiders Followed by Rumble Fish That Was Then , This Is Now ( Published in and set in 1971 ) is a coming - of - age young adult novel by S.E. Hinton . It follows the relationship between two friends , Mark and Bryon , who are like brothers but find their relationship rapidly changing . It was later made into a film starring Emilio Estevez and Craig Sheffer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Connections to other books by S.E. Hinton 3 See also 4 References Plot ( edit ) Bryon Douglas and Mark Jennings have been like brothers since childhood but now times are changing . Bryon is growing up and thinking about who he wants to be , but Mark is still living for the thrill of the moment . The book starts out with Bryon 's mom being in the hospital . She is Bryon 's birth mother , and Mark 's adoptive mother . Mark 's parents killed each other in a drunken argument with each other and ended up shooting each other . So Mark and Bryon have to make money to help support the family while their mom is in the hospital getting surgery . Bryon gets a job at the local supermarket while Mark starts bringing in lots of cash . Bryon does n't ask where it 's from , but eventually , discovers that Mark has been getting his money by selling drugs to hippies . Bryon is horrified since his girlfriend 's 13 - year - old brother went mad because of someone selling him drugs . Byron calls the police on Mark , loosening their bond . When Mark comes home he tells him that he found the drugs and Mark say that he will stop if it makes Bryon upset . Bryon says it is too late , that he already called the police . Mark is surprised but does not believe it . The police come and take Mark away to a reformatory . A couple months afterward Bryon visits Mark , though Mark makes it very clear that he now hates him . Later , Mark acts up frequently and is sent to prison . The title of the book is one of the famous quotes in the book and is used at the end of the story . Connections to other books by S.E. Hinton ( edit ) The book , like Rumble Fish , takes place in Tulsa , Oklahoma in the same town as Hinton 's first book , The Outsiders . However , unlike Rumble Fish , Ponyboy Curtis , the main character of The Outsiders , appears in That Was Then , This Is Now and even takes part in the events surrounding the dance and killing spree . The characters of Tim and Curly Shepard from The Outsiders also appear , as does their sister Angela , who is original to That Was Then , This Is Now . Randy , who was in The Outsiders , also appears as a hippie in this book , which is appropriate to those who have read or seen The Outsiders , as Randy is an affluent kid who feels guilty about the class division and becomes repulsed by it , which is the background and beliefs of many hippies . In Tex , there is a brief description of Mark and Cathy , who are original to That Was Then , This Is Now . See also ( edit ) The Outsiders ( novel ) References ( edit ) ( hide ) S.E. Hinton Books The Outsiders Rumble Fish That Was Then , This Is Now Tex Taming the Star Runner Hawkes Harbor Some of Tim 's Stories Big David , Little David The Puppy Sister Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Was_Then,_This_Is_Now&oldid=807114909 '' Categories : 1971 American novels American novels adapted into films American young adult novels American bildungsromans Novels by S.E. Hinton Novels set in Tulsa , Oklahoma Viking Press books Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2015 All articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the main characters in that was then this is now	[]	[]
-6432277376330112794	Lewis and Clark Expedition	Lewis and Clark expedition - wikipedia Lewis and Clark expedition For other uses , see Lewis and Clark ( disambiguation ) . Route of the expedition The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806 , also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition , was the first American expedition to cross the western portion of the United States . It began near St. Louis , made its way westward , and passed through the Continental Divide of the Americas to reach the Pacific coast . The Corps of Discovery was a selected group of US Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark . President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to explore and to map the newly acquired territory , to find a practical route across the western half of the continent , and to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it . The campaign 's secondary objectives were scientific and economic : to study the area 's plants , animal life , and geography , and to establish trade with local American Indian tribes . The expedition returned to St. Louis to report its findings to Jefferson , with maps , sketches , and journals in hand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Preparations 3 Journey 3.1 Departure 3.2 Pacific Ocean 3.3 Return trip 4 Geography and science 5 Encounters with American Indians 5.1 Observations 5.2 Sacagawea 6 Accomplishments 7 Aftermath 8 Legacy and honors 9 Prior discoveries 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Overview One of Thomas Jefferson 's goals was to find `` the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent , for the purposes of commerce . '' He also placed special importance on declaring US sovereignty over the land occupied by the many different Indian tribes along the Missouri River , and getting an accurate sense of the resources in the recently completed Louisiana Purchase . The expedition made notable contributions to science , but scientific research was not the main goal of the mission . During the 19th century , references to Lewis and Clark `` scarcely appeared '' in history books , even during the United States Centennial in 1876 , and the expedition was largely forgotten . Lewis and Clark began to gain attention around the start of the 20th century . Both the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis and the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland , Oregon showcased them as American pioneers . However , the story remained relatively shallow until mid-century as a celebration of US conquest and personal adventures , but more recently the expedition has been more thoroughly researched . In 2004 , a complete and reliable set of the expedition 's journals was compiled by Gary E. Moulton . In the 2000s , the bicentennial of the expedition further elevated popular interest in Lewis and Clark . As of 1984 , no US exploration party was more famous , and no American expedition leaders are more recognizable by name . hide Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lewis and Clark Expedition May , 1804 -- September , 1806 1804 May 14 : The Corps of Discovery departs from Camp Dubois at 4 p.m. , marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast . May 16 : The Corps of Discovery arrives at St. Charles , Missouri . May 21 : Departure from St. Charles at 3 : 30 p.m. May 24 : Pass Boones Settlement . Home of famous woodsman L. Willenborg . May 25 : The expedition passes the small village of La Charrette on the Missouri River . Charles Floyd writes in his journal that this is `` the last settlement of whites on this river '' . June 1 : The expedition reaches the Osage River . June 12 : Lewis and Clark meet three trappers in two pirogues . One of the men was Pierre Dorion , Jr. -- who knew George Rogers Clark . Lewis and Clark persuade Dorion to return to Sioux camp to act as interpreter . June 26 : The expedition arrives at Kaw Point where the Kansas River drains into the Missouri River basin . June 28 -- 29 : First trial in new territory . Pvt . John Collins is on guard duty and breaks into the supplies and gets drunk . Collins invites Pvt . Hugh Hall to drink also . Collins receives 100 lashes , Hall receives 50 lashes . July 4 : Marking Independence Day , the expedition names Independence Creek located near Atchison , Kansas . July 11 -- 12 : Second trial in new territory . Pvt . Alexander Hamilton Willard is on guard duty . Is charged with lying down and sleeping at his post whilst a sentinel . Punishable by death . He receives 100 lashes for four straight days . July 21 : Reaches the Platte River , 640 miles from St. Louis . Entering Sioux Territory . August 1 : Captain William Clark 's 34th birthday . August 3 : The Corps of Discovery holds the first official council between representatives of the United States and the Oto and Missouri tribes at Council Bluffs , Iowa . They hand out peace medals , 15 - star flags and other gifts , parade men and show off technology . August 4 : Moses Reed said he was returning to a previous camp to retrieve a knife but deserted to St. Louis . August 18 : George Drouillard returns to camp with Reed and Otos ' Chief Little Thief . Reed is sentenced to run the gauntlet ( 500 lashes ) and is discharged from the permanent party . August 18 : Captain Meriwether Lewis 's 30th birthday . August 20 : Sergeant Charles Floyd dies . He dies from bilious chorlick ( ruptured appendix ) . He is the only member lost during the expedition . August 23 : Pvt . Joseph Field kills first bison . August 26 : Pvt . Patrick Gass is elected to sergeant . First election in new territory west of Mississippi River . George Shannon is selected to get the horses back from native Americans . August 30 : A friendly council with the Yankton Sioux held . According to a legend , Lewis wraps a newborn baby in a United States flag and declares him `` an American '' . September 4 : Reach the mouth of the Niobrara River . September 7 : The expedition drives a prairie dog out of its den ( by pouring water into it ) to send back to Jefferson . September 14 : Hunters kill and describe prairie goat ( antelope ) . September 25 -- 29 : A band of Lakota Sioux demand one of the boats as a toll for moving further upriver . Meet with Teton Sioux . Close order drill , air gun demo , gifts of medals , military coat , hats , tobacco . Hard to communicate language problems . Invite chiefs on board keelboat , give each ⁄ glass whiskey , acted drunk wanted more . Two armed confrontations with Sioux . Some of the chiefs sleep on boat , move up river to another village , meet in lodge , hold scalp dance . October 8 -- 11 : Pass Grand River home of the Arikara people , 2,000 + . Joseph Gravelins trader , lived with Arikara for 13 yrs . Pierre Antoine Tabeau lived in another village was from Quebec . October 13 : Pvt . John Newman tried for insubordination ( who was prompted by Reed ) and received 75 lashes . Newman was discarded from the permanent party . October 24 : Met their first Mandan Chief , Big White . Joseph Gravelins acted as interpreter . October 24 : Expedition reaches the earth - log villages of the Mandans and the Hidatsas . The captains decide to build Fort Mandan across the river from the main village . October 26 : Rene Jessaume lived with Mandan for more than a decade , hired as Mandan interpreter . Hugh McCracken a trader with the North West Company . Francois - Antoine Larocque , Charles MacKenzie also visited L&C . November -- December : Constructed Fort Mandan . November 2 : Hired Baptiste La Page to replace Newman . November 4 : The captains meet Toussaint Charbonneau , a French - Canadian fur trapper living among the Hidatsas with his two Shoshone wives , Sacagawea and Little Otter . December 24 : Fort Mandan is considered complete . Expedition moves in for the winter season . 1805 January 1 : The Corps of Discovery celebrates the New Year by `` Two discharges of cannon and Musick -- a fiddle , tambereen and a sounden horn . '' February 9 : Thomas Howard scaled the fort wall and a native American followed his example . `` Setting a pernicious example to the savages '' 50 lashes -- only trial at Fort Mandan and last on expedition . Lashes remitted by Lewis . February 11 : Sacagawea gives birth to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , the youngest member of the expedition . Jean Baptiste is nicknamed `` Pompy '' by Clark . Lewis aided in the delivery of Sacagawea 's baby , used rattle of rattlesnake to aid delivery ( Jessaume 's idea ) . April 7 -- 25 : Fort Mandan to Yellowstone River . April 7 : The permanent party of the Corps of Discovery leaves Fort Mandan . The keelboat is sent down river . Left Fort Mandan in six canoes and two pirogues . Thomas Howard received a letter from his wife Natalia . April 25 : Reached Yellowstone River Roche Jaune -- sent Joseph Field up river to find Yellowstone . He saw Big Horn Sheep and brought back horns . Lewis searched area thought it would be a good area for fort . Future forts were built , Fort Union and Fort Buford . May 14 : A sudden storm tips a pirogue ( boat ) and many items , such as supplies and the Corps ' journals , spill over into the river . Sacagawea calmly recovers most of the items ; Clark later credits her with quick thinking . April 25 -- June 3 : Yellowstone River to Marias River . April 27 : Entered present day state of Montana . May 5 : Lewis and a hunter killed first grizzly bear . May 8 : Milk river . Called because of its milky white appearance . Natives called it `` a river which scolds all others '' . June 3 -- 20 : Marias River to the Great Falls . June 3 : The mouth of the Marias River is reached . Camp Deposit is established . Cached blacksmith bellows and tools , bear skins , axes , auger , files , two kegs of parched corn , two kegs of pork , a keg of salt , chisels , tin cups , two rifles , beaver traps . Twenty - four lb of powder in lead kegs in separate caches . Hid red pirogue . Natives did not tell them of this river . Unable to immediately determine which river is the Missouri , a scouting party is sent to explore each branch , North fork ( Marias ) , South fork ( Missouri ) . Sgt . Gass and two others go up south fork . Sgt . Pryor and two others go up north fork . Ca n't decide which river is Missouri . Clark , Gass , Shannon , York and Fields brothers go up south fork . Lewis , Drouillard , Shields , Windsor Pryor , Cruzatte , Lepage go up north fork . Most men in expedition believe north fork is the Missouri . Lewis and Clark believe south fork is Missouri and followed that fork . June 13 : Scouting ahead of the expedition , Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River , confirming that they were heading in the right direction . Lewis writes when he discovers the Great Falls of the Missouri . `` When my ears were saluted with the agreeable sound of a fall of water and advancing a little further I saw the spray arrise above the plain like a column of smoke ... began to make a roaring too tremendous to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the Missouri . '' June 14 : Lewis takes off on an exploratory walk of the north side of the river . Lewis shoots a bison . While he is watching the bison die , a grizzly bear sneaks up on him and chases him into river . June 21 -- July 2 : A portage of boats and equipment is made around the falls . June 27 : Cached : desk , books , specimens of plants and minerals , two kegs of pork , ⁄ keg of flour , two blunderbusses , ⁄ keg of fixed ammo , and other small articles . June : 18.4 miles Clark surveyed route . Clark was the first white man to see falls from south side of river . As Clark was surveying route he discovered a giant fountain ( Giant Springs ) . June 22 -- July 9 : Construction of iron framed boat used to replace pirogues . It was floated on July 9 but leaked after a rain storm . The boat failed and was dismantled and cached July 10 . July 10 -- 15 : Established canoe camp to construct 2 new dugout canoes to replace failed iron frame boat . July 15 -- August 8 : Great Falls to the Shoshone . Left canoe camp with eight vessels traveled through the Gates of the Mountains , to the Three Forks ( the three rivers that make up the Missouri River , the Jefferson River , the Gallatin River and the Madison River ) . The expedition is 2464.4 miles from mouth of the Missouri River . They pass Beaverhead Rock . August 1 : Captain Clark 's 35th birthday . August 11 : Captain Lewis sights first native American since Ft . Mandan . August 12 : Scouting separately from the main party , Lewis crosses the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass . August 13 : Lewis meets Cameahwait , leader of a band of Shoshone August 15 -- 17 : Lewis returns across Lemhi Pass with Cameahwait and sets up Camp Fortunate . August 17 : A council meets with the Shoshone , during which Sacagawea learns the fate of her family and reveals that Cameahwait is her brother . Lewis and Clark successfully negotiate for horses for passage over the Rocky Mountains . They buy 29 horses for packing or eating with uniforms , rifles , powder , balls , and a pistol . They also hire Shoshone guide Old Toby . August 18 : Captain Lewis 's 31st birthday . In his journal , he scolds himself for being `` indolent '' , or lazy , and vows to spend the rest of his life helping people . August 26 : Lewis and the main party cross the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass . They thereby leave the newly purchased United States territory into disputed Oregon Country . September 1 -- October 6 : Crossing the Bitterroot Mountains . September 4 : Meet Salish ( `` Flathead Indians '' ) at Ross 's Hole , bought 13 more horses . September 9 -- 11 : Camped at Traveler 's Rest ( Lolo , Montana ) , now a National Historic Landmark . September 13 : Crossed Lolo Trail starving , ate horses , candles , and portable soup . October 6 -- 9 : Met Nez Perce tribe on Clearwater . Left horses , cached goods , built five dugout canoes for trip to ocean . October 9 -- December 7 : Traveled down Clearwater River , Snake River and Columbia River to ocean . October 18 : Clark sees Mount Hood , which means they are now back in previously explored territory . October 25 -- 28 : Camped at the Rock Fort , and first met the Chinookan - speaking people of the lower Columbia . November 7 : Clark wrote in his journal , `` Ocian ( ocean ) in view ! O ! the joy . '' November 20 : Encounter of the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River . November 24 : The Corps takes the matter of where to spend the winter to a vote . York , a slave , and Sacagawea , a woman , were allowed to vote . It was decided to camp on the south side of the Columbia River . December 7 -- March 23 , 1806 : Fort Clatsop sewed 338 pairs of moccasins . December 25 : Fort Clatsop , the Corps ' winter residence , is completed . 1806 January 1 : Discharged a volley of small arms to usher in the new year . Several Corps members build a salt - making cairn near present - day Seaside , Oregon . Return Trip March 22 : Corps of Discovery leave Fort Clatsop for the return voyage east . March 23 -- May 14 : Traveled to Camp Chopunnish . April 11 : Lewis ' dog was stolen by natives and retrieved shortly . Lewis warned the chief that any other wrongdoing or mischievous acts would result in instant death . May 14 -- June 10 : Camp Chopunnish collected 65 horses . Prepared for crossing mountains . Bitterroot Mountains still covered in snow ; can not cross . June 10 -- 30 : Traveled to Traveler 's Rest ( Lolo , Montana ) via Lolo Creek . Three hundred miles shorter than westward journey . Seventeen horses and five Nez Perce guides . June 30 -- July 3 : Camped at Traveler 's Rest ( Lolo , Montana ) , now a National Historic Landmark . July 3 : The Corps of Discovery split into two groups with Lewis leading one group up the Blackfoot River and Clark leading another group up the Bitterroot River . July 3 -- 28 : Lewis 's party heads back to the Great Falls of the Missouri . Sgt . Gass , J. Thompson , H. McNeal , R. Field , R. Frazier , J. Fields , W. Werner , G. Drouillard , S. Goodrich . July 7 : Lewis ' group crosses the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass . July 13 : Reached White Bear Island . Opened cache and many items were ruined . The iron frame of the boat had not suffered materially . July 15 : Lewis explores Marias river , separates from Gass to meet at Mouth of Marias between Aug. 5 and no later than Sept 1 . Marias River expedition includes M. Lewis , R. Fields , J. Fields , G. Drouillard . July 15 -- 26 : Camp Disappointment . Marias River does not go far enough north . Natives finally discovered . July 20 : Sgt . Ordway 's party ( from Clark 's party ) meets Sgt . Gass 's party at the Great Falls of the Missouri . July 27 : Piikani Nation tribe members ( `` Blackfeet '' ) try to steal Lewis 's group 's rifles . A fight broke out and two natives Americans were killed in the only hostile and violent encounter with a tribe . July 28 : Lewis meets Ordway and Gass . July 3 : Clark explores Yellowstone -- leaves for Three Forks and Yellowstone . Sgt . Pryor , G. Gibson , H. Hall , R. Windsor . Sgt . Ordway , J. Colter , J. Colter , P. Cruzatte , F. LaBiche , T. Howard , J. Shields , B. LaPage , G. Shannon , J. Potts , W. Brattan , P. Wiser , P. Willard , J. Whitehouse , T. Charboneau , Sacagawea & Pomp , York . July 6 : Clark 's group crosses the Continental Divide at Gibbons Pass . July 8 : Reached Camp Fortunate dug up cache from year before -- tobacco most prized . July 13 : Sgt . Ordway splits from Clark to travel up Missouri River to meet Lewis and Gass . July 25 : Clark discovers and writes on Pompey 's Pillar . August 1 : Capt . Clark 's 36th birthday . August 3 : Clark arrives at confluence of Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers -- moves down river because of mosquitoes . August 8 : Pryor and party reached Clark . Pryor and party ( Sgt . Pryor , G. Gibson , H. Hall , R. Windsor ) left Clark with horses and a letter to Hugh Henry to get Sioux to go to Washington and make peace with other natives . Horses stolen , had to make bull boats to get across and down river . August 11 : Lewis is accidentally shot by a member of his own party . August 12 : The two groups rejoin on the Missouri River in present - day North Dakota . August 18 : Capt . Lewis 's 32nd birthday . August 14 : Reached Mandan Village . Charbonneau and Sacagawea stayed . John Colter went back up river with trappers Hancock and Dickson provided rest of company stay with expedition all the way to St. Louis . September 23 : The Corps arrives in St. Louis , ending their journey after two years , four months , and ten days . Preparations Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Jefferson met John Ledyard in Paris in the 1780s , and they discussed a possible trip to the Pacific Northwest . Jefferson had also read Captain James Cook 's A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean ( London , 1784 ) , an account of Cook 's third voyage , and Le Page du Pratz 's The History of Louisiana ( London , 1763 ) , all of which greatly influenced his decision to send an expedition . Like Captain Cook , he wished to discover a practical route through the Northwest to the Pacific coast . Alexander Mackenzie had already charted a route in his quest for the Pacific , following the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean in 1789 . Mackenzie and his party were the first to cross America north of Mexico to the Pacific when he arrived near Bella Coola , British Columbia in 1793 -- a dozen years before Lewis and Clark . Mackenzie 's accounts in Voyages from Montreal ( 1801 ) informed Jefferson of Britain 's intent to control the lucrative fur trade of the Columbia River and convinced him of the importance of securing the territory as soon as possible . Two years into his presidency , Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition through the Louisiana territory to the Pacific Ocean . He did not attempt to make a secret of the Lewis and Clark expedition from Spanish , French , and British officials , but rather claimed different reasons for the venture . He used a secret message to ask for funding due to poor relations with the opposition party in Congress . In 1803 , Jefferson commissioned the Corps of Discovery and named Army Captain Meriwether Lewis its leader , who then selected William Clark as second in command . Lewis demonstrated remarkable skills and potential as a frontiersman , and Jefferson made efforts to prepare him for the long journey ahead as the expedition was gaining approval and funding . Jefferson explained his choice of Lewis : It was impossible to find a character who to a complete science in botany , natural history , mineralogy & astronomy , joined the firmness of constitution & character , prudence , habits adapted to the woods & a familiarity with the Indian manners and character , requisite for this undertaking . All the latter qualifications Capt . Lewis has . In 1803 , Jefferson sent Lewis to Philadelphia to study medicinal cures under Benjamin Rush , a physician and humanitarian . He also arranged for Lewis to be further educated by Andrew Ellicott , an astronomer who instructed him in the use of the sextant and other navigational instruments . Lewis , however , was not ignorant of science and had demonstrated a marked capacity to learn , especially with Jefferson as his teacher . At Monticello , Jefferson possessed the largest library in the world on the subject of the geography of the North American continent , and Lewis had full access to it . He spent time consulting maps and books and conferring with Jefferson . Lewis and Clark met near Louisville , Kentucky in October 1803 at the Falls of the Ohio and the core `` Nine Young Men '' were enlisted into the Corps of Discovery . Their goals were to explore the vast territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and to establish trade and US sovereignty over the Indians along the Missouri River . Jefferson also wanted to establish a US claim of `` discovery '' to the Pacific Northwest and Oregon territory by documenting an American presence there before European nations could claim the land . According to some historians , Jefferson understood that he would have a better claim of ownership to the Pacific Northwest if the team gathered scientific data on animals and plants . However , his main objectives were centered around finding an all - water route to the Pacific coast and commerce . His instructions to the expedition stated : The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri River , & such principle stream of it , as , by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean , whether the Columbia , Oregon , Colorado or any other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent for the purpose of commerce . The US mint prepared special silver medals with a portrait of Jefferson and inscribed with a message of friendship and peace , called Indian Peace Medals . The soldiers were to distribute them to the tribes that they met . The expedition also prepared advanced weapons to display their military firepower . Among these was an Austrian - made . 46 caliber Girandoni air rifle , a repeating rifle with a 20 - round tubular magazine that was powerful enough to kill a deer . The expedition was prepared with flintlock firearms , knives , blacksmithing supplies , and cartography equipment . They also carried flags , gift bundles , medicine , and other items that they would need for their journey . The route of Lewis and Clark 's expedition took them up the Missouri River to its headwaters , then on to the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River , and it may have been influenced by the purported transcontinental journey of Moncacht - Apé by the same route about a century before . Jefferson had a copy of Le Page 's book in his library detailing Moncacht - Apé 's itinerary , and Lewis carried a copy with him during the expedition . Le Page 's description of Moncacht - Apé 's route across the continent neglects to mention the need to cross the Rocky Mountains , and it might be the source of Lewis and Clark 's mistaken belief that they could easily carry boats from the Missouri 's headwaters to the westward - flowing Columbia . Journey Corps of Discovery meet Chinooks on the Lower Columbia , October 1805 ( Charles Marion Russel , c. 1905 ) Thirty - three people were near Wood River , Illinois , on the east bank of the Mississippi , including 29 participants in training at the 1803 -- 1804 Camp Dubois ( Camp Wood ) winter staging area in the Indiana Territory . In March 1804 , the Spanish in New Mexico learned from General James Wilkinson that the Americans were encroaching on territory claimed by Spain . They sent four armed expeditions of 52 soldiers , mercenaries , and Indians on August 1 from Santa Fe , New Mexico northward under Pedro Vial and José Jarvet to intercept Lewis and Clark and imprison the entire expedition . They reached the Pawnee settlement on the Platte River in central Nebraska and learned that the expedition had been there many days before . The expedition was covering 70 to 80 miles ( 110 to 130 km ) a day and Vial 's attempt to intercept them was unsuccessful . Departure The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4 pm on May 14 , 1804 , and met up with Lewis in St. Charles , Missouri , a short time later , marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast . The Corps followed the Missouri River westward . Soon , they passed La Charrette , the last Euro - American settlement on the Missouri River . The expedition followed the Missouri through what is now Kansas City , Missouri , and Omaha , Nebraska . On August 20 , 1804 , Sergeant Charles Floyd died , apparently from acute appendicitis . He had been among the first to sign up with the Corps of Discovery and was the only member to die during the expedition . He was buried at a bluff by the river , now named after him , in what is now Sioux City , Iowa . His burial site was marked with a cedar post on which was inscribed his name and day of death . 1 mile ( 2 km ) up the river , the expedition camped at a small river which they named Floyd 's River . During the final week of August , Lewis and Clark reached the edge of the Great Plains , a place abounding with elk , deer , bison , and beavers . The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with two dozen Indian nations , without whose help the expedition would have risked starvation during the harsh winters and / or become hopelessly lost in the vast ranges of the Rocky Mountains . The Americans and the Lakota nation ( whom the Americans called Sioux or `` Teton - wan Sioux '' ) had problems when they met , and there was a concern the two sides might fight . According to Harry W. Fritz , `` All earlier Missouri River travelers had warned of this powerful and aggressive tribe , determined to block free trade on the river ... The Sioux were also expecting a retaliatory raid from the Omaha Indians , to the south . A recent Sioux raid had killed 75 Omaha men , burned 40 lodges , and taken four dozen prisoners . '' Reconstruction of Fort Mandan , Lewis and Clark Memorial Park , North Dakota One of their horses disappeared , and they believed the Sioux were responsible . Afterward , the two sides met and there was a disagreement , and the Sioux asked the men to stay or to give more gifts instead before being allowed to pass through their territory . They came close to fighting several times , and both sides finally backed down and the expedition continued on to Arikara territory . Clark wrote they were `` warlike '' and were the `` vilest miscreants of the savage race '' . In the winter of 1804 -- 05 , the party built Fort Mandan , near present - day Washburn , North Dakota . Just before departing on April 7 , 1805 , the expedition sent the keelboat back to St. Louis with a sample of specimens , some never seen before east of the Mississippi . One chief asked Lewis and Clark to provide a boat for passage through their national territory . As tensions increased , Lewis and Clark prepared to fight , but the two sides fell back in the end . The Americans quickly continued westward ( upriver ) , and camped for the winter in the Mandan nation 's territory . After the expedition had set up camp , nearby Indians came to visit in fair numbers , some staying all night . For several days , Lewis and Clark met in council with Mandan chiefs . Here they met a French - Canadian fur trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau , and his young Shoshone wife Sacagawea . Charbonneau at this time began to serve as the expedition 's translator . Peace was established between the expedition and the Mandan chiefs with the sharing of a Mandan ceremonial pipe . By April 25 , Captain Lewis wrote his progress report of the expedition 's activities and observations of the Indian nations they have encountered to date : A Statistical view of the Indian nations inhabiting the Territory of Louisiana , which outlined the names of various tribes , their locations , trading practices , and water routes used , among other things . President Jefferson would later present this report to Congress . They followed the Missouri to its headwaters , and over the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass . In canoes , they descended the mountains by the Clearwater River , the Snake River , and the Columbia River , past Celilo Falls , and past what is now Portland , Oregon , at the meeting of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers . Lewis and Clark used William Robert Broughton 's 1792 notes and maps to orient themselves once they reached the lower Columbia River . The sighting of Mount Hood and other stratovolcanos confirmed that the expedition had almost reached the Pacific Ocean . Pacific Ocean The expedition sighted the Pacific Ocean for the first time on November 7 , 1805 , arriving two weeks later . The expedition faced its second bitter winter camped on the north side of the Columbia River , in a storm - wracked area . Lack of food was a major factor . The elk , the party 's main source of food , had retreated from their usual haunts into the mountains , and the party was now too poor to purchase enough food from neighboring tribes . On November 24 , 1805 , the party voted to move their camp to the south side of the Columbia River near modern Astoria , Oregon . Sacagawea , and Clark 's slave York , were both allowed to participate in the vote , so this may have been the first time in American history where a woman and a slave were allowed to vote . On the south side of the Columbia River , 2 miles ( 3 km ) upstream on the west side of the Netul River ( now Lewis and Clark River ) , they constructed Fort Clatsop . They did this not just for shelter and protection , but also to officially establish the American presence there , with the American flag flying over the fort . During the winter at Fort Clatsop , Lewis committed himself to writing . He filled many pages of his journals with valuable knowledge , mostly about botany , because of the abundant growth and forests that covered that part of the continent . The health of the men also became a problem , with many suffering from colds and influenza . Return trip Lewis was determined to remain at the fort until April 1 , but was still anxious to move out at the earliest opportunity . By March 22 , the stormy weather had subsided and the following morning , on March 23 , 1806 , the journey home began . The Corps began their journey homeward using canoes to ascend the Columbia River , and later by trekking over land . They made their way to Camp Chopunnish in Idaho , along the north bank of the Clearwater River , where the members of the expedition collected 65 horses in preparation to cross the Bitterroot Mountains , lying between modern - day Idaho and western Montana . However , the range was still covered in snow , which prevented the expedition from making the crossing . On April 11 , while the Corps was waiting for the snow to diminish , Lewis ' dog , Seaman , was stolen by Indians , but was retrieved shortly . Worried that other such acts might follow , Lewis warned the chief that any other wrongdoing or mischievous acts would result in instant death . On July 3 , before crossing the Continental Divide , the Corps split into two teams so Lewis could explore the Marias River . Lewis ' group of four met some men from the Blackfeet nation . During the night , the Blackfeet tried to steal their weapons . In the struggle , the soldiers killed two Blackfeet men . Lewis , George Drouillard , and the Field brothers fled over 100 miles ( 160 kilometres ) in a day before they camped again . Meanwhile , Clark had entered the Crow tribe 's territory . In the night , half of Clark 's horses disappeared , but not a single Crow had been seen . Lewis and Clark stayed separated until they reached the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers on August 11 . As the groups reunited , one of Clark 's hunters , Pierre Cruzatte , mistook Lewis for an elk and fired , injuring Lewis in the thigh . Once together , the Corps was able to return home quickly via the Missouri River . They reached St. Louis on September 23 , 1806 . Geography and science Further information : List of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition Map of Lewis and Clark 's expedition : It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri Rivers , and the Rocky Mountains around 1814 The Lewis and Clark Expedition gained an understanding of the geography of the Northwest and produced the first accurate maps of the area . During the journey , Lewis and Clark drew about 140 maps . Stephen Ambrose says the expedition `` filled in the main outlines '' of the area . The expedition documented natural resources and plants that had been previously unknown to Euro - Americans , though not to the indigenous peoples . Lewis and Clark were the first Americans to cross the Continental Divide , and the first Americans to see Yellowstone , enter into Montana , and produce an official description of these different regions . Their visit to the Pacific Northwest , maps , and proclamations of sovereignty with medals and flags were legal steps needed to claim title to each indigenous nation 's lands under the Doctrine of Discovery . The expedition was sponsored by the American Philosophical Society ( APS ) . Lewis and Clark received some instruction in astronomy , botany , climatology , ethnology , geography , meteorology , mineralogy , ornithology , and zoology . During the expedition , they made contact with over 70 Native American tribes and described more than 200 new plant and animal species . Jefferson had the expedition declare `` sovereignty '' and demonstrate their military strength to ensure native tribes would be subordinate to the U.S. , as European colonizers did elsewhere . After the expedition , the maps that were produced allowed the further discovery and settlement of this vast territory in the years that followed . In 1807 , Patrick Gass , a private in the U.S. Army , published an account of the journey . He was promoted to sergeant during the course of the expedition . Paul Allen edited a two - volume history of the Lewis and Clark expedition that was published in 1814 , in Philadelphia , but without mention of the actual author , banker Nicholas Biddle . Even then , the complete report was not made public until more recently . The earliest authorized edition of the Lewis and Clark journals resides in the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library at the University of Montana . Encounters with American Indians This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the primary objectives of the expedition as directed by President Jefferson was to observe and record the whereabouts , lives , activities , and cultures of the various American Indian tribes that inhabited the newly acquired territory and the northwest in general . The expedition encountered many different tribes along the way , many of whom offered their assistance , providing the expedition with their knowledge of the wilderness and with the acquisition of food . The expedition had blank leather - bound journals and ink for the purpose of recording such encounters , as well as for scientific and geological information . They were also provided with various gifts of medals , ribbons , needles , mirrors , and other articles which were intended to ease any tensions when negotiating their passage with the various Indian chiefs whom they would encounter along their way . Many of the tribes had friendly experiences with British and French fur traders in various isolated encounters along the Missouri and Columbia Rivers , and the expedition did not encounter any hostilities with the exception of the Teton - Sioux tribe under Black Buffalo and the Partisan tribe on September 25 , 1804 . Both of these tribes were rivals and hoped to use the expedition to their own advantage , and both demanded tribute from the expedition for their passage over the river . Captain Lewis made his first mistake by offering the Sioux chief gifts first , which insulted and angered the Partisan chief . Communication was difficult , since the expedition 's only Sioux interpreter was Pierre Dorion who had stayed behind with the other party and was also involved with diplomatic affairs with another tribe . Consequently , both chiefs were offered a few gifts , but neither was satisfied . At that point , some of the warriors from the Partisan tribe took hold of their boat and one of the oars . Lewis took a firm stand , ordering a display of force and presenting arms ; Captain Clark brandished his sword and threatened violent reprisal . Just before the situation erupted into a violent confrontation , Black Buffalo ordered his warriors to back off . The captains were able to negotiate their passage without further incident with the aid of better gifts and a bottle of whiskey . During the next two days , the expedition made camp not far from Black Buffalo 's tribe . Similar incidents occurred when they tried to leave , but trouble was averted with gifts of tobacco . Observations As the expedition encountered the various American Indian tribes during the course of their journey they observed and recorded information regarding their lifestyles , customs and the social codes they lived by , as directed by President Jefferson . By western standards the Indian way of life seemed harsh and unforgiving as witnessed by members of the expedition . After many encounters and camping in close proximity to the Indian nations for extended periods of time during the winter months they soon learned first hand of their customs and social orders . One of the primary customs that distinguished Indian cultures from those of the West was that it was customary for the men to take on two or more wives if they were able to provide for them and often took on a wife or wives who were members of the immediate family circle . e.g. men in the Minnetaree and Mandan tribes would often take on a sister for a wife . Chastity among women was not held in high regard . Infant daughters were often sold by the father to men who were grown , usually for horses or mules . They learned that women in Sioux nations were often bartered away for horses or other supplies , yet this was not practiced among the Shoshone nation who held their women in higher regard . They witnessed that many of the Indian nations were constantly at war with other tribes , especially the Sioux , who , while remaining generally friendly to the white fur traders , had proudly boasted and justified the almost complete destruction of the once great Cahokia nation , along with the Missouris , Illinois , Kaskaskia , and Piorias tribes that lived about the countryside adjacent to the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers . Sacagawea Statue of Sacagawea , a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition Sacagawea , sometimes called Sakajawea or Sakagawea ( c. 1788 -- December 20 , 1812 ) , was a Shoshone Indian woman who arrived with her husband Toussaint Charbonneau on the expedition to the Pacific Ocean . On February 11 , 1805 , a few weeks after her first contact with the expedition , Sacagawea went into labor which was slow and painful , so the Frenchman Charbonneau suggested she be given a potion of rattlesnake 's rattle to aid in her delivery . Lewis happened to have some snake 's rattle with him . A short time after administering the potion , she delivered a healthy boy who was given the name Jean Baptiste Charbonneau . When the expedition reached Marias River , on June 16 , 1805 , Sacagawea became dangerously ill . She was able to find some relief by drinking mineral water from the sulphur spring that fed into the river . Though she has been discussed in literature frequently , much of the information is exaggeration or fiction . Scholars say she did notice some geographical features , but `` Sacagawea ... was not the guide for the Expedition , she was important to them as an interpreter and in other ways . '' The sight of a woman and her infant son would have been reassuring to some indigenous nations , and she played an important role in diplomatic relations by talking to chiefs , easing tensions , and giving the impression of a peaceful mission . In his writings , Meriwether Lewis presented a somewhat negative view of her , though Clark had a higher regard for her , and provided some support for her children in subsequent years . In the journals , they used the terms `` squar '' and `` savages '' to refer to Sacagawea and other indigenous peoples . Accomplishments The Corps met their objective of reaching the Pacific , mapping and establishing their presence for a legal claim to the land . They established diplomatic relations and trade with at least two dozen indigenous nations . They did not find a continuous waterway to the Pacific Ocean but located an Indian trail that led from the upper end of the Missouri River to the Columbia River which ran to the Pacific Ocean . They gained information about the natural habitat , flora and fauna , bringing back various plant , seed and mineral specimens . They mapped the topography of the land , designating the location of mountain ranges , rivers and the many Indian tribes during the course of their journey . They also learned and recorded much about the language and customs of the American Indian tribes they encountered , and brought back many of their artifacts , including bows , clothing and ceremonial robes . Aftermath Painting of Mandan Chief Big White , who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their return from the expedition Two months passed after the expedition 's end before Jefferson made his first public statement to Congress and others , giving a one - sentence summary about the success of the expedition before getting into the justification for the expenses involved . In the course of their journey , they acquired a knowledge of numerous tribes of Indians hitherto unknown ; they informed themselves of the trade which may be carried on with them , the best channels and positions for it , and they are enabled to give with accuracy the geography of the line they pursued . Back east , the botanical and zoological discoveries drew the intense interest of the American Philosophical Society who requested specimens , various artifacts traded with the Indians , and reports on plants and wildlife along with various seeds obtained . Jefferson used seeds from `` Missouri hominy corn '' along with a number of other unidentified seeds to plant at Monticello which he cultivated and studied . He later reported on the `` Indian corn '' he had grown as being an `` excellent '' food source . The expedition helped establish the U.S. presence in the newly acquired territory and beyond and opened the door to further exploration , trade and scientific discoveries . Lewis and Clark returned from their expedition , bringing with them the Mandan Indian Chief Shehaka from the Upper Missouri to visit the `` Great Father '' at Washington City . When Louis was appointed Governor of Missouri Territory , he sent Chief Shehaka up the Missouri with an escort of about 40 United States troops under the command of Captain Prior . On their arrival to the country of Rickarees , a warlike Indian tribe attacked the Mandans and killed eight or ten soldiers while the rest retreated with Shehaka to St. Louis . With the formation of the Missouri Fur Company , an expedition was proposed to head up the Missouri and into the Rocky Mountains during Spring of 1809 . Governor Lewis contracted with the company to convey the Mandan Chief back to his tribe for the sum of $10,000 . General Thomas James wrote a journal of how he enlisted in this expedition during his youth . The money was raised for trading with the Indians and trapping Beaver along the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers . The total party consisted of 350 men . Legacy and honors Since the expedition , Lewis and Clark have been commemorated and honored over the years on various coins , currency , and commemorative postage stamps , as well as in a number of other capacities . Lewis and Clark Expedition , 2004 200th Anniversary issue U.S. postage stamp commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition 150th anniversary issue , 1954 Lewis & Clark were honored ( along with the American bison ) on the Series of 1901 $10 Legal Tender Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center in Cape Disappointment State Park Prior discoveries See also : Timeline of European exploration In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle went down the Mississippi from the Great Lakes to the Gulf . The French then established a chain of posts along the Mississippi from New Orleans to the Great Lakes . There followed a number of French explorers including Pedro Vial and Pierre Antoine and Paul Mallet , among others . Vial may have preceded Lewis and Clark to Montana . In 1787 , he gave a map of the upper Missouri River and locations of `` territories transited by Pedro Vial '' to Spanish authorities . Early in 1792 , the American explorer Robert Gray , sailing in the Columbia Rediviva , discovered the yet to be named Columbia River , named it after his ship and claimed it for the United States . Later in 1792 , the Vancouver Expedition had learned of Gray 's discovery and used his maps . Vancouver 's expedition explored over 100 miles ( 160 km ) up the Columbia , into the Columbia River Gorge . Lewis and Clark used the maps produced by these expeditions when they descended the lower Columbia to the Pacific coast . From 1792 -- 93 Alexander Mackenzie had crossed North America from Quebec to the Pacific . See also North America portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lewis and Clark Trail . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lewis and Clark Expedition . The Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) and the Pike Expedition were also commissioned by Jefferson Gateway Arch National Park The Far Horizons , a movie of the expedition York ( explorer ) -- the slave on the expedition Lewis and Clark Pass ( Montana ) -- the only non-motorized pass on the expedition 's route Notes Jump up ^ After Wilkinson died in 1825 , it was discovered that he was a spy for the Spanish crown . Jump up ^ ' Chopunnish ' was the Captain 's term for the Nez Perce Pass Jump up ^ An anomaly of some proportion is the fact that the 1814 account , now commonly referred to as the Biddle edition , carried no mention of Biddle anywhere ... The only logical explanation of this incredible omission is that Biddle wanted it that way , insisted on complete anonymity . Jump up ^ aka the Hidatsa References Jump up ^ Woodger , Toropov , 2009 p. 150 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 , Chap . VI Jump up ^ Miller , 2006 p. 108 Jump up ^ Fenelon & Wilson , 2006 pp. 90 -- 91 ^ Jump up to : Lavender , 2001 pp. 32 , 90 Jump up ^ Ronda , 1984 pp. 82 , 192 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 113 Jump up ^ Ronda , 1984 p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Ronda , 1984 pp. 327 -- 328 ^ Jump up to : Fresonke & Spence , 2004 pp. 159 -- 162 Jump up ^ Moulton , 2004 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 480 Jump up ^ Saindon , 2003 pp.vi , 1040 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 69 Jump up ^ Gray , 2004 p. 358 Jump up ^ DeVoto , 1997 p. xxix Jump up ^ Schwantes , 1996 pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Rodriguez , 2002 p. xxiv Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 1993 p. 19 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 83 Jump up ^ Bergon , 2003 , p. xiv Jump up ^ Woodger & Toropov , 2009 p. 270 Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Clark Expedition '' . Jump up ^ Gass & MacGregor , 1807 p. 7 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 pp. 79 , 89 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 13 Jump up ^ Homser , James Kendall , 1903 p. 1 Jump up ^ Kleber , 2001 pp. 509 -- 510 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 pp. 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Ronda , 1984 p. 32 Jump up ^ Miller , 2006 pp. 99 -- 100 , 111 Jump up ^ Bennett , 2002 p. 4 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Saindon , 2003 pp. 551 -- 552 ^ Jump up to : Miller , 2006 p. 106 Jump up ^ Woodger , Toropov , 2009 pp. 104 , 265 , 271 Jump up ^ Lavender , 2001 pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Uldrich , 2004 p. 82 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 402 Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 16 . Jump up ^ Allen , Lewis & Clark , Vol. 1 , 1916 pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Woodger & Toropov , 2009 p. 142 Jump up ^ Coues , Lewis , Clark , Jefferson 1893 , Vol. 1 p. 79 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 13 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 14 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Ambrose , 1996 p. 170 Jump up ^ Ronda , 1984 pp. 27 , 40 Jump up ^ Lavender , 2001 p. 181 Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 20 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clark & Edmonds , 1983 p. 12 Jump up ^ Allen , Lewis & Clark , Vol. 1 , 1916 pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Elin Woodger ; Brandon Toropov ( January 1 , 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Infobase Publishing . pp. 244 -- 245 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1023 - 3 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : History & Culture - Lewis and Clark National Historical Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Clark , Journey Leg 13 , ' Ocian in View ! ' , October 08 - December 07 , 1805 '' . National Geographic Society . 1996 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose , 1996 p. 326 Jump up ^ Clark & Edmonds , 1983 pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Harris , Buckley , 2012 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 330 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 334 Jump up ^ Coues , Lewis , Clark , Jefferson 1893 pp. 902 -- 904 Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 30 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 483 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 60 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 409 Jump up ^ Woodger & Toropov , 2009 p. 99 Jump up ^ DeVoto , 1997 p. 552 Jump up ^ Woodger , Toropov , 2012 p. 29 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 59 Jump up ^ Uldrich , 2004 p. 37 Jump up ^ Fresonke & Spence , 2004 p. 70 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 88 Jump up ^ Gass & MacGregor , 1807 pp. iv , 3 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 pp. 479 -- 480 Jump up ^ Lewis and Clark Journals Archived January 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Josephy , 2006 p.vi Jump up ^ Allen , Lewis & Clark , Vol. 1 , 1916 p. 52 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 169 Jump up ^ Woodger & Toropov , 2009 pp. 8 , 337 -- 338 Jump up ^ Coues , Lewis , Clark , Jefferson 1893 , Vol. 2 pp. 557 -- 558 Jump up ^ Lewis , Clark Floyd , Whitehouse , 1905 p. 93 Jump up ^ Coues , Lewis , Clark , Jefferson 1893 , Vol. 1 p. 229 Jump up ^ Clark & Edmonds , 1983 p. 15 Jump up ^ Coues , Lewis , Clark , Jefferson 1893 , Vol. 1 p. 377 Jump up ^ Clark & Edmonds , 1983 p. 16 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 p. 19 Jump up ^ Clark & Edmonds , 1983 pp. 16 , 27 Jump up ^ Ronda , 1984 pp. 258 -- 259 Jump up ^ Fritz , 2004 pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 pp. 352 , 407 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 204 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 , p. 418 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Gen. Thomas James . Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1985208711 . Jump up ^ Loomis & Nasatir 1967 pp. 382 -- 386 , map : p. 290 Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 p. 70 , 91 Jump up ^ Woodger , Toropov , 2009 pp. 191 , 351 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Britannica : Sir Alexander Mackenzie . Bibliography Allen , Paul ; Clark , William ; Lewis , Meriwether ( 1916 ) . Meriwether Lewis and William Clarke , Volume 1 . Elliott - Madison Company . p. 366 . -- -- ; Clark , William ; Lewis , Meriwether ( 1916 ) . Meriwether Lewis and William Clarke , Volume 2 . Elliott - Madison Company . p. 381 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1996 ) . Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West . Simon and Schuster , New York . p. 511 . ISBN 9780684811079 . Bennett , George D. ( 2002 ) . The United States Army : Issues , Background and Bibliography . Nova Publishers . p. 229 . ISBN 9781590333006 . Bergon , Frank ( 1989 ) . The Journals of Lewis and Clark . Penguin Classics , New York . ISBN 0142437360 . Clark , Ella E. ; Edmonds , Margot ( 1983 ) . Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . University of California Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780520050600 . Cutright , Paul Russell ( 2000 ) . Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History . Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation . p. 47 . DeVoto , Bernard Augustine ( 1997 ) ( 1953 ) . The Journals of Lewis and Clark . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 504 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 08380 - X . -- -- ( 1998 ) . The Course of Empire . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 647 . ISBN 9780395924983 . Fenelon , James ; Defender - Wilson , Mary Louise ( 1985 ) . Voyage of Domination , `` Purchase '' as Conquest , Sakakawea for Savagery : Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . University of Minnesota Press . pp. Wicazo Sa Review , 85 -- 104 . JSTOR 1409488 . Fresonke , Kris ; Spence , Mark ( 2004 ) . Lewis and Clark . University of California Press . p. 290 . ISBN 9780520228399 . Fritz , Harry W. ( 2004 ) . The Lewis and Clark Expedition . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31661 - 6 . Furtwangler , Albert ( 1993 ) . Acts of discovery : visions of America in the Lewis and Clark journals . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06306 - 0 . Gass , Patrick ; MacGregor , Carol Lynn ( 1807 ) . The Journals of Patrick Gass : Member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Mountain Press Publishing . p. 447 . ISBN 9780878423514 . Gray , Edward ( 2004 ) . `` Visions of Another Empire : John Ledyard , an American Traveler across the Russian Empire , 1787 -- 1788 '' . Journal of the Early Republic . University of Pennsylvania Press . 24 ( 3 ) . JSTOR 4141438 . Harris , Matthew L. ; Buckley , Jay H. ( 2012 ) . Zebulon Pike , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West . University of Oklahoma Press , 256 pages . ISBN 9780806188317 . Josephy , Alvin M. , Jr. ; Marc , Jaffe , eds. ( 2006 ) . Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 196 . ISBN 9781400042678 . Kleber , John ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of Louisville . University Press of Kentucky . p. 509 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2100 - 0 . Lavender , David Sievert ( 2001 ) . The Way to the Western Sea : Lewis and Clark Across the Continent . University of Nebraska Press . p. 444 . ISBN 9780803280038 . Loomis , Noel M ; Nasatir , Abraham P ( 1967 ) . Pedro Vial and the Roads to Santa Fe . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806111100 . Miller , Robert J. Miller ( 2006 ) . Native America , Discovered And Conquered : Thomas Jefferson , Lewis & Clark , And Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 240 . ISBN 9780275990114 . Peters , Arthur K. ( 1996 ) . Seven trail west . Abbeville Press . ISBN 1 - 55859 - 782 - 4 . Saindon , Robert A. ( 2003 ) . Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark , Volume 3 . Digital Scanning Inc. p. 528 . ISBN 9781582187655 . Schwantes , Carlos . The Pacific Northwest : an interpretive history . University of Nebraska Press . p. 568 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9228 - 4 . Rodriguez , Junius ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : a historical and geographical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO , Santa Barbara , California . p. 513 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 188 - 5 . Ronda , James P. ( 1984 ) . Lewis & Clark among the Indians . University of Nebraska Press . p. 310 . ISBN 9780803289901 . Uldrich , Jack ( 2004 ) . Into the unknown : leadership lessons from Lewis & Clark 's daring westward adventure . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 8144 - 0816 - 8 . Woodger , Elin ; Toropov , Brandon ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Infobase Publishing . p. 438 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4781 - 2 . Primary sources Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ( 2004 ) . The Journals Of Lewis And Clark . Kessinger Publishing . p. 312 . ISBN 9781419167997 . E'books , Full view Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ; Floyd , Charles ; Whitehouse , Joseph ( 1905 ) . Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , 1804 - 1806 , V. 6 . Dodd , Mead & Company , New York . p. 280 . Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ( 2003 ) . Bergon , Frank , ed . The Journals of Lewis & Clark . Penguin . p. 560 . ISBN 9780142437360 . Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ( 1815 ) . Travels to the source of the Missouri river and across the American continent to the Pacific ocean . Performed by order of the government of the United States , in the years 1804 , 1805 , and 1806 . By Captains Lewis and Clarke . Published from the official report , and illustrated by a map of the route , and other maps . London : Longman , Hurst , Rees , Orme & Brown . `` Review of Travels to the Source of the Missouri River ... '' . The Quarterly Review . 12 : 317 -- 368 . January 1815 . Lewis , William ; Clark , Clark ( 1903 ) . Hosmer , James Kendall , ed . History of the Expedition of Captain Lewis and Clark , 1804 - 5 - 6 , Volume 1 . A.C. McClurg & Company , Chicago . p. 500 . Coues , Elliott ; Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ; Jefferson , Thomas ( 1893 ) . History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark : Volume 1 . Francis P. Harper , New York . p. 1364 . -- -- ; Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ; Jefferson , Thomas ( 1893 ) . History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark : Volume 2 . Francis P. Harper , New York . p. 1364 . -- -- ; Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ; Jefferson , Thomas ( 1893 ) . History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark : Volume 3 . Francis P. Harper , New York . p. 1298 . -- -- ; Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ; Jefferson , Thomas ( 1893 ) . History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark : Volume 4 . Francis P. Harper , New York . p. 1298 . Jackson , Donald Dean ( 1962 ) . Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition : with related documents , 1783 - 1854 . University of Illinois Press ( Original from the University of Virginia ) . p. 728 . Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ( 2004 ) . Moulton , Gary E. , ed . The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark . University of Nebraska Press . p. 357 . ISBN 9780803280328 . Further reading Main article : Bibliography of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Steven E. Ambrose . Undaunted Courage , Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West . Simon and Schuster Paperbacks 1996 . Bassman , John H. ( 2009 ) . A Navigation Companion for the Lewis & Clark Trail . Volume 1 , History , camp locations and daily summaries of expedition activities . John H. Bassman . Betts , Robert B. ( 2002 ) . In Search of York : The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 714 - 0 . Clark , William ; Lewis , Meriwether . The Journals of Lewis and Clark , 1804 - 1806 . Burns , Ken ( 1997 ) . Lewis & Clark : The Journey of the Corps of Discovery . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45450 - 0 . Fenster , Julie M. ( 2016 ) . Jefferson 's America : The President , the Purchase , and the Explorers Who Transformed a Nation . Crown / Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3079 - 5654 - 5 . Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of Exploration and Discovery : British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , Alaska , Yukon . Sasquatch Books . p. 208 . ISBN 9781570612152 . Gen. Thomas James . Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans . ISBN 978 - 1985208711 . Gilman , Carolyn ( 2003 ) . Lewis and Clark : Across the Divide . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 9781588340993 . Schmidt , Thomas ( 2002 ) . National Geographic Guide to the Lewis & Clark Trail . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 6471 - 1 . Tubbs , Stephenie Ambrose ( 2008 ) . Why Sacagawea Deserves the Day Off and Other Lessons from the Lewis and Clark Trail . University of Nebraska Press . Wheeler , Olin Dunbar ( 1904 ) . The Trail of Lewis and Clark , 1804 -- 1904 : A Story of the Great Exploration Across the Continent in 1804 -- 6 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 377 . External links hide Find more aboutLewis and Clark Expeditionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Full text of the Lewis and Clark journals online -- edited by Gary E. Moulton , University of Nebraska -- Lincoln `` National Archives photos dating from the 1860s -- 1890s of the Native cultures the expedition encountered '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2008 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the first journey by citizens of the united states	[ "The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross the western portion of the United States. It began near St. Louis, made its way westward, and passed through the Continental Divide of the Americas to reach the Pacific coast. The Corps of Discovery was a selected group of US Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark.", "The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross the western portion of the United States. It began near St. Louis, made its way westward, and passed through the Continental Divide of the Americas to reach the Pacific coast. The Corps of Discovery was a selected group of US Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark." ]	[ "Meriwether Lewis", "William Clark" ]
-5544390113361722661	Derek Shepherd	Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derek Shepherd Grey 's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` How to Save a Life '' ( 11.21 ) May 14 , 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board Title Chief of Neurosurgery Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father , deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m . 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m . 2009 -- 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Grey Shepherd ( daughter with Meredith ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son via Meredith ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter via Meredith ) Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance in the pilot episode , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27 , 2005 . Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years , before their divorce in 2006 . Before his death in 2015 , Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The couple have three children together . Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West ( now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting . For his portrayal of Shepherd , Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role , and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series . Contents 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery , which he eventually turned down . He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down . As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards . He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being . Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar , and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace . They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work , particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship . Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career . He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him . While most of his family members accepted Meredith , his sister , Nancy , particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law . His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white . Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York . In the season one finale , his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber . Shortly thereafter , his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery . Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile . Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms , with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three . In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place . He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband . Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin - off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If / Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate , earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary '' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time , he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff . During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior , not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons . Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery . With mixed feelings , Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after , or quit completely . In seasons three and four , Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people . Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five . In the season finale , they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie . Due to their tight schedule , they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola , a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial , jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation . Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately . In later seasons , Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey , Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith . The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola . As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie , Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function . He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive . When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , head of orthopedic surgery , tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong , he agrees , accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel . Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work , but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate . Derek , Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand . Meredith , newly pregnant with their second child , goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him . Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ) , Derek 's younger sister , agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success . Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative . He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending . Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington , D.C. , but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family . His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan . Meanwhile , he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move . After a bad argument , he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington . While there , he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage . He tells her that just being with her , raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world '' . In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother . Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , he was afraid that he was not going to get the part . Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him , I was absolutely sure that he was my guy . Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd , Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for . And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo . '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first , particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning . I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings . When I found out , I completely understood his hesitation . Now that we all know , if he is struggling with a word , the other actors are quick to step up and help him out . Everyone is very respectful . '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it , he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules . '' Washington was , however , later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down . Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta , Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients . In January 2014 , Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons . However , in April 2015 , Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet . Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved . It 's just kind of happened . It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded , and it just naturally came to be . Which was pretty good . I like the way it has all played out . '' In August 2015 , Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options ? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith , and leave her high and dry , and what was that going to mean ? That was going to suggest that the love was not true , the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy . For me , that was untenable . Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love . As painful as it was for me as a storyteller , because I had never really thought that was going to happen , it preserved what felt true to me , was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest . Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story . To me , it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time . '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick , Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus . Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick , and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013 . Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception . With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad . Dude , whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try . You 're the dick who cheated on her , you 're the one who knew that she found the panties , and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did ? Wow . I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith , but congratulations , big guy . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season , saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me . Yes , we get it . He 's tormented by his love for Meredith , but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying . If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to , then he refuses to cooperate . How immature can this man possibly be ? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy , desperate one in the relationship . '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4 , Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge , Tips Cap to Bowdoin '' . Bowdoin College . October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 19 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 7 . October 29 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 20 . April 17 , 2014 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2007 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 9 . Episode 8 . December 6 , 2012 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 5 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Lowe knows political roles '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight '' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding , right ? '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=854153697 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional neurosurgeons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 09 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in what episode does derek die in grey's anatomy	[]	[]
-1817967428565148488	Resident Evil: Afterlife	Resident Evil : Afterlife - wikipedia Resident Evil : Afterlife Jump to : navigation , search Resident Evil : Afterlife Theatrical release poster Directed by Paul W.S. Anderson Produced by Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Robert Kulzer Don Carmody Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Written by Paul W.S. Anderson Based on Resident Evil by Capcom Starring Milla Jovovich Ali Larter Kim Coates Shawn Roberts Sergio Peris - Mencheta Spencer Locke Boris Kodjoe Wentworth Miller Music by tomandandy Cinematography Glen MacPherson Edited by Niven Howie Production company Constantin Film Davis Films Impact Pictures DMG Entertainment Capcom Co , Ltd . Distributed by Screen Gems Release date September 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 02 ) ( Tokyo premiere ) September 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) Running time 97 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom France Canada Language English Budget $60 million Box office $300.2 million Resident Evil : Afterlife is a 2010 3D action horror film written and directed by Paul W.S. Anderson . It stars Milla Jovovich , Ali Larter , Kim Coates , Shawn Roberts , Spencer Locke , Boris Kodjoe , and Wentworth Miller . The film marks Anderson 's second time to direct in the series , the first being the first installment . It is the first to be shot in 3D and fourth installment in the Resident Evil film series , which is based on the Capcom survival horror video game series of the same name . The film follows Alice searching for and rescuing the remaining survivors in Los Angeles after the T - virus outbreak , and teaming up against Albert Wesker , the head of the Umbrella Corporation . Chris Redfield , a primary character from the video games , was featured for the first time in the film franchise . Other characters from the games and films who returned are : Claire Redfield , Chris 's sister who has lost her memory prior to the film 's events ; Albert Wesker , the film 's main antagonist ; and Jill Valentine , who made a cameo appearance . In May 2005 , producers mentioned the possibility of following Extinction with a sequel titled Afterlife . Extinction was released in 2007 and was a box office success , prompting Afterlife to begin development in June 2008 , with the script being written by Anderson that December . Elements from the video game Resident Evil 5 ( 2009 ) were incorporated into the film . Filming took place in Toronto from September to December 2009 using the 3D Fusion Camera System . The film was released in 3D and IMAX 3D theaters on September 10 , 2010 , to generally negative reviews . The film grossed $60 million in the United States and Canada on an estimated $60 million budget , and made $240 million in other markets surpassing the previous film 's overseas total in the second week of release . Grossing a worldwide total of $300 million , Resident Evil : Afterlife became the second highest - grossing entry of the series . Resident Evil : Afterlife was released to DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on December 28 , 2010 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Cinematography and set design 3.4 Filming locations 3.5 Visual and special effects 4 Release 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Home media 5 Box office 5.1 United States and Canada 5.2 Other countries 5.3 Worldwide overview 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) One year after the events of Extinction , Alice ( Milla Jovovich ) and her clones lead the assault to attack Umbrella HQ , located in Tokyo , slaying the entire branch except for Albert Wesker ( Shawn Roberts ) , who escapes in a tiltrotor plane and detonates a bomb that leaves a massive sinkhole . The real Alice boarded beforehand and attempts to execute Wesker , only for him to inject her with an anti-virus to remove her superhuman abilities . Wesker is revealed to have used the T - Virus to gain his own superhuman abilities and prepares to kill Alice , before the autopilot crashes the plane into the mountains and only Alice survives . Six months later , Alice travels to Alaska in an airplane , tracking broadcasts from a safe haven called Arcadia ; however , she only finds abandoned planes , and is attacked by feral Claire Redfield ( Ali Larter ) . Alice destroys a spider - like device on Claire 's chest , giving her amnesia and pacifying her . They travel to the ruins of Los Angeles , where they find survivors living in a prison which is surrounded by thousands of undead . They meet Luther West , ( Boris Kodjoe ) who leads the surviving band from the prison , Wendell ( Fulvio Cecere ) , Crystal Waters ( Kacey Clarke ) , Bennett ( Kim Coates ) , Kim Yong ( Norman Yeung ) , and Angel Ortiz ( Sergio Peris - Mencheta ) . With their help , Alice finally lands on the prison 's roof and learns Arcadia is n't a fixed place , but a cargo tanker traveling along the coast . However , though the ship has n't moved , no one from it has responded to the group 's rescue flares . Luther takes Alice to the last inmate , Chris ( Wentworth Miller ) , who insists he 's falsely imprisoned , and will reveal an escape route in exchange for freedom . Alice goes to the showers to wash up , but catches Wendell attempting to peep . Holding him at gunpoint , they are attacked by a group of infected people that dug into the prison . They take Wendell , but she manages to kill them . Desperate , they free Chris , who reveals that Claire is his sister , and the prison has an armored car they can use to escape . However , a giant axe - wielding monster begins breaking down the gate . Alice , Chris and Crystal go to the basement armory to get more guns ; however , zombies kill Crystal en route . Luther and Claire reinforce the gate . Angel informs Bennett and Yong the car is missing its engine , and it would take a week to fix . Bennett shoots Angel and heads for Arcadia in Alice 's airplane . The Axeman breaks down the gate , allowing the zombies into the prison . The group decides to use the zombie - dug tunnels to escape into the sewers . Kim Yong is slashed in half by the Axeman , while Alice is knocked out . Claire successfully defends Alice , manages to defeat the Axeman and disorienting it , after which Alice kills it by firing at its head . Unfortunately , Luther is dragged back into the tunnels by a zombie . Alice and the Redfields board the Arcadia , discovering it functional but abandoned . Claire then remembers Arcadia is an Umbrella trap to get test subjects ; they release the survivors , among them K - Mart ( Spencer Locke ) . Alice follows a trail of blood deeper into the ship , where she finds Wesker . The T - Virus revived him , but it battles Wesker for control , something he believes fresh human DNA can pacify ; the Umbrella staff fled when he began eating test subjects . Alice 's DNA is superior to his , since she retained control despite her bonding with the virus at a cellular level . Wesker believes eating her will help him regain control of his body over the effects of the T - Virus . The Redfields fight Wesker while Alice battles Bennett , now working for Wesker . Wesker easily overpowers Chris and Claire , but Alice is able to defeat both Bennett and Wesker with help from K - Mart . They lock Bennett in the room with Wesker 's corpse . Bennett is devoured by Wesker when he revives . Wesker then escapes in an aircraft , activating a bomb on the Arcadia ; the plane explodes instead as Alice placed the bomb there beforehand . Unbeknownst to them , Wesker parachutes away from the explosion , while Luther emerges from the sewers , battered but alive . Alice resolves to turn Arcadia into a real haven and broadcasts a new message for any other survivors . As Alice , Claire and Chris watch over from Arcadia , it is approached by a military squadron of Umbrella aircraft . During a mid-credits scene in one of the aircraft , Jill Valentine ( Sienna Guillory ) , who went missing after the Raccoon City destruction incident , is dictating the attack wearing the same mind control device used on Claire . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Resident Evil film characters Milla Jovovich as Alice ; former Umbrella Corporation security officer turned rogue fighter , who has been captured by Umbrella scientist after escaping The Hive and being experimented upon . Since the T - Virus outbreak at Raccoon City which has spread across the entire world , Alice has bonded with the virus on a cellular level , given her with powerful superhuman abilities , making her virtually indestructible . Ali Larter as Claire Redfield ; Alice 's ally who leads the surviving convoy of survivors in Nevada desert which is heading with the remaining survivors to a safe haven known as `` Arcadia '' in Alaska , but later used as a trap , luring the survivors as Umbrella test subject . She is also the younger sister of Chris . Wentworth Miller as Chris Redfield ; United States Military elite soldier and the older brother of Claire , who also joins Alice and Claire in Arcadia , to battle against the infected . Shawn Roberts as Albert Wesker ; the Chairman of the Umbrella Corporation who possesses superhuman strength , speed , and regenerative capabilities , similarly to Alice . He is one of her deadliest enemies . Boris Kodjoe as Luther West ; a former professional basketball player who leads the band of the survivors of Los Angeles . Kim Coates as Bennett Sinclair ; a former film producer and one of the survivors of Los Angeles . Sergio Peris - Mencheta as Angel Ortiz , a survivor in Los Angeles . Kacey Clarke as Crystal Waters ; a junior champion in swimming in her high school days , she came to Los Angeles to work as an actress and is one of the survivors . Norman Yeung as Kim Yong ; Bennett 's former intern before the virus outbreak and also one of the survivors . Spencer Locke as K - Mart ; a young girl named after the department store where she was discovered hiding , and a member of Claire 's convoy of survivors in the previous film . Mika Nakashima as J - Pop Girl ; Japan 's patient zero , first infected person there . Ray Olubowale as the Axeman ; a monster taken from the game Resident Evil 5 ( known as The Executioner ) . Sienna Guillory as Jill Valentine ; a former S.T.A.R.S. operative who assisted Alice and escaped Raccoon City in Resident Evil : Apocalypse . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) When Miller first read the script he thought the association to Prison Break was a practical joke with his imprisonment and his first line being , `` I know a way out of here . '' In May 2005 , producers mentioned the possibility of following Extinction with a sequel entitled Afterlife , to be shot and set in Tokyo , Japan and Alaska . Despite Resident Evil : Extinction being billed on the official website and elsewhere as the final installment of the Resident Evil film series ; on September 23 , 2007 , Rory Bruer , Sony 's head of distribution explained , `` It absolutely would not surprise me considering the success of the franchise that they find a way to come up with another . It 's a real possibility . '' Producer Jeremy Bolt also stated that while there was no intention of making a fourth film , that the third had been particularly well done and that Paul Anderson was talking with Sony about the possibility . In June 2008 , Anderson noted that negotiations were underway with Sony for creating the film . In December 2008 , Anderson stated that he was working on the script . The following year , it was announced that Sony was aiming to release Resident Evil : Afterlife by August 27 , 2010 . Casting ( edit ) Boris Kodjoe trained for six weeks to perform his own stunts . He dislocated his knee in the course of filming while trying to kick in a gate . In September 2006 , reports indicated that casting for the fourth film had begun , with Jensen Ackles being considered for the role of Leon S. Kennedy . Ali Larter missed seven episodes of filming the television show Heroes in order to appear in the film . Before Wentworth Miller was cast as Chris Redfield , actor Johnny Messner auditioned for the role . Having never played the Resident Evil video games , Miller began preparing for the role by searching the internet for images of Chris Redfield . Much to his surprise , he noticed how muscular the character was ; with only three weeks to prep before shooting , he knew it was impossible to increase his muscle mass to that extent . He was shown video footage of the games and saw how he was visually different , especially in the first game . He did cardio to build up endurance . Miller described his interpretation on the character from the video game as , `` He 's definitely capable and heroic , but there 's also something quite innocent . He was still freshly scrubbed , in a way , at the beginning of this horrifying journey . '' He described his take as the character in the film , `` My Chris has been walking down this particular road for quite some time . The edges are sharper , and they 're way more jagged . '' Shawn Roberts was originally going to audition for Chris Redfield before Miller accepted the role . He went to audition for the role of Albert Wesker , a role previously played by Jason O'Mara . Describing the character Roberts said , `` ( He 's the ) Chairman of the Umbrella Corporation . He is in a position of power . He pretty much runs the world , and Alice is an annoyance . It 's a whole process : I get to set and wardrobe gives me this big , long black jacket , and props comes over and gives me the dark glasses and the gloves . By the time you are all dressed you stand a little straighter , you walk a little differently . He 's got everything going for him -- he 's super fast , super strong , has the ability to regenerate -- it 's all the elements from the game . That was one thing we all agreed on from the start : this character has to be for the fans . '' Sienna Guillory reprises her role as Jill Valentine , who was last seen in Resident Evil : Apocalypse . She is featured briefly in a scene shown during the credits , setting up the sequel . Cinematography and Set design ( edit ) Anderson was shown footage of James Cameron 's Avatar which sold him on the idea to shoot Resident Evil : Afterlife in digital 3D . He shot in high - definition with an aspect ratio of 2.35 : 1 using Cameron 's Fusion Camera System , or more specifically a Sony F35 camera . The crew spent two weeks in pre-production learning the 3D camera system . With a budget of about $60 million , principal photography took place for 55 days from September 29 , 2009 to December . Filming in 3D added 20 % to the budget . Roberts began filming his scenes on October 10 , 2009 . The final showdown scene was filmed for about six days . During production Jovovich accidentally shot out a $100,000 camera . Robarts Library 's exterior was used to portray the prison . Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy was used to portray Umbrella Corporation 's underground Tokyo headquarters . Anderson said `` It had a fantastic atrium that had these huge floating pill shapes in it . Inside the pills were conference rooms . We shot at night so there was no ambient light coming into the glass , and then with visual effects replaced the glass with concrete walls '' . For slow motion scenes like with bullets and drops of water , twin Phantom high - speed cameras were used which filmed 200 frames per second . A fight scene with Wesker and Chris in the Resident Evil 5 game was recreated shot - by - shot for the film and the Phantom cameras were used to create Wesker 's superhuman speed which took about two days to film . The added size and weight of the 3D cameras meant the filmmakers were not able to use existing equipment such as Steadicam rigs . Instead the camera operator worked on a Segway to achieve the look of a Steadicam shot . Much of the action scenes were shot in front of a green screen . A 1983 Yak - 52 was used throughout the film by Jovovich and Larter . Stunt pilot Martin Mattes was dressed like Jovovich and flew the plane for the camera . The 3D cameras were unable to pick up anything shiny , such as stainless steel , due to a flare . Set decorator Cal Loucks said that most items that looked metal were actually painted silver with special paint to remove its reflective quality . The saturation of colors also had to be changed to accustom the 3D cameras , which are `` slow to pick up information '' . Loucks said , `` It 's a very restrictive color palette . For example , in this warehouse scene , we saturated the floors in a dark , dark charcoal , and we thought that was enough , but then the cameras showed them as still being too light . So we had to add more and more black . The reason I say it 's too light is because we are putting more light onto these sets than we ever have before . '' Filming locations ( edit ) Principal photography was done mostly at Cinespace Film Studios in Toronto , Ontario . Toronto police received hundreds of calls from concerned neighbors after a scene involving a burning plane crashed . For the underwater scenes , cargo shipping containers were cut and welded to make a giant tank on stage . The opening scene was filmed at Cinespace Film Studios . Interior scenes of Umbrella Corporation 's subterranean lair were filmed at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy . Robarts Library was used to portray exterior shots of a Los Angeles prison due to its resemblance to a prison , and other scenes were shot at University of Toronto Scarborough . Scenes portraying an Alaskan aircraft boneyard were actually filmed at Oshawa Airport . A location depicting an Alaskan beach was filmed at Sandbanks Provincial Park . Second unit was sent to Alaska to capture establishing shots of the scenery . Visual and special effects ( edit ) Visual effects were done by Rocket Science VFX and Mr. X Inc . Paul Jones served as the special effects creator , who previously designed the Nemesis character in Resident Evil : Apocalypse . The production team planned to use extras to portray 300 zombies at once , but time restraints prevented that . Around 150 zombies were eventually used and Mr. X Inc 's visual effects supervisor , Dennis Berardi , added more in post-production . For Alice 's clones they shot motion control photography for multiple passes of Jovovich . For the wide shots they took digital photo doubles . Visual effects production manager Eric Robertson described the look of the film , `` interesting contrasts , pure whites , which is a staggering look . It 's so clean and tight along with some real darkness too that may evoke a bit of a feel of Silent Hill . So we 've got the extremes , but it 's definitely a unique look for this incarnation and it 's been fun to see those looks . '' A burned cityscape with ash and smoke in the sky was created to depict a postapocalyptic Los Angeles , in which most of the film is set . Bolt described this approach as , `` In a world that has gone to hell in a handbasket , there 's no control and no fire service , so clearly , what 's going to happen to LA is it 's going to get burned . '' The infected Dobermans from the games and previous films return , but are more advanced . The dogs wore a costume with prosthetics . Anderson wanted to make the dogs in this film look `` absolutely terrible '' . Computer effects were used to make the dog 's jaw flare open , with tentacles coming out of their mouths similar to the dogs from the fourth and fifth video games . Other creatures borrowed from the fifth video game are the `` Majini '' who are more intelligent and have mandibles and tentacles coming out of their mouths , and `` The Executioner '' ( named the Axeman in the film ) . Release ( edit ) Milla Jovovich speaking at WonderCon 2010 about the film . In August 2009 it was announced that the film would be released on August 27 , 2010 , but that December it was set back to January 14 , 2011 . In January 2010 , it was announced that the release date was moved to September 10 , 2010 . Screen Gems paid Constantin Film , Davis Films and Impact Pictures $52 million for the rights to distribute the film in North American and `` most key foreign markets '' . On April 3 , 2010 , Anderson , Jovovich and Larter attended WonderCon for a Resident Evil : Afterlife panel answering fan questions . On July 24 , 2010 , they attended the San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) Further information : Discography of the Resident Evil film series The Resident Evil : Afterlife : Music from the Motion Picture was composed by Tomandandy and released on September 28 , 2010 by Milan Records . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Tokyo '' 4 : 32 2 . `` Umbrella '' 1 : 20 3 . `` Damage '' 1 : 02 4 . `` Cutting '' 1 : 12 5 . `` Twins '' 1 : 47 6 . `` Exit '' 0 : 47 7 . `` Far '' 1 : 07 8 . `` Flying '' 1 : 58 9 . `` Memory '' 3 : 17 10 . `` Los Angeles '' 2 : 09 11 . `` Binoculars '' 2 : 53 12 . `` Prison '' 1 : 58 13 . `` Discovery '' 1 : 10 14 . `` Hatchet '' 1 : 23 15 . `` AxeMan '' 3 : 07 16 . `` Arcadia '' 4 : 21 17 . `` Up '' 1 : 39 18 . `` Party '' 0 : 54 19 . `` Promise '' 2 : 12 20 . `` Resident Evil Suite '' 4 : 33 21 . `` Rooftop '' ( deluxe edition exclusive ) 1 : 58 22 . `` Tokyo ( CruciA Remix ) '' ( deluxe edition exclusive ) 3 : 12 23 . `` Tokyo ( Phil Jelley Remix ) '' ( deluxe edition exclusive ) 3 : 17 24 . `` AxeMan ( Hani Remix ) '' ( deluxe edition exclusive ) 3 : 12 25 . `` AxeMan ( Poll A Rock Remix ) '' ( deluxe edition exclusive ) 4 : 31 Total length : 43 : 21 In addition to the original soundtrack , `` The Outsider '' ( Apocalypse Remix ) by alternative rock group A Perfect Circle was used for the marketing the film , along with a short segment of it being played during the confrontation between Alice and Wesker , as well as playing over the end credits . Home Media ( edit ) Resident Evil : Afterlife was released to DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on December 28 , 2010 in the United States . Special features on the DVD includes a filmmaker commentary and two featurettes . The Blu - ray releases includes the same and also with deleted and extended scenes , additional featurettes and outtakes . In 2013 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two - disc set containing the first four films in the series . It was called The 4 Movie Resident Evil Collection . Box Office ( edit ) United States and Canada ( edit ) Resident Evil : Afterlife opened on approximately 4,700 screens in 3,203 locations , with 2,062 of the locations showing on 3D - equipped screens and 141 in IMAX 3D , ranking as one of the largest 3D releases at the time . In Canada the film opened in an additional 250 theaters through Alliance Films . The film opened at number one and took in $10.7 million on its opening day and $26.6 million on its opening weekend . By its second weekend the film had dropped to fourth place with new release The Town taking its first place spot . It grossed $10 million , a 63 % decrease in ticket sales from its opening weekend . It fell to seventh place by its third weekend , grossing $4.9 million and was removed from 567 theaters . On its fourth weekend , Resident Evil : Afterlife moved to eleventh place with the new release Case 39 at number one , while grossing $2.7 million and being dropped from 735 theaters . For the film 's fifth weekend it made $1.2 million , a 54 % decrease from the previous weekend and was removed from an additional 895 theaters . For its sixth , seventh and eight weekends it had dropped to $347,264 , $137,502 and $70,474 , respectively and was playing in 140 theaters by its eight and final weekend . The film closed out of theaters on November 4 , 2010 after 56 days of release . Other countries ( edit ) On September 15 , Resident Evil : Afterlife opened in 30 countries , bumping Inception from first place and grossing $42.3 million from 3,559 screens with 3D screenings accounting for 81 % of total earnings , thereby becoming the most successful overseas debut of the entire series . More than one - third of the total came from a $15.5 million three - day launch in Japan . Additionally , the film grossed $6.4 million in Russia , $3.3 million in Spain , $2.95 million in Taiwan and $2.6 million in the UK . By September 19 it had passed Resident Evil : Extinction 's $97.1 million overseas total . The following day it had surpassed Extinction 's total of $103.2 million overseas , 148.8 million worldwide , to become the highest - grossing entry of the series . During its second week the film grossed $40 million , with $5.3 million of it in Germany , $3.2 million in Mexico , $3.1 million in South Korea and $2.9 million in Brazil . Japanese ticket sales grossed $5.1 million with Russia adding another $4.2 million . By its third weekend it was still at number one , grossing $24.3 million , with an opening in France adding $3.5 million of it . Hong Kong added another $768,324 . The film remained at # 1 for its fourth weekend grossing $15.6 million . On its fifth weekend it grossed $8 million , dropping to fifth place , being replaced by Eat Pray Love at number one . By its eleventh weekend ticket sales had dropped to $9.1 million gross , with fully $9 million of that coming from its opening in China . Overall Resident Evil : Afterlife only missed by about $1.5 million the total the three previous films in the series had made combined . Worldwide overview ( edit ) The film grossed $60 million in the US and Canada with $240 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $300 million . In the United States , the high box office gross was attributed to the ticket price inflation of the 3D presentation , but the film had the lowest opening weekend attendance of the film series . On November 23 , 2010 Resident Evil : Afterlife , became the most successful production in Canadian feature film history , as well as the highest grossing zombie film . It is also the highest - grossing film to be released by Screen Gems . Worldwide , it is the fourth highest - grossing video game film of all - time , behind Warcraft ( $433.5 million ) , The Angry Birds Movie ( $347.1 million ) and Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( $336.4 million ) . Release date ( United States ) Budget ( estimated ) Box office revenue United States / Canada Other markets Worldwide September 10 , 2010 $60,000,000 $60,128,566 $240,099,518 $300,228,084 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Resident Evil : Afterlife was not screened in advance for critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 23 % based on the reviews of 95 critics , with a rating average of 4.1 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states `` as dim - witted and lifeless as its undead antagonists , Resident Evil : Afterlife is a wholly unnecessary addition to the franchise . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 37 based on 14 reviews , indicating `` generally unvaforable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Michael Ordoña of the Los Angeles Times gave it a positive review , noting the slower cut of the film and saying `` the action is easier to read than in most films of the genre , and therefore more enjoyable . Anderson makes particular use of sets and locations to wring out more bang for the stereoscopic buck '' . Phelim O'Neill of The Guardian gave the film two stars out of five praising the use of 3D , while stating that the Resident Evil films `` always look good and have well - staged action , but they do n't have one iota of originality or imagination '' . Chicago Reader 's Andrea Gronvall described the plot as `` nearly indiscernible '' but did call the film the `` sleekest so far , thanks to 3D and star Milla Jovovich 's body - hugging catsuit '' . Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying `` Cannibalizing John Carpenter 's Thing and much of the sci - fi - horror canon , Afterlife is more moribund than its thronging undead '' . David Edwards of the Daily Mirror compared it to Resident Evil : Extinction , stating that the `` results are even less impressive , which is saying quite something '' and `` only fans of the series will care with the film looking suspiciously like a series of barely connected action scenes and unimpressive 3D welded to a who - the - hell - cares ? plot '' . Spill.com critics Corey Koleman and Co-Host 3000 gave the film a `` Some ol ' bullshit '' , the site 's second lowest rating . They criticized the film 's overuse of slow motion , lack of explanation of certain plot elements and long lapses in between action , but gave the film points for its cinematography , small bits of action , 3D and the special effects of the Axeman . Andrew Barker of Variety compared the film to the previous installment as `` equally moribund , and perhaps even more shamelessly derivative '' . He compared Roberts ' Wesker to Hugo Weaving 's Agent Smith from The Matrix , calling it a `` slipshod impression '' . A particularly scathing review came from Brian Orndorf of Dark Horizons , who commented : `` Perhaps the first 3D motion picture to simulate the experience of watching paint dry , Resident Evil : Afterlife is a dreadful bore that only occasionally comes to life . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Category Recipients and nominees Result People 's Choice Awards Favorite Horror Movie Resident Evil : Afterlife Nominated Genie Awards Best Achievement in Art Direction / Production Design Resident Evil : Afterlife Arv Greywal Nominated Best Achievement in Costume Design Resident Evil : Afterlife Denise Cronenberg Nominated Best Achievement in Make - Up Resident Evil : Afterlife Paul Jones , Leslie Sebert , Vincent Sullivan Nominated Best Achievement in Overall Sound Resident Evil : Afterlife Mark Zsifkovits Nominated Best Achievement in Sound Editing Resident Evil : Afterlife Stephen Barden , Steve Baine , Kevin Banks , Alex Bullick , Jill Purdy Nominated Golden Reel Award Resident Evil : Afterlife Won Scream Awards Best Science Fiction Actress Milla Jovovich Won See also ( edit ) List of films based on video games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/Entertainment/Resident-Evil-Afterlife-premiere-in-Tokyo/fp/3778/ Jump up ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38917333/ns/business-press_releases/t/resident-evil-afterlife-d-worldwide-premiere-tokyo-japan/#.VCvOX_ldWSo Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . 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Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Resident Evil ' Leads Quiet Pack '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Eat Pray Love ' Trots to Global Top Spot '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Deathly Hallows ' Scores Top Non-Summer Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Versus '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Resident Evil Versus '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Afterlife ' fries ' Porky 's ' record '' . The Toronto Sun . Sun Media . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=zombie.htm Jump up ^ Tim , Ryan ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` The week 's only wide release was n't screened for critics '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ordoña , Michael ( September 11 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' Resident Evil : Afterlife ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Phelim ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Resident Evil : Afterlife 3D '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gronvall , Andrea ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Catsoulis , Jeannette ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review - ' Resident Evil : Afterlife 3D ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edwards , David ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 3D ) film review '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koleman , Corey ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Resident Evil : Afterlife Review '' . Spill.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife Film Review '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . September 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orndorf , Brian ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Dark Horizons . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` People Choice Awards Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 31st Genie Awards '' ( PDF ) . Genie Awards . March 10 , 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Science Fiction Actress '' . Spike . October 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Timpone , Anthony ( August 2010 ) . `` On Set : Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Fangoria ( 296 ) : 42 -- 45 . ISSN 0164 - 2111 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Resident Evil : Afterlife . Official website Resident Evil : Afterlife on IMDb Resident Evil : Afterlife at Rotten Tomatoes Resident Evil : Afterlife at Metacritic Resident Evil : Afterlife at Box Office Mojo Resident Evil : Afterlife at the Internet Movie Firearms Database Resident Evil List of media Capcom Video games Main series Resident Evil 2002 remake 3 : Nemesis Code : Veronica Zero 5 6 7 : Biohazard Revelations Revelations Revelations 2 Survivor Survivor Survivor 2 -- Code : Veronica Dead Aim Outbreak Outbreak File # 2 Chronicles The Umbrella Chronicles The Darkside Chronicles Mercenaries Mercenaries Vs . The Mercenaries 3D Other games Gaiden Operation Raccoon City Umbrella Corps Mobile games Films Live - action series Resident Evil Apocalypse Extinction Afterlife Retribution The Final Chapter Animated films Biohazard 4D - Executer Degeneration Damnation Vendetta Music Video game soundtracks Film soundtracks Characters Ada Wong Albert Wesker Chris Redfield Claire Redfield Jill Valentine Leon S. 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9132553606947924605	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty of Ghent - wikipedia Treaty of Ghent Jump to : navigation , search Treaty of Ghent Signing of the Treaty of Ghent . The leading British delegate Baron Gambier is shaking hands with the American leader John Quincy Adams . The British Undersecretary of State for War and the Colonies , Henry Goulburn , is carrying a red folder . Type Bilateral peace treaty Signed 24 December 1814 ( 1814 - 12 - 24 ) Location Ghent , United Netherlands Original signatories United Kingdom United States The Treaty of Ghent ( 8 Stat. 218 ) was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Both sides signed it on December 24 , 1814 , in the city of Ghent , United Netherlands . The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum , restoring the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812 . The treaty was approved by the UK parliament and signed into law by the Prince Regent ( the future King George IV ) on December 30 , 1814 . It took a month for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States , and in the meantime American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8 , 1815 . The Treaty of Ghent was not fully in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 17 , 1815 . It began two centuries and more of peaceful relations between the U.S. and Britain , although there were a few tense moments such as the Trent Affair in 1861 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Negotiations 3 Agreement 4 Aftermath 5 Memorials 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) After the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814 British public opinion demanded major gains in the war against the United States . The senior American representative in London told Secretary of State James Monroe : There are so many who delight in War that I have less hope than ever of our being able to make peace . You will perceive by the newspapers that a very great force is to be sent from Bordeaux to the United States ; and the order of the day is division of the States and conquest . The more moderate think that when our Seaboard is laid waste and we are made to agree to a line which shall exclude us from the lake ; to give up a part of our claim on Louisiana and the privilege of fishing on the banks , etc. peace may be made with us. : However , the Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpudlian and Bristolian merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare . After rejecting Russian proposals to broker peace negotiations , Britain reversed course in 1814 . With the defeat of Napoleon the main British goals of stopping American trade with France and impressment of sailors from American ships were dead letters . The treaty was forward - looking , and did not pay attention to matters that were no longer live issues . Negotiations were held in Ghent , United Netherlands , starting in August 1814 . The Americans sent five commissioners : John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay , James A. Bayard , Sr. , Jonathan Russell , and Albert Gallatin . Except for Russell , all were very senior political leaders ; Adams was in charge . The British sent minor officials who kept in close touch with their ( much closer ) superiors in London . Negotiations ( edit ) Plaque at a building in Veldstraat , Ghent , where the American diplomats stayed and one of the locations where the treaty was negotiated . It was located at the retail `` Esprit '' store on Veldstraat 47 . Placed by the United States Daughters of 1812 . The room where the treaty was signed is now part of a Ghentian psychiatric hospital . At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . As the peace talks opened American diplomats decided not to present President Madison 's demands for the end of impressment and suggestion that Britain turn Canada over to the U.S. They were quiet and instead the British opened with their demands , chief of which was the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` ... all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' -- but the provisions were unenforceable . In any case , the British soon lost interest in the idea of creating an Indian buffer state and stopped supporting or encouraging tribes in American territory . The British , assuming their planned invasion of New York state would go well , also demanded that Americans not have any naval forces on the Great Lakes and that the British get certain transit rights to the Mississippi River in exchange for continuation of American fishing rights off Newfoundland . The U.S. rejected the demands and there was an impasse . American public opinion was so outraged when Madison published the demands that even the Federalists were willing to fight on . During the negotiations the British had four invasions underway . One force carried out a burning of Washington , but the main mission failed in its goal of capturing Baltimore . The British fleet sailed away when the army commander was killed . A small force invaded the District of Maine from New Brunswick , capturing parts of northeastern Maine and several smuggling towns on the seacoast . Much more important were two major invasions . In northern New York State , 10,000 British troops marched south to cut off New England until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . The defeat was a humiliation that called for a court martial of the commander . Nothing was known at the time of the fate of the other major invasion force that had been sent to capture New Orleans and control the Mississippi River . The British Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to go to command in Canada with the assignment of winning the War . Wellington replied that he would go to America , but he believed that he was needed in Europe . He also stated : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success , and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cession of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The government had no choice but to agree with Wellington . Prime Minister Liverpool informed Foreign Secretary Castlereagh , who was at Vienna : `` I think we have determined , if all other points can be satisfactorily settled , not to continue the war for the purpose of obtaining , or securing any acquisition of territory . '' Liverpool cited several reasons , especially the unsatisfactory negotiations underway at Vienna , the alarming reports from France that it might resume the war , and the weak financial condition of the government . He did not need to tell Castlereagh that the war was very unpopular ; Britons wanted peace and a return to normal trade . The war with America had ruined many reputations and promised no gain . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . Each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed , and after the fall of Napoleon in 1814 , France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France and no longer needed more seamen . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . Lord Liverpool told British negotiators to offer a status quo , which the British government had desired since the beginning of the war . British diplomats immediately offered this to the US negotiators , who dropped demands for an end to British maritime practices and Canadian territory ( ignoring their war aims ) and agreed . The sides would exchange prisoners , and Britain would return or pay for slaves captured from the United States . Agreement ( edit ) On December 24 , 1814 , the members of the British and American negotiating teams signed and affixed their individual seals to the document . This did not itself end the war : that required formal ratification by their governments , which came in February 1815 . The treaty released all prisoners and restored all captured lands and ships . Returned to the United States were approximately 10,000,000 acres ( 40,000 km ) of territory , near Lakes Superior and Michigan , and in Maine . American - held areas of Upper Canada ( present - day Ontario ) were returned to British control , and the American - held territory in Spanish Florida taken from Britain and officially uninvolved Spain were returned to Spanish control . The treaty thus made no changes to the pre-war boundaries . Britain promised to return the freed black slaves that they had taken . In actuality , a few years later Britain instead paid the United States $1,204,960 for them . Both nations also promised to work towards an ending of the international slave trade . Pierre Berton wrote of the treaty , `` It was as if no war had been fought , or to put it more bluntly , as if the war that was fought was fought for no good reason . For nothing has changed ; everything is as it was in the beginning save for the graves of those who , it now appears , have fought for a trifle : ... Lake Erie and Fort McHenry will go into the American history books , Queenston Heights and Crysler 's Farm into the Canadian , but without the gore , the stench , the disease , the terror , the conniving , and the imbecilities that march with every army . '' Aftermath ( edit ) The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights , and Britain had already stopped its policy of impressing seamen off American ships . In the century of peace among the naval powers from 1815 until World War I American rights were not seriously violated . The course of the war resolved and ended all of the original issues , especially since the American Indians had been defeated and the Americans scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honor and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Notably , the Americans won the final engagements against the British . The Americans also controlled more of the Great Lakes than the British throughout the duration of the war , possessing lakes Michigan and Erie . The British controlled only Huron . Engagements for Ontario ended indecisively with both sides maintaining a large presence on the lake , but neither in full control . No actions took place on Superior . On receiving news of the treaty , the British forces near New Orleans immediately departed . James Carr argues that Britain negotiated the Treaty of Ghent with the goal of ending the war , even though it knew a major British expedition had been ordered to seize New Orleans . Carr says that Britain had no intention of repudiating the treaty and continuing the war had victory been theirs at the Battle of New Orleans . News of the treaty finally reached the United States after the major American victory in the Battle of New Orleans ; it won immediate wide approval from all sides . The U.S. Senate unanimously approved the treaty on February 16 , 1815 , and President James Madison exchanged ratification papers with a British diplomat in Washington on February 17 ; the treaty was proclaimed on February 18 . Eight days later , on February 26 , Napoleon escaped from Elba , starting the war in Europe again , and forcing the British to concentrate on the threat he posed . Memorials ( edit ) The Peace Bridge between New York and Ontario The Peace Arch , dedicated in September 1921 , stands 20.5 metres ( 67 ft ) tall at the Douglas / Blaine border crossing between the province of British Columbia and the state of Washington . The monument represents a perpetually open gate across the Canada -- U.S. boundary . In 1922 , the Fountain of Time was dedicated in Washington Park , Chicago , commemorating 110 years of peace between the United States and Britain . The Peace Bridge between Buffalo , New York , and Fort Erie , Ontario , opened in 1927 to commemorate more than a century of peace between the United States and Canada . See also ( edit ) List of treaties Timeline of United States diplomatic history Results of the War of 1812 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The United States gained some territory ( the Mobile area ) from the Spanish Empire , but that was not mentioned in the Treaty . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gene A. Smith , `` ' Our Flag was display 'd within their Works ' : The Treaty of Ghent and the Conquest of Mobile . '' Alabama Review 52 ( 1999 ) : 3 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wood , Bryce ( 1940 ) . `` Reuben Beasley to Monroe , May 9 , 1814 '' . Peaceful Change and the Colonial Problem . Studies in History , Economics and Public Law . 464 . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 503 . OCLC 3103125 . Jump up ^ Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . 1812 : War With America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap . pp. 389 -- 91 . ISBN 9780674025844 . Jump up ^ Gash , Norman ( 1984 ) . Lord Liverpool : The Life and Political Career of Robert Banks Jenkinson , Second Earl of Liverpool , 1770 -- 1828 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 111 -- 9 . ISBN 9780674539105 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1993 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( rev . ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 103 -- 22 . ISBN 9780393310887 . Jump up ^ Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 1949 ) . John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy . New York : A.A. Knopf . pp. 196 -- 220 . OCLC 424693 . Jump up ^ Henry Adams , History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison ( 1890 ; Library of America edition , 1986 ) 2 : 1192 Jump up ^ Remini 1993 , p. 117 in 1991 ed . ISBN 9780393030044 . Jump up ^ Mahan , AT ( October 1905 ) . `` The negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . The American Historical Review . 11 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 87 ( esp. 73 -- 78 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 1832365 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 1097 . ISBN 9781851096039 . Jump up ^ Gates , CM ( March 1940 ) . `` The West in American Diplomacy , 1812 -- 1815 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 26 ( 4 ) : 499 -- 510 . JSTOR 1896318 . Jump up ^ Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War . Basic Books . p. 365 . ISBN 9780465028085 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Bradford ( 1964 ) . Castlereagh and Adams : England and the United States , 1812 -- 1823 . Perkins : England and the United States . 3 . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 108 -- 9 . OCLC 615454220 . Jump up ^ Mills , D ( 1921 ) . `` The Duke of Wellington and the peace negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 32 ( quote at p. 22 ) . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 02 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bickham , Troy ( 2012 ) . The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 . Oxford University Press . pp. 258 -- 9 . ISBN 9780195391787 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Allen ( 1921 ) . `` Part 3 '' . Jefferson and His Colleagues , A Chronicle of the Virginia Dynasty -- via fullbooks.com . Jump up ^ Henry Adams , History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison ( 1890 ; Library of America edition , 1986 ) 2 : 115 - 19 Jump up ^ Engelman , Fred L. ( December 1960 ) . `` The peace of Christmas Eve '' . American Heritage . 12 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Dean , William G. ; Heidenreich , Conrad ; McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; et al. , eds. ( 1998 ) . Concise Historical Atlas of Canada . University of Toronto Press . plate 38 . ISBN 9780802042033 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , AG ( 1920 ) . `` Diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain bearing on the return of negro slaves , 1783 -- 1828 '' . Journal of Negro History . 5 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 419 . JSTOR 2713676 . Jump up ^ `` British - American Diplomacy : Treaty of Ghent ; 1814 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu ( transcribed full text of treaty ) . Avalon Project : Lillian Goldman Law Library : Yale Law School : Yale University . Jump up ^ Berton , Pierre ( 1981 ) . `` Ch. 13 : Ghent , August -- December , 1814 '' . Flames Across the Border : 1813 -- 1814 . McClelland & Stewart . pp. 418 -- 9 . ISBN 9780771012440 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Carr , James A. ( July 1979 ) . `` The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent '' . Diplomatic History . 3 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1979. tb00315. x . Jump up ^ Carr , `` The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent , '' ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Frank A. Updyke , `` The Treaty of Ghent -- A Centenary Estimate . '' Proceedings of the American Political Science Association . The American Political Science Association , 1913 online . Jump up ^ `` History of a Peace Park '' . peacearchpark.org . United States Canada Peace Anniversary Association . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ MobileReference ( 2007 ) . Travel Chicago : City Guide and Maps . Mobi Travel Series . MobileReference.com . p. 287 . ISBN 9781605010533 . Jump up ^ Eisenstadt , Peter R. ; Moss , Laura - Eve , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia Of New York State . Syracuse University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 9780815608080 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Henry . History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison ( 1890 ; Library of America edition , 1986 ) 2 : 1185 -- 1219 Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 1949 ) . John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy . New York : A.A. Knopf . pp. 196 -- 220 . OCLC 424693 . ; Pulitzer Prize . Burt , Alfred Leroy ( 1940 ) . The United States , Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . The Relations of Canada and the United States . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . OCLC 752759076 -- via Questia Online Library . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Engelman , Fred L. The Peace of Christmas Eve ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & World , 1962 ) , popular narrative Hickey , Donald R. ( 2012 ) ( 1988 ) . `` Ch. 11 : The Treaty of Ghent '' ( PDF ) . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict ( Bicentennial ed . ) . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . pp. 281 -- 98 . ISBN 9780252093739 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Mahan , A.T. ( October 1905 ) . `` The negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . The American Historical Review . 11 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 87 . doi : 10.2307 / 1832365 . JSTOR 1832365 . Perkins , Bradford . Castlereagh and Adams : England and the United States , 1812 1823 ( 1964 ) excerpt ; online review Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) pp 94 -- 122 . a version of this chapter appears ( in English ) in Remini , R.V. `` The Treaty of Ghent . The American perspective . '' Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent 44.1 ( 1990 ) . online Updyke , Frank A . The diplomacy of the War of 1812 ( 1915 ) online free Ward , Adolphus William ; Gooch , George Peabody , eds. ( 1922 ) . `` Ch. 5 : The American War and the Treaty of Ghent , 1814 '' . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 -- 1919 : Volume I : 1783 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 489666642 . Primary sources ( edit ) `` Letters relating to the Negotiations at Ghent , 1812 -- 1814 '' . The American Historical Review . 20 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 29 . 1914 . doi : 10.1086 / 540632 . JSTOR 1836119 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Ghent Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Ghent . `` Treaty of Ghent '' . www.loc.gov ( digital reference guide ) . Web Guides : Primary Documents in American History . Library of Congress . 10 April 2014 `` A Guide to the War of 1812 '' . www.loc.gov ( digital reference guide ) . Web Guides . Compiled by Kenneth Drexler . Library of Congress . 25 June 2014 `` War of 1812 Timeline of Major Events '' . pbs.org . PBS . 2011 Chowder , Ken ( 10 October 2011 ) , produced by WNED - TV and Florentine Films / Hott Productions Inc. , `` The Treaty of Ghent '' , The War of 1812 ( television program ) , PBS External link in work = ( help ) `` Association Treaty of Ghent '' . www.treatyofghent.org ( a registered nonprofit organization ) John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . The Amistad Mendi Bible President , American Academy of Arts and Sciences President , Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election , 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election , 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1957 book 1965 television series ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Mutiny on the Amistad ( 1987 book ) Amistad ( 1997 film ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams ( wife ) George W. Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ghent&oldid=842973582 '' Categories : Peace treaties of the United Kingdom War of 1812 Peace treaties of the United States 1814 treaties Treaties entered into force in 1815 United Kingdom -- United States treaties 1814 in the Netherlands Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) December 1814 events 19th century in Ghent Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 23 : 38 . 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-4039137208267783595	Hungarian Revolution of 1956	Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - Wikipedia Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Part of the Cold War The flag , with a hole where the communist coat of arms had been cut out , became the symbol of the revolution . Date 23 October -- 10 November 1956 Acts of civil resistance continued until January 1957 Location Hungarian People 's Republic Result Soviet victory Revolution crushed Belligerents Soviet Union Soviet Armed Forces KGB Hungarian People 's Republic ÁVH Hungarian revolutionaries Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Yuri Andropov Ivan Konev Ernő Gerő János Kádár Imre Nagy Pál Maléter Strength 31,550 troops 1,130 tanks Unknown number of government loyalists Unknown number of soldiers , militia , and armed civilians Casualties and losses Soviet casualties : 722 killed or missing 1,540 wounded 2,500 -- 3,000 killed ( est . ) 13,000 wounded ( est . ) 3,000 civilians killed Part of a series on the History of Hungary Early history ( show ) Hungarian prehistory Hungary before the Hungarians Roman Pannonia Hungarian conquest Medieval ( show ) Principality 895 -- 1000 High Medieval Kingdom 1000 -- 1301 Late Medieval Kingdom 1301 -- 1526 Ottoman Wars 1366 -- 1526 Early modern ( show ) Habsburg kingdom 1526 -- 1867 Eastern kingdom 1526 -- 1570 Ottoman Hungary 1541 -- 1699 Principality of Transylvania 1570 -- 1711 Late modern ( show ) Rákóczi 's War 1703 -- 1711 Revolution of 1848 1848 -- 1849 Austria - Hungary 1867 -- 1918 Lands of the Crown 1867 -- 1918 World War I 1914 -- 1918 Interwar period 1918 -- 1941 First Hungarian Republic 1918 -- 1920 Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 Kingdom of Hungary 1920 -- 1946 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Contemporary ( show ) Second Hungarian Republic 1946 -- 1949 Hungarian People 's Republic 1949 -- 1989 Revolution of 1956 1956 Third Hungarian Republic since 1989 By topic ( show ) Christianity Military Music Nobility Hungarians Jews Székelys Hungary portal Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 ( Hungarian : 1956 - os forradalom or 1956 - os felkelés ) , was a nationwide revolt against the Marxist - Leninist government of the Hungarian People 's Republic and its Soviet - imposed policies , lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956 . Though leaderless when it first began , it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR 's forces drove Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II . The revolt began as a student protest , which attracted thousands as they marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building , calling out on the streets using a van with loudspeakers . A student delegation , entering the radio building to try to broadcast the students ' demands , was detained . When the delegation 's release was demanded by the protesters outside , they were fired upon from within the building by the State Security Police , known as ÁVH ( acronym for Állam Védelmi Hatóság , literally `` State Protection Authority '' ) . One student died and was wrapped in a flag and held above the crowd . This was the start of the revolution . As the news spread , disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital . The revolt spread quickly across Hungary , and the government collapsed . Thousands organised into militias , battling the ÁVH and Soviet troops . Pro-Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned , and former political prisoners were released and armed . Radical impromptu workers ' councils wrested municipal control from the ruling Hungarian Working People 's Party and demanded political changes . A new government formally disbanded the ÁVH , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . By the end of October , fighting had almost stopped , and a sense of normality began to return . After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces , the Politburo changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution . On 4 November , a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country . The Hungarian resistance continued until 10 November . Over 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the conflict , and 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees . Mass arrests and denunciations continued for months thereafter . By January 1957 , the new Soviet - installed government had suppressed all public opposition . These Soviet actions , while strengthening control over the Eastern Bloc , alienated many Western Marxists , leading to splits and / or considerable losses of membership for communist parties in capitalist states . Public discussion about the revolution was suppressed in Hungary for more than 30 years . Since the thaw of the 1980s , it has been a subject of intense study and debate . At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989 , 23 October was declared a national holiday . Contents 1 Prelude 1.1 Postwar occupation 1.2 Political repression and economic decline 1.3 International events 1.4 Social unrest builds 2 Revolution 2.1 First shots 2.2 Fighting spreads , government falls 2.3 Interlude 2.3. 1 New Government 2.3. 2 Soviet perspective 2.3. 3 International reaction 2.4 Soviet intervention of 4 November 2.5 Soviet version of the events 3 Aftermath 3.1 Hungary 3.2 International 3.3 Commemoration 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 7.1 Historical collections 7.2 Other academic sources 7.3 Feature films 7.4 Commemorations Prelude ( edit ) During World War II Hungary was a member of the Axis powers , allied with the forces of Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy , Romania , and Bulgaria . In 1941 , the Hungarian military participated in the occupation of Yugoslavia and the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Red Army was able to force back the Hungarian and other Axis invaders , and by 1944 was advancing towards Hungary . Fearing invasion , the Hungarian government began armistice negotiations with the Allies . These ended when Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the country and set up the pro-Axis Government of National Unity . Both Hungarian and German forces stationed in Hungary were subsequently defeated when the Soviet Union invaded the country in late 1944 . Post-war occupation ( edit ) Towards the end of World War II , the Soviet Army occupied Hungary , with the country coming under the Soviet Union 's sphere of influence . Immediately after World War II , Hungary was a multiparty democracy , and elections in 1945 produced a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy . However , the Hungarian Communist Party , a Marxist -- Leninist group who shared the Soviet government 's ideological beliefs , constantly wrested small concessions in a process named salami tactics , which sliced away the elected government 's influence , despite the fact that it had received only 17 % of the vote . After the elections of 1945 , the portfolio of the Interior Ministry , which oversaw the Hungarian State Security Police ( Államvédelmi Hatóság , later known as the ÁVH ) , was transferred from the Independent Smallholders Party to a nominee of the Communist Party . The ÁVH employed methods of intimidation , falsified accusations , imprisonment , and torture to suppress political opposition . The brief period of multi-party democracy came to an end when the Communist Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to become the Hungarian Working People 's Party , which stood its candidate list unopposed in 1949 . The People 's Republic of Hungary was then declared . The Hungarian Working People 's Party set about to modify the economy into socialism by undertaking radical nationalization based on the Soviet model . Writers and journalists were the first to voice open criticism of the government and its policies , publishing critical articles in 1955 . By 22 October 1956 , Technical University students had resurrected the banned MEFESZ student union , and staged a demonstration on 23 October that set off a chain of events leading directly to the revolution . Political Repression and economic decline ( edit ) Hungary became a communist state under the authoritarian leadership of Mátyás Rákosi . Under Rákosi 's reign , the Security Police ( ÁVH ) began a series of purges , first within the Communist Party to end opposition to Rákosi 's reign . The victims were labeled as `` Titoists , '' `` western agents , '' or `` Trotskyists '' for as insignificant a crime as spending time in the West to participate in the Spanish Civil War . In total , about half of all the middle and lower level party officials -- at least 7,000 people -- were purged . Mátyás Rákosi speaks in Budapest , 1948 From 1950 to 1952 , the Security Police forcibly relocated thousands of people to obtain property and housing for the Working People 's Party members , and to remove the threat of the intellectual and ' bourgeois ' class . Thousands were arrested , tortured , tried , and imprisoned in concentration camps , deported to the east , or were executed , including ÁVH founder László Rajk . In a single year , more than 26,000 people were forcibly relocated from Budapest . As a consequence , jobs and housing were very difficult to obtain . The deportees generally experienced terrible living conditions and were interned as slave labor on collective farms . Many died as a result of poor living conditions and malnutrition . The Rákosi government thoroughly politicised Hungary 's educational system to supplant the educated classes with a `` toiling intelligentsia '' . Russian language study and Communist political instruction were made mandatory in schools and universities nationwide . Religious schools were nationalized and church leaders were replaced by those loyal to the government . In 1949 the leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church , Cardinal József Mindszenty , was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason . Under Rákosi , Hungary 's government was among the most repressive in Europe . The post-war Hungarian economy suffered from multiple challenges . Hungary agreed to pay war reparations approximating US $300 million to the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia and to support Soviet garrisons . The Hungarian National Bank in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations as `` between 19 and 22 per cent of the annual national income . '' In 1946 , the Hungarian currency experienced marked depreciation , resulting in the highest historic rates of hyperinflation known . Hungary 's participation in the Soviet - sponsored COMECON ( Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance ) prevented it from trading with the West or receiving Marshall Plan aid . In addition , Rákosi began his first Five - Year Plan in 1950 - based on Joseph Stalin 's industrial program of the same name that sought to raise industrial output by 380 percent . Like its Soviet counterpart , the Five - Year Plan never achieved these outlandish goals due in part to the crippling effect of the exportation of most of Hungary 's raw resources and technology to the Soviet Union as well as Rákosi 's purges of much of the former professional class . In fact , the Five - Year Plan weakened Hungary 's existing industrial structure and caused real industrial wages to fall by 18 percent between 1949 and 1952 . Although national income per capita rose in the first third of the 1950s , the standard of living fell . Huge income deductions to finance industrial investment reduced disposable personal income ; mismanagement created chronic shortages in basic foodstuffs resulting in rationing of bread , sugar , flour , and meat . Compulsory subscriptions to state bonds further reduced personal income . The net result was that disposable real income of workers and employees in 1952 was only two - thirds of what it had been in 1938 , whereas in 1949 , the proportion had been 90 % . These policies had a cumulative negative effect and fueled discontent as foreign debt grew and the population experienced shortages of goods . International events ( edit ) Imre Nagy ( center ) in October 1956 On 5 March 1953 , Joseph Stalin died , ushering in a period of moderate liberalization , when most European communist parties developed a reform wing . In Hungary , the reformist Imre Nagy replaced Rákosi , `` Stalin 's Best Hungarian Disciple '' , as Prime Minister . However , Rákosi remained General Secretary of the Party , and was able to undermine most of Nagy 's reforms . By April 1955 , he had Nagy discredited and removed from office . After Khrushchev 's `` secret speech '' of February 1956 , which denounced Stalin and his protégés , Rákosi was deposed as General Secretary of the Party and replaced by Ernő Gerő on 18 July 1956 . Radio Free Europe broadcast the `` secret speech '' to Eastern Europe on the advice of Ray S. Cline , who saw it as a way to `` as I think I told ( Allen Dulles ) to say , ' indict the whole Soviet system ' . '' On 14 May 1955 , the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact , binding Hungary to the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe . Among the principles of this alliance were `` respect for the independence and sovereignty of states '' and `` non-interference in their internal affairs '' . In 1955 , the Austrian State Treaty and ensuing declaration of neutrality established Austria as a demilitarised and neutral country . This raised Hungarian hopes of also becoming neutral and in 1955 Nagy had considered `` ... the possibility of Hungary adopting a neutral status on the Austrian pattern '' . In June 1956 , a violent uprising by Polish workers in Poznań was put down by the government , with scores of protesters killed and wounded . Responding to popular demand , in October 1956 , the government appointed the recently rehabilitated reformist communist Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the Polish United Workers ' Party , with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government . After a few tense days of negotiations , on 19 October the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka 's reformist demands . News of the concessions won by the Poles , known as Polish October , emboldened many Hungarians to hope for similar concessions for Hungary and these sentiments contributed significantly to the highly charged political climate that prevailed in Hungary in the second half of October 1956 . Within the Cold War context of the time , by 1956 , a fundamental tension had appeared in US policy towards Hungary and the Eastern Bloc generally . The United States hoped to encourage European countries to break away from the bloc through their own efforts but wanted to avoid a US - Soviet military confrontation , as escalation might lead to nuclear war . For these reasons , US policy makers had to consider other means of diminishing Soviet influence in Eastern Europe , short of a rollback policy . This led to the development of containment policies such as economic and psychological warfare , covert operations , and , later , negotiation with the Soviet Union regarding the status of the Eastern states . Vice President Richard Nixon had also argued to the National Security Council that it would serve US interests if the Soviet Union would turn on another uprising as they had in Poland , providing a source of anti-Communist propaganda . However , while CIA director Allen Dulles had claimed he was creating an extensive network in Hungary , at the time the agency had no Hungarian station , almost no agents who spoke the language , and unreliable , corrupt local assets . The agency 's own secret history admitted `` at no time did we have anything that could or should have been mistaken for an intelligence operation '' . In the summer of 1956 , relations between Hungary and the US began to improve . At that time , the US responded very favourably to Hungary 's overtures about a possible expansion of bilateral trade relations . Hungary 's desire for better relations was partly attributable to the country 's catastrophic economic situation . Before any results could be achieved , however , the pace of negotiations was slowed by the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs , which feared that better relations with the West might weaken Communist rule in Hungary . Social unrest builds ( edit ) Rákosi 's resignation in July 1956 emboldened students , writers , and journalists to be more active and critical in politics . Students and journalists started a series of intellectual forums examining the problems facing Hungary . These forums , called Petőfi circles , became very popular and attracted thousands of participants . On 6 October 1956 , László Rajk , who had been executed by the Rákosi government , was reburied in a moving ceremony that strengthened the party opposition . On 16 October 1956 , university students in Szeged snubbed the official communist student union , the DISZ , by re-establishing the MEFESZ ( Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students ) , a democratic student organization , previously banned under the Rákosi dictatorship . Within days , the student bodies of Pécs , Miskolc , and Sopron followed suit . On 22 October , students of the Technical University compiled a list of sixteen points containing several national policy demands . After the students heard that the Hungarian Writers ' Union planned on the following day to express solidarity with pro-reform movements in Poland by laying a wreath at the statue of Polish - born General Bem , a hero of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ( 1848 -- 49 ) , the students decided to organize a parallel demonstration of sympathy . Revolution ( edit ) Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal First shots ( edit ) On the afternoon of 23 October 1956 , approximately 20,400 protesters convened next to the statue of József Bem -- a national hero of Poland and Hungary . Péter Veres , President of the Writers ' Union , read a manifesto to the crowd , which included : The desire for Hungary to be independent from all foreign powers ; a political system based on democratic socialism ( land reform and public ownership of businesses ) ; Hungary joining the United Nations ; and citizens of Hungary should have all the rights of free men . After the students read their proclamation , the crowd chanted a censored patriotic poem the `` National Song '' , with the refrain : `` This we swear , this we swear , that we will no longer be slaves . '' Someone in the crowd cut out the Communist coat of arms from the Hungarian flag , leaving a distinctive hole , and others quickly followed suit . Afterwards , most of the crowd crossed the River Danube to join demonstrators outside the Parliament Building . By 18 : 00 , the multitude had swollen to more than 200,000 people ; the demonstration was spirited , but peaceful . Placing of Hungarian flag into remains of dismantled Stalin statue At 20 : 00 , First Secretary Ernő Gerő broadcast a speech condemning the writers ' and students ' demands . Angered by Gerő 's hard - line rejection , some demonstrators decided to carry out one of their demands , the removal of Stalin 's 30 - foot - high ( 9.1 m ) bronze statue that was erected in 1951 on the site of a church , which was demolished to make room for the monument . By 21 : 30 , the statue was toppled and crowds celebrated by placing Hungarian flags in Stalin 's boots , which was all that was left of the statue . At about the same time , a large crowd gathered at the Radio Budapest building , which was heavily guarded by the ÁVH . The flash point was reached as a delegation attempting to broadcast their demands was detained and the crowd grew increasingly unruly as rumours spread that the protesters had been shot . Tear gas was thrown from the upper windows and the ÁVH opened fire on the crowd , killing many . The ÁVH tried to re-supply itself by hiding arms inside an ambulance , but the crowd detected the ruse and intercepted it . Hungarian soldiers sent to relieve the ÁVH hesitated and then , tearing the red stars from their caps , sided with the crowd . Provoked by the ÁVH attack , protesters reacted violently . Police cars were set ablaze , guns were seized from military depots and distributed to the masses and symbols of the Communist regime were vandalised . Fighting spreads , government falls ( edit ) During the night of 23 October , Hungarian Working People 's Party Secretary Ernő Gerő requested Soviet military intervention `` to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale . '' The Soviet leadership had formulated contingency plans for intervention in Hungary several months before . By 02 : 00 on 24 October , acting in accordance with orders of Georgy Zhukov , the Soviet defence minister , Soviet tanks entered Budapest . By noon , on 24 October , Soviet tanks were stationed outside the Parliament , and Soviet soldiers guarded key bridges and crossroads . Armed revolutionaries quickly set up barricades to defend Budapest , and were reported to have already captured some Soviet tanks by mid-morning . That day , Imre Nagy replaced András Hegedüs as Prime Minister . On the radio , Nagy called for an end to violence and promised to initiate political reforms that had been shelved three years earlier . The population continued to arm itself as sporadic violence erupted . Armed protesters seized the radio building . At the offices of the Communist newspaper Szabad Nép unarmed demonstrators were fired upon by ÁVH guards who were then driven out as armed demonstrators arrived . At this point , the revolutionaries ' wrath focused on the ÁVH ; Soviet military units were not yet fully engaged , and there were reports of some Soviet troops showing open sympathy for the demonstrators . March of protesters on 25 October On 25 October , a mass of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament Building . ÁVH units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighbouring buildings . Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH , mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting . Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising , some in the crowd started shooting back . During this time , the Hungarian Army was divided as the central command structure disintegrated with the rising pressures from the protests on the government . The majority of Hungarian military units in Budapest and the countryside remained uninvolved , as the local commanders generally avoided using force against the protesters and revolutionaries . From 24 to 29 October , however , there were 71 cases of armed clashes between the army and the populace in fifty communities , ranging from the defence of attacks on civilian and military objectives to fighting with insurgents depending on the commanding officer . One example is in the town of Kecskemét on 26 October , where demonstrations in front of the office of State Security and the local jail led to military action by the Third Corps under the orders of Major General Lajos Gyurkó , in which seven protesters were shot and several of the organizers were arrested . In another case , a fighter jet strafed a protest in the town of Tiszakécske , killing 17 people and wounding 117 . The attacks at the Parliament forced the collapse of the government . Communist First Secretary Ernő Gerő and former Prime Minister András Hegedüs fled to the Soviet Union ; Imre Nagy became Prime Minister and János Kádár First Secretary of the Communist Party . Revolutionaries began an aggressive offensive against Soviet troops and the remnants of the ÁVH . Body of executed Party member at Central Committee of the Communist Party Units led by Béla Király , after attacking the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party , executed dozens of suspected communists , state security members , and military personnel . Photographs showed victims with signs of torture . On 30 October , Király 's forces attacked the Central Committee of the Communist Party building . Hungarian Communist politician János Berecz , in his government - sponsored `` white book '' about the Revolution , referred to how rebels detained thousands of people , and that thousands more had their names on death lists . In the city of Kaposvár , 64 persons including 13 army officers were detained on 31 October . In Budapest and other areas , the Hungarian Communist committees organised defence . At the Csepel neighbourhood of Budapest , some 250 Communists defended the Csepel Iron and Steel Works . On 27 October , army units were brought in to secure Csepel and restore order . They later withdrew on 29 October , after which the rebels seized control of the area . Communists of Budapest neighbourhood Angyalföld led more than 350 armed workers and 380 servicemen from the Láng Factory . Anti-fascist resistance veterans from World War II participated in the offensive by which the Szabad Nép newspaper 's building was recaptured . In the countryside , defence measures were taken by pro-Communist forces . In Békés County , in and around the town of Szarvas , the armed guards of the Communist Party were in control throughout . As the Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails in the narrow streets of Budapest , revolutionary councils arose nationwide , assumed local governmental authority , and called for general strikes . Public Communist symbols such as red stars and Soviet war memorials were removed , and Communist books were burned . Spontaneous revolutionary militias arose , such as the 400 - man group loosely led by József Dudás , which attacked or murdered Soviet sympathisers and ÁVH members . Soviet units fought primarily in Budapest ; elsewhere the countryside was largely quiet . One armoured division stationed in Budapest , commanded by Pál Maléter , instead opted to join the insurgents . Soviet commanders often negotiated local cease - fires with the revolutionaries . In some regions , Soviet forces managed to quell revolutionary activity . In Budapest , the Soviets were eventually fought to a stand - still and hostilities began to wane . Hungarian general Béla Király , freed from a life sentence for political offences and acting with the support of the Nagy government , sought to restore order by unifying elements of the police , army and insurgent groups into a National Guard . A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October , and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside . Interlude ( edit ) Fighting ceased between 28 October and 4 November , as many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were withdrawing from Hungary . There were approximately 213 Hungarian Working People 's Party members lynched or executed during this period . New government ( edit ) Flyer . Imre Nagy , Head of government -- 1956.10. 27 The rapid spread of the uprising in the streets of Budapest and the abrupt fall of the Gerő - Hegedüs government left the new national leadership surprised , and at first disorganised . Nagy , a loyal party reformer described as possessing `` only modest political skills '' , initially appealed to the public for calm and a return to the old order . Yet Nagy , the only remaining Hungarian leader with credibility in both the eyes of the public and the Soviets , `` at long last concluded that a popular uprising rather than a counter-revolution was taking place '' . At 13 : 20 on 28 October , Nagy announced an immediate and general cease - fire over the radio and , on behalf of the new national government , declared the following : that the government would assess the uprising not as counter-revolutionary but as a `` great , national and democratic event '' an unconditional general ceasefire and amnesty for those who participated in the uprising ; negotiations with the insurgents the dissolution of the ÁVH the establishment of a national guard the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from Budapest and negotiations for the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Hungary On 1 November , in a radio address to the Hungarian people , Nagy formally declared Hungary 's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact as well as Hungary 's stance of neutrality . Because it held office only ten days , the National Government had little chance to clarify its policies in detail . However , newspaper editorials at the time stressed that Hungary should be a neutral , multi-party social democracy . Many political prisoners were released , most notably Cardinal József Mindszenty . Political parties that were previously banned , such as the Independent Smallholders and the National Peasant Party ( under the name `` Petőfi Party '' ) , reappeared to join the coalition . Crowd cheers Hungarian troops in Budapest During this time , in 1,170 communities across Hungary there were 348 cases in which revolutionary councils and protesters dismissed employees of the local administrative councils , 312 cases in which they sacked the persons in charge , and 215 cases in which they burned the local administrative files and records . In addition , in 681 communities demonstrators damaged symbols of Soviet authority such as red stars , Stalin or Lenin statues ; 393 in which they damaged Soviet war memorials , and 122 communities in which book burnings took place . Local revolutionary councils formed throughout Hungary , generally without involvement from the preoccupied National Government in Budapest , and assumed various responsibilities of local government from the defunct Communist party . By 30 October , these councils had been officially sanctioned by the Hungarian Working People 's Party , and the Nagy government asked for their support as `` autonomous , democratic local organs formed during the Revolution '' . Likewise , workers ' councils were established at industrial plants and mines , and many unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated . The workers ' councils strove to manage the enterprise while protecting workers ' interests , thus establishing a socialist economy free of rigid party control . Local control by the councils was not always bloodless ; in Debrecen , Győr , Sopron , Mosonmagyaróvár and other cities , crowds of demonstrators were fired upon by the ÁVH , with many lives lost . The ÁVH were disarmed , often by force , in many cases assisted by the local police . In total there were approximately 2,100 local revolutionary and workers councils with over 28,000 members . These councils held a combined conference in Budapest , deciding to end the nationwide labour strikes and resume work on 5 November , with the more important councils sending delegates to the Parliament to assure the Nagy government of their support . Soviet perspective ( edit ) On 24 October , the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( the Politburo ) discussed the political upheavals in Poland and Hungary . A hard - line faction led by Molotov was pushing for intervention , but Khrushchev and Marshal Zhukov were initially opposed . A delegation in Budapest reported that the situation was not as dire as had been portrayed . Khrushchev stated that he believed that Party Secretary Ernő Gerő 's request for intervention on 23 October indicated that the Hungarian Party still held the confidence of the Hungarian public . In addition , he saw the protests not as an ideological struggle , but as popular discontent over unresolved basic economic and social issues . The concurrent Suez Crisis was another reason to not intervene ; as Khrushchev said on 28 October , it would be a mistake to imitate the `` real mess '' of the French and British . After some debate , the Presidium on 30 October decided not to remove the new Hungarian government . Even Marshal Georgy Zhukov said : `` We should withdraw troops from Budapest , and if necessary withdraw from Hungary as a whole . This is a lesson for us in the military - political sphere . '' They adopted a Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States , which was issued the next day . This document proclaimed : `` The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People 's Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary . '' Thus for a brief moment it looked like there could be a peaceful solution . Damaged Party headquarters on Köztársaság tér On 30 October , armed protesters attacked the ÁVH detachment guarding the Budapest Hungarian Working People 's Party headquarters on Köztársaság tér ( Republic Square ) , incited by rumours of prisoners held there and the earlier shootings of demonstrators by the ÁVH in the city of Mosonmagyaróvár . Over 20 ÁVH officers were killed , some of them lynched by the mob . Hungarian army tanks sent to rescue the party headquarters mistakenly bombarded the building . The head of the Budapest party committee , Imre Mező , was wounded and later died . Scenes from Republic Square were shown on Soviet newsreels a few hours later . Revolutionary leaders in Hungary condemned the incident and appealed for calm , and the mob violence soon died down , but images of the victims were nevertheless used as propaganda by various Communist organs . On 31 October the Soviet leaders decided to reverse their decision from the previous day . There is disagreement among historians whether Hungary 's declaration to exit the Warsaw Pact caused the second Soviet intervention . Minutes of 31 October meeting of the Presidium record that the decision to intervene militarily was taken one day before Hungary declared its neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact . Historians who deny that Hungarian neutrality -- or other factors such as Western inaction in Hungary or perceived Western weakness due to the Suez crisis -- caused the intervention state that the Soviet decision was based solely on the rapid loss of Communist control in Hungary . However , some Russian historians who are not advocates of the Communist era maintain that the Hungarian declaration of neutrality caused the Kremlin to intervene a second time . Two days earlier , on 30 October , when Soviet Politburo representatives Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov were in Budapest , Nagy had hinted that neutrality was a long - term objective for Hungary , and that he was hoping to discuss this matter with the leaders in the Kremlin . This information was passed on to Moscow by Mikoyan and Suslov . At that time , Khrushchev was in Stalin 's dacha , considering his options regarding Hungary . One of his speech writers later said that the declaration of neutrality was an important factor in his subsequent decision to support intervention . In addition , some Hungarian leaders of the revolution as well as students had called for their country 's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact much earlier , and this may have influenced Soviet decision making . Several other key events alarmed the Presidium and cemented the interventionists ' position : Simultaneous movements towards multi-party parliamentary democracy , and a democratic national council of workers , which could `` lead towards a capitalist state . '' Both movements challenged the pre-eminence of the Soviet Communist Party in Eastern Europe and perhaps Soviet hegemony itself . Hannah Arendt considered the councils `` the only free and acting soviets ( councils ) in existence anywhere in the world '' . Khrushchev stated that many in the Communist Party would not understand a failure to respond with force in Hungary . Destalinisation had alienated the more conservative elements of the Party , who were alarmed at threats to Soviet influence in Eastern Europe . On 17 June 1953 , workers in East Berlin had staged an uprising , demanding the resignation of the government of the German Democratic Republic . This was quickly and violently put down with the help of the Soviet military , with 84 killed and wounded and 700 arrested . In June 1956 , in Poznań , Poland , an anti-government workers ' revolt had been suppressed by the Polish security forces with between 57 and 78 deaths and led to the installation of a less Soviet - controlled government . Additionally , by late October , unrest was noticed in some regional areas of the Soviet Union : while this unrest was minor , it was intolerable . Hungarian neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact represented a breach in the Soviet defensive buffer zone of satellite nations . Soviet fear of invasion from the West made a defensive buffer of allied states in Eastern Europe an essential security objective . Soviet T - 54 tanks in Budapest on 31 October In the light of what was taking place in China and the news from Budapest , these militants arrived at the conclusion that `` the Party is the incarnation of bureaucratic despotism '' and that `` socialism can develop only on the foundations of direct democracy '' . For them the struggle of the Hungarian workers was a struggle `` for the principle of direct democracy '' and `` all power should be transferred to the Workers Committees of Hungary '' . The Presidium decided to break the de facto ceasefire and crush the Hungarian revolution . The plan was to declare a `` Provisional Revolutionary Government '' under János Kádár , who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order . According to witnesses , Kádár was in Moscow in early November , and he was in contact with the Soviet embassy while still a member of the Nagy government . Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China , seeking to avoid a regional conflict , and propaganda messages prepared for broadcast when the second Soviet intervention had begun . To disguise these intentions , Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks discussing the withdrawal of Soviet forces . According to some sources , the Chinese leader Mao Zedong played an important role in Khrushchev 's decision to suppress the Hungarian uprising . Chinese Communist Party Deputy Chairman Liu Shaoqi pressured Khrushchev to send in troops to put down the revolt by force . Although the relations between China and the Soviet Union had deteriorated during the recent years , Mao 's words still carried great weight in the Kremlin , and they were frequently in contact during the crisis . Initially , Mao opposed a second intervention , and this information was passed on to Khrushchev on 30 October , before the Presidium met and decided against intervention . Mao then changed his mind in favour of intervention but , according to William Taubman , it remains unclear when and how Khrushchev learned of this and thus if it influenced his decision on 31 October . From 1 to 3 November , Khrushchev left Moscow to meet with his European allies and inform them of the decision to intervene . At the first such meeting , he met with Władysław Gomułka in Brest . Then , he had talks with the Romanian , Czechoslovak , and Bulgarian leaders in Bucharest . Finally Khrushchev flew with Malenkov to Yugoslavia , where they met with Josip Broz Tito , who was on holiday on his island Brioni in the Adriatic . The Yugoslavs also persuaded Khrushchev to choose János Kádár instead of Ferenc Münnich as the new leader of Hungary . Two months after the Soviet crackdown , Tito confided in Nikolai Firiubin , the Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia , that `` the reaction raised its head , especially in Croatia , where the reactionary elements openly incited the employees of the Yugoslav security organs to violence . '' International reaction ( edit ) Although John Foster Dulles , the United States Secretary of State recommended on 24 October for the United Nations Security Council to convene to discuss the situation in Hungary , little immediate action was taken to introduce a resolution , in part because other world events unfolded the day after the peaceful interlude started , when allied collusion started the Suez Crisis . The problem was not that Suez distracted US attention from Hungary but that it made the condemnation of Soviet actions very difficult . As Vice President Richard Nixon later explained , `` We could n't on one hand , complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary and , on the other hand , approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against ( Gamel Abdel ) Nasser '' . The US response was reliant on the CIA to covertly effect change , with both covert agents and Radio Free Europe . However , their Hungarian operations collapsed rapidly and they could not locate any of the weapon caches hidden across Europe , nor be sure to whom they 'd send arms . The agency 's main source of information were the newspapers and a State Department employee in Budapest called Geza Katona . By 28 October , on the same night that the new Nagy government came to power , RFE was ramping up its broadcasts -- encouraging armed struggle , advising on how to combat tanks and signing off with `` Freedom or Death ! '' -- on the orders of Frank Wisner . When Nagy did come to power , CIA director Allen Dulles advised the White House that Cardinal Mindszenty would be a better leader ( due to Nagy 's communist past ) ; he had CIA radio broadcasts run propaganda against Nagy , calling him a traitor who 'd invited Soviet troops in . Broadcasts continued to broadcast armed response while the CIA mistakenly believed that the Hungarian army was switching sides and the rebels were gaining arms . ( Wisner was recorded as having a `` nervous breakdown '' by William Colby as the uprising was crushed ) March to support Hungary in Eindhoven , the Netherlands , 5 November 1956 Responding to the plea by Nagy at the time of the second massive Soviet intervention on 4 November , the Security Council resolution critical of Soviet actions was vetoed by the Soviet Union ; instead resolution 120 was adopted to pass the matter onto the General Assembly . The General Assembly , by a vote of 50 in favour , 8 against and 15 abstentions , called on the Soviet Union to end its Hungarian intervention , but the newly constituted Kádár government rejected UN observers . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was aware of a detailed study of Hungarian resistance that recommended against US military intervention , and of earlier policy discussions within the National Security Council that focused upon encouraging discontent in Soviet satellite nations only by economic policies and political rhetoric . In a 1998 interview , Hungarian Ambassador Géza Jeszenszky was critical of Western inaction in 1956 , citing the influence of the United Nations at that time and giving the example of UN intervention in Korea from 1950 to 1953 . However , a Department of Defense study recently declassified by the National Security Archive suggests that one of the main reasons the United States did not intervene was the risk of inadvertently starting a nuclear war with the Soviet Union . These concerns made the Eisenhower Administration take a more cautious approach to the situation . During the uprising , the Radio Free Europe ( RFE ) Hungarian - language programs broadcast news of the political and military situation , as well as appealing to Hungarians to fight the Soviet forces , including tactical advice on resistance methods . After the Soviet suppression of the revolution , RFE was criticised for having misled the Hungarian people that NATO or United Nations would intervene if citizens continued to resist . Allen Dulles lied to Eisenhower that RFE had not promised US aid ; Eisenhower believed him , as the transcripts of the broadcasts were kept secret . Soviet intervention of 4 November ( edit ) Play media 1 November newsreel about the situation in Hungary On 1 November , Imre Nagy received reports that Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving towards Budapest . Nagy sought and received assurances ( which proved false ) from Soviet ambassador Yuri Andropov that the Soviet Union would not invade . The Cabinet , with János Kádár in agreement , declared Hungary 's neutrality , withdrew from the Warsaw Pact , and requested assistance from the diplomatic corps in Budapest and the UN Secretary - General to defend Hungary 's neutrality . Ambassador Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately . On 3 November , a Hungarian delegation led by the Minister of Defense Pál Maléter were invited to attend negotiations on Soviet withdrawal at the Soviet Military Command at Tököl , near Budapest . At around midnight that evening , General Ivan Serov , Chief of the Soviet Security Police ( KGB ) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation , and the next day , the Soviet army again attacked Budapest . A Soviet built armored car burns on a street in Budapest in November During the early morning hours of 4 November , Ferenc Münnich announced on Radio Szolnok the establishment of the `` Revolutionary Workers ' - Peasants ' Government of Hungary '' . The second Soviet intervention , codenamed `` Operation Whirlwind '' , was launched by Marshal Ivan Konev . The five Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary before 23 October were augmented to a total strength of 17 divisions . The 8th Mechanized Army under command of Lieutenant General Hamazasp Babadzhanian and the 38th Army under Lieutenant General Hadzhi - Umar Mamsurovs from the nearby Carpathian Military District were deployed to Hungary for the operation . Some rank - and - file Soviet soldiers reportedly believed they were being sent to Berlin to fight German fascists . By 21 : 30 on 3 November , the Soviet Army had completely encircled Budapest . At 03 : 00 on 4 November , Soviet tanks penetrated Budapest along the Pest side of the Danube in two thrusts : one up the Soroksári road from the south and the other down the Váci road from the north . Thus before a single shot was fired , the Soviets had effectively split the city in half , controlled all bridgeheads , and were shielded to the rear by the wide Danube river . Armoured units crossed into Buda and at 04 : 25 fired the first shots at the army barracks on Budaörsi Road . Soon after , Soviet artillery and tank fire was heard in all districts of Budapest . Operation Whirlwind combined air strikes , artillery , and the co-ordinated tank - infantry action of 17 divisions . Two Soviet ISU - 152 assault guns positioned in a street in Budapest 8th District . An abandoned T - 34 / 85 stands behind them Between 4 and 9 November , the Hungarian Army put up sporadic and disorganised resistance , with Marshal Zhukov reporting the disarming of twelve divisions , two armoured regiments , and the entire Hungarian Air Force . The Hungarian Army continued its most formidable resistance in various districts of Budapest and in and around the city of Pécs in the Mecsek Mountains , and in the industrial centre of Dunaújváros ( then called Stalintown ) . Fighting in Budapest consisted of between ten and fifteen thousand resistance fighters , with the heaviest fighting occurring in the working - class stronghold of Csepel on the Danube River . Although some very senior officers were openly pro-Soviet , the rank and file soldiers were overwhelmingly loyal to the revolution and either fought against the invasion or deserted . The United Nations reported that there were no recorded incidents of Hungarian Army units fighting on the side of the Soviets . At 05 : 20 on 4 November , Imre Nagy broadcast his final plea to the nation and the world , announcing that Soviet Forces were attacking Budapest and that the Government remained at its post . The radio station , Free Kossuth Rádió , stopped broadcasting at 08 : 07 . An emergency Cabinet meeting was held in the Parliament but was attended by only three ministers . As Soviet troops arrived to occupy the building , a negotiated evacuation ensued , leaving Minister of State István Bibó as the last representative of the National Government remaining at his post . He wrote For Freedom and Truth , a stirring proclamation to the nation and the world . Ruszkik haza ! ( Russians go home ! ) slogan in Budapest At 06 : 00 , on 4 November , in the town of Szolnok , János Kádár proclaimed the `` Hungarian Revolutionary Worker - Peasant Government '' . His statement declared `` We must put an end to the excesses of the counter-revolutionary elements . The hour for action has sounded . We are going to defend the interest of the workers and peasants and the achievements of the people 's democracy . '' Later that evening , Kádár called upon `` the faithful fighters of the true cause of socialism '' to come out of hiding and take up arms . However , Hungarian support did not materialise ; the fighting did not take on the character of an internally divisive civil war , but rather , in the words of a United Nations report , that of `` a well - equipped foreign army crushing by overwhelming force a national movement and eliminating the Government . '' Rubble after end of fighting in Budapest 8th District By 08 : 00 organised defence of the city evaporated after the radio station was seized , and many defenders fell back to fortified positions . During the same hour , the parliamentary guard laid down their arms , and forces under Major General K. Grebennik captured Parliament and liberated captured ministers of the Rákosi - Hegedüs government . Among the liberated were István Dobi and Sándor Rónai , both of whom became members of the re-established socialist Hungarian government . As they came under attack even in civilian quarters , Soviet troops were unable to differentiate military from civilian targets . For this reason , Soviet tanks often crept along main roads firing indiscriminately into buildings . Hungarian resistance was strongest in the industrial areas of Budapest , with Csepel heavily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes . The longest holdouts against the Soviet assault occurred in Csepel and in Dunaújváros , where fighting lasted until 11 November before the insurgents finally succumbed to the Soviets . At the end of the fighting , Hungarian casualties totalled around 2,500 dead with an additional 20,000 wounded . Budapest bore the brunt of the bloodshed , with 1,569 civilians killed . Approximately 53 percent of the dead were workers , and about half of all the casualties were people younger than thirty . On the Soviet side , 699 men were killed , 1,450 men were wounded , and 51 men were missing in action . Estimates place around 80 percent of all casualties occurring in fighting with the insurgents in the eighth and ninth districts of Budapest . Soviet version of the events ( edit ) Soviet reports of the events surrounding , during , and after the disturbance were remarkably consistent in their accounts , more so after the Second Soviet intervention cemented support for the Soviet position among international Communist Parties . Pravda published an account 36 hours after the outbreak of violence , which set the tone for all further reports and subsequent Soviet historiography : On 23 October , the honest socialist Hungarians demonstrated against mistakes made by the Rákosi and Gerő governments . Fascist , Hitlerite , reactionary , counter-revolutionary hooligans financed by the imperialist West took advantage of the unrest to stage a counter-revolution . The honest Hungarian people under Nagy appealed to Soviet ( Warsaw Pact ) forces stationed in Hungary to assist in restoring order . The Nagy government was ineffective , allowing itself to be penetrated by counter-revolutionary influences , weakening then disintegrating , as proven by Nagy 's culminating denouncement of the Warsaw Pact . Hungarian patriots under Kádár broke with the Nagy government and formed a government of honest Hungarian revolutionary workers and peasants ; this genuinely popular government petitioned the Soviet command to help put down the counter-revolution . Hungarian patriots , with Soviet assistance , smashed the counter-revolution . The first Soviet report came out 24 hours after the first Western report . Nagy 's appeal to the United Nations was not reported . After Nagy was arrested outside the Yugoslav embassy , his arrest was not reported . Nor did accounts explain how Nagy went from patriot to traitor . The Soviet press reported calm in Budapest while the Western press reported a revolutionary crisis was breaking out . According to the Soviet account , Hungarians never wanted a revolution at all . In January 1957 , representatives of the Soviet Union , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Romania met in Budapest to review internal developments in Hungary since the establishment of the Soviet - imposed government . A communiqué on the meeting `` unanimously concluded '' that Hungarian workers , with the leadership of the Kádár government and support of the Soviet army , defeated attempts `` to eliminate the socialist achievements of the Hungarian people '' . Soviet , Chinese , and other Warsaw Pact governments urged Kádár to proceed with interrogation and trial of former Nagy government ministers , and asked for punitive measures against the `` counter-revolutionists '' . In addition the Kádár government published an extensive series of `` white books '' ( The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary ) documenting real incidents of violence against Communist Party and ÁVH members , and the confessions of Nagy supporters . These white books were widely distributed in several languages in most of the socialist countries and , while based in fact , present factual evidence with a colouring and narrative not generally supported by non-Soviet aligned historians . Aftermath ( edit ) Hungary ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath , many thousands of Hungarians were arrested . Eventually , 26,000 of these were brought before the Hungarian courts , 22,000 were sentenced and imprisoned , 13,000 interned , and 229 executed . Approximately 200,000 fled Hungary as refugees . Former Hungarian Foreign Minister Géza Jeszenszky estimated 350 were executed . Sporadic resistance and strikes by workers ' councils continued until mid-1957 , causing economic disruption . By 1963 , most political prisoners from the 1956 Hungarian revolution had been released . With most of Budapest under Soviet control by 8 November , Kádár became Prime Minister of the `` Revolutionary Worker - Peasant Government '' and General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party . Few Hungarians rejoined the reorganised Party , its leadership having been purged under the supervision of the Soviet Praesidium , led by Georgy Malenkov and Mikhail Suslov . Although Party membership declined from 800,000 before the uprising to 100,000 by December 1956 , Kádár steadily increased his control over Hungary and neutralised dissenters . The new government attempted to enlist support by espousing popular principles of Hungarian self - determination voiced during the uprising , but Soviet troops remained . After 1956 the Soviet Union severely purged the Hungarian Army and reinstituted political indoctrination in the units that remained . In May 1957 , the Soviet Union increased its troop levels in Hungary and by treaty Hungary accepted the Soviet presence on a permanent basis . The Red Cross and the Austrian Army established refugee camps in Traiskirchen and Graz . Imre Nagy along with Georg Lukács , Géza Losonczy , and László Rajk 's widow , Júlia , took refuge in the Embassy of Yugoslavia as Soviet forces overran Budapest . Despite assurances of safe passage out of Hungary by the Soviets and the Kádár government , Nagy and his group were arrested when attempting to leave the embassy on 22 November and taken to Romania . Losonczy died while on a hunger strike in prison awaiting trial when his jailers `` carelessly pushed a feeding tube down his windpipe . '' The remainder of the group was returned to Budapest in 1958 . Nagy was executed , along with Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes , after secret trials in June 1958 . Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest . During the November 1956 Soviet assault on Budapest , Cardinal Mindszenty was granted political asylum at the United States embassy , where he lived for the next 15 years , refusing to leave Hungary unless the government reversed his 1949 conviction for treason . Because of poor health and a request from the Vatican , he finally left the embassy for Austria in September 1971 . International ( edit ) Despite Cold War rhetoric by western countries espousing a roll - back of the domination of Europe by the USSR and Soviet promises of the imminent triumph of socialism , national leaders of this period as well as later historians saw the failure of the uprising in Hungary as evidence that the Cold War in Europe had become a stalemate . The Foreign Minister of West Germany recommended that the people of Eastern Europe be discouraged from `` taking dramatic action which might have disastrous consequences for themselves . '' The Secretary - General of NATO called the Hungarian revolt `` the collective suicide of a whole people '' . In a newspaper interview in 1957 , Khrushchev commented `` support by United States ... is rather in the nature of the support that the rope gives to a hanged man . '' Eleanor Roosevelt meets exiled Hungarian revolutionaries at Camp Roeder in Salzburg , 10 May 1957 In January 1957 , United Nations Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld , acting in response to UN General Assembly resolutions requesting investigation and observation of the events in Soviet - occupied Hungary , established the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary . The Committee , with representatives from Australia , Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) , Denmark , Tunisia , and Uruguay , conducted hearings in New York , Geneva , Rome , Vienna , and London . Over five months , 111 refugees were interviewed including ministers , military commanders and other officials of the Nagy government , workers , revolutionary council members , factory managers and technicians , Communists and non-Communists , students , writers , teachers , medical personnel , and Hungarian soldiers . Documents , newspapers , radio transcripts , photos , film footage , and other records from Hungary were also reviewed , as well as written testimony of 200 other Hungarians . The governments of Hungary and Romania refused the UN officials of the Committee entry , and the government of the Soviet Union did not respond to requests for information . The 268 - page Committee Report was presented to the General Assembly in June 1957 , documenting the course of the uprising and Soviet intervention , and concluding that `` the Kádár government and Soviet occupation were in violation of the human rights of the Hungarian people . '' A General Assembly resolution was approved , deploring `` the repression of the Hungarian people and the Soviet occupation '' but no other action was taken . The chairman of the Committee was Alsing Andersen , a Danish politician and leading figure of Denmark 's Social Democratic Party . He served in the Buhl government in 1942 during the Nazi German occupation of Denmark . He defended collaboration with the occupation forces and denounced the Resistance . He was appointed Interior Minister in 1947 , but resigned because of scrutiny of his role in 1940 as Defence Minister . He then entered Denmark 's UN delegation in 1948 . The Committee Report and the motives of its authors were criticised by delegations to the United Nations . The Hungarian representative disagreed with the report 's conclusions , accusing it of falsifying the events , and argued that the establishment of the Committee was illegal . The Committee was accused of being hostile to Hungary and its social system . An article in the Russian journal `` International Affairs '' , published by the Foreign Affairs Ministry , carried an article in 1957 in which it denounced the report as a `` collection of falsehoods and distortions '' . Time magazine named the Hungarian Freedom Fighter its Man of the Year for 1956 . The accompanying Time article comments that this choice could not have been anticipated until the explosive events of the revolution , almost at the end of 1956 . The magazine cover and accompanying text displayed an artist 's depiction of a Hungarian freedom fighter , and used pseudonyms for the three participants whose stories are the subject of the article . In 2006 , Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány referred to this famous Time Man of the Year cover as `` the faces of free Hungary '' in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1956 uprising . Prime Minister Gyurcsány , in a joint appearance with British Prime Minister Tony Blair , commented specifically on the Time cover itself , that `` It is an idealised image but the faces of the figures are really the face of the revolutionaries '' At the Melbourne Olympics in 1956 , the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led to a boycott by Spain , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . At the Olympic Village , the Hungarian delegation tore down the Communist Hungarian flag and raised the flag of Free Hungary in its place . A confrontation between Soviet and Hungarian teams occurred in the semi-final match of the water polo tournament on 6 December . The match was extremely violent , and was halted in the final minute to quell fighting among spectators . This match , now known as the `` blood in the water match '' , became the subject of several films . The Hungarian team won the game 4 -- 0 and later was awarded the Olympic gold medal . Norway declined an invitation to the inaugural Bandy World Championship in 1957 , citing the presence of a team from the Soviet Union as the reason . On Sunday , 28 October 1956 , as some 55 million Americans watched Ed Sullivan 's popular television variety show , with the then 21 - year - old Elvis Presley headlining for the second time , Sullivan asked viewers to send aid to Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the Soviet invasion . Presley himself made another request for donations during his third and last appearance on Sullivan 's show on 6 January 1957 . Presley then dedicated a song for the finale , which he thought fit the mood of the time , namely the gospel song `` Peace in the Valley '' . By the end of 1957 , these contributions , distributed by the Geneva - based International Red Cross as food rations , clothing , and other essentials , had amounted to some SFR 26 million ( US $6 million in 1957 dollars ) , the equivalent of $52,300,000 in today 's dollars . On 1 March 2011 , István Tarlós , the Mayor of Budapest , made Presley an honorary citizen , posthumously , and a plaza located at the intersection of two of the city 's most important avenues was named after Presley , as a gesture of gratitude . Meanwhile , as the 1950s drew to a close the events in Hungary produced fractures within the Communist political parties of Western European countries . The Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) suffered a split . According to the official newspaper of the PCI , l'Unità , most ordinary members and the Party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano , supported the actions of the Soviet Union in suppressing the uprising . However Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the Communist trade union CGIL , spoke out against the leadership 's position , as did prominent party members Antonio Giolitti , Loris Fortuna , and many others influential in the Communist party . Pietro Nenni of the Italian Socialist Party , a close ally of the PCI , opposed the Soviet intervention as well . Napolitano , elected in 2006 as President of the Italian Republic , wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regretted his justification of Soviet action in Hungary , stating at the time he believed Party unity and the leadership of Soviet communism was more important . The Communist Party of Great Britain , ( CPGB ) , suffered the loss of thousands of party members following the events in Hungary . Though Peter Fryer , correspondent for the CPGB newspaper The Daily Worker , reported on the violent suppression of the uprising , his dispatches were heavily censored by the party leadership . Upon his return from Hungary Fryer resigned from the paper . He was later expelled by the Communist Party . In France , moderate Communists , such as historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , resigned , questioning the French Communist Party 's policy of supporting Soviet actions . The French philosopher and writer Albert Camus wrote an open letter , The Blood of the Hungarians , criticising the West 's lack of action . Even Jean - Paul Sartre , still a determined Communist , criticised the Soviets in his article Le Fantôme de Staline , in Situations VII . Left Communists were particularly supportive of the revolution . Commemoration ( edit ) Memorial plaque at the Embassy of Serbia , Budapest in memory of Imre Nagy who took sanctuary there during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 In December 1991 , the preamble of the treaties with the dismembered Soviet Union , under Mikhail Gorbachev , and Russia , represented by Boris Yeltsin , apologised officially for the 1956 Soviet actions in Hungary . This apology was repeated by Yeltsin in 1992 during a speech to the Hungarian parliament . On 13 February 2006 , the US State Department commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice commented on the contributions made by 1956 Hungarian refugees to the United States and other host countries , as well as the role of Hungary in providing refuge to East Germans during the 1989 protests against Communist rule . US President George W. Bush also visited Hungary on 22 June 2006 , to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary . On 16 June 1989 , the 31st anniversary of his execution , Imre Nagy 's body was reburied with full honours . The Republic of Hungary was declared in 1989 on the 33rd anniversary of the Revolution , and 23 October is now a Hungarian national holiday . In the north - west corner of MacArthur Park in Los Angeles , California , the Hungarian - American community built a commemorative statue to honour the Hungarian freedom fighters . Built in the late 1960s , the obelisk statue stands with an American eagle watching over the city of Los Angeles . There are several monuments dedicated to the Commemoration of the Hungarian Revolution throughout the United States . One such monument may be found here in Cleveland , Ohio at the Cardinal Mindszenty Plaza There is also a monument of A Boy From Pest in the town of Szczecin , Poland . See also ( edit ) Hungary portal Soviet Union portal Cold War portal Significant events of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cultural representations of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 House of Terror Museum in Budapest `` Blood in the Water '' match on the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne Kronstadt rebellion Prague Spring Western betrayal Children of Glory 1953 East German Uprising Poznań 1956 protests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sources vary widely on numbers of Soviet forces involved in the intervention . The UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) estimated 75,000 -- 200,000 troops and 1,600 -- 4,000 tanks OSZK.hu ( p. 56 , para. 183 ) , but recently released Soviet archives ( available in Lib.ru , Maksim Moshkow 's Library ) list the troop strength of the Soviet forces as 31,550 , with 1,130 tanks and self - propelled artillery pieces . Lib.ru Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 370 table 111 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V footnote 8 '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` B&J '' : Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson , International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945 -- 1995 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Alternate references are `` Hungarian Revolt '' and `` Hungarian Uprising '' . In Hungarian , first the term `` felkelés '' ( uprising ) was used , then in the 1957 -- 1988 period the term `` ellenforradalom '' ( counter-revolution ) was mandated by the government , while the new official name after 1990 has become `` forradalom és szabadságharc '' ( revolution and freedom fight ) to imitate the old expression for the 1848 -- 1849 revolution . Another explanation of the terms is that `` Revolution '' conforms to both English ( see US Department of State background on Hungary ) and Hungarian ( `` forradalom '' ) conventions . There is a distinction between the `` complete overthrow '' of a revolution and an uprising or revolt that may or may not be successful ( Oxford English Dictionary ) . The 1956 Hungarian event , although short - lived , is a true `` revolution '' in that the sitting government was deposed . Unlike the terms `` coup d'état '' and `` putsch '' that imply action of a few , the 1956 revolution was initiated by the masses . Jump up ^ Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . `` Chapter VIII ( Hungary , a Republic ) '' . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . pp. 139 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Developments before 22 October 1956 ) , paragraph 47 ( p. 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IX D , para 426 ( p. 133 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. N , para 89 ( xi ) ( p. 31 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Developments before 22 October 1956 ) , paragraphs 49 ( p. 18 ) , 379 -- 80 ( p. 122 ) and 382 -- 85 ( p. 123 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Crampton , R.J. ( 2003 ) . Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century -- and After , p. 295 . Routledge : London . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16422 - 2 . Jump up ^ Video : Hungary in Flames CEU.hu Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . producer : CBS ( 1958 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 40 ^ Jump up to : Litván , György ( 1996 ) . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 : Reform , Revolt and Repression . London : Longman . ^ Jump up to : Tőkés , Rudolf L. ( 1998 ) . Hungary 's Negotiated Revolution : Economic Reform , Social Change and Political Succession , p. 317 . Cambridge University Press : Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57850 - 7 ^ Jump up to : John Lukacs ( 1994 ) . Budapest 1900 : A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture . Grove Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3250 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Gati describes `` the most gruesome forms of psychological and physical torture ... The reign of terror ( by the Rákosi government ) turned out to be harsher and more extensive than it was in any of the other Soviet satellites in Central and Eastern Europe . '' He further references a report prepared after the collapse of communism , the Fact Finding Commission Törvénytelen szocializmus ( Lawless Socialism ) : `` Between 1950 and early 1953 , the courts dealt with 650,000 cases ( of political crimes ) , of whom 387,000 or 4 percent of the population were found guilty . ( Budapest , Zrínyi Kiadó / Új Magyarország , 1991 , 154 ) . Jump up ^ Kardos , József ( 2003 ) . `` Monograph '' ( PDF ) . Iskolakultúra ( in Hungarian ) . University of Pécs. 6 -- 7 ( June -- July 2003 ) : 73 -- 80 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Burant , Stephen R. , ed. ( 1990 ) . Hungary : a country study ( 2nd ed . ) . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . p. 320 . , Chapter 2 ( The Society and Its Environment ) `` Religion and Religious Organizations '' Jump up ^ Douglas , J.D. and Philip Comfort ( eds . ) ( 1992 ) . Who 's Who in Christian History , p. 478 . Tyndale House : Carol Stream , Illinois . ISBN 0 - 8423 - 1014 - 2 Jump up ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School : Armistice Agreement with Hungary ; 20 January 1945 Archived 9 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . `` Memorandum of the Hungarian National Bank on Reparations , Appendix Document 16 '' . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Magyar Nemzeti Bank -- English Site : History Archived 30 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 27 August 2006 According to Wikipedia Hyperinflation article , 4.19 × 10 percent per month ( prices doubled every 15 hours ) . Jump up ^ Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . `` Chapter IX ( Soviet Russia and Hungary 's Economy ) '' . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bognár , Sándor ; Iván Pető ; Sándor Szakács ( 1985 ) . A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945 -- 1985 ( The history of four decades of the national economy , 1945 -- 1985 ) . Budapest : Közdazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó . ISBN 963 - 221 - 554 - 0 . pp. 214 , 217 ( in Hungarian ) Jump up ^ Transformation of the Hungarian economy The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution ( 2003 ) . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress : Country Studies : Hungary , Chapter 3 Economic Policy and Performance , 1945 -- 85 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ János M. Rainer ( 4 October 1997 ) . `` Stalin and Rákosi , Stalin and Hungary , 1949 -- 1953 '' . `` European Archival Evidence . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe '' workshop , Budapest , 1956 Institute . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev , First Secretary , Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 24 -- 25 February 1956 ) . `` On the Personality Cult and its Consequences '' . Special report at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Archived from the original on 4 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Developments before 22 October 1956 ) , paragraph 48 ( p. 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , p. 144 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( Editor ) ( November 1998 ) . `` The Warsaw Pact , 1955 ; Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance '' . Internet Modern History Sourcebook . Fordham University . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Video ( in German ) : Berichte aus Budapest : Der Ungarn Aufstand 1956 ( ( CEU.hu Director : Helmut Dotterweich , ( 1986 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 27 ) ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII The Question Of The Presence And The Utilization Of The Soviet Armed Forces In The Light Of Hungary 's International Commitments , Section D . The demand for withdrawal of Soviet armed forces , para 339 ( p. 105 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : `` Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders , 24 October 1956 '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Machcewicz , Paweł ( June 2006 ) . `` 1956 -- A European Date '' . culture.pl . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Borhi , László ( 1999 ) . `` Containment , Rollback , Liberation or Inaction ? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cold War Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 67 -- 108 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039799316976814 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , page 145 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) ^ Jump up to : Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , p. 149 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IX . B ( The background of the uprising ) , para 384 ( p. 123 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Andreas , Gémes ( 2006 ) . James S. Amelang , Siegfried Beer , eds . International Relations and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution : a Cold War Case Study ( PDF ) . Public Power in Europe . Studies in Historical Transformations . CLIOHRES . p. 231 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University : Sixteen Political , Economic , and Ideological Points , Budapest , 22 October 1956 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary . p. 145 , para 441 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Video ( in Hungarian ) : The First Hours of the Revolution ( ( ( 1 ) director : György Ordódy , producer : Duna Televízió -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 ) ) Jump up ^ `` SIR , -- The whole body of Hungarian intel - lectuals has issued the following Manifesto : '' . The Spectator Archive . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Andor ( 1957 ) . No More Comrades . Chicago : Henry Regnery Company . pp. 9 -- 84 . ASIN B0007DOQP0 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . A ( Meetings and demonstrations ) , para 54 ( p. 19 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . C ( The First Shots ) , para 55 ( p. 20 ) & para 464 ( p. 149 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` A Hollow Tolerance '' . Time . 23 July 1965 . Retrieved 23 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . C ( The First Shots ) , para 56 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . C ( The First Shots ) , paragraphs 56 -- 57 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Gati states : `` discovered in declassified documents , the Soviet Ministry of Defense had begun to prepare for large - scale turmoil in Hungary as early as July 1956 . Codenamed `` Wave '' , the plan called for restoration of order in less than six hours ... the Soviet Army was ready . More than 30,000 troops were dispatched to -- and 6,000 reached -- Budapest by the 24th , that is , in less than a day . '' Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. C , para 58 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV. C , para 225 ( p. 71 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. C , para 57 ( p. 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. N , para 89 ( ix ) ( p. 31 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . B ( Resistance of the Hungarian people ) para 166 ( p. 52 ) and XI. H ( Further developments ) para 480 ( p 152 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter X.I , para 482 ( p. 153 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. F , para 64 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day That Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton , NJ : Princeton UP . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. F , para 65 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XII. B , para 565 ( p. 174 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Олег Филимонов : Мифы о восстании -- ПОЛИТ. РУ . Polit.ru ( 30 October 2006 ) . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ János Berecz. 1956 Counter-Revolution in Hungary . Akadémiai Kiadó. 1986 . p. 116 Jump up ^ Berecz , 117 Jump up ^ Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , KGB Chief Serov 's report , 29 October 1956 , ( by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ) Retrieved 8 October 2006 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV. C , para 167 ( p. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt ( Cold War International History Project Series ) . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . ( pp. 176 -- 77 ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . F ( Political Developments ) II . G ( Mr. Nagy clarifies his position ) , paragraphs 67 -- 70 ( p. 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Video : Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer ( 1956 ) . Revolt in Hungary . Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary . CBS . HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 40 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Ellenforradalmi erők a magyar októberi eseményekben 1 -- 5 , Budapest : a Magyar Népköztársaság Minisztertanácsa Tájekoztatási Hivatala , 1956 -- 8 ; available in translation as The counter-revolutionary forces in the October events in Hungary 1 -- 5 ( volumes after 2 variously titled , including 5 : The counter-revolutionary conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his accomplices ) Budapest : Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People 's Republic , 1957 -- 1958 ; names 213 people killed by the rebels . Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . F ( Political developments ) , paragraph 66 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Zinner , Paul E. ( 1962 ) . Revolution in Hungary . Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 6817 - 4 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XII . D ( Reassertion of Political Rights ) , paragraph 339 ( p. 105 ) and paragraph 583 ( p. 179 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 40 Jump up ^ Vincent E McHale ( 1983 ) Political parties of Europe , Greenwood Press , p. 508 ISBN 0 - 313 - 23804 - 9 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . F ( A Brief History of the Hungarian Uprising ) , paragraph 66 ( p. 22 ) and footnote 26 ( p. 183 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ George Mikes , BBC correspondent ( 1956 ) . `` Video : Report on the 1956 Hungarian Revolution '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 -- 0 -- 1 : 1 Jump up ^ Hungary : workers ' councils against Russian tanks in International Socialism ( magazine ) Issue : 112 ( Posted : 12 October 6 ) Jump up ^ ' ' Hungary ' 56 : `` the proletariat storming heaven '' -- Mouvement Communiste ' ' . Libcom.org ( 19 July 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andy Anderson 1956 : The Hungarian Revolution -- 15 . The Workers ' Councils ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XI ( Revolutionary and Workers ' Councils ) , paragraph 485 -- 560 ( pp. 154 -- 70 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . E ( Revolutionary and Workers ' Councils ) , paragraph 63 ( p. 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Mastny , Vojtech ( March 2002 ) . `` NATO in the Beholder 's Eye : Soviet Perceptions and Policies , 1949 -- 56 '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on October 30 , 1956 '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 30 October 1956 . Retrieved 20 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` When the Soviet Union nearly blinked '' , BBC News , 23 October 2006 Jump up ^ Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States 30 October 1956 , Printed in The Department of State Bulletin , XXXV , No. 907 ( 12 November 1956 ) , pp. 745 -- 47 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` New Evidence on Soviet Decision - making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises '' ( PDF ) , Cold War International History Project Bulletin , page 368 . ^ Jump up to : The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution : Part 3 . Days of Freedom Jump up ^ Gati , Charles ( September 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt . Stanford University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Parsons , Nicholas T. `` Narratives of 1956 '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . XLVIII ( Summer 2007 ) . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ William Taubman : Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7564 - 4 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Szakolczai , Attila . Pál , Germuska ; Zoltán , Lux , eds . Lesson 3 : The Days of Freedom . The History of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 . Budapest : The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting , October 31 , 1956 '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 286 . ( Swedish edition of Twelve Days : The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution ) , ISBN 91 - 518 - 4612 - 8 . ( Cites Borhi , Hungary in the Cold War ( 2004 ) , pp. 243 -- 49 . ) Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` New Evidence on Soviet Decision - making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises '' ( PDF ) , Cold War International History Project Bulletin , page 369 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 286 . ( Cites Burlatsky , Khrushchev and the first Russian Spring ( 1991 ) , pp. 88 -- 94 . ) Jump up ^ Johanna Granville , `` New Insights on the 1956 Crisis '' , 2000 -- 01 Jump up ^ Rainer , János M. ( 1 November 1996 ) . `` Decision in the Kremlin , 1956 -- the Malin Notes '' . Paper presented at Rutgers University . The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cold War International History Project : Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 1 November 1956 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Hannah ( 1958 ) ( 1951 ) . Origins of Totalitarianism . New York : Harcourt . pp. 480 -- 510 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 670153 - 7 . Jump up ^ Auer , Stefan ( 25 October 2006 ) . `` Hannah Arendt , Totalitarianism and the Revolutions in Central Europe : 1956 , 1968 , 1989 '' . Eurozine . Retrieved 27 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , Report from A. Grechko and Tarasov in Berlin to N.A. Bulganin , ( by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ) Retrieved 10 October 2006 Jump up ^ Andrzej Paczkowski , Pół wieku dziejów Polski , Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN , Warszawa 2005 , ISBN 83 - 01 - 14487 - 4 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Ł . Jastrząb , `` Rozstrzelano moje serce w Poznaniu . Poznański Czerwiec 1956 r . -- straty osobowe i ich analiza '' , Wydawnictwo Comandor , Warszawa 2006 Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Wójtowicz , Norbert . Ofiary `` Poznańskiego Czerwca '' , Rok 1956 na Węgrzech iw Polsce . Materiały z węgiersko -- polskiego seminarium . Wrocław październik 1996 , ed . Łukasz Andrzej Kamiński , Wrocław 1996 , pp. 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Okváth , Imre ( 1999 ) . `` Hungary in the Warsaw Pact : The Initial Phase of Integration , 1957 -- 1971 '' . The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact . Jump up ^ CLR James ( 3 September 2013 ) . Modern Politics . PM Press . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60486 - 311 - 6 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 1999 . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 3 November , 1956 , with Participation by J. Kádár , F. Münnich , and I. Horváth , ( by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ) Retrieved 8 October 2006 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . J ( Mr. Kádár forms a government ) , para 77 -- 78 ( pp. 26 -- 27 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Philip Short , Mao : a life ( 2001 ) , p. 451 . Jump up ^ John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : a new history ( 2005 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Sebestyen , Victor , Ungernrevolten 1956 : Tolv dagar som skakade världen ( 2006 ) , p. 247 . ISBN 91 - 518 - 4612 - 8 . Jump up ^ William Taubman : Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7564 - 4 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` New Evidence on Soviet Decision - making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises '' ( PDF ) , Cold War International History Project Bulletin , pp. 373 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Slobodan Stankovic , `` Yugoslav Diplomat who Defied Soviet Leaders Dies '' Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Free Europe Research , 5 August 1982 . Jump up ^ Johanna Granville , The First Domino : International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 . Texas A & M University Press , 2004 ( p. 103 ) . Jump up ^ Csaba Békés ( Spring 2000 ) . `` The Hungarian Question on the UN Agenda : Secret Negotiations by the Western Great Powers 26 October -- 4 November 1956 . ( British Foreign Office Documents ) '' . Hungarian Quarterly . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , pp. 150 -- 51 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA by Tim Weiner , p. 153 ( 2008 Penguin Books edition ) Jump up ^ Hungarian Revolt , 23 October -- 4 November 1956 ( Richard Lettis and William I. Morris , editors ) : Appendices The Hungary Question in the United Nations Archived 8 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Study Prepared for US Army Intelligence `` Hungary , Resistance Activities and Potentials '' ( January 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the 290th NSC Meeting ( 12 July 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CNN : Géza Jeszenszky , Hungarian Ambassador , Cold War Chat ( transcript ) . Retrieved 8 November 1998 . Archived 11 May 2001 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hungary , 1956 : Reviving the Debate over U.S. ( In ) action during the Revolution '' . National Security Archive. 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Review of Voice For Free Hungary Programming from 23 October to 23 November 1956 ( 15 December 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII. D , para 336 ( p. 103 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Imre Nagy 's Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary 's Neutrality ( 1 November 1956 ) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zürich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network Jump up ^ `` Andropov Report , 1 November 1956 '' . Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) , www.CWIHP.org , by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the Nagy Government 's Fourth Cabinet Meeting , 1 November 1956 '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. I , para 75 ( p. 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II. I , para 76 ( p. 26 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 36 - X . Jump up ^ Schmidl , Erwin ; Ritter , László ( November 2006 ) . The Hungarian Revolution 1956 ( Elite ) . Osprey Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 079 - X . ^ Jump up to : Fryer , Peter ( 1957 ) . Hungarian Tragedy . London : D. Dobson . Chapter 9 ( The Second Soviet Intervention ) . ASIN B0007J7674 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V.C , para 196 ( pp. 60 -- 61 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 36 - X . ^ Jump up to : Lindvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day That Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton , NJ : Princeton UP . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V. B ( The Second Soviet Military Intervention ) , para 188 ( p. 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VII . D ( The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention ) , para 291 ( p. 89 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VII . D ( a silent carrier wave was detected until 9 : 45 am ) , para 292 ( p. 89 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Bibó , István ( 1991 ) . Democracy , Revolution , Self - Determination . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 325 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 214 - X . Jump up ^ Bibó , István . `` Nyilatkozat , 1956 . November 4 . '' ( Declaration , 4 November 1956 ) . Válogatott tanulmányok ( Assorted studies ) ( in Hungarian ) . 4 , 1935 -- 1979 . ifj . István Bibó , Tibor Huszár . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . in Hungarian : Magyarok ! Nagy Imre miniszterelnök a ma hajnali szovjet támadáskor a szovjet követségre ment a tárgyalások folytatására , és onnan visszatérni már nem tudott . A reggel összehívott minisztertanácson a Parlament épületében tartózkodó Tildy Zoltánon kívül már csak B. Szabó István és Bibó István államminiszter tudott megérkezni . Mikor a Parlamentet a szovjet csapatok körülfogták , Tildy államminiszter a vérontás elkerülése végett megállapodást kötött velük , mely szerint ők megszállják az épületet , a benne levő polgári személyek pedig szabadon távozhatnak . Ő , a megállapodáshoz tartva magát , eltávozott . Az országgyűlés épületében egyedül alulírott Bibó István államminiszter maradtam , mint az egyedüli törvényes magyar kormány egyedüli képviselője . Ebben a helyzetben a következőket nyilatkozom : In English : To My Fellow Hungarians ! When the Soviet Army attacked today at dawn , Prime Minister Nagy Imre went to the Soviet Embassy to negotiate and could not return . Tildy Zoltán , who was already in the Parliament building , and ministers Szabó István and Bibó István attended the council of ministers meeting that was convened this morning . As Soviet troops surrounded the Parliament building , minister Tildy Zoltán , to avoid bloodshed , reached an agreement , by which Soviet soldiers would occupy the Parliament building and allow all civilians to evacuate . According to this agreement , he then departed . Only the undersigned , Bibó István , remained in the Psrliament building as the only representative of the only existing legal Hungarian government . Under these circumstances , I make the following declaration : ( Available in English ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VII. E , para 296 ( p. 90 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII. B , para 596 ( p. 185 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter VIII . B ( The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention ) , para 600 ( p. 186 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) ^ Jump up to : UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V.C , para 197 ( p. 61 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V.C , para 198 ( p. 61 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter V. B ( The Second Soviet Military Intervention ) , para 200 ( p. 62 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland : Reassessments and New Findings '' , Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 33 , No. 2 , April 1998 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Péter Gosztonyi , `` Az 1956 - os forradalom számokban '' , Népszabadság ( Budapest ) , 3 November 1990 ^ Jump up to : Barghoorn , Frederick . Soviet Foreign Propaganda . Princeton University Press . 1964 . Jump up ^ Pravda ( Moscow ) , 4 November ( 227 / 228 ) : `` Without the Slightes Delays '' , Moscow Imre Nagy turned out to be , objectively speaking , an accomplice of the reactionary forces . Imre Nagy can not and does not want to fight the dark forces of reaction ... The Soviet Government , seeing that the presence of Soviet troops in Budapest might lead to further aggravation of the situation , ordered troops to leave Budapest , but ensuing events have shown that reactionary forces , taking advantage of the non-intervention of the Nagy Cabinet , have gone still further ... The task of barring the way to reaction in Hungary has to be carried out without the slightest delay - such is the course dictated by events ... Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 8 Hungarian-history.hu Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : George Washington University : The National Security Archive , Communiqué on the Meeting of Representatives of the Governments and the Communist and Workers ' Parties of Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Romania and the Soviet Union ( Budapest , 6 January 1957 ) , Retrieved 7 December 2008 Jump up ^ George Washington University : The National Security Archive , Minutes of the Meeting between the Hungarian and Chinese Delegations in Budapest on 16 January 1957 , Retrieved 7 December 2008 Jump up ^ The 1956 Hungarian Revolution : A History in Documents by Csaba Békés & Malcolm Byrne ( Published by Central European University Press , 2002 , ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 963 - 9241 - 66 - 4 , 598 pages ) , p. 375 , para 4 : `` ... the ( Kádár ) regime had to find an explanation for the revolution and collapse of the old regime in October 1956 ... they chose to interpret the uprising as a conspiracy by anti-communist , reactionary forces . This is why they labeled many ordinary citizens ' actions as crimes . Critical opposition attitudes were described as `` a plot to overthrow the people 's democratic regime '' , and workers and peasants who took part in the revolt were called `` jailbirds , ragamuffins , and kulaks . '' Armed resistance to occupying forces became `` murder and wrecking state property . '' This kind of terminology became part of the official ideology of the regime toward the outside world . '' Also p. 375 , footnote 40 : `` For a typical survey of propaganda intended for distribution abroad , see the so called `` White Books '' entitled The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary , 4 vols. , ( Budapest : Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People 's Republic , 1956 -- 1957 ) ... The White Books published in the individual counties of Hungary in 1957 -- 1958 summarized local `` counter-revolutionary '' events . '' Jump up ^ Casardi , A. ( 17 April 1957 ) Report on Hungarian Refugees . NATO Jump up ^ Fink , Carole ; Frank Hadler ; Tomasz Schramm ( 2006 ) . 1956 : European and global perspectives , Volume 1 of Global history and international studies . Leipzig : Leipziger Universitätsverlag . p. 16 . ISBN 3 - 937209 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Molnár , Adrienne ; Kõrösi Zsuzsanna ( 1996 ) . The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary . IX . International Oral History Conference . Gotegorg . pp. 1169 -- 66 . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Csaba Békés ; Malcolm Byrne ; János Rainer ( 2002 ) . `` Hungary in the Aftermath , Introduction '' . The 1956 Hungarian revolution : a history in documents . Central European University Press . p. 364 . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . I call upon the Hungarian people to regard neither the occupation force nor the puppet government it may install as a legal authority but rather to employ every means of passive resistance against it ... ( István Bibó minister of state of the Petőfi Party ) Despite the devastation of the Soviet attack , most of Hungarian society seemed to respond to Bibó 's plea and continued to defy the new regime , keeping Soviet and Hungarian security forces tied up for months dealing with strikes , demonstrations , sabotage , work slowdowns , and other acts of resistance ( Document No. 102 ) Jump up ^ Békés , Csaba , Malcolm Byrne , János M. Rainer ( 2002 ) . Hungarian Tragedy , p . L. Central European University Press : Budapest . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Situation Report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party by Malenkov - Suslov - Aristov ( 22 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter XIV. I.A , para 642 ( p. 198 ) , János Kádár 's 15 points ( 4 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Annex A ( Agreement between the Hungarian People Republic and the government of the USSR on the legal status of Soviet forces ) pp. 112 -- 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ International Committee of the Red Cross : ICRC action in Hungary in 1956 . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Peter ( 1997 ) . Hungarian Tragedy , p. 10 . Index Books : London . ISBN 1 - 871518 - 14 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` On This Day 16 June 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` End of a Private Cold War '' . Time Magazine . 11 October 1971 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Johns Hopkins University Professor Charles Gati , in his book Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt ( see Further reading , below ) , agreed with a 2002 essay by Hungarian historian Csaba Bekes , `` Could the Hungarian Revolution Have Been Victorious in 1956 ? '' . Gati states : `` Washington implicitly acknowledging the division of the continent into two camps , understood that Moscow would not let go of a country bordering on neutral but pro-Western Austria and an independent Yugoslavia , so it shed ... tears over Soviet brutality , and exploited the propaganda opportunities ... '' ( p. 208 ) Jump up ^ `` How to Help Hungary '' . Time Magazine . 24 December 1956 . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 1997 ) . Simpson 's Contemporary Quotations . Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 270137 - 1 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ United Nations Secretary - General ( 5 January 1957 ) . `` Report of the Secretary - General Document A / 3485 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter I. D ( Organization and Function of the Committee ) , paragraphs 1 -- 26 ( pp. 10 -- 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter I. E ( Attempts to observe in Hungary and meet Imre Nagy ) , paragraphs 32 -- 34 ( p. 14 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 1957 ) Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter II . N ( Summary of conclusions ) , paragraph 89 ( pp. 30 -- 32 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly , Thirteenth Session : Resolution 1312 ( XIII ) The Situation in Hungary ( Item 59 , p. 69 ( 12 December 1958 ) Jump up ^ ed . A.T. Lane . Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders . Volume 1 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 1995 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Alsing Andersen . Gravsted.dk . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ United Nations Yearbook. 1957 . p. 63 Jump up ^ K. Danilov `` The Provocation Continues '' . International Affairs , No. 8 , Vol. 3 , 1957 , pp. 54 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Freedom Fighter '' . Time . 7 January 1957 ... Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Formal Address Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in the Hungarian Parliament ( 23 October 2006 ) . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Statement with the Hungarian Prime Minister ( 11 October 2006 ) Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 22 September 2008 Jump up ^ Melbourne / Stockholm 1956 ( All facts ) Olympic.org Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Radio Free Europe : Hungary : New Film Revisits 1956 Water - Polo Showdown . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Szabadság , szerelem ( Children of Glory ) Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( film ) 2006 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The following are references in English on the conflicting positions of l'Unità , Antonio Giolitti and party boss Palmiro Togliatti , Giuseppe Di Vittorio and Pietro Nenni . Jump up ^ Napolitano , Giorgio ( 2005 ) . Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Un'autobiografia politica ( From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A political autobiography ) ( in Italian ) . Laterza . ISBN 88 - 420 - 7715 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sartre , Jean - Paul ( 1956 ) , L'intellectuel et les communistes français ( in French ) Le Web de l'Humanite , 21 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` US State Department Commemorates the 1956 Hungarian Revolution '' ( Press release ) . American Hungarian Federation . 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary a Model for Iraq , Bush Says in Budapest '' ( Press release ) . International Information Programs. 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols '' ( PDF ) . Fact Sheets on Hungary . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2003 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Bekes , Csaba ; Byrne , Malcolm ; Rainer , Janos ( Editor ) , eds. ( 2003 ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution : A History in Documents ( National Security Archive Cold War Readers ) . Central European University Press . p. 600 . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 66 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Bibó , István ( 1991 ) . Democracy , Revolution , Self - Determination . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 331 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 214 - X . Gadney , Reg ( October 1986 ) . Cry Hungary : Uprising 1956 . Macmillan Pub Co. pp. 169 pages . ISBN 0 - 689 - 11838 - 4 . Gati , Charles ( 2006 ) . Failed Illusions : Moscow , Washington , Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt ( Cold War International History Project Series ) . Stanford University Press . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5606 - 6 . Granville , Johanna ( 2004 ) . The First Domino : International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 . Texas A&M University Press . p. 323 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 298 - 4 . Granville , Johanna ( 1999 ) In the Line of Fire : New Archival Evidence on the Soviet Intervention in Hungary , 1956 , Carl Beck Paper , no . 1307 ( 1999 ) . Györkei , Jenõ ; Kirov , Alexandr ; Horvath , Miklos ( 1999 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary , 1956 . New York : Central European University Press . p. 350 . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 36 - X . Kertesz , Stephen D. ( 1953 ) . Diplomacy in a Whirlpool : Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , Indiana . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7540 - 2 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 . Korda , Michael . Journey to a Revolution : A Personal Memoir and History of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Harper Perennial ( 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077262 - 8 Michener , James A. ( 1985 ) . The Bridge at Andau ( reissue ed . ) . New York : Fawcett . ISBN 0 - 449 - 21050 - 2 . Morris , William E. ( August 2001 ) . Lettis , Richard , ed . The Hungarian Revolt : 23 October -- 4 November 1956 ( Reprint ed . ) . Simon Publications . ISBN 1 - 931313 - 79 - 2 . Napolitano , Giorgio ( 2005 ) . Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Un'autobiografia politica ( From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A political autobiography ) ( in Italian ) . Laterza . ISBN 88 - 420 - 7715 - 1 . Péter , László ( 2008 ) . Resistance , Rebellion and Revolution in Hungary and Central Europe : Commemorating 1956 . London : UCL SSEES . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 903425 - 79 - 7 . Schmidl , Erwin A. & Ritter , László. ( 2006 ) The Hungarian Revolution , 1956 ; Osprey Elite series # 148 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 079 - X ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 079 - 6 Sebestyen , Victor ( 2006 ) . Twelve Days : The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . New York : Pantheon . p. 340 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42458 - X . Sugar , Peter F. ( 1994 ) . Hanak , Peter , Frank , Tibor , eds . A History of Hungary : From Liberation to Revolution ( pp. 368 -- 83 ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 448 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20867 - X . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) United Nations : Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary , General Assembly , Official Records , Eleventh Session , Supplement No. 18 ( A / 3592 ) , New York , 1957 `` ( 268 pages ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Ürményházi , Attila J. ( 2006 ) `` The Hungarian Revolution - Uprising , Budapest 1956 '' , National Library of Australia ISBN 0 - 646 - 45885 - X , Record Id : 40312920 Zinner , Paul E. ( 1962 ) . Revolution in Hungary . Books for Libraries Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 6817 - 4 . Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day That Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton UP . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13282 - 2 . Litván , György ( 1996 ) . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 : Reform , Revolt and Repression , 1953 -- 1963 . Longman . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 21505 - 6 . Cox , Terry . Hungary 1956 -- forty Years on . London : F. Cass , 1997 . Print . Matthews , John P.C. Explosion : The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . New York , NY : Hippocrene , 2007 . Print . Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Historical collections ( edit ) 1956 Hungarian Revolution Collection of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , Cold War International History Project , containing documents and other source materials relating to the 1956 Revolution . Institute of Revolutionary History , Hungary A Hungarian language site providing historical photos and documents , books and reviews , and links to English language sites . OSA Digital Archive Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution Universal Pictures and Warner Pathé newsreels regarding the revolution `` On this day 4 November 1956 : Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' ( Accessed 12 October 2006 ) -- BBC reports on the first day of the second Soviet intervention and the fall of the Nagy government . Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Archive at marxists.org Hungary ' 56 Andy Anderson 's pamphlet , written in 1964 and originally published by Solidarity ( UK ) , about events of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 , focusing on Hungarian demands for economic and political self - management . ( AK Press 2002 , ISBN 0 - 934868 - 01 - 8 ) The short film Big Picture : Operation Mercy is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Hungarian Revolution Aftermath ( 1956 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Hungarian Revolution ( 1956 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Other academic sources ( edit ) The 1956 Hungarian revolution and the Soviet bloc countries : reactions and repercussions ( MEK ) Hungary , 1956 : Reviving the Debate over U.S. ( In ) action during the Revolution , published by the National Security Archive Feature films ( edit ) Freedom 's Fury The 2005 documentary film depicting events surrounding the Hungarian - Soviet confrontation in the Olympic water polo tournament , now known as the `` blood in the water match '' . Narrated by Mark Spitz , produced by Lucy Liu and Quentin Tarantino . Torn from the flag Documentary film 2007 . The significant global effects of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 . Commemorations ( edit ) The 1956 Portal A resource for Hungarian - American organizations to highlight and promote their 1956 Hungarian Revolution commemoration activities , including 1956 photos , videos , resources , and events across the US . Freedom Fighter 56 Personal stories of survival and escape from participants in the revolution 1956 Hungarian Memorial Oral History Project Multicultural Canada oral history collection of revolution refugees in Canada From the noon bell to the lads of Pest Hungary articles History Christianity Economic Military Monarchs Nobility Prehistory Pannonia Principality High Medieval Kingdom Late Medieval Kingdom Ottoman -- Hungarian wars Habsburg Kingdom Ottoman Hungary Rákóczi 's War Revolution of 1848 Austria - Hungary World War I First Republic Treaty of Trianon Interwar period ( Interbellum ) World War II Second Republic People 's Republic Revolution of 1956 Third Republic Geography Administrative divisions Counties Cities and towns Climate Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Regions Rivers Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intelligence Law Law enforcement Military Nationality Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Banks Hungarian National Bank Companies Energy Forint ( currency ) Industry Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Unemployment Society Anti-Hungarian sentiment Crime Demographics Education Universities and colleges Family policy Health Healthcare Hungarians Hungarian diaspora Irredentism International rankings Languages LGBT Public holidays Religion Women Culture Architecture Castles Palaces and mansions Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Beer Dishes Sausages Dance Fashion Festivals Folklore Inventions Hungarian language Literature Media Music Names Spa culture Sport Symbols Television Theatre World Heritage Outline Index Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War 1952 Egyptian coup d'état 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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5963114948230106201	Mission San Francisco de Asís	Mission San Francisco de Asís - wikipedia Mission San Francisco de Asís Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with San Francisco de Asis Mission Church . `` Mission Dolores '' redirects here . For the Texas historic site , see Mission Dolores State Historic Site . Mission San Francisco De Asís The original adobe Mission structure is the smaller building at left , while the larger structure is a basilica completed in 1918 ( the architectural style was influenced by designs exhibited at San Diego 's Panama - California Exposition in 1915 ) . Location in Central San Francisco Mission San Francisco De Asís ( California ) Mission San Francisco De Asís ( the US ) Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location 320 Dolores Street San Francisco , California 94114 Coordinates 37 ° 45 ′ 51.8 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 37.3 '' W / 37.764389 ° N 122.427028 ° W / 37.764389 ; - 122.427028 Coordinates : 37 ° 45 ′ 51.8 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 37.3 '' W / 37.764389 ° N 122.427028 ° W / 37.764389 ; - 122.427028 Name as founded La Misión de Nuestro Padre San Francisco English translation The Mission of Our Father Saint Francis of Assisi Patron Saint i Nickname ( s ) `` Mission Dolores '' Founding date June 29 , 1776 Founding priest ( s ) Francisco Palóu ; ( ( Junípero Serra ) ) Founding Order Sixth Military district Fourth Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Ohlone Costeño Native place name ( s ) Chutchui Baptisms 6,898 Marriages 2,043 Burials 11,000 = 5,000 ( Europeans / Americans ) , 6,000 ( Indians ) Secularized 1834 Returned to the Church 1857 Governing body Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco Current use Parish Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places Designated 1972 Reference no . # 72000251 California Historical Landmark Official name : Site of original Mission Dolores chapel and Dolores Lagoon Reference no . 327 - 1 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated April 11 , 1968 Reference no . Website http://www.missiondolores.org Mission San Francisco de Asís , or Mission Dolores , is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and the sixth religious settlement established as part of the California chain of missions . The Mission was founded on October 9 , 1776 , by Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Francisco Palóu ( a companion of Junípero Serra ) , both members of the de Anza Expedition , which had been charged with bringing Spanish settlers to Alta ( upper ) California , and evangelizing the local Natives , the Ohlone . Some of the Mission 's buildings have been turned into business including a print shop , and several saloons . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Other historic designations 2 Art 2.1 Statue of Junipero Serra 3 Succession of rectors , pastors and administrators 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The settlement was named for St. Francis of Assisi , the founder of the Franciscan Order , but was also commonly known as `` Mission Dolores '' owing to the presence of a nearby creek named Arroyo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores , meaning `` Our Lady of Sorrows Creek . '' During the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza , this site was identified by Pedro Font as the most suitable site for a mission in the San Francisco area . The original Mission was a small structure dedicated on July 4 , 1823 , after the required church documents arrived . It was located near what is today the intersection of Camp and Albion Streets ( according to most sources ) , about a block - and - a-half east of the surviving Adobe Mission building , and on the shores of a lake ( supposedly long since filled ) called Laguna de Los Dolores . A historical marker at that location depicts this lake , but whether it ever actually existed is a matter of some dispute . ( Creek geologists Janet Sowers and Christopher Richard propose that the legendary lake is the result of misunderstandings of Juan Bautista de Anza 's 1776 writings . According to their 2011 hydrological map , there were no lakes in the area , only creeks . ) The present Mission church , near what is now the intersection of Dolores and 16th Streets , was dedicated in 1791 . At the time of dedication , a mural painted by native labor adorned the focal wall of the chapel . The Mission was constructed of Adobe and part of a complex of buildings used for housing , agricultural and manufacturing enterprises ( see architecture of the California missions ) . Though most of the Mission complex , including the quadrangle and Convento , has either been altered or demolished outright during the intervening years , the façade of the Mission chapel has remained relatively unchanged since its construction in 1782 -- 1791 . According to Mission historian Brother Guire Cleary , the early 19th century saw the greatest period of activity at San Francisco de Asís : At its peak in 1810 -- 1820 , the average Indian population at Pueblo Dolores was about 1,100 people . The California missions were not only houses of worship . They were farming communities , manufacturers of all sorts of products , hotels , ranches , hospitals , schools , and the centers of the largest communities in the state ... in 1810 the Mission owned 11,000 sheep , 11,000 cows , and thousands of horses , goats , pigs , and mules . Its ranching and farming operations extended as far south as San Mateo and east to Alameda . Horses were corralled on Potrero Hill , and the milking sheds for the cows were located along Dolores Creek at what is today Mission High School . Twenty looms were kept in operation to process wool into cloth . The circumference of the mission 's holdings was said to have been about 125 miles . The Mission chapel , along with `` Father Serra 's Church '' at Mission San Juan Capistrano , is one of only two surviving buildings where Junípero Serra is known to have officiated ( although `` Dolores '' was still under construction at the time of Serra 's visit ) . In 1817 , Mission San Rafael Arcángel was established as an Asistencia to act as a hospital for the Mission , though it would later be granted full mission status in 1822 . The Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) strained relations between the Mexican government and the California missions . Supplies were scant , and the Indians who worked at the missions continued to suffer terrible losses from disease and cultural disruption ( more than 5,000 Indians are thought to have been buried in the cemetery adjacent to the Mission ) . In 1834 , the Mexican government enacted secularization laws whereby most church properties were sold or granted to private owners . In practical terms , this meant that the missions would hold title only to the churches , the residences of the priests and a small amount of land surrounding the church for use as gardens . In the period that followed , Mission Dolores fell on very hard times . By 1842 , only eight Christian Indians were living at the Mission . Mission Dolores , 1856 Mission San Francisco de Asís around 1910 . The wooden addition has been removed and a portion of the brick Gothic Revival church is visible at right . The large stone church was severely damaged in the 1906 earthquake . The California Gold Rush brought renewed activity to the Mission Dolores area . In the 1850s , two plank roads were constructed from what is today downtown San Francisco to the Mission , and the entire area became a popular resort and entertainment district . Some of the Mission properties were sold or leased for use as saloons and gambling halls . Racetracks were constructed , and fights between bulls and bears were staged for crowds . The Mission complex also underwent alterations . Part of the Convento was converted to a two - story wooden wing for use as a seminary and priests ' quarters , while another section became the `` Mansion House , '' a popular tavern and way station for travelers . By 1876 , the Mansion House portion of the Convento had been razed and replaced with a large Gothic Revival brick church , designed to serve the growing population of immigrants who were now making the Mission area their home . During this period , wood clapboard siding was applied to the original adobe chapel walls as both a cosmetic and a protective measure ; the veneer was later removed when the Mission was restored . During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , the adjacent brick church was destroyed . By contrast , the original adobe Mission , though damaged , remained in relatively good condition . However , the ensuing fire touched off by the earthquake reached almost to the Mission 's doorstep . To prevent the spread of flames , the Convent and School of Notre Dame across the street was dynamited by firefighters ; nevertheless , nearly all the blocks east of Dolores Street and north of 20th street were consumed by flames . In 1913 , construction began on a new church ( now known as the Mission Dolores Basilica ) adjacent to the Mission , which was completed in 1918 . This structure was further remodeled in 1926 with churrigueresque ornamentation inspired by the Panama - California Exposition held in San Diego 's Balboa Park . A sensitive restoration of the original adobe Mission was undertaken in 1917 by architect Willis Polk . In 1952 , San Francisco Archbishop John J. Mitty , announced that Pope Pius XII had elevated Mission Dolores to the status of a Minor Basilica . This was the first designation of a basilica west of the Mississippi and the fifth basilica named in the United States . Today , the larger , newer church is called `` Mission Dolores Basilica '' while the original adobe structure retains the name of Mission Dolores . The interior of the Mission chapel . The San Francisco de Asís cemetery , which adjoins the property on the south side , was originally much larger than its present boundaries , running west almost to Church Street and north into what is today 16th Street . It was reduced in various stages , starting with the extension of 16th Street through the former mission grounds in 1889 , and later by the construction of the Mission Dolores Basilica Center and the Chancery Building of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in the 1950s . Some remains were reburied on - site in a mass grave , while others were relocated to various Bay Area cemeteries . Today , most of the former cemetery grounds are covered by a paved playground behind the Mission Dolores School . The cemetery that currently remains underwent a careful restoration in the mid-1990s . The mission is still an active church , and hosts mass and other services in the mission church and the larger adjacent basilica . The mission is open to visitors , and is located on Dolores Street near its intersection with 16th Street . The San Francisco neighborhood closely surrounding the historic Mission is known as Mission Dolores , and the much larger Mission District is named for it as well . The current Pastor of Mission Dolores is Reverend Francis Mark P. Garbo . The current Curator of Mission Dolores is Andrew A. Galvan . Other historic designations ( edit ) San Francisco Historical Landmark # 1 -- City & County of San Francisco California Historical Landmark # 327 - 1 -- site of original Mission Dolores chapel and Dolores Lagoon California Historical Landmark # 393 -- `` The Hospice , '' an outpost of Mission Dolores founded in 1800 in San Mateo , California California Historical Landmark # 784 -- El Camino Real ( the northernmost point visited by Serra ) Art ( edit ) Statue of Junípero Serra ( edit ) Father Junipero Serra by Arthur Putnam A full - length portrait sculpture of Junípero Serra is on the property of the mission . The cast stone sculpture , by Arthur Putnam , was completed in 1909 , cast between 1916 -- 1917 and installed in 1918 when the mission was remodeled . Funding for the piece came from D.J. McQuarry and it cost $500 to cast . It is approximately H. 6 ft. 6 in . The sculpture depicts Serra wearing a monk 's robe belted at the waist with a knotted rope and a rosary around his neck . He looks down , with his head bowed and eyes downward . The sculpture is on a concrete base . It is one of a series of allegorical figures commissioned by the estate of E.W. Scripps to depict California history . In 1993 it was examined by the Smithsonian Institution 's Save Outdoor Sculpture ! program . The program determined that the sculpture was well maintained . Succession of rectors , pastors and administrators ( edit ) Founders : Francisco Palóu , O.F.M. , Pedro Benito Cambón , O.F.M. -- June 27 , 1776 Francisco Palóu , O.F.M. -- June 27 , 1776 -- 1784 Eugene O'Connell -- 1854 Richard Carroll -- 1854 -- 1860 John J. Prendergast -- 1860 -- 1867 Thomas Cushing -- 1867 -- 1875 Richard P. Brennan -- 1875 -- 1904 Patrick Cummins -- 1905 -- 1916 John W. Sullivan -- 1916 -- 1939 The Most Rev. Thomas A. Connolly 1939 -- 1948 ( First Auxiliary Bishop , First Rector ) The Most Rev. James T. O'Dowd -- 1948 -- 1950 ( Rector ) The Most Rev. Merlin Guilfoyle , VG -- 1950 -- 1969 ( Rector ) The Most Rev. Norman F. McFarland -- 1970 -- 1974 ( Last Rector ) The Rev. Msgr . Richard S. Knapp -- 1974 , 1974 -- 1983 ( Served first as Administrator , then Pastor ) The Rev. Msgr . John J. O'Connor -- 1983 -- 1997 The Rev. Msgr . Maurice McCormick -- 1997 -- 2003 The Most Rev. William J. Justice -- 2003 -- 2007 ( Became a bishop after he left Mission Dolores ) The Rev. Arturo Albano -- 2007 -- 2015 The Reverend Francis Mark P Garbo - 2015 -- Present See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Spanish missions in California San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks USNS Mission Dolores ( AO - 115 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . USNS Mission San Francisco ( AO - 123 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 148 Jump up ^ Worden / Leffingwell , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Young , p. 117 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 64 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ California Historical Marker is located on Camp and Albion Streets Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks '' . City of San Francisco . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Zephyrin Engelhardt ( 1912 ) . The Missions and Missionaries of California , Volume II : Upper California . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Amy Standen ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) . `` New Water Map Washes Away An Urban Legend '' . NPR . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Cleary Jump up ^ Johnson , p. 129 Jump up ^ Johnson , p. 130 Jump up ^ deSign , Ted Whipple / incite . `` San Francisco Landmarks '' . www.friendsof1800.org . Jump up ^ California , California State Parks , State of . `` San Francisco '' . CA State Parks . Jump up ^ California , California State Parks , State of . `` San Mateo '' . CA State Parks . Jump up ^ California , California State Parks , State of . `` San Francisco '' . CA State Parks . Jump up ^ `` Father Junipero Serra , ( sculpture ) '' . Save Outdoor Sculpture ! . Smithsonian American Art Museum . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco '' . www.newadvent.org. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archbishop Thomas Arthur Connolly '' . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Arthur Connolly '' ( PDF ) . Diocese of Orange . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 20 . References ( edit ) Cleary , Brother Guire ( January 31 , 2003 ) . `` Mission Dolores Links San Francisco with its 18th Century Roots -- Founded as La Mission San Francisco De Asis by Franciscans , it survived earthquake and fire '' . Catholic San Francisco . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Cornhill , London : Smith , Elder and Co . Johnson , Paul C. ( supervising editor ) ( 1964 ) . The California Missions . Menlo Park , CA : Lane Book Company . LCCN 64 - 22823 . Krell , Dorothy , ed. ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Menlo Park , CA : Sunset Publishing Corporation . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . San Diego , CA : Sunbelt Publications . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Worden , Alastair ; Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0896584921 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . San Diego , CA : Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . Young , Stanley ; Levick , Melba ( 1988 ) . The Missions of California . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3694 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Engelhardt , O.F.M. ( 1924 ) . San Francisco or Mission Dolores . Chicago , IL : Franciscan Herald Press . Jones , Terry L. ; Klar , Kathryn A. Klar , eds. ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Landham , MD : Altimira Press . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . Milliken , Randall ( 1995 ) . A Time of Little Choice : The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769 -- 1910 . Menlo Park , CA : Ballena Press Publication . ISBN 0 - 87919 - 132 - 5 . Paddison , Joshua , ed. ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Berkeley , CA : Heyday Books . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . San Francisco Morning Call ( June 8 , 1889 ) . `` Mission Dolores -- The Cemeteries Now Ready to Be Transferred to the City '' . San Francisco Morning Call . Schafer , Mike ; Welsh , Joe ( 1997 ) . Classic American Streamliners . Osceola , Wisconsin : MotorBooks International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0377 - 1 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Dolores . Mission Dolores Basilica Mission Dolores via The Archdiocese of San Francisco Elevation & Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper Catholic San Francisco -- History of Mission Dolores San Francisco Public Library -- Photographs of Mission Dolores Map of Mission Dolores and nearby water sources ( from ShapingSF.org ) California Historic Plaque marking original site of Mission Dolores at Camp and Albion Streets in SF Mission Dolores Neighborhood Association American Southwest , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Early History of the California Coast , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Listing , drawings , and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Ground plan of Mission Dolores , San Francisco , Ca at The Bancroft Library Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 107 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Peace Pagoda Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Art Institute Diego Rivera Gallery San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Cioppino Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Mission burrito Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Japan Center Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco VIAF : 267455573 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mission_San_Francisco_de_Asís&oldid = 842090762 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California Roman Catholic churches in San Francisco 1776 in Alta California Basilica churches in California Mission District , San Francisco 1776 establishments in California Religious organizations established in 1776 18th - century Roman Catholic church buildings Roman Catholic churches completed in 1791 Roman Catholic churches completed in 1918 California Historical Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco San Francisco Designated Landmarks Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco Roman Catholic churches in California Tourist attractions in San Francisco Spanish Colonial architecture in California Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California Museums in San Francisco Religious museums in California 18th - century churches in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 04 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the mission san francisco de asis founded	[ "Mission San Francisco de Asís, or Mission Dolores, is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and the sixth religious settlement established as part of the California chain of missions. The Mission was founded on October 9, 1776, by Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Francisco Palóu (a companion of Junípero Serra), both members of the de Anza Expedition, which had been charged with bringing Spanish settlers to Alta (upper) California, and evangelizing the local Natives, the Ohlone. Some of the Mission's buildings have been turned into business including a print shop, and several saloons." ]	[ "October 9, 1776" ]
-3861000794375559269	Lonely Day	Lonely Day - wikipedia Lonely Day Jump to : navigation , search `` Lonely Day '' Single by System of a Down from the album Hypnotize Released April 17 , 2006 Format CD , digital download Recorded The Mansion Laurel Canyon , Los Angeles , California Akademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research Los Angeles , California Genre Post-grunge Length 2 : 47 Label American / Columbia CK Songwriter ( s ) Daron Malakian Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin , Daron Malakian System of a Down singles chronology `` Hypnotize '' ( 2005 ) `` Lonely Day '' ( 2006 ) `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' ( 2006 ) `` Hypnotize '' ( 2005 ) `` Lonely Day '' ( 2006 ) `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Lonely Day '' on YouTube `` Lonely Day '' is the second single from the 2005 album Hypnotize by Armenian American metal band System of a Down . It was written by guitarist Daron Malakian , who also provides lead vocals on the track . The song received a nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards . The song is featured in the 2007 film Disturbia , as well as the film 's trailer ; however , it is not included in the film 's soundtrack . Daron did not write the song as a tribute to his brother as rumored , as Daron is an only child . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Chart positions 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lonely Day '' D. Malakian 2 : 47 CD extended play No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lonely Day '' Daron Malakian 2 : 48 2 . `` Shame '' ( System of a Down featuring Wu - Tang Clan ) Ghostface Killah , GZA , U-God , Inspectah Deck , Ol ' Dirty Bastard , RZA , Method Man , Raekwon 2 : 41 3 . `` Snowblind '' ( Black Sabbath cover ) Ozzy Osbourne , Tony Iommi , Geezer Butler , Bill Ward 4 : 40 4 . `` Metro '' ( Berlin cover ) John Crawford 2 : 59 5 . `` Marmalade '' Serj Tankian ( lyrics ) , Malakian ( music ) 3 : 01 6 . `` Lonely Day '' ( Video CD extra ) 2 : 57 Personnel ( edit ) Daron Malakian -- guitars , lead vocals Serj Tankian -- keyboards , backing vocals Shavo Odadjian -- bass guitar John Dolmayan -- drums Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 37 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 20 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 84 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 72 US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 23 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net . `` SLAYER , LAMB OF GOD , STONE SOUR Among GRAMMY Nominees '' , December 7 , 2006 , at Blabbermouth.net Archived September 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gowing , Liam ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` His son has got him covered : System of a Down 's artist of choice is Vartan Malakian , the guitarist 's dad '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- System of a Down -- Lonely Day '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- System of a Down -- Lonely Day '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- System of a Down -- Lonely Day '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down : Lonely Day '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- System of a Down -- Lonely Day '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- System of a Down Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- System of a Down -- Lonely Day '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- System of a Down -- Lonely Day '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for System of a Down . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for System of a Down . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Lonely Day '' Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) System of a Down Daron Malakian Serj Tankian Shavo Odadjian John Dolmayan Ontronik `` Andy '' Khachaturian Studio albums System of a Down Toxicity Steal This Album ! Mezmerize Hypnotize Singles `` Sugar '' `` Chop Suey ! '' `` Toxicity '' `` Aerials '' `` B.Y.O.B. '' `` Question ! '' `` Hypnotize '' `` Lonely Day '' Promo Singles `` Spiders '' `` Prison Song / X '' `` Johnny '' `` Innervision '' `` Boom ! '' `` Cigaro '' `` Violent Pornography '' `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' `` Vicinity of Obscenity '' Tours Reunion Tour Wake Up The Souls Tour Linkin Park and Friends - Celebrate Life In Honor of Chester Bennington Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Axis of Justice Rick Rubin `` Charades '' Cool Gardens Glaring Through Oblivion Screamers Serart Artists Scars on Broadway Achozen Buckethead & Friends The F.C.C. Mt . Helium VoKee Fair to Midland Labels American Recordings Columbia Records Velvet Hammer Music and Management Group Serjical Strike Records Categories System of a Down Members Albums Songs Book : System of a Down Category : System of a Down Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lonely_Day&oldid=800927289 '' Categories : System of a Down songs 2005 singles 2000s ballads Hard rock ballads Songs inspired by deaths Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Songs about loneliness Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Norsk Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 57 . About Wikipedia	who sings lonely day system of a down	[ "\"Lonely Day\" is the second single from the 2005 album Hypnotize by Armenian American metal band System of a Down. It was written by guitarist Daron Malakian, who also provides lead vocals on the track. The song received a nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.[1]" ]	[ "Daron Malakian" ]
-3600260841952149794	Blu-ray	Blu - ray - Wikipedia Blu - ray `` Blue ray '' redirects here . For the fish of the same name , see Neoraja caerulea . Blu - ray Media type High - density optical disc Encoding Data encoding : CLV or Zoned CAV pits - and - lands with interleaved error correction code BDMV Video encoding : H. 262 / MPEG - 2 Part 2 H. 264 / MPEG - 4 AVC VC - 1 Capacity 25 GB ( single - layer ) 50 GB ( dual - layer ) 100 / 200 / 300 GB ( BDXL ) Block size 2 KB sector , 64 KB ECC - block Read mechanism 405 nm diode laser , 36Mb / s Write mechanism 405 nm diode laser at a speed of 16X media rate ( as of July - 2017 ) Developed by Blu - ray Disc Association 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) diameter 1.2 mm thickness Usage Data storage High - definition video High - resolution audio Stereoscopic 3D PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Xbox One games Extended from DVD HD DVD Extended to Archival disc Released 20 June 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 - 06 - 20 ) Optical discs General ( show ) Optical disc Optical disc drive Optical disc authoring Authoring software Recording technologies Recording modes Packet writing Optical media types ( show ) Compact disc ( CD ) : CD - DA , CD - ROM , CD - R , CD - RW , 5.1 Music Disc , Super Audio CD ( SACD ) , Photo CD , CD Video ( CDV ) , Video CD ( VCD ) , Super Video CD ( SVCD ) , CD + G , CD - Text , CD - ROM XA , CD - i DVD : DVD - R , DVD + R , DVD - R DL , DVD + R DL , DVD - R DS , DVD + R DS , DVD - RW , DVD + RW , DVD - RAM , DVD - D , DVD - A , HVD , EcoDisc Blu - ray Disc ( BD ) : BD - R & BD - RE , Blu - ray 3D Ultra HD Blu - ray Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) Enhanced Versatile Disc ( EVD ) Forward Versatile Disc ( FVD ) Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) China Blue High - definition Disc ( CBHD ) HD DVD : HD DVD - R , HD DVD - RW , HD DVD - RAM High - Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc ( HD VMD ) VCDHD GD - ROM Personal Video Disc ( PVD ) MiniDisc ( MD ) , Hi - MD LaserDisc ( LD ) , LD - ROM , LV - ROM Video Single Disc ( VSD ) Ultra Density Optical ( UDO ) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk ( SVOD ) Five dimensional disc ( 5D DVD ) Nintendo optical disc ( NOD ) Archival Disc Professional Disc Standards ( show ) SFF ATAPI / MMC Mount Rainier ( packet writing ) Mount Fuji ( layer jump recording ) Rainbow Books File systems ISO 9660 Joliet Romeo Rock Ridge / SUSP El Torito Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) ISO 13490 See also ( show ) History of optical storage media High - definition optical disc format war Blu - ray or Blu - ray Disc ( BD ) is a digital optical disc data storage format . It was designed to supersede the DVD format , and is capable of storing several hours of video in high - definition ( HDTV 720p and 1080p ) and ultra high - definition resolution ( 2160p ) . The main application of Blu - ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The name `` Blu - ray '' refers to the blue laser ( actually a violet laser ) used to read the disc , which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer - wavelength red laser used for DVDs . The plastic disc is 120 millimetres ( 4.7 in ) in diameter and 1.2 millimetres ( 0.047 in ) thick , the same size as DVDs and CDs . Conventional or pre-BD - XL Blu - ray discs contain 25 GB per layer , with dual layer discs ( 50 GB ) being the industry standard for feature - length video discs . Triple - layer discs ( 100 GB ) and quadruple - layer discs ( 200 / 300 GB ) are available for BD - XL re-writer drives . High - definition ( HD ) video may be stored on Blu - ray discs with up to 2160p resolution ( 3840 × 2160 pixels ) and at up to 60 frames per second . DVD - Video discs were limited to a maximum resolution of 480p ( NTSC , 720 × 480 pixels ) or 576p ( PAL , 720 × 576 pixels ) . Besides these hardware specifications , Blu - ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats . The BD format was developed by the Blu - ray Disc Association , a group representing makers of consumer electronics , computer hardware , and motion pictures . Sony unveiled the first Blu - ray disc prototypes in October 2000 , and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan . Afterwards , it continued to be developed until its official release on June 20 , 2006 , beginning the high definition optical disc format war , where Blu - ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format . Toshiba , the main company supporting HD DVD , conceded in February 2008 , and later released its own Blu - ray Disc player in late 2009 . According to Media Research , high - definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales . Blu - ray faces competition from video on demand ( VOD ) and the continued sale of DVDs . Notably , as of January 2016 , 44 % of U.S. broadband households had a Blu - ray player . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Launch and sales developments 1.3 Competition from HD DVD 1.4 Future scope and market trends 1.4. 1 Beyond Blu - ray Disc 1.4. 2 Ongoing development 2 Physical media 2.1 Laser and optics 2.2 Hard - coating technology 2.3 Drive speeds 2.4 Packaging 2.5 Variants 2.5. 1 Mini Blu - ray Disc 2.5. 2 Blu - ray Disc recordable 2.5. 3 BD9 and BD5 2.5. 4 BDXL 2.5. 5 IH - BD 3 Data format standards 3.1 Filesystem 3.2 Application format 3.3 Directory and file structure 3.4 Media format 3.4. 1 Container format 3.4. 2 Codecs 3.4. 2.1 Video 3.4. 2.2 Audio 3.4. 3 Bit rate 3.5 Java software interface 3.6 Player profiles 3.6. 1 BD - Live 3.7 Region codes 3.8 Digital rights management 3.8. 1 High - bandwidth Digital Content Protection 3.8. 2 Advanced Access Content System 3.8. 3 BD+ 3.8. 4 BD - ROM Mark 4 Backward compatibility 5 Variations 5.1 High Fidelity Pure Audio ( BD - A ) 5.2 AVCHD 5.3 AVCREC 5.4 Blu - ray 3D 5.5 Ultra HD Blu - ray 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) A blank rewritable Blu - ray Disc ( BD - RE ) Early history ( edit ) The information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used . Following protracted development , blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis . Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes : UDO ( Ultra Density Optical ) , and DVR Blue ( together with Pioneer ) , a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu - ray Disc ( more specifically , BD - RE ) . The core technologies of the formats are similar . The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony . A trademark for the `` Blue Disc '' logo was filed February 9 , 2001 . On February 19 , 2002 , the project was officially announced as Blu - ray Disc , and Blu - ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members . The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10 , 2003 : the Sony BDZ - S77 , a $3,800 ( US ) BD - RE recorder that was made available only in Japan . But there was no standard for prerecorded video , and no movies were released for this player . Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with digital rights management before they would release movies for the new format , and they wanted a new DRM system that would be more secure than the failed Content Scramble System ( CSS ) used on DVDs . On October 4 , 2004 , the name `` Blu - ray Disc Founders '' was officially changed to the Blu - ray Disc Association ( BDA ) , and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA 's Board of Directors . The Blu - ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004 . In January 2005 , TDK announced that they had now developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating ( `` Durabis '' ) for Blu - ray discs ; this was a significant technical advance because a far tougher protection was desired in the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD , while technically Blu - ray Disc required a much thinner layer for the denser and higher frequency blue laser . Cartridges , originally used for scratch protection , were no longer necessary and were scrapped . The BD - ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006 . AACS LA , a consortium founded in 2004 , had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers . However , the final AACS standard was delayed , and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu - ray Disc group voiced concerns . At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers , including Toshiba , Pioneer , and Samsung , an interim standard was published that did not include some features , such as managed copy . Launch and sales developments ( edit ) The first BD - ROM players ( Samsung BD - P1000 ) were shipped in mid-June 2006 , though HD DVD players beat them to market by a few months . The first Blu - ray Disc titles were released on June 20 , 2006 : 50 First Dates , The Fifth Element , Hitch , House of Flying Daggers , Underworld : Evolution , xXx ( all Sony ) , Twister ( Warner Bros . ) , and MGM 's The Terminator . The earliest releases used MPEG - 2 video compression , the same method used on standard DVDs . The first releases using the newer VC - 1 and AVC formats were introduced in September 2006 . The first movies using 50 GB dual - layer discs were introduced in October 2006 . The first audio - only albums were released in May 2008 . The first mass - market Blu - ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU - 100A , released by Sony on July 18 , 2006 . It recorded both single and dual - layer BD - Rs as well as BD - REs and had a suggested retail price of US $699 . As of June 2008 , more than 2,500 Blu - ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom , with 3,500 in the United States and Canada . In Japan , as of July 2010 , more than 3,300 titles have been released . Competition from HD DVD ( edit ) Main article : High definition optical disc format war The DVD Forum , chaired by Toshiba , was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology . In March 2002 the forum approved a proposal , which was endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios . The proposal involved compressing HD video onto dual - layer standard DVD - 9 discs . In spite of this decision , however , the DVD Forum 's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue - laser high - definition video solution . In August , Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard , Advanced Optical Disc . It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year , after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu - ray Disc Association members -- a situation that drew preliminary investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice . HD DVD had a head start in the high - definition video market , as Blu - ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share . The first Blu - ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy , and there were few titles available . The appearance of the Sony PlayStation 3 , which contained a Blu - ray Disc player for primary storage , helped support Blu - ray . Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing campaign for the format . AVCHD camcorders were also introduced in 2006 . These recordings can be played back on many Blu - ray Disc players without re-encoding but are not compatible with HD DVD players . By January 2007 , Blu - ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs , and during the first three - quarters of 2007 , BD outsold HD DVD by about two to one . At CES 2007 , Warner proposed Total Hi Def -- a hybrid disc containing Blu - ray on one side and HD DVD on the other , but it was never released . In a June 28 , 2007 , press release , Twentieth Century Fox cited Blu - ray Disc 's adoption of the BD+ anticopying system as key to their decision to support the Blu - ray Disc format . On January 4 , 2008 , a day before CES 2008 , Warner Bros. ( the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu - ray Disc format ) announced that it would release only in Blu - ray Disc after May 2008 . This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella , such as New Line Cinema and HBO -- though in Europe , HBO distribution partner , the BBC , announced it would , while keeping an eye on market forces , continue to release product on both formats . This led to a chain reaction in the industry , with major U.S. retailers such as Best Buy , Walmart , and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in their stores . A then major European retailer , Woolworths , dropped HD DVD from its inventory . Netflix and Blockbuster -- major DVD rental companies -- said they would no longer carry HD DVD . Following these new developments , on February 19 , 2008 , Toshiba announced it would end production of HD DVD devices , allowing Blu - ray Disc to become the industry standard for high - density optical discs . Universal Studios , the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since its inception , said shortly after Toshiba 's announcement : `` While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba , it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu - ray Disc . '' Paramount Pictures , which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007 , also said it would start releasing in Blu - ray Disc . Both studios announced initial Blu - ray lineups in May 2008 . With this , all major Hollywood studios supported Blu - ray . Future scope and market trends ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2018 ) According to Media Research , high - definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales . 16.3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two years ( 1997 -- 98 ) compared to 8.3 million high - definition software units ( 2006 -- 07 ) . One reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace ( 26.5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998 ) . Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft did not make a Blu - ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360 . The 360 's successor Xbox One features a Blu - ray drive , as does the PS4 , with both supporting 3D Blu - ray after later firmware updates . Shortly after the `` format war '' ended , Blu - ray disc sales began to increase . A study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu - ray Disc had reached 60 % of U.S. households . Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that for some titles , such as 20th Century Fox 's Hitman , up to 14 % of total disc sales were from Blu - ray , although the average Blu - ray sales for the first half of the year were only around 5 % . In December 2008 , the Blu - ray Disc version of The Dark Knight sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom . A week after the launch , The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies worldwide , making it the first Blu - ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release . Blu - ray Disc sales in United States and Canada Year Cumulative sales ( millions ) 2006 1.2 2007 19.2 2008 82.9 2009 177.2 350 According to Singulus Technologies AG , Blu - ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development . This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu - ray dual - layer machines during the first quarter of 2008 , while 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997 . According to GfK Retail and Technology , in the first week of November 2008 , sales of Blu - ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan . According to the Digital Entertainment Group , the number of Blu - ray Disc playback devices ( both set - top box and game console ) sold in the U.S. had reached 28.5 million by the end of 2010 . Blu - ray faces competition from video on demand and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device , such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney 's Keychest . Some commentators have suggested that renting Blu - ray will play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward . In an effort to increase sales , studios are releasing movies in combo packs with Blu - ray Discs and DVDs as well as digital copies that can be played on computers and mobile devices . Some are released on `` flipper '' discs with Blu - ray on one side and DVD on the other . Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu - ray Discs and none on DVDs . Beyond Blu - ray Disc ( edit ) Blu - ray case - often blue - colored The Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) , described in the ECMA - 377 standard , has been in development by The Holography System Development ( HSD ) Forum using a green writing / reading laser ( 532 nm ) and a red positioning / addressing laser ( 650 nm ) . It is to offer MPEG - 2 , MPEG - 4 AVC ( H. 264 ) , HEVC ( H. 265 ) , and VC - 1 encoding , supporting a maximum storage capacity of 6TB . No systems corresponding to the Ecma International HVD standard have been released . Because the Blu - ray Disc format is upgradable it poses challenges to the adoption of the HVD format . 4K Blu - ray discs and players became available in the first quarter of 2016 , having a storage capacity of up to 100 GB . Ongoing development ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2018 ) Front of an experimental 200 GB rewritable Blu - ray Disc Although the Blu - ray Disc specification has been finalized , engineers continue to work on advancing the technology . By 2005 , quad - layer ( 128 GB ) discs had been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics and standard unaltered optics . Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit / s video ( HDTV ) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit / s video ( Ultra high definition television ) . In August 2006 , TDK announced that they had created a working experimental Blu - ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side , using six 33 GB data layers . Also , behind closed doors at CES 2007 , Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to ten layers , which increases the capacity of the discs to 250 GB . However , they noted that the major obstacle is that current read / write technology does not allow additional layers . JVC has developed a three - layer technology that allows putting both standard - definition DVD data and HD data on a BD / ( standard ) DVD combination . This would have enabled the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player . Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first `` hybrid '' Blu - ray Disc / ( standard ) DVD combo , to be released February 18 , 2009 . This disc set of the TV series `` Code Blue '' featured four hybrid discs containing a single Blu - ray Disc layer ( 25 GB ) and two DVD layers ( 9 GB ) on the same side of the disc . In January 2007 , Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu - ray Disc , consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each . Unlike TDK and Panasonic 's 100 GB discs , they claim this disc is readable on standard Blu - ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation , and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives . In December 2008 , Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu - ray Disc ( containing 16 data layers , 25 GB each ) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update . Its planned launch was in the 2009 -- 10 time frame for ROM and 2010 -- 13 for rewritable discs . Ongoing development was underway to create a 1 TB Blu - ray Disc . At CES 2009 , Panasonic unveiled the DMP - B15 , the first portable Blu - ray Disc player , and Sharp introduced the LC - BD60U and LC - BD80U series , the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu - ray Disc players . Sharp has also announced that they will sell HDTVs with integrated Blu - ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009 . Set - top box recorders were not being sold in the U.S. for fear of unauthorized copying . However , personal computers with Blu - ray recorder drives were available . On January 1 , 2010 , Sony , in association with Panasonic , announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu - ray Discs from 25 GB to 33.4 GB via a technology called i - MLSE ( Maximum likelihood Sequence Estimation ) . The higher - capacity discs , according to Sony , would be readable on existing Blu - ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade. This technology is later used on BDXL discs . On July 20 , 2010 , the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the joint development of a blue - violet laser , to help create Blu - ray discs with a capacity of 1 TB using only two layers ( and potentially more than 1 TB with additional layering ) . By comparison , the first blue laser was invented in 1996 , with the first prototype discs coming four years later . Early 4K Blu - ray release at Best Buy . A 4K Blu - ray disc player was also released . On January 7 , 2013 , Sony announced that it would release `` Mastered in 4K '' Blu - ray Disc titles which are sourced at 4K and encoded at 1080p . `` Mastered in 4K '' Blu - ray Disc titles can be played on existing Blu - ray Disc players and have a larger color space using xvYCC . On January 14 , 2013 , Blu - ray Disc Association president , Andy Parsons , stated that a task force was created three months prior to conduct a study concerning an extension to the Blu - ray Disc specification that would add the ability to contain 4K Ultra HD video . On August 5 , 2015 , The Blu - ray Disc Association ( BDA ) announced it will commence licensing the Ultra HD Blu - ray format starting August 24 , 2015 . The Ultra HD Blu - ray format delivered high dynamic range content that significantly expanded the range between the brightest and darkest elements , expanded color range , high frame rate ( up to 60fps ) and up to 3840 × 2160 resolution , object - based sound formats , and an optional `` digital bridge '' feature . New players were required to play this format , which were able to play both DVDs , traditional Blu - rays and the new format . New Ultra HD Blu - ray discs hold up to 66 GB and 100 GB of data on dual and triple layer discs respectively . Physical media ( edit ) Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks ( not - to - scale ) ; green denotes start and red denotes end . * Some CD - R ( W ) and DVD - R ( W ) / DVD + R ( W ) recorders operate in ZCLV , CAA or CAV modes . Comparison of various optical storage media Type Diameter ( cm ) Layers Capacity Bytes Standard disc size , single layer 12 25,025,314,816 Standard disc size , dual layer 12 50,050,629,632 Standard disc size , XL 3 layer 12 100,103,356,416 Standard disc size , XL 4 layer 12 128,001,769,472 Mini disc size , single layer 8 7,791,181,824 Mini disc size , dual layer 8 15,582,363,648 Laser and optics ( edit ) While a DVD uses a 650 nm red laser , Blu - ray Disc uses a 405 nm `` blue '' laser diode . Although the laser is called `` blue '' , its color is actually in the violet range . The shorter wavelength can be focused to a smaller area , thus enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are less than half the size of those on a DVD , and can consequently be spaced more closely , resulting in a shorter track pitch , enabling a Blu - ray Disc to hold about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD . The lasers are GaN ( gallium nitride ) laser diodes that produce 405 nm light directly , that is , without frequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms . Conventional DVDs use 650 nm red lasers , and CDs use 780 nm near - infrared lasers . The minimum `` spot size '' on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it . By decreasing the wavelength , increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 , and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects , designers can cause the laser beam to focus on a smaller spot , which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area . For Blu - ray Disc , the spot size is 580 nm . This allows a reduction of the pit size from 400 nm for DVD to 150 nm for Blu - ray Disc , and of the track pitch from 740 nm to 320 nm . See Compact Disc for information on optical discs ' physical structure . In addition to the optical improvements , Blu - ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the amount of content that can be stored . Hard - coating technology ( edit ) Since the Blu - ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the DVD standard , it was more vulnerable to scratches in early designs . The first discs were therefore housed in cartridges for protection , resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003 . Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium , so designers chose hard - coating of the pickup surface instead . TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch - protection coating for Blu - ray Discs , naming it Durabis . In addition , both Sony 's and Panasonic 's replication methods include proprietary hard - coat technologies . Sony 's rewritable media are spin - coated , using a scratch - resistant and antistatic coating . Verbatim 's recordable and rewritable Blu - ray Discs use their own proprietary technology , called Hard Coat . The Blu - ray Disc specification requires the testing of resistance to scratches by mechanical abrasion . In contrast , DVD media are not required to be scratch - resistant , but since development of the technology , some companies , such as Verbatim , implemented hard - coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs . Drive speeds ( edit ) BD drive speeds Drive speed Data rate ~ Write time ( minutes ) Mbit / s MB / s Single - Layer Dual - Layer 1 × 36 4.5 90 180 2 × 72 9 45 90 4 × 144 18 22.5 45 6 × 216 27 15 30 8 × 288 36 11.25 22.5 10 × 360 45 9 18 12 × 432 54 7.5 15 14 × 504 63 6.5 13 16 × 576 72 5.7 11.5 The table shows the speeds available . Even the lowest speed ( 1x ) is sufficient to play and record real - time 1080p video ; the higher speeds are relevant for general data storage and more sophisticated handling of video . The usable data rate of a Blu - ray Disc drive can be limited by the capacity of the drive 's data interface . With a USB 2.0 interface , the maximum exploitable drive speed is 288 Mbit / s or 36 MB / s ( also called 8 × speed ) . A USB 3.0 interface ( with proper cabling ) does not have this limitation , nor do even the oldest version of Serial ATA ( SATA , 150 MB / s ) nor the latest Parallel ATA ( 133 MB / s ) standards . Blu - ray drives that are integrated into a computer ( as opposed to physically separate and connected via a cable ) typically have a SATA interface . Packaging ( edit ) Pre-recorded Blu - ray Disc titles usually ship in packages similar to but slightly smaller ( 18.5 mm shorter and 2 mm thinner : 135 mm x 171.5 mm x 13 mm . ) , as well as more rounded than a standard DVD keep case , generally with the format prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case ( translucent blue for Blu - ray video discs , clear for Blu - ray 3D video releases , red for PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games , transparent for regular PlayStation 3 games , transparent dark blue for PlayStation 4 games , transparent green for Xbox One games and black for Ultra HD Blu - ray video releases ) . Warren Osborn and The Seastone Media Group , LLC created the package that was adopted worldwide following the Blu - ray vs. HD DVD market adoption choice . Because of the fact that Blu - ray cases are smaller than DVD cases , more Blu - Rays than DVDs can fit on a shelf , making Blu - ray an arguably better choice for situations with limited storage space . Variants ( edit ) Mini Blu - ray Disc ( edit ) The `` Mini Blu - ray Disc '' ( also , `` Mini-BD '' and `` Mini Blu - ray '' ) is a compact 8 cm ( ~ 3 in ) - diameter variant of the Blu - ray Disc that can store 7.8 GB of data in its single layer configuration , or 15.6 GB on a dual layer disc . It is similar in concept to the MiniDVD and MiniCD . Recordable ( BD - R ) and rewritable ( BD - RE ) versions of Mini Blu - ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices . Blu - ray Disc recordable ( edit ) Main article : Blu - ray Disc recordable `` Blu - ray Disc recordable '' refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder . BD - Rs can be written to once , whereas BD - REs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times . The current practical maximum speed for Blu - ray Discs is about 12 × ( 54 MB / s ) . Higher speeds of rotation ( 10,000 + rpm ) cause too much wobble for the discs to be written properly , as with the 20 × ( 27.7 MB / s ) and 52 × ( 7.8 MB / s ) maximum speeds , respectively , of standard DVDs and CDs . Since September 2007 , BD - RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu - ray Disc size . On September 18 , 2007 , Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD - R LTH ( `` Low to High '' in groove recording ) , which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD - R and DVD - R production equipment , significantly reducing manufacturing costs . In February 2008 , Taiyo Yuden , Mitsubishi , and Maxell released the first BD - R LTH Discs , and in March 2008 , Sony 's PlayStation 3 officially gained the ability to use BD - R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update . In May 2009 Verbatim / Mitsubishi announced the industry 's first 6X BD - R LTH media , which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes . Unlike with the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs ( i.e. CDs and standard DVDs ) , Blu - ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu - ray 's debut . BD9 and BD5 ( edit ) The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu - ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a cost - effective alternative to the 25 / 50 GB BD - ROM discs . The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu - ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8.5 GB dual - layer DVD . This red - laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25 / 50 GB Blu - ray media . Usage of BD9 for releasing content on `` pressed '' discs never caught on . With the end of the format war , manufacturers ramped production of Blu - ray Discs and lowered prices to compete with DVDs . On the other hand , the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users . A lower - capacity version of this format that uses single - layer 4.7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5 . Both formats are being used by individuals for recording high definition content in Blu - ray format onto recordable DVD media . Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD - ROM basic format , none of the existing Blu - ray player models explicitly claim to be able to read it . Consequently , the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu - ray Disc players . AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs , but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity , codec types , and data rates . As of March 2011 , BD9 was removed as an official BD - ROM disc . BDXL ( edit ) 100 GB BDXL triple - layer disc by Sharp The BDXL format allows 100 GB and 128 GB write - once discs , and 100 GB rewritable discs for commercial applications . It was defined in June 2010 . BD - R 3.0 Format Specification ( BDXL ) defined a multi-layered disc recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2 × and 4 × , capable of 100 / 128 GB and usage of UDF2. 5 / 2.6 . BD - RE 4.0 Format Specification ( BDXL ) defined a multi-layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2 × and 4 × , capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2. 5 as file system . IH - BD ( edit ) The IH - BD ( Intra-Hybrid Blu - ray ) format includes a 25 GB rewritable layer ( BD - RE ) and a 25 GB write once layer ( BD - ROM ) , designed to work with existing Blu - ray Discs . Data format standards ( edit ) Filesystem ( edit ) Blu - ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) 2.50 as a convergent friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments . It is used in the latest specifications of BD - ROM , BD - RE , and BD - R. In the first BD - RE specification ( defined in 2002 ) , the BDFS ( Blu - ray Disc File System ) was used . The BD - RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for the digital recording of high - definition television ( HDTV ) broadcast television . The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.50 in the second BD - RE specification in 2005 , in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu - ray recorders and personal computer systems . These optical disc recording technologies enabled PC recording and playback of BD - RE . BD - R can use UDF 2.50 / 2.60 . The Blu - ray Disc application for recording of digital broadcasting has been developed as System Description Blu - ray Rewritable Disc Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications ( BDAV ) . The requirements related with computer file system have been specified in System Description Blu - ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 ( BDFS ) . Initially , the BD - RE version 1.0 ( BDFS ) was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasts using the Blu - ray Disc application ( BDAV application ) . But these requirements are superseded by the Blu - ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2.0 ( UDF ) ( a.k.a. RE 2.0 ) and Blu - ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0 ( UDF ) ( a.k.a. R 1.0 ) . Additionally , a new application format , BDMV ( System Description Blu - ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications ) for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD - ROM . The only file system developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu - ray Read - Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 ( UDF ) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.50 . Application format ( edit ) BDAV or BD - AV ( Blu - ray Disc Audio / Visual ) : a consumer - oriented Blu - ray video format used for audio / video recording ( defined in 2002 ) . BDMV or BD - MV ( Blu - ray Disc Movie ) : a Blu - ray video format with menu capability commonly used for movie releases . BDMV Recording specification ( defined in September 2006 for BD - RE and BD - R ) . RREF ( Realtime Recording and Editing Format ) : a subset of BDMV designed for real - time recording and editing applications . HFPA ( High Fidelity Pure Audio ) : A high definition audio disc using the Blu - ray format Directory and file structure ( edit ) All BDMV application files are stored under a `` BDMV '' directory . BDMV directory : contains the PLAYLIST , CLIPINF , STREAM , AUXDATA and BACKUP directories . PLAYLIST directory : contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists . xxxxx. mpls files : store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists . One file is created for each Movie PlayList . The filenames of these files are in the form `` xxxxx. mpls '' , where `` xxxxx '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Movie PlayList . CLIPINF directory : contains the Database files for Clips . zzzzz. clpi files : store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream file . The filenames of these files are in the form `` zzzzz. clpi '' , where `` zzzzz '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Clip . STREAM directory : contains AV stream files . zzzzz. m2ts file : contains a BDAV MPEG - 2 transport stream . The names of these files are in the form `` zzzzz. m2ts '' , where `` zzzzz '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Clip . The same 5 - digit number `` zzzzz '' is used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file . SSIF directory : If used , Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed under this directory . zzzzz. ssif file : is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed from two BDAV MPEG - 2 transport streams . Both of the streams include an MPEG - 4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right eye respectively . This file is used only when 3D video is played back . The 5 - digit number `` zzzzz '' is the same as the number used for the AV stream file `` zzzzz. m2ts '' that includes the MPEG - 4 MVC Base view video stream . AUXDATA directory : contains Sound data files and Font files . sound. bdmv file : stores data relating to one or more sounds associated with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications . This file may or may not exist under the AUXDATA directory . If it exists , there shall be only one sound. bdmv file . aaaaa. otf file : stores the font information associated with Text subtitle applications . The names of these files are in the form `` aaaaa. otf '' , where `` aaaaa '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Font . BACKUP directory : contains copies of the `` index. bdmv '' file , the `` MovieObject. bdmv '' file , all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files in the CLIPINF directory . index. bdmv file : stores information describing the contents of the BDMV directory . There is only one index. bdmv file under the BDMV directory . MovieObject. bdmv file : stores information for one or more Movie Objects . There is only one MovieObject. bdmv under the BDMV directory . Media format ( edit ) Container format ( edit ) Audio , video , and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu - ray Discs in a container format based on the MPEG transport stream . It is also known as BDAV MPEG - 2 transport stream and can use filename extension . m2ts . Blu - ray Disc titles authored with menus are in the BDMV ( Blu - ray Disc Movie ) format and contain audio , video , and other streams in BDAV container . There is also the BDAV ( Blu - ray Disc Audio / Visual ) format , the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases . The BDAV format is used on BD - REs and BD - Rs for audio / video recording . BDMV format was later defined also for BD - RE and BD - R ( in September 2006 , in the third revision of BD - RE specification and second revision of BD - R specification ) . Blu - ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method . That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are broadcast , without altering the format . It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream . Although it is quite natural , a function for high - speed and easy - to - use retrieval is built in . Blu - ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams , compared to DVD 's MPEG program streams . An MPEG transport stream contains one or more MPEG program streams , so this allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously ( e.g. with `` picture - in - picture '' effect ) . Codecs ( edit ) The BD - ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders ( players ) and movie software ( content ) . Windows Media Player does not come with the codecs required to play Blu - ray discs . Video ( edit ) Originally BD - ROMs stored video up to 1920 × 1080 pixel resolution at up to 60 ( 59.94 ) fields per second . Currently with UHD BD - ROM videos can be stored at a maximum of 3840 × 2160 pixel resolution at up to 60 ( 59.94 ) frames per second , progressively scanned . While most current Blu - ray players and recorders can read and write 1920 × 1080 video at the full 59.94 p and 50p progressive format , new players for the UHD specifications will be able to read at 3840 × 2160 video at either 59.94 p and 50p formats . Supported video formats Format Resolution and frame rate Aspect ratio 4K UHD 3840 × 2160 60p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 59.94 p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 50p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 25p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 24p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 23.976 p 16 : 9 HD 1920 × 1080 59.94 i 16 : 9 1920 × 1080 50i 16 : 9 1920 × 1080 24p 16 : 9 1920 × 1080 23.976 p 16 : 9 1440 × 1080 59.94 i 4 : 3 1440 × 1080 50i 4 : 3 1440 × 1080 24p 4 : 3 1440 × 1080 23.976 p 4 : 3 1280 × 720 59.94 p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 50p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 24p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 23.976 p 16 : 9 SD 720 × 480 59.94 i 4 : 3 or 16 : 9 720 × 576 50i 4 : 3 or 16 : 9 ^ a Interlaced formats are listed in fields per second . ^ b MPEG - 2 at 1440 × 1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005 . For video , all players are required to process H. 262 / MPEG - 2 Part 2 , H. 264 / MPEG - 4 Part 10 : AVC , and SMPTE VC - 1 . BD - ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory formats ; multiple formats on a single title are allowed . Blu - ray Disc allows video with a bit depth of 8 - bits per color YCbCr with 4 : 2 : 0 chroma subsampling . The choice of formats affects the producer 's licensing / royalty costs as well as the title 's maximum run time , due to differences in compression efficiency . Discs encoded in MPEG - 2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high - definition content on a single - layer ( 25 GB ) BD - ROM . The more - advanced video formats ( VC - 1 and MPEG - 4 AVC ) typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG - 2 , with comparable quality . MPEG - 2 was used by many studios ( including Paramount Pictures , which initially used the VC - 1 format for HD DVD releases ) for the first series of Blu - ray Discs , which were launched throughout 2006 . Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG - 4 AVC or VC - 1 , allowing film studios to place all content on one disc , reducing costs and improving ease of use . Using these formats also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD ( 1080i / p ) , as opposed to the SD ( 480i / p ) typically used for most titles . Some studios , such as Warner Bros. , have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different format than the main feature title . For example , the Blu - ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC - 1 for the feature film and MPEG - 2 for some of its bonus content . Today , Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video format that matches the feature . Audio ( edit ) For audio , BD - ROM players are required to implement Dolby Digital ( AC - 3 ) , DTS , and linear PCM . Players may optionally implement Dolby Digital Plus and DTS - HD High Resolution Audio as well as lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS - HD Master Audio . BD - ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack . A secondary audiotrack , if present , may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs . Specification of BD - ROM Primary audio streams LPCM ( uncompressed ) Dolby Digital Dolby Digital Plus Dolby TrueHD ( lossless ) DTS Digital Surround DTS - HD Master Audio ( lossless ) DRA DRA extension Max . bitrate 27.648 Mbit / s 640 kbit / s 4.736 Mbit / s 18.64 Mbit / s 1.524 Mbit / s 24.5 Mbit / s 1.5 Mbit / s 3.0 Mbit / s Max . channel 8 ( 48 kHz , 96 kHz ) , 6 ( 192 kHz ) 5.1 7.1 8 ( 48 kHz , 96 kHz ) , 6 ( 192 kHz ) 5.1 8 ( 48 kHz , 96 kHz ) , 6 ( 192 kHz ) 5.1 7.1 Bits / sample 16 , 20 , 24 16 , 24 16 , 24 16 , 24 16 , 20 , 24 16 , 24 16 16 Sample frequency 48 kHz , 96 kHz , 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz , 96 kHz , 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz , 96 kHz , 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz , 96 kHz Bit rate ( edit ) For users recording digital television programming , the recordable Blu - ray Disc standard 's initial data rate of 36 Mbit / s is more than adequate to record high - definition broadcasts from any source ( IPTV , cable / satellite , or terrestrial ) . BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit / s , a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit / s ( for both audio and video data ) , and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit / s . This compares to HD DVD movies , which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit / s , a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit / s , and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit / s . Java software interface ( edit ) Main article : BD - J At the 2005 JavaOne trade show , it was announced that Sun Microsystems ' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu - ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard . Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu - ray Discs , as opposed to the method used on DVD - video discs . DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures , which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless . At the conference , Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine , as well as network connectivity in some BD devices , will allow updates to Blu - ray Discs via the Internet , adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time . This Java Version is called BD - J and is built on a profile of the Globally Executable MHP ( GEM ) standard ; GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard . Player profiles ( edit ) The BD - ROM specification defines four Blu - ray Disc player profiles , including an audio - only player profile ( BD - Audio ) that does not require video decoding or BD - J. All of the video - based player profiles ( BD - Video ) are required to have a full implementation of BD - J . Feature BD - Audio BD - Video Grace Period Bonus View BD - Live Blu - ray 3D Profile 3.0 Profile 1.0 Profile 1.1 Profile 2.0 Profile 5.0 Built - in persistent memory No 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB ? Local storage capability No Optional 256 MB 1 GB 1 GB Secondary video decoder ( PiP ) No Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Secondary audio decoder No Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Virtual file system No Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Internet connection capability No No No Mandatory Mandatory ^ a This is used for storing audio / video and title updates . It can either be built - in memory or removable media , such as a memory card or USB flash memory . ^ b A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary . ^ c Profile 3.0 is a separate audio - only player profile . The first Blu - ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti , by record label Lindberg Lyd , and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3 . ^ d Also known as Initial Standard profile . ^ e Also known as Final Standard profile . On November 2 , 2007 , the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD - Video players released to the market . When Blu - ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD - Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1.0 players , it is able to play the main feature of the disc , but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability . BD - Live ( edit ) The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD - Live is that BD - Live requires the Blu - ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet - based content . BD - Live features have included Internet chats , scheduled chats with the director , Internet games , downloadable featurettes , downloadable quizzes , and downloadable movie trailers . While some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port , it is used for firmware updates and is not used for Internet - based content . In addition , Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content . Profile 1.0 players are not eligible for Bonus View or BD - Live compliant upgrades and do not have the function or capability to access these upgrades , with the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3 . Internet is required to use . Region codes ( edit ) Regions for the Blu - ray Disc standard : Region A / 1 Region B / 2 Region C / 3 As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs , Blu - ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region . This is intended to permit content providers ( motion picture studios , television production company etc . ) to enact regional price discrimination . According to the Blu - ray Disc Association , all Blu - ray Disc players and Blu - ray Disc - equipped computer systems are required to enforce regional coding . However , content providers need not use region playback codes . Some current estimates suggest 70 % of available ( movie ) Blu - ray Discs from the major studios are region - code - free and can , therefore , be played on any Blu - ray Disc player , in any region . Movie distributors have different region coding policies . Among major U.S. studios , Walt Disney Pictures , Warner Bros. , Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios , and Sony Pictures have released most of their titles region - free . MGM and Lions Gate Entertainment have released a mix of region - free and region - coded titles . 20th Century Fox has released most of their titles region - coded . Vintage film restoration and distribution company The Criterion Collection uses US region coding in all Blu - ray releases . The Blu - ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into three regions , labeled A , B , and C . Region code Area The Americas and their dependencies , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Macau , Japan , Korea and Southeast Asia ; excludes instances that fall under Region C Africa , Middle East , Southwest Asia , most of Europe , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Australia , New Zealand , and their dependencies ; excludes instances that fall under Region C Central Asia , mainland China , Mongolia , South Asia , Belarus , Russia , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Moldova , and their dependencies FREE Informal term meaning `` worldwide '' . Region free is not an official setting ; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set . ABC In circumvention of region coding restrictions , stand - alone Blu - ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu - ray Discs ( and DVDs ) with any region code . Instructions ( `` hacks '' ) describing how to reset the Blu - ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums . Unlike DVD region codes , Blu - ray region codes are verified only by the player software , not by the optical drive 's firmware . The latest type of Blu - Ray disc , suitable for UltraHD content , is region - free . Digital rights management ( edit ) The Blu - ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management ( DRM ) which restrict the usage of the discs . This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations opposed to DRM , such as the Free Software Foundation , and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback . High - bandwidth digital content protection ( edit ) Blu - ray equipment is required to implement the High - bandwidth Digital Content Protection ( HDCP ) system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections . This is aimed at preventing the copying of copyrighted content as it travels across cables . Through a protocol flag in the media stream called the Image Constraint Token ( ICT ) , a Blu - ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP - compliant link is not used . In order to ease the transition to high definition formats , the adoption of this protection method was postponed until 2011 . Advanced access content System ( edit ) The AACS decryption process The Advanced Access Content System ( AACS ) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management . It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator , LLC ( AACS LA ) , a consortium that includes Disney , Intel , Microsoft , Panasonic , Warner Bros. , IBM , Toshiba , and Sony . Since the appearance of the format on devices in 2006 , several successful attacks have been made on it . The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem . In addition , decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player ( WinDVD ) . Since keys can be revoked in newer releases , this is only a temporary attack , and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs . BD+ ( edit ) BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self - Protecting Digital Content . BD+ , effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players , allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu - ray Discs . Such programs can : Examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with . Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices . Verify that the player 's keys have not been changed Execute native code , possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system Transform the audio and video output . Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+ program unscramble it . If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked , it can potentially release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability . These programs can then be included in all new content releases . The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers . A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the BD+ website . The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007 . Since November 2007 , versions of BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of the AnyDVD HD program . Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD ( versions 0.6 and above , along with some supporting software ) , MakeMKV , and two applications from DVDFab ( Passkey and HD Decrypter ) . BD - ROM Mark ( edit ) BD - ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu - ray Disc data , aiming to prevent replication of the discs . The cryptographic data is needed to decrypt the copyrighted disc content protected by AACS . A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM - Mark into the media during mastering . During replication , this ROM Mark is transferred together with the recorded data to the disc . In consequence , any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM - Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players . Backward compatibility ( edit ) The Blu - ray Disc Association recommends but does not require that Blu - ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs , for backward compatibility . Most Blu - ray Disc players are capable of reading both CDs and DVDs ; however , a few of the early Blu - ray Disc players released in 2006 , such as the Sony BDP - S1 , could play DVDs but not CDs . In addition , Blu - ray players can not play HD DVDs , and HD DVD players can not play Blu - ray discs . Some Blu - ray players can also play Video CDs , and all 4k Blu - ray players can play regular Blu - ray discs , and most can play DVDs and CDs . The PlayStation 4 does not support CDs . Variations ( edit ) High Fidelity Pure audio ( BD - a ) ( edit ) Main article : High Fidelity Pure Audio High Fidelity Pure Audio ( HFPA ) is a marketing initiative , spearheaded by the Universal Music Group , for audio - only Blu - ray optical discs . Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the Compact disc , it has been compared with DVD - A and SACD , which had similar aims . AVCHD ( edit ) Main article : AVCHD A Panasonic Blu - Ray player DMP - BD60 ( late 2009 ) compatible with AVCHD AVCHD was originally developed as a high definition format for consumer tapeless camcorders . Derived from the Blu - ray Disc specification , AVCHD shares a similar random access directory structure but is restricted to lower audio and video bitrates , simpler interactivity , and the use of AVC - video and Dolby AC - 3 ( or linear PCM ) audio . Being primarily an acquisition format , AVCHD playback is not recognized by all devices that play Blu - ray Disc . Nevertheless , many such devices are capable of playing AVCHD recordings from removable media , such as DVDs , SD / SDHC memory cards , `` Memory Stick '' cards , and hard disk drives . AVCREC ( edit ) Main article : AVCREC AVCREC uses a BDAV container to record high definition content on conventional DVDs . Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with the Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan . AVCREC is used primarily in set - top digital video recorders and in this regard is comparable to HD REC . Blu - ray 3D ( edit ) The Blu - ray 3D logo The Blu - ray Disc Association ( BDA ) created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D television content on a Blu - ray Disc . On December 17 , 2009 , the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu - ray Disc , allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu - ray players . The BDA has said , `` The Blu - ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the `` Stereo High '' profile defined by Multiview Video Coding ( MVC ) , an extension to the ITU - T H. 264 Advanced Video Coding ( AVC ) codec currently implemented by all Blu - ray Disc players . MPEG4 - MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50 % overhead compared to equivalent 2D content , and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu - ray Disc players . '' This means the MVC ( 3D ) stream is backward compatible with H. 264 / AVC ( 2D ) stream , allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams , ignoring additional information for the second view . Sony added Blu - ray 3D support to its PlayStation 3 console via a firmware upgrade on 21 September 2010 . The console had previously gained 3D gaming capability via an update on 21 April 2010 . Since the version 3.70 software update in August 9 , 2011 , the PlayStation 3 can play DTS - HD Master Audio and DTS - HD High Resolution Audio while playing 3D Blu - ray . Dolby TrueHD is used on a small minority of Blu - ray 3D releases , and bitstreaming implemented in slim PlayStation 3 models only ( original `` fat '' PS3 models decode internally and send audio as LPCM ) . Ultra HD Blu - ray ( edit ) Main article : Ultra HD Blu - ray Ultra HD Blu - ray is a new disc format , incompatible with existing Blu - ray Disc players , that supports 60fps 4K UHD video encoded in HEVC with 10 - bit HDR and a wider color gamut . See also ( edit ) Blu - ray portal 2D plus Delta Blu - ray Disc authoring Blu - ray Disc recordable D - VHS Comparison of high definition optical disc formats Comparison of video player software : Optical media ability , for a list of software BD video players Digital 3D and 3D television Disk - drive performance characteristics Format war HD DVD High definition optical disc format war High - definition television List of Blu - ray 3D releases List of Blu - ray disc manufacturers List of Blu - ray player manufacturers W - VHS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` White Paper Blu - ray Disc Format '' ( PDF ) . Blu - ray Disc Association . December 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/h95009/data/5643_58.pdf Jump up ^ Blu - ray FAQ . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved on December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray FAQ '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6JSC / ALA / 16 / LC response '' ( PDF ) . rda-jsc.org . September 13 , 2012 . 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Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Help - The Criterion Collection ( 11 . ) '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Region Free Blu - ray Players Available '' engadgethd.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Region - Free 4k UHD Blu - ray Players : Fact or Fiction ? '' . http://www.220-electronics.com/blog/region-free-4k-ultra-hd-blu-ray-players-fact-fiction/. 220 Electronics . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray Disc Next - Generation Optical Storage : Protecting Content on the BD - ROM '' ( PDF ) . Dell . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ajima , Kosuke ( March 29 , 2006 ) . `` Overview of BD - ROM security '' ( PDF ) . Blu - ray Disc Association Content Protection Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matt ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Do n't buy HD - DVD or Blu - ray disks '' . FSF . 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Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` SlySoft cracks Blu - ray BD+ encryption '' . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DumpHD -- a HD - DVD / Blu - Ray Decrypter -- Doom9 's Forum '' . doom9.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seff , Jonathan ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Blu - ray ripping on the Mac '' . Macworld . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Whitson ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Hassle - Free Guide to Ripping Your Blu - Ray Collection '' . Lifehacker . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Access Content System ( AACS ) Blu - ray Disc Pre-recorded Book , Revision 0.912 '' ( PDF ) . July 27 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Can Blu - ray Disc products play DVD and CD ? '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LG BH100 Blu - Ray / HD DVD player '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer BDP - HD1 '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony BDP - S1 Blu - ray Disc Player -- Product Profile '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AVCHD Information Web Site press releases '' . Jump up ^ `` AVREC Format Specifications '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray brains create 3D taskforce '' . reghardware.co.uk . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chabot , Jeff ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` 3D specifications finalized for Blu - ray , to hit market next year '' . HD Report . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Disc Association Announces Final 3D Specification '' . Business Wire . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 System Software Update ( ver 3.50 ) '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lempel , Eric ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` PS3 goes 3D on 10 June ( 2010 ) '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lempel , Eric ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` PS3 System Software Update ( v3. 70 ) '' . PlayStation. Blog . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Danny ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` So , The PS3 Slim Can Bitstream Dolby TrueHD and DTS - HD Master Audio After All ? '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the same as previous optical media formats Compact disc and DVD . Exact composition is different as stated in the body of the article . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blu - ray Disc . 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R HD DVD - RAM HD DVD - RW MUSE LaserDisc W - VHS Comparison Comparison of high definition optical disc formats Copy prevention AACS ( BD , FVD , and HD DVD ) BD+ ( BD ) HDCP ( BD and HD DVD ) ROM Mark ( BD ) Cinavia ( BD ) Blu - ray players TotalMedia Theatre CyberLink PowerDVD PlayStation 3 Sony BDP - S1 PlayStation 4 Xbox One HD DVD players Xbox 360 HD DVD Drive High - definition ( HD ) Concepts High - definition television High - definition video Ultra-high - definition television Analog broadcast ( All defunct ) 819 line system HD MAC MUSE ( Hi - Vision ) Digital broadcast ATSC DMB - T / H DVB ISDB SBTVD Audio Dolby Digital Surround sound DSD DXD DTS Filming and storage DCI HDV HD media and compression Blu - ray CBHD D - VHS DVD - Audio H. 264 H. 265 HD DVD HD VMD MPEG - 2 MVC Super Audio CD Ultra HD Blu - ray Uncompressed VC - 1 Connectors Component DisplayPort DVI HDMI VGA Deployments List of digital television deployments by country Stereoscopy Perception Binocular rivalry Binocular vision Chromostereopsis Convergence insufficiency Correspondence problem Peripheral vision Depth perception Epipolar geometry Kinetic depth effect Stereoblindness Stereopsis Stereopsis recovery Stereoscopic acuity Display technologies Active shutter 3D system Anaglyph 3D Autostereogram Autostereoscopy Bubblegram ChromaDepth Head - 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8 NDL : 01076562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&oldid=856868988 '' Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 2006 2006 in technology Audio storage Blu - ray Disc Computer - related introductions in 2006 Consumer electronics High dynamic range High - definition television Java platform Products introduced in 2006 Rotating disc computer storage media Sony hardware Television terminology Video game distribution Video storage Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template webcite links CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2010 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Variants Read Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first blu ray player released	[ "The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its official release on June 20, 2006, beginning the high definition optical disc format war, where Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company supporting HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[8] and later released its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[9] According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.[10] Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand (VOD) and the continued sale of DVDs.[11] Notably, as of January 2016, 44% of U.S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player.[12]\n" ]	[ "June 20, 2006" ]
17562668431019888	Cissy Houston	Cissy Houston - wikipedia Cissy Houston Cissy Houston Cissy Houston , 1975 . Background information Birth name Emily Drinkard ( 1933 - 09 - 30 ) September 30 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Newark , New Jersey , U.S. Genres Soul gospel disco R&B pop Occupation ( s ) Singer , rap singer actress Instruments Vocals ( soprano ) Years active 1956 -- present Labels RCA Commonwealth United Private Stock Motown Janus Major Minor Columbia A&M Delta Music Harlem Associated acts Whitney Houston Sweet Inspirations The Drinkard Singers Dionne Warwick Elvis Presley Herbie Mann Luther Vandross Emily `` Cissy '' Houston ( née Drinkard ; born September 30 , 1933 ) is an American soul and gospel singer . After a successful career singing backup for such artists as Dionne Warwick , Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin , Houston embarked on a solo career , winning two Grammy Awards for her work . Houston is the mother of singer Whitney Houston , grandmother of Whitney 's daughter , Bobbi Kristina Brown , aunt of singers Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick , and a cousin of opera singer Leontyne Price . Contents 1 Family and childhood 1.1 Early life 1.2 Marriages and children 2 Career 2.1 The Drinkard Singers 2.2 Sweet Inspirations 2.3 Solo career 2.4 Session musician 2.5 Gospel soloist and duets 2.6 New Hope Baptist Church Youth Inspirational Choir 3 Discography 3.1 With the Drinkard Singers 3.2 With the Sweet Inspirations 3.3 Solo 3.4 Compilations 3.5 Collaborations 3.6 Soundtracks 3.7 Backing vocals 3.8 Musical arrangements 3.9 Musical compositions 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Family and childhood ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Born Emily Drinkard in Newark , New Jersey , to Nitcholas and Delia Mae Drinkard ( née McCaskill ) , she was the eighth and final child ; older siblings were brothers William ( 1918 -- 2003 ) , Hansom ( 1924 -- deceased ) , Nicky ( 1929 -- 1992 ) , and Larry ( 1931 -- 2012 ) ; and sisters Lee ( 1920 -- 2005 ) , mother of Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick , Marie ( 1922 -- 2007 ) , and Anne ( 1927 -- 2003 ) . Houston 's father Nitcholas Drinkard was born to Susan Bell ( called Delia ) Drinkard ( née Fuller ) , of Dutch and African - American descent . His father John Drinkard , Jr. , was of Native American descent . The Drinkards had owned a substantial amount of farmland in Blakely , Georgia , at a time when it was unusual for black people to have large landholdings . The asset was gradually depleted as they sold small portions of land over time , to resolve the continued legal troubles of a close relative . After Houston 's three oldest siblings were born , the family relocated to New Jersey during the Second Great Migration . Her parents emphasized the children getting educated and being involved in the church , and her father encouraged Houston and her siblings to sing . In 1938 , five - year - old Cissy 's mother Delia suffered a stroke and died of cerebral hemorrhage three years later . Houston 's father died of stomach cancer in 1951 when Houston was 18 . Cissy went to live with her older sister Lee and her husband Mancel Warrick . The Warricks had three children : a son , Mancel Warrick Jr. and two daughters Marie Dionne a / k / a Dionne Warwick and Delia Mae a / k / a Dee Dee Warwick . Renowned soprano Leontyne Price is a Drinkard cousin . Houston is a Christian , and has said that she `` found Christ '' at age 14 . Marriages and children ( edit ) In 1955 , Houston married Freddie Garland and had a son , Gary Garland , an NBA basketball player and DePaul University Athletic Hall of Famer . The Garlands divorced two years later . In 1959 , she married John Russell Houston , Jr. , a Newark City administrator and entertainment executive . The couple had a son , Michael Houston , who became a songwriter , and a daughter , Whitney Houston , who became a world - renowned Soul / R&B / pop singer . Houston 's second marriage also ended in divorce . Aretha Franklin was an honorary aunt of Houston 's daughter . In the late 1990s , Houston 's daughter Whitney began to struggle with drug addiction . Houston staged several interventions to get her daughter into rehabilitation and recovery programs . On one occasion she obtained a court order and the assistance of two sheriffs to intervene , persuading her daughter to undertake treatment at Hope For Women Residential & Therapeutic Services in Atlanta , Georgia . In her 2013 book , Remembering Whitney : My Story of Love , Loss , and the Night the Music Stopped , Cissy Houston described the scene she encountered at her daughter 's house in 2005 as follows : `` Somebody had spray - painted the walls and door with big glaring eyes and strange faces . Evil eyes , staring out like a threat ... In another room there was a big framed photo of ( Whitney Houston ) -- but someone had cut ( her ) head out . It was beyond disturbing , seeing my daughter 's face cut out like that . '' This visit led Cissy to return with law enforcement and perform an intervention . Her daughter cycled through recovery , relapse and rehabilitation programs . On February 11 , 2012 , Whitney Houston died at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles . After her daughter 's death , in an interview with the New Jersey TV station WWOR , Houston expressed her distaste of the media 's coverage of related events : `` The media are awful . People have come from here and there , ( and they ) do n't know what they 're talking about , '' she said . `` People I have n't seen in 20 years ... Here they come , ( they ) think they know everything , but that 's not true . But God has his way of taking care of all of it , and I 'm glad I know that . They really chopped on her , chopped on her ... kept , kept , kept . '' Houston has six grandchildren ( including the late Bobbi Kristina Brown ) , and nine great grandchildren . Career ( edit ) The Drinkard singers ( edit ) Houston 's singing career began in 1938 when she joined her sister Anne and brothers Larry and Nicky in the gospel singing group the Drinkard Four . Lee ( who would later become the mother of singers Dee Dee and Dionne Warwick ) , later joined the group along with Ann Moss and Marie Epps , and the group was renamed The Drinkard Singers . Houston and the Drinkard Singers regularly performed at New Hope Baptist Church and later recorded a live album for RCA called A Joyful Noise . Sweet Inspirations ( edit ) In 1963 , then about to give birth to daughter Whitney Houston , she formed the Sweet Inspirations with Doris Troy and niece Dee Dee Warwick . Later , under contract to Atlantic Records , Sylvia Shemwell , Estelle Brown and Myrna Smith form the line - up . During the mid-1960s , the Sweet Inspirations provided backup vocals for a variety of artists , including Otis Redding , Wilson Pickett , Lou Rawls , The Drifters , Dusty Springfield and Houston 's niece Dionne Warwick . They appeared on Van Morrison 's single Brown Eyed Girl . Houston performed the operatic soprano melody on the Aretha Franklin hit , Ai n't No Way . In 1967 , The Sweet Inspirations sang background vocals for The Jimi Hendrix Experience on the track `` Burning of the Midnight Lamp '' . In 1969 , they were hired to sing backing vocals for Elvis Presley in Las Vegas on his return to live performances during July and August 1969 . Presley often introduced them at shows by saying , `` They really live up to their name ladies & gentleman , The Sweet Inspirations ! '' Many of these performances can be heard on the All Shook Up and Live In Las Vegas live records . Performing with Elvis Presley was Houston 's final gig with The Sweet Inspirations . As her children were growing bigger , she decided to stop touring and focus on her career as a recording artist . Solo career ( edit ) As Cecily Blair she cut her first secular solo record `` This Is My Vow '' on M'n 'M Records in 1963 following this up in 1966 with `` Bring Him Back '' b / w `` World Of Broken Hearts '' on Congress . Her final solo single before recording with The Sweet Inspirations was `` Do n't Come Running To Me '' b / w `` One Broken Heart For Sale '' released on Kapp Records in 1967 . On these early singles her name is spelled as Sissie Houston . In 1969 , Houston signed a recording contract with Commonwealth United Records and recorded her solo debut LP Presenting Cissy Houston which was released in 1970 . It contained several well received singles , including covers of `` I 'll Be There '' and `` Be My Baby '' , both of which made the R&B charts . Following the release of her debut album , Houston 's contract was sold to Janus Records in 1970 . She recorded another album and several more singles in the early 1970s , which included the original recording of Jim Weatherly 's `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' in 1972 , later a number one hit for Gladys Knight & The Pips . She continued to record with Janus Records until 1975 . In 1977 , Houston was signed by Private Stock Records , working with arranger / producer Michael Zager on three albums . The second included her big disco hit `` Think It Over '' , which climbed to No. 32 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1979 . She represented USA at the World Popular Song Festival in 1979 with a track called `` You 're the Fire '' , landing second place and winning the `` Most Outstanding Performance Award '' . This also appeared on her 1980 disco - flavored album , Step Aside for a Lady , again produced by Zager , but released on Columbia Records ( on EMI in the United Kingdom ) . Session musician ( edit ) Houston 's versatile cross-genre singing style has kept her highly in demand as a session musician with some of the world 's most successful recording artists . Houston , along with Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick , sang the background vocals on the original recording of Time Is On My Side by Kai Winding , released by Verve Records in October 1963 . She was one of the backup singers on the Paul Simon song `` Mother and Child Reunion '' ( 1972 ) Houston sang back - up on Bette Midler 's 1972 debut album , The Divine Miss M. In 1974 , Houston sang back - up on Linda Ronstadt 's multi-Platinum Heart Like A Wheel , a seminal album that topped Billboard ′ s Pop and Country Album Charts in early 1975 . In 1971 , Houston was featured on three tracks of Burt Bacharach 's self - titled solo album : `` Mexican Divorce '' , `` All Kinds of People '' and `` One Less Bell to Answer '' . During 1975 and 1976 , she worked with jazz flautist Herbie Mann on three Atlantic albums , Discothèque , Waterbed and Surprises , featuring on three tracks , `` Violet Do n't Be Blue '' , JJ Cale 's `` Cajun Moon '' and `` Easter Rising '' . In addition to her work as choirmaster at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark , NJ , Cissy performed frequently at clubs in NYC including Mikell 's , Sweetwaters , Seventh Avenue South , and Fat Tuesday from the late 1970s through the 1980s . Whitney Houston , her daughter and backup singer , increasingly sang solos with Cissy 's band , including the Barbra Streisand hit `` Evergreen '' . They would collaborate on `` Ai n't No Way '' ( originally a Cissy Houston and Aretha Franklin vehicle ) , on which Cissy sang `` Cissy '' and Whitney `` Aretha '' . Gospel soloist and duets ( edit ) In 1996 , Houston received the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album for Face to Face , an album that contained a Gospel version of `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' . The same year , she contributed one song to the gospel soundtrack album for the film The Preacher 's Wife , which starred her daughter Whitney Houston . In 1998 , she won her second Grammy for her album He Leadeth Me . She has also continued to record infrequent secular material and in 1987 , Houston and her daughter Whitney recorded a duet titled `` I Know Him So Well '' , a cover of the original by Barbara Dickson and Elaine Paige from the Broadway show , Chess . This song also became a single in early 1989 as the 6th and last single release ( in selected European countries ) from Whitney 's album Whitney . In 1992 she teamed up with Chuck Jackson for an album of solo and duet recordings entitled I 'll Take Care of You . In 2006 , she recorded the song `` Family First '' with niece Dionne Warwick and daughter Whitney Houston for the soundtrack to the movie Daddy 's Little Girls . In 2010 , Cissy attended the third annual BET Honors with her daughter Whitney , who received the entertainment award . In 2012 , Cissy performed `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' at the tribute for her daughter at the BET Music Awards . On September 29 , 2014 , at 80 years old , Cissy sang backup to a standing - ovation performance with Aretha Franklin of Adele 's `` Rolling in the Deep , '' and `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' on The Late Show with David Letterman . New Hope Baptist Church Youth Inspirational Choir ( edit ) For more than fifty years , Houston has led the 200 - member Youth Inspirational Choir at the New Hope Baptist Church ( Newark ) . She is a driving force behind and performs annually at the McDonald 's Gospelfest . Discography ( edit ) With the Drinkard Singers ( edit ) Year Album Record label 1958 A Joyful Noise RCA Records / Victor With the Sweet Inspirations ( edit ) See Sweet Inspirations Discography Solo ( edit ) Year Album Record label 1970 Presenting Cissy Houston Major Minor Records 1977 Cissy Houston Private Stock Records 1978 Think It Over 1979 Warning - Danger Columbia Records 1980 Step Aside For A Lady 1992 I 'll Take Care of You Shanachie Records Face To Face House of Blues 1997 He Leadeth Me A&M Records Love Is Holding You Neon 2012 Walk on By Faith Harlem Records Compilations ( edit ) Year Album Record label 1995 Midnight Train to Georgia : Janus Years Ichiban Records 1999 Cissy Houston & Whitney Houston Delta Music 2000 The Definitive Collection Connoisseur Records 2005 Cissy Houston Collection Intersound Collaborations ( edit ) Year Title Artist 1971 Burt Bacharach Burt Bacharach Discothèque Herbie Mann Waterbed 1976 Surprises Herbie Mann , featuring Cissy Houston 1992 I 'll Take Care of You Chuck Jackson & Cissy Houston Soundtracks ( edit ) Year Film / Show Song A Time to Kill : Original Soundtrack Album `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' The Preacher 's Wife : Original Soundtrack Album `` The Lord is My Shepherd '' 1998 Late Show with David Letterman , December 23 , episode `` Christmas ( Baby Please Come Home ) '' 2007 Daddy 's Little Girl : Original Soundtrack Album `` Family First '' ( with Whitney Houston and Dionne Warwick ) Backing vocals ( edit ) Year Album Artist Track ( only ) 1965 The Exciting Wilson Pickett Wilson Pickett `` In the Midnight Hour '' 1967 Electric Ladyland The Jimi Hendrix Experience `` Burning of the Midnight Lamp '' 1968 Lady Soul Aretha Franklin `` Ai n't No Way '' and `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' 1970 The Source Jimmy Scott Brook Benton Today Brook Benton Doin ' What We Wanna Clarence Wheeler Moondance Van Morrison Taking Care of Business James Cotton Right On Wilson Pickett 1971 Blacknuss Rahsaan Roland Kirk Donny Hathaway Donny Hathaway Burt Bacharach Burt Bacharach Homeless Brother Don McLean Paul Simon Paul Simon `` Mother and Child Reunion '' Quiet Fire Roberta Flack Second Movement Eddie Harris and Les McCann Movin ' On Oscar Brown , Jr . Story Teller Brook Benton 1972 Salome Bey Sings Songs From Dude Galt MacDermot and Gerome Ragni and Salome Bey The Divine Miss M Bette Midler `` Do You Wanna Dance ? '' Jackie Jackie DeShannon Zulema Zulema Sweet Revenge John Prine `` Sweet Revenge , '' `` Mexican Home '' 1973 Laid Back Gregg Allman Heart Like a Wheel Linda Ronstadt I 've Got the Music in Me Kiki Dee `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' The Doctor Is In ... and Out Yusuf Lateef `` Technological Homosapien '' Young Americans David Bowie `` Young Americans '' 1976 Boys in the Trees Carly Simon Locked In Wishbone Ash We 're Children of Coincidence and Harpo Marx Dory Previn 1977 Garden of Love Light Narada Michael Walden Monkey Island The J. Geils Band 1978 Chaka Chaka Khan `` I 'm Every Woman '' 1979 Movin ' On Vicki Sue Robinson Take All of Me Barbara Law 1980 Aretha Aretha Franklin Naughty Chaka Khan `` Clouds '' `` Papillion ( Hot Butterfly ) '' 1981 Freeze Frame The J. Geils Band `` Angel in Blue '' 1982 Forever , for Always , for Love Luther Vandross Silk Electric Diana Ross 1985 The Night I Fell in Love Luther Vandross Whitney Houston Whitney Houston Whitney `` I Know Him So Well '' Some People 's Lives Bette Midler `` From a Distance '' 1991 Power of Love Luther Vandross 1995 This Is Christmas `` This is Christmas '' 2003 Dangerously In Love Beyoncé `` Dangerously In Love 2 '' 2015 Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics Aretha Franklin 2018 Where No One Stands Alone Elvis Presley Musical arrangements ( edit ) Year Track Album 1976 `` Angels '' Cissy Houston `` The Lord Is My Shepherd '' The Preacher 's Wife : Original Soundtrack Album Musical compositions ( edit ) Year Title Collaborator 1997 `` Count Your Blessings '' `` Deep River / Campground '' Donny Harper 1976 `` Endless Waters '' David Forman Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1978 : The Wiz ( uncredited voice ) -- The Wiz Singers Adult Choir 1984 : Taking My Turn ( TV ) 1994 : The Vernon Johns Story ( TV ) as Rose aka Freedom Road : The Vernon Johns Story ( UK ) aka The Road to Freedom : The Vernon Johns Story ( USA : alternative title ) 1996 : The Preacher 's Wife as Mrs. Havergal 2018 : God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness 2018 : Whitney ( 2018 film ) Television ( edit ) 1970 : The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 3 episodes ) 1979 : Gangsters ( herself ) aka Hoodlums ( USA : video title ) 1985 : Late Night with David Letterman ; August 28 episode 1986 : Ebony / Jet Showcase ; October 10 episode 1987 : The 1st Annual Soul Train Music Awards 1988 : The 15th Annual American Music Awards 1992 : Whitney Houston : This Is My Life 1997 : Classic Whitney : Live from Washington , D.C. 1998 : Late Show with David Letterman December 23 episode 2001 : BET Awards 2004 : Intimate Portrait Dionne Warwick episode 2008 : This Time ( herself ) 2012 : BET Awards 2013 : Oprah 's Last Chapter 2013 : The Houstons : On Our Own References ( edit ) Jump up ^ On this Day in Black Music History - September 30 - By Jay Warner Jump up ^ The Famous , the Familiar and the Forgotten - Emily `` Cissy '' Houston : Soul , Disco & Gospel Singer - By Guy G. Sterling ^ Jump up to : McNeil , W.K. , ed. ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music . Routledge / Taylor & Francis . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94179 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Geni.com : Emily Houston ( Drinkard ) '' . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Houston , Cissy ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Visionary Project Video - Cissy Houston : My Family '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geni.com : Delia Drinkard ( McCaskill ) '' . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geni.com : Nitcholas Drinkard '' . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warwick , Dionne ( 2010 ) . My Life , as I See It . 1230 Avenue of the Americas , NY , NY 10020 : Atria Books . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7134 - 9 . Jump up ^ Warwick , Dionne ( 2010 ) . My Life , as I See It . 1230 Avenue of the Americas , NY , NY 10020 : Atria Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7134 - 9 . Jump up ^ Warwick , Dionne ( 2012 ) . My Life , as I See It . 1230 Avenue of the Americas , NY , NY , 10020 , USA : Atria Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7134 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Artistopia.com '' . Dionne Warwick . iCubator Labs LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cissy Houston details daughter Whitney 's decline in new book '' . CBN.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Garland Houston Is Whitney Houston Brother '' . Celebrity Justice . Ghana Politics . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cissy Houston : National Visionary '' . Oral History Videos . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Garland : NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walters , Judy ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston News : Life and Times of the American Singing Snesation Who Died at 48 '' . Belle News . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Skittles , D. `` Michael Houston '' . Celebrity Siblings . Celebrity Siblings Blog . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. `` Whitney Houston 's Brother Arrested '' . www.people.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Merriman , Rebecca . `` Michael Houston ' Devastated ' At Death of Sister '' . New . www.entertainmentwise.com . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cissy Houston : National Visionary '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitall , Susan . `` Aretha Franklin recalls meeting a young Whitney Houston '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Oprah ( September 2009 ) . `` Remembering Whitney : The Oprah Winfrey Interview '' ( video ) . Oprah Winfrey Network . p. 40 : 02 minutes . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . I see the love and the passion that my mother had for me and she walks in with these sheriffs and she says ' I have a court junction here . Either you do it my way or we 're just not going to do this at all . We 're going to go on TV and you 're going to retire and say you 're going to give this up . Because this is not worth it . It 's not worth it . And if you move Bobby ( Brown ) , they 're going to take you down . Do n't you make one move . Let 's go . Let 's do this . I 'm not losing you to the world . I 'm not losing you to Satan . I want my daughter back . I 'm not doing this . I want my daughter back . I want you back . I want to see that glow in your eyes , that light in your eyes . I want to see the child I raised . You were n't raised like this . And I 'm not having it . ' Jump up ^ Ginger Adams Otis ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cissy Houston details daughter Whitney 's decline in new book '' . Daily News . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Oprah ( September 2009 ) . `` Remembering Whitney : The Oprah Winfrey Interview '' ( video ) . Oprah Winfrey Network . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moody , Nekesa Mumbi . `` Whitney Houston , superstar of records , films , dies '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston Death : Cissy Houston Breaks Her Silence '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris . `` The Star Ledger '' . Song of the Day : Lift Him Up , The Drinkard Singers . www.nj.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` All Music Guide '' . The Sweet Inspirations : Biography . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jimi Hendrix Experience , The . `` Discography '' . Electric Ladyland . discogs.com . Retrieved Feb 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Houston , Cissy . `` Cissy Houston Remembers Elvis Presley '' . The Sweet Inspirations ( Video ) . www.elvis.com.au . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.soulfulkindamusic.net/chouston.htm Discography of Cissy Houston ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie ( 2003 ) . Bogdanov , Vladimir , ed . All Music Guide to Soul : The Definitive Guide to R&B and Soul ( Revised ed . ) . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 321 . ISBN 9780879307448 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cissy Houston @ Artist Direct '' . Cissy Houston @ Artist Direct . www.artistdirect.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nathan , David . `` Cissy Houston : Presenting Cissy Houston Expanded Edition ( SMCR - 5054 ) '' . soulmusic.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` Watch : Aretha Franklin Gets Standing Ovation from Letterman Audience With Knockout Performance '' `` Watch : Aretha Franklin Gets Standing Ovation from Letterman Audience With Knockout Performance '' . showbiz411 . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Discogs . Burt Bacharach -- Burt Bacharach . Accessed 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musica Desde Las Antipodas '' . The Doctor Is In ... And Out . brownweb . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chaka Khan - Clouds '' . Clouds . JazzFunkster444 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chaka Khan - Papillion ( Hot Butterfly ) '' . Papillion ( Hot Butterfly ) . p4soul . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Cissy Houston on IMDb Cissy Houston @ Artist Direct Cissy Houston 's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project The New Hope Baptist Church Young Americans on YouTube Live Performance with David Bowie Cissy Houston Studio albums Presenting Cissy Houston Cissy Houston Think It Over Warning Danger Step Aside for a Lady I 'll Take Care of You Face to Face He Leadeth Me Compilation albums Midnight Train to Georgia : The Janus Years Definitive Collection Cissy Houston Collection Singles `` I 'll Be There '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Be My Baby '' `` Think It Over '' Related articles The Drinkard Singers Sweet Inspirations Dionne Warwick Whitney Houston Dee Dee Warwick Aretha Franklin Sweet Inspirations Discography So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross BNF : cb139244280 ( data ) GND : 120595087 ISNI : 0000 0000 2978 8752 LCCN : n89104468 MusicBrainz : eb3bcef2 - 0a08 - 4afc - 8315 - 1730c3c35c59 SNAC : w69t73cq VIAF : 72228333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cissy_Houston&oldid=855989418 '' Categories : 1933 births A&M Records artists African - American Christians African - American female singers American disco musicians American gospel singers American people of Dutch descent American people of Native American descent American soul singers 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Baptists from the United States Columbia Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people Motown artists Participants in American reality television series People from Blakely , Georgia Musicians from Newark , New Jersey RCA Records artists Singers from New Jersey American sopranos 20th - century women singers Culture of Newark , New Jersey Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Ido Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog Volapük 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is whitney houston's mother's name	[ "Emily \"Cissy\" Houston (née Drinkard; born September 30, 1933)[3] is an American soul and gospel singer. After a successful career singing backup for such artists as Dionne Warwick, Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin, Houston embarked on a solo career, winning two Grammy Awards for her work. Houston is the mother of singer Whitney Houston, grandmother of Whitney's daughter, Bobbi Kristina Brown, aunt of singers Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick, and a cousin of opera singer Leontyne Price.\n" ]	[ "Emily \"Cissy\" Houston" ]
8855751779056442462	Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2	Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 - wikipedia Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Jump to : navigation , search Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Cover art for Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Developer ( s ) Traveller 's Tales Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Stephen Sharples Arthur Parsons Producer ( s ) Jennifer Burbeck David Geeson Designer ( s ) Arthur Parsons Programmer ( s ) Ben Klages Artist ( s ) Leon Warren Writer ( s ) Kurt Busiek Stephen Sharples Composer ( s ) Ian Livingstone Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Nintendo Switch Xbox One Release WW : 14 November 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is a Lego - themed action - adventure video game developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on 14 November 2017 . It is the sequel to Lego Marvel Super Heroes and the third installment of the Lego Marvel franchise . With the core gameplay following the same style of past Lego titles , the game features the ability to manipulate time and a four - player competitive Super Hero battle mode . Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 's storyline centers around superheroes from different eras and realities of the Marvel Universe as they fight against the time - traveling villain Kang the Conqueror in a battle across space and time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Characters 2 Premise 3 Reception 4 Audio 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is an action - adventure game played from a third - person perspective . The game features a similar gameplay to its predecessors and other Lego video games , alternating between various action - adventure sequences and puzzle - solving scenarios . The ability to manipulate time is allowed to players directly from the new open world of Chronopolis , which is a myriad of 18 different Marvel locations ( including K'un - L'un , Attilan , a Hydra empire , a Marvel Noir version of New York City , Knowhere , an alternate medieval time , and several other places ) linked through time and space . The game also introduces a new four - player competitive Super Hero battle mode , allowing players to fight each other cooperatively in battle arenas . Characters ( edit ) Much like the two previous Lego Marvel games , the players are able to take control of a roster of iconic characters from the Marvel Universe , each with their own unique abilities . For example , Star - Lord is capable of flight , Black Panther can activate claw switches , and Spider - Man can swing on his webs , crawl on walls and use his spider - sense to detect hidden objects . The game also features characters from different time periods and realities over the Marvel Universe , which includes Spider - Gwen , a cowboy version of Captain America , a medieval version of Hulk , and many others . In addition , the game also features variations of sundry characters , like Iron Duck ( who is merely Howard the Duck wearing the Iron Man 's armor ) and Carnom ( a fusion of Venom and Carnage that 's exclusive to the game ) . While some characters are just based on the comic books , others have their visuals taken from the Marvel Cinematic Universe , such as the Guardians of the Galaxy and Ant - Man . Using the ability to manipulate time , the players can change the look and abilities of certain characters . For instance , they can take Baby Groot ( from the Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ) and move time forward for him to become his adult version , and Spider - Man can go both ways with his Noir and 2099 counterparts . Premise ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Right after the events of the first game , Kang the Conqueror is traveling through different timelines and realities , conquering and kidnapping their most famous cities and then merging them into one place : Chronopolis . Thanks to this , various superheroes are taken from their respective `` homes '' and brought there where they must work together to prevent Kang the Conqueror 's threat , who plans on taking over not just Chronopolis , but the universe . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( XONE ) 77 / 100 ( SWITCH ) 75 / 100 ( PS4 ) 73 / 100 Audio ( edit ) Due to the game being affected by the 2016 -- 17 video game voice actor strike , the cast from the previous game as well from Lego Marvel 's Avengers will not return to reprise their roles , as they were affiliated with the Screen Actors Guild ‐ American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( SAG - AFTRA ) . While in favor of a new voice cast , Greg Miller voices Howard the Duck and Peter Serafinowicz voices Kang the Conqueror . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Life , Nintendo ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Confirmed for Nintendo Switch '' . nintendolife.com . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 coming to PC , PS4 , Switch , Xbox One '' . Polygon. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Officially Announced With New Teaser '' . gamespot.com . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is here to save the year '' . vg247.com . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Takes To The Future & The Past '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 announced '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is flying to Switch , PS4 , Xbox One , and PC '' . venturebeat.com. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 coming November 17 , watch a teaser trailer with Baby Groot '' . pcgamesn.com . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Coming to PS4 , Xbox & PC '' . PlayStation LifeStyle. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 gets teased , full trailer to be shown May 23 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard the Duck and Carnom come to Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 '' . Flickering Mith . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Alice ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 KONK ! ing to November '' . rockpapershotgun.com . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Matt . `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Announced , Teases Baby Groot '' . usgamer.net . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Announced With a Kang '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) External links ( edit ) Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 on IMDb ( hide ) Lego video games Island Island 2 : The Brickster 's Revenge Xtreme Stunts Creator Creator Knights ' Kingdom Racers Racers Drome Racers Bionicle Bionicle Matoran Adventures The Game Maze of Shadows Heroes Battles Battles Ninjago City Undercover The Chase Begins Legends of Chima Laval 's Journey Online Other games Chess Loco Rock Raiders Legoland Alpha Team Stunt Rally Football Mania Knights ' Kingdom Universe Minifigures Online Worlds The Lego Ninjago Movie Licensed games Star Wars The Video Game II : The Original Trilogy The Complete Saga III : The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Indiana Jones The Original Adventures 2 : The Adventure Continues Batman The Videogame 2 : DC Super Heroes 3 : Beyond Gotham Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter Years 1 - 4 Years 5 - 7 Middle - earth The Lord of the Rings The Hobbit Marvel Super Heroes Avengers Super Heroes 2 Other games Rock Band songs Pirates of the Caribbean The Lego Movie Jurassic World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_2&oldid=816010664 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action - adventure games Crossover video games Lego video games Nintendo Switch games Open world video games PlayStation 4 games Sentient toys in fiction Superhero video games Traveller 's Tales games Video game sequels Video games based on Marvel Comics Video games set in 1933 Video games set in the 2090s Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from November 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did lego marvel superheroes 2 come out	[ "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on 14 November 2017.[1][2] It is the sequel to Lego Marvel Super Heroes and the third installment of the Lego Marvel franchise.[3]" ]	[ "14 November 2017" ]
-1649293769771941356	List of national animals	List of National Animals - wikipedia List of National Animals This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2017 ) This is a list of national animals . National animals Country Name of animal Scientific name Pictures Ref . Algeria Fennec fox Vulpes zerda Angola Red - crested turaco ( national bird ) Tauraco erythrolophus Anguilla Zenaida dove Zenaida aurita Antigua and Barbuda Fallow deer ( national animal ) Dama dama Frigate ( national bird ) Fregata magnificens Hawksbill turtle ( national sea creature ) Eretmochelys imbricata Argentina Rufous hornero Furnarius rufus Australia Red kangaroo ( national animal ) Macropus rufus Emu ( national bird ) Dromaius novaehollandiae Austria Black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis Azerbaijan Karabakh horse Equus ferus caballus Bangladesh Royal Bengal tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris tigris Magpie robin ( national bird ) Copsychus saularis Ilish ( national fish ) Tenualosa ilisha Belarus European bison Bison bonasus Belgium Lion ( heraldic Leo Belgicus ) Panthera leo Belize Baird 's tapir ( national animal ) Tapirus bairdii Keel - billed toucan ( national bird ) Ramphastos sulfuratus Bhutan Druk Mythical Takin Budorcas taxicolor Brazil Rufous - bellied thrush Turdus rufiventris Cambodia Kouprey Bos sauveli Canada North American beaver ( sovereignty animal symbol ) Castor canadensis Canadian horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus China Giant panda ( national animal ) Ailuropoda melanoleuca Chinese dragon ( national animal ) Mythical Red - crowned crane ( national bird ) Grus japonensis Democratic Republic of the Congo Okapi Okapia johnstoni Colombia Andean condor Vultur gryphus Costa Rica Yigüirro ( national bird ) Turdus grayi White - tailed deer ( national animal ) Odocoileus virginianus West Indian manatee ( national aquatic animal ) Trichechus manatus Croatia Pine marten Martes martes Cuba Cuban trogon Priotelus temnurus Cyprus Cypriot mouflon Ovis orientalis Czech Republic Double - tailed lion Mythical Denmark Mute swan ( national bird ) Cygnus olor Small tortoiseshell ( national butterfly ) Aglais urticae Egypt Steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis Estonia Barn swallow ( national bird ) Hirundo rustica Eritrea Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius Ethiopia Lion Panthera leo Faroe Islands Eurasian oystercatcher ( national bird ) Haematopus ostralgus Finland Brown bear ( national animal ) Ursus arctos Whooper swan ( national bird ) Cygnus cygnus Holly blue ( national butterfly ) Celastrina argiolus European perch ( national fish ) Perca fluviatilis Seven - spot ladybird ( national insect ) Coccinella septempunctata France Gallic rooster Gallus gallus domesticus Germany Unspecified Eagle Members of Accipitridae Greece Phoenix Mythical Dolphins Delphinus Guatemala Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno Haiti Hispaniolan Trogan Priotelus roseigaster Honduras White - tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Hungary Turul Mythical ( most probably Falco cherrug ) Iceland Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus India Bengal tiger ( National predator ) Panthera tigris tigris Indian peafowl ( National bird ) Pavo cristatus King cobra ( National reptile ) Ophiophagus hannah Ganges river dolphin ( National aquatic animal ) Platanista gangetica gangetica Indian elephant ( National heritage animal ) Elephas maximus indicus Indonesia Komodo dragon ( national animal ) Varanus komodoensis Garuda ( historic national animal ) Mythical Iran Persian lion Panthera leo persica Iraq Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar Goat ( KRG ) Capra aegagrus Israel Hoopoe ( national bird ) Upupa epops Jamaica Red - billed streamertail Trochilus polytmus Japan Green pheasant ( national bird ) Phasianus versicolor Carp ( national fish ) Cyprinus carpio Latvia White wagtail ( national bird ) Motacilla alba Two - spotted ladybird ( national insect ) Adalia bipunctata Lithuania White stork Ciconia ciconia Macedonia Lion ( in Macedonian heraldry ) Panthera leo Madagascar Zebu ( in Malagasy heraldry ) Bos primigenius indicus Ring - tailed lemur ( national animal ) Lemur catta Malaysia Malayan tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris jacksoni Malta Pharaoh Hound ( national animal ) Canis lupus familiaris ( 1 ) Moldova Aurochs ( national animal ) Bos primigenius Mauritius Dodo Raphus cucullatus Mexico Golden eagle ( national animal ) Aquila chrysaetos Xoloitzcuintli ( national dog ) Canis lupus familiaris Jaguar ( national mammal ) Panthera onca Grasshopper ( national arthropod ) Sphenarium purpurascens Vaquita ( national marine mammal ) Phocoena sinus Nepal Cow ( national animal ) Bos taurus indicus Danphe ( national bird ) Lophophorus impejanus Netherlands Lion ( heraldic symbol ) Panthera leo Black - tailed godwit ( national bird ) Limosa limosa New Zealand Kiwi Apteryx sp . North Korea Chollima Mythical Norway Lion ( royal national animal ) Panthera leo White - throated dipper ( national bird ) Cinclus cinclus Fjord horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus Oman Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Pakistan Markhor ( National animal ) Capra falconeri Indus river dolphin ( National aquatic mammal ) Platanista indicus minor minor Chukar ( National bird ) Alectoris chukar Indus crocodile ( National reptile ) Crocodylus palustris Shaheen falcon ( Heritage bird ) Falco peregrinus peregrinator Snow leopard ( National predator ) Panthera uncia Panama Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja Papua New Guinea Dugong ( national marine mammal ) Dugong dugon Peru Vicuña ( national animal ) Vicugna vicugna Philippines Carabao ( national animal ) Bubalus bubalis Philippine eagle ( national bird ) Pithecophaga jefferyi Poland White - tailed eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus albicilla White stork ( national bird ) Ciconia ciconia European bison ( national animal ) Bison bonasus Qatar Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx Romania Lynx Lynx lynx Russia Eurasian brown bear Ursus arctos arctos Rwanda Leopard Panthera pardus Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent amazon Amazona guildingii Serbia Wolf Canis lupus lupus White eagle Mythical Lynx Lynx lynx Somalia Leopard ( national animal ) Panthera pardus South Africa Springbok ( national animal ) Antidorcas marsupialis Blue crane ( national bird ) Anthropoides paradiseus Galjoen ( national fish ) Dichistius capensis South Korea Siberian tiger Panthera tigris altaica Korean magpie ( national bird ) Pica ( pica ) sericea Sri Lanka Sri Lankan junglefowl ( national bird ) Gallus lafayettii Tanzania Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Thailand Elephant Elephas maximus United Arab Emirates Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Peregrine falcon ( national bird ) Falco peregrinus United Kingdom Lion ( United Kingdom , England , Scotland , Wales ) Panthera leo Bulldog ( Britain as `` British Bulldog '' ) Canis lupus familiaris Red kite ( Wales ) Milvus milvus Unicorn ( Scotland ) Mythical Y Ddraig Goch ( Welsh Dragon Wales ) Mythical United States Bald eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus leucocephalus American bison ( national mammal ) Bison bison See also Animals portal Lists portal State animal List of national birds Animals as heraldic charges Floral emblem National personification References Jump up ^ `` The Fennec Fox : Algeria 's National Animal '' . algeria.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` THE NATIONAL BIRD OF ANGOLA '' . BIRDS ANGOLA . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atributos Nacionales : Anguila '' ( National Attributes : Anguilla ) ( in Spanish ) . CaribeInsider.com. 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Government of Antigua and Barbuda . `` Official Website for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda '' . ab.gov.ag . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Info about Hornero '' ( in Spanish ) . Redargentina.com. 24 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Herbert E. ( 1916 ) . `` Lonely Australia : The Unique Continent '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . XXX ( 6 ) : 497 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Emu Bird , from Australian Outback to American ranches '' . emufacts.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Animal Of Austria '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Emily Wither ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Azerbaijan fights to protect horse from extinction '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` NATIONAL SYMBOLS '' . Bangladesh Tourism Board . Bangladesh : Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 Extremely Rare National Animals '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heraldic emblem and motto - About Belgium - Portal Belgian Government '' . www.belgium.be . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stallings , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Fodor 's Caribbean Ports of Call 2007 . New York : Random House . p. 204 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 1698 - 3 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The National Symbols '' . Government of Belize . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 3 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 5 of 10 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of Brazil in Washington '' . http://washington.itamaraty.gov.br . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Forestry.gov.kh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` National Emblems : The Beaver '' . Canadian Heritage . 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Symbols of Canada '' . Canadian Heritage . 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of China '' . 123independenceday.com . Jump up ^ `` China National Symbols '' . worldatlast.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` China Considers Red - crowned Crane for National Bird '' . www.china.org.cn . Jump up ^ `` El cóndor , ave nacional - banrepcultural.org '' . Jump up ^ `` 16 de diciembre : Declaración del yigüirro como ave nacional de Costa Rica '' . Jump up ^ `` El Venado Cola Blanca , Símbolo Nacional de la Fauna Silvestre '' . Jump up ^ `` Manatee Now Costa Rica 's New National Symbol '' . QCOSTARICA . Archived from the original on 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bousfield , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . Croatia . Rough Guides . p. 72 . ISBN 1843530848 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 8 of 10 '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Cuba '' . radioflorida.co.cu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba : General information - National symbols '' . dtcuba.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Living National Treasures : Cyprus '' . Lntreasures.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The State Symbols of the Czech Republic '' . Foreign Ministry of the Czech Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nationalsymboler fra den danske plante - og dyreverden ( Danish Ministry of the Environment ) '' . naturstyrelsen.dk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Majestic steppe eagle photographed in India . They are the national animal of Egypt '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ `` National symbols of Estonia '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Eritrea State Symbols , Song , Flags , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia State Symbols , Song , Flag , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Get an impression '' . visitfaroeislands.com/ . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Karhu on Suomen kansalliseläin '' ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Laulujoutsen , kansallislintu '' ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's national butterfly is the holly blue '' . suomifinland100.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out '' . This is Finland . Finland Promotion Board . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Le coq '' . www.elysee.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` German Symbols '' . www.worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , Patrick ( 15 Mar 1999 ) . `` Lion and Gazelle : The Mammals and Birds of Iran '' . I.B. Tauris , 1999 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 4 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Symbols '' . worldatlas . Jump up ^ `` Día del quetzal '' . conap.gob.gt . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Leta McGaffey ( 1999 ) . Honduras . Marshall Cavendish . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 0955 - 7 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Turul '' . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Coat of Arms '' . Iceland Prime Minister 's Office . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Animal - National Symbols - Know India : National Portal of India '' . National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` National Bird - National Symbols - Know India : National Portal of India '' . National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Significant symbols '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` National Aquatic Animal - National Symbols - Know India : National Portal of India '' . National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Elephant declared National Heritage Animal in India '' . Breaking News Online ( India ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Harold J. ; Kent , Ivan ; Parker , Kim ; Walpole , Matt ( 1998 ) . Tourism , conservation , and sustainable development . London : International Institute for Environment and Development . p. 4 . ISBN 1 - 904035 - 25 - 6 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 5 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq '' . worldatlas.com . Jump up ^ `` The National Goat '' . kurdistanica.com . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Jamaica '' . jis.gov.jm . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` National Bird '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 日本の「国魚」をご存知ですか ? '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Corey ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` What is the national bird of Latvia ? '' . 10,000 Birds . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Symbols '' . Latvia.eu. 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuania '' . Understanding the European Union : Member States . Centre d'Information sur les Institutions Européennes ( CIIE ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` History of Macedonia '' . History of Macedonia . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Symbols of Madagascar Jump up ^ Symbols of Madagascar Jump up ^ DiPiazza , Francesca ( 2006 ) . Malaysia in Pictures . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 2674 - 2 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2010 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems : Volume 1 . Greenwood Press . p. 469 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34498 - 5 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12 countries that have cooler national animals than the United States '' . globalpost.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 8 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 3 of 10 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shrestha , Nanda R. ( 2002 ) . Nepal and Bangladesh : a global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 285 - 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galliforms and Pheasants '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch coat of arms and standard '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Grutto verkozen tot nationale vogel '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Teara.govt.nz '' . Teara.govt.nz. 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leftley , Nick . `` 6 Worst National Animals '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The National Animal Of North Korea Is A Chollima ( Like a Pegasus ) '' . Unreal Facts . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 6 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Riksvåpenet er mer hellig enn flagget '' . www.aftenposten.no . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nasjonalfugl '' . www.snl.no . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Fjordingene på Langedrag '' . www.langedrag.no . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Flag , Oman Map , Oman Culture : SphereInfo.com '' . www.sphereinfo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Symbols of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Brydget E.T. ( 1981 ) . `` Interview and Aerial Survey Data in Relation to Resource Management of the Dugong in Manus Province , Papua New Guinea '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . University of Miami . 31 ( 3 ) : 662 -- 672 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 9 of 10 '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Aquino , Dante M. ; Persoon , Gerald A. ( 2013 ) . `` Tradition and Change : Beer Consumption in Northeast Luzon , Philippines '' . In Schiefenhovel , Wulf ; Macbeth , Helen . Liquid Bread : Beer and Brewing in Cross-Cultural Perspective . Volume 7 of Anthropology of Food & Nutrition . Berghahn Books . p. 197 . ISBN 9781782380344 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 615 , s . 1995 '' . gov.ph . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Birds Directory : White - tailed Eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) '' . birds.poland.pl . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` symbols of Poland : The White Eagle '' . buffalo.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Poland salutes the white stork '' . thenews.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jon Eldridge . `` Primeval Poland : where the bison roam '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . allaboutbison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tamra Orr ( 30 June 2008 ) . Qatar . Marshall Cavendish . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2566 - 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animalul national - Rasul - Sapte simboluri nationale ale Romaniei mai putin cunoscute '' . 9AM . Jump up ^ `` Birobidjan , Russia Beaverton 's sister city since 1990 '' . The City of Beaverton . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda State Symbols , Song , Flag , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The National Bird : '' . foreign.gov.vc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` СРПСКА НАРОДНА ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЈА '' . badnjak.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ James Minahan ( 23 December 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems ( 2 Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . pp. 525 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34497 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Kathimerini - `` The lynx is one of the most endangered wild species and is considered as a national symbol of the country '' `` . Ekathimerini.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems : Volume 2 . Greenwood Press . p. 908 . ISBN 0313345007 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa 's national symbols '' . SouthAfrica.info . Brand South Africa . Archived from the original on 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korean Symbols '' . worldatlas . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka National Bird '' . Government of Sri Lanka Official Web Portal . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols : National Animal '' . tanzania.go.tz . Tanzania Government Portal . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Foley , Charles ; Foley , Lara ; Lobora , Alex ; De Luca , Daniela ; Msuha , Maurus ; Davenport , Tim R.B. ; Durant , Sarah M. ( 8 June 2014 ) . A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania . Princeton University Press . pp. 179 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 5280 - 2 . Jump up ^ Knappert , Jan ( 1987 ) . East Africa : Kenya , Tanzania & Uganda . New Delhi : Vikas Pub . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 2822 - 9 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The government gazette about National symbols of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Royal Thai Government Gazette. 118 ( 99D ) : 1 . 11 December 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UAE National Symbols ... '' TEACH United Arab Emirates . Jess Jumeira School . 2 ( 2 ) . Nov -- Dec 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Garai , Jana ( 1973 ) . The Book of Symbols . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21773 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What images are associated with England ? '' . projectbritain.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The British Bulldog '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National symbols of Wales '' . visitwales.com . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 2 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish fact of the week : Scotland 's official animal , the Unicorn '' . scotsman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystical Unicorn Of Scotland '' . scottish-at-heart.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland 's National Animal Is A Unicorn '' . sunrealfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 7 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x . Jump up ^ `` Symbols of U.S. Government : The Bald Eagle '' . Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government For Kids . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ A symbol of hope : US government designates bison as the national mammal Jump up ^ Obama Makes North American Bison National Mammal National symbols ( list ) Topics Coat of arms Colour Dish Emblem Epic Flower Myth Patron saint Personification National poetry Poets Sport Lists Animals Birds Anthems Dances Founders Fruits Instruments Liquors Mottos Parks Trees Galleries Country coats of arms State flags Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_animals&oldid=843531686 '' Categories : Lists of national symbols Lists of animals Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles to be expanded from June 2017 Talk View source About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Español Esperanto Français Italiano Кырык мары Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Suomi తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	cow is the national animal of which country	[ "\n\nCountry\nName of animal\nScientific name\nPictures\nRef.\n\n\n Algeria\nFennec fox\nVulpes zerda\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\nRed-crested turaco (national bird)\nTauraco erythrolophus\n\n[2]\n\n\n Anguilla\nZenaida dove\nZenaida aurita\n\n[3]\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\nFallow deer (national animal)\nDama dama\n\n[4]\n\n\nFrigate (national bird)\nFregata magnificens\n\n[4]\n\n\nHawksbill turtle (national sea creature)\nEretmochelys imbricata\n\n[4]\n\n\n Argentina\nRufous hornero\nFurnarius rufus\n\n[5]\n\n\n Australia\nRed kangaroo (national animal)\nMacropus rufus\n\n[6]\n\n\nEmu (national bird)\nDromaius novaehollandiae\n\n[7]\n\n\n Austria\nBlack eagle\nIctinaetus malaiensis\n\n[8]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nKarabakh horse\nEquus ferus caballus\n\n[9]\n\n\n Bangladesh\nRoyal Bengal tiger (national animal)\nPanthera tigris tigris\n\n[10]\n\n\nMagpie robin (national bird)\nCopsychus saularis\n\n[10]\n\n\nIlish (national fish)\nTenualosa ilisha\n\n[10]\n\n\n Belarus\nEuropean bison\nBison bonasus\n\n[11]\n\n\n Belgium\nLion (heraldic Leo Belgicus)\nPanthera leo\n\n[12]\n\n\n Belize\nBaird's tapir (national animal)\nTapirus bairdii\n\n[11][13]\n\n\nKeel-billed toucan (national bird)\nRamphastos sulfuratus\n\n[14]\n\n\n Bhutan\nDruk\nMythical\n\n[15]\n\n\nTakin\nBudorcas taxicolor\n\n[16]\n\n\n Brazil\nRufous-bellied thrush\nTurdus rufiventris\n\n[17]\n\n\n Cambodia\nKouprey\nBos sauveli\n\n[18]\n\n\n Canada\nNorth American beaver (sovereignty animal symbol)\nCastor canadensis\n\n[19][20]\n\n\nCanadian horse (national horse)\nEquus ferus caballus\n\n[20]\n\n\n China\nGiant panda (national animal)\nAiluropoda melanoleuca\n\n[21]\n\n\nChinese dragon (national animal)\nMythical\n\n[22]\n\n\nRed-crowned crane (national bird)\nGrus japonensis\n\n[23]\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\nOkapi\nOkapia johnstoni\n\n[11]\n\n\n Colombia\nAndean condor\nVultur gryphus\n\n[24]\n\n\n Costa Rica\nYigüirro (national bird)\nTurdus grayi\n\n[25]\n\n\nWhite-tailed deer (national animal)\nOdocoileus virginianus\n\n[26]\n\n\nWest Indian manatee (national aquatic animal)\nTrichechus manatus\n\n[27]\n\n\n Croatia\nPine marten\nMartes martes\n\n[28][29]\n\n\n Cuba\nCuban trogon\nPriotelus temnurus\n\n[30][31]\n\n\n Cyprus\nCypriot mouflon\nOvis orientalis\n\n[32]\n\n\n Czech Republic\nDouble-tailed lion\nMythical\n\n[33]\n\n\n Denmark\nMute swan (national bird)\nCygnus olor\n\n[34]\n\n\nSmall tortoiseshell (national butterfly)\nAglais urticae\n\n[34]\n\n\n Egypt\nSteppe eagle\nAquila nipalensis\n\n[35]\n\n\n Estonia\nBarn swallow (national bird)\nHirundo rustica\n\n[36]\n\n\n Eritrea\nArabian camel\nCamelus dromedarius\n\n[37]\n\n\n Ethiopia\nLion\nPanthera leo\n\n[38]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\nEurasian oystercatcher (national bird)\nHaematopus ostralgus\n\n[39]\n\n\n Finland\nBrown bear (national animal)\nUrsus arctos\n\n[40]\n\n\nWhooper swan (national bird)\nCygnus cygnus\n\n[41]\n\n\nHolly blue (national butterfly)\nCelastrina argiolus\n\n[42]\n\n\nEuropean perch (national fish)\nPerca fluviatilis\n\n[43]\n\n\nSeven-spot ladybird (national insect)\nCoccinella septempunctata\n\n[43]\n\n\n France\nGallic rooster\nGallus gallus domesticus\n\n[44]\n\n\n Germany\nUnspecified Eagle\nMembers of Accipitridae\n\n[45]\n\n\n Greece\nPhoenix\nMythical\n\n[46][47]\n\n\nDolphins\nDelphinus\n\n[48]\n\n\n Guatemala\nQuetzal\nPharomachrus mocinno\n\n[49]\n\n\n Haiti\nHispaniolan Trogan\nPriotelus roseigaster\n\n[50]\n\n\n Honduras\nWhite-tailed deer\nOdocoileus virginianus\n\n[51]\n\n\n Hungary\nTurul\nMythical (most probably Falco cherrug) [52]\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\nGyrfalcon\nFalco rusticolus\n\n[53]\n\n\n India\nBengal tiger (National predator)\nPanthera tigris tigris\n\n[54]\n\n\nIndian peafowl (National bird)\nPavo cristatus\n\n[55]\n\n\nKing cobra (National reptile)\nOphiophagus hannah\n\n[56]\n\n\nGanges river dolphin (National aquatic animal)\nPlatanista gangetica gangetica\n\n[57]\n\n\nIndian elephant (National heritage animal)\nElephas maximus indicus\n\n[58]\n\n\n Indonesia\nKomodo dragon (national animal)\nVaranus komodoensis\n\n[59]\n\n\nGaruda (historic national animal)\nMythical\n\n[60]\n\n\n Iran\nPersian lion\nPanthera leo persica\n\n[46]\n\n\n Iraq\nChukar partridge\nAlectoris chukar\n\n[61]\n\n\nGoat\n( KRG)\nCapra aegagrus\n\n[62]\n\n\n Israel\nHoopoe (national bird)\nUpupa epops\n\n[46]\n\n\n Jamaica\nRed-billed streamertail\nTrochilus polytmus\n\n[63]\n\n\n Japan\nGreen pheasant (national bird)\nPhasianus versicolor\n\n[64]\n\n\nCarp (national fish)\nCyprinus carpio\n\n[65]\n\n\n Latvia\nWhite wagtail (national bird)\nMotacilla alba\n\n[66][67]\n\n\nTwo-spotted ladybird (national insect)\nAdalia bipunctata\n\n[67]\n\n\n Lithuania\nWhite stork\nCiconia ciconia\n\n[68]\n\n\n Macedonia\nLion (in Macedonian heraldry)\nPanthera leo\n\n[69]\n\n\n Madagascar\nZebu (in Malagasy heraldry)\nBos primigenius indicus\n\n[70]\n\n\nRing-tailed lemur (national animal)\nLemur catta\n\n[71]\n\n\n Malaysia\nMalayan tiger (national animal)\nPanthera tigris jacksoni\n\n[72]\n\n\n Malta\nPharaoh Hound (national animal)\nCanis lupus familiaris\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\nAurochs (national animal)\nBos primigenius\n\n[73]\n\n\n Mauritius\nDodo\nRaphus cucullatus\n\n[11][74][75]\n\n\n Mexico\nGolden eagle (national animal)\nAquila chrysaetos\n\n[76]\n\n\nXoloitzcuintli (national dog)\nCanis lupus familiaris\n\n[76]\n\n\nJaguar (national mammal)\nPanthera onca\n\n[76]\n\n\nGrasshopper (national arthropod )\nSphenarium purpurascens\n\n[76]\n\n\nVaquita (national marine mammal)\nPhocoena sinus\n\n[76]\n\n\n Nepal\nCow (national animal)\nBos taurus indicus\n\n[77]\n\n\nDanphe (national bird)\nLophophorus impejanus\n\n[78]\n\n\n Netherlands\nLion (heraldic symbol)\nPanthera leo\n\n[79]\n\n\nBlack-tailed godwit (national bird)\nLimosa limosa\n\n[80]\n\n\n New Zealand\nKiwi\nApteryx sp.\n\n[81]\n\n\n North Korea\nChollima\nMythical\n\n[82][83][84]\n\n\n Norway\nLion (royal national animal)\nPanthera leo\n\n[85]\n\n\nWhite-throated dipper (national bird)\nCinclus cinclus\n\n[86]\n\n\nFjord horse (national horse)\nEquus ferus caballus\n\n[87]\n\n\n Oman\nArabian oryx (national animal)\nOryx leucoryx\n\n[88]\n\n\n Pakistan\nMarkhor (National animal)\nCapra falconeri\n\n[89]\n\n\nIndus river dolphin (National aquatic mammal)\nPlatanista indicus minor minor\n\n[89]\n\n\nChukar (National bird)\nAlectoris chukar\n\n[89]\n\n\nIndus crocodile (National reptile)\nCrocodylus palustris\n\n[89]\n\n\nShaheen falcon (Heritage bird)\nFalco peregrinus peregrinator\n\n[90]\n\n\nSnow leopard (National predator)\nPanthera uncia\n\n[89]\n\n\n Panama\nHarpy eagle\nHarpia harpyja\n\n[11]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\nDugong (national marine mammal)\nDugong dugon\n\n[91]\n\n\n Peru\nVicuña (national animal)\nVicugna vicugna\n\n[92]\n\n\n Philippines\nCarabao (national animal)\nBubalus bubalis\n\n[93]\n\n\nPhilippine eagle (national bird)\nPithecophaga jefferyi\n\n[94]\n\n\n Poland\nWhite-tailed eagle (national bird)\nHaliaeetus albicilla\n\n[95][96]\n\n\nWhite stork (national bird)\nCiconia ciconia\n\n[97]\n\n\nEuropean bison (national animal)\nBison bonasus\n\n[98][99]\n\n\n Qatar\nArabian oryx\nOryx leucoryx\n\n[100]\n\n\n Romania\nLynx\nLynx lynx\n\n[101]\n\n\n Russia\nEurasian brown bear\nUrsus arctos arctos\n\n[102]\n\n\n Rwanda\nLeopard\nPanthera pardus\n\n[103]\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\nSaint Vincent amazon\nAmazona guildingii\n\n[104]\n\n\n Serbia\nWolf\nCanis lupus lupus\n\n[105]\n\n\nWhite eagle\nMythical\n\n[106]\n\n\nLynx\nLynx lynx\n\n[107]\n\n\n Somalia\nLeopard (national animal)\nPanthera pardus\n\n[108]\n\n\n South Africa\nSpringbok (national animal)\nAntidorcas marsupialis\n\n[109]\n\n\nBlue crane (national bird)[109]\nAnthropoides paradiseus\n\n\n\n\nGaljoen (national fish)[109]\nDichistius capensis\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\nSiberian tiger\nPanthera tigris altaica\n\n[110]\n\n\nKorean magpie (national bird)\nPica (pica) sericea\n\n[110]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\nSri Lankan junglefowl (national bird)\nGallus lafayettii\n\n[111]\n\n\n Tanzania\nGiraffe\nGiraffa camelopardalis\n\n[112][113][114]\n\n\n Thailand\nElephant\nElephas maximus\n\n[115]\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\nArabian oryx (national animal)\nOryx leucoryx\n\n[116]\n\n\nPeregrine falcon (national bird)\nFalco peregrinus\n\n[116]\n\n\n United Kingdom\nLion (United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales)\nPanthera leo\n\n[117][118]\n\n\nBulldog (Britain as \"British Bulldog\")\nCanis lupus familiaris\n\n[119]\n\n\nRed kite (Wales)\nMilvus milvus\n\n[120]\n\n\nUnicorn (Scotland)\nMythical\n\n[46][121][122][123][124]\n\n\nY Ddraig Goch (Welsh Dragon Wales)\nMythical\n\n[120][125]\n\n\n United States\nBald eagle (national bird)\nHaliaeetus leucocephalus\n\n[126][127]\n\n\nAmerican bison (national mammal)\nBison bison\n\n[128][129]\n\n" ]	[ "Nepal" ]
40590108321454375	It's All Coming Back to Me Now	It 's All Coming Back to Me Now - wikipedia It 's All Coming Back to Me Now For the David Crosby album , see It 's All Coming Back to Me Now ... `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' is a power ballad written by Jim Steinman . According to Steinman , the song was inspired by Wuthering Heights , and was an attempt to write `` the most passionate , romantic song '' he could ever create . The Sunday Times posits that `` Steinman protects his songs as if they were his children '' . Meat Loaf had wanted to record `` It 's All Coming Back ... '' for years , but Steinman saw it as a `` woman 's song . '' Steinman won a court movement preventing Meat Loaf from recording it . Girl group Pandora 's Box went on to record it and it was subsequently made famous through a cover by Celine Dion , which upset Meat Loaf because he was going to use it for a planned album with the working title Bat Out of Hell III . Alternately , Meat Loaf has said the song was intended for Bat Out of Hell II and given to the singer in 1986 , but that they both decided to use `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' for Bat II , and save this song for Bat III . The song has had three major releases . The first version appeared on the concept album Original Sin , recorded by Pandora 's Box . It was then recorded by Celine Dion for her album Falling into You , and her version was a commercial hit , reaching No. 2 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart . Meat Loaf eventually recorded it as a duet with Norwegian singer Marion Raven for Bat III and released it as a single in 2006 . This version reached No. 1 in Norway and No. 2 in Scotland . A music video was produced for each of the three versions ; death is a recurring theme in all of these videos , fitting in with the suggestion in Virgin 's press release for Original Sin that `` in Steinman 's songs , the dead come to life and the living are doomed to die . '' This is particularly evident when the dead characters seem to be resurrected in the memories of the main vocalist . Although in the case of Celine Dion 's video , the theme is less about the living being doomed and more about a lost love . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Pandora 's Box 2.1 Charts 3 Celine Dion 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Music video 3.4 Official versions 3.5 Charts 3.5. 1 Weekly charts 3.5. 2 Year - end charts 3.5. 3 Decade - end charts 3.6 Certifications and sales 3.7 Release history 4 Meat Loaf and Marion Raven 4.1 Charts 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 5 Uses in popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Inspiration ( edit ) Pandora 's Box ( 1989 ) This sample features some of the guitar mid-section , along with Elaine Caswell 's vocals . Celine Dion ( 1996 ) This extract from near the beginning of the song shows Dion 's vocals , Bittan 's grand piano , and the use of backing vocals . Meat Loaf featuring Marion Raven ( 2006 ) This clip features the beginning of the final chorus , displaying Raven 's harmonies . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Influenced by Emily Brontë 's novel Wuthering Heights , Steinman compared the song to ' Heathcliff digging up Cathy 's corpse and dancing with it in the cold moonlight ' . In the Jim Steinman Opens Pandora 's Box promotional video , he says that the novel : is always made much too polite ; it always has been in movies . This is n't the Wuthering Heights of Kate Bush -- that little fanciful Wuthering Heights . The scene they always cut out is the scene when Heathcliff digs up Catherine 's body and dances in the moonlight and on the beach with it . I think you ca n't get much more operatic or passionate than that . I was trying to write a song about dead things coming to life . I was trying to write a song about being enslaved and obsessed by love , not just enchanted and happy with it . It was about the dark side of love ; about the ability to be resurrected by it ... I just tried to put everything I could into it , and I 'm real proud of it . In another interview , Steinman expands on his comments about the song being about the ' dark side of love ' . It 's about obsession , and that can be scary because you 're not in control and you do n't know where it 's going to stop . It says that , at any point in somebody 's life , when they loved somebody strongly enough and that person returns , a certain touch , a certain physical gesture can turn them from being defiant and disgusted with this person to being subservient again . And it 's not just a pleasurable feeling that comes back , it 's the complete terror and loss of control that comes back . And I think that 's ultimately a great weapon . The website AllMusic called the song ' a tormented ballad about romantic loss and regret built on a spooky yet heart - wrenching piano melody ' . The torment is present in the song 's opening ( ' There were nights when the wind was so cold ' ) , from which the singer recovers ( ' I finished crying in the instant that you left ... And I banished every memory you and I had ever made ' ) . However , the defiance in the verses are replaced by the return of the ' subservient ' feelings in the chorus ( ' when you touch me like this , and you hold me like that ... ' ) ; this juxtaposition continues throughout the song . ' There were those empty threats and hollow lies ' And whenever you tried to hurt me ' I just hurt you even worse and so much deeper . ' Eroticism is implied in the lines ' There were nights of endless pleasure ' and ' The flesh and the fantasies : all coming back to me ' . The song ends with a passionate , quiet reprise of the chorus . Critics have also identified Wagner , of whom Steinman is an admirer , as an inspiration . Specifying this song , the Sunday Times said `` the theme of Wagner 's opera Tristan and Isolde , with its extreme passions and obsessive love , informs all his best work . '' A 2007 article in the Toronto Star claims that the song was written as Steinman 's `` tryout '' as lyricist for Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Sunset Boulevard . Pandora 's Box ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Pandora 's Box from the album Original Sin B - side `` I 've Been Dreaming Up a Storm Lately '' Released 25 October 1989 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 8 : 22 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Pandora 's Box singles chronology `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1989 ) `` Good Girls Go to Heaven ( Bad Girls Go Everywhere ) '' ( 1990 ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1989 ) `` Good Girls Go to Heaven ( Bad Girls Go Everywhere ) '' ( 1990 ) In 1989 , Steinman produced a concept album , Original Sin , with an all - female group called Pandora 's Box . The album featured many tracks that would later be recorded by other artists , particularly Meat Loaf . Elaine Caswell was the lead vocalist for `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' , who apparently collapsed five times during its recording . Caswell has since performed the song as part of The Dream Engine at Joe 's Pub in New York City . For the track , Roy Bittan performed on the grand piano , with Steinman and Jeff Bova on keyboards . Guitars were by Eddie Martinez , with Steve Buslowe on bass guitar . Todd Rundgren arranged the background vocals , which were performed by Ellen Foley , Gina Taylor , and Deliria Wilde . The song was released as a single in the United Kingdom during October 1989 , but only reached No. 51 in the singles charts . In its review of the album , Kerrang ! magazine called the song ' excruciatingly operatic ' . Ken Russell directed the video , which was filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire . Steinman wrote the script , based on Russell 's `` Nessun Dorma '' segment in the compilation opera movie Aria . Scholar Joseph Lanza describes the video : a woman 's near - death experience ( from a motorcycle crash ) is set amid operatic excesses and black leather . In a simulated city engulfed by an apocalyptic blaze , British vocalist Elaine Caswell sings and participates in a ritual to celebrate the song 's `` nights of sacred pleasure '' ... ( The soundtstage ) is stocked with gravestones , motorcycles , python and dancers ( allegedly from the London production of Cats ) , strapped in chaps , studded bras , and spiked codpieces . The girl , near death , is being ministered to by paramedics , fantasizing and being ' sexually aroused by a large python and writhing on a bed that lit up in time with the music , while surrounded by a group of bemused , semi-naked dancers ' . When Steinman 's manager saw it , he responded ' It 's a porno movie ! ' The two - day shoot ran over schedule and budget , costing £ 35,000 an hour . Russell and Steinman even designed a sequence where a motorcyclist would cycle up the steps of a local church - tower , jump out of the turrets at the top , and then explode ; alas , the wardens of the church refused permission . The 7 `` , 12 '' and CD singles featured Steven Margoshes 's piano solo `` Pray Lewd '' ( containing elements of `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ) , Steinman 's monologue `` I 've Been Dreaming Up a Storm Lately '' , and `` Requiem Metal '' , a sample from Verdi 's Requiem Mass , all from the album Original Sin . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 51 Celine Dion ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You B - side `` The Power of the Dream '' Released 29 July 1996 ( 1996 - 07 - 29 ) Format 7 '' CD cassette Recorded 1995 ; The Hit Factory ( New York City , New York ) Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 37 ( album version ) 6 : 06 ( radio edit 1 ) 5 : 31 ( radio edit 2 ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Steven Rinkoff Roy Bittan Celine Dion singles chronology `` J'irai où tu iras '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` J'irai où tu iras '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' on YouTube The song is the first on Dion 's album Falling into You . Jim Steinman produced the track , with Steven Rinkoff and Roy Bittan as co-producers . Bat Out of Hell and Meat Loaf collaborators Todd Rundgren , Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Glen Burtnick and Kasim Sulton provided backing vocals . An edited version of the song was then released on Dion 's album All the Way ... A Decade of Song . On Falling into You album the song 's original length is seven minutes and thirty - six seconds while on All the Way ... A Decade of Song it is only five minutes and thirty - one seconds . In 2008 , `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' was included on Dion 's greatest hits compilation My Love : Essential Collection . Live performances can be found on the A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert , and Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 albums . Dion also performed this song during her Summer Tour 2016 , her 2017 European tour , and her 2018 tour . Personnel ( edit ) Roy Bittan - grand piano Jeff Bova - keyboards , programming Jimmy Bralower - drums , percussion Steve Buslowe - bass Tim Pierce - guitar Eddie Martinez - additional guitars Kenny Aronoff - additional drums Bashiri Johnson - additional percussion Todd Rundgren , Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Glen Burtnick , Kasim Sulton - background vocals Critical reception ( edit ) The cover has received acclaim from international critics . The Calgary Sun stated : `` ( The song ) is undoubtedly the highlight of her English - language recording career . Dion 's over-the - top vocals soar and swoop around Steinman 's epic , ostentatious arrangement . Not surprisingly , everything else that follows ... pales in comparison . '' Toronto 's Eye Weekly said Steinman 's `` fatal absence from the last Meat Loaf record is finally justified here , '' and The Miami Herald said `` Dion knocks a couple out of the ballpark ... ( the song ) features seven minutes of Wagnerian bombast , thunderclap piano chords and emoting that would wither an opera diva . Sure , it 's over-the - top but it 's passionate and musical . '' Allmusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine marked this song as a standout along with `` Falling Into You '' and praised it : `` Dion shines on mock epics like Jim Steinman 's ' It 's All Coming Back to Me Now . ' '' The New York Times ' Stephen Holden wrote : `` The melodrama peaks with two overblown Jim Steinman productions : ' It 's All Coming Back to Me Now ' , a romantic flashback replete with thunderclaps ... '' Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report wrote : `` On this track , Jim Steinman 's dramatic writing style melds perfectly with her powerful vocal , giving this production an incredibly passionate quality . '' Some other reviews were less enthusiastic . After labelling Dion `` a Madonna - meets - Meat Loaf vocal freak '' , The Vancouver Sun called the song `` intensely self - indulgent , pompously self - important and mediocre beyond belief , the song just never ends . '' The Ottawa Sun called it ' turgid ' , while The Toronto Sun , coincidentally , said that it `` sounds like a Meat Loaf reject . '' According to the Sunday Times , Andrew Lloyd Webber told Steinman he thought this song was `` the greatest love song ever written , '' and on hearing the Dion version reportedly said : `` This will be the record of the millennium . '' Music video ( edit ) Nigel Dick directed the music video for Dion 's version , with Simon Archer as cinematographer and Jaromir Svarc as art director . It was shot between 29 June and 3 July 1996 in the summer palace of the Austrian Emperor , Ploskovice and Barandov Studios , Prague , Czech Republic ; it was later released in July 1996 . Castle Ploskovice in Ploskovice supplied the exterior of the gothic mansion . There are two versions of this music video ; the full version ( about 7 : 44 in length ) and the single version ( about 6 : 00 in length ) . Both of them are included on Dion 's 2001 DVD video collection All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video . The video opens with a man being thrown off his motorcycle , after lightning strikes a tree down in his path - eventually killing him in the process . Dion 's character is haunted by her lover 's image , which she sees through a mirror , and images of them together through picture frames . There are stylistic similarities to Russell Mulcahy 's video for Steinman 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , to the extent that Slant Magazine calls Dick 's video an update . Official versions ( edit ) Several versions of the CD single were released in 1996 . They featured the songs `` The Power of the Dream '' , `` Le fils de Superman '' , `` Fly '' , `` To Love You More '' , and a live version of `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' ; a cassette and 7 '' vinyl version were also released . Another CD contained several dance remixes , although these attracted negative reviews . While praising its original form , Allmusic said that ' as a dance song , it misses the mark ... the final ' Moran ' mix is a little better ( than the other dance mixes ) because the vocals do n't pop up until three and a half minutes into the song ' . `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise radio mix # 1 ) -- 4 : 20 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise radio mix # 2 ) -- 3 : 47 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise mix ) -- 8 : 17 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem 7 '' edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem mix ) -- 14 : 38 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem mix part 1 ) -- 10 : 32 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran breakdown dub ) -- 9 : 09 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Prophet mix ) -- 7 : 04 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Aphrodisiac mix ) -- 7 : 47 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Amnesia mix ) -- 7 : 33 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Live version 2004 from A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas ) -- 3 : 37 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Live version 2008 from Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert ) -- 3 : 33 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now / The Power of Love '' ( Medley ) ( Live version 2013 from Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 ) -- 9 : 26 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( radio edit # 1 ) -- 5 : 31 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( radio edit # 2 ) -- 6 : 06 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( album version ) -- 7 : 37 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 10 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Hit Parade Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 62 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 42 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 17 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 Chart ( 1997 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 94 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 77 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 425,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,563,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United States 30 July 1996 CD cassette 7 '' United Kingdom 23 September 1996 CD cassette Meat Loaf and Marion Raven ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Meat Loaf featuring Marion Raven from the album Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose B - side `` Whore '' Released 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) Format CD , DVD , 7 '' Genre Rock Length 6 : 07 ( album version ) 4 : 32 ( single edit ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Desmond Child Meat Loaf singles chronology `` Man of Steel '' ( 2003 ) Man of Steel 2003 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 2006 ) It 's All Coming Back to Me Now2006 `` Cry Over Me '' ( 2007 ) Cry Over Me 2007 Marion Raven singles chronology `` Here I Am '' ( 2004 ) Here I Am2004 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 2006 ) It 's All Coming Back to Me Now2006 `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2006 ) Heads Will Roll2006 In interviews , Meat Loaf has said that , in his mind , the song was always meant to be a duet . It was recorded as a duet by Meat Loaf and Marion Raven for the album Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose , produced by Desmond Child . Raven had been working on her solo album with Child , and was chosen because the timbre of her voice starkly contrasts to Meat Loaf 's . In promotional interviews , Meat Loaf said that `` I believe that the version that Marion Raven and myself did on this album is the definitive version . '' Meat Loaf cried when he first heard the song , which `` is the only time that 's happened . '' He has also said that the song could refer to Steinman and himself , with an array of emotions coming back every time they work together . Referring to lines like ' when I kiss you like that ' , he said that although `` I love Jim Steinman '' , he would n't French kiss him . To me it was n't a song about romance , it was about me and Jim Steinman . We 'd had a load of problems with managers in the early ' 80s and all of a sudden after five years we started to communicate . After I 'd been to his house , he sent me the song , and it was `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' . Not the line ' When you kiss me like that ' , but the emotional connection . It does n't have to be literal . P.R. Brown directed this video , which premiered on VH1 Classic on 8 August 2006 . There are similarities between the video for Meat Loaf 's version of the song , and that the video for that of Celine Dion , with Meat Loaf being haunted by the memory of his lover . It is structured differently , however , with the story being told through flashback . Shots when Raven 's character is alive have a distinct yellow tint , with a darker , blue tint for those after her death . Whereas the motorcyclist dies before the first verse in the Dion version , Raven 's crash and resulting death is not shown until the final chorus . Meat Loaf becomes angry with Raven because the ghost of Raven 's former lover appears at a masquerade ball they are attending ( some reviewers have compared this to the Stanley Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut ) . Meat Loaf 's character mourning that of Marion Raven , in the 2006 video directed by P.R. Brown . This version of the song replaces the word ' nights ' with ' lights ' , in the line ' There were nights of endless pleasure ' . The ending of the single version is different , concluding with an additional ' We forgive and forget and it 's all coming back to me now ' . The album version , following those recorded by Pandora 's Box and Celine Dion , ends with the female voice whispering ' And if we ... ' , followed by four piano notes . The track was available to download from iTunes in the United Kingdom in August 2006 , two months before its UK release on 16 October . The CD single includes the song `` Black Betty '' , with the limited edition 7 '' featuring `` Whore '' , a rock duet with Patti Russo ; it was also released as a DVD single . The album version was made available on Meat Loaf and Marion Raven 's respective MySpace sites in August , with the single version being played during some of their promotional interviews , such as that on BBC Radio 2 . The cover art is by Julie Bell , who is also the artist for the album Bat out Of Hell III . The single entered the UK charts at No. 6 on 22 October 2006 , giving Meat Loaf his highest position in the UK charts since `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' reached No. 2 in 1995 . The song also reached No. 1 in Raven 's native Norway , as well as No. 7 in Germany . Critical reaction was generally positive , with The Guardian saying that the song is `` ostensibly a reflection on love , but imbued with the delicacy of aircraft carriers colliding at sea . '' Marion Raven joined Meat Loaf for his 2007 tour of Europe . She was the supporting act , promoting her album Set Me Free . Meat Loaf introduced her again on stage at the latter stages of the concerts to duet on `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . A performance was recorded and released on DVD as 3 Bats Live . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 26 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 151 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) Dion 's version appears in a 2018 TV commercial for Applebee 's . See also ( edit ) 1996 in British music Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1996 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1996 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1996 ( Canada ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 List of UK top 10 singles in 2006 Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Meat Loaf as indicated in `` this Reuters report ( 31 July 2006 , accessed 11 September 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . , it was written for the first album in the Bat Out of Hell trilogy , recorded by Meat Loaf . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Steinman on `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Meat Loaf ( 4 August 2006 ) . Steve Wright in the Afternoon ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Steve Wright . London : BBC Radio 2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Othman , Zul ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Man out of hell '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 26 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora 's Box Press Kit '' ( Reprint on website ) ( Press release ) . Virgin Records . 1989 . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Jim Steinman ( 1989 ) . Jim Steinman Opens Pandora 's Box ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Original Sin : Pandora 's Box review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Whistle blower '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Richard . `` It 's all coming back to me now '' . Rick 's World . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles , Guinness Jump up ^ Jeffries , Neil ( 1989 ) . `` Jim In A Box '' ( Reprint on website ) . Kerrang ! . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Sylvie ( 1989 ) . `` Sex , Lies & Videotape '' ( Reprint on website ) . RAW magazine . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lanza , Joseph ( 2007 ) . Phallic Frenzy : Ken Russell and His Films . Chicago Review Press . p. 299 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 669 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hotten , Jon ( September 2000 ) . `` Bat Out Of Hell - The Story Behind The Album '' ( Reprint on website ) . Classic Rock Magazine . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box Discography & Collectibles '' . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Céline Dion , bouleversée , lance sa tournée hommage à René ( VIDÉOS ) ^ Jump up to : All of these quotations from reviews are borrowed from `` Hedonists & Heretics '' . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/falling-into-you-mw0000647077 Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( 26 July 1996 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2115 . p. 78 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' `` . Nigel Dick . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Ploskovice * A visit of the Castle * '' . BOEHMISCHER KULTUR KLUB . Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 . Retrieved 6 September 2006 . This site does not mention the video , but a comparison of the photographs on that site to the video are conclusive . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Music Videos '' . Slant Magazine . 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If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Making of Bat Out of Hell III ( DVD ) . Mercury Records . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bat out of Hell III '' . Liner Notes . 11 September 2006 . XM Satellite Radio . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 26 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( 18 October 2006 ) . Ken Bruce ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Ken Bruce . London : BBC Radio 2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf and Marion Raven `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' dir . P.R. Brown `` . videos.antville.org . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Latest headlines '' . Virginrecords.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith . `` Newswire : Watch : First video from BAT OUT OF HELL III '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' 2006 . Label : Mercury . Jump up ^ https://www.myspace.com/meatloaf ; https://www.myspace.com/marionraven Jump up ^ `` Bat out of hell iii - info update '' . MeatLoaf.net . Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( 20 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf , Bat Out of Hell III '' ( Guardian Unlimited ( online ) ) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian singer tours UK with Meat Loaf '' . norway.org.uk . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . 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Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2006 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Charts Company 2006 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's All You Can Eat TV Commercial , ' Romance ' Song by Celine Dion '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Pandora 's Box -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Long Version ) on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Single Version ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Ashes '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_All_Coming_Back_to_Me_Now&oldid=849592810 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1989 singles 1996 singles 2006 singles Pandora 's Box ( band ) songs Celine Dion songs Meat Loaf songs Songs written by Jim Steinman Marion Raven songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Vocal duets Music videos directed by Nigel Dick RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Rock ballads Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman 1989 songs Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Mercury Records singles Works based on Wuthering Heights Music based on novels Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 01 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	it's all coming back to me now by celine dion lyrics	[]	[]
-7730938654434100999	List of Back to the Future characters	List of Back to the Future characters - wikipedia List of Back to the Future characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franchise logo The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale . The lead character of the series is Marty McFly . During the course of the trilogy , he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown and encounters the villain , Biff Tannen , in several different time periods and visits his family ancestors and descendants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Marty McFly 1.2 Emmett `` Doc '' Brown 1.3 Biff Tannen 2 McFly family 2.1 George McFly 2.2 Lorraine Baines - McFly 2.3 Dave McFly 2.4 Linda McFly 2.5 Seamus and Maggie McFly 2.6 Marty ( Jr . ) and Marlene McFly 3 Brown family 3.1 Clara Clayton 3.2 Jules and Verne Brown 3.3 Copernicus 3.4 Einstein 4 Tannen family 4.1 Irving `` Kid '' Tannen 4.2 Buford `` Mad Dog '' Tannen 4.3 Griff 4.4 Biff Tannen , Jr . 5 Strickland family 5.1 Gerald Strickland 5.2 James Strickland 5.3 Edna Strickland 6 Other characters 6.1 Jennifer Parker 6.2 Douglas J. Needles 6.3 Goldie Wilson 6.4 Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D 7 See also 8 References Main characters ( edit ) Marty McFly ( edit ) Main article : Marty McFly Martin Seamus `` Marty '' McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly . Marty travels between the past and the future , encountering his ancestors and descendants . Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space - time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen ( or members of the Tannen clan ) at various points in time . Emmett `` Doc '' Brown ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Brown Doctor Emmett Lathrop `` Doc '' Brown ( portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future : The Game , and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series ) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine . At various points in time , Doc helps Marty restore the space - time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel . In 2008 , the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , ranking at # 20 . Biff Tannen ( edit ) Main article : Biff Tannen Biff Howard Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film . He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley , most of whom harassed members of the McFly family . Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen ( also portrayed by Wilson ) , who is one of Hill Valley 's outlaws during the 1880s . McFly family ( edit ) George McFly ( edit ) George Douglas McFly ( portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X . Sommers in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the father of Marty , Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly . Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie , George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . In the first film , George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen 's bullying . The novelization of the film expounds on George 's history of weakness , describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself . In 1955 , in contrast with Marty , George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school . He has a penchant for science fiction , and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection . In 1955 , with Marty 's help , he gets the courage to stand up to Biff , knocking him unconscious . As a result , he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight . In the new future , they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around . In the alternate timeline in Part II , George was murdered by Biff in 1973 . George 's character was greatly reduced in the sequels , and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman . Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover 's rendering of McFly , and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future . The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it . Glover did not appreciate this , and sued . The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again . Lorraine Baines - McFly ( edit ) Lorraine Baines - McFly ( portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty , Linda and Dave . She is the eldest daughter of Sam ( George DiCenzo ) and Stella ( Frances Lee McCain ) Baines , and sister of Milton ( Jason Hervey ) , Sally ( Maia Brewton ) , Toby , and Joey . In Back to the Future , Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle - aged and unhappy . After Marty changes the timeline , she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985 . In Part II , she is still happily married to George in 2015 , but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff . Dave McFly ( edit ) David `` Dave '' McFly ( portrayed by Marc McClure ) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Dave works at Burger King , but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white - collar worker for an accounting firm . In a deleted scene from Part II , the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George 's death and Lorraine 's second marriage to Biff . Linda McFly ( edit ) Linda McFly ( portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber ) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job . In 1985 after Marty went to 1955 , Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys . Seamus and Maggie McFly ( edit ) Seamus and Maggie McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson ) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great - great - grandparents of Marty McFly . In Part III , Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie . While Maggie does not trust the `` strange young man '' , Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do . They have a son named William ( Marty 's great - grandfather ) . Much like his descendants , Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family , Buford Tannen . Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson , who also plays Marty 's mother Lorraine , even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine ; in a DVD commentary track for Part III , Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film , and he imagines that McFly men are simply `` genetically predisposed '' to be attracted to women who look like her . Marty ( Jr. . ) and Marlene McFly ( edit ) Marty ( Jr . ) and Marlene McFly ( both portrayed by Michael J. Fox ) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker 's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II . Originally Marty ( Jr . ) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang . Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman 's prison . Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening . Brown family ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series ) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown . Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine , which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory . The animated series reveals that Clara , along with the rest of the family , moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley . She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School . Jules and Verne Brown ( edit ) Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown ( portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series ) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife , Clara , who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne . The characters had minor , non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series . Jules , an introvert , mostly imitates his father 's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted . Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage . Copernicus ( edit ) Copernicus is Doc 's dog from 1955 . Like his other dogs , Copernicus was used in many of Doc 's experiments . When Copernicus died , he was replaced by Einstein . Einstein ( edit ) Einstein ( portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series ) is Doc Brown 's pet Catalan sheepdog . He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family 's dog . In the first film , Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future . In the animated series , Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter , helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future . Tannen family ( edit ) Irving `` Kid '' Tannen ( edit ) Kid Tannen is Biff 's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game . Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley . He , like the rest of the Tannen family , bullies the McFly family forcing Marty 's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting . Kid is brought down with the help of Marty , a young version of Doc , and Arthur McFly . He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help . Buford `` Mad dog '' Tannen ( edit ) Buford Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III ) is the main antagonist of the third film . He is the great - grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley . He was nicknamed `` Mad Dog '' by a newspaper reporter , due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling , a nickname Tannen greatly despises . Buford is cruel , homicidal , rude , and emotionally unstable . He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes , whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does . He is often accompanied by his gang ( played by Christopher Wynne , Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson ) , and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies . Griff ( edit ) Griff ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series ) is a grandson of Biff . He is part of a gang that also consists of `` Data '' , `` Spike '' , and `` Whitey '' ( portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan , Darlene Vogel , and Jason Scott Lee ) . In the animated series , Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode `` Solar Sailors '' where his grandson , Ziff ( also voiced by Wilson ) , is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly 's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family . Griff 's last name is never mentioned in the movies , which means he could either be the son of Biff 's son Biff Jr , or the son of Biff 's daughter , Tiffaney . However , in the animated series , Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens . Biff Tannen , Jr. ( edit ) In the animated series , Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen . Like his father and paternal relatives , he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud . In addition , Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people 's properties . Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship . He is voiced by Benji Gregory . Strickland family ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan ) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School . He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885 . There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal . James Strickland ( edit ) James Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III ) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland . He also has an unnamed son ( portrayed by Kaleb Henley ) , who will become Gerald Strickland 's father . Edna Strickland ( edit ) Edna Strickland , in Back to the Future : The Game , is the sister of Gerald Strickland . She is somewhat nicer than her brother , but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness . After Marty alters her original timeline , Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen . Other characters ( edit ) Jennifer Parker ( edit ) Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend ( and , in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II , the wife ) of Marty McFly . The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future . However , Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons , and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future : The Game as a punk rock version of her character . Consequently , the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells ' place , rather than using the ending of Back to the Future . In the spin - off Back to the Future : the Animated Series , Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini . In 1985 , Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School , along with her boyfriend Marty . In the animated series , Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part - time as a tutor . She lives with her family on a ranch , the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen , after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer 's great - great - grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer 's great - great - grandmother hostage . In the episode `` A Friend in Deed '' , Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne . In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II , Jennifer and Marty had two children , Marlene and Marty Jr. ( both played by Michael J. Fox ) Douglas J. Needles ( edit ) Douglas J. Needles ( portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III ) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School . Like his school 's alumnus , Biff Tannen , Needles also has his own gang ( portrayed by Christopher Wynne , J.J. Cohen , and Ricky Dean Logan ) and develops a rivalry with Marty . Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015 . Goldie Wilson ( edit ) Goldie Wilson ( played by Donald Fullilove in part 1 ) is a young man working at Lou 's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s . A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks , suggesting Goldie is a nickname , presumably in reference to his gold tooth . He would also have a grandson , Goldie Wilson III ( also played by Fullilove ) in Part II , who works as a car salesman . Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D ( edit ) Match ( portrayed by Billy Zane ) , Skinhead ( portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen ) , and 3 - D ( portrayed by Casey Siemaszko ) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen 's gang in 1955 . Their nicknames are only given in the films ' novels , screenplays , and credits . Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies -- Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II , while outside of the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance . In the alternate 1985 , the three work in Biff 's casino as his bodyguards . Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait . Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth ; Skinhead has very short , close - cropped hair ; 3 - D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3 - D glasses ( a reference to the 3 - D movies that were popular in the 1950s ) . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Fictional characters portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Weissman on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Glover Clarifies `` Back to the Future '' Squabble at BTTF.com . Jump up ^ Telltale , Incorporated ( December 22 , 2010 ) . Back to the Future : The Game - Episode 1 : It 's About Time . Level / area : May 14 , 1986 , 6 : 42 pm - Edna 's apartment - `` Pictures '' . Marty McFly : Is that ... Vice Principal Strickland ? Edna Strickland : Mother never could keep little Gerald out of her clothes ... Jump up ^ A Friend in Deed episode recap at TV.com . ( hide ) Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Back_to_the_Future_characters&oldid=833532934 '' Categories : Back to the Future Lists of animated science fiction television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of children 's television characters Lists of film characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 04 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	back to the future biff's gang actors	[ "Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the \"Enchantment Under the Sea\" dance.", "Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the \"Enchantment Under the Sea\" dance.", "Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the \"Enchantment Under the Sea\" dance." ]	[ "Billy Zane", "Jeffrey Jay Cohen", "Casey Siemaszko" ]
-3391166175399261574	Moon landing	Moon landing - wikipedia Moon landing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unmanned landings 2 Manned landings 3 Scientific background 4 Political background 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6 Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Pioneer missions 6.2 Ranger missions 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) 13.1 US strategy 13.2 Soviet strategy 13.3 Apollo missions 13.4 Manned Moon landings 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings 14 Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) 15 21st century unmanned soft landings 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 17 Proposed future missions 18 Historical empirical evidence 19 See also 20 References and notes 21 External links Unmanned landings After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . Manned landings The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . Scientific background In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . Political background Main article : Space Race This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb . The first image of another world from space , returned by Luna 3 , showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959 . Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements . In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 and Luna 3 spacecraft . A 1963 conceptual model of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) . While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 . Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Luna 3 transmitted the first photos of the far side of the Moon After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Artist 's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions . Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact Pioneer missions Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon . NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere . The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit . The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage . Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent . Ranger missions See also : Ranger program The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) . From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days . The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere . This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere . Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch . No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) . Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface . On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon . Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions . Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success . Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes . Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic moon rover The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February , 1966 . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface . Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) . In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) . These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Launch of Surveyor 1 . Pete Conrad , commander of Apollo 12 , stands next to Surveyor 3 lander . In the background is the Apollo 12 lander , Intrepid . The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight . However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon . A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975 , with missions from the USA and USSR . Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip . In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing . Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings . An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years . Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon . Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 . U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Soviet manned lunar programs Zond mounted on top stage of Proton booster in assembly hangar . It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon . Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force . Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose . Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile . After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort . Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date . U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of turtles , insects , plants and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard . As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 . In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later . By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth . The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 . Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The U.S. Saturn V and the Soviet N1 . U.S. strategy Main article : Apollo program § Political pressure builds Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 . After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission . Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them . More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda . Apollo landing sites Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community . The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches . For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned . Soviet strategy Main article : Soviet Moonshot Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed . At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing . Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction . With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation . Apollo missions In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies . Manned Moon landings Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon . President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued . In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 . On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package . Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 . Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings Hiten ( japan ) Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) . Lunar Prospector ( USA ) Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected . SMART - 1 ( ESA ) Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC . Selene ( japan ) SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 . Chang'e 1 ( China ) The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission . Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2018 . LCROSS ( USA ) The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface . GRAIL ( USA ) The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 . LADEE ( USA ) LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater . 21st century unmanned soft landings Chang'e 3 ( China ) On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 . Landings on moons of other solar system bodies Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface . Proposed future missions Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission , poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) on the lunar surface . Main article : List of proposed missions to the Moon China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission . ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized . ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander weight is projected to be 1,250 kg , and the spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle . Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race . The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) is a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet . The Google Lunar X Prize competition offers a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aims to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto . In 2019 , a consortium of Vodafone , Audi and PT Scientists are planning a moon landing . The mission is to launch a lander and two small rovers to the moon from Cape Canaveral , Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket during the 50th - anniversary year of NASA 's Apollo 11 moon landing . Nokia will assist to setup a LTE network in moon to manage lunar terrestrial communication system of the mission . Historical empirical evidence Main article : Moon landing conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust . See also Spaceflight portal List of Apollo astronauts Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond program First on the Moon ( disambiguation ) References and notes Jump up ^ `` Manned Space Chronology : Apollo_11 '' . spaceline.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing `` Inspired World '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . NASA -- NSSDC . Jump up ^ NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 3 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Moon ! '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Lun 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060 '' . Estonia : Tartu Observatory . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( July 1957 ) . `` For Your Information '' . Galaxy Science Fiction ( 61 -- 71 ) . p. 69 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JPL Pioneer Mission Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lunar Impact `` Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Nasa History Series . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 4 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 6 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 5 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 7 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 8 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 9 Details '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 1 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix Luna E-6 '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Exploration '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrows , William E. ( 1999 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . Modern Library . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75485 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . thesmokinggun.com . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur C. Clarke '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo TV Tapes : The Search Continues '' . space.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White -- Business Insider '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing , Photos Reveal '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hiten , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! Ice Found At Lunar Poles '' . NASA . 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SMART 1 , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KAGUYA Lunar Impact '' . JAXA . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese probe crashes into moon '' , BBC News , 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . The Times of India . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater '' . NASA . 2009 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ TheStar.com , `` NASA crashes rocket into moon '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon - bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success - EarthSky.org '' . Jump up ^ Spaceflight101 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First of NASA 's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) '' . National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog . NASA . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` With Planned Crash , NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Moon - Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` NASA 's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE 's Impact Crater '' . NASA . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Hoover , Rachel ; Washington , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon 's Surface '' . NASA.gov . Release 14 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon '' . BBC . 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` China to Launch Lunar Probe Chang'e - 2 before 2011 '' . english.cas.ac.cn . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2 , decides ISRO '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Payloads for Chandrayaan - 2 Mission Finalised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . ISRO. 30 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ИКИ : РФ начнет запуск автоматических станций к Луне в 2018 году '' . Jump up ^ `` Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna - Glob 1 orbiter '' . http://www.flightglobal.com . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Jayalakshmi ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to Nasa '' . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Precursor Robotic Program '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Google Lunar X prize '' . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Puli Space Technologies . 4 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Google Lunar XPRIZE Teams Announce Rideshare Partnership For Mission To The Moon In 2016 '' . xprize.org . Xprize Foundation . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Hakuto ( ... and fellow competitor ) Astrobotic ( will ) carry a pair of rovers to the moon . Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral , Fla. , during the second half of 2016 . HAKUTO 's twin rovers , Moonraker and Tetris , will piggyback on Astrobotic 's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface . Upon touchdown , the rovers will be released simultaneously ... in pursuit of the $20 M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize . Jump up ^ Loren Grush ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Moon Will Get Its Own Mobile Phone Network in 2019 '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia is selected by Vodafone to be its technology partner for Mission to the Moon project Nokia '' . Nokia . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 8 Moon - Landing Hoax Myths -- Busted '' . National Geographic . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years '' , JPL 20 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . External links NASA 's page on moon landings , missions , etc. ( includes information on other space agencies ' missions . ) Moon missions ( United States ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery : an independently organized collection of high - res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna Resource Prospector SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . Manned lunar spacecraft Orbiters Retired Apollo Command / Service Module Cancelled LK - 1 / LK - 700 ( VA ) Zond ( Soyuz 7K - L1 ) LOK ( Soyuz 7K - L3 ) Future Orion Federation Landers Retired Apollo Lunar Module Cancelled Lunniy Korabl Altair See also Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon People who have walked on the Moon Neil Armstrong ( CDR , Apollo 11 ) Buzz Aldrin ( LMP , Apollo 11 ) Pete Conrad ( CDR , Apollo 12 ) Alan Bean ( LMP , Apollo 12 ) Alan Shepard ( CDR , Apollo 14 ) Edgar Mitchell ( LMP , Apollo 14 ) David Scott ( CDR , Apollo 15 ) James Irwin ( LMP , Apollo 15 ) John Young ( CDR , Apollo 16 ) Charles Duke ( LMP , Apollo 16 ) Eugene Cernan ( CDR , Apollo 17 ) Harrison Schmitt ( LMP , Apollo 17 ) Moon landing Apollo program Apollo Lunar Module Lunar Roving Vehicle The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4170439 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing&oldid=828241499 '' Categories : Exploration of the Moon History of television Missions to the Moon 1959 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français 贛語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Patois Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 11 : 33 . 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4668312418948339535	List of architecture schools	List of Architecture schools - wikipedia List of Architecture schools This is a list of architecture schools at colleges and universities around the world . An architecture school ( also known as a school of architecture or college of architecture ) , is an institution specializing in architectural education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 Algeria 1.2 Cameroon 1.3 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.4 Egypt 1.5 Kenya 1.6 Libya 1.7 Mauritius 1.8 Morocco 1.9 Nigeria 1.10 South Africa 1.11 Sudan 1.12 Tanzania 1.13 Togo 1.14 Tunisia 1.15 Uganda 1.16 Zimbabwe 2 Asia 2.1 Bangladesh 2.2 China 2.3 Hong Kong 2.4 India 2.5 Indonesia 2.6 Iran 2.7 Iraq 2.8 Israel 2.9 Japan 2.9. 1 National universities 2.9. 2 Public universities 2.9. 3 Private universities 2.9. 3.1 Hokkaido and Tohoku 2.9. 3.2 Kanto 2.9. 3.3 Chubu 2.9. 3.4 Kinki 2.9. 3.5 Chugoku , Shikoku and Kyushu 2.10 Jordan 2.11 Lao PDR 2.12 Lebanon 2.13 Malaysia 2.14 Oman 2.15 Pakistan 2.15. 1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2.15. 2 Punjab 2.15. 3 Sindh 2.16 Philippines 2.16. 1 Luzon 2.16. 2 Visayas and Mindanao 2.17 Saudi Arabia 2.18 Singapore 2.19 South Korea 2.20 Sri Lanka 2.21 Taiwan 2.22 Thailand 2.23 United Arab Emirates 2.24 Vietnam 3 Europe 3.1 Albania 3.2 Austria 3.3 Belgium 3.3. 1 Dutch speaking higher education institutions 3.3. 2 French speaking higher education institutions 3.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.5 Bulgaria 3.6 Croatia 3.7 Cyprus 3.8 Czech Republic 3.9 Denmark 3.10 Estonia 3.11 Finland 3.12 France 3.13 Germany 3.14 Greece 3.15 Hungary 3.16 Iceland 3.17 Ireland 3.17. 1 Architecture Schools in the Republic of Ireland 3.17. 2 Architecture Schools in Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) 3.18 Italy 3.19 Latvia 3.20 Lithuania 3.21 Macedonia 3.22 Moldova 3.23 Netherlands 3.24 Norway 3.25 Poland 3.26 Portugal 3.27 Romania 3.28 Russia 3.29 Serbia 3.30 Slovakia 3.31 Slovenia 3.32 Spain 3.33 Sweden 3.34 Switzerland 3.35 Turkey 3.36 Ukraine 3.37 United Kingdom 3.37. 1 England 3.37. 2 Northern Ireland 3.37. 3 Scotland 3.37. 4 Wales 4 North America 4.1 Canada 4.1. 1 Alberta 4.1. 2 British Columbia 4.1. 3 Manitoba 4.1. 4 Nova Scotia 4.1. 5 Ontario 4.1. 6 Quebec 4.2 Mexico 4.3 United States of America 5 Central America 5.1 Costa Rica 5.2 Cuba 5.3 Guatemala 5.4 Panama 6 South America 6.1 Argentina 6.2 Brazil 6.3 Chile 6.4 Colombia 6.5 Ecuador 6.6 Perú 6.7 Uruguay 6.8 Venezuela 7 Oceania 7.1 Australia 7.2 New Zealand 8 References 9 External links Africa ( edit ) Algeria ( edit ) Département d'architecture de l'université Benyoucef Benkhedda Algiers Département d'architecture de l'université Amar Telidji de Laghouat Département d'Architecture de l'université L'arbi Ben Mhidi Oum El Bouaghi Département d'architecture de l'université Med Khieder de Biskra Département d'Architecture de Sétif Département d'architecture du centre universitaire L'Arbi Tbessi de Tébessa École Polytechnique d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme ( EPAU ) d'Alger Institut d'architecture de Batna Institut d'architecture et d'urbanisme de l'université Saad Dahleb Blida Institut d'architecture de Mostaganem Institut d'architecture de Tizi - Ouzou Institut d'architecture de Tlemcen ( Université d'Abou Bakr Belkaid , faculté des sciences de l'ingénieur ) , Tlemcen Institut d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme ( IAUC ) de Constantine Cameroon ( edit ) École Supérieure Speciale d'Architecture du Cameroun ( ESSACA ) Yaoundé Democratic Republic of the Congo ( edit ) Académie de Design ( AD ) , Gombe , Kinshasa Ecole Supérieure d'Architecture Et d'Urbanisme ( ESAU ) , Gombe , Kinshasa Institut des Bâtiments et des Travaux Publics ( IBTP ) , Ngaliema , Kinshasa Université Panafricaine du Congo ( UPC ) , Ngaliema , Kinshasa Egypt ( edit ) Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Al Azhar University , Cairo and Qena Department of Architecture in the German University ( GUC ) , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering ( HTI ) , 10th of Ramadan City Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Ain Shams University , Abbaseya , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Alexandria University , Alexandria Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport , Cairo and Alexandria Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Suez Canal University , Ismailia Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Assiut University , Assiut Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Behira Higher Institute , BHI , Kilo 47 Alexandria , Cairo Desert Road Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Benha University , Shoubra Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Cairo Higher Institute , CHI , New Cairo , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Cairo University , Giza Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Helwan University , Mattareya , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Higher Technological Institute ( HTI ) , 10th of Ramadan City Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Mansoura University , Mansoura Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Menoufia University , Menoufia Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Misr International University , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Misr University for Science and Technology ( MUST ) , 6 October City Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology , Maadi Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , MSA University , 6 October City , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Pharos University in Alexandria , Alexandria Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Tanta University , Tanta Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , Zagazig University , Zagazig Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Fine Arts , Alexandria University , Alexandria Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Fine Arts , Helwan University , Zamalek , Cairo Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Fine Arts , Minia University , Minia Department of Architecture , School of Engineering , Université Française d'Égypte , Cairo Department of Architecture , School of Engineering , Future University in Egypt , FUE , Cairo Department of Construction and Architectural Engineering ( American University in Cairo , AUC ) , Kattameya , Helwan Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering , British University in Egypt , Sherouq Kenya ( edit ) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , School of Architecture and Building Sciences , Department of Architecture Technical University of Kenya , Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment , Department of Architecture and Environmental Design Technical University of Mombasa , Faculty of Engineering and Technology , Department of Building and Civil Engineering University of Nairobi , Department of Architecture , Faculty of Architecture and Design Libya ( edit ) Benghazi University , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture and Urban Planning , Benghazi Omar Al - Mukhtar University , Faculty of Art and Architecture , Department of Architecture and Planning , Derna , Al Fatah branch , Derna University of Tripoli , School of Applied Sciences , Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Tripoli Mauritius ( edit ) École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes ( ENSA Nantes ) , Medine Education Village , Quatre Bornes Ucsi University / Jr School Port Louis Morocco ( edit ) Ecole d'Architecture de Casablanca , Casablanca Ecole Nationale d'Architecture , Rabat Ecole Supérieure de Design e des Arts Visuels Casablanca , Casablanca Nigeria ( edit ) Abia State Polytechnic , Aba Abia Abia State University , Uturu , Abia State Abubakar Tafawa Ballewa University , Bauchi Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria Ambrose Alli University , Ekpoma , Edo State Caleb University , Lagos Covenant University , Ota , Ogun State Federal Polytechnic Nekede , Owerri , Imo State Federal Polytechnic Oko , Anambra State Federal University of Agriculture , Makurdi , Beneu State Federal University of Technology , Akure , Ondo State Federal University of Technology , Minna , Niger State Federal University of Technology , Yola , Adamawa State Kano University of science and Technology Kwara state polytechnic , Ilorin , Kwara State Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbomosho , Oyo State Lagos State Polytechnic , Ikorodu , Lagos State Moshood Abiola Polytechnic , Abeokuta , Ogun State Nnamdi Azikiwe University , Awka , Anambra State Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile Ife Osun State Olabisi Onabanjo University , Ogun State Oluwatomisin Olamide Adeshiyan University , Lekki Lagos The Polytechnic , Ibadan , Oyo State University of Jos , Jos , Plateau State , Nigeria University of Lagos , Akoka , Lagos State University of Nigeria , Nsukka University of Uyo , Uyo , Akwa Ibom State Yaba College of Technology , Yaba , Lagos State , Nigeria South Africa ( edit ) University of Pretoria Old Arts building See also : Professional requirements for architects : South Africa and South African Council for the Architectural Profession University School City Year founded Website University of Cape Town School of Architecture , Planning and Geomatics , Cape Town http://www.ebe.uct.ac.za/ebe/study/architecture-planning-and-geomatics Durban University of Technology Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Durban www.dut.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Architecture Bloemfontein www.uovs.ac.za University of Johannesburg Department of Architecture Johannesburg www.uj.ac.za University of KwaZulu - Natal School of Architecture , Planning and Housing Durban arch.ukzn.ac.za Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University School of Architecture Port Elizabeth www.nmmu.ac.za University of Pretoria Department of Architecture Pretoria 1943 Tshwane University of Technology Department of Architecture Pretoria www.architec.co.za University of the Witwatersrand School of Architecture and Planning Johannesburg www.wits.ac.za Sudan ( edit ) College of Architecture , Sudan University of Science and Technology , Khartoum College of Architecture , University of Khartoum , Khartoum College of Engineering Sciences Department of Architecture and Planning , Omdurman Islamic University Department of Architecture , Future University Khartoum , Khartoum Department of Architecture , University of Science and Technology Khartoum Sharg El Neil college Tanzania ( edit ) Ardhi University University of Dar es Salaam Togo ( edit ) Ecole Africaine des Métiers d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme ( EAMAU ) à Lomé Tunisia ( edit ) École Nationale d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme ( ENAU ) , Tunis Université privée Tunis Carthage ( fr ) , Department of Architecture Uganda ( edit ) College of Engineering , Design , Art and Technology , Makerere University , Kampala Faculty of the Built Environment , Uganda Martyrs University , Nkozi Faculty of lands and architecture , Kyambogo University Zimbabwe ( edit ) Faculty of the Built Environment , National University of Science and Technology , Bulawayo Asia ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : List of architecture schools in Bangladesh China ( edit ) Zhongda Hall , the building of SEU School of Architecture Chongqing University , Architecture and Construction College , Shapingba , Chongqing Fuzhou University , College of Architecture , Fuzhou , Fujian Province Harbin Institute of Technology ( HIT ) School of Architecture , Harbin , Heilongjiang Huazhong University of Science and Technology , College of Architecture and Urban Planning , Wuhan , Hubei Province South China University of Technology ( SCUT ) , School of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province Southeast University ( SEU ) , School of Architecture , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province Suzhou University of Science and Technology , School of Architecture and Urban Planning , Suzhou , Jiangsu Tianjin University ( TJU ) , School of Architecture , Tianjin Tongji University , College of Architecture and Urban Planning , Shanghai Tsinghua University ( THU ) , School of Architecture , Department of Architecture , Beijing Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University ( XJTLU ) , Department of Architecture ( XLarch ) , Suzhou , Jiangsu Xi'an Jiaotong University , Department of Architecture , Xi'an , Shaanxi Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , School of Architecture , Xi'an , Shaanxi Zhejiang University , College of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province Zhengzhou University , School of Architecture , Zhengzhou Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , School of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Hangzhou Hong kong ( edit ) These are the only two universities offering accredited Master of Architecture for architect professional registration . The Chinese University of Hong Kong , School of Architecture , Hong Kong , founded in 1992 The University of Hong Kong , Faculty of Architecture , Department of Architecture , Hong Kong , founded in 1950 India ( edit ) Department of Planning & Architecture , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur Aayojan School of Architecture , Jaipur Academy of Architecture , Mumbai Academy of Architecture , Rachana Sansad , Mumbai Aditya College of Architecture , Mumbai Allana College of Architecture , Pune Amity School of Architecture and Planning , Lucknow Asian school of architecture and design innovations , Kochi Axis institute of architecture , kanpur Anna University School of Architecture and Planning , Chennai APEEJAY School of Architecture and Planning , Greater Noida B.V. Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology , Hubli , Karnataka , Dept of Architecture Balwant Sheth School of Architecture , NMIMS University , Mumbai BGS School of Architecture and Planning , Bangalore Bharath Architecture Department , Selaiyur , Chennai BKPS College of Architecture , BKPS , Pune , Maharashtra C.A.R.E. School of Architecture , Tiruchirapalli Chandigarh College of Architecture , Chandigarh CAAD -- Chennai Academy of Architecture and Design in Thumbakkam , Periyapalayam , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India College of Architecture , Trivandrum ( CAT ) College of Engineering & Technology , Bhubaneswar , Orissa CSIIT School of Planning and Architecture , Secunderabad Cumins College , Pune D.C. Patel School of Architecture , Arvindbhai Patel Institute of Environmental Design , Sardar Patel University , Anand Dark School of Architecture Dayanand Sagar Institutes , School of Architecture , Banglore ( Chiranjith ) Dehradun Institute of Technology , Dehradun , Uttrakhand Department of Architecture , Bengal Engineering and Science University , Shibpur , West Bengal Department of Architecture , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi , Jharkhand Department of Architecture , BMSCE , Bangalore Department of Architecture , College of Engineering , Trivandrum , Kerala Department of Architecture , DBSCR University of Science and Technology , Murthal , Sonepat Department of Architecture , Jadavpur University , Kolkata Department of Architecture , Madhav Institute of Technology and Science , Gwalior , India Department of Architecture , Maharaja Sayajirao University , Baroda , Gujarat Department of Architecture , Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology , Bhopal Department of Architecture , ( Integral University ) , ( Lucknow ) Department of Architecture , National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur , Himachal Pradesh Department of Architecture , National Institute of Technology , Patna , Bihar Department of Architecture , National Institute of Technology Trichy Department of Architecture , School of Planning and Architecture , Bhopal Department of Architecture , TKM College of Engineering , Kollam , Kerala Department of Architecture , ZHCET , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh Dignity College of Architecture , Durg Dr. Bhanubhen Nanavati College of Architecture for Women ( Pune ) Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Architecture , Nerul , Navi Mumbai Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi Faculty of Architecture , CEPT University , Ahmedabad Faculty of Architecture , Gautam Buddha Technical University , Lucknow Faculty of Design , School of Interior Design , CEPT University , Ahmedabad Faculty of Fine Arts , Sir J.J. College of Architecture , University of Mumbai , Mumbai Gateway College of Architecture and Design , Sonipat , Haryana Hindustan University , Chennai , Tamil Nadu Holy Crescent College of Architecture Alwaye , Kerala Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , West Bengal Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Uttarakhand Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture , Rajkot , Gujarat Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University , Hyderabad Kalasalingam School of Architecture , Kalasalingam University , Krishnankoil , Virudhunagar District / Tamil Nadu / India K.R. Mangalam School of Architecture & Planning , New Delhi Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture and Environmental Studies , Mumbai Lokmanya Institute of Architecture and Design Studies , Mumbai Lovely School of Architecture and Design ( LSAD ) , Lovely Professional University , Punjab L.S. Raheja School of Architecture , Mumbai M.E.S School of Architecture , MES College of Engineering , Kuttipuram , Kerala M.S. Ramaiah School of Architecture , Bangalore Manipal University , Manipal Marian College of Architecture and Planning , Kazhakkuttom , Trivandrum Masterji College of Architecture , Vattinagulapally , Hyderabad Measi Academy of Architecture , Chennai MBS School of Planning and Architecture , Dwarka sector 9 , New Delhi McGan 's Ooty School of Architecture , Ooty , Tamil Nadu MEASI Academy of Architecture , Chennai , Tamil Nadu National Institute of Technology Calicut National Institute of Technology Raipur , Chhattisgarh National Institute of Technology , Jaipur , Rajasthan National Institute of Technology Trichy , Tamil Nadu Om Institute of Architecture and Design , Hisar , Haryana Pillai 's College of Architecture , New Panvel , Navi Mumbai Piloo Modi College of Architecture , ABIT , Cuttack , Orissa Prahar School of Architecture ( PSA ) , Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu Purvanchal Institute of Architecture & Design , Gorakhpur , U.P. R.V. College of Architecture , Bengaluru Rajalakshmi School of Architecture Rajalakshmi Engineering College , Thandalam , Chennai , Tamil Nadu . Rizvi College of Architecture , Mumbai Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology , SVIT Vasad Sasi Creative School of Architecture , Coimbatore Sathyabama University , Chennai School of Architecture , Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute University , Chennai School of Architecture , Government College of Engineering , Trichur , Kerala School of Architecture , Meenakshi College of Engineering ( SOA , MCE ) , Chennai School of Architecture , Vadodara Design Academy , Vadodara School of Architecture & Design , Faculty of Design , Manipal University Jaipur , Jaipur School of Architecture and Landscape Design , Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University , Jammu and Kashmir School of Planning and Architecture , Bhopal School of Planning and Architecture , Delhi School of Architecture and Planning , Periyar Maniammai University , Thanjavur , Tamil Nadu School of Planning and Architecture , Vijayawada SCMS School of Architecture ( SSA ) , Cochin , Kerala Sinhgad College of Architecture ( SCOA ) , Pune Smt . Premalatai Chavan College of Architecture , Karad , Maharashtra Sri Venkateshwara College of Architecture , Hyderabad SRM School of Architecture , Chennai Sunder Deep College of Architecture , Ghaziabad Surya School of Architecture ( SSA ) , Chandigarh Sushant School of Art and Architecture , Gurgaon TVB School of Habitat Studies , Vasant Kunj , New Delhi University School of Architecture and Planning ( USAP ) GGSIPU , Delhi University School of Architecture and Planning ( USAP ) GGSIPU , Delhi The University School of Design , Manasagangothri , Mysore Vastu Kala Academy College of Architecture , New Delhi Vidya Pratishthan 's School of Architecture ( VPSOA ) , Baramati , Pune Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur , Maharashtra Viva School of Architecture , Virar ( East ) , Thane , Maharashtra Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Indonesia Atma Jaya University , Yogyakarta Bandung Institute of Technology , Bandung Binus University , Jakarta Brawijaya University , Malang Diponegoro University , Semarang Gadjah Mada University , Yogyakarta Hasanuddin University , Makasar Indonesia University of Education , Bandung Lambung Mangkurat University , Banjarmasin Palangkaraya University , Palangka Raya Pancasila University , Jakarta Parahyangan Catholic University , Bandung Sam Ratulangi University , Menado Sebelas Maret University , Surakarta Sepuluh November Institute of Technology , Surabaya Soegijapranata Catholic University , Semarang Tadulako University , Palu Tanjung Pura University , Pontianak Tanri Abeng University , Jakarta Tarumanagara University , Jakarta Trisakti University , Jakarta Universitas Islam Indonesia , Yogyakarta University of Indonesia , Jakarta University of North Sumatra , Sumatra Utara Udayana University , Denpasar , Bali Iran ( edit ) Art , Architecture University , Department of Architecture Azad Bam University Azad Kerman University Azad Mashad University , Art & Architecture University , Department of Architecture , Mashad Azad Shiraz University Azad Tehran University , Art & Architecture University , Department of Architecture , Tehran Azad University , South Tehran Branch Eshragh University , Faculty of Architecture , Department of Architecture , Bojnourd Hafez Higher Education Institute of Shiraz Imam Khomeini International University , Architecture , Urbanism , Qazvin Iran University of Science and Technology ( IUST ) , Faculty of Architecture , Department of Architecture and Urban Planning , Tehran Islamic Azad University ( Anar branch ) Department of Architecture Islamic Azad University , Mashhad Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan ( Isfahan ) Islamic Azad University of Noor Islamic Azad University of Qazvin ( QIAU ) Islamic Azad University of Bandar Anzali ( IAU Anzali ) Islamic Azad University of Shahrood Islamic Azad University of Zanjan ( AZU ) Islamic Azad University , South Tehran Branch Persian Gulf University of Bushehr Shahid Bahonar Technical College of Shiraz Shiraz university , Faculty of Art and Architecture , Shiraz Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Shahid Rajaee University Tabriz Islamic Art University ( TIAU ) , Faculty of Art & Architecture , Tabriz Tarbiat Modares University , Faculty of Art and Architecture , Department of Architecture , Tehran Technical and Vocational University University of Art , Faculty of Urbanism and Architecture , Department of Architecture University of Guilan , Architecture , Urbanism , Urban Design and Planning University of Isfahan ( Isfahan Art ) , Architecture , Urbanism , Urban Design and Planning University of Mazandaran , Faculty of Art and Architecture , Department of Architecture , Babolsar , University of Science and Culture ( USC ) , Faculty of Art and Architecture University of Tehran , Faculty of Fine Arts , Department of Architecture , Tehran University of Urmia , Faculty of Art and Architecture , Department of Architecture Yazd University , Faculty of Art and Architecture , Yazd Iraq ( edit ) Bayan University , Department of Architecture Engineering , Erbil , Kurdistan region Cihan University , Department of Architecture Engineering , Erbil , Kurdistan region Ishik University , Architecture Department , Erbil , Kurdistan region Koya University , Department of Architectural Engineering , Koya , Erbil , Kurdistan region Nahrain University , Department of Architectural Engineering , Baghdad Nawroz University , Department of Architectur , Dohuk , Kurdistan region Salahaddin University , Architectural Engineering Department , Erbil , Kurdistan region University of Babylon , College of Engineering , Babylon University of Baghdad , Architecture Engineering Department , Baghdad University of Basrah , Architectural Department , Basra University of Duhok , School of Engineering , Department of Architecture . Duhok , Kurdistan region University of Mosul , Department of Architectural Engineering , Mosul University of Sulaymaniyah , Architectural Engineering , Sulaymaniyah , Kurdistan region University of Technology , Department of Architectural Engineering , Baghdad University of Wasit , Architecture Engineering Department , Wasit , Uruk University College , Architectur Department , Baghdad Israel ( edit ) Ariel University , School of Architecture , Ariel Bezalel Academy of Art and Design , Department of Architecture , Jerusalem Technion , Israel Institute of Technology , Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning , Haifa Tel Aviv University , Yolanda and David Katz Faculty of the Arts , David Azrieli School of Architecture , Tel Aviv Wizo School of design , The Neri Bloomfield School of Design and Education , Haifa Japan ( edit ) Universities and junior colleges in Japan with a Department of Architecture . National universities ( edit ) Chiba University Faculty of Urban Environmental Systems , Department of Environmental Planning , Department of Architecture Hiroshima University Faculty of Architecture ( Program of the four species ) Hokkaido University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Environmental and Social System Architecture Kagoshima University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Kobe University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Kumamoto University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Kyoto Institute of Technology , Science part craft engineering modeling region , Kyoto Kyoto University , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture and Architectural Systems , Kyoto Kyushu Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Social architecture construction course Kyushu University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture / Faculty of Arts ( formerly Kyushu Institute of Design ) , Department of Environmental Design Mie University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Muroran Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Systems Engineering construction , Division of Architecture Nagasaki University Faculty of Engineering Department of the structure Nagoya Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Architecture & Design Department Nagoya University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Social and Environmental Studies Course Architecture Nara Women 's University Faculty of Environmental Studies life living environment , Department of Housing course National University Corporation Tsukuba University of Technology Department of Architecture hearing section Niigata University Faculty of Engineering Department of Construction of Architecture Oita University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Environmental Engineering course architecture welfare Osaka University Faculty of Engineering , Architectural Engineering and Environmental Engineering , Department of General In addition to Earth Saga University Faculty of Science and Technology of Urban Engineering , Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design Course Shimane University Faculty of General Science and Technology Department of Materials and Process Shinshu University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Tohoku University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Sendai Tokyo Institute of Technology ( TokyoTech ) , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Tokyo Tokyo National University of Fine Arts Faculty of Fine Arts Department of Architecture Toyohashi University of Technology Faculty of Engineering Department of Construction University of Fukui , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Building & Construction University of the Ryukyus Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture course construction environment University of Tsukuba Science and Technology group ( or social engineering < Urban Planning > College of Engineering Systems < Engineering Environment and Development > ) , main major design group specializing in art school < architectural design , environmental design > University of Tokyo , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Department of Urban Engineering Tokyo University of Toyama Faculty of Arts and Culture , Department of Arts and Design building science course Utsunomiya University Faculty of Engineering Department of Construction of Architecture course Wakayama University Faculty of Systems Engineering , Department of Environmental Systems Yamaguchi University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Kansei Engineering Design Course of the human space Yokohama National University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Construction of Architecture Public universities ( edit ) Akita Municipal Junior College of Arts and Crafts Department of Industrial Design Akita Prefectural University Faculty of Systems Science and Technology Department of Architecture and Environment Systems Gifu City Women 's College Interior Design Course , Department of Kansei architecture design vocational life design Iwate Prefectural University College of Life Science , Department of Life Science Kanazawa College of Art Faculty of Arts and Crafts Design Department of Environmental Design course Kyoto Prefectural University Faculty of Life and Environmental Department of Environmental Design , Landscape Design , Architecture , Living Environment course and life course Maebashi Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture ( Day ) , Department of Integrated Design ( Night ) Miyagi University Faculty of Project , Department of Design and Information Design , Course of Space Design Nagoya City University Faculty of Arts and city Department of Environmental Design Okayama Prefectural University School of Design Department of Design Osaka City University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Environmental Urban Engineering , Graduate School , Life Sciences Division , Department of the living environment Prefectural University of Kumamoto , Faculty of Symbiotic Science Course , Department of Environmental Symbiosis residential environment Sapporo City University Faculty of Design Department of Design , Space Design Course Tokyo Metropolitan University Faculty of Urban Environment , Department of Architecture and Urban urban environment course University of Hyogo ( Hyogo Prefectural University ) Faculty of Human Environment Department of the human environment ( course plan living space and conservation course creative living environment course environmental analysis ) University of Kitakyushu Faculty of International Environmental Engineering , Department of Environmental Space Design KitaKyushu The University of Shiga Prefecture Environmental Sciences Department of Environmental Design , Department of Private universities ( edit ) Hokkaido and Tohoku ( edit ) Dohto University Faculty of Fine Arts Department of Architecture Hachinohe Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architectural Engineering , Faculty of Design , Department of ansei Design , Course of Housing design sensibility Hokkai Gakuen University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Hokkaido Institute of Technology Faculty of creation space architecture department ( from 2008 ) Koriyama Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design , Department of Human Life Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University Faculty of Science and Technology ( living from Department of Environmental Planning Department of Environmental Design , human , 2008 Department of Environmental Design ) Tohoku Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Tohoku University of Art and Design Faculty of Engineering and Design , Department of Environmental Design Tokai University ( Asahikawa Campus , formerly Hokkaido Tokai University ) , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture and Environment Design , Arts course architecture Town Planning course , Sapporo Kanto ( edit ) Ashikaga Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Bunka Women 's University Faculty of Art , Department of Housing Architectural Design Course Chiba Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture and Urban Environment Hosei University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Institute of Technologists ( Monotsukuri University ) Faculty of craft skill , Department of Construction course cities and architecture course architecture and interior design course wooden building finishing course Japan Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design dwelling Department of Architecture and Environment Design Course Jissen Women 's University Faculty of living environment architecture design course Kanagawa University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Kanto Gakuin University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture / Faculty of Human Environment Department of Environmental Design Keio University Faculty of Science and Technology System Design Engineering ( Hiyoshi Campus ) and the Faculty of Environmental Information , Department of Information Design ( Shonan - Fujisawa Campus ) Kogakuin University Faculty of Architecture , Town Planning Department ( established in April 2011 ) , Department of Architecture , Department of Architecture and Design : restructuring and reorganization to `` Faculty of Architecture '' in April 2011 , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Part 1 , Department of Architecture and Urban Design Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Part 2 ( night ) Kokushikan University Faculty of Architecture Department of Design from the Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Science and Engineering , architectural changes to the system Komazawa Women 's University Faculty of Humanities , Department of molding space Kyoei Gakuen Junior College Department of Housing Kyoritsu Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design Department of Architecture and Design Meiji University Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Architecture Meikai University Faculty of Real Estate , Department of Real Estate , Environmental Design Course Meisei University Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Architecture Musashino Art University Faculty of Art , Department of Architecture Musashino University Faculty of Environmental Studies , Department of Environment Living Environment course Nihon University College of Bioresource Science , Department of Biological and Environmental ( Fujisawa Campus , Kanagawa ) College of Engineering , Department of Architecture ( Koriyama Campus , Fukushima ) College of Fine Arts , Department of Design , Architecture Design Course ( Ecoda Campus , Tokyo ) College of Production Engineering , Department of Architecture ( Mimomi Campus , Chiba ) College of Science and Technology , School of Architecture , School of Marine Engineering Building ( Tokyo Surugadai Campus and Chiba Funabashi Campus ) Junior College Department of Design , Architecture and life ( Funabashi Campus , Chiba ) Nippon Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Shibaura Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Department of Architectural Engineering ( Mita Campus , Tokyo ) Faculty of Systems Engineering , Department of Environmental Systems ( Saitama Campus ) Showa Women 's University Faculty of Life Sciences Division , Department of Architecture course living environment , the design area , Department of Interior Architecture and Design , College of cultural creation Tama Art University Faculty of Art , Department of Environmental Design Department of Design , Space Design , Faculty of plastic expression field Tokai University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Faculty of Engineering and Design Department of Architecture and Design Tokyo City University ( formerly Musashi Institute of Technology ) , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Tokyo Denki University Faculty of Future Science , Department of Architecture Tokyo Polytechnic University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Tokyo University of Science Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Part 1 , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Part 2 ( Iidabashi Campus , Tokyo ) , Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Architecture ( Noda Campus , Chiba ) Tokyo Zokei University ( Tokyo University of Art and Design ) Faculty of Art and Design , Department of Interior Design , interior architecture major area Toyo University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture / Faculty of Life human Design , Department of Environmental Design Waseda University School of Creative Science and Technology , Department of Architecture Chubu ( edit ) Aichi Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering Course of the Department of Architecture , Urban and Environmental Studies Course of Architecture and Environment Aichi Konan College Department of Life Science , interior and architecture course Aichi Sangyo University Art School Department of Architecture , Department of Architecture in Ministry of Education and Communication Aichi Shukutoku University Faculty of Contemporary Social Studies , Department of Urban and Environmental Design , Course of modern society Chubu University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Daido University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Fukui University of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Building Construction Gifu Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design Department of Life Sciences Kanazawa Institute of Technology Faculty of Architecture Building and Environment , Department of Architecture and Urban Design Meijo University Faculty of Science and Technology , Department of Architecture Nagaoka Institute Of Design Faculty of Art , Department of Architecture and Environmental Design Nagoya Zokei University ( Nagoya University of Art and Design ) Art College , Department of Design , Architecture and Design Course space Niigata Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Shizuoka University of Art and Culture School of Design , Department of molding space Sugiyama Jogakuen University life science unit Department of living and Environmental Design Kinki ( edit ) BAIKA Women 's University Faculty of Modern Human Living , Environment Department Kansai University Faculty of Urban and Environmental Engineering , Department of Architecture Kinki University Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture ( established in April 2011 : restructuring and reorganization to Faculty of Architecture in April 2011 , Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Architecture ) Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Industrial Science and Technology Department of Architecture and Design ( Kyushu Campus ) Literary department seminar and spatial design : Architecture , Department of Art and Design course Kio University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of healthy living human environmental design course Kobe Design University School of Design , Department of Architecture & Environmental Kwansei Gakuin University Faculty of Policy Management , urban policy field Kyoto Seika University , Faculty of Design , Department of Architecture , Kyoto Kyoto Tachibana University Faculty of Modern Business , Department of Urban Design , Tourism and Urban design course Interior and Architecture course , Kyoto University of Art and Design Faculty of Arts , Department of Environmental Design , Architecture Design Course / Ministry of Education Department of Design , Architecture Design Course Kyoto Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design , Department of formative life Mukogawa Women 's University Faculty of living environment , Department of Architecture Osaka Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Department of Space Design Osaka Sangyo University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Environmental Design , Architecture , from the Department of Environmental Design ( renamed in April 2008 ) living environment from the Department of Urban and Environmental Department , Faculty of Human Environment ( renamed in April 2008 ) Osaka Shoin Women 's University College of liberal arts , Department of Interior Design Osaka University of Arts Faculty of Arts , Department of Architecture Osaka University of Human Sciences Faculty of Human Sciences , Department of Environment and Architectural Design Otemae Junior College Department of Housing Comprehensive System Design Life Ritsumeikan University Faculty of Science and Technology Urban Systems Engineering , Department of Architecture and Urban Design Setsunan University Faculty of Science and Technology , Department of Architecture Takarazuka University of Art and Design School of Art , Department of Industrial Design , Architectural Design Course and Interior Design Course Tezukayama University Faculty of Modern Life Design , Department of Dwelling Space Chugoku , Shikoku and Kyushu ( edit ) Daiichi Institute of Technology ( first technical university ) Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Fukuoka University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Fukuyama University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Hiroshima Jogakuin University Life Sciences Faculty , Department of Design and living information Hiroshima Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Faculty of Environmental Studies Department of Environmental Design Hiroshima International University Faculty of Design , Department of Housing ( Social and Environmental Sciences ) Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Faculty of Management , Department of Design , Health and Welfare Kochi University of Technology Faculty of Social Systems Engineering Kurume Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering , Department of Building Facilities Kwassui Women 's College Faculty of Life Healthy Life , Department of Design Kyushu Kyoritsu University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Department of housing and interior design Kyushu Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design , Department of Human Life Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College Department of Life Sciences School of Life Design Mimasaka University of Life Sciences Faculty , Welfare , Department of Environmental Design course architecture welfare Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Nippon Bunri University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture and Design Nishinippon Institute of Technology School of Design , Department of Architecture Okayama University of Science Faculty of Information Technology , Department of Architecture Sojo University Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture Tohwa University Faculty of Environmental Design Engineering course architectural , interior design of residential Tokai University ( Kumamoto Campus , formerly Kyushu Tokai University ) , School of Industrial Engineering , Department of Architecture Tokushima Bunri University Faculty of Human Life , Department of Housing Tottori University of Environmental Studies Faculty of Environmental Information , Department of Environmental Design Yasuda Women 's University Faculty of Human Sciences and Design , Department of life Design Jordan ( edit ) Jordan University of Science and Technology , College of Architecture and Design , Ar Ramtha . University of Jordan , Department of Architecture , Amman . Lao PDR ( edit ) National University of LaoPDR , Faculty of Architecture , Vientiane capital city Souphanouvong University , Faculty of Architecture , Luangprabang world heritage city Lebanon ( edit ) American University of Beirut , Faculty of Architecture , Beirut Beirut Arab University , Faculty of Architecture , Debbieh Lebanese American University , Faculty of Architecture , Beirut Académie libanaise des Beaux - Arts , Faculty of Architecture Lebanese University , Institute des Beaux Arts , Department of Architecture Notre Dame University -- Louaize , Faculty of Architecture , Louaize Université Saint - Esprit de Kaslik , Department of Architecture , Kaslik Malaysia ( edit ) ALFA International College , School of Architecture , Subang Jaya , Selangor Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur ( IUKL ) , School of Architecture and Built Environment , Kajang International Islamic University of Malaysia Kulliyyah ( Faculty ) of Architecture and Environmental Design , Gombak , Selangor International University College of Technology Twintech , Faculty of Built Environment ( FABE ) , Department of Architecture , Bandar Sri Damansara , Kuala Lumpur Limkokwing University , Faculty of Built Environment ( FABE ) , Department of Architecture , Cyberjaya Linton University College , Department of Architecture , Mantin , Negeri Sembilan MARA University of Technology ( UiTM ) , Faculty of Architecture , Planning and Surveying , Department of Architecture , Shah Alam , Selangor , Sri Iskandar , Perak National University of Malaysia ( UKM ) , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Department of Architecture , Bangi , Selangor Port Dickson Polytechnic , Architectural Unit , Department of Civil Engineering , Port Dickson , Negeri Sembilan Putra University , Malaysia ( UPM ) , Faculty of Design and Architecture ( FRSB ) , Serdang , Selangor Taylor 's University , School of Architecture , Building and Design ( SABD ) , Petaling Jaya Tunku Abdul Rahman University College ( TARUC ) , Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment ( FEBE ) , Kuala Lumpur University College Sedaya International ( UCSI ) Department of Architecture Cheras , Kuala Lumpur University of Malaya ( UM ) , Faculty of the Built Environment ( FBE ) , Kuala Lumpur University of Science , Malaysia ( USM ) , School Of Housing , Building And Planning ( HBP ) , Architecture Department . Minden , Penang Universiti Teknologi Malaysia ( UTM ) , Faculty of Built Environment ( FAB ) , Department of Architecture , Skudai , Johor Bahru Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman ( UTAR ) , Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science ( LKC FES ) , Department of Architecture & Sustainable Design , Sungai Long , Selangor Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia ( USIM ) , Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment ( FKAB ) , Department of Architecture , Nilai , Negeri Sembilan Oman ( edit ) Caledonian College of Engineering Higher College of Technology Pakistan ( edit ) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( edit ) CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences , Department of Architecture , Peshawar University of Engineering and Technology , Peshawar , Department of Architecture , Abbottabad Punjab ( edit ) Beaconhouse National University Department of Architecture , School of Architecture and Design , Lahore COMSATS Institute of Information Technology ( CIIT ) , Department of Architecture , Islamabad COMSATS Institute of Information Technology ( CIIT ) , Department of Architecture , Lahore National College of Arts , Department of Architecture , Lahore National College of Arts , Department of Architecture , Rawalpindi National University of Sciences and Technology , School of Art , Design and Architecture , Islamabad University of Engineering and Technology , Lahore , Department of Architecture University of the Punjab , Department of Architecture , College Of Art and Design , Lahore University of South Asia , Department of Architecture ( Accreditation on hold ) , Lahore University of Lahore , Department of Architecture , Lahore Sindh ( edit ) Dawood University of Engineering and Technology , Department of Architecture , Karachi Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture , Department of Architecture , Karachi Mehran University of Engineering and Technology , Department of Architecture , Centre of Excellence in Art and Design ( Accreditation on hold ) , Jamshoro Mehran University of Engineering and Technology , Department of Architecture , Jamshoro NED University of Engineering and Technology , Department of Architecture , Karachi University of Karachi , Architecture Program at Department of Visual Studies , Karachi Philippines ( edit ) Luzon ( edit ) Adamson University ( AdU ) , College of Architecture Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University ( DHVTSU ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , Bacolor , Pampanga Bulacan State University ( BulSU ) , College of Architecture and Fine Arts , Malolos City Cebu Institute of Technology -- University ( CIT - U ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , Cebu City Central Colleges of the Philippines ( CCP ) , College of Architecture De La Salle -- College of Saint Benilde ( DLS - CSB ) , College of Architecture De La Salle University -- Dasmariñas ( DLSU - D ) , College of Engineering Architecture and Technology , Dasmariñas City Eulogio `` Amang '' Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology ( EARIST ) , College of Architecture and Fine Arts Far Eastern University ( FEU ) , Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts ( IARFA ) FEATI University , College of Architecture Manuel L. Quezon University ( MLQU ) , School of Architecture Mapúa Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , School of Architecture , Industrial Design and the Built Environment National University ( NU ) , College of Architecture Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology ( NEUST ) , College of Architecture Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila ( PLM ) , College of Architecture and Urban Planning Polytechnic University of the Philippines , College of Architecture and Fine Arts ( PUP - CAFA ) Rizal Technological University ( RTU ) , College of Engineering and Industrial Technology Saint Louis University , Baguio City ( SLU ) , Otto Hahn School of Engineering and Architecture , Baguio City Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila ( TIP - Manila ) and Quezon City ( TIP - QC ) College of Architecture and Engineering Technological University of the Philippines - Manila ( TUP - Manila ) College of Architecture and Fine Arts University of the Assumption ( UA ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , City of San Fernando , Pampanga University of Baguio ( UB ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , Baguio City University of the Cordilleras ( UC - BCF ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , Baguio City University of Pangasinan ( UPANG ) , College of Architecture , Dagupan City University of the Philippines Diliman ( UP - D ) , College of Architecture University of Saint Anthony ( USANT ) , College of Engineering and Architecture and Technology , San Miguel , Iriga City University of Santo Tomas ( UST ) , College of Architecture Visayas and Mindanao ( edit ) La Consolacion College -- Bacolod ( LCCB ) , School of Architecture , Fine Arts and Interior Design , Bacolod City Mindanao University of Science and Technology ( MUST ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , Lapasan , Cagayan de Oro City Silliman University ( SU ) , College of Engineering and Design , Department of Architecture , Dumaguete City , Negros Oriental University of Mindanao ( UM ) , College of Architecture and Fine Arts , Davao City University of the Philippines Mindanao , UPMin , B.S. Architecture Program , Davao City University of San Agustin ( USA ) , College of Engineering and Architecture , General Luna , Iloilo City University of San Carlos ( USC ) , College of Architecture and Fine Arts , Cebu City Western Mindanao State University , College of Architecture , Zamboanga City Western Visayas College of Science and Technology , College of Engineering and Architecture , Iloilo City Saudi Arabia ( edit ) King Abdulaziz University , Faculty of Environmental Design , Jeddah King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , College of Environmental Design , Dhahran King Faisal University , College of Architecture and Planning , Dammam King Saud University , College of Architecture and Planning , Riyadh Qassim University , College of Architecture and Planning , Buraidah Umm al - Qura University , College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture , Makkah University of Dammam , College of Architecture and Planning , Dammam iLines Architecture , Makkah , Saudi Arabia . Singapore ( edit ) National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , School of Design and Environment ( SDE ) , Department of Architecture South Korea ( edit ) Hanyang University , Department of Architecture , College of Architecture , Seoul Hongik University , Department of Architecture , College of Architecture , Seoul Konkuk University , Department of Architecture , College of Architecture , Seoul Konkuk University , ( GSAKU ) Graduate School of Architecture , Seoul Kookmin University , ( SAKU ) Department of Architecture , College of Architecture , Seoul Korea National University of Arts ( K - ARTS ) , School of Visual Arts , Seoul Korea University ( KU ) , Department of Architecture , Seoul Kyunghee University ( KHU ) , Department of Architecture , Yongin Myongji University ( MJU ) , College of Architecture , Yongin Seoul National University ( SNU ) , Department of Architecture , Seoul Sungkyunkwan University ( SKKU ) , Department of Architecture , Seoul University of Seoul , Department of Architecture , College of Urban Sciences , Seoul University of Ulsan ( Ulsan Institute of Technology , UIT ) , School of Architecture , Ulsan Wonkwang University ( WKU ) , Department of Architecture , Iksan Yonsei University ( YU ) , Department of Architectural Engineering , Seoul Sri Lanka ( edit ) City School of Architecture ( CSA ) , Colombo University of Moratuwa ( UoM ) , Faculty of Architecture , Department of Architecture , Moratuwa University of Kelaniya ( UOK ) , Faculty of Architecture , Department of Architecture , Kelaniya Taiwan ( edit ) Chinese Culture University , College of Environmental Design , Department of Architecture and Urban Design , Taipei Chung Hua University , College of Architecture and Planning , Department of Architecture and Urban Planning , Hsinchu Chung Yuan Christian University , College of Design , Department of Architecture , Zhongli Feng Chia University , School of Architecture , Taichung City Ming Chuan University , School of Design , Department of Architecture , Taipei National Cheng Kung University , College of Planning & Design , Department of Architecture , Tainan City National Chiao Tung University , College of Humanities and Social Sciences , Graduate Institute of Architecture , Hsinchu National Quemoy University , Department of Architecture , Kinmen County National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Department of Architecture , Taipei City Tamkang University , College of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Danshui District , New Taipei City Tunghai University , Department of Architecture , Taichung City Thailand ( edit ) Assumption University ( AU ) , The International University in Thailand , School of Architecture , Suwannaphumi , Bangkok Bangkok University ( BU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Pathum Thani Chiang Mai University ( CMU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Chiang Mai Chulalongkorn University ( CU ) , Faculty of Architecture , INDA ( International Program in Design and Architecture ) Bangkok Kasem Bundit University ( KBU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Bangkok Kasetsart University ( KU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Bang Khen , Bangkok Khon Kaen University ( KKU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Khon Kaen King Mongkut 's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang ( KMITL ) , Faculty of Architecture , Department of Architecture , Lat Krabang , Bangkok King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi ( KMUTT / Bangmod ) , School of Architecture and Design , Thung Khru , Bangkok Maejo University ( MJU ) , Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design , Sansai , Chiang Mai Mahasalakarm University ( MSU ) , Faculty of Architecture Urban Design and Creative Arts , Mahasalakarm Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi ( RMUTT ) , Faculty of Architecture , Pathum Thani Rangsit University ( RSU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Rangsit Silpakorn University ( SU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Bangkok Sripatum University ( SPU ) , Faculty of Architecture , Bangkok Thammasat University ( TU ) , Faculty of Architecture and Planning , Pathum Thani United Arab Emirates ( edit ) Abu Dhabi University , Department of Architecture and Design , College of Engineering and Computer Science , Abu Dhabi American University in Dubai , Department of Architecture Ajman University of Science and Technology , College of Architectural Engineering , Ajman American University of Sharjah , College of Architecture , art and Design , Sharjah Canadian University of Dubai , College of Architecture , Dubai United Arab Emirates University , Department of Architectural Engineering , Al Ain University of Sharjah , College of Architectural Engineering , Sharjah Vietnam ( edit ) Hanoi Architectural University , Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Architecture University , Ho Chi Minh city National University of Civil Engineering , Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning , Hanoi Van Lang University , Ho Chi Minh city Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Albanian University Epoka University , Department of Architecture International school of Architecture and Urban Policies , POLIS University Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës , Departamenti i Arkitekturës dhe Urbanistikës Austria ( edit ) Academy of Fine Arts Vienna , Architektur , Vienna Danube University Krems , Department for Building and Environment , Krems Graz University of Technology ( TU Graz ) , Fakultät für Architektur , Graz University of Applied Arts Vienna , School of Architecture , Vienna University of Arts and Industrial Design Linz , Department the architecture programme , Linz University of Innsbruck , Fakultät für Architektur , Innsbruck Vienna University of Technology ( TU Wien ) , Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung , Vienna Belgium ( edit ) Dutch speaking Higher Education institutions ( edit ) The following is a list of Dutch speaking architectural schools in Belgium : Hoger Instituut voor Architectuurwetenschappen Henry van de Velde ( Antwerpen ) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ) , architectural engineer Sint - Lucas School of Architecture ( Sint - Lucas Architectuur , Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst ) ( Brussels , Ghent ) , dpt . Architectuur Universiteit Gent ( ugent ) , architectural engineer Universiteit Hasselt , fac . Architectuur en kunst Vrije Universiteit Brussel , architectural engineer French speaking Higher Education institutions ( edit ) The following is a list of French speaking architectural schools in Belgium : Faculté d'Architecture La Cambre Horta , Université Libre de Bruxelles ( ULB ) Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles , Université Libre de Bruxelles ( ULB ) , architectural engineer Faculté Polytechnique de Mons , architectural engineer ISA Saint Luc Brussels ISA Saint Luc Wallonie , Tournai 's site ISACF La Cambre ( Brussels ) ISAI Mons Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ) , architectural engineer Université de Liège ( ULg ) , architectural engineer and architecture Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) International University of Sarajevo , Faculty of Architecture and Social Science , Sarajevo University of Banja Luka , Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Banja Luka University of Sarajevo , Faculty of Architecture , Sarajevo Bulgaria ( edit ) European Polytechnical University , Pernik Higher School of Civil Engineering ( VSU ) `` Lyben Karavelov '' , Sofia New Bulgarian University , Sofia University of Architecture , Civil Engineering and Geodesy , Sofia Varna Free University `` Chernorizets Xrabar '' , Varna Croatia ( edit ) University of Split , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Architecture and Geodesy , Split University of Zagreb , Faculty of Architecture , Zagreb Cyprus ( edit ) Cyprus School of Architecture , Cyprus College of Art , Lemba . Eastern Mediterranean University , Faculty of Architecture , Famagusta Frederick University , School of Architecture , Fine and Applied Arts , Department of Architecture , Nicosia Neapolis University , School of Architecture and Environmental Sciences , Paphos University of Cyprus , School of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Nicosia University of Nicosia , School of Humanities , Social Science & Law , Department of Architecture , Nicosia Czech Republic ( edit ) Academy of Arts , Architecture and Design , Department of architecture , Prague ARCHIP , Architectural Institute in Prague , Prague Brno University of Technology , Faculty of Architecture , Brno Czech Technical University in Prague , Faculty of Architecture , Prague Technical University of Liberec , Faculty of Architecture , Liberec Denmark ( edit ) Aarhus School of Architecture , Aarhus Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Estonia ( edit ) Estonian Academy of Arts , Tallinn Finland ( edit ) Aalto University Tampere University of Technology University of Oulu , Department of Architecture , Oulu France ( edit ) Architecture schools in France are called ENSA : École nationale supérieure d'architecture . École d'architecture de la ville et des territoires à Marne - la - Vallée , Champs - sur - Marne , Île - de-France École de Chaillot , La cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine , Palais de Chaillot , Paris École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Clermont - Ferrand , Clermont - Ferrand École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble , Grenoble École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon , Lyon École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Marseille - Luminy , Marseille - Luminy École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Montpellier , Languedoc - Roussillon École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy , Nancy École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes , Nantes École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Normandie , Rouen École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris - Belleville , Paris École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris - La Villette ( ENSAPLV ) , Paris École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris - Malaquais , Paris École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris - Val de Seine , Paris École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Rennes Rennes , Brittany École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Saint - Étienne , Saint - Étienne École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Strasbourg , Strasbourg École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse , Toulouse École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles , Versailles École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux , Bordeaux École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Lille , Lille École nationale supérieure des arts et industries de Strasbourg , INSA de Strasbourg , Strasbourg École spéciale d'architecture ( ESA ) , Paris Institut national des sciences appliquées de Strasbourg , Strasbourg Confluence Institute for Innovation and Creative Strategies in Architecture , Lyon Paris School of Architecture ( PSA ) , Paris Germany ( edit ) Main article : List of architecture schools in Germany Architecture schools in Germany can be part of art academies , technical universities or universities of applied sciences . Greece ( edit ) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Faculty of Engineering , School of Architecture , Thessaloniki Democritus University of Thrace , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architectural Engineering , Xanthi , Thrace National Technical University of Athens ( Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο ) , School of Architecture , Athens Technical University of Crete , Department of Architecture , Chania , Crete University of Patras , School of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Patras University of Thessaly , School of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Volos , Thessaly University of Ioannina , School of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Ioannina , Epirus Hungary ( edit ) Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Faculty of Architecture , Budapest Moholy - Nagy University of Art and Design , Faculty of Architecture , Budapest Nyugat - Magyarországi Egyetem , Faipari Mérnöki Kar , Sopron Széchenyi István University , Faculty of Architectural Design , Győr Szent István University , Ybl Miklós Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Budapest University of Debrecen , Faculty of Technology , Debrecen University of Pécs , Pollack Mihály Faculty of Technology , Pécs Iceland ( edit ) Iceland Academy of Arts , Department of Design & Architecture , Reykjavik Ireland ( edit ) Architecture Schools in the Republic of Ireland ( edit ) Dublin Institute of Technology , Bolton Street , since 1911 City University Faculty Duration ( Years ) Award Year founded Website Dublin Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin School of Architecture , Bolton Street 5 + 1⁄2 and 1 part - time B. Arch + M. Arch and Professional Diploma 1942 http://www.dit.ie/architecture/ Dublin University College Dublin School of Architecture , Planning and Environmental Policy 3 + 2 and 1 part - time Bsc. Arch + M. Arch and Professional Diploma 1911 http://www.ucd.ie/apep/about/architecture/ Cork Cork Institute of Technology / University College Cork Cork Centre for Architectural Education 4 + 11⁄2 Bsc. Arch + M. Arch 2006 http://www.ucc.ie/en/architecture/ Limerick University of Limerick SAUL 5 B. Arch 2005 http://saul.ie/ Waterford Waterford Institute of Technology Department of Architecture 3 + 2 Bsc. Arch + B. Arch 2007 https://www.wit.ie/courses/type/engineering/department_of_architecture/bachelor_of_architecture_hons Sligo Institute of Technology , Sligo Civil Engineering and Construction 4 ( Part 1 equivalent only ) BA Architectural Design ( Part 1 equivalent only ) 2012 https://itsligo.ie/courses/ba-hons-in-architectural-design/ Architecture Schools in Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) ( edit ) Queen 's University Belfast , School of Natural and Built Environment , Belfast , Ulster University , Belfast School of Architecture , Belfast Italy ( edit ) Main article : List of architecture schools in Italy City University Faculty Year founded Website Alghero University of Sassari Architecture 1562 http://www.architettura.uniss.it Ancona Marche Polytechnic University Engineering 1959 http://www.univpm.it/Entra/Corso_di_laurea_magistrale_in_Ingegneria_edile-architettura_1/L/1 Bari Politecnico di Bari Architecture http://www.poliba.it Bologna Università di Bologna Architecture Aldo Rossi 1088 http://www.arch.unibo.it Brescia University of Brescia Engineering 1950 http://www.unibs.it/didattica/corsi-di-laurea-triennale-e-magistrale/corsi-di-laurea-magistrale-ciclo-unico/ingegneria/ingegneria-edile-architettura Cagliari University of Cagliari Architecture 1606 http://architettura.unica.it Camerino University of Camerino Architecture 1727 http://www.unicam.it/ Enna Kore University of Enna Architecture 1995 http://www.unikore.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=103&Itemid=1636 Ferrara Università di Ferrara Architecture 1391 http://www.unife.it/facolta/architettura Florence University of Florence Architecture 1321 http://www.arch.unifi.it Genoa University of Genoa Architecture 1481 http://www.arch.unige.it L'Aquila University of L'Aquila Engineering 1964 http://www.ing.univaq.it/cdl/mostra_corso.php?codice=I4A Milan Politecnico di Milano Architecture 1863 http://www.arch.polimi.it http://www.arch2.polimi.it Naples University of Naples Federico II Architecture 1224 http://www.architettura.unina.it Naples Second University of Naples Architecture 1991 http://www.architettura.unina2.it Padua University of Padua Engineering 1222 http://www.ing.unipd.it/ Palermo University of Palermo Architecture 1806 https://web.archive.org/web/20120415115112/http://portale.unipa.it/dipartimenti/architettura/home/index_eng.html Parma University of Parma Architecture 1502 https://web.archive.org/web/20110121093406/http://www.unipr.it/Facolta/architettura Pavia University of Pavia Engineering 1361 http://www-3.unipv.it/iea/ Pescara D'Annunzio University of Chieti -- Pescara Architecture 1960 https://web.archive.org/web/20090130032817/http://portal.unich.it/unichieti/appmanager/federati/architettura Pisa University of Pisa Engineering 1343 http://www2.ing.unipi.it/edile_architettura/ Potenza Basilicata University Architecture 1982 https://web.archive.org/web/20120323003729/http://www.unibas.it/segreteria/scheda_arch.asp Reggio Calabria University of Reggio Calabria Architecture 1968 http://www.unirc.it/architettura/facolta.php Rende University of Calabria Engineering 1972 https://web.archive.org/web/20120101011403/http://orientamento.ingegneria.unical.it/ Rome Sapienza University of Rome Architecture 1303 http://www.architettura.uniroma1.it Rome University of Rome Tor Vergata Engineering 1982 https://web.archive.org/web/20111231130224/http://www.didatticaciv.uniroma2.it/cdl.php?page=5 Rome Università degli Studi Roma Tre Architecture http://www.architettura.uniroma3.it Salerno University of Salerno Engineering 1968 http://www.unisa.it/offerta-didattica2011/view/id/44 Syracuse , Sicily University of Catania Architecture 1434 http://www3.unict.it/farch/ Trento University of Trento Engineering 1962 http://www.unitn.it/ingegneria/5071/laurea-magistrale-ciclo-unico-ingegneria-edilearchitettura Trieste University of Trieste Architecture 1924 http://www.triestearchitettura.it/ Turin Politecnico di Torino Architecture 1 & 2 1859 https://web.archive.org/web/20080313091528/http://www.archi1.polito.it/ https://web.archive.org/web/20080313084158/http://www.archi2.polito.it/ Udine University of Udine Engineering 1978 http://www.uniud.it Venice Università IUAV di Venezia Architecture 1926 https://web.archive.org/web/20110701222555/http://www.iuav.it/Facolta/facolt--di2/ Latvia ( edit ) Riga Technical University Rigas International School of Economics and Business Administration Lithuania ( edit ) Kaunas University of Technology Vilnius Academy of Arts Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Macedonia ( edit ) The Ss . Cyril and Methodius University , Faculty of Architecture State University of Tetovo , Applied Sciences Faculty University American College Skopje , Faculty of Architecture and Design Moldova ( edit ) Technical University of Moldova , Urbanism and Architecture Faculty ; http://utm.md/en/ Netherlands ( edit ) TU Delft , Netherlands Amsterdam School of the Arts , Amsterdam Academy of Architecture , Amsterdam ArtEZ , Arnhem Academy of Architecture , Arnhem Berlage Institute , Postgraduate Laboratory of Architecture , Rotterdam Delft University of Technology , Faculty of Architecture , Delft Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Architecture , Building and Planning , Eindhoven Maastricht University , Faculty of Humanities & Sciences , Department of Architecture , Maastricht The Rotterdam Academy of Architecture and Urban Design , Rotterdam Norway ( edit ) Godkjente arkitektskoler : Bergen School of Architecture , Bergen Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art , Trondheim Oslo School of Architecture and Design , Oslo Poland ( edit ) Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University ( Krakowska Akademia im . Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego ) , Faculty of Architecture and Fine Arts , Kraków Białystok Technical University ( Politechnika Białostocka ) , Faculty of Architecture , Białystok Gdańsk University of Technology ( Politechnika Gdańska ) , Faculty of Architecture , Gdańsk Kielce University of Technology ( Politechnika Świętokrzyska ) , Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning , Kielce Lublin University of Technology ( Politechnika Lubelska ) , Faculty of Architecture , Lublin Poznań University of Technology ( Politechnika Poznańska ) , Faculty of Architecture , Poznań Silesian University of Technology ( Politechnika Śląska ) , Faculty of Architecture , Gliwice Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology ( Politechnika Krakowska ) , Kraków Technical University of Łódź , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Architecture and Environmental Engineering , Łódź University of Arts in Poznań ( Uniwersytet Artystyczny w Poznaniu ) , Faculty of Architecture and Design , Poznań University of Economy Bydgoszcz ( Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki ( WSG ) ) , Architecture und Town Planning , Bydgoszcz Warsaw University of Technology ( Politechnika Warszawska ) , Faculty of Architecture , Warszawa West Pomeranian University of Technology ( Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny ) , Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Szczecin Wroclaw University of Technology ( Politechnika Wrocławska ) , Faculty of Architecture , Wrocław Portugal ( edit ) Escola de Arquitectura da Universidade do Minho Escola Superior Artística do Porto , Arquitectura , Porto Escola Superior Gallaecia ( ESG ) , Arquitectura , Vila Nova de Cerveira Escola Universitária das Artes de Coimbra Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa ( ISCTE ) , Department of Architecture , Lisbon Lusíada University of Porto ( ULP ) , Faculty of Architecture and Arts ( FAAULP ) , Porto Technical University of Lisbon ( UTL ) , Instituto Superior Técnico ( IST ) , Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Lisbon Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa Luís de Camões Universidade da Beira Interior ( UBI ) , Arquitectura Covilhã Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa , School of Architecture and Arts , Lisbon Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias University of Coimbra ( UC ) , Faculty of Sciences and Technology ( FCTUC ) , Department of Architecture , Coimbra University of Évora ( UE ) , Department of Architecture , Évora University of Porto ( UP ) , Faculty of Architecture ( FAUP ) , Porto Technical University of Lisbon ( UTL ) , Faculty of Architecture ( FA ) , Lisbon Romania ( edit ) Universitatea de Architectură şi Urbanism `` Ion Mincu '' , Bucureşti Universitatea din Oradea , Facultatea de Architectură şi Construcţii , Oradea Universitatea Politehnică din Timişoara , Facultatea de Arhitectură , Timişoara Universitatea Spiru Haret , Facultatea de Arhitectură , Bucureşti Universitatea Tehnică Cluj - Napoca , Facultatea de Arhitectură , Cluj - Napoca Universitatea Tehnică `` Gheorghe Asachi '' , Facultatea de Arhitectură , Iaşi Russia ( edit ) Institute of Architecture & Art , Rostov on Don MArchI , Moscow Architectural Institute -- State Academy Moscow State University of Civil Engineering - Institute of Construction and Architecture , Moscow NGAHA , Novosibirsk State Academy of Architecture and fine Arts Novosibirsk Pacific National University , Faculty of Architecture & Design , Khabarovsk Russian Academy of Arts , Department of Architecture Saint - Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Saint - Petersburg State University of Land Use Planning , Faculty of Architecture Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building , Tomsk USAAA , Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , Ekaterinburg Vologda State Technical University , Department of Architecture and Urban Design , Vologda Serbia ( edit ) State University of Novi Pazar , Faculty of Technical Sciences , Novi Pazar University of Belgrade , Faculty of Architecture , Belgrade University of Niš , Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Niš University of Novi Sad , Faculty of Technical Sciences , Novi Sad University of Prišina , Faculty of Technical Sciences , Kosovska Mitrovica Slovakia ( edit ) Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava , Department of Architecture , Bratislava Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Fakulty of Architecture , Bratislava Technical University of Kosice , Faculty of Arts , Kosice Slovenia ( edit ) University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Architecture , Ljubljana University of Maribor , Faculty of Civil Engineering ( Department of Architecture ) , Maribor Spain ( edit ) Architecture schools in Spain are called ETSA : `` Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura '' in Spanish , or `` Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura '' in Catalan . Andalucía ; International School of Metaphoric Architecture , Málaga Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Granada , Granada Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Málaga , Málaga Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla Castilla - La Mancha ; Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha , Toledo Castilla y León ; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Valladolid , Valladolid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad IE ( Segovia ) Catalunya ; Barcelona Institute of Architecture ( BIArch ) Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de Barcelona de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Barcelona Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de la Universitat de Girona , Girona Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de la Universitat Internacional de Catalunya , Barcelona Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de la Universitat Ramon Llull - La Salle , Barcelona Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura del Vallès de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Sant Cugat del Vallès Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia , Barcelona Metropolis Master in Architecture and Urban Culture ( Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya / Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona ) Galicia ; Escola Técnica Superior de Arquitectura da Coruña , A Coruña Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Gran Canaria Madrid ; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Alfonso X , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Camilo José Cela , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad CEU San Pablo , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Alcalá , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad IE , Madrid / Segovia Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca , Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Navarra ; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona País Vasco ; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad del País Vasco , San Sebastián Valencia ; Escuela Superior de Enseñanzas Técnicas , Arquitectura , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera Polytechnic University of Valencia ( UPV ) , School of Architecture ( ETSAV ) , Valencia University of Alicante , Department of Architectural Constructions , Alicante Sweden ( edit ) Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Architecture , Gothenburg Lund University , Department of Architecture , Lund The Royal Institute of Technology ( KTH ) , School of Architecture and the Built Environment , Stockholm Umeå School of Architecture ( UMA ) , Umeå Switzerland ( edit ) ETH Zurich , Switzerland , since 1854 Main article : List of architecture schools in Switzerland Turkey ( edit ) Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversity Department of Architecture , Bolu Abdullah Gül Üniversity , Department of Architecture , Kayseri Akdeniz University , Fine Arts Faculty Department of Architecture , Antalya Antalya International University , School of Fine Arts and Architecture , Antalya Bahcesehir University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Dokuz Eylul University , Faculty of Architecture , Izmir Gazi University , Faculty of Architecture , Ankara Gediz University , Department of Architecture , İzmir Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University , Faculty of Architecture and Design , İstanbul Istanbul Arel University , Faculty of engineering and Architecture , Istanbul Istanbul Beykent University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Istanbul Bilgi University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Istanbul Kültür University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Istanbul Maltepe University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Istanbul Technical University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Izmir Institute of Technology , Faculty of Architecture , Izmir İzmir University of Economics , Faculty of Architecture , Izmir Karadeniz Technical University , Faculty of Architecture , Trabzon Middle East Technical University , Faculty of Architecture , Ankara Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Selçuk University , Department of Architecture , Konya TED University , Faculty of Architecture , Ankara Trakya University , Faculty of Architecture , Edirne Yeditepe University , Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Istanbul Yıldız Technical University , Faculty of Architecture , Istanbul Ukraine ( edit ) Donbasska State Academy of Construction and Architecture , Faculty of Architecture , Makeevka Kharkiv National Academy of Municipal Economy , Townplanning Faculty , Kharkiv a Kharkiv State Technical University of Construction and Architecture , Faculty of Architecture , Kharkiv Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture , Architectural Faculty , Kiev National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture , Faculty of Architecture , Kyiv National Academy of Nature Conservation and Resort 's Construction , Architectural - Construction Faculty , Simferopol National University `` Lvivska Politechnika '' , Institute of Architecture , Lviv Odessa State Academy of Construction and Architecture , Architectural and Art 's Institute , Odessa Poltava National Technik University , Architectural Department , Poltava Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Faculty of Architecture , Dnipro United Kingdom ( edit ) England ( edit ) Anglia Ruskin University , Department of Engineering and Built Environment , Chelmsford Architectural Association School of Architecture , London Arts University Bournemouth , School of Architecture , Bournemouth Bartlett School of Architecture , Faculty of the Built Environment , University College London , London Birmingham City University , School of Architecture , Birmingham Canterbury School of Architecture , University for the Creative Arts , Canterbury , Kent Coventry University , School of Architecture , Coventry De Montfort University , The Leicester School of Architecture , Leicester Hull College , Hull School of Art and Design , Hull Kent School of Architecture , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent Kingston University , School of Architecture and Landscape , London Leeds Beckett University , Faculty of Arts , Environment and Technology , Leeds Liverpool John Moores University , Faculty of Media , Arts and Social Science Liverpool London Metropolitan University , Sir John Cass School of Art , Architecture and Design , London London School of Architecture , London London South Bank University , Architecture and Design , South Bank , London Newcastle University , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences , School of Architecture , Planning and Landscape , Newcastle upon Tyne Northumbria University , Department of Architecture and Built Environment , Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich University of the Arts , School of Architecture , Norwich Nottingham Trent University ( NTU ) , School of Architecture , Design and the Built Environment , Nottingham Oxford School of Architecture , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford Ravensbourne ( college ) , London Royal College of Art , School of Architecture , London The Manchester School of Architecture , Manchester Sheffield Hallam University , Department of Architecture and Planning , Sheffield University of the Arts London , Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design University of Bath Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering , Bath University of Brighton University of Cambridge , Department of Architecture , Cambridge University of Central Lancashire , The Grenfell - Baines School of Architecture , Preston University of East London , School of Architecture , Computing and Engineering , London University of Greenwich , Department of Architecture and Landscape , London University of Huddersfield , School of Art , Design and Architecture , Huddersfield University of Lincoln , Lincoln School of Architecture , Lincoln University of Liverpool , Liverpool University School of Architecture , Liverpool University of Nottingham , Department of Architecture and Built Environment , Nottingham University of Plymouth , School of Architecture , Design and Environment , Plymouth University of Portsmouth , UK University of Reading , School of Architecture , Reading , Berkshire University of Sheffield , Sheffield School of Architecture , Sheffield University of the West of England , Faculty of the Built Environment , Frenchay Campus , Bristol University of Westminster , School of Architecture and the Built Environment , Marylebone , London , UK Northern Ireland ( edit ) Queens University of Belfast , School of Architecture The University of Ulster Architecture , School of Architecture , Belfast Scotland ( edit ) Dundee School of Architecture , University of Dundee , Dundee ESALA , Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Mackintosh School of Architecture , Glasgow School of Art ( University of Glasgow ) , Glasgow Robert Gordon University , The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture , Aberdeen University of Strathclyde , Faculty of Engineering , Department of Architecture , Strathclyde Wales ( edit ) Centre for Alternative Technology , Graduate School of the Environment , Machynlleth University of Wales Trinity Saint David , Faculty of Architecture , Computing and Engineering , Swansea Welsh School of Architecture , Cardiff University , Cardiff North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Alberta ( edit ) University of Calgary Faculty of Environmental Design , Calgary British Columbia ( edit ) University of British Columbia School of Architecture , Vancouver Manitoba ( edit ) University of Manitoba Faculty of Architecture , Winnipeg Nova Scotia ( edit ) Dalhousie University ( formerly Technical University of Nova Scotia ) Faculty of Architecture and Planning , Halifax , Nova Scotia Ontario ( edit ) Carleton University , Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism , Ottawa Laurentian University , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Architecture , Sudbury Ryerson University , Faculty of Engineering , Architecture and Applied Science , Toronto University of Toronto , John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture , Landscape and Design , Toronto University of Waterloo , School of Architecture , Cambridge Quebec ( edit ) McGill University School of Architecture , Montreal Université de Montréal , Faculté de l'aménagement , Montréal Université Laval , École d'Architecture , Faculté d'aménagement , d'architecture et des arts visuels Mexico ( edit ) CEDIM , Centro de Estudios Superiores de Diseño de Monterrey , S.C. , Departamento de Arquitectura Instituto Superior de Arquitectura y Diseño ( ISAD ) , Chihuahua , Mexico ITESM , Carrera de Arquitectura ITESO , Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Occidente UDG , Universidad de Guadalajara , Centro Universitario de Arte , Arquitectura y Diseño UG , Universidad de Guanajuato , Departamento de Arquitectura UIA , Universidad Iberoamericana , Departamento de Arquitectura UNAM , Facultad de Arquitectura , Mexico City UADY , Faculty of Architecture - Facultad de Arquitectura , Mérida , Yucatán UANL , Univestidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Facultad de Arquitectura UA , Universidad Anáhuac Mexico Norte , Departamento de Arquitectura Universidad Autonoma the Guadalajara ( UAG ) Universidad de las Americas Puebla ( UDLAP ) , Departamento de Arquitectura Universidad de Monterrey , Universidad de Monterrey , Departamento de Arquitectura United States of America ( edit ) Main article : Architecture school in the United States State ( city ) University School Control Year founded Website California ( Riverside ) California Baptist University Department of Architecture Private http://cavad.calbaptist.edu/ California ( San Francisco ) California College of the Arts Department of Architecture Private http://www.cca.edu/ California ( San Luis Obispo ) California Polytechnic State University School of Architecture Public http://www.caed.calpoly.edu/ California ( Pomona ) Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design Public https://web.archive.org/web/20110215003354/http://www.csupomona.edu/~env/ California ( Los Angeles ) University of Southern California School of Architecture Private http://arch.usc.edu/ California ( Berkeley ) University of California , Berkeley Department of Architecture Public http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu California ( Los Angeles ) University of California , Los Angeles School of the Arts and Architecture Public http://www.aud.ucla.edu California ( Los Angeles ) Southern California Institute of Architecture Private 1972 http://www.sciarc.edu Colorado ( Denver ) University of Colorado Denver College of Architecture and Planning ( CAP ) Public http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/ArchitecturePlanning Connecticut ( New Haven ) Yale University Yale School of Architecture ( YSOA ) Private http://www.architecture.yale.edu Florida ( Miami ) Florida International University School of Architecture Public 1980 http://soa.fiu.edu Florida ( Fort Lauderdale ) Florida Atlantic University School of Architecture Public http://fau.edu/arch Florida ( Miami ) Miami Dade College School of Architecture and Interior Design Public http://www.mdc.edu/main/architecture/ Florida ( Miami ) University of Miami School of Architecture Private 1981 http://arc.miami.edu/ Florida ( Tampa ) University of South Florida School of Architecture and Community Design Public http://www.arch.usf.edu/ Florida ( Tallahassee ) Florida A&M University School of Architecture Public http://www.famusoa.net/ Florida ( Gainesville ) University of Florida School of Architecture Public 1925 http://www.dcp.ufl.edu/arch/ Georgia ( Atlanta ) Georgia Institute of Technology School of Architecture Public 1908 http://www.coa.gatech.edu Idaho ( Moscow ) University of Idaho College of Art and Architecture Public http://www.uidaho.edu/caa Illinois ( Chicago ) Illinois Institute of Technology College of Architecture Private http://www.iit.edu/arch Illinois ( Urbana - Champaign ) University of Illinois School of Architecture Public 1870 http://www.arch.illinois.edu Indiana ( Muncie , IN ) Ball State University Department of Architecture Public 1961 http://cms.bsu.edu/academics/collegesanddepartments/cap/programs/architecture Indiana ( Notre Dame ) University of Notre Dame School of Architecture ( for traditional architecture and urbanism ) Private 1898 http://architecture.nd.edu/ Kansas ( Lawrence ) The University of Kansas School of Architecture , Design , and Planning Public 1912 http://www.sadp.ku.edu/ Kansas ( Manhattan ) Kansas State University College of Architecture , Planning & Design Public http://k-state.edu Maryland ( College Park ) University of Maryland School of Architecture , Planning , and Preservation Public http://arch.umd.edu/ Maryland ( Baltimore ) Morgan State University School of Architecture and Planning Public http://www.morgan.edu/sap Massachusetts ( Boston ) Boston Architectural College School of Architecture Private 1889 http://www.the-bac.edu/ Massachusetts ( Boston ) Northeastern University School of Architecture Private http://www.architecture.neu.edu Massachusetts ( Cambridge ) Harvard University Graduate School of Design Private http://www.gsd.harvard.edu Massachusetts ( Boston ) Massachusetts College of Art and Design Department of Architecture Public http://www.massart.edu Massachusetts ( Cambridge ) Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture + Planning Private http://architecture.mit.edu Michigan ( Ann Arbor ) University of Michigan Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning Public http://www.tcaup.umich.edu/ Mississippi ( Starkville ) Mississippi State University School of Architecture Public 1973 http://www.caad.msstate.edu/caad_web/sarc/home.php Montana ( Bozeman ) Montana State University School of Architecture ( SoArch ) Public http://www.arch.montana.edu/ New Jersey ( Princeton ) Princeton University School of Architecture Private http://soa.princeton.edu New Mexico ( Albuquerque ) University of New Mexico School of Architecture and Planning ( SA + P ) Public http://saap.unm.edu/ New York ( Buffalo ) University at Buffalo , The State University of New York Buffalo School of Architecture and Planning ( B / a + p ) Public 1968 http://ap.buffalo.edu/ New York ( New York City ) Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture , Planning and Preservation Private http://www.arch.columbia.edu/ New York ( New York City ) Cooper Union Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture Private http://archweb.cooper.edu New York ( Ithaca ) Cornell University College of Architecture , Art & Planning ( AAP ) Private http://www.aap.cornell.edu/arch/ New York ( Troy ) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute School of Architecture ( SoA ) Private http://www.arch.rpi.edu New York ( New York City ) Pratt Institute School of Architecture Private http://www.pratt.edu/academics/architecture/ New York ( New York City ) City College of New York The Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture ( SSA ) Public http://ssa1.ccny.cuny.edu/ New York ( Syracuse ) Syracuse University School of Architecture Private http://www.soa.syr.edu Ohio ( Cincinnati ) University of Cincinnati School of Architecture and Interior Design Private http://daap.uc.edu/said/ Oklahoma ( Norman ) University of Oklahoma College of Architeure Public 1926 http://ou.edu/architecture.html Oklahoma ( Stillwater ) Oklahoma State University School of Architecture Public 1909 http://architecture.okstate.edu Oregon ( Eugene ) University of Oregon School of Architecture and Allied Arts Public http://architecture.uoregon.edu/ Oregon ( Portland ) Portland State University School of Architecture Public http://www.pdx.edu/the-arts/architecture/ Pennsylvania ( Pittsburgh ) Carnegie Mellon University School of Architecture Private http://www.cmu.edu/architecture/ Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Philadelphia University College of Architecture and the Built Environment Private http://www.philau.edu/architectureandthebuiltenvironment/ Pennsylvania ( State College ) Pennsylvania State University College of Arts and Architecture Public 1910 http://stuckeman.psu.edu/arch Rhode Island ( Providence ) Rhode Island School of Design Department of Architecture Private http://architecture.risd.edu/ South Dakota South Dakota State University Department of Architecture ( DoArch ) Public https://www.sdstate.edu/architecture Texas ( Houston ) University of Houston Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture Public http://www.arch.uh.edu Texas ( Austin ) University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture Public 1948 http://www.arch.uh.edu Utah ( Salt Lake City ) University of Utah College of Architecture and Planning Public http://www.arch.utah.edu Virginia ( Charlottesville ) University of Virginia School of Architecture Public http://www.arch.virginia.edu/ Virginia ( Blacksburg ) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University College of Architecture and Urban Studies Public http://www.arch.vt.edu/ Washington , DC ( Northwest ) Catholic University of America School of Architecture and Planning Private http://architecture.cua.edu/ Washington ( Seattle ) University of Washington College of Built Environments Public http://arch.be.washington.edu Washington ( Pullman ) Washington State University School of Design + Construction Public http://arch.be.washington.edu Wisconsin ( Milwaukee ) University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee School of Architecture and Urban Planning Public http://uwm.edu/sarup Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica , Escuela de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Campus San José Universidad Autónoma de Centro América , Curridabat Universidad Creativa de Costa Rica , San José Universidad de Costa Rica , Escuela de Arquitectura , San José Universidad Interamericana , Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura , Heredia Universidad Latina de Costa Rica , Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Universidad Veritas , Escuela de Arte , diseño y Arquitectura Cuba ( edit ) Instituto Superior Politecnico de Julio Antonio Mella Jose Antonio Echeverria Higher Technical University Universidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas , Facultad de Arquitectura Guatemala ( edit ) Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala , Facultad de Arquitectura , Guatemala City Universidad del Istmo , Facultad de Arquitectura , Guatemala City Universidad Francisco Marroquín , Facultad de Arquitectura , Guatemala City Universidad Mariano Galvez , Facultad de Arquitectura Guatemala City Universidad Mesoamericana , Facultad de Arquitectura Quetzaltenango Universidad Rafael Landívar , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño Guatemala City Panama ( edit ) Isthmus , Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño de América Latina y el Caribe Universidad de Panamá , Facultad de Arquitectura , Escuela de Arquitectura South America ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Universidad Argentina John F. Kennedy , Escuela de Arquitectura , Buenos Aires Universidad Blas Pascal , Facultad de Arquitectura , Córdoba Universidad Católica de Córdoba , Facultad de Arquitectura , Córdoba Universidad Católica de La Plata , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño , La Plata Universidad Católica de Salta , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Salta Universidad Católica de Santa Fe , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño , Santa Fe Universidad de Belgrano , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Belgrano Universidad de Buenos Aires , Facultad de Arquitectura , Diseño y Urbanismo , Buenos Aires Universidad de Flores , Facultad de Planeamiento Socio - Ambiental , Buenos Aires , Cipolletti Universidad de Mendoza , Facultad de Arquitectura , Urbanismo y Diseño , Mendoza / Universidad de Moron , Facultad de Arquitectura , Diseño , Arte y Urbanismo , Moron Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Facultad de Arquitectura , Urbanismo y Diseño , Córdoba Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , La Plata Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata , Facultad de Arquitectura , Urbanismo y Diseño , Mar Del Plata Universidad de Palermo , Facultad de Arquitectura , Buenos Aires Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Facultad de Arquitectura , Planeamiento y Diseño , Rosario Universidad Nacional de San Juan , Facultad de Arquitectura , San Juan Universidad Nacional de Tucumán , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Tucumán Universidad Nacional del Litoral , Facultad de Arquitectura , Diseño y Urbanismo , Santa Fe Universidad Nacional del Nordeste , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo Resistencia , Chaco Universidad Torcuato di Tella , Escuela de Arquitectura y Estudios Urbanos , Buenos Aires Brazil ( edit ) Main article : List of architecture schools in Brazil Centro Universitário Belas Artes de São Paulo , CUBASP , São Paulo Centro Universitário Izabela Hendrix , Belo Horizonte Escola da Cidade , AEAUSP , São Paulo Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , PUC - RS Universidade de Brasília , UnB , Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Brasília Universidade de Fortaleza , UNIFOR , Fortaleza Universidade de São Paulo , USP , Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , São Paulo Centro Universitário Filadélfia - UNIFIL , Londrina , Paraná , ( 10 ) Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos , UNISINOS Universidade Estadual de Campinas , UNICAMP , Faculdade de Engenharia Civil , Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Campinas Universidade Estadual de Londrina ( UEL ) Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho , UNESP Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , UFMG , Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Belo Horizonte Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , UFPE Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC Universidade Federal de Uberlândia ( UFU ) Universidade Federal de Viçosa ( UFV ) Universidade Federal do Ceará , UFC , Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Fortaleza Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , UFES Universidade Federal do Pará , UFPA Universidade Federal do Paraná , UFPR Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , UFRJ , Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Rio de Janeiro Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , UFRGS Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie , UPM , Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , São Paulo Universidade São Francisco , USF , Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Itatiba Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná , UTFPR Chile ( edit ) Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Facultad de Arquitectura , Diseño y Estudios Urbanos Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , e ( ad ) Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño Universidad Católica del Norte Escuela de Arquitectura Universidad de Chile Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Santiago Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Departamento de Arquitectura Colombia ( edit ) Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño Universidad Catolica de Colombia , Facultad de Arquitectura , RIBA Accredited Program , Bogota Universidad de America , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Bogota Universidad de Boyacá , Facultad de Arquitectura y Bellas Artes , Programa de Arquitectura , Especialización en Diseño Urbano , Maestría en Urbanismo , Tunja , Boyacá Universidad de Ibagué , Facultad de Humanidades , Programa de Arquitectura Universidad de La Salle , Colombia , Universidad de La Salle , Facultad Facultad de Ciencias del Hábitat , Bogota Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Faculatad de Artes , Escuela de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Bogota Universidad Piloto De Colombia , Faculdad de Arquitectura y Artes , Programa de Arquitectura Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño , Medellín Arquitectura Universidad San Buenaventura , Facultad de Arquitectura Universidad Santo Tomas , Facultad de Arquitectura , Tunja Universidad de los Andes , Universidad de los Andes , Facultad de arquitectura y diseno , Bogotá University of Valle , Facultad de Artes Integradas , Escuela de Arquitectura , Cali University la Gran Colombia , Facultad de arquitectura , Bogotá Ecuador ( edit ) Central University of Ecuador , School of Architecture and Urbanism , Quito Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador , Facultad de Arquitectura , Diseño y Artes , Quito Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil , Guayaquil , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño Guayaquil Universidad de Cuenca , Cuenca , Ecuador , Facultad de Arquitectura Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño Interior , Cumbaya , Quito Perú ( edit ) Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Applicadas , Facultad de Arquitectura , Lima Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Lima Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Facultad de Arquitectura , Urbanismo y Artes , Lima Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Facultad de Arquitectura y Artes Plásticas , Cusco Universidad Ricardo Palma , Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo Uruguay ( edit ) Universidad de la República , Facultad de Arquitectura , Montevideo Universidad ORT , Facultad de Arquitectura , Montevideo Venezuela ( edit ) Instituto Universitario Politecnico Santiago Mariño , Maracaibo , Cabimas , Ciudad Ojeda , Barinas , Mérida , San Cristobal , Caracas , Valencia , Maracay , Barcelona , Maturín , Puerto Ordaz y Porlamar , Facultad De Arquitectura Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad Central de Venezuela en Caracas Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Santa María en Caracas Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad Simon Bolivar en Caracas Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Los Andes en Mérida Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño de la Universidad del Zulia en Maracaibo Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Carabobo en Valencia Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) State City University Faculty Year founded Reference Australian Capital Territory Canberra University of Canberra New South Wales Sydney University of New South Wales Faculty of the Built Environment New South Wales Newcastle University of Newcastle School of Architecture and the Built Environment New South Wales Sydney University of Sydney Faculty of Architecture , Design & Planning New South Wales Sydney University of Technology Faculty of Design , Architecture and Building Northern Territory Darwin Charles Darwin University School of Creative Arts and Humanities Queensland Brisbane Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering Queensland Brisbane The University of Queensland School of Architecture Queensland Gold Coast Griffith University Griffith School of Environment ( not accredited ) Queensland Gold Coast Bond University Soheil Abedian School of Architecture South Australia Adelaide University of Adelaide School of Architecture , Landscape Architecture and Urban Design South Australia Adelaide University of South Australia Louis Laybourne Smith School of Architecture and Design Tasmania Launceston University of Tasmania School of Architecture and Design Victoria Geelong Deakin University School of Architecture and Building Victoria Melbourne Monash University Department of Architecture Victoria Melbourne RMIT University School of Architecture and Design Victoria Melbourne University of Melbourne Faculty of Architecture , Building and Planning Western Australia Perth Curtin University Faculty of Built Environment , Art and Design Western Australia Perth University of Western Australia Faculty of Architecture , Landscape and Visual Arts New Zealand ( edit ) Unitec New Zealand , architecture and landscape , Auckland University of Auckland , National Institute of Creative Arts and Industries , School of Architecture and Planning , Auckland Victoria University of Wellington , School of Architecture , Wellington Ara Institute of Canterbury , Bachelor of Architectural Studies ( Architectural Technology ) , Christchurch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ École Polytechnique d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme Jump up ^ École Supérieure Speciale d'Architecture du Cameroun Jump up ^ Benghazi University Jump up ^ University of Tripoli Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ d'Architecture de Casablanca Jump up ^ < Ecole Nationale d'Architecture Jump up ^ Ecole Supérieure de Design e des Arts Visuels Casablanca Jump up ^ Ahmadu Bello University Jump up ^ Obafemi Awolowo University Jump up ^ University of Jos Jump up ^ Yaba College of Technology Jump up ^ Department of Architecture Retrieved October 6 , 2011 Archived May 28 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Web.up.ac.za ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=3229&sub=1&parentid=1068&subid=1069&ipklookid=7 Jump up ^ Ardhi University Jump up ^ University of Dar es Salaam Jump up ^ Africaine des Métiers d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme Jump up ^ http://www.utctunisie.com/fr/architecture/departement-architecture?id_menu=9 Jump up ^ http://www.webmanagercenter.com/actualite/economie/2007/05/02/28159/le-pr-henri-gaudin-a-l-utc-l-architecture-sous-toutes-ses-formes Jump up ^ College of Engineering , Design , Art and Technology , Makerere University Jump up ^ Faculty of the Built Environment , Uganda Martyrs University Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ http://www.cqjzu.edu.cn/cgjzx_c.html Jump up ^ http://www.fzu.edu.cn/en Jump up ^ http://jzxy.hit.edu.cn/ Jump up ^ http://www.hust.edu.cn/english Jump up ^ http://www.scut.edu.cn Jump up ^ http://arch.seu.edu.cn Jump up ^ http://aup.usts.edu.cn Jump up ^ http://www.tju.edu.cn/eweb/index.htm Jump up ^ http://caup.tongji.edu.cn Jump up ^ http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng Jump up ^ http://www.xjtlu.edu.cn/en/academic-departments/academic-departments/department-of-architecture Jump up ^ http://hsce.xjtu.edu.cn/ Jump up ^ http://www.xauat.edu.cn Jump up ^ http://www.ccea.zju.edu.cn Jump up ^ http://www.zzu.edu.cn Archived 2005 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://jgxy.zust.edu.cn/web/index.asp Jump up ^ ( The Chinese University of Hong Kong http://www.arch.cuhk.edu.hk ) Jump up ^ http://www.arch.cuhk.edu.hk Jump up ^ The University of Hong Kong Jump up ^ http://www.arch.hku.hk Jump up ^ Academy of Architecture : : HOME . Aoamumbai.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Home -- Anna University . Annauniv.edu . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Apeejay Institute of Technology -- School of Architecture & Planning . Apeejay.edu . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.bvb.edu/department/architecture Jump up ^ http://architecture.nmims.edu/about/NIMS Jump up ^ ( http://www.bgssap.edu.in ) Jump up ^ Bharath University , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India -- BE / BTech / BArch / ME / MTech / BDS / MDS / MBBS -- Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research ( BIHER ) : civil , mechanical , electronics and communication , electrical and electronics , computer science , instrumentation and control , biomedical , telecommunication , marine , automobile , information technology , leather technology , bioinformatics , chemical , food processing technology , biotechnology , pharmaceutical technology , architecture , interior design , CAD , power electronic and drives - Admission to Bharath University , About Bharath University . Bharathuniv.ac.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ BKPS College of Architecture . Bkps.edu . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Center for Applied Research Education Anna University . care.ac.in ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chandigarh College of Architecture . Cca.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.collarc.com Jump up ^ Welcome to the College of Engineering & Technology , Bhubaneswar . Cet.edu.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.apied.in Jump up ^ http://arch.dit.edfu.in Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived April 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090124183612/http://www.bitmesra.ac.in/departments/department_introduction.asp . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ BMSCE . Bmsce.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.dcrustm.ac.in/ Jump up ^ Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior . Mitsgwl.ac.in ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/departmentinfo.php?ffac_code=6&fdept_code=6 Jump up ^ http://www.nith.ac.in/arch/ Jump up ^ National Institute of Technology Patna : HOME . Nitp.ac.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ NIT , Trichy . Nitt.edu ( 1981 - 11 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ योजना तथा वास्तुकला विद्यालय , भोपाल School of Planning and Architecture , Bhopal . Spabhopal.ac.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ TKM College of Engineering . Tkmce.ac.in ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jamia Millia Islamia . Jmi.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Center for Environmental Planning and Technology Cept University . Cept.ac.in ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://foa.uptu.ac.in/ Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived May 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Engineering university in India Engineering colleges in India -- Hindustan University . Hindustanuniv.ac.in ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ). holycrescent.in . Jump up ^ IIT Kharagpur . Iitkgp.ac.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://iitr.ac.in/ Jump up ^ http://www.krmangalam.org/ad-arc.html Jump up ^ Lovely School of Architecture and Design ( LSAD ) , Lovely Professional University Jump up ^ http://mesce.ac.in/departments/dept1.php?course_id=5&branchid=5&branch=arch&dept_code=1&support=f Jump up ^ Architecture MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology . Msrit.edu ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived July 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mcgansarch.com Jump up ^ MEASI Academy of Architecture Jump up ^ National Institute of Technology Calicut . Nitc.ac.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Technology Raipur . Nitrr.ac.in ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Malaviya National Institute of Technology . Mnit.ac.in ( 2011 - 12 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ NIT , Trichy . Nitt.edu ( 1981 - 11 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ ABIT . Abit-pmca.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Prahar School of Architecture Jump up ^ http://www.purvanchalinstitute.org Jump up ^ http://www.rvca.in/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Rizvi College of Architecture . Rizvicollege.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.jaipur.manipal.edu/ Jump up ^ http://www.smvdu.ac.in Jump up ^ http://www.spabhopal.ac.in/ Jump up ^ http://www.spa.ac.in Jump up ^ http://www.pmu.edu Jump up ^ http://www.spav.ac.in/ Jump up ^ Home School of Planning and Architecture , Vijayawada . Spav.ac.in ( 2011 - 07 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 08 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.bayanu.edu.iq/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.ishik.edu.iq/engineering/architecture/ Jump up ^ http://feng.koyauniversity.org/FENG-Depts/dare Jump up ^ http://www.nahrain-eng.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.nawrozuniversity.com/ Jump up ^ http://eng.su.edu.krd/content.php?topic=153&articleNo=611&lang=en/ Jump up ^ http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/ Jump up ^ http://www.uobaghdad.edu.iq/ Jump up ^ http://www.unbeg.edu.iq/ Jump up ^ http://www.uod.ac/site/en/department/30/architecture Jump up ^ http://engineering.uomosul.edu.iq/page.php?details=79 Jump up ^ http://univsul.edu.iq/DepartmentHomePage.aspx?main=21&Jimare=1&Unit=28 Jump up ^ http://uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-architecture/english/index.htm Jump up ^ http://www.uowasit.edu.iq/ Jump up ^ http://www.ariel.ac.il/architecture/About.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.bezalel.ac.il Jump up ^ http://architecture.technion.ac.il Jump up ^ http://arts.tau.ac.il/departments/index.php/lang-en/architecture/home Jump up ^ http://www.wizodzn.ac.il/english_page.html Jump up ^ http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/english/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/eng/3_design/architecture.htm Jump up ^ `` College of Architecture and Design '' . www.just.edu.jo . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Jordan '' . Engineering.ju.edu.jo . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/a/su.edu.la/architecture-department/ Jump up ^ http://www.alfa.edu.my Jump up ^ http://www.kliuc.edu.my Archived 2012 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ La Consolacion College -- Bacolod Jump up ^ Mindanao University of Science and Technology Jump up ^ Silliman University Jump up ^ University of Mindanao Jump up ^ University of the Philippines Mindanao Jump up ^ http://www.usa.edu.ph Jump up ^ University of San Carlos Jump up ^ `` King Abdulaziz University '' . www.kau.edu.sa . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals '' . www.kfupm.edu.sa . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Faisal University '' . www.kfu.edu.sa . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Saud University '' . Ksu.edu.sa . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qassim University '' . www.qu.edu.sa . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://uqu.edu.sa/english Jump up ^ `` University Dammam '' . www.ud.edu.sa . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iLines Architecture '' . www.ilinesarch.com . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . 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Asa.or.th . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.adu.ac.ae Jump up ^ Department of Architecture Jump up ^ http://www.ajman.ac.ae Jump up ^ http://www.aus.edu/arcdes/arc/architecture.php Jump up ^ http://www.cud.ac.ae/programs/undergraduate/architecture-and-interior-design/bachelor-of-architecture Jump up ^ http://www.engg.uaeu.ac.ae/departments/ae/index.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.sharjah.ac.ae/English/Academics/Colleges/Engineering/Departments/ArchitecturalEngineering Jump up ^ http://www.hau.edu.vn/ Jump up ^ http://uah.edu.vn/ Jump up ^ http://nuce.edu.vn Archived 2009 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://dhdlvanlang.edu.vn/ Jump up ^ Albanian University Jump up ^ Epoka University , Department of Architecture Jump up ^ International school of Architecture and Urban Policies , POLIS University Jump up ^ Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës , Departamenti i Arkitekturës dhe Urbanistikës Jump up ^ http://www.akbild.ac.at/Portal/studium/studienrichtungen/architektur Jump up ^ http://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en/department/bauenumwelt/index.php Jump up ^ http://www.dekarch.tugraz.at Jump up ^ http://www.dieangewandte.at/architecture Jump up ^ http://www.ufg.ac.at/index.php?id=1312&L=1 Jump up ^ http://www.uibk.ac.at/fakultaeten/architektur/ Jump up ^ http://ar.tuwien.ac.at Jump up ^ http://www.artesis.be/keuzepagina_ow/ Jump up ^ http://www.asro.kuleuven.ac.be/ Jump up ^ http://www.architectuur.sintlucas.wenk.be/ Jump up ^ http://www.architectuur.ugent.be/ Jump up ^ http://www.uhasselt.be Jump up ^ http://www.vub.ac.be/ARCH/ Jump up ^ http://archi.ulb.ac.be/ Jump up ^ https://www.ulb.ac.be/facs/polytech/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.fpms.ac.be Jump up ^ http://www.st-luc-brussels-archi.be Jump up ^ http://www.st-luc-tournai.be/ Jump up ^ http://www.lacambre-archi.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.isa-mons.umh.ac.be/ Jump up ^ http://www.arch.ucl.ac.be/ Jump up ^ http://www.ulg.ac.be Jump up ^ http://www.ius.edu.ba/ Jump up ^ http://www.agfbl.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.af.unsa.ba/ Jump up ^ http://www.epu.bg Jump up ^ http://www.vsu.bg Jump up ^ http://www.nbu.bg Jump up ^ http://www.uacg.bg Jump up ^ http://www.vfu.bg Jump up ^ http://www.gradst.hr Jump up ^ http://www.arhitekt.hr Jump up ^ `` Competition : Paphos beach shelters , Cyprus '' . Architectural Review . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://ww1.emu.edu.tr/en/academics/faculties/faculty-of-architecture/c/704 Jump up ^ http://www.frederick.ac.cy//DA/ Jump up ^ `` Neapolis University '' . www.nup.ac.cy . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ucy.ac.cy/goto/arch/en-US/HOME.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.unic.ac.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=5626 Jump up ^ `` Academy of Arts , Architecture and Design '' . www.vsup.cz . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.archip.eu/ Jump up ^ http://www.fa.vutbr.cz/ Jump up ^ http://www.fa.cvut.cz/ Jump up ^ http://aa.tul.cz/fakulta.architektury/ Jump up ^ http://aarch.dk/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.karch.dk/uk Jump up ^ http://www.artun.ee/ Jump up ^ http://www.artun.ee/index.php?lang=eng Jump up ^ Aalto University . Aalto.fi . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Main page -- Tampere University of Technology . Tut.fi . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.oulu.fi/ark/ Jump up ^ http://www.marnelavallee.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.citechaillot.fr Jump up ^ http://www.clermont-fd.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.grenoble.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.lyon.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.marseille.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.montpellier.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.nancy.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.nantes.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.rouen.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.paris-belleville.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.paris-lavillette.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.paris-malaquais.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.paris-valdeseine.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.rennes.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.strasbourg.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.toulouse.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.versailles.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.bordeaux.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.lille.archi.fr Jump up ^ http://www.esa-paris.fr Jump up ^ http://www.insa-strasbourg.fr Jump up ^ http://www.confluence.eu Jump up ^ `` Paris School of Architecture '' . 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-9189731405812005959	FIFA World Cup awards	FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 August 2018 . This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 Goal of the Tournament 11 References 12 External links Awards ( edit ) There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tournament : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball ( edit ) The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romario Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot ( edit ) The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time , which translates to a higher goal average . Top Goalscorer World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None -- 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None -- 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None -- 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Tomáš Skuhravý Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov None -- Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku Notes Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Jump up ^ Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . Jump up ^ During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . ^ Jump up to : Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . ^ Jump up to : Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Jump up ^ Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors ( 480 ; Messi played 693 minutes , and Van Persie , 548 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove ( edit ) The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Golden Glove 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Best Young player award ( edit ) The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . YPA World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy ( edit ) The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match ( edit ) The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team ( edit ) The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team ( edit ) The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . For 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23 - player squads . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi , and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Joachim Löw 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Diego Godín Marcelo Luka Modrić Philippe Coutinho Kevin De Bruyne Kylian Mbappé Harry Kane Cristiano Ronaldo While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) ; Marcelo and Thiago Silva ( 2014 and 2018 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only two Asian players have been named in All - Star teams , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea . Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves . All three players were selected in 2002 . Similarly , only two African players have been named in All - Star teams , Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . Goal of the Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Player Scored against Source 2006 Germany Maxi Rodríguez Mexico 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Germany 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez Uruguay 2018 Russia Benjamin Pavard Argentina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/every-winner-world-cups-best-12351397 Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 23 July 2018 ) . `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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-6347892898817965662	Bridget Jones's Baby	Bridget Jones 's Baby - wikipedia Bridget Jones 's Baby Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.sofeminine.co.uk/news-celebrities/renee-zellweger-open-letter-media-shaming-her-appearence-s1945709.html Triggered by \ bsofeminine \. co.uk \ b on the local blacklist Bridget Jones 's Baby Theatrical release poster Directed by Sharon Maguire Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Debra Hayward Screenplay by Helen Fielding Dan Mazer Emma Thompson Based on Characters by Helen Fielding Starring Renée Zellweger Colin Firth Patrick Dempsey Jim Broadbent Gemma Jones Emma Thompson Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Andrew Dunn Edited by Melanie Ann Oliver Production companies StudioCanal Miramax Perfect World Pictures Working Title Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) ( London ) 16 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) ( US / UK ) 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) ( France ) Running time 123 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $35 million Box office $212 million Bridget Jones 's Baby is a 2016 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Helen Fielding , Dan Mazer and Emma Thompson , based on the fictional columns by Fielding . It is the third film in the franchise and a sequel to 2004 film Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason . The film stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones , who after becoming pregnant is unsure if Mark Darcy ( Colin Firth , also reprising his role ) or Jack Qwant ( Patrick Dempsey ) is the father . Filming began on 2 October 2015 in London , England . The film was released theatrically on 16 September 2016 in the United Kingdom and United States and on 5 October in France . It received generally positive reviews and grossed over $211 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On her 43rd birthday , Bridget Jones is awoken by her mother who reminds her that her time to have children is running out . She goes to attend the funeral of Daniel Cleaver , who is presumed dead after a plane crash . While there she sees her ex , Mark Darcy ( Colin Firth ) , and his new wife . They bump into one another somewhat awkwardly and then go their separate ways . Bridget now works as a television producer and is close friends with the anchor of the show she runs , Miranda ( Sarah Solemani ) , who offers to take her out for her birthday . Bridget turns down her offer to spend time with her old group of friends , but is heartbroken when they cancel on her due to commitments to their children . Deciding to celebrate her single life Bridget accepts Miranda 's offer to take her away for the weekend . They go to a music festival where Miranda challenges her to sleep with the first man she meets . Falling in the mud , Bridget is helped out by a random stranger . After attending an Ed Sheeran concert a drunk Bridget crawls into a yurt she thinks belongs to her and Miranda , but actually belongs to the handsome stranger she met earlier . The two have sex and in the morning Bridget makes her escape . The stranger returns disappointed that she is gone . Returning home Bridget goes to the christening of Jude 's youngest child where she is the godmother and Mark has been asked to be the godfather . Mark tells her that he and his wife are planning on divorcing and Bridget has sex with him . When Mark reveals he is travelling the next day Bridget is reminded that he had always put work before their relationship and leaves in the morning before he wakes up , leaving behind a note telling him that reconnecting with him is too painful . Bridget finds that she is gaining weight . Shazzer suggests that Bridget might be pregnant , especially when she realises that Bridget used old , expired condoms when having sex . Taking a pregnancy test at work , Bridget confirms she is pregnant and decides that she wants to keep the baby as it is her last chance to have a child . After a visit to the obstetrician and gynecologist , Dr. Rawlings , she realises that she does not know who the father is and does n't even have a way of contacting Jack , the handsome stranger . However Miranda spies him on TV where they realise that Jack Qwant is a billionaire and the inventor of a dating site that has an algorithm to match couples together . Miranda conspires with Bridget to have Jack on the show to take hair samples so that Bridget will be able to test it against the DNA of her baby to either confirm or eliminate Jack as the father . At the taping the hair and makeup artist is able to nab samples of Jack 's hair for Bridget but Jack recognises Bridget , and she decides to tell him that she is pregnant and that he is the father , without mentioning Mark Darcy . Initially taken aback Jack decides to throw himself into the role of supporting Bridget . Feeling things are going too quickly with Jack , Bridget decides to go forward and tell Mark . However Mark is so thrilled at the news that he is about to be a father that Bridget does not tell him about Jack . Bridget also decides not to go forward with testing the DNA while her child is still in the womb as she is terrified by the possibility that she might miscarry . She persuades Dr. Rawlings to go through appointments twice , once with Jack and another time with Mark . Bridget invites Jack to a work event and is startled when Mark shows up as well . The two men immediately take a liking to one another , finding the other 's accomplishments impressive . They go out to dinner where Bridget finally comes clean and tells them that she is unsure who the father is . Jack takes the news well , telling Bridget that the child is the priority . Mark Darcy is upset and walks out of the restaurant . At an ante - natal class , Jack arrives early and Bridget is gratified when Mark shows up as well . Jack and Mark are mistaken for a gay couple with Bridget as their surrogate , much to Mark 's discomfort and Jack 's amusement . Mark is also jealous at the easy rapport that Jack has with Bridget and his warmth in taking care of her . Bridget experiences cramps and goes to the hospital , taking Jack with her as she is unable to reach Mark . When at last Mark arrives he is upset to see the two laughing together and embracing . Mark and Jack fight and Bridget sends them out of the room . Outside , Jack implies that he and Bridget had sex without condoms , making Mark realise that he is less likely to be the father . He leaves once again . Bridget continues to prepare for the arrival of her baby , now with only Jack by her side . They have a discussion where he asks her to move in with him and confesses that life for him is lonely . Bridget asks him what will happen if Mark is the father and he tells her he will need to re-evaluate their relationship if that is the case . He also confesses that the reason Mark has been absent is because Jack heavily implied that Mark was unlikely to be the father . An upset Bridget goes to talk to Mark , but sees his wife arriving at his house and decides to let him be . At nine months , Bridget quits her job rather than being fired for numerous gaffes and unprofessional mishaps , notably inviting a guest onto the show with the sole intent of obtaining a sample of his DNA , live broadcasting bare arses during the launch event of a public news - gathering initiative and mixing up a guest with his chauffeur . Unemployed , exhausted , and hungry , she goes out shopping but has her card eaten by a cashpoint and locks herself out of the bank lobby , leaving her keys and her food inside . When no one buzzes her up to her building she stands outside in the rain feeling miserable . Mark arrives and breaks in for her . He informs her that he and his wife are going through with their divorce and she was only there to pick up the last of her things . Just as they are about to kiss Bridget 's water breaks . When his phone rings for work he throws it out the window in a romantic gesture , which leaves them without a means to call transport to the hospital . They enlist the help of a local restaurant to get them to hospital , but a traffic jam due to protests forces them to walk . Overtaken by contractions Bridget can not walk and Mark offers to carry her , but almost collapses . Jack arrives just in time and the two of them get Bridget to the hospital . During labour both Mark and Jack try to help Bridget . However , during labour Bridget accidentally punches Jack in the nose . She also reaches to Mark for comfort and he reassures her that she can get through labour and he will love her no matter whether the child is his or not , while sustaining an agonising bite to the wrist by Bridget . While Jack and Mark wait outside , Jack apologises to Mark for his behaviour and Mark accepts . Bridget gives birth to a boy and all of Bridget 's friends and relatives come to visit her in the delivery room . Meanwhile , Dr. Rawlings has both men come with her to perform the DNA test . After having bonded for the last 6 months Mark and Jack each wish each other luck . A year later Bridget prepares to be married . At the altar she is greeted by Jack , holding her son , and then moves forward to marry Mark Darcy . After the wedding Mark and Jack , now friends , head to the reception together , while Bridget carries her and Mark 's son , William . A newspaper lying on a bench reveals that Daniel Cleaver has been found alive in the woods in the wreckage of the plane . Cast ( edit ) Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones Colin Firth as Mark Darcy QC Patrick Dempsey as Jack Qwant Sally Phillips as Sharon `` Shazzer '' Julian Rhind - Tutt as Fergus James Callis as Tom Shirley Henderson as Jude Sarah Solemani as Miranda Neil Pearson as Richard Finch Emma Thompson as Doctor Rawlings Jim Broadbent as Mr. Colin Jones Ben Willbond as Giles Gemma Jones as Mrs. Pamela Jones Celia Imrie as Una Alconbury Jessica Hynes as Magda Kate O'Flynn as Alice Peabody James Faulkner as Uncle Geoffrey Katia Elizarova as Glamorous ex Joanna Scanlan as Cathy Tom Rosenthal as Josh Beattie Edmondson as Laura Patrick Malahide as George Wilkins Darren Boyd as Jeremy Jessica Hynes as Magda Dolly Wells as Woney Enzo Cilenti as Gianni Nick Mohammed as Ariyaratna Ed Sheeran as himself Production ( edit ) In July 2009 , Variety announced that a third instalment of the Bridget Jones films was in the early stages of development . Working Title Films confirmed that it would not be based on Helen Fielding 's third Bridget Jones novel , but instead would be based on the columns she wrote for The Independent in 2005 . On 1 March 2011 , it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth were interested in reprising their roles . In July 2011 , Paul Feig was in final talks to direct the film based on the script by author Fielding . On 11 August 2011 , Universal Studios and Working Title greenlit the third film . On 4 October 2011 , Deadline reported that Feig had exited the project due to creative differences with Working Title , and Feig had also worked on the recent draft of the script . Production was slated to begin in January 2012 with the returning cast including Zellweger , Firth , and Hugh Grant . On 30 November 2011 , Peter Cattaneo came on board to direct the sequel , newly titled `` Bridget Jones 's Baby '' from a script by Fielding , Feig , and David Nicholls . Producers on board were Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner of Working Title , along with Jonathan Cavendish of Little Bird . On 3 February 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that the production had been delayed due to creative differences between the script of the film and actors , especially Grant as he disliked the script and reportedly exited the project , though this was denied by producer Bevan . However , the producer confirmed that they were working on the script and the film would be made as planned . In April 2013 , Firth spoke to the Chicago Sun - Times , stating `` unfortunately , it might be a bit of a long wait , '' and he said he `` would n't say that it 's completely dead in the water , but the way it 's going , you might be seeing Bridget Jones ' granddaughter 's story being told by the time we get there . '' In an interview on 10 October 2014 , Grant mentioned an existing script for a sequel , though he also expressed his dislike for it , and stated that he would not star in the third film . Later in the next week , producers hired Emma Thompson to rewrite the original script written by Fielding and Nicholls . On 25 June 2015 , it was reported that final negotiations for the film were going on and Sharon Maguire , director of the first film would return to direct the third film . Gemma Jones and Jim Broadbent were also in talks to return for the third film to join the cast . On 9 September 2015 , Patrick Dempsey joined the cast of the film . Filming ( edit ) Set , Windsor Great Park , as Glastonbury Filming for a short period began in July 2015 in Dublin , where the first scenes for the film were shot at Ed Sheeran 's concert at Croke Park . Official principal photography with the actual cast began on 2 October 2015 in London . On 13 October 2015 , shooting was taking place at Borough Market , and later in October in Windsor Great Park , at Rosy Bottom . On 26 October 2015 , filming took place at a church in Oxfordshire . Filming wrapped up on 27 November 2015 . Reshoots took place for one week starting 8 January 2016 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Bridget Jones 's Baby : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Release ( edit ) Renée Zellweger , Colin Firth and Patrick Dempsey in Paris at the film 's French premiere , 2016 . In October 2015 , Bridget Jones 's Baby was set for a 16 September 2016 release . On 23 March the first trailer was released . Like the previous two films , the movie received an R rating . Renee Zellweger 's physical appearance in the trailer for the film has rekindled a debate about the possibility that Zellweger had plastic surgery , which began in 2014 when she re-emerged from a long hiatus . An editorial focused on the trailer for the film by Variety critic Owen Gleiberman titled `` Renee Zellweger : If She No Longer Looks Like Herself , Has She Become a Different Actress ? '' triggered a firestorm of controversy including responses from Zellweger herself , who called the scrutiny over her appearance `` sexist '' and attributing her difference in appearance solely to `` ageing , '' and wrote an open essay explaining her response in the weeks before the film 's release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Bridget Jones 's Baby grossed $212 million worldwide , including $24.1 million in the United States and Canada and $60 million in the United Kingdom , against a budget of $35 million . The film was released in North America on 16 September 2016 and was projected to gross $12 -- 16 million in its opening weekend from 2,927 theaters . It made $364,000 from its Thursday night previews and $3 million on its first day . In total , the film made $8.2 million in its opening weekend , falling below projections and scoring the lowest opening of the series . Internationally , where Universal Pictures handled most of the releases , the film fared better and especially in the U.K. where the previous two installments registered the biggest grossers . It debuted day - and - date in conjuncture with its North American release in 41 countries , including big markets like the UK and Ireland , Russia , Australia , Mexico and Spain in its opening weekend . The film will be released in a total of 62 countries . It scored the biggest opening day in the franchise in the U.K. , the Netherlands and Latin America including Mexico , Panama and Peru , and had No. 1 opening days in the U.K. , Australia , Spain , Denmark , Finland , Hungary , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Croatia , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Africa and Ukraine . Through Sunday , 18 September , it had an opening weekend of $29.9 million from 39 markets and debuted at No. 1 in 24 of them . It was in second place at the box office , behind A Chinese Odyssey Part Three . It topped the international box office in its second weekend , earning $21.9 million from 47 markets . It recorded the biggest debut in the franchise and had No. 1 openings in certain markets like Australia ( $4.2 million ) , the Netherlands ( $1.9 million ) , Spain ( $1.7 million ) , Iceland and New Zealand and bowed at second place in France ( $3.7 million ) and Russia ( $1.4 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland -- the biggest market for the first two films -- the film opened on Friday , 16 September , and recorded the biggest comedy / romantic comedy opening day ever , as well as the biggest Working Title and September opening of all time with $4 million at 641 theaters . It went on to score a record breaking £ 8.11 million ( $10.5 million ) opening and dominated 57 % of the total market share which is the biggest romantic comedy opening weekend ever in the UK ; the biggest opening weekend ever for Working Title ; and the biggest September launch weekend of all time . Excluding previews , the film has the seventh biggest debut of the year . The film fell just 20 % in its second weekend to £ 6.4 million ( $8.3 million ) and continued to lead the box office for the third consecutive weekend , despite the influx of a row of competitions . After three straight wins , it was surpassed by The Girl on the Train in its fourth weekend . It broke a number of records including the fastest romantic comedy to earn £ 30 million , doing so on its seventeenth day ( the first film took 31 days and the second film took 24 days ) . It has so far grossed a total of $54 million there becoming the biggest market outside of North America like its predecessors . Adjusted for inflation it is the lowest - grossing film behind both the films ( £ 73.1 million and £ 57.8 million respectively ) . After 31 days of playing in theaters , the film became the biggest film in the franchise in the United Kingdom with £ 42.24 million , surpassing the first film 's final gross of £ 42 million . It currently sits as the third biggest film of 2016 behind Finding Dory ( £ 42.25 million ) and The Jungle Book ( £ 46.1 million ) . In Netherlands , it is the highest - grossing Working Title picture of all time with $8.1 million -- passing Notting Hill ( 1999 ) , which held the record for 17 years . Critical response ( edit ) Bridget Jones 's Baby received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 77 % , based on 188 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Bridget Jones 's Baby might be late on arrival , but fans of the series should still find its third installment a bouncing bundle of joy . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a score 59 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2017 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Movie Craig Armstrong Won 2017 Diversity in Media Awards Movie of the Year Bridget Jones 's Baby Nominated 2017 EDA Awards AWFJ Hall of Shame Sharon Maguire Won 2017 European Film Awards People 's Choice Award for Best European Film Sharon Maguire Nominated 2017 Globes de Cristal Awards Best Foreign Film Sharon Maguire Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 6 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Baby review - Renée Zellweger kooks up a storm '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Third ' Bridget Jones ' in works '' . variety.com . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Third Bridget Jones in pipeline '' . bbc.co.uk. 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Uddin , Zakia ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Zellweger ' agrees to Bridget Jones 3 ' '' . digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Paul Feig to Direct Third ' Bridget Jones ' Movie ? '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ RICE , LYNETTE ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` Third ' Bridget Jones ' movie is finally a go -- EXCLUSIVE '' . ew.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` Paul Feig Exits ' Bridget Jones 3 ' ; Universal Looking For Brit Director For January Start '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Stuart ; Belloni , Matthew ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 3 ' Producer Admits Delay , Vows to Shoot Film in 2012 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` Peter Cattaneo In Talks To Direct ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Colin Firth on ' Bridget Jones 3 ' film : ' There might be a long wait ' '' . digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant interview : on Bridget Jones 3 and The Rewrite '' . 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAZ BAMIGBOYE : Bridget Jones 's Baby film is set for its final push ... but who 's the daddy ? '' . dailymail.co.uk. 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Daniel ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Hugh Grant Pulls Out Of ' Bridget Jones 3 ' , Daniel Cleaver WON 'T Be Appearing In Third Film '' . huffingtonpost.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bagwell , Matt ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` Emma Thompson Drafted In To Save Third ' Bridget Jones ' Film After Cast Complain About Script '' . huffingtonpost.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ DENHAM , JESS ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Bridget Jones 3 : Filming expect to start on Bridget Jones 's Baby later this year '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Patrick Dempsey Joining ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' For Working Title '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bagwell , Matt ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran To Feature In Third ' Bridget Jones ' Film ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' '' . huffingtonpost.co.uk . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ POCKLINGTON , REBECCA ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran meets Bridget Jones ! Singer ' to star in third movie as film crew spotted at Dublin concert ' '' . screen.yahoo.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Baby begins filming '' . British Comedy Guide . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Bridget Jones 's Baby Release Date and New Set Photos ! '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillip Williams . `` Film set for Bridget Jones ' Baby , Rosy ... ( C ) Phillip Williams : : Geograph Britain and Ireland '' . Jump up ^ `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Renee Zellweger and Colin Firth put on affectionate display as they are seen filming for the first time with Bridget Jones ' newborn baby during Christening scene '' . dailymail.co.uk. 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 12 / 4 / 15 : Gal Gadot Grabs Her Lasso for ' Wonder Woman ' , Brad Pitt Wraps ' War Machine ' , ' Resident Evil ' Team Finish Final Chapter '' . SSN Insider. 4 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Renée Zellweger Returns to the U.K. to Film Bridget Jones 's Baby -- and Get Her Groove On ! See the Festive Pic '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` She 's back ! BRIDGET JONES 'S BABY booked in for 16th September 2016 '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Third ' Bridget Jones ' Movie Gets Release Date '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ TheEllenShow ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) , EXCLUSIVE ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Trailer , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Reasons for Movie Ratings ( CARA ) '' . filmratings.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Renée Zellweger : why does her face look so different ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Renee Zellweger : If She No Longer Looks Like Herself , Has She Become a Different Actress ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Renée Zellweger Says the Scrutiny Over Her Appearance is Sexist : ' Why Are We Talking About How Women Look ? ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Renee Zellweger Writes An Open Essay About The Obsession With Her Appearance & It 's Pretty Amazing '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` ' Sully ' Lands At $35 M , ' Bough ' Breaks With $14.2 M -- Monday B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Blair Witch ' Looks to Scare Off ' Sully , ' ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Wakes Up Thursday Night -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Bombs in U.S. With $8 M ; ' Sully ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Can ' Sully ' Crucify ' Blair Witch ' At The Weekend B.O. ? -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 17 September 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Delivering $29.4 M Offshore Bow ; Breaks Multiple UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` ' Inferno ' Ignites With $50 M Offshore ; ' Miss Peregrine ' Tops $130 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Bows To $30 M ; ' Suicide Squad ' Powers Past $400 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Odyssey ' Sequel Dreams up Holiday Weekend Win '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Tops Overseas Again As ' Magnificent 7 ' Corrals $19.2 M & ' Storks ' Bundles $18.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 9 October 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Bridget Jones 's Baby delivers at UK box office , while Blair Witch sneaks into second '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( 27 September 2016 ) . `` Bridget Jones 's Baby still the daddy in UK as Finding Dory hits motherlode '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 2 October 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` How did Bridget Jones 's Baby deliver so many pounds at the UK box office ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` The Girl on the Train beats Bridget Jones 's Baby -- and Gone Girl -- in UK '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( 18 October 2016 ) . `` The Girl on the Train still UK 's top ticket as Bridget Jones 's Baby makes history '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Baby reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridget Jones ' Baby ( 2016 ) -- Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bridget Jones 's Baby on IMDb Bridget Jones 's Baby at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Bridget Jones by Helen Fielding Novels Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 1999 ) Films Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 2016 ) Other Bridget Jones ' Diary ( musical ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Jones%27s_Baby&oldid=818131960 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films British films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Films directed by Sharon Maguire Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films shot in Ireland Screenplays by Emma Thompson Working Title Films films Miramax films Bridget Jones Pregnancy films Films shot in London Perfect World Pictures films American romantic comedy films StudioCanal films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 19 : 59 . 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2899944357967805539	Grey's Anatomy (season 10)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 10 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 10 ) DVD cover art for the tenth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Sara Ramirez Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 Next → Season 11 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The tenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy premiered on September 26 , 2013 , with a two - hour special episode in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and it concluded with a Farewell to Cristina finale episode Fear ( of the Unknown ) on May 15 , 2014 . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Tenth Season -- Live For The Moments on September 2 , 2014 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment . The season mainly focuses on the relationship between the show 's protagonist Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) and `` her person '' Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) as both follow different paths relating their careers straining their relationship . Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) having separated from her wife Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) teamed up with the White House to work on a brain mapping project . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) was on a project mapping out the human genome . Yang and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) gradually take their relationship from complicated and painful to a place of real friendship . April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) elope during Kepner and paramedic Matthew 's ( Justin Bruening ) wedding . Yang takes off to Switzerland for a job offer to take over Preston Burke 's ( Isaiah Washington ) hospital because he wants to step down and move his family . She bids her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years , including Hunt and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song . The season , garnered 12.12 million viewers average viewers and was ranked 15th overall in total viewers which is eleven spots higher than ninth season . In the 18 - 49 key demographic , it ranked 5th and for the 2013 - 2014 primetime TV schedule , Grey 's was the no . 1 drama in the 18 - 49 key demographic . James Pickens , Jr. and Chandra Wilson were nominated for Outstanding Actor and Outstanding Actress respectively at the 45th NAACP Image Awards . The show also garnered five nominations at the 40th People 's Choice Awards . It was announced on May 8 , 2014 , by ABC that Grey 's Anatomy would return in the fall of 2014 for Season 11 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 2.4 Casting 2.5 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical interns , residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . After the superstorm passes , Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital finds itself trying to save some of their own . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) is electrocuted and is found by an intern , Dr. Heather Brooks ( Tina Majorino ) . However , before realizing the danger , she too steps into the water and is electrocuted . Luckily , the surgical staff are able to save Dr. Webber but Heather is not as fortunate , as Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Dr. Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) fails to resuscitate her . Subsequently , Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reconnects with his father , Jimmy ( James Remar ) , when Jimmy finds his way into the ER . Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , Alex 's new love interest , supports Alex during this reunion . Jimmy reveals to Alex that he has family in Florida , but much to Alex 's dismay , it is not his family . Unfortunately , before Alex and Jimmy are able to reconcile their differences , Jimmy dies due to a botched surgery . Sticking with the interns who become residents this season , Dr. Ross teams up with Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) to work on her research , heart conduits . Cristina receives a Harper - Avery Nomination , but as the majority of Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital is owned by the Harper Avery Foundation , Cristina does not win . Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , with the help from Dr. Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , is also busy at work with her research , a continuation of the research her mother , Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , conducted while she was still living . To do her research , she orders a 3 - D printer , which not only aids Meredith 's research , but also helps Cristina and Shane with their conduits . Derek and Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) teams up with the White House to work on a brain mapping project , a project that will identify which parts of the brain are responsible for different functions . Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) is also at the helm of a project mapping out the human genome , a project that helps her save her bubble - boy patient , Braden . Alex accepts a job offer from Dr. Oliver Lebackes , a.k.a. Dr. `` Butthole , '' to work at his private practice . While separated , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) continues to sleep around , this time with Dr. Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) . After some heated fights , Callie and Arizona reconcile their differences and move back in together . They eventually decide that they would like to have another baby , and Arizona tells Callie that she would like for her to carry it . Cristina and Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) gradually take their relationship from complicated and painful to a place of real friendship where they both know they love each other but have accepted the fact that they can not have a life together as much as they want to . Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) and Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) surprise everyone when they elope during April and paramedic Matthew 's ( Justin Bruening ) wedding . Issues arise when April realizes that her faith , and Jackson 's lack of faith , is going to be a huge problem when raising their children . Jackson , after some time apart from April and finding out that she 's pregnant , tells her that he wants to go to church with her and his family . After losing the Harper Avery Award , Cristina receives offers from many institutions asking her to speak about her research . One of those offers comes from a hospital in Zürich , Switzerland . Despite Dr. Webber 's pleading Cristina to fight against the Harper Avery Foundation for not honoring her work , Cristina takes off to Switzerland where she unexpectedly reconnects with Dr. Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , the owner of the hospital . Initially , Cristina believes that this is all a ploy to get her back in his life , but it 's really only a job offer to take over Burke 's hospital because he wants to step down and move his family closer to his wife 's parents in Milan . After realizing that neither she nor any other doctor at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital will ever win a Harper Avery Award because of the Foundation 's ownership , she accepts a job offer from Dr. Burke . Owen supports her decision as he realizes no good could come from him asking her to stay , but requests her not to leave him until she has to leave him for good , following which , they both spend two weeks leading to her permanent departure together . While saying her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years , there is a possible act of terrorism in Seattle , which later turns out to be just a gas main explosion . Cristina has a quick but emotional goodbye hug with Derek , Bailey , and Webber , leaves her shares of the hospital to Alex , and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song . Owen , however , is busy saving a patient in the O.R. , so they share a silent goodbye through the gallery 's glass without exchanging a word with their eyes and imperceptible nods saying everything that was left unsaid . Meredith starts fighting with Derek when she adamantly states that she 's not going to Washington , D.C. because Cristina makes her realize her life is in Seattle and she is just as important in the relationship as Derek is . The new head of cardio , Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) tells Dr. Webber that her birth mother is Dr. Ellis Grey , and asks if he knows her . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Gaius Charles as Dr. Shane Ross Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards Tessa Ferrer as Dr. Leah Murphy Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Recurring cast ( edit ) Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Tina Majorino as Dr. Heather Brooks James Remar as Jimmy Evans Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Marguerite Moreau as Dr. Emma Marling Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole Rebecca Field as Sabine McNeil Thomas Barbusca as Link McNeil Armani Jackson as Braden Morris Jadin Gould as Ivy McNeil Harley Graham as Francesca `` Frankie '' McNeil Billy Malone as Jon McNeil Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Elizabeth Bond as Kimmie Kepner Emily Happe as Libby Kepner Grace Bannon as Alice Kepner Guest stars ( edit ) Bobby Campo as Brian Heather Hemmens as Sasha Héctor Elizondo as Carlos Torres Patrick Fabian as Dr. Oliver Lebackes Gordon Clapp as Victor Kaufman Paul James as Eric Valerie Mahaffey as Donna Kaufman Keke Palmer as Cheryl Jeffries Annie Potts as Joyce Bosco Isaiah Washington as Dr. Preston Burke Casting ( edit ) In May 2012 , it was announced that six original castmates , Ellen Pompeo , Patrick Dempsey , Sandra Oh , Chandra Wilson , Justin Chambers , and James Pickens , Jr. had renewed their contracts through Season 10 , as Meredith Grey , Derek Shepherd , Cristina Yang , Miranda Bailey , Alex Karev , and Richard Webber respectively . It was revealed in June 2013 , that four out of the five interns from Season 9 would be returning as series regulars , including Camilla Luddington , Gaius Charles , Jerrika Hinton and Tessa Ferrer . It was announced in July 2013 that Bobby Campo and Heather Hemmens were slated to guest star in the two - part season premiere . In August 2013 , TV Guide reported that Dexter alum James Remar is set for a `` mysterious '' story arc . It was later revealed that Remar would be playing Alex Karev 's drug addict father , whom he has n't seen in more than twenty years . In October 2013 , it was announced that Hector Elizondo would be returning to the show , as Callie Torres ' father , for a ' Callie - centric ' episode that would air mid-November . Other guest stars in November were Valerie Mahaffey and Gordon Clapp . Isaiah Washington returned as Dr. Preston Burke for one episode to persuade Yang into taking over his hospital . It was announced in January 2014 that Nickelodeon star Keke Palmer would guest star in an upcoming episode slated to air in March 2014 . It was also announced that Greek alum Paul James had been cast in a potentially recurring role . It was also announced in January that the role of Zola ( Meredith and Derek 's daughter ) was recast and would now be played by Heaven White , who is significantly older than Jela K. Moore , the actress who previously played Zola . On March 6 , 2014 , it was revealed that Isaiah Washington would reprise his role as Preston Burke for one episode in May 2014 . It is believed that his reappearance will have ties with Cristina Yang 's ( Sandra Oh ) departure from the show after ten years . Dr. Burke was Cristina Yang 's love interest for much of his three years on the show . Washington was fired seven years ago after he made a homophobic slur against castmate , T.R. Knight . On March 18 , 2014 , it was announced that another Grey 's Anatomy alum would return in May and stay until the end of the season . Caterina Scorsone will return to play Amelia Shepherd , one of Derek 's four sisters . Scorsone was a regular on the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , Private Practice , where she also portrayed Amelia Shepherd . In April , news broke that Kelly McCreary would guest star in the Season 10 finale . It was n't known until the season finale aired that her character , Dr. Pierce , was hired by Dr. Yang to be the new head of cardio . It was also discovered at the end of the episode that Dr. Ellis Grey was her birth mother . On August 13 , 2013 , Sandra Oh revealed that after the tenth season she would be leaving Grey 's Anatomy . It was announced on March 25 , 2014 , that Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer were not having their options picked up for Season 11 , meaning that Season 10 would be their last season as regulars on the show . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced that Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey had renewed their contracts for another two seasons , as Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd respectively , meaning their characters will be staying on the medical drama for seasons 11 and 12 . On May 2 , 2014 , it was announced that the rest of the six original castmates , Justin Chambers , Chandra Wilson , and James Pickens Jr. , excluding Sandra Oh , had renewed their contracts for another two seasons ( 11 and 12 ) . Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons . Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a tenth season on May 10 , 2013 . This season is to include the 200th episode of the series , the fourth episode to air , `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' . This season was also split into two batches of episodes , each batch consisting of 12 uninterrupted episodes ( excluding holidays ) . The mid-season premiere aired on February 27 , 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy 's tenth season opened up to 9.27 million viewers with a 3.4 / 9 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . `` Everybody 's Crying Mercy '' served as the season 's most viewed episode . `` Man on the Moon '' was the season 's least viewed episode , with 7.02 million viewers and a 2.3 / 6 Neilsen rating / share in the 18 - 49 demographic . At the time , the season finale was the series lowest watched season finale with 8.92 million viewers and 2.6 / 8 in the 18 - 49 rating demo . Grey 's Anatomy , in its tenth season , ranked 15th overall in total viewers ( 12.12 million ) . This is eleven spots higher than Season 9 , which was ranked 26th . In the 18 - 49 key demographic , Grey 's Anatomy ranked 5th . The last time a season of Grey 's Anatomy was ranked 5th in the 18 - 49 key demographic was Season 1 . The highest ranking for the 18 - 49 key demographic was 3rd for Seasons 3 , 4 , and 5 . Last season , Grey 's Anatomy was ranked 10th . For the 2013 - 2014 primetime TV schedule , Grey 's Anatomy was the # 1 drama in the 18 - 49 key demographic . Critical reception ( edit ) Many critics saw Sandra Oh 's performance throughout the season as worthy of a Primetime Emmy Award nomination The tenth season of the medical - drama received positive reviews from the critics with many referring to the season as a return to form for the long - running show . The season holds a 100 % positive score on Rotten Tomatoes and a `` Fresh '' rating . Annie Barett of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review to the season and wrote , `` There 's true sorrow here along with the passion , which keeps their dynamic so intriguing to me . '' The A.V. Club also praised the tenth season of the show stating , `` At its best , Grey 's Anatomy is about everyday bravery , sacrifice , and courage . At its worst , it 's a melodramatic , moralizing soap opera . Both sides are on display as the show heads confidently into its 10th season . '' The Loop also acknowledged the return to form giving a positive review , `` After a shaky start to its tenth season ... Grey 's Anatomy has picked up the pace over the past two episodes and is once again showing a great deal of promise that it can revive itself after nearly a decade on the air . '' Many sources , including Rachel Simon of Bustle and Nicole Pomarico of Wetpaint , claimed that Sandra Oh 's performance during her tenth and final season on Grey 's Anatomy is worthy of an Emmy nomination . Simon stated `` She made us care about Grey 's in a way we had n't in years , bringing us into Cristina 's life and mind fully and ferociously . The show has been good for several seasons now ; because of Oh 's performance this year , it once again became great . '' On Oh 's exit Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Cristina and Meredith is the friendship to end all friendships -- some would even argue it 's what the show is about . Cristina is Meredith 's person . How could she possibly function without Cristina in her life ? More than that , Cristina on her own was a great character . She did n't want kids , she did n't need a man , and she 'd rather receive compliments on her brain instead of her beauty . She was everything we needed in a character -- and more . Seeing her go was devastating . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 197 `` Seal Our Fate '' Rob Corn Joan Rater September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 9.27 Following the storm , the doctors of Grey Sloan Memorial attempt to care for victims , but soon find the ER overrun . Richard remains unconscious in the basement after receiving a severe electric shock and Bailey sends Shane to find him . Shane , however , passes the task over to Heather in an attempt to steal her surgery with Derek . Heather spots Richard on the basement floor , but she is also electrocuted when she hastily rushes to help him . The pair are later discovered and Derek and Shane begin trying to save Heather , while Cristina and Bailey attempt to revive Richard . Meredith remains sidelined after giving birth to her son . Arizona desperately attempts to regain her relationship with Callie after choosing to cheat on her , but Callie is uninterested . Cristina and Bailey clash about Richard 's treatment and take the dispute to Chief Hunt who discovers that Richard has made Meredith responsible for his medical decisions . Arizona returns home and discovers that Callie has moved out and taken Sofia with her . 198 `` I Want You with Me '' Chandra Wilson Debora Cahn September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 9.27 Derek fails in his attempts to save Heather , leaving Shane feeling responsible for his colleague 's death . The interns are tasked with comforting Heather 's mother when she arrives , but realize that they had been bad friends to her , and resolve to look out for each other more . Bailey and Cristina clash over how to proceed with Richard 's condition , with Bailey wanting to perform risky surgery . Meredith ultimately accepts responsibility for Richard 's care and allows Bailey to follow her instincts , saving Richard 's life . Jackson rejects April following her declaration of love and she decides to go ahead with her engagement to Matthew . Owen and Cristina struggle to stay apart following their split and end up in bed twice in the name of giving each other a better last memory . Arizona tracks Callie down to Meredith 's house but Callie does not want her back and informs Arizona that they will now take turns caring for Sofia . Arizona later returns , desperate to see Sofia and while Callie initially refuses , Cristina urges her to not bring Sofia into the fight , resulting in Arizona being granted five minutes with her daughter . 199 `` Everybody 's Crying Mercy '' Tony Phelan Tia Napolitano October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 9.60 The storm has passed , but the damage still remains . Callie and Arizona agreed to attend marriage counseling , but Callie , who is still deeply hurt by Arizona 's betrayal , decides Arizona should go by herself . Derek and Meredith are on leave to take care of their new baby and they are having quite a time adjusting to their new life . The group of interns is beginning to study for their residency exams , and April anxiously waits to hear about the results of her board exams , which she finally passes . Cristina encourages Alex to have sex with Jo , and in her own failing relationship , she tells Owen that it 's time to start seeing other people . Owen and Avery butt heads over hospital finance issues : Owen wants money to fix the hospital and Avery wants money for surgeries . Webber needs a feeding tube to survive , but Bailey has an alternative , less effective , plan that will save Webber 's dignity but not his life . Webber tells Meredith that he picked the wrong person to be in charge of his health decisions . 200 `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' Rob Corn Austin Guzman October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 8.79 To raise money to repair the damage done to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , the doctors are dressed to the nines and throwing a fundraiser gala . All is going well at the gala , until an entertainer falls on top of the gala organizer , resulting in serious injuries . Meanwhile , April and Arizona stay in the supply closet trading relationship stories and drinking champagne . Alex leaves Jo at the gala , after seeing a junkie -- whom he thinks is his dad -- ushered into the ER . He decides to do a paternity test to find out , and in the middle of his telling Jo that he does n't want to know if the junkie is his dad or not , Jo blurts it out that he is . Cristina and Owen 's breakup becomes more real after a doctor from Seattle Presbyterian starts flirting with Owen at the gala. Bailey is stuck between a rock and a hard place , rather , two difficult patients : one who has cancer that ca n't be treated , and Dr. Webber who has multiple options of treatment but does n't want to pursue any of them . Meredith and Derek , who have been on leave from the hospital , return and rediscover their love for surgeries . 201 5 `` I Bet It Stung '' Mark Jackson Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 8.78 Alex 's dad is still at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , and Jo is doing everything she can to mend the relationship between Alex and his dad . Meredith teams up with Cristina to do groundbreaking surgery -- a heart / liver transplant , but due to unfortunate circumstances ( having to breast pump and console Zola after she gets hurt ) , Meredith is unprepared , unfocused , and late to her surgery . Cristina confronts Meredith and says that they 're in different places and they want different things , and that 's okay , but she 's not willing to let up like Meredith . In turn , Meredith gets upset with Derek for making her miss her surgery because he did n't answer his phone . Webber , with the help and urging from Catherine Avery , returns to his old self -- a take - charge kind of guy , ordering the residents around . Callie has a revelation with her patient 's `` donor sister '' that `` you can say ' no ' , '' so Callie kicks Arizona out of her apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear . 202 6 `` Map of You '' David Greenspan William Harper October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 8.73 It 's time for Meredith to decide what her topic of research will be , and after much debate , she decides that she 's going to continue her mother 's research by taking it in a new direction . Derek and Callie have teamed up to work on a brain mapping project , but Callie feels like she should be working with regenerative cartilage . Webber uses his condition to teach Jo , the now second year resident , how to be a better doctor . Because he has taken a professional liking to Cristina , and she to him as well , Shane reveals to Derek that he no longer has any interest in working with him on his brain mapping project . Cristina takes an interest in Meredith 's research , but Meredith , who is still hurt by what Cristina said to her , does n't take it kindly . Alex takes a step to get closer to his dad , and while they 're jamming on their guitars , Alex 's dad tells him that he has family in Florida . Leah reveals to her residents that she had a fling with Arizona , and Arizona succumbs to loneliness and texts Leah . 203 7 `` Thriller '' Cherie Nowlan Gabriel Llanas October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 8.94 A delusional , psychotic drug addict , who has a condition where his heart is on the opposite side of his chest , makes his way into the ER after he was shot multiple times because he was eating the face of another patient . A ghost - like patient of Dr. Brooks finds herself in need of help , but she demands that she 'll only see Dr. Brooks until Shane tells her Brooks is dead . Cristina and Owen team up to do surgery on the zombie - like drug addict , and they find out that they actually can work together . Alex and Jo are on another Peds case and save a little girl from being literally `` scared to death . '' Webber kicks Bailey off his case , and he reappoints Meredith telling her he wants her to help him teach the 2nd year residents . Ben returns to surprise Bailey and Tuck for Halloween , and springs it on Bailey that he has dropped out of his residency to spend more time with her . 204 8 `` Two Against One '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 8.68 Meredith reaches the next milestone in her research when a 3 - D printer arrives at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Derek , who is itching to get back in the OR , notices a man at Meredith 's presentation who has an eye twitch . Derek and Jackson come together to work on this man , and while doing so , Derek tells Jackson that the time has come for Jackson to let the 2nd year residents practice on their own . Bailey is losing her mind about a `` smell '' in Tuck 's bedroom , as well as a nonexistent hole in her patient 's body . Callie conducts an interview with Owen 's new girlfriend , Emma , but while talking to Arizona , Emma realizes that she could never work at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital because if something were to happen to her and Owen , everyone would side with Owen . Webber tells April that he finally found himself again when he started CPR on his neighbor who had fallen , which then leads April to tell her fiancée , Matthew , that they need to wait to have sex until they get married . Cristina betrays Meredith by going behind her back with Ross and destroying her 3 - D printed liver in order to print a conduit for Cristina and Ross ' patient . 205 9 `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' Jeannot Szwarc Stacy McKee November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 8.56 Callie is facing a malpractice lawsuit filed by an Olympic athlete that was referred by Cristina . During the athlete 's hip surgery , his oxygen level dropped and his heart started beating really fast causing the team of doctors to close up without removing the last sponge . Callie 's father returns to show his daughter support , and learns that Callie and Arizona are no longer together . Through flashbacks , it is revealed that Callie and Arizona had chosen a sperm donor to inseminate Arizona ; they wanted a second child . However , during one of the pregnancy check - ups , their doctor could n't find the heart beat because she had miscarried . Through the trial process , Cristina tells the jury that she had insisted working on the athlete 's heart before his legs ( which had been affected by a post-op infection ) ; Callie did not agree to this sequencing , and that is why they went ahead with a second surgery on his legs . Callie 's father , in effort of saving his daughter 's marriage , reveals that he once cheated on her mother and had her mother not given him a second chance , he would n't have Callie . This persuades Callie to go to Arizona and ask her to move back in . 206 10 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Debbie Allen Debora Cahn November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 8.61 Ben confides in Shepherd about Bailey 's recently odd behavior , which he thinks is OCD . This raises concern and results in Shepherd and Owen doubting Bailey 's mental and physical competencies . Now that Arizona has moved back in with Callie , she tells Callie that she was involved with someone . It is later revealed during surgery that the `` someone '' was Leah . Awkward tension grows between April and Jackson when she tells him he 's not getting an invitation to her wedding because Matthew feels weird inviting him , plus she thought he would be Stephanie 's `` plus one . '' While Meredith is busy working with Richard to get him out of the hospital , she is also planning a Thanksgiving dinner at her house and Emma 's cooking the dinner . Webber , who is eager to leave and despite Jo 's warnings , pushes himself too hard on the treadmill and falls down resulting in broken ribs . Because he 's going to be stuck in the hospital a little while longer with the residents , the residents plan a KFC Thanksgiving dinner . Cristina and Shane need to use the 3 - D printer again since their first conduit got contaminated , but Meredith says they ca n't because she absolutely needs it for her research . 207 11 `` Man on the Moon '' Bobby Roth Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 7.02 Bailey is working with a psychiatrist to learn how to manage her OCD , but it 's only with Webber 's help that she finally accepts that she has a disease and needs to take her medicine . April 's sisters fly into Seattle to throw her a bridal shower at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , but things do n't go as planned . She dethrones them from bridesmaid status and announces that Arizona , Cristina , and Meredith are now her people and new bridesmaids . Stephanie and Meredith insert their first conduit into a sheep , but it fails to work and the sheep dies ; however , as Cristina and Ross put their first conduit into their patient and it surprisingly works . In discussing their conduits , what starts out as a civil conversation turns into a heated argument when Meredith asks Cristina what 's wrong with Ross as he is now aggressive and mean . Jimmy , Karev 's father , finally tells Karev that he knew who he was ever since he got mad at him at the bar and has been trying to get clean ever since . 208 12 `` Get Up , Stand Up '' Tony Phelan William Harper December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 8.36 As April and Matthew 's wedding day draws near , the doctors at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital prepare for the big day while dealing with their own issues . Derek is working with a federal initiative that wants to use his name to support their work , but he refuses their offer because he is supposed to be cutting back so that Meredith can take more time for her research . Alex starts to get along with his dad , but it comes to a halting stop when his dad starts talking poorly of his mother . Meredith and Cristina argue while getting fitted for their bridesmaid dresses , but when they show up to April 's wedding , they start to mend their differences by accepting that they are in different places . Bailey tells Ben that it 's essentially his fault for her OCD troubles because her symptoms only worsened when he quit surgery . Jimmy requires emergency heart surgery , and Shane rushes him into the OR ; however , Webber has to take over when Shane begins to relive Brooks ' death . During April and Matthew 's wedding , Derek gets a call from the President of the United States , and Jackson stands up and confesses his love for April . 209 13 `` Take It Back '' Rob Corn Austin Guzman February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 9.42 After a short prologue in which April and Jackson drive off together - April still hesitant over her actions - and Arizona tries to end her marriage with Callie , the episode skips to `` three weeks later '' . Meredith is upset with Derek for agreeing to the President 's offer , which means going back on his promise to her to take a back seat to her research . Callie and Arizona buy a new house that 'll be theirs together , with Arizona wanting to give their relationship one last new start . Chief Hunt begins to ride Ross aggressively in the ER , not just after the botched surgery with Jimmy but ( according to an accusative Webber ) because he has learned that Ross had been sleeping with Cristina . Alex 's emotional plea to Jo turns out to , in his mind , have been a marriage proposal ; Jo turns him down , claiming they 're not ready , but continues to stand by him when Jimmy passes away . Bailey and Ben start talking and working through his arrival . She tells him that she 's worried that he 'll be at home waiting on her just like Tucker used to do , and he resumes his internship ... at Grey Sloan . Stephanie is having a hard time accepting that Jackson broke up with her for April and , with Leah 's encouragement , someone anonymously files an HR complaint on behalf of the interns concerning sexual harassment from their attendings . In response , the HR department implements a strict non-fraternization policy on the spot ... which could prove problematic for April and Jackson , who are revealed to have eloped three weeks ago . 210 14 `` You 've Got to Hide Your Love Away '' Ron Underwood Tia Napolitano March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 8.21 With the new non-fraternizing policy in place at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , the doctors have to face a new way of life . Alex , Jo , Jackson , and April are all trying to hide the fact that they are together ; however , Jackson and April reveal in a meeting , which was called to discuss Alex and Jo 's relationship , that they are actually married . Owen and Emma go from discussing children and living together to calling it off after Owen sleeps with Cristina once more . Derek 's interview with the President of the United States was cancelled much to his dismay ; however , he later gets a call saying that they want him to run the advisory board for the whole project . 211 15 `` Throwing It All Away '' Chris Hayde William Harper March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 7.36 Alex has been suspended from surgery for three days as a consequence for his actions during the meeting called to discuss his relationship with Jo . Stephanie accidentally knocks over Arizona and Jackson with gurneys , and while filing an accident report , she lets Jackson know that there 's no need for him to apologize to her because she 's over him . Derek has to tell Callie that they ca n't continue with their research because of the guidelines in his contract with his colleagues at the White House . As if that 's not enough , Callie learns the HR complaint was filed by Leah against her , as Leah felt that she was cheated out of a learning opportunity and needed to stand up for herself and others . This is the final straw for Callie who has another `` this - is n't - working '' talk with Arizona . 212 16 `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' Susan Vaill Jeannine Renshaw March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 8.09 While some doctors at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital are celebrating Dr. Webber 's birthday with an awesome surgery , others are n't so happy . Bailey , Leah , Meredith , and Richard all pitch in on a case that is very rare : a patient absorbed his twin while still in the womb . Cristina , while working on her heart trial with Ross , is working endlessly to set Owen up with women ; she even created him an online dating profile . Callie and Derek butt heads and enter a short - term legal battle concerning their sensors and their research . Ultimately , Callie convinces Derek that he needs to tell the White House that either the policy of sole ownership of the sensors goes or he goes . The White House concedes . Jackson 's mother , Catherine , comes back to town to correct the mistake that she feels was made by April and Jackson . Jackson , always feeling bound by his overbearing mother , fights against her accusations against April . This leads April and Jackson to the revelation that they need to work some things out , especially the topic of how they will raise their kids . 213 17 `` Do You Know ? '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 8.42 Cristina comes to experience two very different universes -- on a quest to answer the question , `` Do you know who you are ? '' -- after she does very difficult heart repair work on her patient who is on a ventilator and paralyzed from the neck down . In the first universe , the patient decides that he wants to be taken off the ventilator which sends Cristina into Owen 's arms when she realizes that they are throwing away their love for each other . Time is quickly passing as the two get married , move in together , get a dog , have a baby , await the birth of their second child , and see Ross win the Harper Avery Award for Cristina 's trial that she quit on to take care of her family . The second universe begins when Cristina comes back to reality and her patient says he does n't want to be taken off the ventilator . This once again sends Cristina into Owen 's arms , but this time , she 's happy . However , the stipulation that they will never have kids still remains , which Owen initially accepts . They continue to have their on - again , off - again relationship which drives Owen to drinking more than he should , putting himself and his patients in grave danger . Cristina tells him it 's over for good , and she goes on to win the Harper Avery Award for four straight years . Once again , Cristina comes back to reality . This time , her patient decides to be taken off the ventilator ; however , she 's able to save Jackson from injuring his hand , and her hesitancy to approach Owen allows Meredith to approach her about a patient , which allows Owen to get on the elevator before she can greet him . 214 18 `` You Be Illin ' '' Nicole Rubio Zoanne Clack April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 8.28 A virus breaks out at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Because of the close encounters of doctors and patients , the virus spreads like wild fire . It first knocks out Jackson , then Leah , and finally Derek . It 's an inopportune time for Derek to get sick because it 's the day of his presentation on brain mapping ; to fill in for him , Meredith steps up and delivers her own twist on his speech . Callie teaches Jo about the joys of ortho and how it presents the opportunity to take out all frustration on the patient while helping them , plus it pays . Cristina and Owen team up to work on a pair of sisters who have cardiomyopathy caused by an unknown source , and even though they caught the issue in time , the sisters ' brother starts showing similar symptoms . Because Cristina is busy on this case , Shane has to step up and take care of the babies in Cristina 's trial , a.k.a. her `` baby . '' Alex receives an offer from a doctor who runs his own private practice . Alex seriously considers and starts to discuss it with Jo. April and Bailey operate on a child who is very susceptible to infection due to his condition that is no longer treatable with the enzyme treatments he was previously receiving . 215 19 `` I 'm Winning '' Kevin McKidd Joan Rater April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 8.18 It 's that time of year when the nominees for the annual Harper Avery Award are announced , and Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital 's own Dr. Cristina Yang is one of them . Her colleagues are all very ecstatic for her nomination except for Meredith and Dr. Bailey . To mask her jealousy , Meredith makes a celebratory toast to Cristina . Dr. Bailey , however , is less efficient at hiding her feelings . Cristina 's self - esteem takes a blow when her patient 's family doubts her abilities and says that her best is bad . Alex tells Jo that he called to accept the offer from Dr. `` Butt Hole '' to work for his private practice . Derek and Callie take the next step in their research by getting baseline measurements of brain activity . Callie finds out that although she has a great life , one thing is holding her back from being truly happy : a baby . Callie tells Arizona she wants another baby , and Arizona says she wants one , too . Owen tells Cristina that he 's looked at the other nominees ' research , and he 's confident that she 'll win . Cristina agrees . 216 20 `` Go It Alone '' Mark Jackson Lauren Barnett April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 8.45 It 's the day before the winner of the Harper Avery award is honored , and Cristina plans hang out with Meredith at Joe 's and write her speech over a drink . Their plans are ruined when Cristina 's transplant patients ' parents argue and endanger their children 's health . At the home front , the married couples deal with their personal issues : Callie and Arizona discuss who will carry their second child , April and Jackson have their first big fight , while Derek and Meredith struggle with balancing work and parenthood . Cristina , who goes to the Harper Avery award ceremony in Boston by herself as Owen and Meredith are both busy , has last second doubts about being there alone . After pulling herself together , she walks in to locate her table and sees that Owen and Meredith are both there . Unfortunately , Cristina does not win the Harper Avery award . 217 21 `` Change of Heart '' Rob Greenlea Meg Marinis April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 7.99 Meredith , Owen , and Cristina all return to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital after Cristina 's loss at the Harper Avery award ceremony . April , still residing with Callie and Arizona , drives them nuts . She feels that her fight with Jackson is the end of their relationship . Jackson is feeling pressured to cut back on the hospital 's research funds and projects and must decide whose research will be terminated . Richard travels across the country with plans to propose to Catherine Avery , but finds out the real reason why Cristina lost to her competition : because the hospital is owned by the Harper Avery Foundation , no doctor that works there will ever win the award . Meanwhile , back at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Cristina is faced with the decision of which patient will get the heart transplant . Amelia , Derek 's sister , makes a surprise visit to see if she can have the life Derek and Meredith have . Alex gives the board his notice that he 'll be accepting the private practice offer ; April tells Jackson that they ca n't forget about their `` hypothetical '' children per Jackson 's request , because she 's pregnant . 218 22 `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' Rob Corn Joan Rater May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 8.81 In an attempt to get back at Catherine Avery , Webber calls an emergency board meeting ... without Jackson . The board wants to appeal the Harper Avery award , which would have gone to Cristina if the Harper Avery Foundation did n't own her hospital . Hunt convinces Cristina to accept an invitation to speak at a hospital in Switzerland . During the lecture , a questioner from the back turns out to be none other than Dr. Preston Burke . Meanwhile , back at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Amelia and Derek team up to work on conjoined twins who share a brain . Burke offers a job to Cristina while showing her his hospital , but it 's not just a job working for him . Instead , it 's his job . Jackson and April start to mend their broken relationship when he agrees to attend church with her and their baby , as long as she agrees to waffles afterwards . Callie and Arizona are thinking about baby names , Agamemnon being a favorite of Callie 's . Alex is loving his job at the private practice , but Jo is starting to sink under the pressure of her duties . The residents learn that someone amongst them is going to get fired . Stephanie figures out that Bailey administered the deactivated HIV virus to her bubble - boy patient , despite his parents ' wishes , and thinks it 's brilliant . 219 23 `` Everything I Try to Do , Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right '' Bill D'Elia Austin Guzman May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) 7.95 Dr. Bailey faces legal charges of assault and battery after she reveals to Braden 's parents that she implemented the deactivated HIV treatment despite their wishes . In an attempt to get Cristina to stay at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Owen puts Cristina in charge of screening applicants for the position of head of cardio . April and Jackson have their first OB / GYN visit , and decide not to tell anyone yet . Callie is heartbroken when she goes to the OB / GYN because it 's revealed that she has too many adhesions from the car accident to be able to carry . Derek comes back from Washington , D.C. with news of a job offer to work at the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) and a job offer for Meredith at James Madison Hospital . Amelia confides in Meredith that she wants to call off her engagement in order to move to Seattle . Dr. Webber tells Leah that she 's not fit to be a surgeon , and consequently , cuts her from the residency program . 220 24 `` Fear ( Of the Unknown ) '' Tony Phelan William Harper May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 8.92 The day has arrived that Cristina leaves for Zurich , but a possible act of terrorism delays her departure . Before she can get to the mall to buy a European phone charger , an explosion at the mall sends multiple injured victims to the Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Leah comes to the ER when she hears about the explosion , but leaves with no goodbyes when she sees every patient had been treated . April receives a pep talk from Catherine Avery , her mother - in - law , when she starts to fear raising a baby in a world that is so dangerous . Cristina , looking for closure , ca n't leave the hospital until she and Meredith dance it out one last time . Shane demands that he take control of his education and leaves to work under Cristina in Zurich . Meredith tells Derek that she ca n't leave Seattle , the place where she grew up and made her life ; she 's not going to Washington , D.C. , despite what Derek says . Callie and Arizona consider having a surrogate mother carry their future baby after treating a surrogate who was burned by the explosion . Bailey is nominated for a position on the board by Webber due to Cristina 's departure ; however , Cristina left Karev her shares of the hospital and her board position . Webber connects with Dr. Pierce , the new head of cardio , and finds out that her birth mother was Ellis Grey . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 197 `` Seal Our Fate '' September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 p.m. 3.4 / 9 9.27 14 N / A 198 `` I Want You With Me '' September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 3.4 / 9 9.27 14 N / A 199 `` Everybody 's Crying Mercy '' October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 3.1 / 9 9.60 17 25 5 200 `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 2.8 / 8 8.79 15 N / A 5 201 5 `` I Bet It Stung '' October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 2.7 / 7 8.78 17 N / A 6 202 6 `` Map of You '' October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 2.8 / 8 8.73 16 N / A 203 7 `` Thriller '' October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.6 / 8 8.94 16 N / A 5 204 8 `` Two Against One '' November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 2.7 / 7 8.68 13 N / A 205 9 `` Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word '' November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 2.6 / 7 8.56 16 N / A 6 206 10 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 2.6 / 7 8.61 16 N / A 207 11 `` Man on the Moon '' December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 2.3 / 6 7.02 23 N / A 208 12 `` Get Up , Stand Up '' December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 2.7 / 8 8.36 13 25 209 13 `` Take It Back '' February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 3.1 / 9 9.42 11 19 210 14 `` You Got to Hide Your Love Away '' March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 2.6 / 7 8.21 14 N / A 5 211 15 `` Throwing it All Away '' March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 2.3 / 7 7.36 17 N / A 6 212 16 `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 2.4 / 7 8.09 10 21 5 213 17 `` Do You Know ? '' March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 2.6 / 7 8.42 9 19 214 18 `` You Be Illin ' '' April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 2.7 / 8 8.28 10 22 215 19 `` I 'm Winning '' April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 2.6 / 8 8.18 8 23 216 20 `` Go It Alone '' April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 2.6 / 8 8.45 5 16 217 21 `` Change of Heart '' April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 2.3 / 7 7.99 9 21 218 22 `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 2.6 / 8 8.81 7 18 219 23 `` Everything I Try to Do , Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right '' May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) 2.5 / 7 7.95 7 23 220 24 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 2.6 / 8 8.92 10 20 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 197 `` Seal Our Fate '' September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 p.m. 1.7 3.89 5.1 13.16 198 `` I Want You With Me '' September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 1.7 3.89 5.1 13.16 199 `` Everybody 's Crying Mercy '' October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 1.8 4.02 4.9 13.62 200 `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 1.8 3.91 4.6 12.71 201 5 `` I Bet It Stung '' October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 2.1 4.20 4.8 12.98 202 6 `` Map of You '' October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 1.8 3.93 4.6 12.67 203 7 `` Thriller '' October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.0 4.07 4.6 13.01 204 8 `` Two Against One '' November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 1.9 4.07 4.6 12.74 205 9 `` Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word '' November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 2.0 4.22 4.6 12.78 206 10 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 1.8 3.65 4.4 12.26 207 11 `` Man on the Moon '' December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 1.8 4.14 4.1 11.23 208 12 `` Get Up , Stand Up '' December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 1.8 3.97 4.5 12.31 209 13 `` Take It Back '' February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 1.8 4.08 4.9 13.51 210 14 `` You Got to Hide Your Love Away '' March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 1.8 3.98 4.4 12.20 211 15 `` Throwing it All Away '' March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 1.9 4.11 4.2 11.45 212 16 `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 1.9 4.01 4.3 12.10 213 17 `` Do You Know ? '' March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 1.8 3.66 4.4 12.08 214 18 `` You Be Illin '' April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 1.5 3.43 4.1 11.50 215 19 `` I 'm Winning '' April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 1.9 3.96 4.5 12.14 216 20 `` Go It Alone '' April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 1.8 3.75 4.4 12.20 217 21 `` Change of Heart '' April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 1.6 3.50 3.9 11.49 218 22 `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 1.8 3.94 4.4 12.75 219 23 `` Everything I Try to Do , Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right '' May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) 1.5 3.33 4.0 11.27 220 24 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 1.5 3.43 4.1 12.34 DVD release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Tenth Season - Live For The Moments Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Extended Episode - `` Do You Know ? '' An Immeasurable Gift : Sandra Oh Medical , Medical : A Tutorial on Medical Procedures for TV Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Ten Outtakes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 2 , 2014 November 3 , 2014 October 8 , 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Renews Once Upon a Time , Grey 's Anatomy , Orders Shonda Rhimes Drama and More '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Ink New Deals '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : 4 Actors Score Series Regular Upgrades Ahead of Season 10 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovick , Matt Webb ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` TVLine Items : Orange Is the New Black Promotes Actress , Grey 's Guest Star News and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Dexter 's James Remar Heads to Grey 's Anatomy for Arc '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` For Grey 's Anatomy 's Alex and Jo , Small ' Bumps ' -- and a Big Blast from the Past -- Lie Ahead '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ; Abrams , Natalie ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Good Wife 's New Firm , Grey 's Daddy Issues and Mother 's Wedding Bride '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Hector Elizondo Returns as Callie 's Father '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarden , Dan ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Nickelodeon Star Keke Palmer to Play Pregnant Teen '' . WetPaint . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Greek Alum Paul James Joins Grey 's Anatomy For Maybe - Recurring Role '' . WetPaint . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Recasts Meredith and Derek 's Child Zola With Much Older Child ( PHOTO ) '' . WetPaint . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Returning to ' Grey 's Anatomy ' For One Episode in May '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Books Caterina Scorsone 's Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Emily Owens actress Kelly McCreary to guest star '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh Will Leave ' Grey 's Anatomy ' at the End of the Tenth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Drops Two Docs for Season 11 '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Contract Scoop : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey Sign New 2 - Year Deals '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Closes New Long - Term Deals With Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez and 2 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Renews 11 Series , Cancels Happy Endings , Body of Proof and Red Widow '' . TVGuide . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` 25 Grey 's Anatomy Episodes You Must Watch Before Season 10 '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovick , Matt Webb ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Fall TV : Get Details on the Split - Season , Non-Stop Schedules for Grey 's , Once , Other ABC Shows '' . TVGuide . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy season premiere recap : After the Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Grey 's Anatomy : `` Seal Our Fate '' TV Club The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.theloop.ca/showbiz/tv-guide/reviews/article/-/a/2825598/Different-paths-on-Grey-s-Anatomy - Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Sandra Oh Deserves an Emmy Nomination & Here 's Why '' . Bustle . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Could Grey 's Anatomy Season 10 Earn Sandra Oh an Emmy ? '' . Wetpaint . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` - EW Community - EW.com '' . EW.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Sean Saves the World ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Bad Teacher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Black Box ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 1 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' NFL on CBS ' Tops Week 2 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 3 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 4 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 5 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Number One With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 6 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Number One With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 7 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 8 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 9 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 11 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 12 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Oscars Top Week 23 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 24 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 25 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Voice ' Tops Week 26 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Voice ' Tops Week 27 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Tops Week 28 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Week 29 With Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Scandal ' & ' The Voice ' Top Week 30 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 31 With Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 32 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 33 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 34 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Sleepy Hollow ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' New Girl ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Grows Most in Total Viewers in Week 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty And the Beast ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain & ' Toy Story of Terror ' Tops Viewership Gains in Week 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Top Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' Nashville ' Lead Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Dracula ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewers Increase + ' Elementary ' & ' Parenthood ' Lead Percentage Gains in Week 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings , ' Glee ' Leads Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Total Viewer Increase in Week 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Leads Percentage Increase in Week 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gain & ' The Blacklist ' Adds Most Total Viewers in Week 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' Tops Percentage Gain & ' The Blacklist ' Adds Most Total Viewers in Week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gains , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gains , ' Raising Hope ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' , ' Enlisted ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Parenthood ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Person of Interest ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' The Following ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Nashville ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 32 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gains , ' Nashville ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 33 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 34 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - ABC / Disney Announces ' The Complete 10th Season ' on DVD '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 10 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 10 ( DVD ) '' . ezydvd.com.au . August 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_10)&oldid=810165461 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is there a 15th season of grey's anatomy	[]	[]
-3197934537790930323	Glentoran F.C.	Glentoran FC - Wikipedia Glentoran FC Jump to : navigation , search `` The Glens '' redirects here . For the Scottish and Irish term for valley , see Glen . For the region of Northern Ireland , see Glens of Antrim . For other uses , see Glen ( disambiguation ) . Glentoran Full name Glentoran Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Glens Founded 1882 ; 136 years ago ( 1882 ) Ground The Oval , Belfast Ground Capacity 15,000 ( 6,050 safe capacity ) Chairman Stephen Henderson Manager Ronnie McFall League NIFL Premiership 2017 -- 18 7th Website Club website Home colours Away colours Current season Glentoran Football Club is a semi-professional football club that plays in the NIFL Premiership . The club was founded in 1882 and plays its home games at The Oval in East Belfast . Club colours are red , green and black . Linfield and Glentoran are nicknamed Belfast 's Big Two , as they have traditionally dominated local football in Northern Ireland since the demise of Belfast Celtic . The two play a league match on Boxing Day each year , which regularly attracts the largest attendance of the Irish League season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Recent history 2 Glentoran Academy 3 Redevelopment 4 European competition history 4.1 Summary 4.2 Overall record 4.3 UEFA club ranking 5 Honours 5.1 Senior honours 5.2 Defunct Competitions 5.3 All - Ireland 5.4 Reserve ( Intermediate ) honours 5.5 Junior honours 6 Current squad 7 Under 20 's Squad 8 Former managers 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) In 1914 , Glentoran won the Vienna Cup , becoming the first team from Ireland to win a European trophy , although as this competition took place several decades before the formation of UEFA , it is not recognised as such . George Best watched Glentoran with his grandfather as a youth , but was rejected by the club for being `` too small and light '' . However , Best did make one appearance for Glentoran , in the club 's centenary match against Manchester United . In 1964 -- 65 , Glentoran faced Panathinaikos in the European Cup and drew 2 -- 2 at home and lost 3 -- 2 away . In the following season 's Fairs Cup , they faced Antwerp resulting a 1 -- 0 defeat away and 3 -- 3 draw at home . The Cup - Winners ' Cup in 1966 -- 67 saw Glentoran draw 1 -- 1 with Rangers in front of a packed Oval before losing the away leg 4 -- 0 . Glentoran 's finest hour came in a European Cup encounter with Benfica in 1967 . The tie was played over two legs , the first being at the Oval . Glentoran scored a penalty early on and held out for nearly sixty minutes until football great Eusébio equalised . The match ended 1 -- 1 . The return tie was at Benfica 's Estádio da Luz . Part - time Glentoran were expected to crumble under the pressure of the occasion , but again held out for a famous 0 -- 0 draw . Benfica advanced to the next round on the away goals rule . Glentoran were the first team to lose out to this rule and the first team to stop Benfica scoring at home . In 1967 , the club ran the Detroit Cougars football franchise in the United Soccer Association . The newly formed league had planned for an inaugural season in 1968 , but when the rival National Professional Soccer League announced a start date of 1967 and a television contract with CBS , the league owners decided to fast track their league by importing entire squads from Europe and South America . The two leagues would eventually merge and form the North American Soccer League the following year . In 1973 -- 74 , Glentoran reached the quarter - finals of the Cup - Winners ' Cup . They faced Borussia Mönchengladbach in the quarter - finals and were beaten 2 -- 0 and 5 -- 0 . Four seasons later they faced Juventus in a European Cup match and lost 1 -- 0 at home ( Warren Feeney missing a late penalty ) and 5 -- 0 away . In 1981 -- 82 , Glentoran reached the second round of the European Cup and faced eventual semi-finalists CSKA Sofia . After a 2 -- 0 defeat away , Glentoran went 2 -- 0 up in the return leg to force the game into extra time . The final result was 2 -- 1 , Glentoran going out 3 -- 2 on aggregate . The 1985 Irish Cup final between the big two saw another famous incident . Glentoran supporters brought a cockerel , the club 's emblem , to the match and a pig , painted in royal blue colour , the colour of bitter rivals , Linfield . The two animals stayed on the sidelines for the duration of the match . Glentoran fans also brought a cockerel to the 2006 Irish Cup final , it too stayed on the sidelines for the duration , Glentoran lost the game 2 -- 1 , thus ending their unbeaten post-war record against Linfield in Irish Cup finals . This run of 5 victories over Linfield in post-war finals which started in 1966 continued until Glentoran 's defeat in the 2006 final . In 1995 Glentoran played their traditional Boxing Day match against Linfield on a snow - covered pitch . In the first half the orange ball was damaged , and not having a replacement the teams were forced to play with a white ball for the remainder of the game . The incident was used as a `` What Happened Next '' question on the BBC 's A Question of Sport . Former Linfield manager Roy Coyle took charge of the club in 1997 and under his stewardship the club entered another period of success . In Coyle 's first cup final in charge he gave up the right to lead the team out , instead he asked long serving Kitman Teddy Horner have this honour . The 2002 -- 03 season was one of the club 's most successful in recent times . Of a potential four trophies , Glentoran won three , capturing the Irish League championship , Irish League Cup and County Antrim Shield but fell at the final hurdle , losing the Irish Cup Final 1 -- 0 to Coleraine . The only Irish League to complete the clean sweep of all trophies is Linfield who have achieved this on 3 occasions . They won 7 trophies in 1921 -- 22 and 7 in 1961 -- 62 and also 4 trophies in 1955 -- 56 . To come so close to a clean sweep in 2003 and fail was a bitter pill to swallow . On 23 April 2005 , Glentoran defeated their rivals Linfield in the second last game but one of the league season . In the 93rd minute of the match , Glentoran , who needed victory in order to have a chance of clinching the league title , scored a goal via their centre forward ( and former Linfield player ) Chris Morgan . There were confrontations between the two sets of fans following the match . Hooliganism was commonplace at matches between the clubs in the past . However this has reduced significantly in recent years . Roy Coyle won 16 trophies with Glentoran and is the club 's most successful manager in the club 's history . After eight years in charge of Glentoran , Roy Coyle resigned as manager after a string of indifferent results . On 14 February 2006 the club announced that former Newry City manager Paul Millar was to take over the manager 's position . Since taking over , performances improved and he led his team into the Irish Cup final with rivals Linfield . Despite taking the lead in the first half , Linfield won the game with two goals from Peter Thompson . He also led his new club to their biggest ever defeat against their bitter cross-city rivals Linfield in a 6 -- 0 defeat at Windsor Park . The Glens have sought to reduce the gap between them and Linfield by signing Kyle Neill and Gary Hamilton from Portadown and re-signing former fan 's favourite Gary Smyth . Also arriving was another former player , Jason Hill , former Portadown and Newry City player Cullen Feeney and promising young keeper Ciaran McLaughlin from Ards . Paul Millar was sacked as manager on 17 May 2007 after less than fifteen months in the job , having steered the club to two successive seasons finishing second in the League behind Linfield . He had the backing of chairman Stafford Reynolds , but the majority of the board and fans wanted his departure . The start of his second season in charge had looked promising . As Glentoran led the league summit , they were five points clear of Linfield at Christmas . Arguably ten minutes of football wrecked what looked to be a very successful campaign . Glentoran were leading Portadown 2 -- 1 with eighty - five minutes gone . Two late goals sealed Glentoran 's first defeat of the season and ultimately led to successive defeats , and the slight climax ( 8 -- 0 vs. Armagh City ) . Fans were disappointed with the style of football displayed by the team in the later months of Millar 's reign . On 24 May 2007 former Crusaders and Glenavon manager Roy Walker was appointed as Glentoran manager along with assistant manager Billy Sinclair . Walker previously led Crusaders to two league titles in 1995 and 1997 . After leaving football management for seven years , Walker became a football analyst with BBC Radio Ulster . He was quoted as saying , `` Glentoran were my boyhood team and are probably the only club which could have attracted me back . '' However , on 26 May 2007 it was revealed that Walker would not be able to take up the post , due to not possessing the necessary UEFA coaching qualifications . Less than one week later Glentoran appointed head coach Alan McDonald as manager . Roy Walker gracefully walked away but stated in the Belfast Telegraph that he would not rest until director of football Tom Dick stood down . Mr Dick then did so , but also criticised the club chairman Stafford Reynolds . Reynolds confirmed that he would step down if the right person could be found to take over . Alan McDonald , the new manager , has so far secured former Glentoran player Rory Hamill , Daryl Fordyce from Portsmouth , winger Jamie McGovern from West Bromwich Albion and Dungannon Swifts winger David Scullion and has re-signed Chris Morgan and Tim McCann . Darren Lockhart left the club at the time to join Crusaders on a one - year load deal along with defender Gary Smith . In January Glentoran managed to bring in Shane Mcabe from Dungannon and Darren Boyce from Coleraine . Alan McDonald won two trophies with The Glens and also led the Glens to the final of the Setanta Cup . In McDonald 's first season as manager , Glentoran defeated Crusaders in the County Antrim Shield final . The next season , Glentoran won the league after a strong race with Linfield . Glentoran finished three successive seasons , 2006 -- 2008 , as runners - up to three times Double Champions Linfield . Since then , notable signings at the club include Matthew Burrows , from Dundela ( where he scored fifty - three goals last term ) , Johnny Taylor ( from Hearts ) and former Lisburn Distillery player Andy Waterworth for a fee of £ 30,000 . Glentoran 's build up to the season included friendlies against Hearts , Burnley and Ipswich Town . However , Glentoran 's start to the season was delayed by a referee strike led by their association 's Chairman , David Malcolm , citing higher wage demands . This ultimately postponed all week one fixtures . The following week , in the game against Glenavon , Glentoran 's pitch was declared unplayable . Matches against Bangor and then Linfield were cancelled , and this led to Glentoran facing Bangor in the first Irish League game to be played on a Sunday . The historic scoreline was 1 -- 0 . Glentoran also unexpectedly reached the final of the Setanta Sports Cup 2008 , a cup in which the top four clubs from both the Irish League and League of Ireland play each other . Glentoran defeated Linfield with a 4 -- 1 win , making the group a more open competition . This was followed up by a 1 -- 0 win in a home match again St. Patrick 's Athletic . In the final on 13 October 2008 , Glentoran were defeated by League of Ireland side Cork City 2 -- 1 at Turners Cross . On 2 May 2009 Glentoran won the first ever Irish Premiership by defeating Cliftonville 3 -- 1 at The Oval . This was their first league title since a 2005 win , ending Linfield 's 3 - year dominance on all fronts . Alan McDonald would in the coming weeks sign a new 2 - year contract with the club after much speculation , keeping him there until 2011 . Glentoran 's only summer signings for 2009 were Richard Clarke from Newry City and Northern Ireland international Keith Gillespie on a free transfer . Recent history ( edit ) In March 2010 , after McDonald resigned , former player Scott Young was put in charge of the Glens until the end of the 2010 -- 11 season along with Pete Batey as assistant manager and Tim McCann as head coach . Young led Glentoran into the 2009 -- 10 Irish League Cup final against Coleraine . The bannsiders were the favourites for the match but the Glens were the team who came out victorious , winning 4 -- 1 on penalties after the match ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , Young along with Batey and McCann signed a deal with the Glens to stay on as manager . Former Glentoran manager Roy Coyle , who brought a huge amount of success , became director of football . Young stunned the fans by releasing a couple of the club 's higher profile players , including Michael Halliday and Keith Gillespie . Halliday joined North Belfast side Crusaders . Kyle Neill also left the club and joined Glenavon . Dean Fitzgerald and Shane McCabe were also among the players released . Gary Hamilton went out on loan to Glenavon , and back in December 2011 took on the role as manager of the club ( after the resignation of Marty Quinn ) , after being released of his playing obligations by Glentoran . During Young 's first season as manager , Glentoran 's financial difficulties escalated , until HMRC issued Glentoran a winding up order , and gave the club until the beginning of January 2011 to clear all outstanding debts which totalled over £ 300,000 . A fund raising organisation , Spirit of ' 41 ( which was named after the year when The Oval was bombed by Germans and the massive effort to rebuild it ) was set up , and to this day has raised over £ 25,000 . On 12 January 2011 , a special EGM was held which set out the proposals that would save Glentoran from oblivion and change radically how the club is run . The vote was passed unanimously with the condition that 3 new board members were added , including a new chairman , and the current chairman stepped down to vice chairman . On 5 October 2010 , Glentoran player Matty Burrows scored a back heel goal against Portadown , which won Burrows the ESPN goal of the season and Sky Sports goal of the season . The goal also achieved millions of views on YouTube and went up against world - famous player Lionel Messi for the FIFA goal of the season award . Burrows narrowly lost out on the award with many saying he did n't win because he was n't a high - profile player . When José Mourinho saw the goal he was quoted as saying `` how much does it cost to buy this guy '' , whilst Cristiano Ronaldo said that the goal deserved to win and would be very difficult for him to attempt . On 7 July 2011 , Glentoran beat Macedonian side FK Renova in the Europa League first qualifying round after the Glens overturned a 2 -- 1 away defeat by winning the home leg 2 -- 1 at The Oval and thus levelling the score on aggregate . The match was decided by penalties . Glentoran progressed after winning the shoot - out 3 -- 2 . Young started his second season very well , with a 2 -- 1 win away to Crusaders . However , the 2011 -- 12 season would turn out to be disappointing for Young and the club . Rory Patterson was set to come back at the club , but could not agree on the contract following the finance problems . Patterson joined Glentoran 's bitter rivals Linfield . However , Matty Burrows returned to the club , but struggled to maintain his place . The club then started to go through a run of poor results , and started to lose supporters . Despite beating Linfield three times , Glentoran lost in the County Antrim Shield final to Cliftonville , and continued their losing streak in the league . Then on 14 January 2012 , Glentoran were knocked out of the 2011 -- 12 Irish Cup by Amateur league side Newington Youth Club . Young then resigned after the game . Director of Football Roy Coyle was put in charge for the match against Ballymena United . Former Lisburn Distillery boss Paul Kirk , former Crusaders and Ballymena United boss Roy Walker , former Cliftonville boss Eddie Patterson , and former Coleraine boss Marty Quinn were among the possible contenders for the job including former player Pat McGibbon and Ian Foster . Walker and Patterson applied for the job along with McGibbon and Foster on 1 February 2012 . Patterson was appointed manager of the club on Wednesday 22 February 2012 . Glentoran finished the 2011 -- 12 league season in 6th place , a massive 28 points behind the league champions ; cross-city rivals Linfield . However , some consolation came from the fact that they beat Linfield in all four league meetings between the sides that season , without conceding a goal in the process . During the summer of 2012 , Patterson made several signings such as Marcus Kane , Jay Magee and Mark Clarke . The Glens started the 2012 -- 13 season well with a 3 -- 1 victory over Donegal Celtic . This was followed by three consecutive 1 -- 1 draws against Glenavon , Cliftonville and Linfield . One day before the game against Linfield , the club announced the signing of Stuart Elliott , who was returning to the club where he made his name before moving across the water to play for Hull City , Motherwell and Hamilton Academical . Glentoran defeated Ballinamallard United 4 -- 1 and Dungannon Swifts 3 -- 1 in the space of a week , pushing them up to second in the league . The Glens then secured a 0 -- 0 home draw against Coleraine in a top of the table clash before defeating Lisburn Distillery 3 -- 0 a week later . A 1 -- 1 draw against Ballymena United at the Showgrounds made it nine league games unbeaten from the start of the season . However , the unbeaten run came to an end in the next game when Crusaders won 2 -- 0 at Seaview on 6 October 2012 , just 5 days after an enthralling County Antrim Shield quarter - final defeat against Linfield which saw three goals in the final minutes of the game , ending 3 -- 2 to Linfield . One week after the Crusaders loss , Glentoran were beaten for the second successive league game ( their first home loss of the season ) , when Portadown won 1 -- 0 at The Oval . The club 's financial problems would soon come to light again . In November 2012 it was reported that the squad had refused to train because they had not received their wages for two months . If the problem continued , it may have reached the stage where the players would have the right to be released from their contracts . Back on the field , the club had mixed results in the next six league games . Three wins , a draw , and two defeats which included a disappointing 2 -- 1 loss away to Donegal Celtic , left the Glens sitting in fifth place in the league at the end of November , twelve points behind pacesetters Cliftonville . The 2012 -- 13 league campaign ultimately ended with the club finishing fourth in the table . However , the season ended on a high note as the Glens overcame favourites and newly crowned league champions Cliftonville 3 -- 1 after extra time in the Irish Cup final on 4 May 2013 . This was the club 's first Irish Cup win in nine years . In the 2014 -- 15 Season Glentoran won another Irish cup against Portadown and the 2nd under Eddie Patterson . The game was played at The Oval because construction work at Windsor park had gone wrong and the Kop stand was deemed unstable and needed to be knocked down . The game finished 1 -- 0 after a very wet afternoon in East Belfast After defeating Carrick Rangers 2 -- 0 at home news had broke that Eddie Patterson had been sacked . A club statement was then released explaining that the current position in the table was n't at best interest from club and fans as the club is under pressure to make progress year on year . It then emerged that the next game would be in the hands of Roy Coyle a former Manager at the Club as caretaker boss On 9 November 2015 Alan Kernaghan was appointed as Glentoran manager . Kernaghan started with some promising results and managed to end the 2015 / 16 season in 5th Position. The Glens made several signings that summer in the hope of returning to the top 3 and returning to regular European football signing included former Ballymena United goalkeeper Dwayne Nelson , Portadown defender Ross Redman , resigned former player James Ferrin , Eric Foley from Galway United and the signing of Rangers Spanish legend Nacho Novo the Glens started the season inconsistently with two 1 -- 0 wins against Dungannon Swifts and Portadown and two defeats against Cliftonville and struggling Carrick Rangers. The pressure starting to mount on Kernaghan was severely increased when they were beaten 4 -- 1 by Coleraine with many thinking the writing was on the wall for Kernaghan reign as manager and following a shock 3 -- 2 League Cup defeat to championship side Annagh United , Kernaghan resigned as manager of Glentoran . Gary Haveron succeeded Kernaghan as manager . In January 2017 , Glentoran suffered a 2 -- 1 Irish Cup 5th Round defeat at the Oval to fierce rivals Linfield after extra time . Glentoran Academy ( edit ) Glentoran runs the Glentoran Academy , to help promote football to younger players . It is the fastest growing football academy in the country and includes players , both boys and girls from the age of 4 . The Academy also includes a disability section and a Polish language section , where playing for the team requires attendance at training and at English language classes . In 2015 -- 16 , the club had 44 players representing Northern Ireland at different age groups , twice as many as any other club . In the summer of 2016 , 4 more players left the academy to take up places at English professional clubs academies . The Academy was set up in June 2008 . Redevelopment ( edit ) Glentoran Community Trust mural on the Newtownards Road , depicting past players , the Vienna Cup and the Detroit Cougars . In March 2003 , the club 's board of directors advised the shareholders of Glentoran Recreation Company Ltd to sell the Oval to a property development holding company called Girona . To date no new ground has materialised . A campaign waged by a group of volunteer supporters called Rest In East , was then set up to keep the club in east Belfast . The club 's Board of directors have suggested moving close to a town called Comber , well outside the city bounds of Belfast , which the majority of supporters firmly oppose . On 3 November 2005 a fans forum voted 417 -- 0 in favour of forming Glentoran Community Trust , the first supporters ' trust to be formed in Northern Ireland . It was officially formed on 15 May 2006 and registered with the Registry of Companies Belfast under the Industrial and Provident Societies Acts 1965 -- 1978 . The trust sits completely independent of the parent club , giving the ordinary non-shareholding supporter a voice . On the 29 January 2008 , the GCT took another historic step in giving the fans a voice , when one of its members , Stephen Henderson was elected to the board of directors by the shareholders of Glentoran FC . On 12 January 2011 , a resolution was passed that gives the GCT two permanent board members . Recently , Glentoran formed a strategic alliance partnership with Insaka AFC , the football club of the African Youth Diaspora in the Irish Republic by forming Insaka - Glentoran Football Academy at the same time becoming the first club on the island of Ireland to adopt a whole club approach to the UEFA ' Respect ' campaign . On 24 May 2016 , Supporters approved a board recommendation , at the club end of season AGM , to demolish and redevelop The Oval into a modern new community - based stadium , over alternative proposed moves to sites at Sydenham and Titanic Quarter . Funding will come from a £ 10million amount that has been on hold for the Glens under the Government 's £ 110m sports grounds improvement programme that has led to the creation of the new Windsor Park and Ulster Rugby 's Kingspan Stadium in tandem with redevelopment at venues across the country . European competition history ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Competition Round Opponent Home Away Agg 1962 -- 63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1QR ESP Real Zaragoza 0 -- 2 2 -- 6 2 -- 8 1963 -- 64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1QR SCO Partick Thistle FC 1 -- 4 0 -- 3 1 -- 7 1964 -- 65 European Cup 1QR GRE Panathinaikos 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 4 -- 5 1965 -- 66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1QR BEL Royal Antwerp 3 -- 3 0 -- 1 3 -- 4 1966 -- 67 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR SCO Rangers 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 5 1967 -- 68 European Cup 1QR POR Benfica 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1968 -- 69 European Cup 1QR BEL Anderlecht 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 5 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1QR ENG Arsenal FC 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 1970 -- 71 European Cup 1QR IRL Waterford 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 1971 -- 72 UEFA Cup 1QR FRG Eintracht Braunschweig 0 -- 1 1 -- 6 1 -- 7 1973 -- 74 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR ROU Chimia Rimnicu Vilcea 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 1R NOR Brann 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 2 QF FRG Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 2 0 -- 5 0 -- 7 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup 1QR NLD Ajax 1 -- 6 0 -- 8 1 -- 14 1976 -- 77 UEFA Cup 1QR CHE FC Basel 3 -- 2 0 -- 3 3 -- 5 1977 -- 78 European Cup 1QR ISL Valur 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1R ITA Juventus 0 -- 1 0 -- 5 0 -- 6 1978 -- 79 UEFA Cup 1QR ISL ÍBV 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1981 -- 82 European Cup 1QR LUX Progres Niedercorn 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 1R BGR CSKA Sofia 2 -- 1 ot 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup 1QR CZE Banik Ostrava 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR FRA Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 4 1984 -- 85 UEFA Cup 1QR BEL Standard Liège 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1985 -- 86 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR ISL Fram 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 1986 -- 87 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR DDR Lokomotive Leipzig 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1987 -- 88 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR FIN RoPS 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1988 -- 89 European Cup 1QR URS Spartak Moscow 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1989 -- 90 UEFA Cup 1QR SCO Dundee United 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 5 1990 -- 91 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1QR ROU Steaua București 1 -- 1 0 -- 5 1 -- 6 1992 -- 93 UEFA Champions League 1QR FRA Olympique Marseille 0 -- 5 0 -- 3 0 -- 8 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup PR CZE Sparta Prague 1 -- 2 0 -- 8 1 -- 10 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup PR ISR Maccabi Haifa 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 1999 -- 00 UEFA Champions League PR BGR Litex 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 5 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup PR NOR Lillestrøm SK 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 4 2001 -- 02 UEFA Cup PR DNK Midtjylland 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 5 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup QR POL Wisła Kraków 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 6 2003 -- 04 UEFA Champions League PR FIN HJK Helsinki 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2004 -- 05 UEFA Cup PR FIN Allianssi 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 PR SWE IF Elfsborg 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League PR IRL Shelbourne 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 2 -- 6 2006 -- 07 UEFA Cup PR NOR Brann 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup PR SWE AIK 0 -- 5 0 -- 4 0 -- 9 2008 -- 09 UEFA Cup PR LVA Metalurgs Liepāja 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League PR ISR Maccabi Haifa 0 -- 4 0 -- 6 0 -- 10 2010 -- 11 UEFA Europa League PR ISL KR Reykjavík 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 5 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League QR MKD Renova 2 -- 1 ot 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 ( 3 -- 2 p ) QR UKR Vorskla 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 5 2013 -- 14 UEFA Europa League QR ISL KR Reykjavik 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League PR SLO MŠK Žilina 1 -- 4 0 -- 3 1 -- 7 Key : PR -- Preliminary round ; QR -- Qualifying round ; 1QR -- First qualifying round ; 1R -- First / Second round ; QF -- Quarter - final Overall record ( edit ) As of 4 December 2016 . Competition GF GA European Cup / UEFA Champions League 28 7 18 20 59 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 48 9 35 29 117 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 22 7 12 18 46 Total 98 10 23 65 67 222 UEFA club ranking ( edit ) As of the 2016 UEFA Club Rankings . Rank Team Points 423 NSÍ Runavík 1.450 424 Glentoran 1.400 425 Portadown 1.400 Main article : Northern Irish football clubs in European competitions Honours ( edit ) Senior honours ( edit ) Irish League / Irish Premier League / IFA Premiership : 23 1893 -- 94 , 1896 -- 97 , 1904 -- 05 , 1911 -- 12 , 1912 -- 13 , 1920 -- 21 , 1924 -- 25 , 1930 -- 31 , 1950 -- 51 , 1952 -- 53 , 1963 -- 64 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1969 -- 70 , 1971 -- 72 , 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1987 -- 88 , 1991 -- 92 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2008 -- 09 Irish Cup : 22 1913 -- 14 , 1916 -- 17 , 1920 -- 21 , 1931 -- 32 , 1932 -- 33 , 1934 -- 35 , 1950 -- 51 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Irish League Cup : 7 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2009 -- 10 County Antrim Shield : 27 1900 -- 01 , 1901 -- 02 , 1908 -- 09 * , 1910 -- 11 , 1915 -- 16 , 1917 -- 18 , 1924 -- 25 , 1930 -- 31 , 1939 -- 40 , 1940 -- 41 , 1943 -- 44 , 1949 -- 50 , 1950 -- 51 , 1951 -- 52 , 1956 -- 57 , 1967 -- 68 , 1970 -- 71 , 1977 -- 78 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 * Won by Glentoran ll ( reserve team ) Charity Shield : 2 1992 ( shared with Glenavon ) , 2015 Defunct Competitions ( edit ) Gold Cup : 15 1916 -- 17 , 1941 -- 42 , 1951 -- 52 , 1960 -- 61 , 1962 -- 63 , 1966 -- 67 , 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1982 -- 83 , 1986 -- 87 , 1991 -- 92 , 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 City Cup : 18 1896 -- 97 , 1898 -- 99 , 1910 -- 11 , 1911 -- 12 , 1913 -- 14 , 1914 -- 15 , 1915 -- 16 , 1916 -- 17 , 1918 -- 19 , 1931 -- 32 , 1950 -- 51 , 1952 -- 53 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1969 -- 70 , 1972 -- 73 , 1974 -- 75 Ulster Cup : 9 1950 -- 51 , 1952 -- 53 , 1966 -- 67 , 1976 -- 77 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 Floodlit Cup : 2 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 County Antrim Centenary Chalice : 1 1987 -- 88 All - Ireland ( edit ) Blaxnit Cup : 1 1972 -- 73 Inter-City Cup : 1 1943 -- 44 Vienna Cup : 1 1913 -- 14 Reserve ( Intermediate ) honours ( edit ) Irish League B Division : 1 1958 -- 59 † B Division Section 2 / Reserve League : 8 1985 -- 86 † , 1986 -- 87 † , 1989 -- 90 † , 1992 -- 93 † , 1995 -- 96 † , 1997 -- 98 † , 2001 -- 02 † , 2002 -- 03 † Irish Intermediate Cup : 9 1893 -- 94 † , 1897 -- 98 † , 1908 -- 09 † , 1912 -- 13 † , 1915 -- 16 † , 1917 -- 18 † , 1930 -- 31 † , 1940 -- 41 † , 1961 -- 62 † George Wilson Cup : 11 1965 -- 66 † , 1966 -- 67 † , 1979 -- 80 † , 1986 -- 87 † , 2000 -- 01 † , 2001 -- 02 † , 2002 -- 03 † , 2004 -- 05 † , 2009 -- 10 † , 2011 -- 12 † , 2013 -- 14 † Steel & Sons Cup : 13 1904 -- 05 † , 1908 -- 09 † , 1910 -- 11 † , 1914 -- 15 † , 1918 -- 19 † , 1932 -- 33 † , 1937 -- 38 † , 1957 -- 58 † , 1965 -- 66 † , 1966 -- 67 † , 1989 -- 90 † , 2000 -- 01 † , 2001 -- 02 † † Won by Glentoran II ( reserve team ) Junior honours ( edit ) Irish Junior Cup : 1 1889 -- 90 † † Won by Glentoran II ( reserve team ) Current squad ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Elliot Morris DF William Garrett MF Marcus Kane ( captain ) 5 DF Calum Birney 7 MF Peter McMahon 8 MF Daniel Kelly 9 FW Curtis Allen 10 FW John McGuigan 11 MF Corey McMullan 12 DF Karl Hamill 14 FW Dylan Davidson 15 DF Nathan Kerr No . Position Player 16 FW Tiarnan McNicholl 18 GK Dwayne Nelson 19 MF Conal Delaney 20 MF Patrick Cafolla 22 MF Steven Gordon 23 DF Ross Redman 24 DF James Ferrin 26 MF Paul O'Neil 28 MF Eoghan McCawl 32 FW Robbie McDaid Under 20 's squad ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Rhys Clougherty GK Matthew Davidson DF Lee Newell DF Nqobile Mlotshwa 7 DF Carl Lennox 8 MF Cieran Clougherty ( Captain ) 9 MF Kris Gaw No . Position Player 10 MF Noel Healy 12 FW Paul O'Neill 14 FW Padraig Hughes 15 FW Brent Ritchie 16 FW Joe O'Connor 20 MF Mark Herdman Former managers ( edit ) See Category : Glentoran F.C. managers . List only counts permanent managers . Sam Jennings ( 1936 -- 38 ) Louis Page ( 1939 -- 40 ) Frank Thompson ( 1945 -- 47 ) Frank Grice ( 1948 -- 55 ) Ken Chisholm ( 1958 ) Tommy Briggs ( 1959 -- 60 ) Alex Young ( 1968 ) Peter McParland ( 1968 -- 71 ) Alex McCrae ( 1972 ) George Eastham , Sr. ( 1972 -- 74 ) Arthur Stewart ( 1977 -- 78 ) Ronnie McFall ( 1979 -- 84 ) Tommy Jackson ( 1987 -- 93 ) Tommy Cassidy ( 1994 -- 97 ) Roy Coyle ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Paul Millar ( 2006 -- 07 ) Alan McDonald ( 2007 -- 10 ) Scott Young ( 2010 -- 12 ) Eddie Patterson ( 26 February 2012 -- 17 October 2015 ) Alan Kernaghan ( 9 November 2015 -- 30 August 2016 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Linfield v Glentoran '' . BBC Sport. 23 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Luney , Graham ( 8 February 2007 ) . `` Glens set to get the party started '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Glens land Man Utd glamour match '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 / 68 European Champions Clubs ' Cup -- Glentoran FC '' . UEFA. 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Glentoran FC Jump up ^ `` Ten oddest animal camoes '' . Observer Sport Monthly . Guardian Media Group . 6 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Crowd trouble mars Belfast derby '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Millar appointed Glentoran boss '' . BBC Sport. 14 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Walker takes over as Glens boss '' . BBC Sport. 24 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Walker unable to take Glens job '' . BBC Sport. 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Luney , Graham ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Big Mac bringing passion to Oval '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Glentoran appoint new manager '' . Glentoran . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glentoran Academy '' . Glentoran . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ IFA Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50056/profile/history/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/index.html External links ( edit ) Official Website Glentoran Community Trust -- the first ever Supporters Trust in Northern Ireland Forza TV -- Glentoran Match Highlights & Interviews BallymacGSC.com -- Popular Supporters Club Website & Away Bus Information Glentoran Statistics and Results at the Irish Football Club Project nifootball.co.uk ( fixtures , results and tables of all leagues in Northern Ireland ) Glentoran Football Club Current season Club History Players Managers Academy Ground The Oval Rivalries Belfast 's Big Two Other Glentoran Community Trust Glens TV Glentoran Gazette Glentoran Superstore Glentoran Belfast United L.F.C. Teams of the Northern Ireland Football League Premiership Ards Ballinamallard United Ballymena United Carrick Rangers Cliftonville Coleraine Crusaders Dungannon Swifts Glenavon Glentoran Linfield Warrenpoint Town Championship Ballyclare Comrades Dergview Harland & Wolff Welders Institute Knockbreda Larne Limavady United Loughgall Lurgan Celtic Newry City A.F.C. PSNI Portadown Premier Intermediate League Annagh United Armagh City Banbridge Town Donegal Celtic Dundela Lisburn Distillery Moyola Park Newington Portstewart Queen 's University Sport & Leisure Swifts Tobermore United Association football in Northern Ireland Irish Football Association - Northern Ireland Women 's Football Association National teams Northern Ireland ( history ) U-23 U-21 U-19 U-18 Schools U-17 U-16 Schools Juniors Women 's Women 's U-19 Irish League XI Leagues Men NIFL Premiership NIFL Championship NIFL Premier Intermediate League Ballymena & Provincial League Mid-Ulster Football League Northern Amateur Football League NI Intermediate League NIFL Premiership Development League Women Women 's Premiership Championship 1 Championship 2 Domestic cups Men Irish Cup NI Football League Cup NIFL Charity Shield County Antrim Shield Mid-Ulster Cup North West Senior Cup Irish Intermediate Cup Steel & Sons Cup Bob Radcliffe Cup Craig Memorial Cup George Wilson Cup Women Irish Women 's Cup Awards Ulster Footballer of the Year Northern Ireland Football Writers ' Association Player of the Year Sunday football in Northern Ireland List of clubs List of grounds Records Coordinates : 54 ° 36 ′ 11 '' N 5 ° 53 ′ 29 '' W / 54.60306 ° N 5.89139 ° W / 54.60306 ; - 5.89139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glentoran_F.C.&oldid=842925913 '' Categories : Glentoran F.C. Association football clubs established in 1882 United Soccer Association imported teams Association football clubs in Northern Ireland NIFL Premiership clubs Association football clubs in Belfast 1882 establishments in Ireland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time glentoran won the league	[ "On 7 July 2011, Glentoran beat Macedonian side FK Renova in the Europa League first qualifying round after the Glens overturned a 2–1 away defeat by winning the home leg 2–1 at The Oval and thus levelling the score on aggregate. The match was decided by penalties. Glentoran progressed after winning the shoot-out 3–2." ]	[ "7 July 2011" ]
-2294239868769183724	Chloe (film)	Chloe ( film ) - wikipedia Chloe ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2009 film . For the 1996 film , see Chloé ( 1996 film ) . Chloe US release poster Directed by Atom Egoyan Produced by Jason Reitman Ivan Reitman Tom Pollock Jennifer Weiss Simone Urdl Screenplay by Erin Cressida Wilson Based on Nathalie ... by Anne Fontaine Starring Julianne Moore Liam Neeson Amanda Seyfried Music by Mychael Danna Cinematography Paul Sarossy Edited by Susan Shipton Production company The Montecito Picture Company StudioCanal Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics ( US theatrical ) E1 Entertainment ( Canada ) StudioCanal ( France ) Release date September 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 96 minutes Country Canada France Language English Budget $12 - 14 million Box office $11,702,642 ( worldwide ) Chloe is a 2009 French - Canadian erotic thriller film directed by Atom Egoyan , a remake of the 2003 French film Nathalie ... It stars Julianne Moore , Liam Neeson , and Amanda Seyfried in the title role . Its screenplay was written by Erin Cressida Wilson , based on the earlier French film , written by Anne Fontaine . Despite its mixed critical reception , Chloe made more money than any of Atom Egoyan 's previous films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Financing and distribution 4.1 Home media 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In a voice - over , Chloe discusses her business as a call girl . Catherine is a gynecologist and her husband David is a college professor . Catherine suspects David of having an affair after she sees a cell - phone picture of him with a female student . Catherine stops by the hotel bar where Chloe waits for clients , telling Chloe that she wants to hire her to test David 's loyalty . Chloe later tells Catherine that David asked her if he could kiss her , which he did . Catherine is angered but insists that Chloe meet with David again . Over the next few days , Catherine and Chloe meet multiple times , and Chloe describes in explicit detail her encounters with David , which arouses Catherine during one meeting ; Chloe kisses Catherine , and Catherine , surprised by this , abruptly leaves . Later , when meeting with David at a get - together , she is taken aback by his awareness of the scent of her lotion ; it is the same lotion that Chloe wears . Upset by this , Catherine leaves and meets with Chloe at a hotel ; she asks Chloe to show her how David touches her , then has sex with her . When Catherine arrives home later than usual , David asks her if she has been unfaithful . Catherine tells him she thinks he has been unfaithful as well , and the two argue , stopping after being interrupted by their son , Michael . Catherine meets with Chloe and calls off their relationship but later asks her to meet her at a coffee house frequented by David . While there , she demands that David admit that he is having an affair . Chloe walks in , and David does not recognize her . Chloe leaves quickly , and Catherine realizes that Chloe made up her encounters with David . David admits that he has fantasized about other women , and expects Catherine to make a similar admission . When she does not , David becomes agitated . Catherine then confesses her sexual encounter with Chloe . She apologizes , saying that she felt she became invisible to David as she aged , while David became more attractive to her , and that this got in the way of their sex life . The couple reconcile . Chloe goes to Catherine and David 's house and has sex with Michael in their bed . Catherine interrupts them . Chloe tells Catherine that she is in love with her . She threatens to hurt Catherine with her hair pin . Catherine asks Chloe what she wants . Chloe requests a kiss , and Catherine complies . Michael sees , startling Catherine and causing her to push Chloe into the bedroom window . Chloe manages to grab hold of the frame , but she intentionally lets go and falls to her death . Sometime later , Catherine attends Michael 's graduation party , and wears Chloe 's hairpin in her hair . Cast ( edit ) Julianne Moore as Dr. Catherine Stewart Liam Neeson as David Stewart Amanda Seyfried as Chloe Sweeney Max Thieriot as Michael Stewart R.H. Thomson as Frank Nina Dobrev as Anna Meghan Heffern as Miranda Natalie Lisinska as Eliza Laura DeCarteret as Alicia Mishu Vellani as Julie Production ( edit ) The film was financed solely in France . The film was shot in Toronto . Several famous local landmarks can be seen , such as Allan Gardens , Cafe Diplomatico , The Rivoli , the Windsor Arms Hotel , the Royal York Hotel , the Royal Ontario Museum , The Royal Conservatory of Music , the CN Tower , the Art Gallery of Ontario and the Ontario College of Art . Producer Jason Reitman helped persuade Amanda Seyfried to star in this film . Seyfried accepted the role of Chloe after a friend of hers withdrew from consideration due to discomfort with the nudity . Julianne Moore described Seyfried as a `` very dependable '' acting partner and claimed that they were largely comfortable with the intimacy in the film . In describing her view of Catherine 's relationship with Chloe , Moore noted `` an emotional quality to their intimacy that has to do with their conversation and their basic receptivity to one another . Now what they turn into personally obviously is very different . They are having completely subjective experiences , but that does n't mean ( they 're ) not incredibly receptive to one another and it clearly creates something in - between them . And that 's what love and sex and intimacy and all that is . Someone who is listening to you , hearing you , there for you , that 's the person you end up having a relationship with , sexual or just emotional or whatever . I do n't know if that has to do with gender necessarily '' . Liam Neeson 's wife , Natasha Richardson , had a skiing accident during filming . Neeson decided to leave the set to take care of his wife , who died from her injury a few days later . The filmmakers re-arranged the shooting schedule accordingly for Neeson 's absence . Just a few days after his wife 's death , Neeson returned to the set and filmed the remainder of his scenes in two days . Canadian indie rock band Raised by Swans has two songs featured in the movie and the band is mentioned several times by Chloe . Anne Fontaine ( the writer / director of Nathalie ... ) said that she was interested in Egoyan 's take on it . Fontaine also said that she was not happy with Nathalie ... because the two lead actresses of the film objected to her original intention for a lesbian relationship to develop between their characters . Financing and distribution ( edit ) StudioCanal fully financed Chloe , which had already made its $20 million budget back via international pre-sales . In 2009 , the film received award nominations from London Film Festival , San Sebastián International Film Festival , and Toronto International Film Festival under the category of Film Presented . Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group paid a low seven - figure sum to acquire the United States distribution rights of Chloe , and the group opened this film in limited theatrical release in the United States on March 26 , 2010 through Sony Pictures Classics . In the United States , this film grossed $3 million theatrically and became one of the higher - grossing specialty films in 2010 ( according to Variety , `` $3 million is the new $10 million '' for specialty films ' box office in 2010 ) . In the wake of Chloe , Egoyan had since received many scripts of erotic thrillers . Amanda Seyfried 's performance in this film also helped her to gain industry acclaim and become considered for more roles . Home Media ( edit ) Chloe was released in the United States on July 13 , 2010 in both DVD and Blu - ray Disc . The disc includes an audio commentary , making - of featurette , and deleted scenes . Several months following the DVD / Blu - ray release of Chloe , Atom Egoyan said that Chloe had made more money than any of his previous films . Critical reception ( edit ) The film opened in 350 theaters to mixed reviews ; on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Chloe holds a 51 % approval rating based on 151 reviews , with a rating average of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` Despite its promising pedigree and a titillating premise , Chloe ultimately fails to deliver the heat -- or the thrills -- expected of a sexual thriller . '' Metacritic , which assigns a normalized score from major reviewers , gave the film a 48 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , indicating `` Mixed or average reviews . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , while Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave the film 1 out of 5 stars . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Onstad , Katrina ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Adapting to Life 's Change , on Screen and Off '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ http://zamm.com/articles/movie-mania/q-and-a/q-and-a-with-director-atom-egoyan.html Jump up ^ `` Chloe ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chloe Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Pevere , Geoff ( 2010 - 12 - 07 ) . `` The Digital Revolution : Part 1 '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Official website of Chloe '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Seguin , Denis ( 2009 - 09 - 25 ) . `` The great entertainer Features Screen '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Jeanne ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried '' . Parade.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Passafuime , Rocco ( 2010 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Julianne Moore Interview for Chloe '' . thecinemasource.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ CA . `` Director Atom Egoyan praises grieving Liam Neesons professionalism - Entertainment - Arts '' . The Journal Pioneer . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Egoyan 's Chloe a reinvention of sexy French drama '' . Cbc.ca. 2009 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Lisa ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Sony Picks Up Egoyan 's ' Chloe ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Canada ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Egoyan closes U.S. deal for Chloe '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chloe ( 2009 ) Awards '' . Moviefone. 2010 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sony seduced by ' Chloe ' - Entertainment News , Film News , Media '' . Variety . 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CHLOE a film by Atom Egoyan '' . Sonyclassics.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=chloe.htm Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 2010 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Specialty pics face reduced expectations '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Atom Egoyan sifts through sex thriller scripts in wake of ' Chloe ' - CTV News , Shows and Sports - Canadian Television '' . CP24 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos . `` Star Market : Can Amanda Seyfried Live Out a Hollywood Fairy Tale ? - Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chloe Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chloe : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . External links ( edit ) 2000s portal LGBT portal Film in the United States portal Canada portal France portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chloe ( film ) Official website Official Trailer on YouTube Chloe on IMDb Chloe at AllMovie Chloe at Box Office Mojo Chloe at Rotten Tomatoes Chloe at Metacritic Julianne Moore Chloe -- interview . StudioCanal ( fr ) Chloe Films directed by Atom Egoyan Feature films Next of Kin ( 1984 ) Family Viewing ( 1987 ) Speaking Parts ( 1989 ) The Adjuster ( 1991 ) Calendar ( 1993 ) Exotica ( 1994 ) The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) Felicia 's Journey ( 1999 ) Ararat ( 2002 ) Where the Truth Lies ( 2005 ) Adoration ( 2008 ) Chloe ( 2009 ) Devil 's Knot ( 2013 ) The Captive ( 2014 ) Remember ( 2015 ) TV films In This Corner ( 1986 ) Gross Misconduct : The Life of Brian Spencer ( 1993 ) Sarabande ( 1997 ) Krapp 's Last Tape ( 2000 ) Short films Montréal vu par ... ( `` En passant '' , 1991 ) To Each His Own Cinema ( `` Artaud Double Bill '' , 2007 ) Works by Jason Reitman As director Thank You for Smoking ( 2005 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Up in the Air ( 2009 ) Young Adult ( 2011 ) Labor Day ( 2013 ) Men , Women & Children ( 2014 ) Tully ( 2018 ) The Front Runner ( TBA ) As writer Thank You for Smoking ( 2005 ) Up in the Air ( 2009 ) Labor Day ( 2013 ) Men , Women & Children ( 2014 ) The Front Runner ( TBA ) As producer Up in the Air ( 2009 ) Jennifer 's Body ( 2009 ) Jeff , Who Lives at Home ( 2011 ) Young Adult ( 2011 ) Labor Day ( 2013 ) Men , Women & Children ( 2014 ) Tully ( 2018 ) The Front Runner ( TBA ) As executive producer Chloe ( 2009 ) Ceremony ( 2010 ) Whiplash ( 2014 ) Demolition ( 2015 ) Television work The Office ( 2005 -- 2013 ) : `` Local Ad '' `` Frame Toby '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloe_(film)&oldid=814986595 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s erotic films 2000s LGBT - related films 2000s romantic thriller films Adultery in films Canadian erotic films Canadian films Canadian independent films Canadian LGBT - related films Canadian thriller films Bisexuality - related films Erotic romance films Erotic thriller films Films about prostitution Films about threesomes Films directed by Atom Egoyan Films set in Toronto Films shot in Ontario Films shot in Toronto French erotic films French film remakes French films French independent films French LGBT - related films French thriller films LGBT - related thriller films The Montecito Picture Company films Sony Pictures Classics films StudioCanal films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what city does the movie chloe take place in	[]	[]
9049802369730351709	United States House of Representatives	United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 239 ) Republican ( 239 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 3 ) Vacant ( 3 ) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they compose the legislature of the United States . The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial in the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . He or she and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Surveys 12.2 Notes 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House , Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state they represent . Members are not required to live in the district they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts , Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and Maine ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and Maine were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,000 in 2017 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Former Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Former Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 112th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner and Paul Ryan in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the junior position 's discontinuation in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairs , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chair 's powers are extensive ; they control the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 239 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal House Trade Working Group United States Presidents and control of Congress U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . 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Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown . , Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) . A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) . Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) . Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ; Haspel ; Wike , Richard S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . first4 = missing last4 = in Authors list ( help ) , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) . Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 . 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7216430272380023026	The Lego Movie	The Lego Movie - Wikipedia The Lego Movie Jump to : navigation , search `` Lego Movie '' redirects here . For the media franchise as a whole , see The Lego Movie ( franchise ) . For stop -- motion films made using Lego bricks , see Brickfilm . For other Lego films , see List of Lego films and TV series . The Lego Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Phil Lord Christopher Miller Produced by Dan Lin Roy Lee Screenplay by Phil Lord Christopher Miller Story by Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Phil Lord Christopher Miller Based on Lego Construction Toys Starring Chris Pratt Will Ferrell Elizabeth Banks Will Arnett Nick Offerman Alison Brie Charlie Day Liam Neeson Morgan Freeman Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Cinematography Pablo Plaisted Edited by David Burrows Chris McKay Production companies Village Roadshow Pictures RatPac - Dune Entertainment Lego System A / S Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures Warner Animation Group Animal Logic Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( Worldwide ) Roadshow Films ( Australia ) Release date February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) February 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) ( Denmark ) February 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) ( United States ) April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) ( Australia ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Denmark Australia Language English Budget $60 million Box office $470 million The Lego Movie is a 2014 3D live - action / computer - animated adventure comedy film written for the screen and directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a story by Lord , Miller and Dan and Kevin Hageman . Based on the Lego line of construction toys , the story focuses on an ordinary Lego minifigure who finds himself being the only one to help a resistance stop a tyrannical businessman from gluing everything in the Lego worlds into his vision of perfection . Chris Pratt , Will Ferrell , Elizabeth Banks , Will Arnett , Nick Offerman , Alison Brie , Charlie Day , Liam Neeson and Morgan Freeman provide their voices for the film 's main characters . The film was released on February 7 , 2014 , by Warner Bros. Pictures to near - unanimous acclaim ; critics praised its visual style , humor , voice cast and heartwarming message . It earned more than $257 million in the U.S. and Canada and $210 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of over $469 million . The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film , the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film ; it was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for `` Everything Is Awesome '' . The film has since expanded into a major franchise which ties into the Lego brand , with a sequel to the film , entitled The Lego Movie Sequel , scheduled for release on February 8 , 2019 . A spin - off film , The Lego Batman Movie , was released to theaters on February 10 , 2017 , with a second spin - off , The Lego Ninjago Movie , released September 22 , 2017 , a third spin - off , The Billion Brick Race , planned for development and a TV series , Unikitty ! , based on the character from this film . The film was dedicated to the memory of Kathleen Fleming , the former director of entertainment development of the Lego company , following her death in Cancún , Mexico in April 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office performance 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Theme song 7 Expanded franchise 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Lego universe , within a city populated by anthropomorphic minifigures , the evil Lord Business finds a super-weapon called the `` Kragle '' . The wizard Vitruvius attempts to stop him , but is blinded by Business ' robots . Before Business leaves with the weapon , Vitruvius prophesies that a person called `` The Special '' will find the `` Piece of Resistance '' , a brick capable of stopping the Kragle . Eight and a half years later , construction worker Emmet Brickowski finds a woman , Lucy `` Wyldstyle '' , searching for something at his construction site after hours . When he investigates , Emmet falls into a hole and finds the Piece of Resistance . Compelled to touch it , Emmet experiences vivid visions and passes out . He awakens with the Piece of Resistance attached to his back , in the custody of Bad Cop / Good Cop , Lord Business ' lieutenant . Wyldstyle rescues Emmet , believing him to be the Special , and takes him to meet Vitruvius in the Old West . Emmet learns that Wyldstyle and Vitruvius are `` Master Builders '' , people capable of building anything from their imagination without the need of instructions , who oppose Business . Wyldstyle explains Business wants to use the Kragle ( a tube of Krazy Glue with a weathered label ) to freeze the world into perfection . Though disappointed to find Emmet is not a Master Builder , Wyldstyle and Vitruvius are convinced of his potential when he recalls visions of a seemingly human deity referred to as `` The Man Upstairs '' . Emmet , Wyldstyle , and Vitruvius evade Bad Cop 's forces with the aid of Batman , Wyldstyle 's boyfriend . They go to the hidden Cloud Cuckoo Land , a realm where minifigures can create whatever they desire , to attend a council of Master Builders , all of whom are unimpressed with Emmet and refuse to fight Business . Bad Cop 's forces attack , having placed a tracking device on Emmet , and capture everyone except Emmet and a small team of Master Builders . Escaping , Emmet devises a plan to infiltrate Business ' office tower and disarm the Kragle , but the group is captured and imprisoned in the Think Tank , where all the Master Builders are forced to make instructions . Trying to retaliate , Vitruvius is decapitated by Business , who sets a self - destruct protocol and leaves everyone to die , including Bad Cop . As he dies , Vitruvius reveals he made up the prophecy . He soon reappears to Emmet as a ghost and tells him that it 's belief that makes one become the Special . Strapped to the self - destruct mechanism 's battery , Emmet jumps into the abyss outside the tower and severs the connection , saving his friends . Inspired by Emmet 's sacrifice , Wyldstyle rallies the Lego people across the universe to use whatever creativity they have to build machines and weapons to fight against Lord Business ' forces . Emmet finds himself in the human world as a Lego minifigure unable to move . The events of the story are being played out by a little boy named Finn on his father 's expansive Lego set in their basement . His father , `` The Man Upstairs '' , comes home from work and chastises his son for ruining the set by creating variations of different playsets , and proceeds to permanently rebuild and glue his perceived perfect creations together ( causing Lord Business ' forces to regain the upper hand as a result ) . Realizing the danger his friends are in , Emmet wills himself to move and gains Finn 's attention . Finn returns Emmet and the Piece of Resistance to the set , where Emmet now possesses the powers of a Master Builder and confronts Business . Meanwhile , Finn 's father looks at his son 's creations and realizes that Finn had based the villainous Business on him and his perfectionism . Through a speech Emmet gives Business , Finn tells his father that he ( i.e. his father ) is special and has the power to change everything . They reconcile and start to unglue the constructions with mineral spirits , which plays out as Business having a change of heart , capping the Kragle and ungluing his victims . Emmet is hailed as a hero and begins a relationship with Wyldstyle with Batman 's blessing . As a result of Finn 's father allowing Finn 's younger sister to join them in playing with his Lego sets , aliens from the planet Duplon beam down on the Lego world and announce their plans to destroy everyone before the film ends in a cliffhanger . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lego Movie characters Chris Pratt as Emmet Brickowski , an everyman and construction worker from Bricksburg Will Ferrell as Lord Business , president of the Octan Corporation under the name President Business Ferrell also plays `` The Man Upstairs '' , a Lego collector in the live - action part of the film Elizabeth Banks as Lucy `` Wyldstyle '' , a Master Builder and Emmet 's love interest Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman , a DC Comics superhero who is a Master Builder and Wyldstyle 's boyfriend Nick Offerman as MetalBeard , a giant makeshift pirate and Master Builder Alison Brie as Princess Unikitty , a unicorn - kitten and Master Builder from Cloud Cuckoo Land Charlie Day as Benny , a `` 1980 - something space guy '' who is a Master Builder Liam Neeson as Bad Cop / Good Cop , a double - faced police officer that leads the Super Secret Police Neeson also voices Pa Cop , Bad Cop / Good Cop 's father Morgan Freeman as Vitruvius , a blind old wizard who is one of the Master Builders Channing Tatum as Clark Kent / Superman , a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders Jonah Hill as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern , a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders Cobie Smulders as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman , a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders Jadon Sand as Finn , The Man Upstairs ' young son in the live - action part of the film In addition , Anthony Daniels and Billy Dee Williams reprise their Star Wars roles as C - 3PO and Lando Calrissian , respectively , with Keith Ferguson voicing Han Solo ( whom he previously voiced in Robot Chicken and Mad ) . Shaquille O'Neal voices a Lego version of himself who is a Master Builder alongside two generic members of the 2002 NBA All - Stars . Will Forte , Dave Franco , Jake Johnson , Keegan - Michael Key , Chris McKay and Jorma Taccone provide voice cameos in the film . Co-director Christopher Miller cameos as a TV presenter in the studio that films the Where Are My Pants ? TV series . Production ( edit ) Creators of the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International : Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , writers and directors ; Chris McKay , co-director ; and Dan Lin , producer . Dan Lin conceived of the idea for the film and began discussing it with Roy Lee before leaving Warner Bros. to form his own production company , Lin Pictures , in 2008 . Meanwhile , Warner Bros. home entertainment executive Kevin Tsujihara had recognized the value of the Lego franchise by engineering the studio 's purchase of Lego video game licensee Traveller 's Tales in 2007 , thought the success of the Lego - based video games indicated a Lego - based film was a good idea , and reportedly `` championed '' the development of the film . By August 2009 , Dan and Kevin Hageman were writing the script described as `` action adventure set in a Lego world . '' Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks in June 2010 to write and direct the film . Warner Bros. green - lit the film by November 2011 , with a planned 2014 release date . The Australian studio Animal Logic was contracted to provide the animation , which was expected to comprise 80 % of the film . By this time Chris McKay , the director of Robot Chicken , had also joined Lord and Miller to co-direct . McKay explained that his role was to supervise the production in Australia once Lord and Miller left to work on 22 Jump Street . In March 2012 , Lord and Miller revealed the film 's working title , Lego : The Piece of Resistance , and a storyline . In April 2012 , Warner Bros. scheduled the film for release on February 28 , 2014 , a date that subsequently changed . `` We wanted to make the film feel like the way you play , the way I remember playing . We wanted to make it feel as epic and ambitious and self - serious as a kid feels when they play with LEGO . We took something you could claim is the most cynical cash grab in cinematic history , basically a 90 minute LEGO commercial , and turned it into a celebration of creativity , fun and invention , in the spirit of just having a good time and how ridiculous it can look when you make things up . And we had fun doing it . ' '' -- Animation supervisor Chris McKay By June 2012 , Chris Pratt had been cast as the voice of Emmet , the lead Lego character , and Will Arnett voicing Lego Batman ; the role of Lego Superman was offered to Channing Tatum . By August 2012 , Elizabeth Banks was hired to voice Lucy ( later getting the alias `` Wyldstyle '' ) and Morgan Freeman to voice Vitruvius , an old mystic . In October 2012 , Warner Bros. shifted the release date for the film , simply titled Lego , to February 7 , 2014 . In November 2012 , Alison Brie , Will Ferrell , Liam Neeson , and Nick Offerman signed on for roles . Brie voices Unikitty , a member of Emmet 's team ; Ferrell voices the antagonist President / Lord Business ; Neeson voices Bad Cop ; and Offerman voices Metal Beard , a pirate seeking revenge on Business . In July 2012 , a Lego - user contest announced on the film 's Facebook page would choose a winning Lego vehicle to appear in the film . Miller 's childhood Space Village playset is utilized in the film . The film is strongly inspired by the visual aesthetic and stylistics of Brickfilms and received a great deal of praise in the respective online communities who saw the film as appraising nod to their work . Many Brickfilm - Fans and AFOL 's ( Adult Fans of Lego ) praised the painstaking amount detail in the production . Animal Logic tried to make the film 's animation replicate a stop motion film even if everything was done through computer graphics , with the animation rigs following the same articulation limits actual Lego figures have . The camera systems also tried to replicate live action cinematography , including different lenses and a Steadicam simulator . The scenery was projected through The Lego Group 's own Lego Digital Designer , which as CG supervisor Aidan Sarsfield detailed , `` uses the official LEGO Brick Library and effectively simulates the connectivity of each of the bricks . '' The saved files were then converted to design and animate in Maya and XSI . At times the minifigures were even placed under microscopes to capture the seam lines , dirt and grime into the digital textures . Benny the spaceman was based on the line of Lego space sets sold in the 1980s , and his design includes the broken helmet chin strap , a common defect of the space sets at that time . The film 's total cost , including production , promotion and advertising ( P&A ) , was $100 million . Half of the film 's cost was financed by Village Roadshow Pictures . The rest was covered by Warner Bros. , with RatPac - Dune Entertainment providing a smaller share as part of its multi-year financing agreement with Warner Bros. Initially Warner Bros. turned down Village Roadshow Pictures when it asked to invest in the film . However , Warner Bros. later changed its mind , reportedly due to lack of confidence in the film , initially offering Village Roadshow Pictures the opportunity to finance 25 % of the film , and later , an additional 25 % . Release ( edit ) The Lego Movie premiered at the Regency Village Theatre in Los Angeles , California on February 1 , 2014 , and was released in theaters on February 7 , 2014 . The film was released in Australia by the film 's co-producer , Roadshow Films . Marketing ( edit ) Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including a set of Collectible Minifigures . A website was opened up so fans could make minifigure versions of themselves , and later , put that in the film 's official trailer . The company recruited a roster of global partners to a broad , multi-category licensing program to support the film . Official Lego Brand Stores also scheduled events . Each week of January 2014 , a new character poster ( Wyldstyle , Batman , Emmet , Lord Business ) came with every purchase . By building a creative model in - store , people received a free accessory pack . Barnes & Noble hosted a themed event in January , February , and March . On February 7 , 2014 , McDonald 's released eight collectible holographic / 3D cups in Happy Meals to promote the film . A video game based on the film , The Lego Movie Videogame , by TT Fusion for Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Vita , and Windows , was released on February 4 , 2014 . An exclusive `` Wild West Emmet '' minifigure was released with preorders of the game at GameStop . Home media ( edit ) The Lego Movie was released on Digital HD on May 20 , 2014 . It was released by Warner Home Video on DVD and Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) on June 17 , 2014 . A special Blu - ray 3D `` Everything is Awesome Edition '' also includes an exclusive Vitruvius minifigure and a collectible 3D Emmett photo . Reception ( edit ) The film 's live - action set as publicly exhibited at Legoland California during 2014 . Critical reception ( edit ) The Lego Movie was met with `` nearly unanimous positive reviews . '' Review - aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96 % approval rating and an average rating of 8.2 / 10 based on 226 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Boasting beautiful animation , a charming voice cast , laugh - a-minute gags , and a surprisingly thoughtful story , The Lego Movie is colorful fun for all ages . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 83 ( indicating `` universal acclaim '' ) based on 43 reviews . According to CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , the average grade cinemagoers gave The Lego Movie was A on an A+ to F scale . Filmmaker Edgar Wright , and TIME Magazine film critic Richard Corliss , each named The Lego Movie as one of their favorite films of 2014 . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Arriving at a time when feature animation was looking and feeling mighty anemic ... The LEGO Movie shows ' em how it 's done , '' with Peter Debruge of Variety adding that Lord and Miller `` irreverently deconstruct the state of the modern blockbuster and deliver a smarter , more satisfying experience in its place , emerging with a fresh franchise for others to build upon . '' Tom Huddleston of Time Out said , `` The script is witty , the satire surprisingly pointed , and the animation tactile and imaginative . '' Drew Hunt of the Chicago Reader said the filmmakers `` fill the script with delightfully absurd one - liners and sharp pop culture references '' , with A.O. Scott of The New York Times noting that , `` Pop - culture jokes ricochet off the heads of younger viewers to tickle the world - weary adults in the audience , with just enough sentimental goo applied at the end to unite the generations . Parents will dab their eyes while the kids roll theirs . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News said the filmmakers `` do n't sink into cynicism . Their computer animation embraces the retro look and feel of the toys to both ingenious and adorable effect . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today called the film `` a spirited romp through a world that looks distinctively familiar , and yet freshly inventive . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail asked , `` Can a feature - length toy commercial also work as a decent kids ' movie ? The bombast of the G.I. Joe and Transformers franchises might suggest no , but after an uninspired year for animated movies , The Lego Movie is a 3 - D animated film that connects . '' Joel Arnold of NPR acknowledged that the film `` may be one giant advertisement , but all the way to its plastic - mat foundation , it 's an earnest piece of work -- a cash grab with a heart . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film `` sassy enough to shoot well - aimed darts at corporate branding . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post said that , `` While clearly filled with affection for -- and marketing tie - ins to -- the titular product that 's front and center , it 's also something of a sharp plastic brick flung in the eye of its corporate sponsor . '' On the negative side , Kyle Smith of the New York Post called the film `` more exhausting than fun , too unsure of itself to stick with any story thread for too long . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times , while generally positive , found `` it falls apart a bit near the end . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap said the film `` will doubtless tickle young fans of the toys . It 's just too bad that a movie that encourages you to think for yourself does n't follow its own advice . '' Television personality , author , filmmaker , radio host and conservative political commentator Glenn Beck praised the film for avoiding `` the double meanings and adult humor I just hate . '' Oscar host Neil Patrick Harris referenced The Lego Movie not being nominated Best Animated Feature , which many critics considered a major snub , saying prior to the award 's presentation `` If you 're at the Oscar party with the guys who directed ' The Lego Movie , ' now would be a great time to distract them . '' U.S. Senator Ron Johnson criticized the film 's anti-corporate message , saying that it taught children that `` government is good and business is bad '' , citing the villain 's name of Lord Business . `` That 's done for a reason '' , Johnson told WisPolitics.com . `` They 're starting that propaganda , and it 's insidious '' . The comments were criticized by many , and Russ Feingold brought up the comments on the campaign trail during his 2016 Senate bid against Johnson . Box Office performance ( edit ) The Lego Movie grossed $257.8 million in the U.S. and Canada , and $210.3 million internationally , for a worldwide total of $469.2 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $229 million . In the U.S. and Canada , the film opened at number one in its first weekend with over $69 million , which was the second - highest weekend debut in February , at the time , behind The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) . The movie retained the top spot at box office in its second weekend by declining only 28 % and grossing $49.8 million . The Lego Movie was number one again in its third weekend while declining 37 % and grossing $31.3 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number three grossing $20.8 million . Elsewhere , The Lego Movie was released in 34 markets in February 7 , 2014 -- the same weekend as its U.S. release . It made $18.7 million on its opening weekend from 5,695 screens from 34 countries . On its opening weekend , which varies depending on the country , it earned $3.8 million in Mexico , $2 million in Spain , $1.8 million in Brazil . With a total gross of £ 34.3 million , it was the second - highest - grossing film in the UK and Ireland in 2014 . The popularity of the film led to a shortage of Lego products by September 2014 . Accolades ( edit ) List of Accolades Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result AACTA Awards Best Visual Effects or Animation Chris McKay , Amber Naismith , Aidan Sarsfield and Grant Freckelton Won Academy Awards Best Original Song `` Everything is Awesome '' written by Shawn Patterson Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film David Burrows , Chris McKay Won 42nd Annual Annie Awards Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Nominated Animated Effects in an Animated Feature Production Jayandera Danappal , Matt Ebb , Christian Epunan Hernandez , Danielle Brooks , and Raphael Gadot Nominated Directing in an Animated Feature Production Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , Directors ; Chris McKay , Co-Director Nominated Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Grant Freckelton Nominated Writing in an Animated Feature Production Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Won Editorial in an Animated Feature Production David Burrows , Todd Hansen , Doug Nicholas , Jonathan Tappin and Courtney O'Brien - Brown Nominated Austin Film Critics Association Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won Black Reel Awards Best Voice Performance Morgan Freeman Won 45th Annual British Academy Children 's Awards Kid 's Vote -- Film in 2014 The Lego Movie Nominated Children 's Feature Film in 2014 The Lego Movie Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Best Song `` Everything Is Awesome '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won Dublin Film Critics Circle Top Ten Films The Lego Movie 4th Place Empire Awards Best Comedy Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Golden Tomato Awards 2014 Best Animated Film Won Best Wide Release 2014 2nd Place Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media `` Everything Is Awesome '' Nominated Heartland Film Festival 2014 Truly Moving Picture Award Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Animated Feature Film The Lego Movie Won Best Original Song `` Everything is Awesome '' Won Kerrang ! Awards Best Film The Lego Movie Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie The Lego Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Will Arnett ( also for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ) Nominated National Board of Review Best Original Screenplay Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Won Top Ten Films The Lego Movie Won New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won New York Film Critics Online Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won Online Film Critics Society Best Picture The Lego Movie Nominated Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie The Lego Movie Nominated Producers Guild of America Best Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Dan Lin Won San Diego Film Critics Society Best Animated The Lego Movie Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture Animated or Mixed Media The Lego Movie Nominated Best Original Screenplay Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Nominated Best Original Song `` Everything Is Awesome '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won 16th SXSW Film Festival SXSW Film Design Award ( Special Jury Recognition ) Brian Mah ( Designer ) Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Animated The Lego Movie Nominated Choice Movie : Voice Chris Pratt Toronto Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Runner - Up 13th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Chris McKay , Amber Naismith , Jim Dodd , David Williams Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Carsten Kolve , Jayandera Danappal , Matt Ebb , Miles Green Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Best Original Screenplay Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) The Lego Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh , various artists Released February 4 , 2014 Recorded 2013 Trackdown Studios ( Sydney ) Genre Film soundtrack , film score Length 58 : 10 Label WaterTower Music Producer Mark Mothersbaugh , Shawn Patterson , Bartholomew Mark Mothersbaugh chronology Last Vegas ( 2013 ) Last Vegas 2013 The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) 22 Jump Street 2014 Singles from The Lego Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Everything Is Awesome '' Released : January 27 , 2014 The film 's original score was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh , who had previously worked with Lord and Miller on Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs and 21 Jump Street . The Lego Movie soundtrack contains the score as the majority of its tracks . Also included is the song `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! '' written by Shawn Patterson ( El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera and Robot Chicken ) , Joshua Bartholomew , and Lisa Harriton , who also perform the song in the movie under the name , Jo Li . The single , released on January 27 , 2014 , is performed by Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island ( Andy Samberg , Akiva Schaffer , and Jorma Taccone ) who wrote the rap lyrics , and is the first song played in the end credits of the movie . The soundtrack was released on February 4 , 2014 by WaterTower Music . Track listing No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! '' Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island 2 : 43 2 . `` Prologue '' 2 : 28 3 . `` Emmett 's Morning '' 1 : 59 4 . `` Emmett Falls in Love '' 1 : 11 5 . `` Escape '' 3 : 27 6 . `` Into the Old West '' 1 : 00 7 . `` Wyldstyle Explains '' 1 : 21 8 . `` Emmett 's Mind '' 2 : 17 9 . `` The Transformation '' 1 : 46 10 . `` Saloons and Wagons '' 3 : 38 11 . `` Batman '' 1 : 23 12 . `` Middle Zealand '' 0 : 28 13 . `` Cloud Cuckooland and Ben the Spaceman '' 1 : 25 14 . `` Emmett 's Speech '' 2 : 02 15 . `` Submarines and Metal Beard '' 1 : 49 16 . `` Requiem for Cuckooland '' 1 : 23 17 . `` Reaching the Kragle '' 2 : 35 18 . `` Emmett 's Plan '' 1 : 54 19 . `` The Truth '' 3 : 16 20 . `` Wyldstyle Leads '' 2 : 46 21 . `` Let 's Put It All Back '' 2 : 02 22 . `` I Am a Master Builder '' 2 : 48 23 . `` My Secret Weapon '' 4 : 19 24 . `` We Did It ! '' 1 : 31 25 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! '' Jo Li ( Joshua Bartholomew and Lisa Harriton ) 1 : 26 26 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! ( unplugged ) '' Shawn Patterson and Sammy Allen 1 : 24 27 . `` Untitled Self Portrait '' Will Arnett 1 : 08 28 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! ( instrumental sing - a-long ) '' 2 : 41 Total length : 58 : 10 Chart positions Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 82 UK Independent Album Breakers ( OCC ) 8 US Billboard 200 37 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) 8 US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Theme song ( edit ) The film 's theme song , `` Everything is Awesome ! ! ! '' , has been critically praised and has undergone some close analysis . Eric Brown , writing in the International Business Times , describes the song as a parody of fascism , saying that the song `` seems little more than an infectiously catchy parody of watered - down radio pop , right down to the faux - dubstep breakdown . There 's a lot more happening under the surface , however . '' In an interview with Fox News , producer Mark Mothersbaugh says the song `` was supposed to be like mind control early in the film . It 's totally irritating , this kind of mindless mantra to get people up and working . '' Expanded franchise ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Movie ( franchise ) Because of its critical and commercial success , The Lego Movie has been turned into a franchise and a shared fictional universe . It consists of two spin - off films , The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie , both with 2017 release dates , a sequel to the film scheduled for release in 2019 , and a third spin - off titled The Billion Brick Race . A 4 - D ride attraction , based on the film itself , titled The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure , opened at select Legoland theme parks across the globe in 2016 . On May 10 , 2017 , Warner Bros. and Lego announced that the character Unikitty would receive a spin - off television series on Cartoon Network , with Tara Strong voicing the character . The series premiered January 1 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Movie '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lego Movie ' Can Save Warner Bros. Animation '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The LEGO Movie ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Fleming , Lego Production Exec , Dies at 39 '' . Variety . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Movie Lego Excelsior Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Want to know all the stuff ' The Lego Movie ' is riffing on ? Here 's a reference guide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' hopes to cement a built - in fan base '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lego : Will Ferrell , Liam Neeson Join Animated Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Enk , Bryan ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wonder Woman Finally Gets Her Movie Close - Up ... but How Does the Lego Unikitty Fit In ? '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Lucas ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Snaps a Bright , Colorful Franchise Into Place for Warner Bros. Animation '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News Inc . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooke ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Warner 's C.E.O. Is Bullish on the Big Screen '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . BU1 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Warner builds pic with Lego '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Cloudy ' directors toy with ' Lego ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Warners greenlights ' Lego ' feature '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supervising Animator Chris McKay Talks ' The LEGO Movie ' '' . Awn.com . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Phil Lord and Chris Miller Offer New Title , Plot Details for Warner Bros . ' Lego Movie '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Warner Bros. dates ' Lego , ' ' 42 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Super voices in play for WB 's Lego movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casting and Plot Details Confirmed for ' Lego ' '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. via ComingSoon.net . August 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warner Bros. Shifts ' Lego ' Release Date '' . Deadline.com . October 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Nick Offerman Talks ' The Lego Movie ' ; Says He Plays a Pirate Named Metalbeard and Compares Film to ' The Wizard of Oz ' or ' Willy Wonka ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the official Facebook page for ' Lego : The Motion Picture ... '' ' Lego : The Motion Picture ' Facebook page . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . We 're kicking things off with a contest for all you creative Lego builders out there . Design your very own Lego vehicle for the chance to have it appear in the upcoming movie ! Watch the video below from directors Phil Lord and Chris Miller , and learn more about the contest here Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie Jane ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Is ' The Lego Movie ' really the best film ever ? Signs point to yes ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Einwächter , Sophie Gwendolyn ; Simon , Felix M. ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) . `` How digital remix and fan culture helped the Lego comeback '' . Transformative Works and Cultures. 25 ( 0 ) . ISSN 1941 - 2258 . Jump up ^ `` Brick - by - brick : how Animal Logic crafted The LEGO Movie '' . fxguide . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19 ' Lego Movie ' Easter Eggs to Look Out For '' . Yahoo ! Movies . February 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Lego Movie ' Backer Village Roadshow Cut Out of Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros Sets RatPac - Dune To Co-Finance Slates After Legendary Exit '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Inside the ' Lego Movie ' Premiere With Chris Pratt and Will Arnett '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie tops Aussie box office for its opening week '' . MediaDay. April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Surprise ! Lego group announces special sets in promotion of ' Lego Movie ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` First - Look : New Lego Set Based on the Upcoming Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Free exclusive ' Lego Movie ' poster with any purchase '' . Freehold Raceway Mall . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble to Host In - Store Activities Campaign for ' The Lego Movie ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tran , Allen ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` The LEGO Movie McDonald 's Happy Meal `` Toy '' Revealed `` . The Brick Fan . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` TT Games doing a Lego Movie video game '' . Eurogamer.net . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie Videogame '' . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie is Headed for DVD and Blu - ray on June 17 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Lego Movie ' a colorful , outside - the - box adventure , reviews say '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box office report : ' The Lego Movie ' stacks up $69.1 million for ' bad ' debut , ' Monuments Men ' steals second with $22.7 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Best Movies Of 2014 , According To Edgar Wright '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Top 10 from Time 's Richard Corliss '' . Awards Daily . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Review : The Tiny Toy Bricks Get the Bigscreen Movie They Deserve '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Huddleston ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` The LEGO Movie '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Drew . `` The LEGO Movie '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie , ' From Phil Lord and Christopher Miller '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lego Movie ' : Movie review '' . Daily News . February 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lego Movie ' builds family fun from clever satire '' . USA Today . August 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liam Lacey . `` The Lego Movie : a subversively flippant story about thinking outside the blocks '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Joel ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Movie Review -- ' The Lego Movie ' -- A Goofy Toy Story That Genuinely Clicks '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Review Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' review : Toy - themed adventure celebrates creativity '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' is a blockheaded adventure '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' : a primary - colored paradise for kids '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Review : Funny Pieces Do n't Click With Heavy - Handed Message ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arit John ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Beck Wants to Escape the Cutthroat Cynicism of Politics by Making it in the Movie Business '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Acknowledges ' Lego Movie ' Oscar Snub Ahead of ' Big Hero 6 ' Win ( Video ) '' . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Johnson , '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 3 ' The Lego Movie ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Weekend Report : Everything Is Awesome For ' The LEGO Movie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Weekend Report : ' LEGO Movie ' Dominates President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Weekend Report : ' LEGO ' Obliterates ' 3 Days , ' ' Pompeii ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 28 -- March 2 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . March 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` International Box Office : ' Frozen ' Hits China , ' 47 Ronin ' To Pass $100 M , ' RoboCop ' No. 1 in 10 Markets '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie was top UK and Ireland film of 2014 '' . BBC News . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deschamps , Tara ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Lego shortage leaves toy stores between a block and a hard place '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Annual Annie Awards Winners '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie wins Best Animated Film at the Baftas after Oscars snub '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` New York Film Critics Circle Awards Winners -- ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Film -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : Full List Of Nominees '' . One Three Digital , LLC . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 SAN FRANCISCO FILM CRITICS AWARDS : Full List of Nominees '' . San Francisco Film Critics Circle. 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2014 Film Award Winners '' . South By Southwest ® . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . www.imdb.com . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( hhttps://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/13th-annual-ves-awards `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' ) . visual effects society . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 WAFCA Award Nominations '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAN presents first - ever film & TV No. 1 Song Award to Josh Bartholomew for The LEGO Movie theme '' . March 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees '' . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lego Movie ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` INXS Just Beats Ball Park Music ARIA Album Chart '' . Noise 11 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive '' . UK Indie Breakers Chart . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lego Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) -- Mark Mothersbaugh . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' The Lego Movie ' And ' Everything Is Awesome ' Parody Creeping Everyday Fascism '' . International Business Times . February 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicki Gostin ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Devo lead singer dishes on creating catchy ' Lego ' song '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Lego Batman Movie ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros Dates Lego Spinoff ' Ninjago ' For Fall 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lego Movie 2 ' Pushed Nine Months to Winter 2019 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Lego ' Spinoff Movie in the Works From Jason Segel , ' Iron Man 3 ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' THE LEGO ® MOVIE TM 4D A NEW ADVENTURE ' at LEGOLAND Florida Resort '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lego Movie 's ' Unikitty Gets Animated Series at Cartoon Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lego Movie . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lego Movie Official website Official website at Lego.com The Lego Movie on IMDb The Lego Movie at Box Office Mojo The Lego Movie at Rotten Tomatoes The Lego Movie at Metacritic Related topic navboxes The Lego Movie Films Main films The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Spin - off films The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Video games The Lego Movie Videogame Lego Dimensions The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Miscellaneous Characters `` Everything Is Awesome '' The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure The Master Unikitty ! List of Lego films and TV series Category Warner Bros. 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2789690954105337229	You're So Vain	You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain Jump to : navigation , search `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Frank Flipetti Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen , The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form , '' Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Lear down to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Queens of the Stone Age , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM Charts ) Ireland ( IRE Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia Canada 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 UK 35 Preceded by `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by Billy Paul US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 6 , 1973 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Canadian RPM number - one single January 27 , 1973 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Last Song '' by Edward Bear Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Lucy & Carly -- The Simon Sisters Sing for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Carly & Lucy Simon Sing Songs For Children Book : Carly Simon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=806798734 '' Categories : 1972 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Pop ballads Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 06 : 19 . 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-40190641791875707	SCP – Containment Breach	SCP -- containment Breach - Wikipedia SCP -- containment Breach Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is missing information about the game 's release . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2015 ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2018 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SCP -- Containment Breach Developer ( s ) Joonas Rikkonen ( commonly known as Regalis ) Undertow Games Initial release 15 April 2012 ; 6 years ago ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) Stable release 1.3. 9 / 31 October 2017 ; 6 months ago ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) Repository github.com/Regalis11/scpcb Written in Blitz3D Engine Platform Microsoft Windows Type Single - player Survival horror License CC BY - SA Website www.scpcbgame.com SCP -- Containment Breach is a free and open source indie supernatural horror video game developed by Joonas Rikkonen ( `` Regalis '' ) . It is based on the paranormal fiction stories of the SCP Foundation website . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The player controls a `` Class - D '' test subject designated D - 9341 as he or she attempts to escape an underground research and containment facility operated by the SCP Foundation amidst a total containment breach of its hazardous anomalies , designated `` SCP '' s . The player is pursued by numerous hostile SCPs ; chief among these is SCP - 173 , a concrete statue capable of moving at high speeds when it is not directly observed . 173 , along with other SCPs , must be evaded by D - 9341 to avoid death , which is made more difficult by the player needing to periodically blink , enabling SCP - 173 to attack if it is nearby . Certain environments ( such as rooms filled with decontamination gas ) will cause the player to blink more often . One of the game 's primary features is randomly generated rooms . All of the rooms in the game are randomly chosen from a set of hallways , chambers and offices , which are strung together to create the facility . These rooms are divided into three sets : the light containment zone , heavy containment zone and entrance zone . Each set contains a unique set of rooms and hallways that can be randomly generated , as well as its own artifacts and SCPs . Some SCPs , such as SCP - 173 and SCP - 106 , may appear throughout the entire facility . The zones become gradually harder as the player progresses ; the heavy containment zone possesses more dangerous SCPs than the light containment zone , and the entrance zone marks the appearance of `` Nine - Tailed Fox '' , a squad of nine elite soldiers deployed by the Foundation to recapture SCPs such as 173 . NTF soldiers will shoot on sight and travel in teams , making them some of the most dangerous enemies encountered in the game . Along the way , the player can find a wide variety of items to assist them in survival . These include tools such as gas masks , various electronic devices , batteries , and keycards for operating locked doors . They may also encounter benign or non-animate SCPs ; an example being SCP - 914 , a large clockwork machine which is capable of refining items the player inserts into it into either worse or superior versions based on how its controls are set prior to activation . Plot ( edit ) The game revolves around the SCP Foundation , a secret organization dedicated to containing anomalous artifacts , entities and locations that threaten the normality of the world . At some point before the events of the game , several of the Foundation 's containment sites are attacked by the Chaos Insurgency , a rogue element of the Foundation , forcing the relocation of many SCPs ( the designation given to their contained anomalies ) to an unspecified site . A Foundation task force known as Nine - Tailed Fox is established shortly thereafter to defend this site from any possible breaches in containment . The player takes the role of D - 9341 , a Class - D test subject ( usually inmates on death row , who have been drafted to work for the Foundation ) who is forced along with two other test subjects to perform tests on an SCP known as SCP - 173 , a concrete statue that can move at high speeds when not in the direct line of sight of a person . SCP - 096 attacking after the player viewed its face . During this testing routine , the site 's power and door control systems begin to malfunction , allowing SCP - 173 to kill the other two test subjects and escape into the ventilation system . A site - wide broadcast then announces that several SCPs have breached containment , namely SCPs labeled Euclid and Keter , forcing the site to be put under lockdown . The player must then guide D - 9341 around the facility while trying to survive many of the escaped SCPs which roam the facility , including SCP - 106 ( an entity resembling a decaying old man that may travel through matter and which attempts to drag the player into a pocket dimension to kill the player ) , and SCP - 096 ( a humanoid creature that will unavoidably chase and kill the player if they view the creature 's face , but which is otherwise docile ) . The player must additionally evade Nine - Tailed Fox soldiers deployed to recapture the SCPs , as they have been ordered to target and kill any stray Class - D personnel . Later in the game , the player encounters SCP - 079 , a malicious artificial intelligence inhabiting a microcomputer , and learns that it caused the power outage when several Chaos Insurgency spies gave it control over the facility . From here SCP - 079 will propose that the player reactivates the door control system , allowing SCP - 079 to regain control over the doors , in exchange for helping the player escape the facility . If the player re-activates the door control system , SCP - 079 will open the doors to two different exits , Gate A and B. From here 4 different endings can be reached . The first and second endings can be reached by exiting the facility through Gate B. Upon reaching the surface , an alert is sent out stating that SCP - 682 ( a massive reptilian creature ) has broken out of the facility near Gate B and that nuclear warheads , kept in the base as a last - measure containment system , will be detonated in an attempt to destroy it . Shortly after , the warheads are detonated , vaporizing the entire area , including D - 9341 . At the end screen , a radio transmission will be heard as a radio operative requests the deployment of a task force to scout for remains at ground zero . However , the transmission is cut - off mid sentence as a large roar is heard , indicating that the nuclear blast was unsuccessful in destroying SCP - 682 . The second ending occurs if the player had disabled the nuclear warheads while they were inside the facility . Another alert is sent out advising all personnel to return to Gate B , with a group of soldiers converging on the player 's position . The player is thereby killed shortly after . The final two endings are accessed through the alternate exit entitled Gate A . The ending that plays out is dependent on whether or not the player re-contained SCP - 106 while inside the facility . Should the player have not perform said task , SCP - 106 will break out at Gate A , shortly before the use of a weapon called a H.I.D. ( High Intensity Discharge ) Turret is authorized to prevent its escape . The turret fires a concentrated beam of light , forcing SCP - 106 to retreat due to its sensitivity towards light . While this is occurring , the player passes by the commotion to attempt to escape through a service tunnel , only to be halted by a group of Chaos Insurgency soldiers . The soldiers note that D - 9341 holds too much valuable information to be retaken into the Foundation 's custody , before warping them away . This leaves their fate unknown . Finally , if the player has contained SCP - 106 , then several task force units will capture D - 9341 instead . The end screen plays a recording of a report on D - 9341 , mentioning his / her extraordinary luck and ability to overcome any hazardous threats that the containment breach produced ; the classification of D - 9341 as an SCP subject is also considered . Production ( edit ) The game was created by Finnish developer Joonas Rikkonen . Prior to creating SCP -- Containment Breach , Rikkonen had played the game SCP - 087 ( about a seemingly endless stairwell and a mysterious entity that lurks within ) and was impressed at how terrifying the game was given its relatively simple premise . Rikkonen decided to work on his own version , which he released as SCP - 087 - B ; this minigame eventually became so popular that he decided to work on a larger game that included more SCPs . Rikkonen started to design his game in Blitz3D because , in his own words , `` I was too lazy to start learning some other language or engine . '' As the game was being designed , Rikkonen decided that the main enemy would be SCP - 173 because it was a personal favorite and he also felt that implementing a blink function into the program would make gameplay more interesting . The game is highly atmospheric , as Rikkonen felt that the best way to create a truly scary game would be to focus on the environment and soundscape , rather than exclusively the monsters . In an interview with Edge magazine , he said : I think one of the things that makes Containment Breach so scary is that the player is almost never safe , and even the slightest slip can end the game . You have to constantly stay alert for SCP - 173 , listening for any scraping sounds and carefully looking around when entering a new room . The randomly generated map and randomly placed events are an important part in making CB scary too . No matter how many times you play it , you can never be 100 percent sure what happens next . I 've also spent a lot of time looking for and making the sounds and music clips for the game . Atmosphere is one of the key elements of a good horror game , and a well made soundscape adds a lot to the atmosphere . And while Rikkonen found them to be `` a somewhat cheap way of scaring people '' , he implemented a number of jump scares to `` keep the players on their toes . '' He explained , `` When you 're making a game about a creature that charges at you with supernatural speed when you 're not looking at it , you pretty much have to have some jump scares . '' When Rikkonen first started working on the game , he was graduating from upper secondary school . While he enjoyed making games , he had always considered it a mere hobby and a `` pipe dream '' . However , after the success of the game Rikkonen decided to pursue game programming at the University of Turku . Reception ( edit ) The game has received generally positive reviews . Gaming website Rock , Paper , Shotgun said `` It 's Warehouse 13 without the quips and the quirks but with a lot more panic , screaming and hiding from creatures made of teeth and wire '' adding that `` it has a fairly weak model and texture at the moment but hopefully it 'll turn into a massive collaboration '' . Edge magazine gave the game a positive review , calling it an `` indie title made in the low - end Blitz3D engine that casts a cheap - looking creature '' , but adding it `` somehow manages to be scarier than most recent big - budget horror games combined . '' Jay Is Games wrote that while the game was `` not perfect and still a little buggy '' , it nevertheless `` has some serious moments of inarticulate , squealing terror . '' Nicholas Greene of GeekInsider wrote positively of the gameplay , specifically applauding the use of the blink timer . Greene also noted that its `` somewhat dated appearance does absolutely nothing to make it less frightening '' . The game was featured on PC Gamer 's top 50 best free PC games at the number 22 spot , saying that `` Containment Breach 's power is doubled by drawing on the SCP mythos : a set of invented ( or are they ? ) ( sic ) internet stories about horrors and monsters locked up by a shadowy organization '' . With the release of version 0.8 in late 2013 , Ian Birnbaum of PC Gamer once again reiterated the site 's praise for the game , calling it `` excellently scary '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rikkonen , Joonas . `` Releases '' . GitHub . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rikkonen , Joonas . `` Info '' . scpcbgame.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : TheBoringAssGamer ( July 2013 ) . `` Cute Little Things -- SCP : Containment Breach Review '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Smith ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Eyes Have It : SCP -- Containment Breach '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SCP -- Containment Breach '' . Jay Is Games . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SCP - 914 '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Administrator ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` About The SCP Foundation '' . SCP Foundation . Retrieved Nov 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Administrator ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Security Clearance Levels '' . SCP Foundation . Retrieved Nov 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SCP - 173 '' . SCP Foundation . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SCP Containment Breach : A New Kind of Horror '' . Edge Online . Aug 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SCP - 079 '' . SCP Foundation . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SCP - 682 '' . SCP Foundation . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( 2016 ) . Indie Games : The Complete Introduction to Indie Gaming . Michael O'Mara Books . ISBN 9781910552353 . Jump up ^ Greene , Nicholas ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Weekly Horror Game Review : SCP Containment Breach '' . GeekInsider . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich ( Sep 21 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 Best Free PC Games '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved Nov 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Ian ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Free Indie Horror SCP : Containment Breach Gets a New Update Full of Low - Fi Scares '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website SCP Foundation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCP_ -- _Containment_Breach&oldid = 840162614 '' Categories : 2012 video games Fictional government investigations of the paranormal Freeware games Indie video games Psychological horror games Single - player video games Video games developed in Finland Video games using procedural generation Windows games Windows - only games Open - source video games Creative Commons - licensed video games Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2015 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Basa Jawa Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 03 : 50 . About Wikipedia	who do you play as in scp containment breach	[]	[]
4040755109429305177	Blood type	Blood type - wikipedia Blood type For other uses , see Blood type ( disambiguation ) . `` Type O '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with type 0 . Blood type ( or blood group ) is determined , in part , by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells . A blood type ( also called a blood group ) is a classification of blood , based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells ( RBCs ) . These antigens may be proteins , carbohydrates , glycoproteins , or glycolipids , depending on the blood group system . Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues . Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele ( or an alternative version of a gene ) and collectively form a blood group system . Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents . A total of 36 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion ( ISBT ) . The two most important ones are ABO and the Rh blood group systems ; they determine someone 's blood type ( A , B , AB and O , with + , − or null denoting RhD status ) for suitability in blood transfusion . Contents 1 Blood group systems 1.1 ABO blood group system 1.2 Rh blood group system 1.3 ABO and Rh distribution by country 1.4 Other blood group systems 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Blood transfusion 2.2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) 2.3 Blood products 2.4 Red blood cell compatibility 2.5 Plasma compatibility 2.6 Universal donors and universal recipients 3 Antibody - free blood typing 4 Blood group genotyping 5 History 6 Society and culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Blood group systems ( edit ) A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of red blood cells , and an individual 's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood - group antigens . Across the 36 blood group systems , over 340 different blood - group antigens have been found . Almost always , an individual has the same blood group for life , but very rarely an individual 's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection , malignancy , or autoimmune disease . Another more common cause in blood type change is a bone marrow transplant . Bone - marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas , among other diseases . If a person receives bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type ( e.g. , a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow ) , the patient 's blood type will eventually convert to the donor 's type . Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases ; for example , the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome . Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections , an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen . The Duffy antigen , presumably as a result of natural selection , is less common in racial groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria . ABO blood group system ( edit ) ABO blood group system : diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Main article : ABO blood group system The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found in human blood . The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B . The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B . The antigens are present on the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum . Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human beings can be classified into 4 groups , those with antigen A ( group A ) , those with antigen B ( group B ) , those with both antigen A and B ( group AB ) and those with neither antigen ( group O ) . The antibodies present together with the antigens are found as follows : Antigen A with antibody B Antigen B with antibody A Antigen AB has no antibodies Antigen nil ( group O ) with antibody A and B . There is an agglutination reaction between similar antigen and antibody ( for example , antigen A agglutinates the antibody A and antigen B agglutinates the antibody B) . Thus , transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor . The ABO system is the most important blood - group system in human - blood transfusion . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually immunoglobulin M , abbreviated IgM , antibodies . ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food , bacteria , and viruses . The original terminology used by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 for the classification was A / B / C ; in later publications `` C '' became `` O '' . `` O '' is often called 0 ( zero , or null ) in other languages . Phenotype Genotype AA or AI BB or BI AB AB O II Rh blood group system ( edit ) Main article : Rh blood group system The Rh system ( Rh meaning Rhesus ) is the second most significant blood - group system in human - blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens . The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen , because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens . It is common for D - negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies , because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances . However , D - negative individuals can produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event : possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs . Rh disease can develop in these cases . Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations ( 0.3 % ) than they are in European populations ( 15 % ) . The presence or absence of the Rh ( D ) antigen is signified by the + or − sign , so that , for example , the A − group is ABO type A and does not have the Rh ( D ) antigen . ABO and Rh Distribution by country ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country As with many other genetic traits , the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups varies significantly between populations . Other blood group systems ( edit ) Main article : Human blood group systems Thirty - three blood - group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the common ABO and Rh systems . Thus , in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens , many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane . For example , an individual can be AB , D positive , and at the same time M and N positive ( MNS system ) , K positive ( Kell system ) , Le or Le negative ( Lewis system ) , and so on , being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen . Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered . Clinical significance ( edit ) Blood transfusion ( edit ) Main article : Blood transfusion Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups , along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products . Across the world , blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor ( licensed physician or surgeon ) in a similar way as medicines . Main symptoms of acute hemolytic reaction due to blood type mismatch . Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible . If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient , a severe acute hemolytic reaction with hemolysis ( RBC destruction ) , renal failure and shock is likely to occur , and death is a possibility . Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood . Patients should ideally receive their own blood or type - specific blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction . Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood , but this may be skipped when blood is required for an emergency . Cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient 's serum with a sample of the donor 's red blood cells and checking if the mixture agglutinates , or forms clumps . If agglutination is not obvious by direct vision , blood bank technicians usually check for agglutination with a microscope . If agglutination occurs , that particular donor 's blood can not be transfused to that particular recipient . In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified , so labelling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128 . The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel , in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion . Frontline German Waffen - SS had blood group tattoos during World War II . Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals . For example , Duffy - negative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin , and the rarity of this blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy - negative blood for these patients . Similarly for RhD negative people , there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare , particularly East Asia , where blood services may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood . Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn Pregnant women may carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own . In those cases , the mother can make IgG blood group antibodies . This can happen if some of the fetus ' blood cells pass into the mother 's blood circulation ( e.g. a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of childbirth or obstetric intervention ) , or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion . This can cause Rh disease or other forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) in the current pregnancy and / or subsequent pregnancies . Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus ; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis . If a pregnant woman is known to have anti-D antibodies , the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease . One of the major advances of twentieth century medicine was to prevent this disease by stopping the formation of Anti-D antibodies by D negative mothers with an injectable medication called Rho ( D ) immune globulin . Antibodies associated with some blood groups can cause severe HDN , others can only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN . Blood products ( edit ) To provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf - life , blood banks fractionate some whole blood into several products . The most common of these products are packed RBCs , plasma , platelets , cryoprecipitate , and fresh frozen plasma ( FFP ) . FFP is quick - frozen to retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII , which are usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease , overdose of anticoagulant , or disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) . Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood units . Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia , as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided . Red blood cell compatibility ( edit ) Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs , and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen . Therefore , an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group ( with AB being preferable ) , but can not donate blood to any group other than AB . They are known as universal recipients . Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs , and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen . Therefore , a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O ( with A being preferable ) , and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB . Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs , and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen . Therefore , a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O ( with B being preferable ) , and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB . Blood group O ( or blood group zero in some countries ) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs , and their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies . Therefore , a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual , but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group ( i.e. , A , B , O or AB ) . If a patient in a hospital situation needs a blood transfusion in an emergency , and if the time taken to process the recipient 's blood would cause a detrimental delay , O negative blood can be issued . Because it is compatible with anyone , O negative blood is often overused and consequently is always in short supply . According to the American Association of Blood Banks and the British Chief Medical Officer 's National Blood Transfusion Committee , the use of group O RhD negative red cells should be restricted to persons with O negative blood , women who might be pregnant , and emergency cases in which blood - group testing is genuinely impracticable . Red blood cell compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group ; type O blood donors can give to A , B and AB ; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB . Red blood cell compatibility table Recipient Donor O − O+ A − A+ B − B+ AB − AB+ O − Y O+ Y Y A − Y Y A+ Y Y Y Y B − Y Y B+ Y Y Y Y AB − Y Y Y Y AB+ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Table note 1 . Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood , as is usual for blood selected by cross matching . An Rh D - negative patient who does not have any anti-D antibodies ( never being previously sensitized to D - positive RBCs ) can receive a transfusion of D - positive blood once , but this would cause sensitization to the D antigen , and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn . If a D - negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies , a subsequent exposure to D - positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction . Rh D - positive blood should never be given to D - negative women of child - bearing age or to patients with D antibodies , so blood banks must conserve Rh - negative blood for these patients . In extreme circumstances , such as for a major bleed when stocks of D - negative blood units are very low at the blood bank , D - positive blood might be given to D - negative females above child - bearing age or to Rh - negative males , providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies , to conserve D - negative blood stock in the blood bank . The converse is not true ; Rh D - positive patients do not react to D negative blood . This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C , c , E and e and for other blood group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females of child - bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions . Plasma compatibility ( edit ) Plasma compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group ; plasma from type AB can be given to A , B and O ; plasma from types A , B and AB can be given to O . Blood plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility . Type AB plasma carries neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies and can be transfused to individuals of any blood group ; but type AB patients can only receive type AB plasma . Type O carries both antibodies , so individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any blood group , but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients . Plasma compatibility table Recipient Donor O AB O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y AB Y Table note 1 . Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma Rh D antibodies are uncommon , so generally neither D negative nor D positive blood contain anti-D antibodies . If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank , they would not be accepted as a donor ( or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled ) ; therefore , donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies , and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative , as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible . Universal donors and universal recipients ( edit ) A hospital corpsman with the Blood Donor Team from Naval Medical Center Portsmouth takes samples of blood from a donor for testing In transfusions of packed red blood cells , individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors . Those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients . However , these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient 's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells , and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens . One exception is individuals with hh antigen system ( also known as the Bombay phenotype ) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors , because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells . Blood donors with exceptionally strong anti-A , anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody may be excluded from blood donation . In general , while the plasma fraction of a blood transfusion may carry donor antibodies not found in the recipient , a significant reaction is unlikely because of dilution . Additionally , red blood cell surface antigens other than A , B and Rh D , might cause adverse reactions and sensitization , if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response . Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells ( WBCs ) have their own systems of surface antigens , and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion . For transfusions of plasma , this situation is reversed . Type O plasma , containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies , can only be given to O recipients . The antibodies will attack the antigens on any other blood type . Conversely , AB plasma can be given to patients of any ABO blood group , because it does not contain any anti-A or anti-B antibodies . Antibody - free blood typing ( edit ) Typically , blood type tests are performed through addition of a blood sample to a solution containing antibodies corresponding to each antigen . The presence of an antigen on the surface of the blood cells is indicated by agglutination . An alternative system for blood type determination involving no antibodies was developed in 2017 at Imperial College London which makes use of paramagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles with affinity for specific blood antigens . In these tests , rather than agglutination , a positive result is indicated by decolorization as red blood cells which bind to the nanoparticles are pulled toward a magnet and removed from solution . Blood group genotyping ( edit ) In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types , the progress in molecular diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping . In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype , genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens . This allows a more detailed determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion , which can be crucial in particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo - immunization . History ( edit ) Karl Landsteiner Blood types were first discovered by an Austrian Physician Karl Landsteiner working at the Pathological - Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna ( now Medical University of Vienna ) . In 1900 , he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together ( agglutinate ) when mixed in test tubes , and not only that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood . He wrote a two - sentence footnote : The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells , but also often those of human origin , from other individuals . It remains to be seen whether this appearance is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial kind . This was the first evidence that blood variation exists in humans . The next year , in 1901 , he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals . Based on this he classified human bloods into three groups , namely group A , group B , and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B , but never with its own type . Similarly , group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B . This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . ( C was later renamed to O after the German Ohne , meaning without , or zero , or null . ) The group AB was discovered a year later by Landsteiner 's students Adriano Sturli , and Alfred von Decastello . In 1927 , Landsteiner , with Philip Levine , discovered the MN blood group system , and the P system . Development of the Coombs test in 1945 , the advent of transfusion medicine , and the understanding of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups . As of 2018 , the International Society of Blood Transfusion ( ISBT ) recognizes 346 blood group antigens which are assigned to 36 blood groups . Society and culture ( edit ) Main article : Blood type personality theory A popular belief in Japan is that a person 's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality , character , and compatibility with others . This belief is also widespread in South Korea and Taiwan . The theory reached Japan in a 1927 psychologist 's report , and the government of the time commissioned a study aimed at breeding better soldiers . Interest in the theory faded in the 1930s . Ultimately , the discovery of DNA in the following decades indicated that DNA instead had an important role in both heredity generally and personality specifically . Interest in the theory was revived in the 1970s by Masahiko Nomi , a broadcaster with a background in law rather than science . The theory is widely accepted in Japanese and South Korean popular culture . See also ( edit ) Blood type ( non-human ) hh blood group Human leukocyte antigen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Storry , J.R. ; Castilho , L. ; Chen , Q. ; Daniels , G. ; Denomme , G. ; Flegel , W.A. ; Gassner , C. ; de Haas , M. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` International society of blood transfusion working party on red cell immunogenetics and terminology : report of the Seoul and London meetings '' . ISBT Science Series . 11 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 122 . doi : 10.1111 / voxs. 12280 . Jump up ^ `` Table of blood group systems '' . International Society of Blood Transfusion . October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dean 2005 , The ABO blood group `` ... A number of illnesses may alter a person 's ABO phenotype ... '' Jump up ^ Stayboldt C , Rearden A , Lane TA ( 1987 ) . `` B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient 's serum '' . Transfusion. 27 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 4 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1537 - 2995.1987. 27187121471. x . PMID 3810822 . Jump up ^ Matsushita S , Imamura T , Mizuta T , Hanada M ( November 1983 ) . `` Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer '' . The Japanese Journal of Surgery . 13 ( 6 ) : 540 -- 2 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02469500 . PMID 6672386 . Jump up ^ Kremer Hovinga I , Koopmans M , de Heer E , Bruijn J , Bajema I ( 2007 ) . `` Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus '' . Lancet . 369 ( 9557 ) : 186 -- 7 , author reply 187 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 60099 - 3 . PMID 17240276 . Jump up ^ Chown B. ; Lewis M. ; Kaita K. ( October 1957 ) . `` A new Kell blood - group phenotype '' . Nature . 180 ( 4588 ) : 711 . doi : 10.1038 / 180711a0 . PMID 13477267 . Jump up ^ Miller LH , Mason SJ , Clyde DF , McGinniss MH ( August 1976 ) . `` The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks . The Duffy - blood - group genotype , FyFy '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 295 ( 6 ) : 302 -- 4 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197608052950602 . PMID 778616 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski DP ( August 2005 ) . `` How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 77 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 92 . doi : 10.1086 / 432519 . PMC 1224522 . PMID 16001361 . The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia , G6PD deficiency , ovalocytosis , and the Duffy - negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , P ; Okroi , M ( 2001 ) , `` Also sprach Landsteiner -- Blood Group ' O ' or Blood Group ' NULL ' '' , Infus Ther Transfus Med , 28 ( 4 ) : 206 -- 8 , doi : 10.1159 / 000050239 Jump up ^ `` Your blood -- a textbook about blood and blood donation '' ( PDF ) . p. 63 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Talaro , Kathleen P. ( 2005 ) . Foundations in microbiology ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 510 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 111203 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moise KJ ( July 2008 ) . `` Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy '' . Obstetrics and Gynecology. 112 ( 1 ) : 164 -- 76 . doi : 10.1097 / AOG. 0b013e31817d453c . PMID 18591322 . Jump up ^ `` Rh 血型的由來 '' . Hospital.kingnet.com.tw . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Joshua E. Brown ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` Blood Mystery Solved '' . University Of Vermont . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Possible Risks of Blood Product Transfusions from American Cancer Society . Last Medical Review : 03 / 08 / 2008 . Last Revised : 01 / 13 / 2009 Jump up ^ 7 adverse reactions to transfusion Pathology Department at University of Michigan . Version July 2004 , Revised 11 / 5 / 08 Jump up ^ Nickel RG ; Willadsen SA ; Freidhoff LR ; et al. ( August 1999 ) . `` Determination of Duffy genotypes in three populations of African descent using PCR and sequence - specific oligonucleotides '' . Human Immunology. 60 ( 8 ) : 738 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S0198 - 8859 ( 99 ) 00039 - 7 . PMID 10439320 . Jump up ^ Bruce , MG ( May 2002 ) . `` BCF -- Members -- Chairman 's Annual Report '' . The Blood Care Foundation . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . As Rhesus Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals , this Agreement will be of particular value to Rhesus Negative expatriates and travellers ^ Jump up to : E.A. Letsky ; I. Leck ; J.M. Bowman ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases '' . Antenatal & neonatal screening ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 262826 - 8 . Jump up ^ Daniels G , Finning K , Martin P , Summers J ( September 2006 ) . `` Fetal blood group genotyping : present and future '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1075 : 88 -- 95 . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1368.011 . PMID 17108196 . Jump up ^ `` Use of Anti-D Immunoglobulin for Rh Prophylaxis '' . Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . May 2002 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pregnancy -- routine anti-D prophylaxis for D - negative women '' . NICE . May 2002 . ^ Jump up to : American Association of Blood Banks ( 24 April 2014 ) , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Association of Blood Banks , retrieved 25 July 2014 , which cites The Chief Medical Officer 's National Blood Transfusion Committee ( c. 2008 ) . `` The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells '' ( PDF ) . National Health Service . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBC compatibility table '' . American National Red Cross . December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Blood types and compatibility bloodbook.com Jump up ^ `` Blood Component ABO Compatibility Chart Red Blood Cells and Plasma '' . Blood Bank Labsite . University of Michigan . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fauci , Anthony S. ; Eugene Braunwald ; Kurt J. Isselbacher ; Jean D. Wilson ; Joseph B. Martin ; Dennis L. Kasper ; Stephen L. Hauser ; Dan L. Longo ( 1998 ) . Harrison 's Principals of Internal Medicine . McGraw - Hill . p. 719 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 020291 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Universal acceptor and donor groups '' . Webmd.com. 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piletsky SS , Rabinowicz S , Yang Z , Piletska EV , Guerreiro A , Piletsky SA ( 2017 ) . `` Development of molecularly imprinted polymers specific for blood antigens for application in antibody - free blood typing '' . Chemical Communications ( 11 ) : 1793 -- 96 . doi : 10.1039 / C6CC08716G . Jump up ^ Anstee DJ ( 2009 ) . `` Red cell genotyping and the future of pretransfusion testing '' . Blood . 114 ( 2 ) : 248 -- 56 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 11 - 146860 . PMID 19411635 . Jump up ^ Avent ND ( 2009 ) . `` Large - scale blood group genotyping : clinical implications '' . Br J Haematol. 144 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 13 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07285. x . PMID 19016734 . Jump up ^ Landsteiner K ( 1900 ) . `` Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen , lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe '' . Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie , Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten. 27 : 357 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Kantha , S.S. ( 1995 ) . `` The blood revolution initiated by the famous footnote of Karl Landsteiner 's 1900 paper '' ( PDF ) . The Ceylon Medical Journal . 40 ( 3 ) : 123 -- 125 . PMID 8536328 . Jump up ^ Landsteiner , Karl ( 1961 ) ( 1901 ) . `` On Agglutination of Normal Human Blood '' . Transfusion. 1 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1537 - 2995.1961. tb00005. x . PMID 13758692 Originally published in German in Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift , 46 , 1132 -- 1134 Jump up ^ Farhud , D.D. ; Zarif Yeganeh , M. ( 2013 ) . `` A brief history of human blood groups '' . Iranian Journal of Public Health . 42 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . PMC 3595629 . PMID 23514954 . Jump up ^ Von Decastello , A. ; Sturli , A. ( 1902 ) . `` Concerning isoagglutinins in serum of healthy and sick humans '' . Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 26 : 1090 -- 1095 . Jump up ^ Farr AD ( April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Medical History . 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . Jump up ^ Landsteiner , K. ; Levine , P. ( 1927 ) . `` A New Agglutinable Factor Differentiating Individual Human Bloods '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 24 ( 6 ) : 600 -- 602 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 24 - 3483 . Jump up ^ Landsteiner , K. ; Levine , P. ( 1927 ) . `` Further Observations on Individual Differences of Human Blood '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 24 ( 9 ) : 941 -- 942 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 24 - 3649 . Jump up ^ Coombs RR , Mourant AE , Race RR ( 1945 ) . `` A new test for the detection of weak and incomplete Rh agglutinins '' . Br J Exp Pathol. 26 : 255 -- 66 . PMC 2065689 . PMID 21006651 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite scientific debunking , in Japan you are what your blood type is '' . MediResource Inc . Associated Press . 2009 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel . `` You are what you bleed : In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 Feb 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Dean , Laura ( 2005 ) . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens , a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy . Bethesda MD : National Center for Biotechnology Information . ISBN 1 - 932811 - 05 - 2 . NBK2261 . Mollison PL , Engelfriet CP , Contreras M ( 1997 ) . Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine ( 10th ed . ) . Oxford UK : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 86542 - 881 - 6 . External links ( edit ) BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH has details of genes and proteins , and variations thereof , that are responsible for blood types Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) ABO Glycosyltransferase ; ABO - 110300 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) Rhesus Blood Group , D Antigen ; RHD - 111680 `` Blood group test '' . Gentest.ch GmbH . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . `` Blood Facts -- Rare Traits '' . LifeShare Blood Centers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . `` Modern Human Variation : Distribution of Blood Types '' . Dr. Dennis O'Neil , Behavioral Sciences Department , Palomar College , San Marcos , California . 2001 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2001 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved November 23 , 2006 . `` Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types -- BloodBook.com , Blood Information for Life '' . bloodbook.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . `` Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes GND : 4007277 - 0 NDL : 00565674 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_type&oldid=866345168 '' Categories : Blood Genetics Hematology Transfusion medicine Antigens Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 19 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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-1955255632545396447	It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)	It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( and I Feel Fine ) - wikipedia It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( and I Feel Fine ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It '' redirects here . For the Steve Aoki extended play , see It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( EP ) . `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' Cover of the USA 7 '' release Single by R.E.M. from the album Document B - side `` Last Date '' Released November 16 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 16 ) Format 7 '' 12 `` ) cassette CD Recorded Studio Sound Emporium , Nashville , Tennessee Genre Alternative rock post-punk Length 4 : 07 ( album version ) 3 : 29 ( single version ) Label I.R.S. Songwriter ( s ) Bill Berry Peter Buck Mike Mills Michael Stipe Producer ( s ) Scott Litt R.E.M. R.E.M. singles chronology `` The One I Love '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Finest Worksong '' ( 1988 ) `` The One I Love '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Finest Worksong '' ( 1988 ) `` Radio Song '' ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` Drive '' ( 1992 ) String Module Error : Match not found1992 `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' is a song by American rock band R.E.M. , which appeared on their 1987 album Document , the 1988 compilation Eponymous , and the 2006 compilation And I Feel Fine ... The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982 -- 1987 . It was released as a single in November 1987 , reaching No. 69 in the US Billboard Hot 100 and later reaching No. 39 on the UK Singles Chart on its re-release in December 1991 . The song originated from a previously unreleased song called `` PSA '' ( `` Public Service Announcement '' ) ; the two are very similar in melody and tempo . `` PSA '' was itself later reworked and released as a single in 2003 , under the title `` Bad Day '' . In an interview with Guitar World magazine published in November 1996 , R.E.M. guitarist Peter Buck agreed that `` End of the World '' was in the tradition of Bob Dylan 's `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track listing 4.1 Initial release 4.2 Re-issue 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Cover versions 8 See also 9 References Lyrics ( edit ) The track is known for its quick flying , seemingly stream of consciousness rant with a number of diverse references , including a quartet of individuals with the initials `` L.B. '' ( Leonard Bernstein , Leonid Brezhnev , Lenny Bruce and Lester Bangs ) . In a 1990s interview with Musician magazine , R.E.M. 's lead singer Michael Stipe claimed that the `` L.B. '' references came from a dream he had in which he found himself at a party surrounded by famous people who all shared these initials . The song was included on the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum of songs thought to be `` lyrically questionable '' after the September 11 terrorist attacks . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was played repeatedly for a 24 - hour period ( with brief promos interspersed ) to introduce the new format for WENZ 107.9 FM `` The End '' , a radio station in Cleveland , Ohio in 1992 . When the station underwent a new format change in 1996 , they again played the song in 24 - hour loop . There was a documentary film made about the station entitled The End of the World As We Knew It , released in 2009 which featured many of the former staffers and jocks . The song was featured in several satirical videos on YouTube , in connection with the prediction of radio pastor Harold Camping of Family Radio , that the world would end on May 21 , 2011 . Also , before the supposed Mayan apocalypse on December 21 , 2012 , sales for the song jumped from 3,000 to 19,000 copies for the week . Alternative radio station CFEX - FM in Calgary , Canada stunted by playing the song all day on December 21 , 2012 , interspersed with `` Get to Know a Mayan '' and `` Apocalypse Survival Tips '' segments . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by James Herbert , who worked with the band on several other videos in the late 1980s . It depicts a young skateboarder , Noah Ray , in a cluttered room of an abandoned , half - collapsed farmhouse . As he rummages through the junk , which includes several band pictures and flyers , he shows off various toys and items to the camera and plays with a dog that wanders into the house . As the video ends , he removes his shirt and starts performing skateboard tricks while still inside the room . Track listing ( edit ) Initial release ( edit ) `` 7 : IRS IRM 145 ( UK ) : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` This One Goes Out '' ( live acoustic version of `` The One I Love '' ) -- 4 : 19 `` 7 : IRS IRS - 53220 ( US ) ; cassette : IRS IRSC - 53220 : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` Last Date '' ( Floyd Cramer cover ) -- 2 : 13 `` 12 : IRS IRMT 145 : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` This One Goes Out '' ( live acoustic version of `` The One I Love '' ) -- 4 : 19 `` Maps and Legends '' ( live acoustic ) `` 12 Promo : IRS 7363 ( US ) : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` Disturbance at the Heron House ( Live from cassette 5.24. 87 McCabes Guitar Shop ) '' -- 3 : 41 Re-issue ( edit ) CD : IRS DIRMT 180 : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` Radio Free Europe '' -- 4 : 03 `` The One I Love '' ( Live Acoustic ) -- 4 : 19 CD : IRS DIRMX 180 : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` Radio Free Europe '' ( Hib - Tone version ) -- 3 : 46 `` White Tornado '' -- 1 : 59 `` Last Date '' -- 2 : 13 `` 7 : IRS IRM 180 ; cassette : IRS DIRMC 180 : `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` Radio Free Europe '' -- 4 : 03 Personnel ( edit ) R.E.M. Bill Berry -- drums , backing vocals Peter Buck -- guitar Mike Mills -- bass guitar , backing vocals Michael Stipe -- lead vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 / 1991 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 22 UK Singles Chart 39 US Billboard Hot 100 69 US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 16 -- The single originally reached No. 87 in the UK . It reached No. 39 in 1991 upon re-release . -- Only charted in 1991 after the song 's re-release . Cover versions ( edit ) The cast of SMTV Live sang a variation of the song in the final episode on December 27 , 2003 . Vic Chesnutt , who was `` discovered '' by R.E.M. 's Michael Stipe , recorded a very loose cover of the song for the 1992 R.E.M. tribute album Surprise Your Pig . Newfoundland folk - rockers Great Big Sea covered the song on their 1997 album Play under the title `` End of the World '' . Their version is a minute and a half shorter than R.E.M. 's , yet still contains all the verses ( the faster time is achieved primarily by their increasing the tempo ) . It peaked at # 24 on the Canadian Singles Chart on the week of April 6 , 1998 . DC Talk covered the song on their 1997 live album , Welcome to the Freak Show . The Suicide Machines covered the song for their 2001 release Steal This Record . American actress America Ferrera covered the song during episode `` Blackout ! '' of ABC television series Ugly Betty . On May 21 , 2011 , in preparation for the apparent 2011 end times prediction , the song was covered by Matt Nathanson , Sugarland , and Little Big Town in Holmdel , New Jersey , and Bon Jovi did a separate cover in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Orange County ska punk band Starpool released a cover of the song as a digital download on December 21 , 2012 . In 2011 , Chris Carrabba of Dashboard Confessional covered this song on his album Covered In The Flood . Peter Buffett covered the song and released it on December 21 , 2012 . Italian rocker and songwriter Ligabue covered the song and released it on his 4th album `` A che ora è la fine del mondo ? '' ( 1994 ) See also ( edit ) `` The End of Serialization as We Know It '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Los Angeles Times : 20 Essential R.E.M. Songs Retrieved 5 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. HQ : Albums '' . Remhq.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YuppiePunk '' Podcast # 8 : List Songs `` . Yuppiepunk.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael ( 2005 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Turn up the volume and cast your vote : Songs to inspire you for Election Day 2004 '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wendt , Michael ( 2008 - 06 - 14 ) , The End of the World as We Knew It , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 Jump up ^ Olszewski , Mike ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . Radio Daze : Stories from the Front in Cleveland 's FM Air Wars . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 773 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Doomsday facts '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Apocalypse Spurs Sales ( Up 612 % ) , Airplay Gains For R.E.M. 's ' End Of The World ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Radio Station X92. 9 Plays ' It 's The End Of The World ' By R.E.M. All Day To Mark Mayan Calendar '' . Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jim . `` Video takes local kid 's life for a turn '' . Online Athens : REM in the hall . Athens Banner - Herald . Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ableson , Jon . `` Chris Carrabba To Release `` Covered In The Flood '' Solo Album `` . Alter The Press ! . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BuffettNews.com View topic -- Buffett Covers R.E.M '' . Buffettnews.com . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . R.E.M. Bill Berry Peter Buck Mike Mills Michael Stipe Personnel Nathan December Buren Fowler Peter Holsapple Barrett Martin Scott McCaughey Bill Rieflin Ken Stringfellow Joey Waronker Managers Bertis Downs IV Jefferson Holt Studio albums Murmur Reckoning Fables of the Reconstruction Lifes Rich Pageant Document Green Out of Time Automatic for the People Monster New Adventures in Hi - Fi Up Reveal Around the Sun Accelerate Collapse into Now Compilations Dead Letter Office Eponymous The Best of R.E.M. The Automatic Box Singles Collected In the Attic In Time iTunes Originals And I Feel Fine Part Lies , Part Heart , Part Truth , Part Garbage 1982 -- 2011 Complete Rarities : I.R.S. 1982 -- 1987 Complete Rarities : Warner Bros. 1988 -- 2011 7IN -- 83 -- 88 EPs Chronic Town Not Bad for No Tour Vancouver Rehearsal Tapes Live from London Reckoning Songs from The Olympia Other albums Man on the Moon r.e.m. IX R.E.M. Live Live at The Olympia Unplugged : The Complete 1991 and 2001 Sessions Singles `` Radio Free Europe '' `` Talk About the Passion '' `` So . Central Rain ( I 'm Sorry ) '' `` ( Do n't Go Back To ) Rockville '' `` Cant Get There from Here '' `` Driver 8 '' `` Wendell Gee '' `` Fall on Me '' `` Superman '' `` The One I Love '' `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' `` Finest Worksong '' `` Orange Crush '' `` Stand '' `` Pop Song 89 '' `` Get Up '' `` Losing My Religion '' `` Shiny Happy People '' `` Near Wild Heaven '' `` Radio Song '' `` Drive '' `` Man on the Moon '' `` The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Nightswimming '' `` Find the River '' `` What 's the Frequency , Kenneth ? '' `` Bang and Blame '' `` Strange Currencies '' `` Crush with Eyeliner '' `` Tongue '' `` E-Bow the Letter '' `` Bittersweet Me '' `` Electrolite '' `` How the West Was Won and Where It Got Us '' `` Daysleeper '' `` Lotus '' `` At My Most Beautiful '' `` Suspicion '' `` The Great Beyond '' `` Imitation of Life '' `` All the Way to Reno ( You 're Gonna Be a Star ) '' `` I 'll Take the Rain '' `` Bad Day '' `` Animal '' `` Leaving New York '' `` Aftermath '' `` Electron Blue '' `` Wanderlust '' `` # 9 Dream '' `` Supernatural Superserious '' `` Hollow Man '' `` Man - Sized Wreath '' `` Until the Day Is Done '' `` Mine Smell Like Honey '' `` Überlin '' `` Oh My Heart '' `` We All Go Back to Where We Belong '' Other songs `` Sitting Still '' `` Gardening at Night '' `` Perfect Circle '' `` Pretty Persuasion '' `` Begin the Begin '' `` Cuyahoga '' `` Ages of You '' `` Turn You Inside - Out '' `` Texarkana '' `` Country Feedback '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` Ignoreland '' `` Dark Globe '' `` Star 69 '' `` New Test Leper '' `` All the Right Friends '' `` Out in the Country '' Videos Succumbs Tourfilm Pop Screen This Film Is On Parallel Road Movie In View Perfect Square When the Light Is Mine R.E.M. Live This Is Not a Show R.E.M. Live from Austin , TX REMTV Related articles Discography List of songs Tours Peter Buck Hindu Love Gods The Minus 5 Tuatara The Baseball Project Tired Pony Filthy Friends Athens Andover `` I Belong to You '' Hib - Tone Surprise Your Pig : A Tribute to R.E.M. Drive XV : A Tribute to Automatic for the People `` Homer the Moe '' Scott Litt Great Big Sea Alan Doyle Bob Hallett Murray Foster Kris MacFarlane Séan McCann Darrell Power Studio albums Great Big Sea ( 1993 ) Up ( 1995 ) Play ( 1997 ) Turn ( 1999 ) Sea of No Cares ( 2002 ) Something Beautiful ( 2004 ) The Hard and the Easy ( 2005 ) Fortune 's Favour ( 2008 ) Safe Upon the Shore ( 2010 ) Compilations Rant and Roar XX Live albums Road Rage Great Big DVD and CD Courage & Patience & Grit Singles `` Run Runaway '' `` When I 'm Up ( I Ca n't Get Down ) '' `` Ordinary Day '' `` It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) '' `` Lukey 's Boat '' `` Consequence Free '' DVDs Great Big DVD Courage & Patience & Grit Related Discography Book : Great Big Sea Category : Great Big Sea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It_(And_I_Feel_Fine)&oldid=806489436 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1988 singles 1991 singles 1998 singles List songs R.E.M. songs Songs written by Bill Berry Songs written by Michael Stipe Songs written by Mike Mills Songs written by Peter Buck I.R.S. Records singles Song recordings produced by Scott Litt Song recordings produced by Michael Stipe Song recordings produced by Mike Mills Song recordings produced by Bill Berry Song recordings produced by Peter Buck Great Big Sea songs Patter songs 1987 songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Português Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 10 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	it's the end of the world as we know it lyrics meaning	[]	[]
-3622664284851192895	Ares	Ares - Wikipedia Ares This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the ancient Greek god . For other uses , see Ares ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Aries ( astrology ) . Ares God of war Statue of Ares from Hadrian 's Villa Abode Mount Olympus , Thrace , Macedonia , Thebes , Sparta & Mani Symbols Sword , spear , shield , helmet , chariot , flaming torch , dog , boar , vulture Consort Aphrodite and various others Children Erotes ( Eros and Anteros ) , Phobos , Deimos , Phlegyas , Harmonia , Enyalios , Thrax , Oenomaus , Amazons and Adrestia Parents Zeus and Hera Siblings Aeacus , Angelos , Aphrodite , Apollo , Artemis , Athena , Dionysus , Eileithyia , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Persephone , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai Roman equivalent Mars This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal Ares ( / ˈɛəriːz / ; Ancient Greek : Ἄρης , Áres ( árɛːs ) ) is the Greek god of war . He is one of the Twelve Olympians , and the son of Zeus and Hera . In Greek literature , he often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war , in contrast to his sister the armored Athena , whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship . The Greeks were ambivalent toward Ares : although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war , he was a dangerous force , `` overwhelming , insatiable in battle , destructive , and man - slaughtering . '' His sons Phobos ( Fear ) and Deimos ( Terror ) and his lover , or sister , Enyo ( Discord ) accompanied him on his war chariot . In the Iliad , his father Zeus tells him that he is the god most hateful to him . An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage , dangerous , or militarized quality . His value as a war god is placed in doubt : during the Trojan War , Ares was on the losing side , while Athena , often depicted in Greek art as holding Nike ( Victory ) in her hand , favoured the triumphant Greeks . Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as represented in literary narratives , though his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring are often alluded to . When Ares does appear in myths , he typically faces humiliation . He is well known as the lover of Aphrodite , the goddess of love , who was married to Hephaestus , god of craftsmanship . The most famous story related to Ares and Aphrodite shows them exposed to ridicule through the wronged husband 's device . The counterpart of Ares among the Roman gods is Mars , who as a father of the Roman people was given a more important and dignified place in ancient Roman religion as a guardian deity . During the Hellenization of Latin literature , the myths of Ares were reinterpreted by Roman writers under the name of Mars . Greek writers under Roman rule also recorded cult practices and beliefs pertaining to Mars under the name of Ares . Thus in the classical tradition of later Western art and literature , the mythology of the two figures becomes virtually indistinguishable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Character , origins , and worship 2.1 Ares in Sparta 2.2 Ares in the Arabian Peninsula 3 Attributes 4 Cult and ritual 5 Attendants 6 Founding of Thebes 7 Consorts and children 7.1 List of Ares 's consorts and children 8 Hymns to Ares 9 Other accounts 9.1 Ares and Aphrodite 9.2 Ares and the giants 9.3 Iliad 10 Renaissance 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 External links Names ( edit ) The etymology of the name Ares is traditionally connected with the Greek word ἀρή ( arē ) , the Ionic form of the Doric ἀρά ( ara ) , `` bane , ruin , curse , imprecation '' . There may also be a connection with the Roman god of war , Mars , via hypothetical Proto - Indo - European * M̥rēs ; compare Ancient Greek μάρναμαι ( marnamai ) , `` I fight , I battle '' . Walter Burkert notes that `` Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle , war . '' R.S.P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the name . The earliest attested form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀩 , a-re , written in the Linear B syllabic script . The adjectival epithet , Areios , was frequently appended to the names of other gods when they took on a warrior aspect or became involved in warfare : Zeus Areios , Athena Areia , even Aphrodite Areia . In the Iliad , the word ares is used as a common noun synonymous with `` battle . '' Inscriptions as early as Mycenaean times , and continuing into the Classical period , attest to Enyalios as another name for the god of war . Character , origins , and worship ( edit ) Vatican , Rome , Italy . Statue of Ares , Scopas 's influence . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in the archaic tradition represented by the Iliad and Odyssey . Zeus expresses a recurring Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and complaining from the battlefield at Troy : Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the clouds spoke to him : `` Do not sit beside me and whine , you double - faced liar . To me you are the most hateful of all gods who hold Olympus . Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart , wars and battles . ... And yet I will not long endure to see you in pain , since you are my child , and it was to me that your mother bore you . But were you born of some other god and proved so ruinous long since you would have been dropped beneath the gods of the bright sky . '' This ambivalence is expressed also in the Greeks ' association of the god with the Thracians , whom they regarded as a barbarous and warlike people . Thrace was Ares 's birthplace , his true home , and his refuge after the affair with Aphrodite was exposed to the general mockery of the other gods . A late - 6th - century BC funerary inscription from Attica emphasizes the consequences of coming under Ares 's sway : Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos Whom raging Ares destroyed one day , fighting in the foremost ranks . Ares in Sparta ( edit ) In Sparta , Ares was viewed as a model soldier : his resilience , physical strength , and military intelligence were unrivaled . An ancient statue , representing the god in chains , suggests that the martial spirit and victory were to be kept in the city of Sparta . That the Spartans admired him is indicative of the cultural divisions that existed between themselves and other Greeks , especially the Athenians ( see Pelopponesian War ) . Ares in the Arabian peninsula ( edit ) Ares was also worshipped by the inhabitants of Tylos . It is not known if he was worshipped in the form of an Arabian god ( or which one ) or if he was worshipped in his Greek form . Attributes ( edit ) The Ares Borghese . The birds of Ares ( Ornithes Areioi ) were a flock of feather - dart - dropping birds that guarded the Amazons ' shrine of the god on a coastal island in the Black Sea . Cult and ritual ( edit ) Although Ares received occasional sacrifice from armies going to war , the god had a formal temple and cult at only a few sites . At Sparta , however , each company of youths sacrificed a puppy to Enyalios before engaging in ritual fighting at the Phoebaeum . The chthonic night - time sacrifice of a dog to Enyalios became assimilated to the cult of Ares . Just east of Sparta stood an archaic statue of the god in chains , to show that the spirit of war and victory was to be kept in the city . The Temple of Ares in the agora of Athens , which Pausanias saw in the second century AD , had been moved and rededicated there during the time of Augustus . Essentially it was a Roman temple to the Augustan Mars Ultor . From archaic times , the Areopagus , the `` mount of Ares '' at some distance from the Acropolis , was a site of trials . Paul the Apostle later preached about Christianity there . Its connection with Ares , perhaps based on a false etymology , is etiological myth . A second temple to Ares has been located at the archaeological site of Metropolis in what is now Western Turkey . Attendants ( edit ) Deimos ( `` Terror '' or `` Dread '' ) , and Phobos ( `` Fear '' ) , are his companions in war . According to Hesiod , they were also his children , born to him by Aphrodite . Eris , the goddess of discord , or Enyo , the goddess of war , bloodshed , and violence , was considered the sister and companion of the violent Ares . In at least one tradition , Enyalius , rather than another name for Ares , was his son by Enyo . Ares may also be accompanied by Kydoimos , the demon of the din of battle ; the Makhai ( `` Battles '' ) ; the `` Hysminai '' ( `` Acts of manslaughter '' ) ; Polemos , a minor spirit of war , or only an epithet of Ares , since it has no specific dominion ; and Polemos 's daughter , Alala , the goddess or personification of the Greek war - cry , whose name Ares uses as his own war - cry . Ares 's sister Hebe ( `` Youth '' ) also draws baths for him . According to Pausanias , local inhabitants of Therapne , Sparta , recognized Thero , `` feral , savage , '' as a nurse of Ares . Founding of Thebes ( edit ) One of the roles of Ares was expressed in mainland Greece as the founding myth of Thebes : Ares was the progenitor of the water - dragon slain by Cadmus , for the dragon 's teeth were sown into the ground as if a crop and sprang up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartoi . To propitiate Ares , Cadmus took as a bride Harmonia , a daughter of Ares 's union with Aphrodite . In this way , Cadmus harmonized all strife and founded the city of Thebes . Consorts and children ( edit ) The Areopagus as viewed from the Acropolis . The union of Ares and Aphrodite created the gods Eros , Anteros , Phobos , Deimos , Harmonia , and Adrestia . While Eros 's and Anteros 's godly stations favored their mother , Adrestia preferred to emulate her father , often accompanying him to war . Other versions include Alcippe as one of his daughters . Upon one occasion , Ares incurred the anger of Poseidon by slaying his son , Halirrhothius , because he had raped Alcippe , a daughter of the war - god . For this deed , Poseidon summoned Ares to appear before the tribunal of the Olympic gods , which was held upon a hill in Athens . Ares was acquitted . This event is supposed to have given rise to the name Areopagus ( or Hill of Ares ) , which afterward became famous as the site of a court of justice . Accounts tell of Cycnus ( Κύκνος ) of Macedonia , a son of Ares who was so murderous that he tried to build a temple with the skulls and the bones of travellers . Heracles slaughtered this abominable monstrosity , engendering the wrath of Ares , whom the hero wounded in conflict . List of Ares 's consorts and children ( edit ) Consorts Children 1 . Aphrodite 1 . Phobos 2 . Deimos 3 . Harmonia 4 . Adrestia 5 . Eros ( part of the Erotes ) 6 . Anteros ( part of the Erotes ) 7 . Himeros ( part of the Erotes ) 8 . Pothos ( part of the Erotes ) 2 . Aerope 1 . Aeropus 3 . Aglauros 1 . Alcippe 4 . Althaea 1 . Meleager ( possibly ) 5 . Anchiroe 1 . Sithon ( possibly ) 6 . Astyoche , daughter of Actor 1 . Ascalaphus 2 . Ialmenus 7 . Atalanta 1 . Parthenopaeus ( possibly ) 8 . Caldene , daughter of Pisidus 1 . Solymus ( possibly ) 9 . Calliope ( Muse ) 1. Mygdon 2 . Edonus ( possibly ) 3 . Biston ( possibly ) 4 . Odomantus ( possibly ) 10 . Callirrhoe , daughter of Nestus 1 . Biston ( possibly ) 2 . Odomantus ( possibly ) 3 . Edonus ( possibly ) 11 . Critobule 1 . Pangaeus 12 . Cyrene 1 . Diomedes of Thrace 2 . Crestone 13 . Demonice 1 . Euenus 2 . Thestius 3 . Molus 4 . Pylus 14 . Dormothea 1 . Stymphelus 15 . Dotis / Chryse 1 . Phlegyas 16 . Enyo 1 . Enyalius 17 . Eos 18 . Erinys of Telphusa ( unnamed ) 1 . Dragon of Thebes ( slain by Cadmus ) 19 . Harmonia 1 . The Amazons 20 . Leodoce ( ? ) 21 . Otrera 1 . Hippolyta 2 . Antiope 3 . Melanippe 4 . Penthesilea 22 . Parnassa / Aegina 1 . Sinope ( possibly ) 23 . Phylonome 1 . Lycastus 2 . Parrhasius 24 . Protogeneia 1 . Oxylus 25 . Pyrene / Pelopia 1 . Cycnus 26 . Sete , sister of Rhesus 1 . Bithys , eponym of the Bithyae , a Thracian tribe 27 . Sterope ( Pleiad ) / Harpinna , daughter of Asopus / Eurythoe the Danaid 1 . Oenomaus 28 . Persephone ( wooed her unsuccessfully ) 29 . Tanagra , daughter of Asopus 30 . Tereine , daughter of Strymon 1 . Thrassa ( mother of Polyphonte ) 31 . Theogone 1 . Tmolus 32 . Triteia 1 . Melanippus 33 . mothers unknown 1 . Alcon of Thrace 2 . Chalyps , eponym of the Chalybes 3 . Cheimarrhoos , possible father of Triptolemus by Polyhymnia 4 . Dryas 5 . Hyperbius 6 . Lycus of Libya 7 . Nisos ( possibly ) 8 . Portheus ( Porthaon ) 9 . Tereus Hymns to Ares ( edit ) Homeric Hymn 8 to Ares ( trans . Evelyn - White ) ( Greek epic 7th to 4th centuries BC ) `` Ares , exceeding in strength , chariot - rider , golden - helmed , doughty in heart , shield - bearer , Saviour of cities , harnessed in bronze , strong of arm , unwearying , mighty with the spear , O defence of Olympus , father of warlike Victory , ally of Themis , stern governor of the rebellious , leader of righteous men , sceptred King of manliness , who whirl your fiery sphere among the planets in their sevenfold courses through the aether wherein your blazing steeds ever bear you above the third firmament of heaven ; hear me , helper of men , giver of dauntless youth ! Shed down a kindly ray from above upon my life , and strength of war , that I may be able to drive away bitter cowardice from my head and crush down the deceitful impulses of my soul . Restrain also the keen fury of my heart which provokes me to tread the ways of blood - curdling strife . Rather , O blessed one , give you me boldness to abide within the harmless laws of peace , avoiding strife and hatred and the violent fiends of death . '' Orphic Hymn 65 to Ares ( trans . Taylor ) ( Greek hymns 3rd century BC to 2nd century AD ) `` To Ares , Fumigation from Frankincense . Magnanimous , unconquered , boisterous Ares , in darts rejoicing , and in bloody wars ; fierce and untamed , whose mighty power can make the strongest walls from their foundations shake : mortal - destroying king , defiled with gore , pleased with war 's dreadful and tumultuous roar . Thee human blood , and swords , and spears delight , and the dire ruin of mad savage fight . Stay furious contests , and avenging strife , whose works with woe embitter human life ; to lovely Kyrpis ( Aphrodite ) and to Lyaios ( Dionysos ) yield , for arms exchange the labours of the field ; encourage peace , to gentle works inclined , and give abundance , with benignant mind . '' Other accounts ( edit ) The Ludovisi Ares , Roman version of a Greek original c. 320 BC , with 17th - century restorations by Bernini Ares and Aphrodite ( edit ) In the tale sung by the bard in the hall of Alcinous , the Sun - god Helios once spied Ares and Aphrodite enjoying each other secretly in the hall of Hephaestus , her husband . He reported the incident to Hephaestus . Contriving to catch the illicit couple in the act , Hephaestus fashioned a finely - knitted and nearly invisible net with which to snare them . At the appropriate time , this net was sprung , and trapped Ares and Aphrodite locked in very private embrace . But Hephaestus was not satisfied with his revenge , so he invited the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair . For the sake of modesty , the goddesses demurred , but the male gods went to witness the sight . Some commented on the beauty of Aphrodite , others remarked that they would eagerly trade places with Ares , but all who were present mocked the two . Once the couple was released , the embarrassed Ares returned to his homeland , Thrace , and Aphrodite went to Paphos . In a much later interpolated detail , Ares put the young soldier Alectryon by his door to warn them of Helios 's arrival as Helios would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite 's infidelity if the two were discovered , but Alectryon fell asleep on guard duty . Helios discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus . The furious Ares turned the sleepy Alectryon into a rooster which now always announces the arrival of the sun in the morning . Ares and the giants ( edit ) In one archaic myth , related only in the Iliad by the goddess Dione to her daughter Aphrodite , two chthonic giants , the Aloadae , named Otus and Ephialtes , threw Ares into chains and put him in a bronze urn , where he remained for thirteen months , a lunar year . `` And that would have been the end of Ares and his appetite for war , if the beautiful Eriboea , the young giants ' stepmother , had not told Hermes what they had done , '' she related . `` In this one suspects a festival of licence which is unleashed in the thirteenth month . '' Ares was held screaming and howling in the urn until Hermes rescued him , and Artemis tricked the Aloadae into slaying each other . In Nonnus 's Dionysiaca Ares also killed Ekhidnades , the giant son of Echidna , and a great enemy of the gods . Scholars have not concluded whether the nameless Ekhidnades ( `` of Echidna 's lineage '' ) was entirely Nonnus 's invention or not . Iliad ( edit ) In the Iliad , Homer represented Ares as having no fixed allegiances , rewarding courage on both sides : he promised Athena and Hera that he would fight on the side of the Achaeans ( Iliad V. 830 -- 834 , XXI. 410 -- 414 ) , but Aphrodite persuaded Ares to side with the Trojans . During the war , Diomedes fought with Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans ' side . Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly ( V. 590 -- 605 ) . Athene or Athena , Ares 's sister , saw his interference and asked Zeus , his father , for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield , which Zeus granted ( V. 711 -- 769 ) . Hera and Athena encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares ( V. 780 -- 834 ) . Diomedes thrust with his spear at Ares , with Athena driving it home , and Ares 's cries made Achaeans and Trojans alike tremble ( V. 855 -- 864 ) . Ares fled to Mt . Olympus , forcing the Trojans to fall back . When Hera mentioned to Zeus that Ares 's son , Ascalaphus , was killed , Ares overheard and wanted to join the fight on the side of the Achaeans , disregarding Zeus 's order that no Olympic god should enter the battle , but Athena stopped him ( XV. 110 -- 128 ) . Later , when Zeus allowed the gods to fight in the war again ( XX. 20 -- 29 ) , Ares was the first to act , attacking Athena to avenge himself for his previous injury . Athena overpowered him by striking Ares with a boulder ( XXI. 391 -- 408 ) . Renaissance ( edit ) In Renaissance and Neoclassical works of art , Ares 's symbols are a spear and helmet , his animal is a dog , and his bird is the vulture . In literary works of these eras , Ares is replaced by the Roman Mars , a romantic emblem of manly valor rather than the cruel and blood - thirsty god of Greek mythology . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Ares in popular culture Ares figures in war - themed video games and in popular fictions . NASA named their transport ship as Ares , which replaced the Space Shuttle . This was an extension of NASA 's practice of using Roman and Greek names for their rockets and programs : Saturn for manned rockets , Mercury for a satellite program , and the Apollo program , rather than any association with the nature of the war god . See also ( edit ) Related Greek deities Aphrodite ( lover ) Hera ( mother ) Zeus ( father ) Eos ( lover ) Children by Aphrodite Harmonia ( Concord ) Eros ( Passionate love ) Phobos ( Fear ) Deimos ( Terror ) Adrestia ( Revenge ) Anteros ( Requited love ) Friends and counselors Themis ( Divine law ) Nike ( Victory ) Dike ( Good judgement ) Attendants Achlys ( Death ) Androktasiai ( Slaughter ) Alala ( War cry ) Eris ( Strife ) Enyo ( Violence ) Hebe ( Life ) Homados ( Battle din ) Hysminai ( Combat ) Kydoimos ( Confusion ) Keres ( Death spirits ) Makhai ( Spirits of battle ) Palioxis ( Backrush ) Polemos ( War ) Proioxis ( Onrush ) Similar deities in non-Greek cultures Britannia Kathleen Ni Houlihan Liberty Mars Nergal , Babylonian god associated with the planet Mars Tyr , a Norse god of war List of war deities Archetypical characteristics Aggression Courage Boldness Divine law Freedom Masculinity Righteous indignation Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Enyalios is thought to be attested on the KN V 52 tablet as 𐀁𐀝𐀷𐀪𐀍 , e-nu - wa - ri - jo . Jump up ^ Homer Odyssey viii. 361 ; for Ares / Mars and Thrace , see Ovid , Ars Amatoria , book ii. part xi. 585 , which tells the same tale : `` Their captive bodies are , with difficulty , freed , at your plea , Neptune : Venus runs to Paphos : Mars heads for Thrace . '' ; for Ares / Mars and Thrace , see also Statius , Thebaid vii. 42 ; Herodotus , iv. 59 , 62 . Jump up ^ `` Here each company of youths sacrifices a puppy to Enyalius , holding that the most valiant of tame animals is an acceptable victim to the most valiant of the gods . I know of no other Greeks who are accustomed to sacrifice puppies except the people of Colophon ; these too sacrifice a puppy , a black bitch , to the Wayside Goddess '' . Jump up ^ `` Opposite this temple ( the temple of Hipposthenes ) is an old image of Enyalius in fetters . The idea the Lacedaemonians express by this image is the same as the Athenians express by their Wingless Victory ; the former think that Enyalius will never run away from them , being bound in the fetters , while the Athenians think that Victory , having no wings , will always remain where she is '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Odyssey , 8.295 '' . ( In Robert Fagles 's translation ) : ... and the two lovers , free of the bonds that overwhelmed them so , sprang up and away at once , and the Wargod sped Thrace , while Love with her telltale laughter sped to Paphos ... References Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 921 ( Loeb Classical Library numbering ) ; Iliad , 5.890 -- 896 . By contrast , Ares 's Roman counterpart Mars was born from Juno alone , according to Ovid ( Fasti 5.229 -- 260 ) . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert , Greek Religion ( Blackwell , 1985 , 2004 reprint , originally published 1977 in German ) , pp. 141 ; William Hansen , Classical Mythology : A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Burkert , Greek Religion , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Burkert , Greek Religion , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Iliad 5.890 -- 891 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Classical Mythology , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Classical Mythology , pp. 113 -- 114 ; Burkert , Greek Religion , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Classical Mythology , pp. 113 -- 114 . See for instance Ares and the giants below . Jump up ^ In the Iliad , however , the wife of Hephaestus is Charis , `` Grace , '' as noted by Burkert , Greek Religion , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Odyssey 8.266 -- 366 ; Hansen , Classical Mythology , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia , The Book People , Haydock , 1995 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Ares '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ ἀρή , Georg Autenrieth , A Homeric Dictionary . ἀρή . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ μάρναμαι in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert , Greek Religion ( Harvard ) 1985 : pt III. 2.12 p. 169 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Gulizio , Joannn . `` A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Prehistoric Religion . 15 : 32 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Raymoure , K.A. ( 2012 ) . `` a-re '' . Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . Jump up ^ `` The Linear B word a-re '' . Palaeolexicon , Word study tool of ancient languages . Jump up ^ Chadwick , John ( 1976 ) . The Mycenaean World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Raymoure , K.A. `` e-nu - wa - ri - jo '' . Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . `` KN 52 V + 52 bis + 8285 ( unknown ) '' . DĀMOS : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo . University of Oslo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Iliad , Book 5 , lines 798 -- 891 , 895 -- 898 in the translation of Richmond Lattimore . Jump up ^ Iliad 13.301 ; Ovid , Ars Amatoria , II. 10 . Jump up ^ Athens , NM 3851 quoted in Andrew Stewart , One Hundred Greek Sculptors : Their Careers and Extant Works , Introduction : I . `` The Sources '' Jump up ^ الاحتلال المقدوني للبحرين ص ١٢٨ Jump up ^ Argonautica ( ii. 382ff and 1031ff ; Hyginus , Fabulae 30 . ^ Jump up to : Burkert , Greek Religion , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.14. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ares '' . academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/9344 . Britannica Academic , Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.15. 7 . Jump up ^ `` City of mother goddess opens to tourism '' . Hurriyet Daily News . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iliad 4.436 f , and 13.299 f ' Hesiod 's Shield of Heracles 191 , 460 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , 10.51 , etc . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 934f . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jessica ( 2005 ) . `` Spenser , Homer , and the mythography of strife '' . Renaissance Quarterly . 58 : 1220 + -- via Gale General Reference Center . Jump up ^ Eustathius on Homer , 944 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 3 . 19 . 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Burkert , Greek Religion , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Berens , E.M. : Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome , page 113 . Project Gutenberg , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bibliotheca 2 . 5 . 11 & 2 . 7 . 7 Jump up ^ Pseudo-Plutarch , On Rivers , 3 . 2 Jump up ^ Bibliotheca 2 . 5 . 8 Jump up ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron , 499 : Thrace was said to have been called Crestone after her . Jump up ^ Pseudo-Plutarch , On Rivers , 19 . 1 Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae , 159 Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 2 . 946 Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v. Bithyai Jump up ^ Pseudo-Plutarch , On Rivers , 7 . 5 Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae , 173 Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 2 . 373 Jump up ^ Scholia on Hesiod , Works and Days , 1 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Pseudo-Plutarch , Greek and Roman Parallel Stories , 23 Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Ares . Jump up ^ Odyssey 8.300 Jump up ^ Iliad 5.385 -- 391 . Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Nonnus , Dionysiaca 18 . 274 ff ; Theoi.com , `` Ekhidnades '' . Jump up ^ References to Ares 's appearance in the Iliad are collected and quoted at www.theoi.com : Ares Myths 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ares . Look up Ares in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Theoi Project , Ares -- information on Ares from classical literature , Greek and Roman art . 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-5875878381993346636	Douchi	Douchi - wikipedia Douchi Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Douchi ( 豆豉 ) A close - up of douchi Alternative names Fermented black soybeans , Chinese fermented black beans , salted black beans , salty black beans Place of origin Chinese Main ingredients Fermented soybean Cookbook : Douchi ( 豆豉 ) Media : Douchi ( 豆豉 ) Douchi `` Douchi '' in Chinese characters Chinese 豆豉 Hanyu Pinyin dòuchǐ Cantonese Yale dauh - sih ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin dòuchǐ IPA ( tôu. ʈʂhɨ̀ ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization dauh - sih IPA ( tɐ̀u. sìː ) Jyutping dau - si Southern Min Hokkien POJ tāu - sīn Douchi ( Chinese : 豆豉 ; pinyin : dòuchǐ ) , or tochi is a type of fermented and salted black soybean . In English , it is known as fermented black soybeans , Chinese fermented black beans ( Chinese : 黑豆豆豉 ; pinyin : hēidòu dòuchǐ ) , salted black beans , salty black beans , or just black beans . They are a flavoring most popular in the cuisine of China , where they are most widely used for making black bean sauce dishes . Douchi is made by fermenting and salting black soybeans . The black type soybean is most commonly used and the process turns the beans soft , and mostly semi-dry ( if the beans are allowed to dry ) . Regular soybeans ( white soybeans ) are also used , but this does not produce `` salted black beans '' ; instead , these beans become brown . The smell is sharp , pungent , and spicy ; the taste is salty , somewhat bitter and sweet . The product made with white soybeans is called mianchi . The process and product are similar to ogiri and iru , both being African fermented bean products . Douchi , `` Chinese salted black beans '' , and `` black soybeans '' should not be confused with the black turtle bean , a variety of common bean that is commonly used in the cuisines of Central America , South America , and the Caribbean . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Use 2.1 Around the world 3 Black bean paste 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Fermented black soybeans are the oldest - known food made from soybeans . In 165 BC , they were placed , clearly marked , in Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui Tomb Site in South Central China . The tomb was sealed about 165 BC and was first opened in 1972 . The high - ranking woman to whom the undisturbed tomb belonged was probably the wife of the first Marquis of Tai . In 90 BC , in the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian , Chapter 69 , refers to 1,000 earthenware vessels of mold - fermented cereal grains and salty fermented soybeans ( shi ) . They were now an important commodity in China . When the prince of Huainan ( legendary inventor of tofu ) was exiled for inciting rebellion ( in 173 BC ) against his brother , the Han Emperor Wendi , his retinue and he were , nevertheless , provided with such necessities of life as firewood , rice , salt , shi ( fermented black soybeans ) , and cooking utensils . This date , 173 BC , is before Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui was sealed . Use ( edit ) Several varieties of douchi and douchi products Chicken feet dim sum with preserved black beans It is used as an ingredient for mapo tofu . Douchi is also used to flavor fish or stir - fried vegetables ( particularly bitter melon and leaf vegetables ) . Unlike some other fermented soybean - based foods such as natto or tempeh , douchi is used only as a seasoning , and is not meant to be consumed in large quantities , being typically much saltier . Small packets of douchi are available wherever Chinese foods are sold . Some common dishes made with douchi are steamed spare ribs with fermented black beans and chili pepper ( 豉椒排骨 ) , and braised mud carp with fermented black beans ( 豆豉鯪魚 ) . Around the world ( edit ) Fermented black soybeans are an ancient traditional food , used as condiments and seasonings in many Far Eastern countries and Chinese diaspora communities , where they are known by a variety of names . In Japanese , douchi is also referred to as daitokuji natto , hamanatto , hamananatto , shiokara - natto , and tera - natto , sometimes using the same Han characters ( 豆豉 ) , similar ones ( 豆鼓 ) , or completely different ones ; however , they are almost never known by their Chinese name . In Korea , a similar black bean sauce made from roasted soy beans called chunjang is used in the well - known jjajangmyeon . It was first introduced by Chinese settlers in Incheon in the early 20th century ; chunjang has made several changes and evolutionary steps over time . In Vietnam , this sauce is called tàu xì or đậu xị and is made from the black soybean . In Cambodia , douchi is also referred to as seang , or fermented salted bean , in the Khmer language , and is a common recipe . It is often used with the fermented salted fish prahok . In Philippine cuisine , it is called tausi in Cebuano and Tagalog , both derived from the Lan - nang tāu - sīn ( 豆豉 ) . It is often used when steaming fish . In Cantonese - speaking regions , douchi is referred to as dau si or hak dau dau si . In Chinese Indonesian cuisine , it is called tausi which is derived from its Hokkien name . It is usually used in kakap tahu tausi , which is stir - fried red snapper , tofu , and douchi . In Spanish - speaking parts of Latin America , douchi is commonly referred to as tausí or tau - sí . Black bean paste ( edit ) A condiment called black bean paste , black bean sauce ( 豆豉醬 ) , or black bean garlic sauce ( 蒜蓉豆豉酱 ) , Tochidjan ( 豆豉醬 ) , prepared from douchi , garlic , and soy sauce , is popular in Chinese cuisine ; it can be home - made or commercially prepared . In shops , it is available as either paste ( in a jar ) or sauce ( in a bottle ) . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of fermented foods List of fermented soy products Yellow soybean paste References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Preserved black beans . ^ Jump up to : Shurtleff , W. ; Aoyagi , A History of Fermented Black Soybeans ( 165 B.C. to 2011 ) . Lafayette , California : Soyinfo Center , 2011 Jump up ^ BBC Food : black bean sauce recipes Soy ( Glycine max ) General Soy allergy Soy candle Soy ink Soy molasses Soy paint Soy protein Soybean Soybean diseases Soybean meal Soybean oil Soy - based dishes List of soy - based foods Aburaage Agedashi tofu Bai ye Douhua Dubu kimchi Edamame Hiyayakko Kongguksu Kongnamul Mapo doufu Miso soup Sundubu jjigae Tahu goreng Tofu skin roll Yong Tau Foo Plant milk Soy milk Soy yogurt Vegan cheese Meat analogues Beanfeast Tempeh Textured vegetable protein Tofu Tofurkey Vegetarian hot dog Veggie burger Sauces and condiments Soy sauce based Ganjang Ponzu Sweet soy sauce Tamari Teriyaki Tsuyu Yìn yóu Pastes Doenjang Doubanjiang Miso Sweet bean sauce Yellow soybean paste Tương Fermented bean Fermented bean curd Douchi Kinema Tauco Nattō Various other foods Mamenori Oncom Soy flour Soy milk based infant formula Soy nut Soy pulp Stinky tofu Tofu skin List of fermented soy products Biochemicals Phytoestrogens Genistein Genistin Glycitein Ononin Daidzein Equol ( metabolite ) O - DMA ( metabolite ) Daidzin ( leaves ) Globulins ( proteins ) Beta - conglycinin Gylcinin PHAs ( Lectins ) Soybean agglutinin ( lectin ) Enzymes Beta - amylase Lipoxygenase Cysteine proteases Trypsin inhibitors Kunitz inhibitor Bowman - Birk inhibitor Other Soy lecithin ( mix of Phospholipids ) Lunasin Unsaponifiables Tocopherols Sterols Antinutrients Phytates Protease Inhibitors Cystatins Companies 8th Continent Alpro Boca Burger Gardenburger Kikkoman Morningstar Farms Plamil Foods Silk So Good Tofutti Vitasoy Yamasa Yeo Hiap Seng Other Yuasa , artisan town of historic soy sauce distilleries Kikkoman Soy Sauce Museum Cantonese cuisine Main dishes Bao yu Bird 's nest soup Buddha 's delight Cantonese seafood soup Chinese steamed eggs Congee Crispy fried chicken Dragon tiger phoenix Egg foo young Hot pot Lemon chicken Pork Knuckles and Ginger Stew Seafood birdsnest Shark fin soup Snake bite chicken Soy sauce chicken Steam minced pork Subgum Suckling pig Sweet and sour pork White boiled shrimp White cut chicken Wonton noodles Yangzhou fried rice Dim sum and yum cha Annin tofu Beef tripe Cha siu bao Chicken feet Coconut bar Har gow Jian dui Jiaozi Lo mai gai Nian gao Ox - tongue pastry Rice noodle roll Shumai Spring roll Steamed meatball Swiss wing Taro cake Taro dumpling Tendon Tofu skin roll Turnip cake Water chestnut cake Yau gok Youtiao Zhaliang Siu laap Char siu Chinese sausage Lou mei Orange cuttlefish Roast goose Siu mei Siu yuk White cut chicken Desserts and pastry Almond biscuit Biscuit roll Deuk Deuk Tong Douhua Ginger milk curd Lo mai chi Mooncake Red bean cake Red bean soup Sausage bun Tong sui White sugar sponge cake Condiments and spices Fermented bean curd Five - spice powder XO sauce Ingredients Beef ball Black bean paste Chenpi Conpoy Fermented black beans Fish ball Fish slice Frog legs Garland chrysanthemum Kai - lan Mantis shrimp Ong choy Pig blood curd Pig 's ear Prawn ball Rapeseed Saang mein Sea cucumber Shahe fen Shrimp roe noodles Spare ribs Suan cai Tofu skin Wonton Yi mein Youmian Zha cai Others Chinese herb tea Dried shredded squid Cantonese restaurant Beijing cuisine Shanghai cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Macanese cuisine Chinese cuisine History of Chinese cuisine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douchi&oldid=811322150 '' Categories : Fermented soy - based foods Umami enhancers Indonesian Chinese cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Español Français Íslenska 日本語 Tagalog 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the little black beans in hunan chicken	[]	[]
-5982178932963526364	Kaycee Stroh	Kaycee Stroh - wikipedia Kaycee Stroh Jump to : navigation , search Kaycee Stroh Stroh as the Grand Marshal at San Diego 's 62nd Annual Mother Goose Parade , 2008 ( 1984 - 05 - 29 ) May 29 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Salt Lake City , Utah , United States Occupation Actress , dancer Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Ben Higginson ( m . 2009 ) Children Kaycee Stroh ( born May 29 , 1984 ) is an American actress , singer and dancer , best known for her role as Martha Cox in the hit Disney Channel Original Movies , High School Musical ( 2006 ) , High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) , and High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) . She was a contestant in the VH1 reality show Celebrity Fit Club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 Discography 4.1 Soundtracks 4.2 Singles 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Stroh appeared in High School Musical , High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3 as smart girl Martha Cox , who secretly loved to `` pop & lock & jam & break '' . A professional dance instructor at the Thompson Lane Entertainment Center , her role in the franchise materialized when she took her students to the auditions herself . Along with her fellow cast for the movie , she appeared at the Teen Choice Awards to accept an honorary award charting the film 's instant success and at the American Music Awards of 2007 accepting the award for Favorite Album . Stroh also serves as co-host for the dance - along version of High School Musical 2 . She also had a recurring role ( 2 episodes ) in the Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as Leslie , a girl who played on the same volleyball team as main characters of the show , London and Maddie . Stroh has also been a guest editor for Tiger Beat magazine . She was also a member of the supporting cast in a direct - to - DVD musical story from Liken the Scriptures called Ammon and King Lamoni . Stroh has worked on occasion as a spokesperson and plus size model for the online retailer Torrid . She reprised her role as Martha Cox in High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , released on October 24 , 2008 . Stroh was a contestant on Season 7 of Celebrity Fit Club . Personal Life ( edit ) Stroh was born in Salt Lake City , Utah , the daughter of Cindy and Bruce Stroh . She has two older sisters , both of whom were dancers . Stroh is also often mistaken as Meghan Trainor . In an interview with People , Stroh discussed her obesity and heavy weight gain and being bed - ridden for three months due to a blood clot in her calf after knee surgery . As well as her television roles , Stroh is also an advocate for Make - A-Wish Foundation , United Cerebral Palsy and Starlight Starbright Children 's Foundation . Stroh married Ben Higginson on January 9 , 2009 in the Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , Monique Coleman , Olesya Rulin , Chris Warren Jr. , Ryne Sanborn and Kenny Ortega all attended the ring ceremony and reception . They have two children , daughters Zetta Lee ( born May 8 , 2013 ) and Lettie Louise ( born October 15 , 2015 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film , television , and videos Year Title Role Notes Ammon and King Lamoni Dancer Direct - to - Video film 2006 High School Musical Martha Cox Disney Channel Original Movie 2006 -- 08 Suite Life of Zack & Cody , The The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Leslie 2 episodes 2007 High School Musical 2 Martha Cox Disney Channel Original Movie 2008 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Martha Cox Film 2008 Mother Goose Parade Honorary Grand Marshal TV film 2009 Hannah Montana : The Movie Herself ( non-speaking cameo ) Film Celebrity Fit Club Herself 5 episodes Telephone Female inmate Music video The League Cathy 1 episode 2011 Shapetown , USA Liz Smelton Actress for 4 episodes Associate Producer for 5 episodes 2017 Holly , Jingles and Clyde 3D Tara Film Discography ( edit ) Soundtracks ( edit ) Year Album 2006 High School Musical OST 2007 High School Musical 2 OST 2008 DisneyMania 6 2008 Princess DisneyMania 2008 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year OST Singles ( edit ) Year Title Album Billboard Hot 100 Chart Peak Pop 100 Chart Peak UK 2006 `` Stick to the Status Quo '' ( credited as High School Musical Cast ) High School Musical OST 43 37 -- 2007 `` Work This Out '' ( credited as High School Musical 2 Cast ) High School Musical 2 OST 110 73 78 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Profile at Disney Channel MediaNet Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 '' to receive Teen Choice Award , Orlando Sentinel , August 23 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Zac & Vanessa to Lead Their Own High School Dance - Off '' , People , August 24 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` A totally `` Suite '' afternoon '' Archived August 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tiger Beat , June 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Ready for HSM 2 secrets ? '' Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tiger Beat , July 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ Profile at New Talent Management Jump up ^ Interview with Starry Constellation Magazine Jump up ^ KayCee Stroh Biography Jump up ^ `` Dancing with Kaycee Stroh '' , Scholastic.com , August 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` How a High School Musical 2 Star Lost 30 Lbs . '' ( video ) , People Jump up ^ Profile at the United Cerebral Palsy Research and Educational Foundation Jump up ^ StarPower Ambassadors -- Starlight Starbright Jump up ^ Johnsom , Zach ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` KayCee Stroh Baby Girl Zetta Lee : High School Musical Star Gives Birth '' . US . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` KayCee Stroh Gives Birth : High School Musical Alum Welcomes Second Child : Pics '' . US Magazine . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stick to the Status Quo '' Chart Listing For The Week Of February 18 , 2006 , Billboard 200 Jump up ^ `` Stick to the Status Quo '' Chart Listing For The Week Of March 4 , 2006 , Billboard 200 Jump up ^ `` Work This Out '' Chart Listing For The Week Of September 8 , 2007 , Billboard 200 Jump up ^ `` Work This Out '' Chart Listing For The Week Of September 8 , 2007 , Billboard 200 Jump up ^ The Official UK Charts Company : TOP 100 SINGLES CHART Archived June 30 , 2008 , at WebCite External links ( edit ) Kaycee Stroh on IMDb Interview at Tommy2.Net Interviews with KayCee Stroh on MouseClubhouse.com VIAF : 73673940 MusicBrainz : 7f150198 - a378 - 44cc - 9672 - 8281c4d56b38 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaycee_Stroh&oldid=814218590 '' Categories : 1984 births American film actresses American Latter Day Saints American television actresses Living people Actresses from Salt Lake City Participants in American reality television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays martha cox in high school musical	[ "Kaycee Stroh (born May 29, 1984) is an American actress, singer and dancer, best known for her role as Martha Cox in the hit Disney Channel Original Movies, High School Musical (2006), High School Musical 2 (2007), and High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008). She was a contestant in the VH1 reality show Celebrity Fit Club." ]	[ "Kaycee Stroh" ]
4286255304490356501	Bill of Rights 1689	Bill of Rights 1689 - wikipedia Bill of Rights 1689 Jump to : navigation , search The Bill of Rights Parliament of England Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown . Citation 1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2 Dates Royal assent 16 December 1689 Commencement 1689 Status : Amended Revised text of statute as amended The Bill of Rights Created 1689 Location Parliamentary Archives Author ( s ) Parliament of England Purpose Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual , and ensure a Protestant political supremacy The Bill of Rights , also known as the English Bill of Rights , is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights . It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689 , inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England . The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament , including the requirement for regular parliaments , free elections , and freedom of speech in Parliament . It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law . Furthermore , the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England . These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England . It also sets out -- or , in the view of its drafters , restates -- certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people , as represented in Parliament . In the United Kingdom , the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution . A separate but similar document , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , applies in Scotland . The Bill of Rights 1689 was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights . Along with the Act of Settlement 1701 , the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Glorious Revolution 1.2 Declaration of Right 2 Provisions of the Act 3 Date and title 4 Augmentation and effect 5 Legal status 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 Australia 5.3 Canada 5.4 New Zealand 5.5 Republic of Ireland 6 Modern recognition 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) During the 17th century , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects . The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament , during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . Subsequently , the Protectorate ( 1653 - 59 ) and the English Restoration ( 1660 ) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 , which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence . Glorious Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Glorious Revolution Objecting to the policies of King James II of England ( James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland ) , a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange - Nassau ( William of Orange ) to overthrow the King . William 's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France . In December 1688 , William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm , as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated , and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament . This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected , which convened on 22 January 1689 . Declaration of Right ( edit ) Main article : Declaration of Right , 1689 An 18th - century engraving , based on a drawing by Samuel Wale , of the Bill of Rights being presented to William III and Mary II The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James 's violation of them was first made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons , with members arguing that the House `` can not answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded '' and that William `` can not take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future '' in order to `` do justice to those who sent us hither '' . On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23 Heads of Grievances , which the Commons approved and added some of their own . However , on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between `` such of the general heads , as are introductory of new laws , from those that are declaratory of ancient rights '' . On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right , and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration ( with the heads which were `` introductory of new laws '' removed ) , the resolution of 28 January and the Lords ' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance . It passed the Commons without division . On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right , and the Marquess of Halifax , in the name of all the estates of the realm , asked William and Mary to accept the throne . William replied for his wife and himself : `` We thankfully accept what you have offered us '' . They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall . The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England , France and Ireland , whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal , with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon . They were crowned on 11 April , swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament . The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath , whereby the monarchs were to `` solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England , and the dominions thereunto belonging , according to the statutes in parliament agreed on , and the laws and customs of the same '' . They were also to maintain the laws of God , the true profession of the Gospel , and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law . This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch . The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on `` the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England '' . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament , the Bill of Rights 1689 , which received the Royal Assent in December 1689 . The Act asserted `` certain ancient rights and liberties '' by declaring that : the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal ; levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal ; it is the right of the subjects to petition the king , and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal ; keeping a standing army in time of peace , unless it be with consent of Parliament , is against law ; Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law ; election of members of Parliament ought to be free ; the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament ; excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted ; jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders ; promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void ; for redress of all grievances , and for the amending , strengthening and preserving of the laws , Parliaments ought to be held frequently . The Act declared James ' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne . It listed twelve of James 's policies by which James designed to `` endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion , and the laws and liberties of this kingdom '' . These were : by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament ; by prosecuting the Seven Bishops ; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes ; by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament ; by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament ; by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law ; by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament ; by prosecutions in the Court of King 's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament , and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses ; by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials , and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders ; by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects ; by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments ; by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied ; all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm . In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later , the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as `` it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince '' ; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary 's heirs , then to her sister , Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs ( and , thereafter , to any heirs of William by a later marriage ) . Date and title ( edit ) The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688 . This convention arises from the legal fiction ( prior to the passage of the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 ) that an Act of Parliament came into force on the first day of the session in which it was passed . The Bill was therefore deemed to be effective from 13 February 1689 ( New Style ) , or , under the Old Style calendar in use at the time , 13 February 1688 . Under the Short Titles Act 1896 , the Bill was given the official short title of `` The Bill of Rights '' , without a calendar year suffix . Augmentation and effect ( edit ) See also : Glorious Revolution § Legacy The Bill of Rights was later supplemented by the Act of Settlement 1701 ( which was agreed to by the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union ) . The Act of Settlement altered the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights . However , both the Bill of Rights and the Claim of Right contributed a great deal to the establishment of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch . Leading , ultimately , to the establishment of constitutional monarchy , while also ( along with the penal laws ) settling the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland , England and Ireland in the 17th century . The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) reinforced the Petition of Right ( 1628 ) and the Habaes Corpus Act ( 1679 ) by codifying certain rights and liberties . The rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen , and described as Fundamental Laws of England . The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence . Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties , the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later , more general , statements of rights ; these include the United States Bill of Rights , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . For example , as with the Bill of Rights 1689 , the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and `` cruel and unusual punishment '' . Similarly , `` cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights . Legal status ( edit ) The Bill of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms , particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement 1701 came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 which changed the laws of succession to the British throne . Part of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales ; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales . Scotland has its own legislation , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland . There are doubts as to whether , or to what extent , the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland . On 21 July 1995 a libel case brought by Neil Hamilton ( then a member of parliament ) against The Guardian was stopped after Justice May ruled that the Bill of Rights ' prohibition on the courts ' ability to question parliamentary proceedings would prevent The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing . Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996 , was subsequently enacted to permit MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite their own speeches if relevant to litigation . Following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016 , the Bill of Rights was quoted in a court ruling on a legal challenge seeking a judicial declaration that triggering EU exit must first be authorised by an act of Parliament . Australia ( edit ) The ninth article , regarding parliamentary freedom of speech , is actively used in Australia . Canada ( edit ) The article on parliamentary freedom of speech is in active use in Canada . New Zealand ( edit ) The Bill of Rights was invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others , which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor - General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act , 1974 , without new legislation . Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal . This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice declared that Muldoon 's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights , which provides `` that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority ... is illegal . '' Republic of Ireland ( edit ) The Act was retained in the Republic of Ireland although sections were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 section 2 ( 2 ) ( a ) , and Part 2 of Schedule 1 . Section 2 ( 3 ) of that Act repealed : all of the Preamble down to `` Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made '' the seventh paragraph `` Subjects ' Arms . That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' all words from `` And they doe Claime Demand and Insist '' down to , but not including , section 2 , bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government , succession et cetera . Modern recognition ( edit ) Two special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the United Kingdom in 1989 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution . One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right . Both depict the Royal Cypher of William and Mary and the mace of the House of Commons , one also shows a representation of the St Edward 's Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland . In May 2011 , the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO 's UK Memory of the World Register . As part of the Parliament in the Making programme , the Bill of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015 . See also ( edit ) Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 English Civil War Financial Revolution History of liberalism Toleration Act 1689 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Act is cited as `` The Bill of Rights '' in the United Kingdom , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 . Owing to the repeal of those provisions , it is now authorised by section 19 ( 2 ) of the Interpretation Act 1978 . In the Republic of Ireland , it is cited as `` The Bill of Rights 1688 '' , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 ( as amended by section 5 ( a ) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 ) . The short title of this Act was previously `` The Bill of Rights '' . Jump up ^ i.e. ignoring Jump up ^ Arguably , this right is subject to continuing derogation in modern times ; see , for example , Armed Forces Act and discussion of the same in Military Covenant . Jump up ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads , That all power of suspending laws , or the execution of laws , by any authority , without consent of the representatives of the people , is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised . which strongly echoes the first two `` ancient rights and liberties '' asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689 : That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority , as it hath been assumed and exercised of late , is illegal ; And the Virginia Declaration 's Section Nine , That excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . is borrowed word for word from the Bill of Rights 1689 . Jump up ^ In Quebec the validity of the Canadian parliament 's legislation is under judicial review . Blanchfield , Mike ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Quebec government to mount legal challenge to new royal succession law '' . National Post ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems : England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own , arising from differences in English law , Scots law and Northern Ireland law . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ Schwoerer 1990 , pp. 531 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Maurice Adams ; Anne Meuwese ; Ernst Hirsch Ballin ( 2017 ) . Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law : Bridging Idealism and Realism . Cambridge UP . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` From legal document to public myth : Magna Carta in the 17th century '' . The British Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 ; `` Magna Carta : Magna Carta in the 17th Century '' . The Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Putney debates '' . The British Library . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. 2010 , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Horwitz 1977 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1956 , pp. 145 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 37 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Convention and Bill of Rights '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Thatcher 1907 , pp. 10 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1688 ) '' . legislation.gov.uk . note X1 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Act of Settlement '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Although the Bill of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative power itself , it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties . However , some historians maintain that a more profound change in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged as a result of the financial settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond '' . Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . The earliest , and perhaps greatest , victory for liberalism was achieved in England . The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth . The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . Jump up ^ Walker 2009 , p. 2 : `` thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy '' . Jump up ^ Billias 2011 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Maier 1997 , pp. 126 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 UK Memory of the World Register '' . United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today , and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries . It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties , starting with Magna Carta in 1215 . It also has international significance , as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789 , and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings , such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man , the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary '' . History.com. 15 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lock 1989 , pp. 540 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Toporoski , Richard ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Monarchy Canada : The Invisible Crown '' . Archived from the original on 17 June 1997 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the UK Legal System '' . Hauser Global Law School Program , New York University School of Law . November 2005 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal System of the United Kingdom '' . The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander Horne ; Oonagh Gay ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Ending the Hamilton Affair ? '' . UK Constitutional Law Association Blog . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miller & Anor , R ( On the Application Of ) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ( 2016 ) EWHC 2768 ( Admin ) ( 03 November 2016 ) '' . England and Wales High Court ( Administrative Court ) Decisions. 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . This subordination of the Crown ( i.e. the executive government ) to law is the foundation of the rule of law in the United Kingdom . It has its roots well before the war between the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century but was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since , Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the time in The Case of Proclamations ( 1610 ) 12 Co . Rep. 74 , that : `` the King by his proclamation or other ways can not change any part of the common law , or statute law , or the customs of the realm '' and that : `` the King hath no prerogative , but that which the law of the land allows him . '' The position was confirmed in the first two parts of section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688 : `` Suspending power - That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall . Late dispensing power - That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall . '' Jump up ^ `` Brexit court ruling : Your questions answered '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitutional Setting '' . States Services Commission , New Zealand . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision - making '' . New Zealand Law Society . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Section 2 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Two Pound Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Life , death and everything in between '' . UK Parliament . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anon. ( 2010 ) . `` The Glorious Revolution '' . Factsheet General Series . G4 . House of Commons Information Office . Billias , George Athan ( 2011 ) . American constitutionalism heard round the world , 1776 - 1989 : a global perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 9780814725177 . Blick , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change '' . History and Policy . Carpenter , Edward ( 1956 ) . The Protestant Bishop . Being the Life of Henry Compton , 1632 -- 1713 . Bishop of London . London : Longmans , Green and Co . OCLC 1919768 . Horwitz , Henry ( 1977 ) . Parliament , Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0661 - 6 . Lock , Geoffrey ( 1989 ) . `` The 1689 Bill of Rights '' . Political Studies . 37 ( 4 ) : 540 -- 561 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9248.1989. tb00288. x . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Schwoerer , Lois G. ( 1990 ) . `` Locke , Lockean Ideas , and the Glorious Revolution '' . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press . 51 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 2709645 . Thatcher , Oliver Joseph ( ed . ) ( 1907 ) . The library of original sources . University Research Extension . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Walker , Aileen ; Gay , Oonagh ; Maer , Lucinda ( 2009 ) . `` Bill of Rights 1689 '' . House of Commons Library . Williams , E.N. ( 1960 ) . The Eighteenth - Century Constitution . 1688 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1146699 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bill of Rights 1689 Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Law School Law Library Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Parliamentary Archives holds the original document Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - 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1073057894893150293	Pantheism	Pantheism - wikipedia Pantheism Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on God General conceptions ( hide ) Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Deism Henotheism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatry Kathenotheism Omnism Pandeism Panpsychism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Theism Transtheism Specific conceptions ( show ) Creator Demiurge Deus Father Great Architect Monad Mother Supreme Being Sustainer The All The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions ( show ) Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Mormonism Indo - Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes ( show ) Eternalness Existence Gender Names ( `` God '' ) Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Experiences Practices ( show ) Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics ( show ) Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil ( theodicy ) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media Part of a series on Spirituality Outline Religion ( show ) History Timeline Traditional ( show ) Christian ( Catholic ) Mysticism Modern ( show ) Buddhist modernism New religious movement `` Spiritual but not religious '' Syncretism Spiritual experience ( show ) Mystical experience Religious experience Spiritual practice Spiritual development ( show ) Ego death Individuation Spiritual development Self - actualization Influences Western ( show ) General Divine illumination Panpsychism Pantheism Antiquity Gnosticism Hermeticism Neoplatonism Western esotericism Medieval Mysticism Early modern Perennial philosophy Jakob Böhme Emanuel Swedenborg Pietism Modern Romanticism German idealism Liberal Christianity Transcendentalism Universalism New Thought Theosophy Anthroposophy Occultism Spiritualism Esoteric Christianity New Age Orientalist ( show ) Comparative religion Neo-Advaita Nondualism Orientalism Theosophical Society Asian ( show ) Pre-historic Proto - Indo - Iranian religion Iran Zoroastrianism India Advaita Vedanta Buddha - nature Enlightenment ( spiritual ) Madhyamaka Neo-Vedanta Tantra Yoga Yogacara East - Asia Taoism Other non-western ( show ) Animism Shamanism Totemism Psychological ( show ) Humanistic psychology Mindfulness Positive psychology Self - help Self - realization True self and false self Research Neurological ( show ) Mystical psychosis Cognitive science of religion Neuroscience of religion Geschwind syndrome Evolutionary psychology of religion Category Part of a series on Irreligion Irreligion ( show ) Secular humanism Freethought Post-theism Nontheism Anti-clericalism Antireligion Criticism of religion Parody religion Atheism ( show ) History Demographics Discrimination / Persecution Criticism Lists of atheists Forms and variations Implicit and explicit Negative and positive New State Christian Hindu Jewish Aspects Anti-clericalism Antireligion Antitheism Relationship between atheism and religion Existence of God Agnosticism ( show ) Strong Weak Atheistic Theistic ( Christian ) Apatheism Secular Buddhism List of agnostics Nontheism ( hide ) Criticism of religion Secular humanism Freethought Flying Spaghetti Monster Ignosticism Inconsistent revelations Invisible Pink Unicorn Nontheistic religions Pantheism Parody religion Post-theism Russell 's teapot Theological noncognitivism Transtheism Naturalism ( show ) Humanistic Metaphysical Methodological Religious People ( show ) Lists of agnostics atheists deists humanists pantheists Books ( show ) Breaking the Spell Ethics The End of Faith The God Delusion God Is Not Great The System of Nature Letter to a Christian Nation Why I Am Not a Christian Why I Am Not a Muslim Secularist organizations ( show ) Atheist Alliance International Freedom From Religion Foundation Reason Rally World Pantheist Movement Related topics ( show ) Secularism Laïcité Parody or mock religions Irreligion by country Pantheism is the belief that reality is identical with divinity , or that all - things compose an all - encompassing , immanent god . Pantheist belief does not recognize a distinct personal anthropomorphic god and instead characterize a broad range of doctrines differing in forms of relationships between reality and divinity . Pantheism was popularized in Western culture as a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th - century philosopher Baruch Spinoza , particularly his book Ethics , published in 1677 . The term `` pantheism '' was coined by mathematician Joseph Raphson in 1697 and has since been used to describe the beliefs of a variety of people and organizations . Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years , and pantheistic elements have been identified in various religious traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definitions 3 History 3.1 Pre-modern times 3.2 Baruch Spinoza 3.3 18th century 3.3. 1 Pantheism controversy 3.4 19th century 3.4. 1 Growing influence 3.4. 2 Comparison with non-Christian religions 3.5 20th century 3.6 21st century 4 Categorizations 4.1 Degree of determinism 4.2 Degree of belief 4.3 Form of monism 4.4 Other 5 Related concepts 6 Pantheism in religion 6.1 Traditional religions 6.2 Spirituality and new religious movements 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Pantheism derives from the Greek πᾶν pan ( meaning `` all , of everything '' ) and θεός theos ( meaning `` god , divine '' ) . The first known combination of these roots appears in Latin , in Joseph Raphson 's 1697 book De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito , where he refers to the `` pantheismus '' of Spinoza and others . It was subsequently translated into English as `` pantheism '' in 1702 . Definitions ( edit ) There are a variety of definitions of pantheism . Some consider it a theological and philosophical position concerning God . Pantheism is the view that everything is part of an all - encompassing , immanent God . All forms of reality may then be considered either modes of that Being , or identical with it . Some hold that pantheism is a non-religious philosophical position . To them , pantheism is the view that the Universe ( in the sense of the totality of all existence ) and God are identical ( implying a denial of the personality and transcendence of God ) . History ( edit ) Pre-modern Times ( edit ) Pantheistic tendencies existed in a number of early Gnostic groups , with pantheistic thought appearing throughout the Middle Ages . These included a section of Johannes Scotus Eriugena 's 9th - century work De divisione naturae and the beliefs of mystics such as Amalric of Bena ( 11th -- 12th centuries ) and Eckhart ( 12th -- 13th ) . The Roman Catholic Church has long regarded pantheistic ideas as heresy . Giordano Bruno , an Italian monk who evangelized about an immanent and infinite God , was burned at the stake in 1600 by the Roman Inquisition . He has since become known as a celebrated pantheist and martyr of science , and an influence on many later thinkers . Baruch Spinoza ( edit ) Main article : Baruch Spinoza The philosophy of Baruch Spinoza is often regarded as pantheism . In the West , pantheism was formalized as a separate theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th - century philosopher Baruch Spinoza . Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese descent raised in the Sephardi Jewish community in Amsterdam . He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine , and was effectively excluded from Jewish society at age 23 , when the local synagogue issued a herem against him . A number of his books were published posthumously , and shortly thereafter included in the Catholic Church 's Index of Forbidden Books . The breadth and importance of Spinoza 's work would not be realized for many years - as the groundwork for the 18th - century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism , including modern conceptions of the self and the universe . In the posthumous Ethics , `` Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece , and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely . '' . In particular , he opposed René Descartes ' famous mind -- body dualism , the theory that the body and spirit are separate . Spinoza held the monist view that the two are the same , and monism is a fundamental part of his philosophy . He was described as a `` God - intoxicated man , '' and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance . This view influenced philosophers such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , who said , `` You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all . '' Spinoza earned praise as one of the great rationalists of 17th - century philosophy and one of Western philosophy 's most important thinkers . Although the term `` pantheism '' was not coined until after his death , he is regarded as the most celebrated advocate of the concept . Ethics was the major source from which Western pantheism spread . 18th century ( edit ) The first known use of the term `` pantheism '' was in Latin ( `` pantheismus '' ) by the English mathematician Joseph Raphson in his work De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito , published in 1697 . Raphson begins with a distinction between atheistic `` panhylists '' ( from the Greek roots pan , `` all '' , and hyle , `` matter '' ) , who believe everything is matter , and Spinozan `` pantheists '' who believe in `` a certain universal substance , material as well as intelligence , that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence . '' Raphson thought that the universe was immeasurable in respect to a human 's capacity of understanding , and believed that humans would never be able to comprehend it . He referred to the pantheism of the Ancient Egyptians , Persians , Syrians , Assyrians , Greek , Indians , and Jewish Kabbalists , specifically referring to Spinoza . The term was first used in English by a translation of Raphson 's work in 1702 . It was later used and popularized by Irish writer John Toland in his work of 1705 Socinianism Truly Stated , by a pantheist . Toland was influenced by both Spinoza and Bruno , and had read Joseph Raphson 's De Spatio Reali , referring to it as `` the ingenious Mr. Ralphson 's ( sic ) Book of Real Space '' . Like Raphson , he used the terms `` pantheist '' and `` Spinozist '' interchangeably . In 1720 he wrote the Pantheisticon : or The Form of Celebrating the Socratic - Society in Latin , envisioning a pantheist society that believed , `` All things in the world are one , and one is all in all things ... what is all in all things is God , eternal and immense , neither born nor ever to perish . '' He clarified his idea of pantheism in a letter to Gottfried Leibniz in 1710 when he referred to `` the pantheistic opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe '' . In the mid-eighteenth century , the English theologian Daniel Waterland defined pantheism this way : `` It supposes God and nature , or God and the whole universe , to be one and the same substance -- one universal being ; insomuch that men 's souls are only modifications of the divine substance . '' In the early nineteenth century , the German theologian Julius Wegscheider defined pantheism as the belief that God and the world established by God are one and the same . Pantheism controversy ( edit ) Between 1785 -- 89 , a major controversy about Spinoza 's philosophy arose between the German philosophers Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ( a critic ) and Moses Mendelssohn ( a defender ) . Known in German as the Pantheismusstreit ( pantheism controversy ) , it helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers . A 1780 conversation with the German dramatist Gotthold Ephraim Lessing led Jacobi to a protracted study of Spinoza 's works . Lessing stated that he knew no other philosophy than Spinozism . Jacobi 's Über die Lehre des Spinozas ( 1st ed. 1785 , 2nd ed. 1789 ) expressed his strenuous objection to a dogmatic system in philosophy , and drew upon him the enmity of the Berlin group , led by Mendelssohn . Jacobi claimed that Spinoza 's doctrine was pure materialism , because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended substance . This , for Jacobi , was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism . Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi , saying that pantheism shares more characteristics of theism than of atheism . The entire issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time . Willi Goetschel argues that Jacobi 's publication significantly shaped Spinoza 's wide reception for centuries following its publication , obscuring the nuance of Spinoza 's philosophic work . 19th century ( edit ) Growing influence ( edit ) During the beginning of the 19th century , pantheism was the viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers , attracting figures such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in Britain ; Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Schelling and Hegel in Germany ; Knut Hamsun in Norway ; and Walt Whitman , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in the United States . Seen as a growing threat by the Vatican , in 1864 it was formally condemned by Pope Pius IX in the Syllabus of Errors . A letter written by William Herndon , Abraham Lincoln 's law partner in 1886 , was sold at auction for US $30,000 in 2011 . In it , Herndon writes of the U.S. President 's evolving religious views , which included pantheism . `` Mr. Lincoln 's religion is too well known to me to allow of even a shadow of a doubt ; he is or was a Theist and a Rationalist , denying all extraordinary -- supernatural inspiration or revelation . At one time in his life , to say the least , he was an elevated Pantheist , doubting the immortality of the soul as the Christian world understands that term . He believed that the soul lost its identity and was immortal as a force . Subsequent to this he rose to the belief of a God , and this is all the change he ever underwent . '' The subject is understandably controversial , but the content of the letter is consistent with Lincoln 's fairly lukewarm approach to organized religion . Comparison with non-christian religions ( edit ) Some 19th - century theologians thought that various pre-Christian religions and philosophies were pantheistic . They thought Pantheism was similar to the ancient Hindu philosophy of Advaita ( non-dualism ) to the extent that the 19th - century German Sanskritist Theodore Goldstücker remarked that Spinoza 's thought was `` ... a western system of philosophy which occupies a foremost rank amongst the philosophies of all nations and ages , and which is so exact a representation of the ideas of the Vedanta , that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus . '' 19th - century European theologians also considered Ancient Egyptian religion to contain pantheistic elements and pointed to Egyptian philosophy as a source of Greek Pantheism . The latter included some of the Presocratics , such as Heraclitus and Anaximander . The Stoics were pantheists , beginning with Zeno of Citium and culminating in the emperor - philosopher Marcus Aurelius . During the pre-Christian Roman Empire , Stoicism was one of the three dominant schools of philosophy , along with Epicureanism and Neoplatonism . The early Taoism of Laozi and Zhuangzi is also sometimes considered pantheistic . Cheondoism and Won Buddhism which arose in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea is also considered pantheistic . 20th century ( edit ) Albert Einstein is considered a pantheist by some commentators . In 2007 , Dorion Sagan , the son of famous scientist and science communicator , Carl Sagan , published a book entitled Dazzle Gradually : Reflections on the Nature of Nature co-written with his mother , Lynn Margulis . In a chapter entitled , `` Truth of My Father '' , he declares : `` My father believed in the God of Spinoza and Einstein , God not behind nature , but as nature , equivalent to it . '' In a letter written to Eduard Büsching ( 25 October 1929 ) , after Büsching sent Albert Einstein a copy of his book Es gibt keinen Gott ( `` There is no God '' ) , Einstein wrote , `` We followers of Spinoza see our God in the wonderful order and lawfulness of all that exists and in its soul ( Beseeltheit ) as it reveals itself in man and animal . '' According to Einstein , the book only dealt with the concept of a personal god and not the impersonal God of pantheism . In a letter written in 1954 to philosopher Eric Gutkind , Einstein wrote `` the word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses . '' In another letter written in 1954 he wrote `` I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly . '' . In the late 20th century , some declared that pantheism was an underlying theology of Neopaganism , and pantheists began forming organizations devoted specifically to pantheism and treating it as a separate religion . Levi Ponce 's Luminaries of Pantheism in Venice , California for The Paradise Project . 21st century ( edit ) Pantheism is mentioned in a Papal encyclical in 2009 and a statement on New Year 's Day in 2010 , criticizing pantheism for denying the superiority of humans over nature and seeing the source of man 's salvation in nature . In a review of the 2009 film Avatar , Ross Douthat , an author , described pantheism as `` Hollywood 's religion of choice for a generation now '' . In 2015 , Los Angeles muralist Levi Ponce was commissioned to paint Luminaries of Pantheism for an area in Venice , California that receives over a million onlookers per year . The organization that commissioned the work , The Paradise Project , is `` dedicated to celebrating and spreading awareness about pantheism . '' The mural painting depicts Albert Einstein , Alan Watts , Baruch Spinoza , Terence McKenna , Carl Jung , Carl Sagan , Emily Dickinson , Nikola Tesla , Friedrich Nietzsche , Ralph Waldo Emerson , W.E.B. Du Bois , Henry David Thoreau , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Rumi , Adi Shankara , and Laozi . Categorizations ( edit ) There are multiple varieties of pantheism and various systems of classifying them relying upon one or more spectra or in discrete categories . Degree of determinism ( edit ) The philosopher Charles Hartshorne used the term Classical Pantheism to describe the deterministic philosophies of Baruch Spinoza , the Stoics , and other like - minded figures . Pantheism ( All - is - God ) is often associated with monism ( All - is - One ) and some have suggested that it logically implies determinism ( All - is - Now ) . Albert Einstein explained theological determinism by stating , `` the past , present , and future are an ' illusion ' '' . This form of pantheism has been referred to as `` extreme monism '' , in which -- in the words of one commentator -- `` God decides or determines everything , including our supposed decisions . '' Other examples of determinism - inclined pantheisms include those of Ralph Waldo Emerson , and Hegel . However , some have argued against treating every meaning of `` unity '' as an aspect of pantheism , and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature . Examples include the beliefs of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and William James . Degree of belief ( edit ) It may also be possible to distinguish two types of pantheism , one being more religious and the other being more philosophical . The Columbia Encyclopedia writes of the distinction : `` If the pantheist starts with the belief that the one great reality , eternal and infinite , is God , he sees everything finite and temporal as but some part of God . There is nothing separate or distinct from God , for God is the universe . If , on the other hand , the conception taken as the foundation of the system is that the great inclusive unity is the world itself , or the universe , God is swallowed up in that unity , which may be designated nature . '' Form of monism ( edit ) A diagram with neutral monism compared to Cartesian dualism , physicalism and idealism . Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies monism . Different types of monism include : Substance monism , `` the view that the apparent plurality of substances is due to different states or appearances of a single substance '' Attributive monism , `` the view that whatever the number of substances , they are of a single ultimate kind '' Partial monism , `` within a given realm of being ( however many there may be ) there is only one substance '' Existence monism , the view that there is only one concrete object token ( The One , `` Τὸ Ἕν '' or the Monad ) . Priority monism , `` the whole is prior to its parts '' or `` the world has parts , but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole . '' Property monism : the view that all properties are of a single type ( e.g. only physical properties exist ) Genus monism : `` the doctrine that there is a highest category ; e.g. , being '' Views contrasting with monism are : Metaphysical dualism , which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil , for example , Manichaeism , Metaphysical pluralism , which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities . Nihilism , negates any of the above categories ( substances , properties , concrete objects , etc . ) . Monism in modern philosophy of mind can be divided into three broad categories : Idealist , phenomenalism , or mentalistic monism , which holds that only mind or spirit is real Neutral monism , which holds that one sort of thing fundamentally exists , to which both the mental and the physical can be reduced Material monism ( also called Physicalism and materialism ) , which holds that only the physical is real , and that the mental or spiritual can be reduced to the physical a . Eliminative Materialism , according to which everything is physical and mental things do not exist b . Reductive physicalism , according to which mental things do exist and are a kind of physical thing Certain positions do not fit easily into the above categories , such as functionalism , anomalous monism , and reflexive monism . Moreover , they do not define the meaning of `` real '' . Other ( edit ) In 1896 , J.H. Worman , a theologian , identified seven categories of pantheism : Mechanical or materialistic ( God the mechanical unity of existence ) ; Ontological ( fundamental unity , Spinoza ) ; Dynamic ; Psychical ( God is the soul of the world ) ; Ethical ( God is the universal moral order , Fichte ; Logical ( Hegel ) ; and Pure ( absorption of God into nature , which Worman equates with atheism ) . More recently , Paul D. Feinberg , professor of biblical and systematic theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School , also identified seven : Hylozoistic ; Immanentistic ; Absolutistic monistic ; Relativistic monistic ; Acosmic ; Identity of opposites ; and Neoplatonic or emanationistic . Related concepts ( edit ) Nature worship or nature mysticism is often conflated and confused with pantheism . It is pointed out by at least one expert in pantheist philosophy that Spinoza 's identification of God with nature is very different from a recent idea of a self identifying pantheist with environmental ethical concerns , Harold Wood , founder of the Universal Pantheist Society . His use of the word nature to describe his worldview may be vastly different from the `` nature '' of modern sciences . He and other nature mystics who also identify as pantheists use `` nature '' to refer to the limited natural environment ( as opposed to man - made built environment ) . This use of `` nature '' is different from the broader use from Spinoza and other pantheists describing natural laws and the overall phenomena of the physical world . Nature mysticism may be compatible with pantheism but it may also be compatible with theism and other views . Nontheism is an umbrella term which has been used to refer to a variety of religions not fitting traditional theism , and under which pantheism has been included . Panentheism ( from Greek πᾶν ( pân ) `` all '' ; ἐν ( en ) `` in '' ; and θεός ( theós ) `` God '' ; `` all - in - God '' ) was formally coined in Germany in the 19th century in an attempt to offer a philosophical synthesis between traditional theism and pantheism , stating that God is substantially omnipresent in the physical universe but also exists `` apart from '' or `` beyond '' it as its Creator and Sustainer . Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism , positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it . The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God , so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or panentheism . Pandeism is another word derived from pantheism , and is characterized as a combination of reconcilable elements of pantheism and deism . It assumes a Creator - deity that is at some point distinct from the universe and then transforms into it , resulting in a universe similar to the pantheistic one in present essence , but differing in origin . Panpsychism is the philosophical view held by many pantheists that consciousness , mind , or soul is a universal feature of all things . Some pantheists also subscribe to the distinct philosophical views hylozoism ( or panvitalism ) , the view that everything is alive , and its close neighbor animism , the view that everything has a soul or spirit . Pantheism in Religion ( edit ) Traditional religions ( edit ) Many traditional and folk religions including African traditional religions and Native American religions can be seen as pantheistic , or a mixture of pantheism and other doctrines such as polytheism and animism . According to pantheists , there are elements of pantheism in some forms of Christianity . Ideas resembling pantheism existed in East / South Asian religions before the 18th century ( notably Sikhism , Hinduism , Confucianism , and Taoism ) . Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza 's work , there is such evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers , such as Leibniz , and later Voltaire . In the case of Hinduism , pantheistic views exist alongside panentheistic , polytheistic , monotheistic , and atheistic ones . In the case of Sikhism , stories attributed to Guru Nanak suggest that he believed God was everywhere in the physical world , and the Sikh tradition typically describes God as the preservative force within the physical world , present in all material forms , each created as a manifestation of God . However , Sikhs view God as the transcendent creator , `` immanent in the phenomenal reality of the world in the same way in which an artist can be said to be present in his art '' . This implies a more panentheistic position . Spirituality and New religious movements ( edit ) Pantheism is popular in modern spirituality and new religious movements , such as Neopaganism and Theosophy . Two organizations that specify the word pantheism in their title formed in the last quarter of the 20th century . The Universal Pantheist Society , open to all varieties of pantheists and supportive of environmental causes , was founded in 1975 . The World Pantheist Movement is headed by Paul Harrison , an environmentalist , writer and a former vice president of the Universal Pantheist Society , from which he resigned in 1996 . The World Pantheist Movement was incorporated in 1999 to focus exclusively on promoting naturalistic pantheism - a strict metaphysical naturalistic version of pantheism , considered by some a form of religious naturalism . It has been described as an example of `` dark green religion '' with a focus on environmental ethics . See also ( edit ) List of pantheists Theopanism , a term that is philosophically distinct but derived from the same root words Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Such as Behaviourism , Type - identity theory and Functionalism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary Of English . Oxford : Clarendon Press . 1998 . p. 1341 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed . Paul Edwards . New York : Macmillan and Free Press . 1967 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ A Companion to Philosophy of Religion edited by Charles Taliaferro , Paul Draper , Philip L. Quinn , p. 340 `` They deny that God is `` totally other '' than the world or ontologically distinct from it . '' ^ Jump up to : Levine , Michael , Pantheism : A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity , Psychology Press , 1994 , ISBN 9780415070645 , pgs 44 , 274 - 275 . `` The idea that Unity that is rooted in nature is what types of nature mysticism ( e.g. Wordsworth , Robinson Jeffers , Gary Snyder ) have in common with more philosophically robust versions of pantheism . It is why nature mysticism and philosophical pantheism are often conflated and confused for one another . '' `` ( Wood 's ) pantheism is distant from Spinoza 's identification of God with nature , and much closer to nature mysticism . In fact it is nature mysticism `` Nature mysticism , however , is as compatible with theism as it is with pantheism . '' ^ Jump up to : Picton , James Allanson ( 1905 ) . Pantheism : its story and significance . Chicago : Archibald Constable & CO LTD . ISBN 978 - 1419140082 . ^ Jump up to : Genevieve Lloyd , Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics ( Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks ) , Routledge ; 1 edition ( 2 October 1996 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10782 - 2 , Page : 24 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Bron ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature . A&C Black . pp. 1341 -- 1342 . ISBN 1441122788 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Thomson ; Bodies of Thought : Science , Religion , and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment , 2008 , page 54 . Jump up ^ Mastin , Luke . `` Pantheism - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy '' . www.philosophybasics.com . Jump up ^ Owen , H.P. Concepts of Deity . London : Macmillan , 1971 , p. 65 ... Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary Of English . Oxford : Clarendon Press . 1998 . p. 1341 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X . ^ Jump up to : Worman , J.H. , `` Pantheism '' , in Cyclopædia of Biblical , Theological , and Ecclesiastical Literature , Volume 1 , John McClintock , James Strong ( Eds ) , Harper & Brothers , 1896 , pp 616 -- 624 . Jump up ^ Collinge , William , Historical Dictionary of Catholicism , Scarecrow Press , 2012 , p 188 , ISBN 9780810879799 . Jump up ^ `` What is pantheism ? '' . catholic.com . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , James Lewis , Giordano Bruno , Macmillan , 1903 , p 316 . Jump up ^ * Fraser , Alexander Campbell `` Philosophy of Theism '' , William Blackwood and Sons , 1895 , p 163 . Jump up ^ Anthony Gottlieb . `` God Exists , Philosophically ( review of `` Spinoza : A Life '' by Steven Nadler ) `` . The New York Times , Books . 18 July 1999 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why Spinoza Was Excommunicated '' . National Endowment for the Humanities. 2015 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Yalom , Irvin ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` The Spinoza Problem '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Yovel , Yirmiyahu , Spinoza and Other Heretics : The Adventures of Immanence ( Princeton University Press , 1992 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Destroyer and Builder '' . The New Republic . 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Scruton 1986 ( 2002 ed . ) , ch. 1 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Plumptre , Constance ( 1879 ) . General sketch of the history of pantheism , Volume 2 . London : Samuel Deacon and Co. pp. 3 -- 5 , 8 , 29 . ISBN 9780766155022 . Jump up ^ Hegel 's History of Philosophy . Google Books . 2003 . ISBN 9780791455432 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Scruton 1986 ( 2002 ed . ) , ch. 2 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Gilles Deleuze ( 1990 ) . `` ( translator 's preface ) '' . 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Jump up ^ Daniel , Stephen H. `` Toland 's Semantic Pantheism , '' in John Toland 's Christianity not Mysterious , Text , Associated Works and Critical Essays . Edited by Philip McGuinness , Alan Harrison , and Richard Kearney . Dublin , Ireland : The Lilliput Press , 1997 . Jump up ^ R.E. Sullivan , `` John Toland and the Deist controversy : A Study in Adaptations '' , Harvard University Press , 1982 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Harrison , Paul . `` Toland : The father of modern pantheism '' . Pantheist History . World Pantheist Movement . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Toland , John , Pantheisticon , 1720 ; reprint of the 1751 edition , New York and London : Garland , 1976 , p 54 ^ Jump up to : Paul Harrison , Elements of Pantheism , 1999 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Ted , The Oxford Companion to Philosophy , Oxford University Press , 1995 , p. 641 : `` First used by John Toland in 1705 , the term ' pantheist ' designates one who holds both that everything there is constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine . '' Jump up ^ Thompson , Ann , Bodies of Thought : Science , Religion , and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment , Oxford University Press , 2008 , p 133 , ISBN 9780199236190 Jump up ^ Worman cites Waterland , Works , viii , p 81 . Jump up ^ Worman cites Wegscheider , Inst 57 , p 250 . Jump up ^ Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi , in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( plato.stanford.edu ) . Jump up ^ Dahlstrom ( 3 Dec 2002 ) . `` Moses Mendelssohn '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goetschel , Willi ( 2004 ) . Spinoza 's Modernity : Mendelssohn , Lessing , and Heine . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0299190803 . Jump up ^ Pope BI . Pius IX ( 9 June 1862 ) . `` Syllabus of Errors 1.1 '' . Papal Encyclicals Online . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Herndon , William ( 4 February 1866 ) . `` Sold -- Herndon 's Revelations on Lincoln 's Religion '' ( Excerpt and review ) . Raab Collection . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Guy ( 17 April 2011 ) . `` ' Pantheist ' Lincoln would be unelectable today '' . The Independent . Los Angeles . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstucker , W.H. Allen , 1879 . p32 . Jump up ^ Thilly , Frank , `` Pantheism '' , in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics , Part 18 , Hastings , James ( Ed . ) , Kessinger Publishing , 2003 ( reprint , originally published 1908 ) , p 614 , ISBN 9780766136953 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , AH ( 1967 ) . The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 57 , 60 , 161 , 186 , 222 . ISBN 978052104 - 0549 . Jump up ^ McLynn , Frank ( 2010 ) . Marcus Aurelius : A Life . Da Capo Press . p. 232 . ISBN 9780306819162 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Dorion , `` Dazzle Gradually : Reflections on the Nature of Nature '' 2007 , p 14 . ^ Jump up to : Jammer ( 2011 ) , Einstein and Religion : Physics and Theology , Princeton University Press , p. 51 ; original at Einstein Archive , reel 33 - 275 ^ Jump up to : `` Belief in God a ' product of human weaknesses ' : Einstein letter '' . CBC Canada . 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins Foundation , Der Einstein - Gutkind Brief - Mit Transkript und Englischer Übersetzung Jump up ^ Margot Adler , Drawing Down the Moon , Beacon Press , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Caritas In Veritate , 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Message of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI For The Celebration Of The World Day Of Peace '' . Jump up ^ Heaven and Nature , Ross Douthat , New York Times , 20 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` '' Luminaries of Pantheism '' ( 2015 ) by Levi Ponce - PUBLIC ART IN PUBLIC PLACES `` . www.publicartinpublicplaces.info . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rod , Perry . `` About the Paradise Project '' . The Paradise Project . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New mural in Venice ! `` Luminaries of Pantheism '' `` . Venice Paparazzi. 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Michael . `` Pantheism '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Charles Hartshorne and William Reese , ed. ( 1953 ) . Philosophers Speak of God . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 165 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Donald ; Marcia Bartusiak ( 2006 ) . E = Einstein : His Life , His Thought , and His Influence on Our Culture . New York : Stirling Publishing . p. 187 . ISBN 9781402763199 . Jump up ^ F.C. Copleston , `` Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists , '' Philosophy 21 , 1946 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool , `` Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society , Volumes 43 -- 44 '' , 1889 , p 285 Jump up ^ John Ferguson , `` The Religions of the Roman Empire '' , Cornell University Press , 1970 , p 193 Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2007 ) . Einstein : His Life and Universe . Simon and Schuster . p. 391 . ISBN 9781416539322 . I am a determinist . Jump up ^ Lindsay Jones , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion : Volume 10 ( 2nd ed . ) . USA : MacMillan . ISBN 0028657330 . Jump up ^ Dependence and Freedom : The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell By David Wayne Haddorff ( 1 ) Emerson 's belief was `` monistic determinism '' . Creatures of Prometheus : Gender and the Politics of Technology By Timothy Vance Kaufman - Osborn , Prometheus ( ( Writer ) ) ( 2 ) `` Things are in a saddle , and ride mankind . '' Emerson 's position is `` soft determinism '' ( a variant of determinism ) ( 3 ) `` The ' fate ' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism . '' ( Fate is one of Emerson 's essays ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Hegel was a determinist '' ( also called a combatibilist a.k.a. soft determinist ) ( 5 ) `` Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism '' ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Levine , Michael P. ( August 1992 ) . `` Pantheism , substance and unity '' . International Journal for Philosophy of Religion . 32 : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01313557 . JSTOR 40036697 . Jump up ^ * Theories of the will in the history of philosophy By Archibald Alexander p 307 Schelling holds `` ... that the will is not determined but self - determined . '' ( 7 ) The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p 17 `` ( His ) fight against determinism '' `` My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will . '' ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Pantheism '' . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . Columbia University Press . 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , H.P. Concepts of Deity . London : Macmillan , 1971 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Urmson 1991 , p. 297 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffer , Jonathan , Monism : The Priority of the Whole , http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/monism.pdf Jump up ^ Schaffer , Jonathan , `` Monism '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2015 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/monism/ ^ Jump up to : Brugger 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Mandik 2010 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Luke Mastin ( 2008 ) , Monism Jump up ^ Evangelical Dictionary of Theology , edited by Walter A. Elwell , p. 887 ^ Jump up to : John W. Cooper , The Other God of the Philosophers , Baker Academic , 2006 Jump up ^ Levine , Michael Philip ( 1994 ) . Pantheism : A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity . Psychology Press . ISBN 9780203014776 . Jump up ^ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy : Genealogy to Iqbal edited by Edward Craig , pg 100 ( 9 ) . Jump up ^ Sean F. Johnston ( 2009 ) . The History of Science : A Beginner 's Guide . p. 90 . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 681 - 9 . Jump up ^ Seager , William and Allen - Hermanson , Sean , `` Panpsychism '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = < http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/panpsychism/ Jump up ^ Haught , John F. ( 1990 ) . What Is Religion ? : An Introduction . Paulist Press . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , EG ( 1970 ) . `` Monotheism and Pantheism in Africa '' . Journal of Religion in Africa . 3 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 88 . doi : 10.1163 / 157006670x00099 . JSTOR 1594816 . Jump up ^ Levine 1994 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Paul . `` North American Indians : the spirituality of nature '' . World Pantheist Movement . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Paul . `` The origins of Christian pantheism '' . Pantheist history . World Pantheists Movement . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox , Michael W. `` Christianity and Pantheism '' . Universal Pantheist Society . Archived from the original on 9 March 2001 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Zaleha , Bernard . `` Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation '' . Fund for Christian Ecology , Inc . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397760?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Jump up ^ Lan , Feng ( 2005 ) . Ezra Pound and Confucianism : remaking humanism in the face of modernity . University of Toronto Press . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8941 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1997 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Fowler 2002 , p. 15 - 32 . Jump up ^ Long 2011 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Singh , Nikky - Guninder Kaur ( 1992 ) . `` The Myth of the Founder : The Janamsākhīs and Sikh Tradition '' . History of Religions. 31 ( 4 ) : 329 -- 343 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ahluwalia , Jasbir Singh ( March 1974 ) . `` Anti-Feudal Dialectic of Sikhism '' . Social Scientist. 2 ( 8 ) . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . `` Emergent Nature Spirituality : An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview '' . In Lewis , James R. , Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2890 - 0 . p 50 Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . Universal Pantheist Society . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ World Pantheist Movement . `` Naturalism and Religion : can there be a naturalistic & scientific spirituality ? '' . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jerome Arthur ( 2008 ) . Religious Naturalism Today : The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0791475379 . Jump up ^ Bron Raymond Taylor , `` Dark Green Religion : Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future '' , University of California Press 2010 , pp 159 -- 160 . Sources ( edit ) Fowler , Jeaneane D. ( 1997 ) , Hinduism : Beliefs and Practices , Sussex Academic Press Fowler , Jeaneane D. ( 2002 ) , Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism , Sussex Academic Press Long , Jeffrey D. ( 2011 ) , Historical Dictionary of Hinduism , Scarecrow Press Further reading ( edit ) Amryc , C. Pantheism : The Light and Hope of Modern Reason , 1898 . online Harrison , Paul , Elements of Pantheism , Element Press , 1999 . preview Hunt , John , Pantheism and Christianity , William Isbister Limited , 1884 . online Levine , Michael , Pantheism : A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity , Psychology Press , 1994 , ISBN 9780415070645 Picton , James Allanson , Pantheism : Its story and significance , Archibald Constable & Co. , 1905 . online . Plumptre , Constance E. , General Sketch of the History of Pantheism , Cambridge University Press , 2011 ( reprint , originally published 1879 ) , ISBN 9781108028028 online Russell , Sharman Apt , Standing in the Light : My Life as a Pantheist , Basic Books , 2008 , ISBN 0465005179 Urquhart , W.S. Pantheism and the Value of Life , 1919 . online External links ( edit ) Look up pantheism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pantheism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pantheism . Mander , William . `` Pantheism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Pantheism entry by Michael Levine ( earlier article on pantheism in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) Pantheism at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Pantheist Index , pantheist-index.net An Introduction to Pantheism ( wku.edu ) Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Pantheism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . The Universal Pantheist Society ( pantheist.net ) The World Pantheist Movement ( pantheism.net ) Pantheism. community by The Paradise Project ( pantheism.com ) Pantheism and Judaism ( chabad.org ) On Whitehead 's process pantheism : Michel Weber , Whitehead 's Pancreativism . The Basics . Foreword by Nicholas Rescher , Frankfurt / Paris , Ontos Verlag , 2006 . 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Yalom ) The Spinoza Quartet ( 2013 novel by Bernard Susser ) Spinoza Prize Spinoza Institute 7142 Spinoza North American Spinoza Society Commons Wikiquote Wikisource texts GND : 4173188 - 8 LCCN : sh85097492 NDL : 00562946 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantheism&oldid=842363195 '' Categories : Pantheism Spinoza studies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles with Curlie links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 23 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the belief that god is in everything is called	[ "Pantheism is the belief that reality is identical with divinity,[1] or that all-things compose an all-encompassing, immanent god[2]. Pantheist belief does not recognize a distinct personal anthropomorphic god[3] and instead characterize a broad range of doctrines differing in forms of relationships between reality and divinity.[4]" ]	[ "Pantheism" ]
9043890382725719353	Religious festival	Religious festival - wikipedia Religious festival Jump to : navigation , search A religious festival is a time of special importance marked by adherents to that religion . Religious festivals are commonly celebrated on recurring cycles in a calendar year or lunar calendar . Hundreds of very different religious festivals are held around the world each year and a religious festival is about celebrating something that is special to that religion . Contents ( hide ) 1 By religion 1.1 Ancient Roman religious festivals 1.2 Buddhist religious festivals 1.3 Christian religious festivals 1.4 Hindu religious festivals 1.5 Islamic religious festivals 1.6 Jain religious festivals 1.7 Jewish religious festivals 1.8 Neo-Pagan religious festivals 1.9 Ravidassia religious festivals 1.10 Sikh religious festivals 1.11 Shinto religious festivals 1.12 Sindhi religious festivals 2 See also 3 References 4 External links By religion ( edit ) Ancient Roman religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : Roman festivals Roman men thought to be participating in the Compitalia festival , in a wall painting from Pompeii Festivals ( feriae ) were an important part of Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras , and were one of the primary features of the Roman calendar . Feriae ( `` holidays '' in the sense of `` holy days '' ) were either public ( publicae ) or private ( privatae ) . State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding . Feriae privatae were holidays celebrated in honor of private individuals or by families . The 1st - century BC scholar Varro defined feriae as `` days instituted for the sake of the gods . '' A deity 's festival often marked the anniversary ( dies natalis , `` birthday '' ) of the founding of the deity 's temple , or a rededication after a major renovation . Public business was suspended for the performance of religious rites on the feriae . Cicero says that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels , and slaves should get a break from their labors . On calendars of the Republic and early Empire , the religious status of days were marked by letters such as F ( for fastus , when it was religiously permissible to conduct legal business ) , C ( for comitialis ) , a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies ) , and N ( for nefastus , when political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited ) . By the late 2nd century AD , extant calendars no longer show these letters , probably as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius that recognized the changed religious environment of the empire . A fragment of the Fasti Praenestini for April ( Aprilis ) , with the festivals of Vinalia ( VIN ) and Robigalia ( ROB ) marked in capital letters On surviving Roman calendars , festivals that appear in large capital letters ( such as the Lupercalia and Parilia ) are thought to have been the most ancient holidays , becoming part of the calendar before 509 BC . Some of the oldest festivals are not named for deities . During the Imperial period , several traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important , and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays . Games ( ludi ) , such as the Ludi Apollinares , were often dedicated to particular deities , but were not technically feriae , although they might be holidays in the modern sense of days off work ( dies festi ) . After the mid-1st century AD , there were more frequent spectacles and games ( circenses ) held in the venue called a `` circus '' , in honor of various deities or for imperial anniversaries ( dies Augusti ) . A religious festival held on a single day , such as the Floralia , might be expanded with games over multiple days ( Ludi Florae ) ; the festival of Flora is seen as a precursor of May Day festivities . A major source for Roman holidays is Ovid 's Fasti , a poem that describes and provides origins for festivals from January to June at the time of Augustus . Because it ends with June , less is known about Roman festivals in the second half of the year , with the exception of the Saturnalia , a religious festival in honor of Saturn on December 17 that expanded with celebrations through December 23 . Probably the best - known Roman festival , some of its customs , such as gift - giving and the prevalence of candles , are thought to have influenced popular celebrations of Christmas . Buddhist religious festivals ( edit ) Main articles : List of Buddhist festivals and Buddhist holidays Japanese festivals and Barua festivals often involve Buddhist culture , as do pagoda festivals held as fairs held at Buddhist temples in countries such as Thailand . Features of Buddhist Tibetan festivals may include the traditional cham dance , which is also a feature of some Buddhist festivals in India and Bhutan . Many festivals of Nepal are religious festivals involving Buddhism . Christian religious festivals ( edit ) Easter eggs See also : Category : Christian festivals and Christian music festival The central festival of Christianity is Easter , on which Christians celebrate their belief that Jesus Christ rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion . Even for Easter , however , there is no agreement among the various Christian traditions regarding the date or manner of the observance , less for Christmas , Pentecost , or various other holidays . Both Protestants and Catholics observe certain festivals commemorating events in the life of Christ . Of these , the two most important are Christmas , which commemorates the Birth of Jesus , and Easter , which marks his resurrection . Hindu religious festivals ( edit ) See also : List of Hindu festivals ' Utsava ' is the Sanskrit word for Hindu festivals , meaning ' to cause to grow ' upward ' . Hindus observe sacred occasions by festive observances . All festivals in Hinduism are predominantly religious in character and significance . Many festivals are seasonal . Some celebrate harvest and the birth of gods or heroes . Some are dedicated to important events in Hindu mythology . Many are dedicated to Shiva and Parvati , Vishnu and Lakshmi and Brahma and Saraswati . A festival may be observed with acts of worship , offerings to deities , fasting , feasting , vigil , rituals , fairs , charity , celebrations , Puja , Homa , aarti etc . They celebrate individual and community life of Hindus without distinction of caste , gender or class . In the Hindu calendar dates are usually prescribed according to the lunar calendar . In vedic timekeeping , a tithi is a lunar day . Among major festivals are Diwali , Gudi Padwa , Pongal , Holi , Ganesh Chaturthi , Raksha Bhandan , Krishna Janmashtami , Dasara or Dussehra , which may refer to the ten days of Sharada Navratri or the tenth day , Vijayadashami . Others include Onam , Shivaratri , Ugadi , Rathayatra of Lord Jaganatha at Puri in Ilam , Nepal and many other places in Nepal and many other countries Govinda celebrations during the Krishna Janmaashtami festivities Islamic religious festivals ( edit ) See also : Category : Islamic festivals and Islamic holidays Among major Islamic religious festivals are Eid ul - Adha , Eid ul - Fitr , Ramadan and Urs . Iftar meal on Ramadan Eid Prayers at Barashalghar Eid in Tajikistan Jain religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : Jain festivals Important festivals include Paryushan , Mahavir Jayanti and Diwali . Jewish religious festivals ( edit ) Main articles : Jewish festivals and Category : Jewish festivals Reciting blessing over candles on the eve of Shabbat and Jewish holidays A Jewish holiday ( Yom Tov or chag in Hebrew ) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible , specifically the Torah , and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras . There are a number of festival days , fast days ( ta'anit ) and days of remembrance . Neo-Pagan religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : List of Neo-Pagan festivals and events Ravidassia religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : Ravidassia religion § Festival The birthday of Guru Ravidass on Magh Purnima ( February 7 -- 12 ) is celebrated as `` Guru Ravidass Jayanti '' every year . Sikh religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : List of Sikh festivals Major Sikh festivals include Guru Nanak Jayanti , Guru Gobind Jayanti , Maghi , Poonai , Sangrand , and Vaisakhi . Shinto religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : Japanese festivals Sindhi religious festivals ( edit ) Main article : List of Sindhi festivals See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Outline of festivals Lists of festivals List of foods with religious symbolism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H.H. Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic ( Cornell University Press , 1981 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Varro , De lingua latina 6.12 ( dies deorum causa instituti , as cited by Scullard , p. 39 , noting also the phrase dis dedicati , `` dedicated to the gods , '' in Macrobius , Saturnalia 1.16. 2 . Jump up ^ Hendrik Wagenvoort , `` Initia Cereris , '' in Studies in Roman Literature , Culture and Religion ( Brill , 1956 ) , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Cicero , De legibus 2.29 , as cited by Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Michele Renee Salzman , On Roman Time : The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity ( University of California Press , 1990 ) , pp. 17 , 178 . Jump up ^ Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Wagenvoort , `` Initia Cereris , '' pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Salzman , On Roman Time , pp. 17 , 120ff. , 178 ; entry on `` Bacchanalia and Saturnalia , '' in The Classical Tradition , edited by Anthony Grafton , Glenn W. Most , and Salvatore Settis ( Harvard University Press , 2010 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A Sourcebook ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , vol. 2 , p. 124 ; Craig A. Williams , Martial : Epigrams Book Two ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 259 ( on the custom of gift - giving ) ; entry on `` Bacchanalia and Saturnalia , '' in The Classical Tradition , p. 116 ; C. Bennet Pascal , `` October Horse , '' Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 ( 1981 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Amulya Mohapatra ; Bijaya Mohapatra ( 1 December 1995 ) . Hinduism : Analytical Study . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 388 - 9 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religious festival . interfaithcalendar.org ( hide ) Time in religion and mythology Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_festival&oldid=830783844 '' Categories : Religious festivals Religious events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Հայերեն Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português संस्कृतम् Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which festival is celebrated by the christian community	[]	[]
3837918111551686584	Snickers	Snickers - wikipedia Snickers Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the candy bar . For other uses , see Snickers ( disambiguation ) . Snickers Product type Confectionery Owner Mars , Incorporated Introduced 1930 Markets Worldwide Website www.snickers.com Snickers is a brand name chocolate bar made by the American company Mars , Incorporated previously known in the UK as ' Marathon ' but changed in 1990 . Consisting of nougat topped with caramel and peanuts , enrobed in milk chocolate , Snickers has annual global sales of $2 billion . In the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man , and Ireland , Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until July 19 , 1990 . Snickers brand Marathon energy bars have since been sold in some markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Snickers Duo 1.2 Australian recall 2 Caloric value 3 Bar weight 4 Products containing Snickers 5 Variations 6 Advertising 6.1 It 's So Satisfying 6.2 1984 Olympics 6.3 Not Going Anywhere For a While ? ( Hungry ? Grab a Snickers ! / Why Wait ? ) 6.4 Snickers Feast 6.5 Super Bowl XLI commercial 6.6 Mr. T 6.7 NASCAR 6.8 FIFA World Cup & UEFA Euro Sponsorship 6.9 You 're Not You When You 're Hungry 6.10 WrestleMania 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1930 Mars introduced Snickers , named after the favorite horse of the Mars family . The Snickers chocolate bar consists of nougat , peanuts , and caramel with a chocolate coating . The bar was marketed under the name `` Marathon '' in the UK and Ireland until July 19 , 1990 , when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name ( Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s ) . There are also several other Snickers products such as Snickers mini , dark chocolate , ice cream bars , Snickers with almonds , Snickers with hazelnuts , Snickers peanut butter bars , Snickers protein and Snickers with Extra Caramel . Snickers Duo ( edit ) A replacement for the king size Snickers bar was launched in the UK in 2004 and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation ( FDF ) `` Manifesto for Food and Health '' . Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious . Reducing portion size , clearer food labels , and reduction of the levels of fat , sugar , and salt were among the FDF pledges . Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king - size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars . A Mars spokesman said : `` Our king - size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or can be consumed on more than one occasion . The name king - size will be phased out . '' These were eventually replaced by the ' Duo ' , a double bar pack . Though this change to Duos reduced the weight from 3.5 to 3.29 ounces ( 99 to 93 g ) , the price remained the same . The packaging has step - by - step picture instructions of how to open a Duo into two bars , in four simple actions . As Mars stated fulfillment of their promise , the Duo format was met with criticism by the National Obesity Forum and National Consumer Council . Australian recall ( edit ) In December 2000 , tens of thousands of Snickers and Mars Bars were removed from New South Wales store shelves due to a series of threatening letters which resulted in fears that the chocolate bars had been poisoned . Mars received letters from an unidentified individual indicating that they planned to plant poisoned chocolate bars on store shelves . The last letter sent included a Snickers bar contaminated with a substance which was later identified as rat poison . The letters claimed that there were seven additional chocolate bars which had been tampered with and which were for sale to the public . As a precautionary measure , Mars issued a massive recall . Mars said that there had been no demand for money and complaints directed to an unidentified third party . Caloric value ( edit ) The USDA lists the caloric value of a 2 - ounce ( 57 gram ) Snickers bar as 280 kilocalories ( 1,200 kJ ) . As of 2016 , the United Kingdom bar has a weight of 48g , with 245 kcal , and the Canadian bar 52g with 250 kcal . The four - pack bar in the United Kingdom has a weight of 41.7 g , with 213kcal . Bar weight ( edit ) Over the years , the bar weight has decreased : Before 2009 , in the UK a single Snickers bar had a weight of 62.5 g . This weight was subsequently reduced to 58g in 2009 , and to 48g in 2013 . Products containing Snickers ( edit ) Containing approximately 450 calories ( 1,900 J ) per bar , deep fried chocolate bars ( including Snickers and Mars bars ) became a specialty in fish and chips shops in Scotland in 1995 , and in the early 2000s , became popular at American state fairs . In 2012 , the British Food Commission highlighted celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson 's `` Snickers pie '' , which contained five Snickers bars among other ingredients , suggesting it was one of the unhealthiest desserts ever ; one slice providing `` over 1,250 calories ( 5,200 kJ ) from sugar and fat alone '' , more than half a day 's requirement for an average adult . The pie had featured on his BBC Saturday programme some two years earlier and the chef described it as an occasional treat only . Variations ( edit ) 1970 -- 1973 : Snickers Munch 1990 -- present : Snickers Ice Cream bar 1996 -- 2011 : Snickers Ice Cream cone 2001 -- present : Snickers Cruncher bar ( re branded Snickers Munch in some markets , still sold as `` Cruncher '' in Italy , Germany , Romania , Egypt , Poland , Latvia , Austria , Slovakia , Israel , Sweden , Bosnia , and Portugal ) 2002 -- present : Snickers almond bar 2002 -- 2008 : Cookies Snickers 2004 -- present : Snickers Marathon energy bars 2006 -- present : Snickers Duo 2006 -- 2009 , 2014 -- present : Snickers X-treme ( 5 grams ( 0.18 oz ) of protein per serving , lack of nougat ) 2007 -- 2010 : Snickers Dark ( dark chocolate ) 2008 : Snickers Charged ( limited edition , contains caffeine , taurine , and B vitamins ) . It is the only Snickers bar to contain energy stimulants . 2008 -- present : Snickers The Lot ( Crispy pieces in a thick cream , caramel , sprinkled with a large amount of nuts , and covered in chocolate ( Australia and New Zealand ) 2009 : Snickers Fudge ( limited edition ) 2010 : Snickers Maximus , a limited edition with only caramel and peanut in the center 2010 : More Nuts , a limited edition featuring 10 % higher nut content 2010 -- present : Snickers Almond 2011 : Snickers Peanut Butter . Discontinued and replaced by Snickers peanut butter Squared 2011 : Snickers Peanut Butter Squared . Added to replace Snickers Peanut Butter . 2011 : Snickers 3x Chocolate 2012 : Snickers 3x Nuts . Introduced in Australia . 2013 : Snickers 3x Caramel 2013 : More Nuts . same as 2010 . 2013 : More Caramel . Re-release of Snickers Maximus . 2014 : More Choc . a limited edition with the nougat and caramel being chocolate - based 2017 : Snickers & Hazelnut . Others include : Snickers Fun Size ( small , bite - size bars popular for Halloween ) Snickers Minis Snickers Flapjack Snickers Stik ( 25 grams ( 0.88 oz ) ) Snickers Snack Size ( 42 grams ( 1.5 oz ) ; also sold in packs with four or five 40 grams ( 1.4 oz ) bars ) Snickers Trio ( combined 112.5 grams ( 3.97 oz ) bar with three 37.5 grams ( 1.32 oz ) bars ; also sold as Snickers Super + 1 ) Peanut Butter Squared Snickers Gold Snickers Cake Snickers Ice Cream ( Snickers Ice Cream Bars , Snickers Minis Ice Cream Bars , Snickers Ice Cream Cones , and Snickers Ice Cream Brownies ) Snickers Nut N Butter Crunch Snickers Crazy Peanuts ( limited edition , sold in Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Germany , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Norway , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia ) Snickers Hard ( limited edition , sold in Armenia , Czech Republic , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Ukraine , and Slovakia ) Snickers 220 V ( limited edition , contains guarana and L - carnitine , sold in 2007 in Ukraine , Slovakia , and Poland ) Frozen Snickers ( otherwise known as a Frozen Mungler ) Snickers Hazelnut ( Ukraine , Australia , Poland , and South Korea ; standard bar is 70 grams ( 2.5 oz ) , Duo bar + 15 % is two 40.5 - gram ( 1.43 oz ) bars resulting in an 81 - gram ( 2.9 oz ) combined bar ) Snickers Hazelnut ( limited edition , sold in Bulgaria and Czech Republic ; standard bar is 49 grams ( 1.7 oz ) ) Snickers White ( limited edition , sold in Russia , Ukraine , Germany , Sweden , Denmark and Finland ; covered in white chocolate ) Snickers with Sunflower Seed ( limited edition , sold in Russia and Ukraine ) Snickers 3 nuts ( limited edition , sold in Russia ; with peanuts , hazelnuts and almonds ) Snickers Miniatures ( in Celebrations ) Snickers Maple ( limited edition , sold in Canada only ) Snickers with Green Shrek Filling ( limited edition , sold as a tie - in with the movie Shrek the Third ) Snickers Adventure Bar ( limited edition , sold as Indiana Jones promotion with chocolate , nuts , spice , and coconut flavor ) Snickers Rockin ' Nut Road ( limited edition , sold as Rocky Nut Road in Canada , contains almonds , caramel , marshmallow flavored nougat , and dark chocolate ) Snickers Chocolate Spread ( with energizer ) Snickers Superman ( Ukraine ; before 2009 it was 95 grams ( 3.4 oz ) , in 2009 it became 100 grams ( 3.5 oz ) , in 2010 it was split into two 50.5 - gram ( 1.78 oz ) bars resulting in a 101 - gram ( 3.6 oz ) combined bar ) Advertising ( edit ) It 's so satisfying ( edit ) In 1980 , Snickers ran ads which featured a variety of everyday people discussing why they like Snickers . The ads featured a jingle that said `` It 's so satisfying '' and had the classic hand that would open and close showing a handful of peanuts converting to a Snickers bar . `` Packed with peanuts , Snickers really satisfies '' was shown in the commercials . 1984 Olympics ( edit ) Mars paid $5 million to have Snickers and M&M 's named the `` official snack '' of the 1984 Summer Olympics , outraging nutritionists . Sports promotions in international games continued to be a prominent marketing tool for Mars , that would keep Snickers as an international brand while also selling local bars in some markets . Not going anywhere for a while ? ( Hungry ? Grab a Snickers ! / why Wait ? ) ( edit ) Beginning in 1995 , Snickers ran ads which featured someone making a self - inflicted mistake , with the voice - over saying `` Not going anywhere for a while ? Grab a Snickers ! '' The tag line at the end of each ad proclaimed , `` Hungry ? Why Wait ? '' One such ad had a player for a fictional American football team showing off his new tattoo of the team 's logo on his back to his teammates . He then shows it to his head coach who , after complimenting the tattoo , immediately tells him that he 's been traded to Miami . The player then goes to have his old team 's logo replaced with the new team 's logo . Some of the ads were done in conjunction with the National Football League , with whom Snickers had a sponsorship deal at the time . One ad featured a member of the grounds crew at Arrowhead Stadium painting the field for an upcoming Kansas City Chiefs game in hot , late - summer weather . After finishing one of the end zones , and visibly exhausted , one of the Chiefs players walks up to him and says the field looks great , `` but who are the Chefs ? '' , showing that despite all the hard work the painter accidentally omitted the `` i '' in Chiefs . Another had Marv Levy in the Buffalo Bills locker room lecturing his team that `` no one 's going anywhere '' until the Bills figure out how to actually win a Super Bowl . Snickers feast ( edit ) In 2007 , Snickers launched a campaign which featured Henry the VIII and a Viking among others who attend the `` Snickers Feast '' . It consisted of various commercials of the gang and their adventures on the feast . Super Bowl XLI commercial ( edit ) On February 4 , 2007 , during Super Bowl XLI , Snickers commercials aired which resulted in complaints by gay and lesbian groups against the maker of the candy bar , Masterfoods USA of Hackettstown , New Jersey , a division of Mars , Incorporated . The commercial showed a pair of auto mechanics accidentally touching lips while sharing a Snickers bar . After quickly pulling away , one mechanic says , `` I think we just accidentally kissed . '' , and another mechanic exclaims , `` Quick ! Do something manly ! '' and in three of the four versions , they do so mostly in the form of injury , including tearing out chest hair , striking each other with a very large pipe wrench , and drinking motor oil and windshield washer fluid . In the fourth version , however , a third mechanic shows up and asks `` Is there room for three in this Love Boat ? '' Complaints were lodged against Masterfoods that the ads were homophobic . Human Rights Campaign president Joe Solmonese is quoted as saying `` This type of jeering from professional sports figures at the sight of two men kissing fuels the kind of anti-gay bullying that haunts countless gay and lesbian school children on playgrounds all across the country . '' Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) president Neil Giuliano said `` That Snickers , Mars and the NFL would promote and endorse this kind of prejudice is simply inexcusable . '' Masterfoods has since pulled the ads and the website . Mr. T ( edit ) In 2006 , Mr. T starred in a Snickers advert in the UK where he rides up in an army tank and shouts abuse at a football player who appears to be faking an injury , threatening to introduce him to his friend Pain . Another advert featured Mr. T launching bars at a swimmer who appeared to refuse to get in a swimming pool because of the cold temperature of the water . In 2008 , a European Snickers commercial in which Mr. T uses a Jeep - mounted Minigun to fire Snickers bars at a speedwalker for being a `` disgrace to the man race '' was pulled after complaints from a US pressure group that the advertisement was homophobic . These adverts usually ended with Mr. T saying `` Snickers : Get Some Nuts ! '' NASCAR ( edit ) In NASCAR racing , Snickers ( and the rest of the Mars affiliated brands ) sponsor Kyle Busch 's # 18 Toyota for Joe Gibbs Racing . Prior to that the brand served as a primary sponsor for Ricky Rudd 's # 88 Robert Yates Racing Ford as well as an associate sponsor for the team 's # 38 car driven first by Elliott Sadler and then by David Gilliland , and an associate sponsor for the MB2 Motorsports # 36 Pontiac driven by Derrike Cope , Ernie Irvan , Ken Schrader , and others . In 1990 , Bobby Hillin drove for Stavola Brothers Racing in the # 8 Snickers Buick , marking the candy 's first appearance as a sponsor ; it had since been driven by Rick Wilson and Dick Trickle . FIFA World Cup & UEFA euro sponsorship ( edit ) Snickers was an Official Sponsor of the FIFA World Cup from the year 1990 until 1998 and the UEFA European Championship from 1996 until 2000 . You 're Not You when You 're hungry ( edit ) In 2010 , a new advertising campaign was launched , based around people turning into different people ( usually celebrities ) when they 're hungry ( taking the new campaign 's name `` You 're Not You When You 're Hungry '' quite literally ) . In 2010 , Betty White and Abe Vigoda appeared in the first Snickers commercial in this campaign , playing American football . The commercial was ranked by ADBOWL as the best advertisement of the year . This commercial was also briefly spoofed in an episode of SportsNation on ESPN2 with Michelle Beadle playing the role instead of Betty White in 2011 . Later that year , Snickers commercials featured singers Aretha Franklin and Liza Minnelli , and comedians Richard Lewis and Roseanne Barr . A 2011 commercial featured actors Joe Pesci and Don Rickles . The tagline varied depending on the commercial 's location or what variety the commercial is showing . The UK version ( featuring men in a changing room turning into Joan Collins and Stephanie Beacham as a result of hunger ) retains Mr. T 's slogan . In Latin America , the slogan was the same as in the UK version , except that men doing extreme sports turning into the Mexican singer Anahí as a result of hunger . In 2013 , Robin Williams and Bobcat Goldthwait also appeared in a Snickers football commercial . In March 2014 , a commercial featuring Godzilla was released to promote the 2014 Godzilla film . In the commercial , Godzilla is shown hanging out with humans on the beach , riding dirt bikes , and water skiing ; he only begins rampaging once he 's hungry . After being fed a Snickers bar , he resumes having fun with the humans . In October 2014 , Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean returned on television by appearing on several UK Snickers commercials and cinema spots . In February 2015 , Snickers ' Super Bowl XLIX commercial featured a parody of a scene from an episode of The Brady Bunch entitled `` Subject Was Noses . '' In the commercial , Carol and Mike try to calm down a hungry and angry Danny Trejo . When the parents give Trejo a Snickers bar , he reverts into Marcia before an irate Jan ( played by Steve Buscemi ) rants upstairs and walks away . In 2016 , for Super Bowl 50 , another Snickers commercial was made , featuring Willem Dafoe ( as Marilyn Monroe ) and Eugene Levy , where `` Marilyn '' complains about filming the iconic `` subway grate '' scene in The Seven Year Itch . After being given a Snickers , Marilyn goes ahead with the scene , with Levy operating the fan below , commenting that the scene wo n't make the movie 's final cut , that nobody would want to see it . WrestleMania ( edit ) Snickers has been an official sponsor of WWE 's WrestleMania events , including WrestleMania 2000 , 22 , 32 and 33 , while its Cruncher variant sponsored WrestleMania X-Seven , XIX , XX and 21 . Since then , Snickers has sponsored superstars such as Enzo Amore and Big Cass with their signature term , SAWFT , which is labelled at the back of the chocolate bar . See also ( edit ) Curly Wurly Snickers salad Snickers pie List of chocolate bar brands List of candies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Mars : History '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Candy Bar '' . Zeer.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( January 31 , 2005 ) . `` Women sweet on humorous Snickers ads '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2005 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Marathon candy bar , Christian Science Monitor , Home forum March 18 , 1999 Archived July 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Snickers Marathon - Long Lasting Energy Bar , Snickers Marathon corporate website . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Archived June 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Mars '' . MARS Corporation . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food Facts & Trivia : Snickers Candy Bar '' . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Nic ( article author ) , Chocolate bars cut down to size , telegraph.co.uk . Article dated September 27 , 2004 , retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Quote is from Michael Jenkins ( external affairs director at Masterfoods , as parent company was then known ) . Jump up ^ h2g2 ( editors ) The Rise and Fall of ' King - Size ' Chocolate Bars ( UK ) , h2g2 at bbc.co.uk . Article retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Martin , `` Chocolate makers eat their words on king - size snacks '' , The Independent ( London ) . Article written January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars , Snickers Recalled Due to Poison Threat '' , health.dailynewscentral.com . Article dated July 1 , 2004 . Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Candies , MARS SNACKFOOD US , SNICKERS Bar ( NDB No. 19155 ) '' . USDA Nutrient Database . USDA . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Single 48g Nutrition '' , marsnutrition.co.uk Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Becky ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Mars and Snickers reduce bar sizes but not prices '' . Marketing Magazine . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Agencies ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Mars and Snickers shrink but prices stay the same '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fat Festival ? Calories in Food at the Fair '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deep - fried Mars myth is dispelled '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food - Recipes - Snickers pie '' . BBC . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity recipe ' most unhealthy ' '' . BBC News . February 5 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Snickers Charged . Candyblog , January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Two limited edition Snickers bars replace original variant . Convenience Store , January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Limited edition Snickers return with new More Choc bar '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chocoholics Rejoice : Hazelnut Snickers and White Chocolate Twix Are Coming '' . 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes and Cooking Inspiration -- Kitchen Daily '' . Slashfood.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nutritionists soured by Olympic candy endorsement '' . UPI . December 6 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Richard Varey ( September 11 , 2002 ) . Marketing Communication : A Critical Introduction . Routledge . pp. 141 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 58159 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Adverts And Commercials Archive CHEFS '' . AdvertoLog.com . March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Jordan ( June 30 , 1997 ) . `` THE MARKETING 100 : SNICKERS : SANTA CRUZ HUGHES '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Snickers Ad of Men Accidentally Kissing Pulled After Complaints From Gay Groups , FOX Business . Article retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl Controversy , FOX sports . Article retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thulasi Srikanthan ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` entertainment Snickers bicker feeds ad flap '' . Toronto : TheStar.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Do n't give us none of that jibba jabba '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Ad FAIL by ESPN2 SportsNation 's Michelle Beadle '' . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers TV Spot , ' Godzilla ' '' . ISpot.tv . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers TV Spot , ' Godzilla ' '' . ISpot.tv . October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Watch This Year 's Best Super Bowl Commercials '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snickers . Look up Snickers in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website Snickers Latin America ( hide ) Mars , Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars , Sr . Forrest Mars , Jr . John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M - Azing M&M 's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben 's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley 's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch ! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams Medi - Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni - Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snickers&oldid=815043030 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1930 British confectionery Candy Candy bars Mars confectionery brands Peanuts Brand name confectionery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Use mdy dates from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 12 : 08 . 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5091753285859098648	German sentence structure	German sentence structure - wikipedia German sentence structure Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particles German sentence structure is somewhat more complex than that of many other European languages , but similar to Dutch , with phrases regularly inverted for both questions and subordinate phrases . The main sentence structure rule is that the conjugated verb is the second element in a main clause or the last in a subordinate clause . Verbs in the infinitive are generally placed after their respective objects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Independent clauses 1.1 Statement 1.1. 1 Inversion 1.2 Questions 1.2. 1 Yes / No questions 1.2. 2 Asking for subject or object 1.2. 3 Asking for a predicative 1.2. 3.1 Asking for an adverbial 1.2. 4 Asking for a possessor 1.2. 5 Asking for an adverb 1.2. 6 Asking for position or adverbial clause 1.3 Commands 2 Subordinate clauses 2.1 Subordinate sentence structure 2.2 Clauses with dass 2.3 Indirect questions with ob 2.4 Specific indirect question 2.5 Relative clauses 2.6 Adverbial clauses Independent clauses ( edit ) If a verb has a separable prefix , this prefix is moved to the end of the sentence . Ich werde den Müll wegwerfen . ( `` I will throw away the rubbish . '' , literally `` I will the rubbish away - throw . '' ) Ich werfe den Müll weg . ( statement ) ( `` I 'm throwing away / I throw away the rubbish . '' , literally `` I throw the rubbish away . '' ) Werfe ich den Müll weg ? ( question ) ( `` Am I throwing away the rubbish ? '' , literally `` Throw I the rubbish away ? '' ) Wirf den Müll weg ! ( command , familiar form ) ( `` Throw away the rubbish ! '' , literally `` Throw the rubbish away ! '' ) Statement ( edit ) A simple statement is constructed in the following manner : the subject comes first , then the conjugated verb , then the object and any infinitives or participles . Ich + den Baum sehen - > Ich sehe den Baum . ( `` I + to see the tree '' - > I see the tree . ) Ein Text + geschrieben werden - > Ein Text wird geschrieben ( `` A text + to be written - > A text is being written . '' ) Wir + den Raum verlassen - > Wir verlassen den Raum ( `` we + to leave the room - > We leave the room . '' ) Der König + eine Burg bauen lassen - > Der König lässt eine Burg bauen . ( `` the king + to have a castle built - > The king has a castle built . '' ) If the conjugated verb has a separable prefix , this prefix stays at the end of the sentence . Ich + den Müll wegwerfen - > Ich werfe den Müll weg . ( `` I + to dispose of the trash - > I dispose of the trash . '' ) In addition , past participles in the perfect tenses fall at the end of the sentence , with the conjugated auxiliary verb ( Hilfsverb ) in the second position of the sentence . Conventional German syntax presents information within a sentence in the following order : Wichtigstes ( what is the most important thing of the things following ? ) The word `` da '' with the meaning `` then suddenly '' must take the first place . A `` dann '' , then , does so often , but not necessarily ; otherwise , the Subject will do . If the verb is most important , the unconjugated ( normally second ) part of the separable verb is placed here , but even then separated from the conjugated ( normally first ) part . If the verb is not separable or periphrastical , the infinitive will do . Was ( what ? the conjugated verb ) In this case , a form of `` tun '' is legitimately inserted for the conjugated verb , as in Arbeiten tun wir . `` Working , that 's what we do . '' Wer ( who ? the subject ) Wem ( to / for whom - dative object ) Wann ( when - time ) Warum ( why - reason ) Wie ( how - manner ) Wo ( where - place ) Wen ( whom - accusative object ) Wohin / Woher ( to / from where ) Verb , nochmal ( first part of the separable verb ) Wir gehen am Freitag miteinander ins Kino . Literally , `` We go on Friday together to the movies . '' Wegen ihres Jahrestages bereiten wir unseren Eltern einen Ausflug nach München vor . Literally , `` Because of their anniversary plan we our parents a trip to Munich . '' Comparisons can be put after both parts of the verb , or before the place of its later part . So : Er ist größer gewesen als ich . / Er war größer als ich . `` He was greater than me . '' OR Er ist größer als ich gewesen Additionally , German often structures a sentence according to increasing news value . So : Wir gehen am Donnerstag ins Kino . We 're going to the movies on Thursday . BUT An welchem Tag gehen wir ins Kino ? ( On ) What day are we going to the movies ? Am Donnerstag gehen wir ins Kino . OR Wir gehen am Donnerstag ins Kino . On Thursday we 're going to the movies . OR We 're going on Thursday to the movies . '' Additionally , when the accusative object is a pronoun , it moves in front of the dative object . Florian gibt mir morgen das Buch . `` Florian is giving me tomorrow the book . '' BUT Florian gibt es mir morgen . `` Florian is giving it to me tomorrow . '' Inversion ( edit ) By an inversion you emphasize of the sentence : an adverbial phrase , a predicative or an object , or even an inner verbal phrase . The subject phrase , at the beginning of an indicative unstressed sentence , is moved directly behind the conjugated verb , and the component to be emphasized is moved to the beginning of the sentence . The conjugated verb is always the second sentence element in indicative statements . `` Ich fliege schnell . '' - `` I fly fast . '' - unstressed `` Schnell fliege ich . '' - `` I fly fast . '' - stressed ' fast ' ( i.e. , `` Fast is how I fly . '' ) `` Du bist wunderschön . '' - `` You are lovely . '' - unstressed `` Wunderschön bist du . '' - `` You are lovely . '' - stressed ' lovely ' ( i.e. , `` Lovely is what you are . '' ) `` Ich bin gelaufen . '' - `` I ran . '' - unstressed `` Gelaufen bin ich ! '' - `` I ran ! '' - stressed ' ran ' ( i.e. , `` Run is what I did ! '' ) Questions ( edit ) Questions may be divided into yes / no questions , asking for the truthfulness of a statement , and specific questions , which ask for a concrete aspect of a statement . Specific questions are similar to inverted statements . They begin with a question word , then there is the conjugated verb , followed by the subject ( if there is one ) , and the rest of the sentence follows . Was machst du jetzt ? ( `` What are you doing now ? '' ) Wer geht ins Kino ? ( `` Who is going to the cinema ? '' -- In this sentence , the interrogative pronoun wer serves as the subject ) Yes / no questions ( edit ) See also : yes - no question This kind of question is similar to the inversion : you put the inflected verb at the beginning of the ( not inverted ) sentence . Du kommst . - Kommst du ? ( `` You are coming - Are you coming ? '' ) Ich habe geschlafen . - Habe ich geschlafen ? ( `` I slept - Did I sleep ? '' ) Ich werde das Spiel beenden . - Werde ich das Spiel beenden ? ( `` I 'm going to ( lit . ' I will ' ) finish the game - Am I going to ( lit . ' Will I ' ) finish the game ? '' ) Du wirfst den Torwart raus . - Wirfst du den Torwart raus ? ( `` You are throwing the goalkeeper out - Are you throwing the goalkeeper out ? '' ) Asking for subject or object ( edit ) In a normal question , you replace the subject phrase or object phrase with a corresponding interrogative pronoun , then move it to the beginning of the sentence , like an inversion . Theoretically , you must use the interrogative pronoun of welcher , welche , welches or a nominal phrase with the interrogative article . Du hast deiner Frau einen Ring gekauft . ( `` You bought your wife a ring . '' ) - Welchen hast du deiner Frau gekauft ? ( `` Which one did you buy your wife ? '' ) Du hast deiner Frau einen roten Ring gekauft . ( `` You bought your wife a red ring . '' ) - Welchen Ring hast du deiner Frau gekauft ? ( `` Which ring did you buy your wife ? '' ) Du hast deiner Frau einen roten Ring gekauft . ( `` You bought your wife a red ring . '' ) - Welchen Roten hast du deiner Frau gekauft ? ( `` Which red one did you buy your wife ? '' ) Du hast deiner Frau einen roten Ring gekauft . ( `` You bought your wife a red ring . '' ) - Welchen roten Ring hast du deiner Frau gekauft ? ( `` Which red ring did you buy your wife ? '' ) But the usage of this pronoun implies that the speaker knows both the gender and number of the unknown object . So , practically , you replace these pronouns by short forms . Du hast deiner Frau einen Ring gekauft . ( `` You bought your wife a ring . '' ) - Was hast du deiner Frau gekauft ? ( `` What did you buy your wife ? '' ) person thing nominative wer was accusative wen was dative wem wem genitive ( object ) wessen wessen Regardless of whether you use the full pronoun or the short form , the genitive case is practically only used for genitive objects . See Asking for a possessor . Asking for a predicative ( edit ) You ask for a predicative with the either interrogative pronoun Was or , if knowing it is not a nominal phrase , Wie . Er ist schnell - Wie / Was ist er ? ( `` He 's fast - What is he ? '' ) Ein Schmetterling ist ein Insekt - Was ist ein Schmetterling ? ( `` A butterfly is an insect - What is a butterfly ? '' ) You can also use other interrogative pronouns like Wo . Asking for an adverbial ( edit ) It is possible to ask for the adverbial of a predicative , if it is not a nominal phrase ( and even for the adverbial of the adverbial etc . ) Der Baum ist 3 Meter hoch. - Wie hoch ist der Baum ? ( `` The tree is three metres tall - How tall is the tree ? '' ) Asking for a possessor ( edit ) When searching for the possessor of a nominal phrase , one first acts as if one would invert the corresponding statement , placing the noun with the unknown possessor at the beginning . Then one gives it the genitive case of the interrogative pronoun ( wessen for all cases , genders and numbers ) . Of course , this nominal phrase may not have a genitive possessor . Ich habe das Auto des Chefs gesehen . - Wessen Auto hast du gesehen ? ( `` I saw the boss 's car - Whose car did you see ? '' ) Ich habe sein Auto gesehen - Wessen Auto hast du gesehen ? ( `` I saw his car - Whose car did you see ? '' ) Ich habe sein Auto gesehen - Wessen hast du gesehen ? ( `` I saw his car - Whose did you see ? '' ) Asking for an adverb ( edit ) First the interrogative pronoun ( Wie ) , then the conjugated verb , next the subject , then the rest of the sentence . Der Vogel fliegt schnell am Himmel - Wie fliegt der Vogel am Himmel ? ( `` The bird flies quickly in the sky - How does the bird fly in the sky ? '' ) If the adverb describes another adverb or an adjective : Der Vogel fliegt ungeheuer schnell - Wie schnell fliegt der Vogel ? ( `` The bird flies amazingly quickly - How quickly does the bird fly ? '' ) Asking for position or adverbial clause ( edit ) Developing the question for an adverbial phrase may be slightly more complicated . Theoretically , like the other specific questions , the unknown position is inverted to the beginning of the sentence . Whereas the pre - or post - position remains , the nominal part is replaced either by an interrogative pronoun or by a nominal phrase having the interrogative article . Er sah den Vogel auf dem Baum . - Auf welchem Baum sah er den Vogel ? ( `` He saw the bird in the tree - In which tree did he see the bird ? '' ) Dein Hund wurde in diesem Jahr geboren . ( `` Your dog was born this year '' ) - In welchem Jahr wurde dein Hund geboren ? ( `` Which year was your dog born ? '' ) Practically , the person asking the question will know neither the gender of the noun , nor the number of the noun , nor even the kind of preposition , before he hears the answer . So a short form is used instead in nearly every case . These short forms are also the only way to ask for an adverbial clause or for a proposition . Er sah den Vogel auf dem Baum . - Wo sah er den Vogel ? ( `` He saw the bird in the tree - Where did he see the bird ? '' ) Dein Hund wurde damals geboren . - Wann wurde dein Hund geboren ? ( `` Your dog was born at that time - When was your dog born ? '' ) Some interrogative pronouns : Wo , Woher , Wohin , Wann , Wieso , Weshalb , Warum , Weswegen . Commands ( edit ) For a command , take the imperative form of the conjugated verb from the infinitive and put it at the beginning of the sentence followed by the corresponding personal pronoun . There also must be an exclamation point at the end of the sentence to make it a command . The separable prefix , if there is one , remains at its old place , separated . In the literary language it is possible to leave the verb at the second place . If the verb changes the vowel in the second and third person singular , the vowel is also changed in the second person singular of the imperative . The 2nd person plural pronoun is always omitted . In archaic language , or to emphasize who is ordered for the action , the 2nd person singular pronoun may be left . Das Tier verfolgen - Verfolge ( du ) das Tier ! ( `` to trail the animal - Trail the animal ! '' ) Das Tier verfolgen lassen - Lass ( e ) ( du ) das Tier verfolgen ! ( `` to have the animal trailed - Have the animal trailed ! '' ) wegfahren - Fahr ( e ) ( du ) weg ! ( `` to drive away - Drive away ! '' ) jemanden mitnehmen - Nimm ( du ) jemanden mit ! ( `` to give someone a lift - Give someone a lift ! '' ) Note that an `` ' e '' ' may be added on to the end of the command form , but only if the verb does not have a stem - change . This is a result of the spoken language and has no difference in meaning . Schreib das Wort auf ! means the same as Schreibe das Wort auf ! ( `` Write the word down ! '' ) * Lese das Buch ! , though very common in spoken language , is considered incorrect because the stem changes from les to lies in the command form . Lies das Buch ! ( `` Read the book ! '' ) ( singular ) and Lest das Buch ! ( plural ) are correct . There are no imperative forms for first person plural and second person formal . The first and third person plural of the conditional of the present ( this is mostly the same form as the indicative aside from sein ' to be ' for which seien is used ) is used ( but not for tun ' to do ' for which tun is used ) . You must put it to beginning of the sentence , separate the separable prefix before that , and place the personal pronouns wir or Sie directly after it . wegfahren - Fahren wir weg ! ( Let 's drive away ! ) - Fahren Sie weg ! ( You ) Drive away ! froh sein - Seien wir froh ! ( Let 's be glad ! ) - Seien Sie froh ! Be glad ! Note that imperatives must have the same word order as yes / no questions . Actual commands are often given as a simple unconjugated infinitive . This is inevitable in the military ( excepting the formal commands Rührt euch and Richt 't euch ) , but is not restricted to it . In Linie antreten ! ( Line up ! to soldiers ) but also Warm anziehen und den Schlüssel nicht vergessen ! ( Put some warm clothes on and do not forget your key ; a mother to her child ) Hey , nicht faulenzen , arbeiten ! ( Hey yo , do not laze around , get some work done ! , normal imperative would be very odd ) The military command `` Stillgestanden '' , Freeze ! , as well as the everyday expression `` Aufgepaßt ! '' ( pay attention to that ! ) , oddly even take the perfect participle for an imperative . Subordinate clauses ( edit ) A subordinate clause ( Nebensatz ) is always incorporated in a main clause ( or another subordinate clause ) . Any part of the main clause can be replaced by it , but some conjugated verb must remain . However , subclauses are generally moved to the end of the sentence if it can be done without inconvenience and they do not take the first place because of importance . As for word order , it differs in two things only from a main clause : 1 . In general , it begins with a special word , a ' subordinating conjunction ' or a relative pronoun , setting it into relation with the encompassing sentence . 2 . The verb is , without separation , sent to the place where the first part of a separable verb would be in a main clause , i.e. at the end of the sentence . Ich nehme den früheren Flug , damit ich heute noch ankomme . = `` I 'll take the earlier flight so that I arrive even today . '' Question words ( in the following example , ' wohin ' ) have the same effect as subordinating conjunctions within a sentence . Wohin ist er gelaufen ? Niemand wusste , wohin er gelaufen ist . ( `` Where did he run ( to ) ? No one knew where he ran ( to ) . '' -- Note that , unlike in English , a subordinate or dependent clause is always separated from the independent clause ( Hauptsatz ) by a comma . ) Oddities : 1 . Final clauses can be replaced by an `` um - zu '' - infinitive , if the subject is identical ; in practice , um behaves as conjunction , and the infinitive , with a zu , as conjugated verb , and the subject falls away . Wir haben genug Geld , um diese CD zu kaufen . = Wir haben genug Geld , damit wir diese CD kaufen . `` We have enough money to / that we buy this CD . '' 2 . In conditional phrases , the conjunction wenn may be left out in the main clause and the verb put into its place . In this case , so replaces dann in the subordinate clause . Hast du genügend Geld , so ( no `` dann '' in this case ) kannst du diese CD kaufen . = Wenn du genügend Geld hast , dann kannst du diese CD kaufen . `` If you have enough money , then you can buy this CD . '' 3 . Indirect speech may behave as subclause in relation to the main clause , but the conjunction ( which would be `` dass '' ) may be left out and then its word - order is as in main clauses . Er sagte , er sei mit der Arbeit fertig . = Er sagte , dass er mit der Arbeit fertig sei . = `` He said ( that ) he had finished his work . '' 4 . Denn , by custom translated into English as for , is in practice just an equivalent to weil `` because '' , but it requires a main - clause word - order and may even take a semicolon instead of a comma . Er kommt nicht zur Arbeit , denn er ist krank . ( He does n't come to work , for he 's ill . ) = Er kommt nicht zur Arbeit , weil er krank ist . = `` He does n't come to work because he 's ill . '' To confuse things , in some dialects weil has the role which denn has in Standard German . However this does n't mean they generally neglect the subclause word order , since other conjunctions meaning the same , i.e. da `` as '' or even a `` deswegen weil '' ( literally : because of that because ) take ordinary subclauses even there . 5 . In subordinate clauses that make use of two or more infinitives consecutively ( a phenomenon known as Doppelinfinitiv ( `` double infinitive '' ) with two infinitives ) , the conjugated verb ( generally haben , werden , or a modal verb ) , comes before the two ( or more ) infinitives . Perfect constructions of this type can usually be avoided altogether by using the simple past : Er wollte wissen , ob du es hast tun können . = Er wollte wissen , ob du es tun konntest . = `` He wanted to know if you 've been able to ( could ) do it . '' Ich weiß , dass ich es werde tun müssen . = `` I know I 'm going to have to do it . '' Sie hofft , dass sie uns es kann tun helfen . = `` She hopes she can help us do it . '' Subordinate sentence structure ( edit ) Just as in English , a subordinate clause may be used at the beginning or end of a complete expression , so long as it is paired with at least one independent clause . For instance , just as one could say either : I will go with you , if I can . or If I can , I will go with you . so you can also say in German : Ich komme mit , wenn ich kann. or Wenn ich kann , komme ich mit . Note , however , that in German when the independent clause comes after a subordinate clause the conjugated verb comes before the subject . This arises from the basic rule that always places the conjugated verb in a sentence in the second position , even if that puts it ahead of the sentence 's subject . Clauses with dass ( edit ) Subordinate clauses beginning with dass ( thus , so , that ) enable the speaker to use statements like nominal phrases or pronouns . These sentences are singular , neuter and either nominative or accusative . For example : Dass Spinnen keine Insekten sind , ist allgemein bekannt . ( `` It 's well known that spiders are not insects . '' ) Ich weiß , dass Spinnen keine Insekten sind . - Ich weiß das . ( `` I know that spiders are not insects - I know that . '' ) Indirect questions with ob ( edit ) Whereas the word dass indicates that the statement is a fact , ob starts an indirect yes / no question . Ich weiß nicht , ob ich fliegen soll . ( `` I do n't know whether I should fly . '' ) Specific indirect question ( edit ) Relative clauses ( edit ) The outer nominal phrase the relative clause relates to can be any nominal phrase in any case . The clause begins with a form of the relative pronoun derived from and largely identical to the definite pronoun ( der / die / das ) , or the interrogative pronoun ( welchem / welcher / welches ) , the remaining words are put after it . Using the interrogative pronoun without good cause is considered typical for legalese language . Der Mann , der / welcher seiner Frau den Hund schenkt ( nominative subject ) ( `` The man who gives his wife the dog '' ) Der Hund , den / welchen der Mann seiner Frau schenkt ( accusative object ) ( `` The dog which the man gives his wife '' ) Die Frau , der / welcher der Mann den Hund schenkt ( dative object ) ( `` The woman to whom the man gives the dog '' ) Der Mann , der / welcher ich bin ( predicative noun ) ( `` The man I am '' ) The outer nominal phrase can also be the possessor of a noun inside . The genitive case of a relative pronoun matching the outer nominal phrase in gender and number is used . Der Mann , dessen Auto auf der Straße parkt ( `` The man whose car is parked on the street '' ) Die Person , deren Auto ich kaufe ( `` The person whose car I am buying '' ) Das Auto , dessen Fahrer ich helfe ( `` The car whose driver I am helping '' ) Die Kinder , deren Lehrer ich kenne ( `` The children whose teacher I know '' ) Prepositions / Postpositions are attached to these phrases in the relative clause if necessary . Das Haus , in dem ich lebe ( `` The house I live in '' ) Die Person , derentwegen ich hier bin ( `` The person I am here because of '' ) Das Haus , durch dessen Tür ich gegangen bin ( `` The house whose door I came in by '' ) If the relative pronoun is identical to the definite article several identical forms may follow each other . Der , der der Frau , der ich schon Honig gegeben hatte , Honig gab , muss mehr Honig kaufen ( `` The man who gave honey to the woman I had already given honey to , has to buy more honey '' ) Such constructions are generally avoided by using forms of welch - as relative pronouns . Der , welcher der Frau , welcher ... or rather Derjenige , welcher der Frau , der ich ... Otherwise , welcher is rarely used ( never in the genitive ) , and without a difference in meaning . If the relative pronoun refers to a thing as yet unknown or a whole sentence and not a part of it , was is used instead , always equivalent here to an English `` which '' . Der Chef stellte einen Arbeiter ein , was diesen sehr gefreut hat . - `` The manager hired a worker , which the latter was very happy about . '' From sentences such as this In dem Geschäft , wo ( or in dem ) man auch Brot kaufen kann , kaufe ich Bier . - `` In this shop where you also can buy bread I am buying beer . '' one may understand why colloquial usage extends this to other quasi-locational prepositional expressions Die Zeit , wo ( = in der ) wir Rom besucht haben , war sehr schön . - `` The time lit . where we visited Rome was really fine . '' Regular `` in der '' , literally `` in which '' , would translate to a `` when '' in English . and then , in slang , to all relative clauses : Der Mann , wo bei Siemens arbeitet , hat an der Technischen Universität studiert . `` The man where works at Siemens 's has graduated from the Technical University . '' Bavarians never use this form . Southern Germans have constructed a double form `` der wo , die wo , das wo '' which , however , is almost necessary in Bavarian dialect . `` Wo '' may here be replaced by `` was '' , which for undiscoverable reasons seems to occur mostly in the feminine genus . Adverbial clauses ( edit ) An adverbial clause begins with a conjunction , defining its relation to the verb or nominal phrase described . Als ich auf dem Meer segelte ( `` When / As I was sailing on the sea '' ) Some examples of conjunctions : als , während , nachdem , weil . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_sentence_structure&oldid=792526804 '' Categories : German grammar Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 01 : 40 . About Wikipedia	where does the verb go in a german sentence	[]	[]
6236797613518495668	List of people executed in North Carolina	List of people executed in North Carolina - wikipedia List of people executed in North Carolina There have been 43 executions in North Carolina , under the current statute , since it was adopted in 1977 . All were for murder and were performed using lethal injection , except those indicated with a * which were performed using gas inhalation . Convict Date of execution Victims Under Governor James W. Hutchins 16 March 1984 Roy Huskey , Owen Messersmith , and Pete Peterson James B. Hunt , Jr . Margie Velma Barfield 2 November 1984 Stuart Taylor John William Rook 19 September 1986 Ann Marie Roche James G. Martin Michael Van McDougall 18 October 1991 Dianne Parker John Sterling Gardner , Jr . 23 October 1992 Richard Adams and Kim Miller 6 David Lawson * 15 June 1994 Wayne Shinn James B. Hunt , Jr . 7 Kermit Smith , Jr . 24 January 1995 Whelette Collins 8 Phillip Lee Ingle 22 September 1995 William Fred Davis 9 Ricky Lee Sanderson * 30 January 1998 Sue Ellen Holliman 10 Zane Brown Hill 14 August 1998 Randall Hill 11 John Thomas Noland , Jr . 20 November 1998 Cindy Milton 12 James David Rich 26 March 1999 Paul Gwyn 13 Harvey Lee Green 24 September 1999 Sheila Bland 14 Arthur Martin Boyd , Jr . 21 October 1999 Wanda Hartman 15 David Junior Brown 19 November 1999 Shelly Chalflinch and Christina Chalflinch 16 Michael Earl Sexton 9 November 2000 Kimberly Crews 17 Willie Ervin Fisher 9 March 2001 Angela Johnson Mike Easley 18 Clifton Allen White 24 August 2001 Kimberly Ewing 19 Ronald Wayne Frye 31 August 2001 Ralph Childress 20 David Junior Ward 12 October 2001 Dorothy Mae Smith 21 John Hardy Rose 30 November 2001 Patricia Stewart 22 Ernest West Basden 6 December 2002 Billy White 23 Desmond Keith Carter 10 December 2002 Helen Purdy 24 William Quentin Jones 22 August 2003 Edward Peebles 25 Henry Lee Hunt 12 September 2003 Larry Jones and Jackie Ransom 26 Joseph Earl Bates 26 September 2003 Charles Jenkins 27 Edward Ernest Hartman 3 October 2003 Herman Larry Smith , Sr . 28 Joseph Timothy Keel 7 November 2003 John Simmons 29 John Dennis Daniels 14 November 2003 Isabelle Daniels Crawford 30 Robbie James Lyons 5 December 2003 Stephen Stafford 31 Raymond Dale Rowsey 9 January 2004 Howard Sikorski 32 Sammy Crystal Perkins 8 October 2004 Lashenna Moore 33 Charles Wesley Roache 22 October 2004 Chad McKinley Watt , Earl Phillips , Cora Phillips , Eddie Phillips , Mitzi Phillips , and Katie Phillips 34 Frank Ray Chandler 12 November 2004 Doris Poore 35 William Dillard Powell 11 March 2005 Mary Gladden 36 Earl J. Richmond , Jr . 6 May 2005 Helisa S. Hayes , Phillip Hayes , and Darien Hayes 37 Steven Van McHone 11 November 2005 Mildred Adams and Wesley Adams , Sr . 38 Elias Syriani 18 November 2005 Teresa Yousef Syriani 39 Kenneth Lee Boyd 2 December 2005 Julie Curry Boyd and Thomas Dillard Curry 40 Perrie Simpson 20 January 2006 Jean Ernest Darter 41 Patrick Lane Moody 17 March 2006 Donnie Robbins 42 Willie Brown , Jr . 21 April 2006 Valerie Ann Roberson Dixon 43 Samuel Russell Flippen 18 August 2006 Britnie Nichole Hutton See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in North Carolina Capital punishment in the United States Sources ( edit ) The Death Penalty . North Carolina Department of Correction . Persons removed from Death Row . North Carolina Department of Correction . Retrieved on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_executed_in_North_Carolina&oldid=795362157 '' Categories : People executed by North Carolina Lists of people executed in the United States North Carolina - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the last person executed in north carolina	[]	[]
-3563125645167984335	Music of Star Wars	Music of Star Wars - wikipedia Music of Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search John Williams , composer of the music of all eight Star Wars saga films . The music of the Star Wars franchise is composed and produced in conjunction with the development of the feature films , television series , and other merchandise within the epic space opera franchise created by George Lucas . The music for the primary feature films ( which serves as the basis for the rest of the related media ) was written by John Williams . Released between 1977 and 2017 , the music for the primary feature films was , in the case of the first two trilogies , performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and , in select passages , by the London Voices chorus . Williams also scored the seventh and eighth episodes in the franchise 's sequel trilogy , and he is currently slated to score the ninth ( and last ) episode as well . The sequel trilogy was largely orchestrated and conducted by William Ross , and it was performed by a freelance Hollywood orchestra and ( in a few passages ) by the Los Angeles Master Chorale . Williams ' scores for the eight saga films count among the most widely known and popular contributions to modern film music . Additionally , music for several animated television series spinoffs has been written by Kevin Kiner and Ryan Shore . Music for the spin - off films , other television programs , and video games , as well as the trailers of the various installments , were created by various other composers , with this material occasionally revisiting some of Williams ' principal themes , and - with the latest spin - off film , with Williams actually writing a new theme for the composer to use . Michael Giacchino was the composer of the first Anthology film , Rogue One , while John Powell will score the Star Wars film Solo . The scores are primarily performed by a symphony orchestra of varying size joined , in several sections , by a choir of varying size . They each make extensive use of the leitmotif , or a series of musical themes that represents the various characters , objects and events in the films . Throughout all of the franchise , which consists of a total of over 16 hours of music , Williams has written approximately 52 themes in one of the largest , richest collection of themes in the history of film music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Films 1.2 Television 1.3 Video games 2 Style 2.1 Inspiration 2.2 Structure 2.3 Performance 3 Orchestration 4 Musical themes in the scores 4.1 Romantic application of Leitmotifs in the score 4.2 Thematic inconsistencies between installments 5 Themes in the original trilogy 5.1 Star Wars ( A New Hope ) 5.2 The Empire Strikes Back 5.3 Return of the Jedi 6 Themes in the prequel trilogy 6.1 The Phantom Menace 6.2 Attack of the Clones 6.3 First appearance in Revenge of the Sith 7 Themes in the sequel trilogy 7.1 The Force Awakens 7.2 The Last Jedi 8 Unconfirmed themes 9 Themes in the Anthology films 9.1 First appearance in Rogue One 9.2 First appearance in Solo 10 Concert suites 10.1 From the main episodes 10.2 From the spin - offs 11 Diegetic music 12 Reception 12.1 Awards 12.2 Certifications 13 References 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Composer Conductor Orchestrator Orchestra Choir Saga films 1977 Star Wars ( A New Hope ) John Williams John Williams Herbert W. Spencer London Symphony Orchestra 1980 The Empire Strikes Back London Voices ( women ) Return of the Jedi London Voices ( men ) 1999 The Phantom Menace Conrad Pope John Neufeld London Voices ( SATB ) New London Children 's Choir 2002 Attack of the Clones Conrad Pope Eddie Karam London Voices ( SATB ) Boy choir ( synth ) 2005 Revenge of the Sith London Voices ( SATB ) Boy choir ( synth ) 2015 The Force Awakens John Williams William Ross Gustavo Dudamel John Williams William Ross Hollywood Freelance Studio Symphony Los Angeles Master Chorale ( bass ) 2017 The Last Jedi John Williams William Ross Los Angeles Master Chorale ( SATB , bass ) Spin - off films 2008 The Clone Wars Kevin Kiner John Williams ( themes ) Kevin Kiner Nic Raine Kevin Kiner Nic Raine Takeshi Furukawa City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra 2016 Rogue One Michael Giacchino John Williams ( themes ) Tim Simonec William Ross Tim Simonec Brad Dechter Jeff Kryka Chris Tilton Herbert W. Spencer Hollywood Freelance Studio Symphony Los Angeles Master Chorale 2018 Solo John Powell John Williams ( main theme ) Television ( edit ) Kevin Kiner composed the score to the film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , the predecessor to the animated TV series of the same name . Both properties loosely use some of the original themes and music by John Williams . Kiner 's own material for the film includes a theme for Anakin Skywalker 's Padawan learner , Ahsoka Tano , as well as a theme for Jabba the Hutt 's uncle Ziro . Kiner went on to score the TV series ' entire six seasons , which concluded in 2014 . A soundtrack album was released that same year by Walt Disney Records . Kiner continued his work with the franchise for the animated series Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 ) , which also incorporates Williams ' themes . Ryan Shore serves as the composer for Star Wars : Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) . Year Title Composer Additional composers 2008 -- 2014 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Kevin Kiner Takeshi Furukawa David G. Russell Matthew St. Laurent Reuven Herman Russ Howard III 2014 -- present Star Wars Rebels David G. Russell Matthew St. Laurent Sean Kiner 2017 -- present Star Wars : Forces of Destiny Ryan Shore Video games ( edit ) Year Title Composer 1998 Star Wars : Rogue Squadron Chris Huelsbeck Star Wars Rogue Squadron II : Rogue Leader Chris Huelsbeck 2003 Star Wars Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike Chris Huelsbeck 2008 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Mark Griskey Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Mark Griskey 2015 Star Wars : Battlefront Gordy Haab 2017 Star Wars : Battlefront II Gordy Haab Style ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) The scores utilize an eclectic variety of musical styles , many culled from the Late Romantic idiom of Richard Strauss and his contemporaries that itself was incorporated into the Golden Age Hollywood scores of Erich Korngold and Max Steiner . The reasons for this are known to involve George Lucas 's desire to allude to the underlying fantasy element of the narrative rather than the science - fiction setting , as well as to ground the otherwise strange and fantastic setting in well - known , audience - accessible music . Indeed , Lucas maintains that much of the original trilogy 's success relies not on advanced visual effects , but on the simple , direct emotional appeal of its plot , characters and , importantly , music . Lucas originally wanted to use tracked orchestral and film music in a similar manner to 2001 : A Space Odyssey , itself a major inspiration for Star Wars . Williams , however , advised to form a soundtrack with recurring musical themes to augment the story , while Lucas 's choice of music could be used as a temporary track for Williams to base his musical choices on . This resulted in several nods or homages to the music of Gustav Holst , William Walton , Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky in the score to Star Wars . Williams relied less and less on references to existing music in the latter seven scores , incorporating more strains of modernist orchestral writing with each progressive score , although occasional nods continue to permeate the music . The love theme from Empire Strikes Back is closely related to Williams ' composition for Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark . The score to Revenge of the Sith has clear resemblances to the successful scores of other contemporary composers of the time , namely Howard Shore 's Lord of the Rings , Hans Zimmer 's Gladiator and Tan Dun 's Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon , with which the movie was most likely scored temporarily . In Williams 's score to The Last Jedi he , for the first time in the series , went so as far as to incorporate direct quotes of `` Aquarela Do Brasil '' by Ary Barroso ( in a nod to the 1985 Terry Gilliam film Brazil ) and from his own theme for The Long Goodbye ( co-composed by Johnny Mercer ) . Nevertheless , Williams also started to develop his style throughout the various films , incorporating other instruments , unusual orchestral set - ups ( as well as various choral ensembles ) and even electronic or electronically - attenuated music as the films progressed . Williams often composed the music in a heroic but tongue - in - cheek style . Structure ( edit ) Star Wars was one of the film scores that heralded the revival of grand symphonic scores in the late 1970s . One technique that particularly influenced these scores is Williams ' use of the leitmotif , which was most famously associated with the operas of Richard Wagner and , in early film scores , with Steiner . A leitmotif is a phrase or melodic cell that signifies a character , place , plot element , mood , idea , relationship or other specific part of the film . It is commonly used in modern film scoring as a device for mentally anchoring certain parts of a film to the soundtrack . Of chief importance for a leitmotif is that it must be strong enough for a listener to latch onto while being flexible enough to undergo variation and development along the progression of the story . The more varied and nuanced the use of leitmotif is , the more memorable it typically becomes . For example , Williams subtly conceals the intervals of `` The Imperial March '' within Anakin 's Theme in The Phantom Menace , implying his dark future to come . Also important is the density in which leitmotifs are used : the more leitmotifs are used in a piece of a given length , the more thematically rich it is considered to be . Film music , however , typically needs to strike a balance between leitmotifs and underscoring so as to not become too dense for the audience to follow . John Williams ' music of Star Wars is unique in that it is relatively dense for film scoring , with approximately 11 themes used in each two - hour film and Williams ' musical contributions totaling about 90 % of each film 's length . Performance ( edit ) Williams re-recorded some of his suites from the first trilogy with the Skywalker Symphony Orchestra as an album , and later released a collection of suites from the six films as a compilation that played to a series of clips from the films , with sparse dialogue and sound effects . These became the basis for a series of hour - long concerts which featured Star Wars music to images from the films , Star Wars : In Concert , which took place in 2009 and 2010 . First performed in London , it went on to tour across the United States and Canada , last playing in London , Ontario , Canada on July 25 , 2010 . The scores of the first trilogy ( in the form of its Blu - Ray Special Edition release ) and The Force Awakens are performed as Live to Projection concerts , but with greatly reduced forces . The performances follow the music of the finished film , with some of the music looped , tracked or omitted entirely , and do not feature any of the diegetic pieces . Orchestration ( edit ) John Williams sketched the score for his various orchestrations and wrote the music for a full symphony orchestra ( ranging from 79 to 113 players overall ) and , in several passages , chorus ( ranging from 12 to 120 singers overall ) and a few non-orchestral instruments . The orchestration is not consistent throughout the different films , but generally the score makes use of a considerable brass section over a comparatively smaller string section , giving the series its heraldic , brassy sound . Several of the scores require larger forces , including a large ( over 100 - piece ) orchestra , a mixed choir and even a boy choir . However , none of the scores call for particularly immense forces compared to larger film or theater works . Nevertheless , sections of The Empire Strikes Back required as many as 106 players due to an added harp , woodwinds , and percussion parts . The prequel trilogy , and one re-recording of suites from the first trilogy , required a fuller string section , added woodwind and percussion parts ( which are also deployed in parts of the scores to Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith ) , a mixed choir , brief passages for a boy choir , and a second set of timpani for Revenge of the Sith . This saw the orchestra totaling as many as 112 players at a time . The original Star Wars trilogy and the sequel trilogy films call for much smaller forces of as little as 82 players , and small choral accompaniment in select cues . The first spin off film , Rogue One , followed the prequel trilogy 's instrumentation , using a 110 - piece orchestra and 90 - piece mixed choir . In live performances , the forces are usually reduced further : the strings and voices may be augmented depending on the orchestra and choirmaster , and several vocal and wind parts can be omitted , doubled by other players or even synthesized . Official Star Wars Concerts were held with as little as 60 - piece orchestras and 50 - piece mixed choral ensembles , which not all episodes feature when performed individually . However , to recreate the eight scores as they were originally recorded , the following instrumentation is required : Woodwinds : 3 flutes ( all doubling on piccolo , one on alto flute ) , 3 oboes ( one doubling on cor anglais ) , 4 clarinets ( one doubling on bass clarinet ) , 3 bassoons ( one doubling on contrabassoon ) . Brass : 6 - 8 horns , 4 trumpets , 3 tenor trombones and 1 bass trombone , 1 - 2 tubas . Percussion : 1 - 2 sets ( 4 - 6 ) of timpani at least three percussionists playing bass drums , tenor drums , snare drums ( including guillotine drums , side drums , military drums ) , timbales , toms ( floor tom and hanging toms ) , triangle , tambourine , cymbal s ( suspended , sizzle , crash and finger cymbals ) , xylophone s , vibraphone , tubular bells , glockenspiel , and anvil on all episodes . Also required are temple blocks ( I ) , claves ( II , V , VI ) marimba ( I , IV , VII - VIII ) , bongos ( I , IV , VII - VIII ) , congas ( I - III , VI - VII ) , log drums ( I , IV , VII ) , low wood block ( IV ) , bell plates , clappers ( IV ) , steel drum ( IV , VIII ) , boobam s ( I , IV , VII ) , medium gong ( VI - VII ) , kendhang , rattle , sistrum , shekere , guiro , bamboo sticks , cowbells , hyoshigi ( VI ) , bell tree ( III ) , three medium chu - daiko drums ( II - III , one for VII - VIII ) , washboard ( VIII ) . Keyboard : piano , celesta , electric keyboard . Voices : 88 - piece SATB choir ( I - III , VIII ) , 30 - piece boy choir , 1 Tibetan Throat Singer ( III ) . Strings : 2 harps , 14 - 16 first violins , 12 second violins , 10 violas , 10 violoncellos , 6 - 8 double basses . Non-orchestral instruments : Cretan Lyra and cümbüş ( I ) , electric guitar ( II ) , toy piano ( VI ) . Musical themes in the scores ( edit ) John Williams wrote a series of themes and motifs for certain characters and ideas in each of the Star Wars films . The multiple installments allowed Williams to compose some 52 themes ( and counting ) and reprise some of them extensively , continually developing them over a long period of screen time . Williams introduced a few themes in each episode ( eight or seven themes on average ) and focused on making each of his principal themes long - lined and melodically distinct from the others so as to increase their memorability . Williams occasionally forged small connections between some of these themes , sometimes for a narrative purpose and sometimes in the more general favor of cohesion . This technique allowed him ( especially in his scores to the first trilogy ) to have each theme play out for a large number of occasions ( the Force Theme plays over one hundred times in the series ) and over long periods of time . Each score can be said to have a `` main theme '' , which is developed and repeated frequently throughout the film , often to unusual extents ( such as the frequency in which The Imperial March is revisited during Empire Strikes Back ) . Besides the main theme and a handful of other principal themes , Williams forged several smaller motifs for each episode , which are generally not as memorable and at times interchangeable . A main theme for the franchise exists as well ( which is the music of the main titles ) but , interestingly , a main theme does not exist to represent a particular trilogy . Instead , each trilogy ( and to a lesser extent , each film ) has its own style or soundscape . Williams ' Star Wars catalog remains one of the largest collections of leitmotifs in the history of cinema , although his work still falls short of Wagner 's use of leitmotifs in the Ring cycle or Howard Shore 's work on the Hobbit and Lord of the Rings films . Both works feature many more themes for a similar or shorter running time ; establish thematic identities more clearly ; apply them in a more cohesive structure ( where all themes and leitmotifs are harmonically and melodically related ) ; and , use them in a more nuanced manner . Williams , on the other hand , writes fewer themes and uses them in a more straightforward manner and , at times , strictly for their Romantic effect . Romantic application of leitmotifs in the score ( edit ) Williams ' use of his themes in Star Wars is at times Romantic rather than strictly thematic , the themes sometimes being used randomly because their mood fits a certain scene . For instance , the theme for Luke Skywalker is also used as the main theme for the entire franchise , as well as a generic `` heroic theme '' in conjunction with various characters without any connection to its namesake . Leia 's Theme ( also known as Princess Leia 's Theme ) is used for the death of Obi - Wan Kenobi in A New Hope , which has little to do with her character even though she is present in the scene . Yoda 's Theme appears several times during the Cloud City sequences in The Empire Strikes Back . The concert piece Duel of the Fates is used several times throughout the prequel trilogy , appearing over the entire final battle in The Phantom Menace ( as opposed to just the lightsaber duel ) ; Anakin Skywalker 's search for his mother in Attack of the Clones ; and , Yoda and Darth Sidious 's duel in Revenge of the Sith . Williams ' original composition for the Geonosis Battle Arena in Attack of the Clones was used for the Utapau assault in Revenge of the Sith . Multiple uses of the Force Theme are also non-thematic . The Rebel Fanfare is applied to the Millennium Falcon throughout the original Star Wars , The Force Awakens , and The Last Jedi . It is also used for R2 - D2 's heroics during the opening action scene in Revenge of the Sith . Both parts of Kylo Ren 's theme are at times used as menacing underscoring for a particular setting . The Emperor 's theme is used in The Last Jedi when Supreme Leader Snoke tortures Rey . Even the melodic connections between some of the themes sometimes do not represent a straightforward dramatic purpose , such as the connection of `` Across the Stars '' to Count Dooku 's motif and the Battle of Geonosis in Attack of the Clones . In fact , Some of Williams ' themes are written from the outset purely to convey a certain mood rather than evoke a character or setting , such as the Throne Room music of the original Star Wars or the Pursuit motif from The Force Awakens . Some of this music was re-tracked into other parts of the film , or even another film in the series , by the filmmakers . Attack of the Clones , the first film to be shot digitally , had major edits made after the scoring process , leading to the inclusion of tracked music over many of the digitally - created sequences such as the Droid Factory on Geonosis or the Clone Army 's arrival to the battle . These scenes used music such as Yoda 's theme or incidental music from The Phantom Menace with little dramatic connection to what is occurring on screen . In the original Star Wars , some of the music for the Death Star 's Trash Compactor scene was used over an extended shot of the arrival into Mos Eisley inserted in the film 's Special Edition . Musical similarities exist between the final scenes of The Phantom Menace with Finn 's confession to Rey in The Force Awakens . Some of this tracking in the series was planned from the outset . For example , when scoring The Last Jedi , Williams was provided a temp track of music from his previous film scoring work by director Rian Johnson as a reference . Thus , a number of themes and motifs in Star Wars are constantly repeated throughout the entire film ; musical similarities exist between this film , the first trilogy , and the prequel trilogy ; and , the soundtrack contains quotes from sources outside of the Star Wars franchise . Other composers for the franchise used Williams ' principal themes in their own compositions , whether it be for the trailers to the main films , spin - off films , television series , or video games . More often than not , these composers also use the principal themes more for their emotional effect for their respective projects . Michael Giacchino , for instance , uses the Force Theme in some of the scenes where Rogue One 's starship takes off . Thematic inconsistencies between installments ( edit ) Because Williams scores one episode at a time and attempts to base each score on new material as much as possible , the musical material does not have a particularly cohesive structure as a whole . Each trilogy and , to a certain degree , each individual score has its own set of leitmotifs , often in overlapping roles ( while all films beyond the original Star Wars also revisit some earlier themes ) . Return of the Jedi has both the Main Title / Luke 's Theme and The Rebel Fanfare to essentially serve a similar function of triumph and heroism . Alternatively , some motifs appear in just one score with no intention of being perfectly applicable to others , such as the playful Droid motif of The Empire Strikes Back as well as the Death Star and Imperial motifs of Star Wars ( and Rogue One ) . Other material is dropped at a certain point in the series , such as Anakin 's Theme of The Phantom Menace being all but abandoned in Revenge of the Sith . This problem of thematic inconsistencies is confounded by the order in which the episodes were produced . Because the prequel trilogy was created after the first trilogy , Williams ' introduction of new themes such as Duel of the Fates and Battle of the Heroes are unable to be carried over to the sequel trilogies ' scores . However , this gave Williams the advantage of revisiting several established themes like The Imperial March , only exacerbating its absence from the original Star Wars . Another issue arising from the production of this franchise is that Williams was unable to foreshadow motifs for later installments , even in embryonic form . For instance , `` Across the Stars '' ( the love theme for Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala ) naturally does not appear in the score for The Phantom Menace , as it was only conceived during the scoring process for its sequel Attack of the Clones . The same can be said for the absence of The Imperial March in the original Star Wars . Even when leitmotifs do carry over between the scores , it is very hard to chart a clear direction as to their development , since no such overarching direction was initially laid out from the outset . The Force Theme , for instance , completes its development in the original Star Wars , having turned from a reverent motif into a triumphant march ( `` The Throne Room '' ) . It even makes grand appearances in the prequels ( particularly Revenge of the Sith ) , only to appear later in a more subdued form even at the heroes ' most triumphant moments . In fact , some of the themes that cross over change their meaning between films . For instance , Ben Kenobi 's theme from the original Star Wars was repurposed throughout Empire Strikes Back as a theme for the Force and lost any specific connection to Kenobi by the time The Phantom Menace was scored . The opening crawl and closing credits music was originally designed as an `` overture '' for the main themes in the original Star Wars ( for Luke , the Rebels and Princess Leia ) . However , this music became so iconic that was reused in all subsequent films , even if they have little to do with Luke and nothing to do with Leia and the Rebels , thereby eliminating their function as an overture and re-purposing that particular variant of Luke 's theme as the main theme for Star Wars as a whole . Since the prequels were composed later , they ironically feature greater ensemble forces ( and hence different orchestrations of thematic music ) with a more dense and nuanced thematic structure when compared to the first trilogy , if only by virtue of the fact that they both have their own stock of leitmotifs as well as those of the existing films to work with . On the other hand , many of the thematic ideas of the prequels ( especially Attack of the Clones ) are more rhythmic in nature due to Williams ' evolving musical style over the years . Many of the prequels ' themes and motifs are also applied to locations and situations in the narrative , whereas the scores for the original and sequel trilogies focus more on themes for characters . Listed below are 52 leitmotifs identified in Williams ' scores ( and one written by Williams for John Powell 's upcoming score to Solo ) thus far , although a few of them could be contested . Other pieces of music , described either erroneously or tenuously as leitmotifs , are labelled as `` unconfirmed leitmotifs '' below . Themes in the original trilogy ( edit ) Overture The main Star Wars theme , first `` ' hard ' '' theme Overture Second `` ' soft ' '' motive Problems listening to these files ? See media help . Star Wars ( a new Hope ) ( edit ) `` Luke 's Theme / Star Wars Main Title '' `` The Rebel Fanfare '' `` Ben Kenobi 's Theme / The Force Theme '' `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' `` Imperial Motif '' `` Death Star Motif '' `` Jawa Theme '' Rebel Fanfare originally heard in `` Star Wars '' ( ' A New Hope ' ) The Obi - Wan Kenobi & Force motif Princess Leia 's Theme originally heard in `` Star Wars '' ( A New Hope ) Problems listening to these files ? See media help . The Empire Strikes Back ( edit ) Returning : Throne Room Victory March ; Luke 's Theme ; The Rebel Fanfare ; The Force Theme ; Princess Leia 's Theme `` The Imperial March '' / Darth Vader 's Theme `` Han Solo and the Princess / Love Theme '' ( help info ) `` Yoda 's Theme '' ( help info ) : `` Droids Motif '' `` Cloud City / Lando 's Palace '' `` Boba Fett Motif '' `` Throne Room Victory March '' Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Returning : Spaceship Battle Motif ; Luke 's Theme ; The Rebel Fanfare ; The Force Theme ; Princess Leia 's Theme ; The Imperial March ; Han Solo and the Princess ; Yoda 's Theme `` Parade of the Ewoks '' ( help info ) Secondary / Primitive Ewok theme `` Jabba The Hutt '' `` The Emperor 's Theme / The Dark Side '' `` Yoda 's Revelations / Brother and Sister '' `` Luke and Leia '' `` Spaceship Battle Motif '' Themes in the prequel trilogy ( edit ) The Phantom Menace ( edit ) Returning : Luke 's Theme , The Rebel Fanfare , The Force Theme , The Imperial March , Yoda 's Theme , Jabba 's Theme , The Emperor 's Theme `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Anakin 's Theme '' `` Trade Federation / Droid Invasion Theme '' `` Qui - Gon 's Motif '' `` Darth Maul 's Motif / The Sith '' `` Jar Jar 's Theme '' Attack of the Clones ( edit ) Returning : Shmi 's Theme ; Luke 's Theme , The Rebel Fanfare , The Force Theme , The Imperial March , The Emperor 's Theme , Anakin 's Theme , Trade Federation March , Duel of the Fates `` Across the Stars '' `` Dooku / Separatists Motif '' `` Conspiracy / Mystery Motif '' `` Kamino Motif '' `` Pastoral Love / Courtship Motif '' Shmi 's Theme First appearance in Revenge of the Sith ( edit ) Returning : Jedi Funeral Theme , Coruscant Fanfare ; Luke 's Theme , The Rebel Fanfare , The Force Theme , The Imperial March , The Emperor 's Theme , Anakin 's Theme , Trade Federation March , Duel of the Fates `` Battle of the Heroes '' `` General Grievous ' Theme '' `` Lament / Anakin 's Betrayal '' `` Mustafar Motif '' `` Escape Motif '' `` Funeral theme '' `` Coruscant Fanfare '' Themes in the sequel trilogy ( edit ) The Force Awakens ( edit ) Returning : Luke 's Theme , The Rebel Fanfare , The Force theme , Leia 's Theme , The Imperial March , Han Solo and the Princess `` Rey 's Theme '' `` Kylo Ren 's Theme '' `` Kylo Ren Secondary Theme '' `` March of the Resistance '' `` Pursuit motif '' `` Poe Dameron 's Theme '' `` Supreme Leader Snoke 's Theme '' The Last Jedi ( edit ) Returning : Luke 's Theme , The Rebel Fanfare , The Force Theme , Leia 's Theme , Yoda 's Theme , Luke and Leia , Han Solo and the Princess , The Imperial March , TIE Fighter Attack , The Emperor 's Theme , Poe 's Theme , Rey 's Theme , Kylo Ren 's themes , Snoke 's Theme `` Luke 's Exile '' `` Rose Tico 's Theme '' `` Desperation / Admiral Holdo 's Motif '' Unconfirmed themes ( edit ) Since neither Williams nor his office ever provided a full list of the leitmotifs used in every Star Wars film , there is some controversy around the exact number of themes , with some taking an inclusive approach that identifies various leitmotifs which the composer probably never intended for . However , Williams did provide some information through the original LP liner notes and various interviews , which allowed for those such as Mike Matessino , Doug Adams , John Takis , Frank Lehman et al. to compose lists of his themes from the series on good authority . This basis is what comprises the list of themes and motifs that appear above in context . One cause for confusion is Williams ' propensity ( in these scores and otherwise ) to write material that is either melodic , rhythmic or harmonic specifically to an individual setpiece in the film , such as The Battle of Hoth , the Chase through Coruscant , or The Battle of Crait . These individual pieces of music have sometimes been described as having thematic significance , occasionally even by Williams himself , but since they do not recur in a different part of the narrative , they are not themes in the leitmotivic sense . Even when some of these figures do recur , it is often unclear whether they are substantial enough to be assigned with thematic significance , as these instances include material that is generic or incidental ( such as several figures used in the finale of The Empire Strikes Back ) ; material that is purely rhythmic or based on a certain orchestral color like various `` bouncing '' horn figures for Luke 's landspeeder search in the original Star Wars . the use of the synthesizer to represent Vader 's menace in The Empire Strikes Back , and a women 's chorus for the underwater scenes of The Phantom Menace . Sometimes , the recurring material is more a part of Williams ' stylistic choices as a composer than a thematic statement unique to the series . For instance , his use of tritones often denotes mystery , a device derived from Stravinsky 's The Rite of Spring and typical of many of Williams ' scores ( including Raiders of the Lost Ark where it represents the mystery of the Ark and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull where it represents the crystal skull ) . The same intervallic relationships would go on to be used by Williams to denote the mystery of Luke 's whereabouts in The Force Awakens , usually in association with the map carried by the droid BB - 8 , leading to the gesture becoming falsely associated with the droid or the map itself . Similarly , other gestures taken from pre-existing music ( such as Williams ' use of the Dies Irae melody to denote impending doom ) have been falsely identified as leitmotifs , even though Williams clearly described sections of music that use this motif as non-thematic . Furthermore , some of the recurring material is in fact tracked from pre-existing music , such as the Podracing fanfare and `` action ostinato '' identified by Adams and Leman , the mournful writing for French horn at Shmi 's funeral , and a multitude of material identified by Frank Lehman , who concedes to having identified `` retroactively inserted or tracked themes '' as `` incidental motifs . '' In times , observers are beset by similar ( but not identical ) gestures , such as the variety of gestures that signal the dark side of the Force in Revenge of the Sith . Another cause for controversy involves Williams ' principal themes . These are often long - lined and complex , therefore giving impressionistic views that observe their individual sections ( as well as introduction figures , ostinato accompaniments , and end - cap figures ) as separate motivic ideas . Even within the analyses above , some of the motifs are not entirely beyond questioning . Adams himself referred to the `` Throne Room '' by stating it is `` certainly not a theme in the leitmotivic sense '' , and similar doubts can be cast at some of the infrequent motives such as the quote of the `` Coruscant '' fanfare during Revenge of the Sith , Shmi 's music , or other instances . Themes in the Anthology films ( edit ) Michael Giacchino , the composer of Rogue One The first Star Wars Anthology score for Rogue One , written by Michael Giacchino , utilizes several themes from John Williams , mostly for their Romantic sweep ( such as The Force Theme and hints of the Main Theme ) . It has its own catalog of themes , independent from Williams ' material , including a new , third theme for the Empire , although Giacchino also quotes both the original Imperial Stormtrooper Motif and The Imperial March . First appearance in Rogue One ( edit ) Jyn 's Theme Hope Theme Guardians of the Whills Theme Imperial Theme Krennic 's Theme First appearance in solo ( edit ) For Solo , John Williams will contribute a theme for the character Han Solo ; all other leitmotifs and other material will be written and adapted by John Powell , the main composer for the film . Han Solo 's Theme Concert suites ( edit ) Instead of offering a full recording release of a particular film , Williams typically releases a condensed score on album , in which the music is arranged out of the film order and more within the veins of a concert program . This involves several concert suites , written purely for the end credits or the album itself , where a specific theme is developed continuously throughout the piece . Williams also re-edited some of his existing cues after the fact in order to `` concertize '' theme on the behest of conductors such as Charles Gerhardt . Several of the films also have unique credit suites that features alternate concert arrangements of themes ( `` Across the Stars '' ) or a medley of the main themes of a particular film . From the main episodes ( edit ) From Star Wars ( A New Hope ) `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' From The Empire Strikes Back `` The Imperial March '' `` Yoda 's Theme '' From Return of the Jedi `` Parade of the Ewoks '' `` Luke and Leia '' From The Phantom Menace `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Anakin 's Theme '' `` The Flag Parade '' From Attack of the Clones `` Across the Stars '' From Revenge of the Sith The album does not feature a dedicated suite , but rather an edited - down form of the film cues featuring `` Battle of the Heroes . '' From The Force Awakens `` Rey 's Theme '' `` March of the Resistance '' `` Scherzo for X-Wings '' From The Last Jedi `` The Rebellion is Reborn '' From the spin - offs ( edit ) From Rogue One `` Jyn Erso and Hope Suite '' `` The Imperial Suite '' `` The Guardians of the Whills Suite '' Diegetic music ( edit ) Diegetic music is music `` that occurs as part of the action ( rather than as background ) , and can be heard by the film 's characters '' . In addition to the orchestral scope that was brought on by John Williams ' musical score , the Star Wars franchise also features many distinguishing diegetic songs that enrich the detail of the audio mise - en - scène . Some of this diegetic music was written by John Williams ; some by his son , Joseph ; and some by various other people . From A New Hope `` Cantina Band '' and `` Cantina Band # 2 '' . Written by John Williams , it is played in the Mos Eisley Cantina on Tatooine . It is written for solo trumpet , three saxophones , clarinet , Fender Rhodes piano , steel drum , synthesizer and various percussion , including boobams and toms . According to the Star Wars Customizable Card Game , the diegetic title for the first Cantina band piece is `` Mad About Me '' . The liner notes for the 1997 Special Edition release of the Star Wars soundtrack describe the concept behind these works as `` several creatures in a future century finding some 1930 's Benny Goodman swing band music ... and how they might attempt to interpret it '' . This piece also appears on an all the outtakes easter eggs on the DVDs from episode I and II and on the bonus disc of the 2004 original trilogy DVD set . From Return of the Jedi `` Jabba 's Baroque Recital '' . Mozart-esque John Williams composition ( featuring a synthesized harpsichord ) played while 3PO and R2 first arrive and play Jabba the message from Luke Skywalker . `` Lapti Nek '' . Written by Joseph Williams and translated into Huttese , this is played by the Max Rebo Band in Jabba the Hutt 's palace ( in the original cut of the movie ) . `` Jedi Rocks '' ( composed by Jerry Hey ) . This was composed to replace Lapti Nek for the 1997 Special Edition of the film . `` Max Rebo Band Jams '' . Heard twice in the film , once after Jabba sends the Wookiee Chewbacca to jail , and again on Jabba 's Sail Barge ( hence its title ) . A recording of the first can be found on the official Star Wars Soundboards . `` Ewok Feast '' and `` Part of the Tribe '' . By John Williams . Heard when Luke and company were captured by the Ewoks and brought to their treehouses . `` Ewok Celebration '' . The Victory Song , whose lyrics were written by Joseph Williams , can be heard at the end of the original release of Return of the Jedi . `` Victory Celebration '' . By John Williams . The Victory Song at the end of the Return of the Jedi 1997 re-edition . From The Phantom Menace `` Tatooine Street Music '' . Joseph Williams wrote four separate pieces of unusual , vaguely Eastern sounding source music for the streets of Mos Espa . `` Augie 's Municipal Band '' . By John Williams . Music played during the peace parade at the end of the film . It is closely related to the emperor 's theme , but is n't an outright quote of it . From Attack of the Clones `` Dex 's Diner '' `` Unknown Episode II Source Cue '' . A second source cue is credited to Joseph Williams ' name for Episode II , but is not heard in the film . `` Arena Percussion '' . Originally meant to accompany the Droid Factory sequence , Ben Burtt 's attempt at composition is instead shifted to the arena , replacing the predominantly unused John Williams cue `` Entrance of the Monsters . '' From The Force Awakens `` Jabba Flow '' and `` Dobra Doompa '' . Written by Lin - Manuel Miranda and J.J. Abrams , these songs were played at Maz Kanata 's castle . From The Last Jedi `` Canto Bight '' . Written by John Williams , it appears when Finn and Rose first arrive to the casino planet of Canto Bight . It is written in the style of big - band jazz and is stylistically akin to the `` Cantina Band '' music from A New Hope . The track features solo alto saxophone , two bass saxophones , solo clarinet , trombones , kazoo , Fender Rhodes piano , bass , synthesizers , steel drums , and various percussion . The track briefly quotes `` Aquarela do Brasil '' by Ary Barroso as a reference to the 1985 Terry Gilliam film Brazil . Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The score for the original Star Wars film of 1977 ( A New Hope ) won John Williams the most awards of his career : an Oscar at the 50th Academy Awards for Original Score a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score at the 35th Golden Globe Awards a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music at the 32nd British Academy Film Awards in 1978 Three awards at the 1978 Grammy Awards for Best Instrumental Composition , Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special and Best Pop Instrumental Performance He also received the 1977 Saturn Award for Best Music for both the Star Wars score and his score for Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Williams 's score for the 1980 sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , also earned him a number of awards : BAFTA Award for Best Film Music at the 34th British Academy Film Awards in 1980 two awards at the 1981 Grammy Awards for Best Instrumental Composition and Best Album Of Original Score Written For A Motion Picture Or A Television Special The Empire Strikes Back was also nominated in 1981 for Best Original Score the 53rd Academy Awards ( the award was won by Michael Gore for Fame ) . Williams 's subsequent Star Wars film music was nominated for a number of awards ; in 1984 his score for Return of the Jedi was nominated for Best Original Score at the 56th Academy Awards . His compositions for the prequel trilogy also received nominations : the score for The Phantom Menace was nominated for Best Instrumental Composition at the 2000 Grammy Awards and Revenge of the Sith was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards for Best Soundtrack Album . In 2005 the 1977 soundtrack for Star Wars was voted as the `` most memorable film score of all time '' by the American Film Institute in the list AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores , based on the assessment of a jury of over 500 artists , composers , musicians , critics and historians from the film industry . In 2016 , John Williams was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Score , his 50th overall nomination , for his score to Star Wars : The Force Awakens . He would later go on to win the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media for the film , his 23rd Grammy win overall . Certifications ( edit ) The soundtracks to both Star Wars and Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace have been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of at least 1 million units , with the albums for The Empire Strikes Back and Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones being certified Gold ( 500,000 units ) . The British Phonographic Industry certified Star Wars and Episode I as Gold for shipments of over 100,000 units in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For this later trilogy , Williams ' schedule was spread over a longer period of time , which required him to start composing and producing some of the music during the film 's editing , which is unusual for Williams who usually only composes once he sees the finished film . Nevertheless , director Rian Johnson has settled dubious rumors about the film being edited to the music . Jump up ^ `` 5 Highlights from Star Wars Forces of Destiny : `` The Padawan Path '' StarWars.com `` . StarWars.com. 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Williams generally uses the choir for texture , as humming or wordless voices . Several sections rely on repeated syllables in Sanskrit , as is the case of Duel of the Fates or Snoke 's theme . While the syllables are drawn from ( loosely ) translated texts such as Cad Goddeu or the writing of Kipling , Williams typically arranges them by ear and without heed to their meaning , so the choral text remains repetitive and meaningless . In other instances , the choir repeats a short albeit coherent sentence , such as with the Funeral theme or Anakin 's Dark Deeds . Jump up ^ Women were used for the special edition rescoring . Jump up ^ `` Dudamel Conducts Some Music for New ' Star Wars ' Film '' . The New York Times . December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This orchestra consists of a group of individually contracted freelanced musicians , rather than being an organised orchestra that plays regularly as a group . Jump up ^ according to the closing credit roll Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' TV Series Soundtrack Announced '' . Film Music Reporter . November 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Kiner to Score ' Star Wars Rebels ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Spielberg and Lucas on Williams : Directors reminisce about collaborating with Hollywood 's greatest composer '' . The Film Music Society . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ That particular score was first intended to be tracked with existing music from the classical repertoire or from older film scores , as was the case of 2001 : A Space Odyssey , which inspired George Lucas to write the film . After Williams convinced Lucas to have an original score ( which would excel a tracked score in that it will have set themes for characters , Williams argued ) , those musical pieces were used as a temp track and Williams followed them closely , turning portions of the score into an homage to earlier film score and to romantic music in general . ^ Jump up to : Doug Adams , Sounds of the Empire : Analysing the themes of the Star Wars Trilogy , in : Film Score Monthly ( Volume 4 , number 5 ) , pp. 22 - 47 . Jump up ^ These inspirations are evident in some of the orchestration choices , including the wide use of a SATB choir and boy choir and even a soloist ( including a moaning woman in `` Padme 's Ruminations '' , similar to Lisa Gerard 's vocal work in Gladiator ) . The orchestra was augmented with a second set of timpani as was the case with Shore 's Lord of the Rings scores , and with taiko drums , which have been used extensively by Shore and Zimmer . In particular , Anakin 's Dark Deeds with the humming boy choir opening leading into a Gothic piece for an adult choir , is evocative of `` The Treason of Isengard '' . Several tracks , including the music to the opening of the film , evoke the rhythmic music of the Orcs . http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2005/11_Apr---FSM_Forum_Star_Wars_Episode_III.asp http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/11905-where-did-jw-get-his-idea-for-anakins-dark-deed/ Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2527336/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd Jump up ^ Star Wars , liner notes . Jump up ^ It should be noted that using a leitmotifs merely as a `` stand - in '' for a character would be a devolved form of using leitmotifs , compared to the operatic practice . A theme can be used symbolically , such as hinting at Darth Vader 's theme when the decision to train Anakin is made in Episode I . Jump up ^ Williams full score often slightly overtakes the length of the film due to the recording of concert suites and several alternate takes . However , the amount of music written for the film proper varies from 80 percent , to scoring effectively the entire film . The finished film is always subjected to tracking , looping and muting ( especially Attack of the Clones ) , so about 85 % of each finished film is scored . Jump up ^ This DVD , released with the Revenge of the Sith soundtrack , was based on Williams ' practice of releasing a suite of an Episode 's main theme as a single - CD release ahead of the film 's release , and having it be played live or played along to a music video for the film at hand . Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/article/five-time-oscar-winner-john-williams-talks-bringing-star-wars-scores-to-the-new-york-philharmonic Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/27124-star-wars-live-to-projection-concerts-begins-september-2017-david-newman-conducting-new-york-philharmonic/&page=4 Jump up ^ Episode III required 109 players ( not including the conductor ) due to expanded string and percussion sections . http://www.jw-collection.de/scores/epi3_stuff.htm http://soundtrackfest.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/John-Williams-London-Symphony-Orchestra-Star-Wars.jpg The Empire Strikes Back required 104 players , not including the conductor or synthesizer ( rhttp://www.jw-collection.de/scores/tesblp.htmecalls ) due to the inclusion of a fourth flute , and sections that required a third harp , five oboes overall , an added piccolo and eight percussionists overall . If the Empire Strikes Back is to augmented with the string section size of Revenge of the Sith or the Skwalker Symphony Recording , it would require about 112 players and a small women choir . A Star Wars in Concert production that would follow the orchestration of the recording , would have to feature some of the expansions of the various episodes , requiring about 110 players , as well as the mixed choir and possibly the bass choir . Jump up ^ Star Wars and the sequel trilogy film use an 84 - piece arrangement , with the latter also incorporating a 24 - piece men choir . Empire Strikes Back uses 106 pieces and about ten women vocalists , Return of the Jedi uses a 100 - piece orchestra , about ten men , and a few women for the Special Edition ; The Phantom Menace uses a 100 - piece orchestra , 88 - piece SATB choir and 30 boys ; Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith use a 112 - piece orchestra , 89 - piece SATB choir and a synthesized boy choir . Jump up ^ Star Wars Concerts were held with as few as 130 performers , and some Live to Projection Concerts can therefore by played by as few as sixty players . By comparison , each of Howard Shore 's Middle Earth scores require a minimum of 230 musicians to stage ( ranging to as many as 500 ) , and several stage works such as Gurre Lieder or Mahler 's Eighth Symphony can range from 300 to over a thousand musicians . Neverthless , amateur performances ( like the NJYS Playathon ) of Williams score , among other film scores ( including the aforementioned Howard Shore ones ) have utilized orchestral forces of 450 - piece or more . Jump up ^ Keyes , Allison ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Star Wars In Concert ' Puts The Force In The Music '' . NPR . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . The upcoming Live to Projection presentations will feature various reductions , namely in the brass section , in line with Williams ' reduced orchestration for his `` Star Wars Suite '' , and will probably omit the unusual orchestrations of Empire Strikes Back and even synthsize some choral sections . The roster for the premiere is between 82 and 93 pieces . http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/27124-star-wars-live-to-projection-concerts-begins-september-2017-david-newman-conducting-new-york-philharmonic/&page=4 https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/program-notes/1718/WilliamsStarWarsANewHope.pdf Jump up ^ Star Wars used a 3.2. 3.2 arrangement and 3 saxophones , Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi used a 4.3. 4.3 arrangement . The prequels use a 3.3. 4.3 arrangements , and the sequel trilogy uses 3.3. 3.3 . Sections of Empire Strikes Back , Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith which have to do with depictions of machines such as Imperial Walkers or Droids feature an added piccolo and two oboes . Empire Strikes Back also features a fourth bassoon for Boba Fett , and Return of the Jedi features two recorders for the Ewoks . The Phantom Menace features one . Jump up ^ Star Wars used an 8.4. 3.2 arrangement ; Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi added a bass trombone and the former had horns 1 - 6 doubling on Wagner Tubas . The Skywalker Symphony recording added a fifth trumpet . Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones removed the second Tuba . The Sequel scores are recorded in a 6.4. 4.1 arrangement . Jump up ^ two sets for Revenge of the Sith only . Jump up ^ Most of the episodes feature six percussionists , although sections of the prequels and Empire Strikes Back require as many as eight , including two Xylophone parts , etc . Star Wars , however , only requires only three and the sequel trilogy requires four . Jump up ^ Star Wars featured one player on a piano and a second player on celesta . The second player also doubles on Electric Piano . For select sections of Empire Strikes Back , both played on pianos . The scores also used synthesizers for electronic sounds and to mimic the Celesta ( a real Celesta was not used since Return of the Jedi ) and the Harpsichord ( for Return of the Jedi and Attack of the Clones ) . In the Skywalker Symphony recording , one player doubles on all keyboards . From Attack of the Clones going forward , the synth is performed by the electric keyboard player . Jump up ^ Malone , p. 34 . Williams uses the choir infrequently . Empire Strikes Back used a choir of ten women for a brief passage , and Return of the Jedi featured about ten men for a small selection of cues . The sequel trilogy uses 24 men only for Snoke 's theme , which is slightly more than the number of bass singers present in a typical 80 - piece choir . The Last Jedi features a 60 - piece SATB choir and Snoke 's Bass chorus . Only the prequel trilogy uses a mixed choir and , for brief cues , a boy choir ( often synthesized ) and even short solo roles for a soprano and a male overtone singer , which was probably synthesized . Jump up ^ Star Wars used a string roster of 14.12. 10.10. 6 , and the two sequels feature two added contrabass parts . The prequels featured a fuller section of 16.14. 12.10. 8 , as does the Skywalker Symphony recording . The sequel films , however , return to the roster of the original Star Wars . Most of the installments use two harps , although sections of Empire Strikes Back featured a third harp , while the Skwalker Symphony recording only used one . Jump up ^ Williams is not usually keen to stray far from the orchestral instrumentation . The Cretan Lyra and Cumbus are used briefly for diegetic Tatooine music for Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones , composed by his son , Joseph , and were originally played by one instrumentalist . They may be omitted entirely in a live performance . The Electric Guitar is used in small inserts during the chase through Curoscant in Attack of the Clones ( albeit muted in the film on the request of George Lucas ) . Williams also used three saxophones for the Cantina Band , although those could be doubled by the clarinet players . He also once claimed to have used Kazoos in that sequence , although the liner notes make no mention of it . Jump up ^ the theme recurs thirty times or more in a two - hour film . Jump up ^ The scores to the original three films are melodic and romantic , as is - largely - the score to The Phantom Menace . However , Episodes II and even III feature much more rhythmic music , and Revenge of the Sith in particular is more operatic in its use of choir and even solo vocals . The sequel scores feature another evolution of Williams ' musical style , which is less obtrusive , with more lilting musical themes like Rey 's theme , reminiscent of some of Williams ' work on Harry Potter . Jump up ^ Williams themes for Star Wars have been classified based on Williams own comments on the LP release , Mike Matessino 's Special Edition Liner notes , and further analyses provided by Doug Adams , John Takis et al. On FilmScoreMonthly . Anchiliary sources include Frank Lehman 's `` Complete Catalogue of the Motivic Material in Star Wars '' , which includes a lot of `` incidental motifs '' including stylistic gestures and tracked material ; Karol Krok 's FilmsonWax thematic catalogue , and an overly - inclusive timpestamp list by Faleel from the John Williams Fans board . Jump up ^ Williams wrote some 51 themes for over 16 hours of cinema , with an average of six new themes per film and an 12 themes used in each film overall . By comparison , Howard Shore wrote over 160 leitmotifs for 21 hours of cinema in the Middle Earth films , of which he uses 40 or more in each film . Richard Wagner wrote 176 leitmotifs for the 15 - hour Ring cycle . Jump up ^ In thematic works such as those of Wagner or Shore , all the leitmotifs which are thematically connected ( e.g. all of Alberich 's themes or all of the Hobbits ' themes ) are connected in melody , harmony , key and orchestration , so as to create a sets and subsets of inter-connected thematic `` families . '' This allows the composer to introduce new themes later in the work while having the new theme evoke associations which the audience already felt towards existing related themes . Williams ' various themes do share certain connections , but they are basic enough as to nullify any attempts to categorize them except in the broadest of strokes , such as themes for the protagonists and themes for the antagonists . Jump up ^ Using leitmotifs as a suggestion of mood or emotion rather than as themes , is a common practice for all composers in symphonies , operas and especially in film . Nevertheless , classical and romantic composers ( and even some film composers like Howard Shore in his Lord of the Rings and Hobbit cycle ) are generally much more strict with the application of leitmotif than Williams . Jump up ^ Since the princess is present at Ben 's death , her theme is said to `` represents Luke 's and the Princess ' reaction to leaving Ben behind '' ( Star Wars , Liner Notes ) although the romantic explanation has been favored by Adams and Michael Matessimo , the author of the special edition liner notes . Jump up ^ Yoda 's theme in Cloud City is said to denote Luke gaining courage as he `` remembers Yoda 's teachings and tries to apply them in this '' , but the theme is later used in relation to Leia 's attempt at retrieving Han and even Lando 's order to evacuate Cloud City , giving more weight to the outright dramatic explanation . Jump up ^ Duel of the Fates as used in Tatooine , was often interpreted as signifying the internal struggle of Anakin , although no other occurrence of the theme is consistent with that line of thought . In fact , the internal struggle only presents itself in the next scene , where the theme is not used . Jump up ^ In Star Wars , the theme was conceived and used more as a theme for the character of Ben Kenobi rather than as a theme for The Force itself . Therefore , Williams originally did not have it play during the Binary Sunset sequence ( which has nothing to do with Ben ) , and only did so on the request of George Lucas . He did use it , however , for the Throne Room sequence , although it has little to do with Ben . Since the theme became more associated with The Force in following installments , it was used more often , but sometimes against images that do not evoke the idea of The Force such as numerous wide shots in Attack of the Clones , e.g. Anakin and Padme departing for Naboo , Dooku arriving at Curoscant . Its also used during wide shots of the Battle of Hoth for no discernable reason . Jump up ^ `` Episode 69 : Rian Johnson On The Music Of Star Wars & Other Movies '' . audioBoom . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hence , claims that Williams conceives his themes with foresight and subsequent attempts to draw tenuous connections between such pieces of music as Snoke 's theme and the drone in Palpatine 's Teachings , are dubious . In fact , Williams himself always notes that he only scores the film by watching the finished film , rather than reading a story outline or script . He , for instance , claimed to have had no idea that his score to the original Star Wars would result in sequels and further scores , and even shared the fact that he had , at the time , written a love theme for Luke and Leia , only to discover by Return of the Jedi that the two have been now written to be Brother and Sister . Jump up ^ Although the tune seems to be briefly suggested once in Return of the Jedi . ^ Jump up to : http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/phantom_menace.html Jump up ^ A lot of the themes in the originals were played by solo instruments or sections and passed over to other instruments as the statement continued to unfold . In the prequels , they are often players by various sections and layers of the orchestra simultaneously . ^ Jump up to : Larsen , Peter , and Irons , John ( 2007 ) . Film Music , p. 168 . ISBN 9781861893413 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars LP liner notes ^ Jump up to : Michael Matessino , Star Wars : A New Hope Special Edition Liner notes . ^ Jump up to : http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/star_wars.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/star_wars.html Jump up ^ Adams unusually identifies the B - phrase of the theme as a separate leitmotif , but admits that it `` serves little leitmotivic purpose '' and that its application in the score proper is similar to that of the A-phrase , ranging between `` reflection and brash heroism - again , usually associated with Luke , but not always . '' While Williams ' original liner notes and the majority of his interviews do not share this distinction , one interview prior to the release of Doug 's analysis ( about 15 years removed from Return of the Jedi ) had Williams briefly mention a `` second theme '' which he describes as `` romantic '' and `` several themes within '' Luke 's music ( although in the latter case , Williams may be referencing the Force theme and the Rebel Fanfare which become closely associated with Luke over the trilogy ) . Its also possible Williams misspoke , seeing as how is quoted as saying `` it 's one thing really in my mind , a lot of it ( ... ) You 'd be testing my memory to ask me how I used them all and where ( laughs ) . '' Jump up ^ In The Force Awakens , Williams would use this theme in two variations , which are sometimes mistaken for separate leitmotives : a playful , fast variation for the concert piece `` Schrezo for X-Wings '' and an inverted variation for `` Jedi Steps . '' ^ Jump up to : Frank Lehman , Thematic Material of Star Wars : Catalog and Commentary . Jump up ^ This theme was composed for the character of Ben Kenobi but also used in a broader association with the concept of `` The Force . '' With subsequent installments , the character connection was reduced and the theme became more of a theme for `` The Force . '' ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20081020230931/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/starwacd.htm ^ Jump up to : Larsen & Irons ( 2007 ) , p. 170 . Jump up ^ This gesture appeared only once in the original Star Wars . It was reprised for the first time ( and therefore generally considered thematic , even though its narrative function remains unclear ) in the credits to Empire Strikes Back . ^ Jump up to : Michael Matessino , Empire Strikes Back : Special Edition liner notes . ^ Jump up to : Empire Strikes Back LP liner notes ^ Jump up to : http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/empire_strikes_back.html Jump up ^ This theme is also sometimes called `` Han Solo 's theme '' although musically it belongs more to the princess . Jump up ^ This theme was also used briefly in Williams ' score of E.T. when the figure of Yoda ( here a boy in a costume ) appeared on screen . Jump up ^ Williams also composed what he described as a `` playful version of Yoda 's theme '' . Matessino refers to it as a `` playful wind rendition of Yoda 's theme '' which Adams further describes as a `` simpler spry tune in the second half of the unabridged theme . '' Jump up ^ http://starwarsmusic.pashamusic.com/leitmotif.html ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20090929014718/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/empirecd.htm Jump up ^ Definite statements of the motif appear only in this film , but a `` playful wind motif '' that appears in Return of the Jedi `` suggest the tune '' of the theme , and has been erroneously described as a new motif for the Droids . ^ Jump up to : http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/empire.html Jump up ^ According to Adams this is `` certainly not a theme in the leitmotivic sense '' , hence its classification remains in doubt . Jump up ^ This composition is part of a set - specific piece of music written for `` TIE - Fighter Attack '' . The material was tracked twice in Return of the Jedi ( in Sail - Barge Assault and the attack on the Death Star ) , and once in The Last Jedi ( Battle of Crait ) , where it was also recapitualted in the credits . On account of being tracked , there is an argument to be had as to whether or not this recurrence reflects the intentions of the composers and therefore whether it is leitmotivic . H ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20080307054714/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/jedicd.htm ^ Jump up to : Michael Matessino , Return of the Jedi : Special Edition liner notes ^ Jump up to : Doug Adams , A Return or a New Hope ? In : Film Score Monthly , Volume 4 , number 7 , p. 32 - 34 . Jump up ^ http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/jedi.html Jump up ^ This motif was also re-tracked into the A New Hope from Return of the Jedi . ^ Jump up to : http://starwarsmusic.pashamusic.com/classification-of-leitmotifs.html Jump up ^ `` Star Wars - LP '' . www.jw-collection.de . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Karol Krok , The themes of the Prequel Trilogy , Films - on - wax . Jump up ^ Adams mentions that the theme 's ostinato accompaniment is used `` thematically '' in the score , although he does n't list it as a separate leitmotif , per se , seeing as how it always appears as part of the unabridged theme , except for one instance . Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/star-wars-the-phantom-menace/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080307054734/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/phantmcd.htm Jump up ^ This theme is the first `` none - pitched theme '' , based on whispering voices and percussion figures . The latter have been confused for a separate , secondary motif specifically for Darth Maul or even for his probe droids , but Adams refers to them as mere `` drum patterns '' that are simply part of the theme . ^ Jump up to : This gesture appeared only once in The Phantom Menace , and became a leitmotif after - the - fact when Williams revisited it here . Nevertheless , John Takis called it `` tender music '' which is `` recalling Shmi . '' ^ Jump up to : http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/attack_clones.html Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090929014510/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/aotccd.htm Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/attack_clones.html ^ Jump up to : John Takis , Star Wars Episode Tunes : Attack on the Score , Film Score Monthly , pp. 18 - 23 . Jump up ^ The endcap of the theme 's B - phrase has been described as a separate motif for Anakin 's torments and his subseqent descent into darkness . While it does n't appear as frequently as the main phrase and is often used in isolation , this seems to be more a result of the long - winded nature of the full theme , which renders the B - phrase ( in its entirety or just as the endcap ) very infrequent . Both Takis , Jeff Bonds and Jon and Al Kaplan refer to it as an integral part of Across the Stars rather than a separate motif . In a podcast discussion , Adams ' refers to it as a single theme , albeit one comprised of a verse , chorus and bridge . Jump up ^ This motif , otherwise known as the `` conflict motif '' , is also applied to Jango Fett in the score and is probably the motif that Williams reportedly was intending to write for Jango when he was composing the piece . When Jango fights Obi Wan , Williams ' derives an ostinato from it which underscores the fight scene . This motif , like the ostinato for `` Chase through Curoscant '' has been described as a leitmotif , but Takis describes those figures just as ostinati and `` rhythmic patterns '' and not as outright themes . Doug Adams later commented that the various action ostinati of the scores are `` shorter , clunkier motives seldom longer than a measure or two , and often more rhythmic than melodic '' and calls those passages `` episodic . '' Jeff Bonds adds that this writing is `` ultimately fleeting . '' Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/?p=3417 ^ Jump up to : This is a piece of music written originaly for Qui - Gon 's funeral in The Phantom Menace . It was reprised and repurposed here as a general `` funeral '' theme , being used for Padme 's death and her later funeral . ^ Jump up to : This fanfare from `` He is the Chosen One '' , recurrs ( possibly via a tracked cue ) in `` Palpatine 's Teachings '' for a transition to the view of Curoscant from Padme 's abode . It was used in the finished film rather for a shot of Obi Wan entering Bail Organa 's ship . Whether its of any leitmotivic significance is therefore up to debate . ^ Jump up to : http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/revenge_sith.html ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20081022015000/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/revengesithcd.htm Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/revenge_sith.html Jump up ^ the themes and motifs of Episode III , JohnWilliamsFans . ^ Jump up to : Faleel , The Thematic Material of the Star Wars films . Jump up ^ http://cuebycue.blogspot.co.il/2016/05/star-wars-ep-iii-revenge-of-sith.html ^ Jump up to : Whether or not this constitutes a leitmotif is debatable . Jump up ^ From The Force Awakens onward , the theme for Leia is hereinafter referred to as `` Leia 's Theme , '' as the character becomes a General in the Resistance and removes her royal title from her name . ^ Jump up to : http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-star-wars-force-awakens-music-score-john-williams-20151217-story.html ^ Jump up to : https://moviemusicuk.us/2015/12/21/star-wars-the-force-awakens-john-williams/ Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/25913-the-force-awakens-complete-score-breakdown-chronological-order-film-spoilers-allowed/&page=15 ^ Jump up to : As with other long - lined themes on this list , components of Rey 's theme have been described as independent leitmotives , namely the introduction figure of the unabridged theme . In his commentary on the score , Doug refers to the piece as a single theme . He also refers to the variation heard in `` Jedi Steps '' as `` Rey 's theme in counterpoint ( ... ) with The Force theme . '' Jump up ^ John Williams refers to a `` more ruminative part '' besides Kylo Ren 's main theme , which he though of as a `` relative of Darth Vader . '' Jump up ^ This theme is often used in conjunction with the character of Finn , and was therefore often mistaken to be his theme . Rather , it is a motif for the more comedic action sequences in the film , in which Finn 's propensity to flee is used for comedic effect . Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/star-wars-the-force-awakens/ Jump up ^ http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/please-your-platter-4-new-limited-edition-star-wars-force-awakens-vinyl-sets Jump up ^ This theme is written for voices in the Basso Profundo range , and has drawn tenuous comparisons to Palpatine 's Teachings , although the latter is based rather on overtone singing . ^ Jump up to : http://www.jwfan.com/?p=10287 Jump up ^ Frank Lehman 's work includes less than forty leitmotifs , and 45 `` incidental motifs , '' Jump up ^ Such an approach was taken by the programs to the live - to - projection premiere of the Star Wars films , where numerous motifs were identified ( seemingly with no new insight from Williams himself ) , including a rancor motif , a motif for the droids in the original Star Wars , etc ... http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/27124-star-wars-live-to-projection-concerts-begins-september-2017-david-newman-conducting-new-york-philharmonic/&page=4 Whatever quotes of the Composer appear in the program seem to be drawn from existing interviews , such as his interview with the LA Times . for the Force Awakens program . Even John Takis erroneously mentions a motif for Taun We , which in actuality only occurs in two adjacent cues . ^ Jump up to : Williams called the use of `` bouncing '' horns for Luke 's Landspeeder a `` motif '' although it is based on no fixed recurring melodic or rhythmic idea . He also refer to the material for the Battle of Hoth as `` thematic '' , Matessino 's notes ultimately conclude that `` thematic material is deffered '' in the piece . Lehman makes no mention of either motif , even as `` incidental '' motifs . Adams also does n't list any setpiece - specific material in his thematic analyses , but did mention that `` the walker attack on Hoth ( ... ) was assigned a memorable and fully realized standalone melody '' but , unlike the melody of `` The TIE fighters chasing the Millennium Falcon away from the Death Star '' , which went on to recur in a later installment , this motif ( like the Asteroid Field music ) is used `` with less thought toward a score - length arc of material than toward a series of self - contained vignettes . '' Jump up ^ The finale features two interwoven pieces of music : rhythmic phrases in the strings for the shootout , and an `` ascending horn phrase '' for three individual and unrelated moments : Luke spotting Boba Fett , him confronting Darth Vader , and lastly , Boba taking off with Han 's effigy onboard . The latter has been described as a possible `` ambush '' motif , or as a secondary theme for Boba , but both seem to be too setpiece - specific to possess any leitmotivic significance , and are not described by neither Adams , Matessino or Lehman as leitmotifs of any kind , nor mentioned by Williams himself . Jump up ^ Lehman calls this `` chromatic choral writing '' but does not designate this as a leitmotif , but under the classification of an `` incidental motif '' . Other instances of recurring material are suspenseful string writing in The Force Awakens , `` Mournful homophonic choral progressions '' in The Last Jedi and a multitude of other material such as `` heroic descending tetrachords '' , `` cascading trumpet lines '' , etc ... Jump up ^ Adams , who also identifies this idea 's appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark , identified these as `` mystery chords '' , stating that they `` may or may not '' have been conceived as a leitmotif , but concludes that they `` probably did n't mean anything . '' Lehman puzzlingly identifies it as a motif for the map in The Force Awakens , but lists it again as an `` incidental '' figure related to descending on planets ( where it is used in the original Star Wars ) . Jump up ^ The `` podrace motif '' recurs in tracked music and in a dedicated concert rendition of the flag parade . The action ostinato is an incidental accompaniment used for the Rebel Fanfare in the Battle of Yavin , which would end up tracked into Sail Barge Assault in Return of the Jedi , along with the third appearance of the X-Wing attack motif which Adams identifies therein . Jump up ^ Adams does this with the B - phrase of Lukes ' theme , and Lehman 's analysis refers to the accompaniment , bridges and B - phrases of several established themes , even when those sections of the theme almost never appear on their own and do not seem to represent anything in particular , as separate motivic ideas : e.g. Duel of the Fates as three themes , the introduction figures to Rey 's theme , the ostinato accompaniment of the Rebel fanfare , the introduction figure to Kylo Ren 's main theme as a third motif for the villian and some bridging material to his theme as a motif for the First Order , etc ... Jump up ^ http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/rogue_one.html Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story/ ^ Jump up to : https://moviemusicuk.us/2016/12/20/rogue-one-michael-giacchino/ ^ Jump up to : http://variety.com/2017/film/news/john-williams-star-wars-composer-han-solo-movie-theme-1202650282/amp/?__twitter_impression=true Jump up ^ http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/jedi.html Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080307054734/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/phantmcd.htm Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/star-wars-the-phantom-menace/ Jump up ^ There 's an alternate presentation over the end - credits , featuring a hint of Anakin 's theme as an ending coda . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090929014510/http://www.moviemusicuk.us/aotccd.htm Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/attack_clones.html Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/revenge_sith.html Jump up ^ Features a variation of Luke 's theme . `` The Jedi Steps '' Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/star-wars-the-force-awakens/ Jump up ^ This suite uniquly features not one but two of the three thematic ideas that make up the entire score : Rose 's theme , and The Last Jedi motif , notably stressing the former . Jump up ^ http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/rogue_one.html Jump up ^ http://www.movie-wave.net/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story/ Jump up ^ The dictionary definition of Diegetic at Wiktionary . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Alien Musicians in ' Star Wars , ' Ranked '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ( Archived page contains a JavaScript that replaces article with page not found message . To prevent this stop page loading as soon as article text is visible . ) Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` The 9 Best Songs Ever Played in a Star Wars Movie '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 50th Academy Awards ( 1978 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1978 ) '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack 1978 '' . BAFTA Awards Database . British Acacdemy of Film & Television Awards . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 20th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Past Winners database . Grammy Awards . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack 1980 '' . BAFTA Awards Database . British Acacdemy of Film & Television Awards . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 - 23rd Annual Grammy Awards '' . Grammy Awards . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Academy Awards ( 1981 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy Awards of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 56th Academy Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Nominations for the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards '' . Billboard : 73 . January 15 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees '' . Billboard : 60 . December 17 , 2005 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Tops AFI 's List of 25 Greatest Film Scores of All Time '' . AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars - Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Certified Awards Search - BPI External links ( edit ) Star Wars portal The Official Star Wars Music Site ( Archived ) Music of Star Wars Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Shadows of the Empire Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Miscellaneous Ewoks Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars : A Musical Journey Star Wars Headspace Related Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' Christmas in the Stars `` Yoda '' `` The Saga Begins '' Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Other Television films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage The Battle for Endor Radio dramas Star Wars Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Languages The Force Physics Species Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiee List of Star Wars creatures Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe Characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Star_Wars&oldid=818280585 '' Categories : Music of Star Wars Compositions by John Williams Music by media franchise Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Français ქართული Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 17 : 42 . 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3037759936775887442	North London derby	North London derby - wikipedia North London derby North London derby Gilberto Silva ( far left ) and Ledley King ( far right ) , captaining Arsenal and Tottenham respectively at White Hart Lane , on 21 April 2007 . The match ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . Other names Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur Locale London Teams Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur First meeting Arsenal 1 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur 1909 -- 10 Football League ( 4 December 1909 ) Latest meeting Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal Premier League ( 10 February 2018 ) Next meeting Arsenal v Tottenham Hotspur Premier League ( 1 December 2018 ) Stadiums Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Tottenham Hotspur Stadium ( Spurs ) Statistics Meetings total 195 Most wins Arsenal ( 81 ) Most player appearances David O'Leary ( 35 ) Top scorer Emmanuel Adebayor ( 10 ) All - time series Arsenal : 81 Drawn : 51 Tottenham : 63 Largest victory Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 6 Arsenal 1934 -- 35 Football League ( 6 March 1935 ) Satellite map of north London showing locations of Arsenal 's old Highbury Stadium ( Red ) and Tottenham 's White Hart Lane ground ( White ) The North London derby is the name of the association football local derby in England between two teams based in North London -- Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur . Both Arsenal and Tottenham fans have recognised each other as one of their biggest rivals , and the derby is one of the fiercest in world football . Although the two teams first played each other in 1887 , the rivalry did not begin until 1913 when Arsenal moved their ground to north London . As of February 2018 , 182 games have been played between the two teams since their first game in the Football League in 1909 , with 76 wins for Arsenal , 57 wins for Tottenham and 49 games drawn . When games played before Football League are included , 195 games have been played , with Arsenal winning 81 , Tottenham 63 , and 51 draws . Notable matches of the North London derby include the games where Arsenal won the league at White Hart Lane in 1971 and 2004 , Tottenham beating Arsenal 5 -- 0 at home in 1983 and Arsenal winning by the same score away in 1978 , and Tottenham beating Arsenal 3 -- 1 at the semi-final of the 1990 -- 91 FA Cup which they went on to win . The highest - scoring game in the North London derby is the 5 -- 4 win by Arsenal at White Hart Lane in November 2004 . Emmanuel Adebayor who played for both Tottenham and Arsenal is the top scorer of the North London derby with 10 goals scored ( 8 in the Premier League ) . Arsenal play their home games at the Emirates Stadium in Islington , while Tottenham Hotspur previously played their home games at White Hart Lane in Haringey until the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . Spurs played their home games at Wembley Stadium for the 2017 -- 18 campaign and will move into their new home , the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium , during the 2018 -- 19 season . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early matches 1.2 Beginning of rivalry 1.3 1950 -- present 2 Fans 3 Results 3.1 Premier League 3.2 Cup semi-finals and title deciders 4 Statistics and records 4.1 Summary of results 5 Crossing the divide 5.1 Arsenal , then Tottenham 5.2 Tottenham , then Arsenal 5.3 Played for both teams in North London derby 6 Clubs ' honours 7 Highest attendances 8 See also 9 Footnotes and references History ( edit ) Early matches ( edit ) The first meeting between the two teams was a friendly on 19 November 1887 , when Arsenal were located in Plumstead ( then part of Kent but now in Greater London ) , and known as Royal Arsenal . The match , played at the then Spurs ground at Tottenham Marshes , was abandoned 15 minutes before it was due to end `` owing to darkness '' with Spurs leading 2 -- 1 . The first completed match between the two teams was held the following February in Plumstead ; Tottenham could only field nine players , and were thus beaten 6 -- 2 . Another notable match was in 1898 played at the Spurs ground at Northumberland Park . The match with the then Woolwich Arsenal was attended by a record crowd of 15,000 , and the refreshment stand collapsed when spectators climbed up onto its roof in the overcrowded ground , resulting in some injuries and prompting Spurs to start looking for a new ground . The next year the club moved a short distance to what would become known as the White Hart Lane ground . The first League match between the clubs was in the First Division , on 4 December 1909 ; Arsenal won 1 -- 0 . Beginning of rivalry ( edit ) The traditional first kits of Arsenal ( left ) and Spurs ( right ) . However , a proper rivalry between the two teams did not begin until 1913 , when Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground , Plumstead to Arsenal Stadium , Highbury , just four miles from Tottenham 's White Hart Lane ; by doing so , they became Tottenham 's nearest neighbours and thus began a natural local rivalry . The two teams first faced each other as `` north London '' in a War Relief Fund friendly on 22 August 1914 at White Hart Lane . Although Arsenal were in the Second Division and Tottenham in the First , Arsenal won 5 -- 1 . They would go on to meet regularly during World War I in the London Combination , the regional wartime competition of the time . The rivalry escalated in 1919 when , after World War I , the First Division was to be expanded by two teams , and the League held a meeting of the clubs to decide the two clubs by means of a vote . 19th - placed Chelsea , who would otherwise have been relegated , were allowed to stay and thus they took the first of the two spots . The second spot could have been awarded to 20th - placed Tottenham , or Barnsley , who had finished third in the Second Division , but Arsenal ( along with four other clubs ) also bid for the place , despite their only finishing sixth in Division Two , although an error in the calculation of goal average meant Arsenal had actually finished fifth , an error which was corrected by the Football League in 1980 . After an endorsement by League president and chairman of Liverpool John McKenna on account of their longer membership of the League , Arsenal won the vote by eighteen votes to Spurs ' eight ( Barnsley got five , Wolves four , Nottingham Forest three , Birmingham two and Hull City one ) and were thus elected to the First Division . It has been frequently alleged that Arsenal chairman Sir Henry Norris used underhand dealings in order to bring this about , although nothing has been proven . The decision infuriated Tottenham and their supporters , although eleven years previously albeit under different circumstances and involved entirely separate leagues that do not have automatic right to move between them , Tottenham themselves had been elected to join the Football League Second Division despite only finishing 7th in the 1907 -- 08 Southern League . Tottenham were initially unsuccessful in their attempt to join the Football League , but at the last minute Stoke resigned from the league for financial reason , and Tottenham reapplied to replace Stoke , and narrowly won election to the Second Division over Lincoln , Rotherham and Southport ( Tottenham won one more vote than Lincoln ) . Despite the setback , Tottenham were soon promoted back into the top flight after taking the 1919 -- 20 Second Division title , and the derby was once again regularly contested . The first fully competitive derby match after Arsenal 's 1913 move to north London was a First Division match that finished 2 -- 1 to Tottenham , on 15 January 1921 at White Hart Lane . The early matches between the two were noted for their bitterness - a particularly vicious match in September 1922 led to both clubs being censured by the Football Association and threatened with being forced to play behind closed doors . Tottenham played in the Second Division between the periods of 1928 and 1933 , as well as 1935 to 1950 , which naturally led to a drop in the number of matches between the two clubs in this period and a cooling of passions . In 1935 Arsenal registered its highest ever win over Spurs in a 6 - 0 rout away at White Hart Lane . This 6 - 0 result remains the biggest win by any team wherein the derby . Relations between the two clubs improved somewhat after the Second World War , after Tottenham allowed Arsenal to play their home matches at White Hart Lane while Highbury was requisitioned as an ARP station and subsequently bombed . The two sides met in the FA Cup for the first time in the 1948 -- 49 season , when Arsenal won a third round tie 3 -- 0 . 1950 -- present ( edit ) Since 1950 , there has only been one season being that of ( 1977 -- 78 ) where Spurs and Arsenal have not been in the same division , meaning fixtures between the two are regular . With being so , this has maintained the rivalry to the present day ; there have been many notable matches . Several of these comprise those where the course of a title or the journey to a cup final has relied upon the outcome of a derby match . As with any major football rivalry , gloating and banter between the two sets of fans , many of whom work and even live together , is commonplace . Players who transfer between the two teams receive a bad reception from their former fans ; an example was defender Sol Campbell , who was nicknamed `` Judas '' by Spurs fans after he crossed the divide in 2001 . Kick - off for the second half at the north London derby , 20 November 2010 . Arsenal were 2 -- 0 up at this point , but were beaten 3 -- 2 . Arsenal 's Theo Walcott , after picking up a knee injury in the 83rd minute of a FA Cup third round tie against Tottenham in January 2014 , was pelted with a hail of coins and plastic bottles whilst coming off the field on a stretcher by Tottenham fans at the Emirates Stadium . Walcott subsequently made a gesture on the stretcher to the Spurs fans which reflected , at that point in time , the 2 - 0 scoreline of the game which it finished as eventually . An investigation was eventually made with regard to the perpetrators of the incident by the authorities . Arsenal 's Theo Walcott and William Gallas of Tottenham in the North London Derby of November 2012 which the Gunners won 5 -- 2 . On 30 April 2017 , Tottenham beat Arsenal 2 - 0 in the final North London Derby at White Hart Lane . This result guaranteed Tottenham finishing above the Gunners in the league for the first time in 22 years . Arsenal fans have a celebration day related to the north London rivalry called St. Totteringham 's Day , which is the day in the season when Tottenham can not mathematically finish above Arsenal on the league table . Spurs fans had long before declared 14 April to be St. Hotspur day in honour of Spurs ' 3 -- 1 win over Arsenal in the 1991 FA Cup semi-final . St. Hotspur Day was also celebrated on 14 April 2010 , when Spurs beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 . Fans ( edit ) Play media Tottenham Hotspur playing Arsenal in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League at White Hart Lane . The home fans are singing to Sol Campbell . He had been targeted by Tottenham fans since he had moved from Spurs to their north London rivals in 2001 . Both Spurs ' and Arsenal 's fan bases are multi-ethnic , due to the racial diversity in London . According to a report in 2002 , Arsenal had 7.7 % of their fans calling themselves non-white British , the highest in the league at the time . Both clubs also have extensive fan bases throughout the UK and the rest of the world . Arsenal fans call themselves `` Gooners '' a term that 's a reworking of the club 's `` Gunners '' nickname which is itself a reference to Arsenal 's origins as a munitions factory team . Spurs fans call themselves `` yids '' - a reference to the fact that , because of the large Jewish community in the vicinity of their ground , hooligans of many other clubs back in the 1970s and 1980s directed antisemitic chants at Spurs fans . In an attempt to draw the sting from these chants , Spurs fans ( whether Jewish or not ) adopted the words `` yid '' and `` yiddo '' for themselves and thereby turned a pejorative into a term of pride and belonging . With the passing of time and as a consequence of the ever - mutating nature of the English language , the words `` yid '' and `` yiddo '' now only ever mean `` Spurs fan '' ( or player ) when used in the context of English football -- even by fans of other teams . There is , however , still some controversy over the use of `` yid '' or `` yiddo '' . Results ( edit ) Premier League ( edit ) Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur Venue Date Score Home goalscorers Away goalscorers Attendance Highbury 11 May 1993 1 -- 3 Dickov 52 ' Sheringham 39 ' , Hendry 46 ' , 78 ' 26,393 6 December 1993 1 -- 1 Wright 65 ' Anderton 25 ' 35,669 29 April 1995 1 -- 1 Wright 61 ' ( pen . ) Klinsmann 74 ' 38,337 15 April 1996 0 -- 0 38,273 24 November 1996 3 -- 1 Wright 28 ' ( pen . ) , Adams 87 ' , Bergkamp 89 ' Sinton 57 ' 38,264 30 August 1997 0 -- 0 38,102 14 November 1998 0 -- 0 38,278 19 March 2000 2 -- 1 Armstrong 20 ' ( o.g. ) , Henry 45 ' ( pen . ) Armstrong 3 ' 38,131 31 March 2001 2 -- 0 Pires 70 ' , Henry 87 ' 38,121 6 April 2002 2 -- 1 Ljungberg 25 ' , Lauren 86 ' ( pen . ) Sheringham 81 ' ( pen . ) 38,186 16 November 2002 3 -- 0 Henry 13 ' , Ljungberg 55 ' , Wiltord 71 ' 38,152 8 November 2003 2 -- 1 Pires 69 ' , Ljungberg 79 ' Anderton 5 ' 38,101 25 April 2005 1 -- 0 Reyes 22 ' 38,147 22 April 2006 1 -- 1 Henry 84 ' Keane 66 ' 38,326 Emirates Stadium 2 December 2006 3 -- 0 Adebayor 20 ' , Gilberto 42 ' ( pen . ) , 72 ' ( pen . ) 60,115 22 December 2007 2 -- 1 Adebayor 47 ' , Bendtner 75 ' Berbatov 65 ' 60,087 29 October 2008 4 -- 4 Silvestre 37 ' , Gallas 46 , Adebayor 64 ' , van Persie 68 ' Bentley 13 ' , Bent 65 ' , Jenas 89 ' , Lennon 90 ' 60,043 31 October 2009 3 -- 0 van Persie 42 ' , 60 ' , Fàbregas 43 ' 60,103 20 November 2010 2 -- 3 Nasri 9 ' , Chamakh 27 ' Bale 50 ' , van der Vaart 67 ' ( pen . ) , Kaboul 86 ' 60,102 26 February 2012 5 -- 2 Sagna 40 ' , van Persie 43 ' , Rosický 51 ' , Walcott 65 ' , 68 ' Saha 4 ' , Adebayor 34 ' ( pen . ) 60,106 17 November 2012 5 -- 2 Mertesacker 24 ' , Podolski 42 ' , Giroud 45 ' , Cazorla 60 ' , Walcott 90 ' Adebayor 10 ' , Bale 71 ' 60,111 1 September 2013 1 -- 0 Giroud 23 ' 60,071 27 September 2014 1 -- 1 Oxlade - Chamberlain 74 ' Chadli 56 ' 59,900 8 November 2015 1 -- 1 Gibbs 77 ' Kane 32 ' 60,060 6 November 2016 1 -- 1 Wimmer 42 ' ( O.G ) Kane 51 ' ( pen . ) 60,039 18 November 2017 2 -- 0 Mustafi 36 ' , Sánchez 41 ' 59,530 Tottenham Hotspur vs Arsenal Venue Date Score Home goalscorers Away goalscorers Attendance White Hart Lane 12 December 1992 1 -- 0 Allen 20 ' 33,707 16 August 1993 0 -- 1 Wright 87 ' 28,355 2 January 1995 1 -- 0 Popescu 22 ' 28,747 18 November 1995 2 -- 1 Sheringham 29 ' , Armstrong 54 ' Bergkamp 14 ' 32,894 15 February 1997 0 -- 0 33,039 28 December 1997 1 -- 1 Nielsen 28 ' Parlour 62 ' 29,610 5 May 1999 1 -- 3 Anderton 43 ' Petit 17 ' , Anelka 33 ' , Kanu 85 ' 36,019 7 November 1999 2 -- 1 Iversen 7 ' , Sherwood 20 ' Vieira 39 ' 36,085 18 December 2000 1 -- 1 Rebrov 31 ' Vieira 89 ' 36,062 17 November 2001 1 -- 1 Poyet 90 ' Pires 81 ' 36,049 15 December 2002 1 -- 1 Ziege 11 ' Pires 45 ' ( pen . ) 36,076 25 April 2004 2 -- 2 Redknapp 62 ' , Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) Vieira 3 ' , Pires 35 ' 36,097 13 November 2004 4 -- 5 Naybet 37 ' , Defoe 61 ' , King 74 ' , Kanouté 88 ' Henry 45 ' , Lauren 55 ' ( pen . ) , Vieira 60 ' , Ljungberg 69 , Pires 81 ' 36,095 29 October 2005 1 -- 1 King 17 ' Pires 77 ' 36,154 21 April 2007 2 -- 2 Keane 30 ' , Jenas 90 ' Touré 64 ' , Adebayor 78 ' 36,050 15 September 2007 1 -- 3 Bale 15 ' Adebayor 65 ' , 90 ' , Fàbregas 80 ' 36,053 8 February 2009 0 -- 0 36,021 14 April 2010 2 -- 1 Rose 10 ' , Bale 47 ' Bendtner 85 ' 36,041 20 April 2011 3 -- 3 van der Vaart 7 ' , 70 ' ( pen . ) , Huddlestone 44 ' Walcott 5 ' , Nasri 12 ' , van Persie 40 ' 36,138 2 October 2011 2 -- 1 van der Vaart 40 ' , Walker 73 ' Ramsey 51 ' 36,274 3 March 2013 2 -- 1 Bale 37 ' , Lennon 39 ' Mertesacker 51 ' 36,170 16 March 2014 0 -- 1 Rosický 2 ' 35,711 7 February 2015 2 -- 1 Kane 55 ' , 86 ' Özil 11 ' 35,659 5 March 2016 2 -- 2 Alderweireld 60 ' , Kane 62 ' Ramsey 39 ' , Sánchez 76 ' 35,762 30 April 2017 2 -- 0 Alli 55 ' , Kane 58 ' ( pen . ) 31,811 Wembley Stadium 10 February 2018 1 -- 0 Kane 49 ' 83,222 Fixture top scorers in the Premier League Players in BOLD represent those who are currently playing for Arsenal or Tottenham . Rank Scorer Club Goals Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal , Tottenham Hotspur 8 Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 7 Robert Pires Arsenal Thierry Henry Arsenal 5 Robin van Persie Arsenal Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur 7 Ian Wright Arsenal Patrick Vieira Arsenal Fredrik Ljungberg Arsenal Rafael van der Vaart Tottenham Hotspur Theo Walcott Arsenal Cup semi-finals and title deciders ( edit ) Although Arsenal and Tottenham have never met in a major cup final , there have been North London derby matches that have significantly contributed to one of the two clubs winning a trophy , such as semi-finals and title deciders . These include : Tottenham 0 -- 1 Arsenal ( 3 May 1971 ) The final match of the 1970 -- 71 league campaign , with Arsenal needing a win or a goalless draw to take the First Division title ( a score draw would have meant Leeds United won on goal average ) . The game was tight with few real chances on goal , until the very end . With three minutes to go , John Radford 's shot forced Pat Jennings into a good save ; George Armstrong got to the rebound and chipped the ball across goal and Ray Kennedy headed home the winner . Spurs desperately tried to get a goal back but to no avail ; Arsenal held on to win the title ( the first half of the Double that season ) . Tottenham 1 -- 2 Arsenal ( 4 March 1987 ) Arsenal and Spurs had drawn 2 -- 2 on aggregate in the League Cup semi-finals ; with no away goals rule in force , the match was replayed at Spurs ' home ground of White Hart Lane . Spurs went 1 -- 0 up through Clive Allen but Arsenal substitute Ian Allinson equalised and David Rocastle scrambled home the winner to send Arsenal through to the Final , where they won their first trophy since 1979 . Tottenham 3 -- 1 Arsenal ( 14 April 1991 at Wembley ) -- The first FA Cup semi-final between the two sides . Arsenal were chasing a second Double , but Tottenham 's Paul Gascoigne scored after just five minutes with a free kick from 30 yards out . Gary Lineker made it two , and although Alan Smith pulled one back for the Gunners before half - time , Lineker scored again in the second half to seal the result . Arsenal 's Double dream was dashed , though they still won the League that season ; Spurs lifted the Cup a month later . Known as St Hotspur Day for Tottenham fans . Arsenal 1 -- 0 Tottenham ( 4 April 1993 at Wembley ) The second FA Cup semi-final between the two , in which Arsenal sought revenge over their North London rivals for the 3 -- 1 semi-final defeat two years earlier . Tony Adams scored with a header from a Paul Merson free kick for the Gunners in the 79th minute ; Arsenal prevailed despite Lee Dixon 's sending - off , and went on to win the FA Cup in May and complete the first ever domestic cup double . Arsenal 2 -- 1 Tottenham ( 8 April 2001 at Old Trafford ) The third FA Cup semi-final between the two . Gary Doherty gave Spurs the lead , before Patrick Vieira equalised for Arsenal . Robert Pires scored a second half winner to send Arsenal through to the first FA Cup final to be played outside England , where they lost 2 -- 1 to Liverpool in Cardiff . Tottenham 2 -- 2 Arsenal ( 25 April 2004 ) Arsenal were unbeaten in the Premier League and only needed a point to secure the title . The Gunners were 2 -- 0 up after 35 minutes thanks to Patrick Vieira and Robert Pires ' goals . A famous win looked to be on the cards , but Spurs restored some pride by denying Arsenal victory ; in the second half Jamie Redknapp scored from long - range , then Robbie Keane converted a 90th - minute penalty to give Arsenal their second and , as of 2018 , last league championship won at their rivals ' home ground . Arsenal 3 -- 1 Tottenham a.e.t ( 31 January 2007 ) Arsenal booked their place in the 2007 League Cup Final , for the first time since winning the competition in 1993 , after this extra-time victory . The teams drew the first leg 2 -- 2 at White Hart Lane where Tottenham threw away a 2 -- 0 first half lead , eventually drawing the game . The return leg game was goalless until the 77th minute when Emmanuel Adebayor gave Arsenal the lead , before Mido equalised for Tottenham five minutes from time . Jérémie Aliadière restored Arsenal 's lead in the 105th minute and the game was eventually won by Arsenal after a 113th minute own goal by Tottenham 's Pascal Chimbonda , sending Arsenal through to the final , 5 -- 3 on aggregate . Arsenal , however , would eventually lose the final to Chelsea . Tottenham 5 -- 1 Arsenal ( 22 January 2008 ) Tottenham 's first victory over Arsenal since November 1999 , in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final ; the teams had drawn 1 -- 1 at the Emirates Stadium . Tottenham were 2 -- 0 up by half time with Jermaine Jenas ' strike and a Nicklas Bendtner own goal . After half - time , Spurs added two more from Robbie Keane and Aaron Lennon ; Emmanuel Adebayor pulled one back for Arsenal , before Steed Malbranque scored a fifth goal in injury time to put Tottenham into the 2008 League Cup Final , 6 -- 2 on aggregate . Spurs went on to lift the trophy . Statistics and Records ( edit ) Side - by - side comparison of Arsenal 's and Tottenham Hotspur 's final league positions 1894 -- 2017 As of 18 November 2017 , there have been 181 competitive first - class meetings between the two teams since the first league meeting in 1909 , of which Arsenal have won 76 and Tottenham 56 . The most goals in one game were scored in the closely contested 5 -- 4 Arsenal Premiership victory at White Hart Lane on 13 November 2004 . The biggest winning margin was a 6 -- 0 away win by Arsenal on 6 March 1935 . Tottenham have twice won 5 -- 0 ( 25 December 1911 and 4 April 1983 ) and Arsenal once ( 23 December 1978 ) , with all three fixtures taking place at White Hart Lane . Arsenal also won by 5 -- 2 margins both in February and November 2012 home at the Emirates . Tottenham 's record for goals scored against Arsenal is shared by Billy Minter and Bobby Smith , with nine goals each . Arsenal 's record is held jointly by Emmanuel Adebayor , Alan Sunderland and Robert Pires , with eight goals each . Adebayor also holds the record for most goals by a player in the North London derby with ten : eight scored for Arsenal and two for Tottenham . Arsenal 's long - time defender David O'Leary holds the record for most North London derbies played with 35 , while Gary Mabbutt and Steve Perryman shared the corresponding record for Spurs , with 31 . Terry Dyson is the only Spurs player to score a hat - trick in a first - class derby game , having done so on 26 August 1961 in a 4 -- 3 win for Spurs . The Arsenal players to have done so are Ted Drake ( 20 October 1934 ) and Alan Sunderland ( 23 December 1978 ) . Summary of results ( edit ) As of 10 February 2018 ( count starting 1909 ) Arsenal wins Draws Spurs wins Arsenal goals Spurs goals League 65 45 52 247 217 FA Cup 0 9 5 League Cup 7 21 17 Community Shield 0 0 0 0 Total 76 49 57 277 239 Crossing the divide ( edit ) Due to the rivalry between the clubs , relatively few players have played for both Arsenal and Spurs since 1913 . The players who have played for both are listed below . Arsenal , then Tottenham ( edit ) Name Pos Arsenal Tottenham Career Apps Goals Career Apps Goals Jimmy Brain FW 1924 -- 31 232 139 1931 -- 35 34 10 Laurie Brown DF 1961 -- 64 109 1964 -- 66 65 David Jenkins MF 1966 -- 68 25 9 1968 -- 70 17 Rohan Ricketts MF 2001 -- 02 0 2002 -- 05 36 David Bentley MF 1997 -- 2006 8 2008 -- 11 41 William Gallas DF 2006 -- 10 101 12 2010 -- 13 61 Emmanuel Adebayor FW 2006 -- 09 143 62 2011 -- 15 106 41 Former Arsenal winger Joe Hulme managed Tottenham Hotspur between 1945 and 1949 . George Graham was firstly an Arsenal player , then managed the Gunners between 1986 and 1994 , before later taking up the reins at White Hart Lane between 1998 and 2001 . Clive Allen played three matches in Arsenal 's 1980 -- 81 pre-season friendly campaign , although never played a competitive league match for them . Jamie O'Hara was a youth player at Arsenal before joining Tottenham . However , he did not play a single game for Arsenal . Lee Butcher was a youth player at Arsenal , then joined Tottenham and played many games in the reserves before moving to his current team , fellow London club Leyton Orient . Ron Piper was an amateur at Arsenal without playing a senior match before joining Tottenham in October 1960 . Harry Kane joined the Arsenal youth academy aged eight , and was released after one season . Tottenham , then Arsenal ( edit ) Name Pos Tottenham Arsenal Career Apps Goals Career Apps Goals Tom Pratt FW 1899 -- 1900 39 28 1903 -- 1904 10 Peter Kyle FW 1905 -- 1906 39 17 1906 -- 1908 60 23 George Payne FW 1906 -- 1908 7 1912 -- 1913 0 George Hunt FW 1930 -- 37 198 138 1937 -- 38 21 Freddie Cox RW 1938 -- 49 105 18 1949 -- 53 94 16 Vic Groves MF 1952 -- 53 1955 -- 64 201 37 Jimmy Robertson RW 1964 -- 68 181 31 1968 -- 70 59 8 Steve Walford DF 1975 -- 77 1977 -- 81 98 Willie Young DF 1975 -- 77 64 1977 -- 81 237 19 Pat Jennings GK 1964 -- 77 590 1977 -- 85 327 0 Sol Campbell DF 1992 -- 2001 315 15 2001 -- 06 and 2010 197 11 In addition , former Spurs player Herbert Chapman subsequently managed Arsenal from 1925 to 1934 . Forward Billy Lane of whom firstly played for Tottenham during 1922 and again from 1924 in a two - year stint at the club started in 1963 to feature as a scout for Arsenal . While former Gunner Terry Neill was Spurs 's manager from 1974 to 1976 , before he crossed back to manage Arsenal between 1976 and 1983 . Narada Bernard started his youth footballing career with Tottenham in 1997 but made the switch to Arsenal 's Academy in 1999 . Pat Holland was a reserve and youth team coach at Spurs from 1988 to 1995 and from 1997 to 2005 in a second spell with the club . Holland went on to take up the role of a coach at Arsenal 's Academy in 2012 . Holland left the role after less than two months due to personal reasons , but has continued to feature for Arsenal as a scout . Nya Kirby rejected a contract with Tottenham to leave White Hart Lane in the summer of 2016 . The creative midfielder then trialed with Spurs 's arch rivals Arsenal . Kirby went on to play for the Gunners U18 side against Hamburger SV in Hamburg . He then linked up in January 2017 with Crystal Palace . Played for both teams in North London derby ( edit ) The following players have played in at least one North London derby for both teams : Appearances in the North London derby Name For Arsenal For Tottenham Laurie Brown Sol Campbell 8 13 David Jenkins Pat Jennings 9 23 Jimmy Robertson 8 Willie Young 8 William Gallas 6 Emmanuel Adebayor 9 Note : Jimmy Robertson and Emmanuel Adebayor are the only players to have scored for both teams in North London derbies . Clubs ' Honours ( edit ) These are the football honours of Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur : National Competition Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur First Division / Premier League 13 FA Cup 13 8 Football League Cup Football League Centenary Trophy 0 FA Community Shield 15 7 Total 44 21 European Competition Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup UEFA Cup / Europa League 0 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 Total In its present format , Arsenal have , as of 2018 -- 19 , qualified to play in the UEFA Champions League on 19 occasions and Tottenham 4 , although Spurs did achieve a fourth - place finish in the 2011 -- 12 Premier League season but were denied a place in the Champions League due to Chelsea winning the Champions League . Arsenal were runners - up in the 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League competition . Prior to this , Arsenal qualified for the former European Cup on three occasions , while Tottenham did so once . Arsenal were unable to compete in the 1989 -- 90 competition owing to a ban on English clubs following the Heysel Stadium Disaster . Both clubs have reached the semi-final stage of the competition . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , it was not organised by UEFA . Consequently , UEFA do not consider clubs ' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record . However , FIFA does view the competition as a major honour . Highest attendances ( edit ) Tottenham 1 -- 0 Arsenal ; 83,222 ( 10 February 2018 ) ; Wembley Stadium ( Tottenham home ) Tottenham 3 -- 1 Arsenal ; 77,893 ( 14 April 1991 ) ; Wembley Stadium ( neutral ) Tottenham 1 -- 4 Arsenal ; 69,821 ( 10 October 1953 ) ; White Hart Lane ( Tottenham home ) Arsenal 1 -- 1 Tottenham ; 72,164 ( 29 September 1951 ) , Highbury ( Arsenal home ) Arsenal 3 -- 0 Tottenham ; 60,115 ( 2 December 2006 ) , Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal home ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North London derby . London derbies South London derby Sports rivalry Local derbies in the United Kingdom Footnotes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The North London Derby '' . Arseweb . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records against Spurs '' . Arsenal.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham Hotspur vs Arsenal '' . 11 v 11.com . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Charlie ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Arsenal 's best ever north London derbies against Tottenham : ranked '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Tottenham v Arsenal : 10 memorable north London derbies '' . Talk Sport . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 4 - 5 Arsenal '' . BBC . 13 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Strange , Joe ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Tottenham vs Arsenal stats special : Emmanuel Adebayor is the top scorer in north London derbies , while Spurs have had 12 managers during Arsene Wenger 's reign '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur in Friendly Matches - Season 1887 -- 1888 '' . Topspurs . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve . `` Chapter 1 Early days ( 1863 - 1899 ) '' . Turf Wars : A History of London Football . Pitch Publishing . ISBN 9781785312489 . Jump up ^ Cloake , Martin ( 13 May 2017 ) . White Hart Lane has seen Diego Maradona and Johan Cruyff , but after 118 years Tottenham have outgrown it . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` Records against Tottenham '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1914 -- 1915 '' . Jim Duggan 's Topspurs . Retrieved 5 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's final game outside top flight '' . www.arsenal.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil & Tyler , Martin ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . Hamlyn . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 600 - 61344 - 5 . Jump up ^ These allegations range from political machinations to outright bribery . A detailed account of what facts are known can be found in Spurling , Jon ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter Two : Sleaze and the Tory MP '' . Rebels for the Cause : The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club . Mainstream . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84018 - 900 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` England - Southern League Final Tables '' . RSSF . Jump up ^ Welch , Julie ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` Chapter 5 - The Human Chain of Lightning '' . The Biography of Tottenham Hotspur . Vision Sports Publishing . ISBN 9781909534506 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham Hotspur '' . Football Club History Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Bob ( 1997 ) . The Pride of North London . Polar Publishing . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 899538 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Crossing the divide '' . FIFA.com. 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Walcott Taunted Tottenham Fans With ' 2 - 0 ' Hand Gesture During Arsenal 's FA Cup Win ( GIF / PHOTO ) '' . Huffington Post.com . Jump up ^ `` Police seek Arsenal v Spurs Theo Walcott coin - throwers '' . BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 2 - 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs beat Arsenal for 1st finish above neighbor in 22 years '' . USA Today . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Chris ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Burnley 4 Tottenham 2 '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Sunday Football as it happened '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ; Doyle , Paul ( 21 October 2005 ) . `` Soprano and Jail Bird '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Tottenham v Arsenal : as it happened '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Soccer violence declining say fans '' . BBC . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs '' . World Soccer Talk.com . Jump up ^ `` Why are Arsenal fans called Gooners , when the team is known as the Gunners ? '' . The Sun.co.uk . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Premier League tackles antisemitism with campaign to stamp out Y - word '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Tottenham : Top goalscorers , from the Premier League era , in the North London derby '' . Talk Sport. 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Throwback Thursday : Tottenham vs Arsenal ( May 3rd , 1971 ) '' . Paste Magazine.com . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup memories : Spurs - Arsenal in ' 91 '' . BBC Sport. 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Logan . `` Paul Gascoigne Stars as Tottenham Defeat Arsenal in FA Cup Semi-final '' . Hotspur HQ . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal clinch title '' . BBC Sport. 25 April 2004 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Arsenal 3 - 1 Tottenham ( agg 5 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Five - star Spurs surge into Wembley final '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` All time results between Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur '' . Soccerbase.com . Retrieved 31 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spurs v Arsenal Facts '' . MEHSTG.com . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Full results history of Spurs v Arsenal '' . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal vs. Tottenham '' . Arseweb . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger - Campbell wanted to play for titles '' . www.arsenal.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim White . `` Harry Kane 's incredible journey from Arsenal reject to Tottenham hero '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Pratt '' . Arsenal.com . Jump up ^ `` Great - uncle enjoyed varied soccer career '' . Fleetwood Today.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Peet Pratt '' . 11v11.com . Jump up ^ `` George Clark Payne '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Kyle '' . 11v11.com . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Chapman - Overview '' . Arsenal.com . Jump up ^ Official Matchday Magazine of Brentford Football Club versus Oldham Athletic 14 / 08 / 99 . Blackheath : Morganprint. 1999 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Neill '' . Arsenal.com . Archived from the original on 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reggae boy upbeat on Terras chance '' . Bournemouth Echo.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Narada Bernard '' . Football Database.eu . Jump up ^ `` PAT ON THE BACK FOR JAMIE '' . Tottenham Hotspur.com . Jump up ^ `` Holland and Ampadu join Arsenal 's academy '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal step up interest in £ 10 million - rated Ipswich left - back Tyrone Mings '' . Mirror.co.uk. 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loan sharks : How English clubs are ruining their young talent '' . The Score.com . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tottenham Hotspur fume at Chelsea , block Nya Kirby transfer '' . HITC.com . January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace sign ex-Spurs playmaker who also trialled with Chelsea and Arsenal '' . London News Online.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Tottenham starlet Nya Kirby played for Arsenal U18s v Hamburg '' . Twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Hamburger SV U19 - Arsenal London U18 ( Testspiel ) - Spielszenen '' . Youtube.com . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Bob ( 1997 ) . The Pride of North London . Polar Publishing . ISBN 1 - 899538 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Honours First Team Teams Arsenal.com '' . www.arsenal.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - tottenhamhotspur.com '' . www.tottenhamhotspur.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy 1988 '' . www.footballdatabase.eu . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Arsenal news archive Retrieved 4 September 2012 Jump up ^ English clubs banned from Europe Retrieved 18 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Classic Football : Clubs : FC Barcelona '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . `` Classic Football : Clubs : AS Roma '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 1 - 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative club histories and details of games against Spurs '' . www.mehstg.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur v Arsenal , 10 October 1953 '' . 11 v 11.com . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Tottenham Hotspur , 29 September 1951 '' . 11 v 11.com . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Tottenham Hotspur , 02 December 2006 '' . 11 v 11.com . Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Under - 23s / Academy Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & Statistics Honours Current Season History History Seasons European Record Home stadiums White Hart Lane ( until 2017 ) Wembley Stadium ( 2017 -- 18 ) Tottenham Hotspur Stadium ( since 2019 ) Rivalries North London derby Chelsea rivalry Songs `` Glory , Glory , Tottenham Hotspur '' `` Hot Shot Tottenham ! '' `` Nice One Cyril '' `` Ossie 's Dream ( Spurs Are on Their Way to Wembley ) '' `` Tottenham , Tottenham '' `` When the Year Ends in One '' Other Northumberland Development Project Superleague Formula team Tottenham Hotspur Ladies F.C. Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 derby A62 derby Arsenal -- Manchester United Black Country derby Bristol derby Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds Cross-border derby East Lancashire derby Essex derby East Midlands derby Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest East Anglian derby Humber derby Leeds -- Millwall Lincolnshire derby Liverpool -- Manchester United London derbies Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 derby M23 derby M69 derby Manchester derby Merseyside derby North East derby Tees -- Wear derby Tyne -- Tees derby Tyne -- Wear derby Potteries derby Roses derby Rules derby Second City derby Severnside derby South Coast derby Steel City derby Trentside derby West Country derby West Lancashire derby West Midlands derby West Yorkshire derby Wool City derby Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire derby Dundee derby Edinburgh derby Falkirk derby Fife derby Highland derby Lanarkshire derby New Firm derby North derby Old Firm derby Renfrewshire derby Tayside derby Wales Cross-border derby Severnside derby South Wales derby Northern Ireland Belfast 's Big Two North Belfast derby Football in London League teams ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Brentford Millwall Queens Park Rangers AFC Wimbledon Charlton Athletic Non-league teams ( tiers 5 -- 8 ) 5 Barnet Bromley Dagenham & Redbridge Leyton Orient Sutton United 6 Dulwich Hamlet Hampton & Richmond Borough Wealdstone Welling United 7 A.F.C. Hornchurch Carshalton Athletic Corinthian - Casuals Enfield Town Haringey Borough Harrow Borough Hendon Wingate & Finchley 8 Barking Bedfont Sports Cray Wanderers Greenwich Borough Hanwell Town Hayes & Yeading United Northwood Phoenix Sports Tooting & Mitcham United Uxbridge VCD Athletic Rivalries London derbies Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West Cup competitions London Senior Cup London Intermediate Cup London Junior Cup London Charity Cup ( defunct ) London Challenge Cup ( defunct ) See also The Football Combination London Football Association London XI London League ( defunct ) West London League ( defunct ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_London_derby&oldid=865885082 '' Categories : Arsenal F.C. Tottenham Hotspur F.C. London derbies England football derbies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 20 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most north london derbies	[ "The North London derby is the name of the association football local derby in England between two teams based in North London – Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur. Both Arsenal and Tottenham fans have recognised each other as one of their biggest rivals, and the derby is one of the fiercest in world football. Although the two teams first played each other in 1887, the rivalry did not begin until 1913 when Arsenal moved their ground to north London. As of February 2018, 182 games have been played between the two teams since their first game in the Football League in 1909, with 76 wins for Arsenal, 57 wins for Tottenham and 49 games drawn. When games played before Football League are included, 195 games have been played, with Arsenal winning 81, Tottenham 63, and 51 draws.[3]\n" ]	[ "Arsenal" ]
-5887587474920334046	Pennsylvania	Pennsylvania - wikipedia Pennsylvania This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For other uses , see Pennsylvania ( disambiguation ) . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Keystone State ; Quaker State Motto ( s ) : Virtue , Liberty and Independence State song ( s ) : `` Pennsylvania '' Official language None Spoken languages English 90.15 % Spanish 4.09 % German ( Including Pennsylvania German ) 0.87 % Chinese 0.47 % Italian 0.43 % Demonym Pennsylvanian Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Largest metro Delaware Valley Area Ranked 33rd Total 46,055 sq mi ( 119,283 km ) Width 160 miles ( 255 km ) Length 280 miles ( 455 km ) % water 2.7 Latitude 39 ° 43 ′ to 42 ° 16 ′ N Longitude 74 ° 41 ′ to 80 ° 31 ′ W Population Ranked 5th Total 12,805,537 ( 2017 est . ) Density 284 / sq mi ( 110 / km ) Ranked 9th Median household income $60,389 ( 20th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Davis 3,213 ft ( 979 m ) Mean 1,100 ft ( 340 m ) Lowest point Delaware River at Delaware border Sea level Before statehood Province of Pennsylvania Admission to Union December 12 , 1787 ( 2nd ) Governor Tom Wolf ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Mike Stack ( D ) Legislature General Assembly Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) Pat Toomey ( R ) U.S. House delegation 13 Republicans , 5 Democrats ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - PA Abbreviations PA , Pa. , Penn. , Penna . Website www.pa.gov ( show ) Pennsylvania state symbols The Flag of Pennsylvania The Seal of Pennsylvania Living insignia Bird Ruffed grouse Dog breed Great Dane Fish Brook trout Flower Mountain laurel Insect Firefly Mammal White - tailed deer Tree Eastern hemlock Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Polka Food Chocolate Chip Cookie Fossil Trilobite Soil Hazleton Song `` Pennsylvania '' State route marker State quarter Released in 1999 Lists of United States state symbols Pennsylvania ( / ˌpɛnsɪlˈveɪniə / ( listen ) ; Pennsylvania German : Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd - largest , the 5th-most populous , and the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 United States . The state 's five most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,567,872 ) , Pittsburgh ( 303,625 ) , Allentown ( 120,443 ) , Erie ( 98,593 ) , and Reading ( 87,575 ) . The state capital , and its ninth - largest city , is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia . During the American Civil War , the Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the south central region of the state . Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washington 's headquarters during the bitter winter of 1777 -- 78 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Adjacent states and province 2 Climate 3 History 3.1 17th century 3.2 18th century 3.3 19th century 3.4 20th century 3.5 21st century 4 Demographics 4.1 Birth data 4.2 Languages 4.2. 1 Pennsylvania German language 4.3 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Banking 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Gambling 5.4 Film 6 Governance 6.1 Executive 6.2 Legislative 6.3 Judiciary 6.4 Municipalities 6.5 Politics 6.5. 1 Taxation 6.5. 2 Federal Representation 7 Health 8 Education 8.1 Primary and secondary education 8.2 Higher education 9 Recreation 10 Transportation 11 Culture 11.1 Arts 11.2 Sports 11.2. 1 College sports 11.3 Food 12 State symbols 12.1 Nicknames 13 Notable people 14 Sister regions 15 See also 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 External links Geography ( edit ) Further information : Geography of Pennsylvania and List of counties in Pennsylvania Counties of Pennsylvania World 's End State Park , Sullivan County Pennsylvania is 170 miles ( 274 km ) north to south and 283 miles ( 455 km ) east to west . Of a total 46,055 square miles ( 119,282 km ) , 44,817 square miles ( 116,075 km ) are land , 490 square miles ( 1,269 km ) are inland waters , and 749 square miles ( 1,940 km ) are waters in Lake Erie . It is the 33rd - largest state in the United States . Pennsylvania has 51 miles ( 82 km ) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles ( 92 km ) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary . The boundaries of the state are the Mason -- Dixon line ( 39 ° 43 ' N ) to the south , the Twelve - Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania - Delaware border , the Delaware River to the east , 80 ° 31 ' W to the west and the 42 ° N to the north , with the exception of a short segment on the western end , where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie . Cities include Philadelphia , Reading , Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast , Pittsburgh in the southwest , the tri-cities of Allentown , Bethlehem , and Easton in the central east ( known as the Lehigh Valley ) . The northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton , Wilkes - Barre , Pittston City ( Greater Pittston ) , and Hazleton . Erie is located in the northwest . Williamsport serves as the commonwealth 's north - central region , with York and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the east - central region of the Commonwealth and Altoona and Johnstown in the west - central region . The state has five regions , namely the Allegheny Plateau , Ridge and Valley , Atlantic Coastal Plain , Piedmont , and the Erie Plain . Adjacent states and province ( edit ) New York ( North ) Ontario ( Province of Canada ; Northwest ) Maryland ( South ) Delaware ( Southeast ) West Virginia ( Southwest ) New Jersey ( East ) Ohio ( West ) Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types of Pennsylvania Autumn in North Branch Township , Wyoming County , Pennsylvania Main article : Climate of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 's diverse topography also produces a variety of climates , though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers . Straddling two major zones , the majority of the state , with the exception of the southeastern corner , has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) . The largest city , Philadelphia , has some characteristics of the humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) that covers much of Delaware and Maryland to the south . Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state , the winter climate becomes colder , the number of cloudy days increase , and snowfall amounts are greater . Western areas of the state , particularly locations near Lake Erie , can receive over 100 inches ( 250 cm ) of snowfall annually , and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year . The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall . Tornadoes occur annually in the state , sometimes in large numbers , such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011 ; generally speaking , these are not really damaging . Monthly Average High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities ( in ° F ) City Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . Jun . Jul . Aug . Sep . Oct . Nov . Dec . Scranton 33 / 19 37 / 21 46 / 28 59 / 38 70 / 48 78 / 56 82 / 61 80 / 60 72 / 52 61 / 41 49 / 33 38 / 24 Erie 34 / 21 36 / 21 44 / 27 56 / 38 67 / 48 76 / 58 80 / 63 79 / 62 72 / 56 61 / 45 50 / 37 38 / 27 Pittsburgh 36 / 21 39 / 23 49 / 30 62 / 40 71 / 49 79 / 58 83 / 63 81 / 62 74 / 54 63 / 43 51 / 35 39 / 25 Harrisburg 37 / 23 41 / 25 50 / 33 62 / 42 72 / 52 81 / 62 85 / 66 83 / 64 76 / 56 64 / 45 53 / 35 41 / 27 Philadelphia 40 / 26 44 / 28 53 / 34 64 / 44 74 / 54 83 / 64 87 / 69 85 / 68 78 / 60 67 / 48 56 / 39 45 / 30 Allentown 36 / 20 40 / 22 49 / 29 61 / 39 72 / 48 80 / 58 84 / 63 82 / 61 75 / 53 64 / 41 52 / 33 40 / 24 Sources : History ( edit ) Main article : History of Pennsylvania See also : Province of Pennsylvania , List of Pennsylvania firsts , and List of people from Pennsylvania Historically , the tribes believed to have actually lived within Pennsylvania as of 1600 were the Algonquian Lenape ( also Delaware ) , the Iroquoian Susquehannock & Petun ( also Tionontati , Kentatentonga , Tobacco , Wenro ) & the presumably Siouan Monongahela Culture , who may have been the same as a poorly known tribe called the Calicua , or Cali . Other tribes who entered the region during the colonial era were the Trockwae , Tutelo , Saponi , Shawnee , Nanticoke , Conoy Piscataway , Iroquois Confederacy -- possibly among others . Other tribes , like the Erie , may have once held some land in Pennsylvania , but no longer did so by the year 1600 . 17th century ( edit ) British map of Pennsylvania from 1680 ( from the Darlington Collection Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America . The Dutch were the first to take possession . By June 3 , 1631 , the Dutch had begun settling the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present - day Lewes , Delaware . In 1638 , Sweden established the New Sweden Colony , in the region of Fort Christina , on the site of present - day Wilmington , Delaware . New Sweden claimed and , for the most part , controlled the lower Delaware River region ( parts of present - day Delaware , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania ) but settled few colonists there . Penn 's Treaty with the Indians , by Edward Hicks On March 12 , 1664 , King Charles II of England gave James , Duke of York a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant plus other lands . This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland , which included parts of today 's Pennsylvania . On June 24 , 1664 , the Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present - day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony . The land was not yet in British possession , but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River . The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29 , 1664 , when New Amsterdam was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in New York Harbor . This conquest continued , and was completed in October 1664 , when the British captured Fort Casimir in what today is New Castle , Delaware . John Dickinson The Peace of Breda between England , France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21 , 1667 , although there were temporary reversions . On September 12 , 1672 , as part of the Third Anglo - Dutch War , the Dutch re-conquered New York Colony / New Amsterdam , the Dutch established three County Courts which went on to become original Counties in present - day Delaware and Pennsylvania . The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland . This was partially reversed on February 9 , 1674 , when the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo - Dutch War , and reverted all political situations to the status quo ante bellum . The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names . By June 11 , 1674 , New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies , including Upland , but the names started to be changed to British names by November 11 , 1674 . Upland was partitioned on November 12 , 1674 , producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware . On February 28 , 1681 , Charles II granted a land charter to William Penn to repay a debt of £ 16,000 ( around £ 2,100,000 in 2008 , adjusting for retail inflation ) owed to William 's father , Admiral William Penn . This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history . The King named it Pennsylvania ( literally `` Penn 's Woods '' ) in honor of the Admiral . Penn , the son , who wanted it to be called New Wales , and then Sylvania ( from the Latin silva : `` forest , woods '' ) , was embarrassed at the change , fearing that people would think he had named it after himself , but King Charles would not rename the grant . Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World : the county commission and freedom of religious conviction . A mapp of ye improved part of Pensilvania in America , divided into countyes townships and lotts What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania - Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4 , 1681 . The Quaker leader William Penn had signed a peace treaty with Tammany , leader of the Delaware tribe , beginning a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians . Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed . The treaty of William Penn was never violated . 18th century ( edit ) Between 1730 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764 , the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver . The paper money was called Colonial Scrip . The Colony issued `` bills of credit '' , which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status . Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution , it was an interest - free proposition , largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people . It also promoted general employment and prosperity , since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency . Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency , of which he said its utility was never to be disputed , and it also met with the `` cautious approval '' of Adam Smith . James Smith wrote that in 1763 , `` the Indians again commenced hostilities , and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania . '' Further , `` This state was then a Quaker government , and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state . '' The ensuing hostilities became known as Pontiac 's War . President 's House ( Philadelphia ) . The Masters - Penn mansion housed Pennsylvania 's governor in the early 1770s . It later served as the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams , 1790 -- 1800 , while Philadelphia was the temporary national capital . After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 , Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances . The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Colonies , called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly , but only nine colonies sent delegates . Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania , To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies , which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2 , 1767 , and February 15 , 1768 . When the Founding Fathers of the United States convened in Philadelphia in 1774 , 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress . The Second Continental Congress , which also met in Philadelphia ( in May 1775 ) , drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia , but when that city was captured by the British , the Continental Congress escaped westward , meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday , September 27 , 1777 , and then to York . There they and its primary author , John Dickinson , drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation . Later , the Constitution was written , and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation . The Constitution was drafted and signed at the Pennsylvania State House , now known as Independence Hall , and the same building where the Declaration of Independence was signed . Pennsylvania became the first large state , and the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12 , 1787 , five days after Delaware became the first . At the time it was the most ethically and religiously diverse of the Thirteen Colonies . Because One - third of Pennsylvania 's population spoke German , the Constitution was presented in German to include those citizens in the discussion . Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg acted as the chairman of the state 's ratifying convention . Dickinson College of Carlisle was the first college founded in the United States . Established in 1773 , the college was ratified five days after the Treaty of Paris on September 9 , 1783 . The school was founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson . The `` Hills Capitol '' , used from 1821 until it burned down in 1897 . For half a century , the Commonwealth 's General Assembly ( legislature ) met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years . But it needed a more central location , as for example the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware . So , in 1799 the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse , and finally in 1812 to Harrisburg . 19th century ( edit ) The General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821 , when the Federal - style `` Hills Capitol '' ( named for its builder , Stephen Hills , a Lancaster architect ) was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government by the prescient , entrepreneurial son and namesake of John Harris , Sr. , a Yorkshire native who had founded a trading post in 1705 and ferry ( 1733 ) on the east shore of the Susquehanna River . The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2 , 1897 , during a heavy snowstorm , presumably because of a faulty flue . The General Assembly met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street ( still standing ) until a new capitol could be built . Following an architectural selection contest that many alleged had been `` rigged '' , Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was charged with designing and building a replacement building ; however , the legislature had little money to allocate to the project , and a roughly finished , somewhat industrial building ( the Cobb Capitol ) was completed . The General Assembly refused to occupy the building . Political and popular indignation in 1901 prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects , and Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb 's building into magnificent public work finished and dedicated in 1907 . The new state Capitol drew rave reviews . Its dome was inspired by the domes of St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome and the United States Capitol . President Theodore Roosevelt called it `` the most beautiful state Capital in the nation '' and said , `` It 's the handsomest building I ever saw '' at the dedication . In 1989 , The New York Times praised it as `` grand , even awesome at moments , but it is also a working building , accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life '' . James Buchanan , of Franklin County , the only bachelor President of the United States , was the only one to be born in Pennsylvania . The Battle of Gettysburg -- the major turning point of the Civil War -- took place near Gettysburg . An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army forces including 8,600 African American military volunteers . Pennsylvania was also the home of the first commercially drilled oil well . In 1859 , near Titusville , Pennsylvania , Edwin Drake successfully drilled the well , which led to the first major oil boom in United States history . 20th century ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt 's FERA camp for unemployed women , 1934 At the beginning of the 20th century Pennsylvania 's economy centered on steel production , logging , coal mining , textile production and other forms of industrial manufacturing . A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries which often employed children and people who could not speak English . In 1923 President Calvin Coolidge established the Allegheny National Forest under the authority of the Weeks Act of 1911 in the northwest part of the state in Elk , Forest , McKean , and Warren Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the Allegheny River basin . The Allegheny is the state 's only national forest . 21st century ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) Demographics ( edit ) Further information : List of people from Pennsylvania The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Pennsylvania was 12,802,503 on July 1 , 2015 , a 0.79 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . In an earlier estimate , the state was 78.8 % Non-Hispanic White , 11.4 % Black or African American , 0.3 % Native American , 3.0 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 1.7 % Two or More Races , and 6.1 % Hispanic or Latino . Of the people residing in Pennsylvania , 74.5 % were born in Pennsylvania , 18.4 % were born in a different U.S. state , 1.5 % were born Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 5.6 % were foreign born . According to the 2010 Census , 81.9 % of the population was White ( 79.2 % non-Hispanic white ) , 11.3 % was Black or African American , 0.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 2.9 % Asian , 1.9 % from two or more races. 5.9 % of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin ( they may be of any race ) . Pennsylvania Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 88.5 % 85.4 % 81.9 % Black 9.2 % 10.0 % 10.9 % Asian 1.2 % 1.8 % 2.8 % Native 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.2 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- -- Other race 1.0 % 1.5 % 2.4 % Two or more races -- 1.2 % 1.9 % As of 2011 , 32.1 % of Pennsylvania 's population younger than age one were minorities . Pennsylvania 's Hispanic population grew by 82.6 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it one of the largest increases in a state 's Hispanic population . The significant growth of the Hispanic population is due to immigration to the state mainly from Puerto Rico , which is a US territory , but to a lesser extent from countries such as the Dominican Republic , Mexico , and various Central and South American nations , as well as from the wave of Hispanics leaving New York and New Jersey for safer and more affordable living . The Asian population swelled by almost 60 % , which was fueled by Indian , Vietnamese , and Chinese immigration , as well the many Asian transplants moving to Philadelphia from New York . The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation by numerical values . The Black and African American population grew by 13 % , which was the largest increase in that population amongst the state 's peers ( New York , New Jersey , Ohio , Illinois , and Michigan ). The White population declined by 0.7 % , a trend that is beginning to reverse itself . Twelve other states saw decreases in their White populations . The state of Pennsylvania has a high in - migration of blacks and Hispanics from other nearby states , with eastern and south - central portions of the state seeing the bulk of the increases . The center of population of Pennsylvania is located in Perry County , in the borough of Duncannon . State population from 1790 to 2000 Pennsylvania 's population distribution As of 2018 , Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,823,989 , which is an increase of 18,452 from the previous year and an increase of 121,610 since the year 2010 . Net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718 , and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007 . Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289 . Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people . From 2008 to 2012 , 5.8 % of the population was foreign - born . The state has an estimated 2017 poverty rate of 13.2 % . The state also has the 3rd - highest proportion of elderly ( 65 + ) citizens in 2005 . Foreign born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia ( 36.0 % ) , Europe ( 35.9 % ) , and Latin America ( 30.6 % ) , with the remainder from Africa ( 5 % ) , North America ( 3.1 % ) , and Oceania ( 0.4 % ) . The majority of Hispanics in Pennsylvania are of Puerto Rican descent , having one of the largest and fastest - growing Puerto Rican populations in the country . Most of the remaining Hispanic population is made up of Mexicans and Dominicans . Most Hispanics are concentrated in Philadelphia , Lehigh Valley and South Central Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania 's reported population of Hispanics , especially among the Black race , has markedly increased in recent years . The Hispanic population is greatest in Hazleton , Allentown , Reading , Lancaster , York , and around Philadelphia . It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population and how much reflects increased willingness to self - identify minority status . As of 2010 , it is estimated that about 85 % of all Hispanics in Pennsylvania live within a 150 - mile ( 240 km ) radius of Philadelphia , with about 20 % living within the city itself . Of the black population , the vast majority in the state are African American , being descendants of African slaves brought to the US south during the colonial era . There are also a growing number of blacks of West Indian , recent African , and Hispanic origins . Most blacks live in the Philadelphia area , Pittsburgh , and South Central Pennsylvania , among other areas . Whites make - up the majority of Pennsylvania , they are mostly descended from German , Irish , Italian , and English immigrants , among others . Rural portions of South Central Pennsylvania are famous nationwide for its notable Amish communities . The `` Wyoming Valley '' or the Scranton / Wilkes - Barre Metropolitan Area has a large concentration of whites . As a matter of fact , it has the highest percentage of white residents than any other metropolitan area in the U.S. with 96.2 % of its population claiming to be white with no Hispanic background . Pennsylvania 's population was reported as 5.9 % under 5 and 23.8 % under 18 , with 15.6 % aged 65 or older . Women made up 52 % of the population . The largest ancestry groups are listed below , expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census : 28.5 % German 18.2 % Irish 12.8 % Italian 9.6 % African American 8.5 % English 7.2 % Polish 4.2 % French Canadian Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 434,373 -- 1800 602,365 38.7 % 1810 810,091 34.5 % 1820 1,049,458 29.5 % 1830 1,348,233 28.5 % 1840 1,724,033 27.9 % 1850 2,311,786 34.1 % 1860 2,906,215 25.7 % 1870 3,521,951 21.2 % 1880 4,282,891 21.6 % 1890 5,258,113 22.8 % 1900 6,302,115 19.9 % 1910 7,665,111 21.6 % 1920 8,720,017 13.8 % 1930 9,631,350 10.5 % 1940 9,900,180 2.8 % 1950 10,498,012 6.0 % 1960 11,319,366 7.8 % 1970 11,793,909 4.2 % 1980 11,863,895 0.6 % 1990 11,881,643 0.1 % 2000 12,281,054 3.4 % 12,702,379 3.4 % Est. 2017 12,805,537 0.8 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2017 Estimate Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White 109,007 ( 77.3 % ) 110,809 ( 77.9 % ) 109,595 ( 77.7 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 98,751 ( 70.0 % ) 99,306 ( 69.8 % ) 97,845 ( 69.4 % ) Black 24,770 ( 17.6 % ) 24,024 ( 16.9 % ) 24,100 ( 17.1 % ) Asian 6,721 ( 4.7 % ) 7,067 ( 5.0 % ) 6,961 ( 4.9 % ) Native 423 ( 0.3 % ) 368 ( 0.3 % ) 390 ( 0.3 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 14,163 ( 10.1 % ) 14,496 ( 10.2 % ) 14,950 ( 10.6 % ) Total Pennsylvania 140,921 ( 100 % ) 142,268 ( 100 % ) 141,047 ( 100 % ) Languages ( edit ) Main article : Language in Pennsylvania Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Pennsylvania Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 4.09 % German ( including Pennsylvania German ) 0.87 % Chinese ( including Mandarin ) 0.47 % Italian 0.43 % French 0.34 % Russian and Vietnamese ( tied ) 0.29 % Korean 0.25 % Polish 0.21 % Arabic 0.20 % Hindi 0.17 % As of 2010 , 90.15 % ( 10,710,239 ) of Pennsylvania residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 4.09 % ( 486,058 ) spoke Spanish , 0.87 % ( 103,502 ) German ( which includes Pennsylvania Dutch ) and by 0.47 % ( 56,052 ) Chinese ( which includes Mandarin ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 9.85 % ( 1,170,628 ) of Pennsylvania 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Pennsylvania German language ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania German language Pennsylvania German is often -- even though misleadingly -- called `` Pennsylvania Dutch '' . The term `` Dutch '' used to mean `` German '' ( including the Netherlands ) , before the Latin name for them replaced it ( but stuck with the Netherlands ) . When referring to the language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch people ( Pennsylvania German ) it means `` German '' or `` Teutonic '' rather than `` Netherlander '' . Germans , in their own language , call themselves `` Deutsch '' , ( Pennsylvania German : `` Deitsch '' ) . The Pennsylvania German language is a descendant of German , in the West Central German dialect family . It is closest to Palatine German . Pennsylvania German is still very vigorous as a first language among Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites ( principally in the Lancaster County area ) , whereas it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the plain communities , though a few words have passed into English usage . Religion ( edit ) Religion in Pennsylvania ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestant 47 % Catholic 24 % None 21 % Other faiths / do n't know 2 % Hindu 1 % Jehovah 's witnesses 1 % Jewish 1 % Muslim 1 % An Amish family riding in a traditional Amish buggy in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania . Of all the colonies , only Rhode Island had religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania . Voltaire , writing of William Penn in 1733 , observed : `` The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony , which have remained invariably the same to this day . The chief is , to ill -- treat no person on account of religion , and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God . '' One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious diversity , which continues to the present . Pennsylvania 's population in 2010 was 12,702,379 . Of these , 6,838,440 ( 53.8 % ) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion . According to the Association of religion data archives ( ARDA ) at Pennsylvania State University , the largest religions in Pennsylvania by adherents are the Roman Catholic Church with 3,503,028 adherents , the United Methodist Church with 591,734 members , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 501,974 members . The third - largest single denomination is the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) with 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations . Pennsylvania , especially western part and Pittsburgh area has one of the highest percentage of Presbyterians in the nation . The Presbyterian Church in America has also significant , 112 congregations and 23,000 adherents , the EPC has around 50 congregations , as well as ECO . The next largest Protestant denomination , the United Church of Christ , has 180,000 members and 627 congregations . American Baptist Churches USA ( Northern Baptist Convention ) is based in King of Prussia , Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania was the center state of the German Reformed denomination since the 1700s . Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , is one of the headquarters of the Moravian Church in America . Pennsylvania also has a very large Amish population , second only to Ohio among the states . In the year 2000 there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and a further 146,416 Mennonites and 91,200 Brethren . The total Anabapist population including Bruderhof was 232,631 , about 2 percent of the population . While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers , and much of the historic character of the Commonwealth is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends ( as they are officially known ) , practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,000 adherents in 2010 . As of 2014 , the religious affiliations of the people of Pennsylvania are : Christianity -- 73 % Protestant -- 47 % Mainline Protestant -- 23 % Evangelical Protestant -- 19 % Black Protestant -- 5 % Roman Catholic -- 29 % Jehovah 's Witnesses -- 1 % Orthodox Christian -- < 1 % Non-religious / Unaffiliated -- 21 % Judaism -- 1 % Islam - 1 % Hinduism -- 1 % Other religions -- 2 % Do n't know / Refused to say -- 1 % According to a 2016 Gallup poll , 38 % of Pennsylvanians are very religious , 29 % are moderately religious , and 34 % are non-religious . Economy ( edit ) See also : List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income and List of Pennsylvania locations by per capita income Pennsylvania was home of two of the largest steel producers in the world ; Pittsburgh - based U.S. Steel and Bethlehem - based Bethlehem Steel . The former blast furnace sites have either been destroyed , preserved , or in the case of Bethlehem , became a new multi-million dollar Sands Casino Resort in 2009 . `` Sorry We 're Open '' sign , West Chester Pennsylvania 's 2016 total gross state product ( GSP ) of $719.8 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation . If Pennsylvania were an independent country , its economy would rank as the 19th - largest in the world . On a per - capita basis , Pennsylvania 's 2016 per - capita GSP of $50,665 ( in chained 2009 dollars ) ranks 22nd among the 50 states . Geo map of average income by location in Pennsylvania . Data shown is from the 2014 American Community Survey 5 - year estimate . Philadelphia in the southeast corner , Pittsburgh in the southwest corner , Erie in the northwest corner , Scranton - Wilkes - Barre in the northeast corner , and Allentown - Bethlehem - Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers . Much of the Commonwealth is rural ; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy . Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies , with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia ; it is a leader in the financial and insurance industry . Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies , including U.S. Steel , PPG Industries , and H.J. Heinz . In all , Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies . Erie is also home to GE Transportation Systems , which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States . As in the US as a whole and in most states , the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Wal - Mart , followed by the University of Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania is also home to the oldest investor - owned utility company in the U.S.A , The York Water Company . As of November 2017 , the state 's unemployment rate is 4.6 % . Banking ( edit ) The first nationally chartered bank in the United States , the Bank of North America , was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia . After a series of mergers , the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo , which uses national charter 1 . Pennsylvania is also the home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act . That year , the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act . That bank is still in existence today as PNC Financial Services and remains based in Pittsburgh . PNC is the state 's largest bank , and the sixth - largest in the United States . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall in agricultural production . The 1st is mushroom production , The 2nd is apples , The 3rd is Christmas trees and layer chickens , The 4th is nursery and sod , milk , corn for silage , grapes grown ( including juice grapes ) , and horses production . It also ranks 8th in the nation in Winemaking . The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture worked with private companies to establish `` PA Preferred '' as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state to support and promote Pennsylvania products and locally - grown food . The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food manufacturing industry ; and over $1.7 billion in food product export ( in 2011 ) . Gambling ( edit ) Main article : Gambling in Pennsylvania Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004 . Currently , there are nine casinos across the state with three under construction or in planning . Only horse racing , slot machines and electronic table games were legal in Pennsylvania , although a bill to legalize table games was being negotiated in the fall of 2009 . Table games such as poker , roulette , blackjack and craps were finally approved by the state legislature in January 2010 , being signed into law by the Governor on January 7 . Sports betting is illegal . Former Governor Ed Rendell had considered legalizing video poker machines in bars and private clubs in 2009 , since an estimated 17,000 operate illegally across the state . Under this plan , any establishment with a liquor license would be allowed up to 5 machines . All machines would be connected to the state 's computer system , like commercial casinos . The state would impose a 50 % tax on net gambling revenues , after winning players have been paid , with the remaining 50 % going to the establishment owners . Film ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state . Governance ( edit ) Main article : Government of Pennsylvania See also : Commonwealth ( U.S. state ) Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood : 1776 , 1790 , 1838 , 1874 , and 1968 . Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government , of which there were four versions : 1682 , 1683 , 1696 , and 1701 . The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg . The legislature meets in the State Capitol there . Executive ( edit ) Tom Wolf ( D ) 47th Governor Since January 20 , 2015 Mike Stack ( D ) 33rd Lt. Governor Since January 20 , 2015 Main article : List of Governors of Pennsylvania The current Governor is Tom Wolf . The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Michael Stack , Attorney General Joshua Shapiro , Auditor General Eugene DePasquale , and Pennsylvania Treasurer Joe Torsella . Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for reelection in 2018 . Pennsylvania will hold elections for Attorney General , Auditor General and Treasurer in 2020 . See also : List of Pennsylvania state agencies Legislative ( edit ) Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg Main article : Pennsylvania General Assembly Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by Commonwealth 's constitution in 1790 . The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature . The General Assembly includes 50 Senators and 203 Representatives . Joe Scarnati is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate , Dominic Pileggi the Majority Leader , and Jay Costa the Minority Leader . Sam Smith is Speaker of the House of Representatives , with Mike Turzai as Majority Leader and Frank Dermody as Minority Leader . As of the 2012 elections , the Republicans hold the majority in the State House and Senate . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts , most of which ( except Philadelphia ) have magisterial district judges ( formerly called district justices and justices of the peace ) , who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses , all minor ( summary ) criminal offenses , and small civil claims . Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas , which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions . The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court . It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance . The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court . All judges in Pennsylvania are elected ; the chief justice is determined by seniority . Municipalities ( edit ) See also : List of counties in Pennsylvania , List of cities in Pennsylvania , List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania , List of townships in Pennsylvania , List of county seats in Pennsylvania ( by population ) , List of census - designated places in Pennsylvania , and List of populated places in Pennsylvania Allentown , Pennsylvania , 2010 Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties . Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities , boroughs , or townships . One county , Philadelphia County , is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia after it was consolidated in 1854 . The most populous county in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia , while the least populous is Cameron ( 5,085 ) . There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania , which are classified , by population , as either first - , second - , or third - class cities . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 's largest city , has a population of 1,526,006 and is the state 's only first - class city . Pittsburgh ( 305,704 ) and Scranton ( 76,089 ) are second - class and second - class ' A ' cities , respectively . The rest of the cities , like the third and fourth - largest -- Allentown ( 120,443 ) and Erie ( 98,593 ) -- to the smallest -- Parker with a population of only 820 -- are third - class cities . First - and second - class cities are governed by a `` strong mayor '' form of mayor -- council government , whereas third - class cities are governed by either a `` weak mayor '' form of government or a council -- manager government . Boroughs are generally smaller than cities , with most Pennsylvania cities having been incorporated as a borough before being incorporated as a city . There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania , all of which governed by the `` weak mayor '' form of mayor -- council government . The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College ( 41,992 ) and the smallest is Centralia ( 7 ) . Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first - class or second - class townships . There are 1,454 second - class townships and 93 first - class townships . Second - class township can become first - class townships if it has a population density greater than 300 inhabitants per square mile ( 120 / km ) and a referendum is passed supporting the change . Pennsylvania 's largest township is Upper Darby Township ( 82,629 ) , and the smallest is East Keating Township ( 11 ) . There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania : Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is , officially , the only town in the state . In 1975 , McCandless Township adopted a home - rule charter under the name of `` Town of McCandless '' , but is , legally , still a first - class township . The total of 56 cities , 958 boroughs , 93 first - class townships , 1,454 second - class townships , and one town ( Bloomsburg ) is 2,562 municipalities . See also : List of municipalities in Pennsylvania Largest cities or towns in Pennsylvania Source : Rank Name County Pop . Philadelphia Pittsburgh Philadelphia Philadelphia 1,567,872 Allentown Erie Pittsburgh Allegheny 303,625 Allentown Lehigh 120,443 Erie Erie 98,593 5 Reading Berks 87,575 6 Scranton Lackawanna 77,291 7 Bethlehem Northampton 75,293 8 Lancaster Lancaster 59,218 9 Levittown Bucks 52,400 10 Harrisburg Dauphin 48,904 Politics ( edit ) Further information : Political party strength in Pennsylvania Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 48.58 % 2,970,733 47.85 % 2,926,441 2012 46.58 % 2,680,434 51.97 % 2,990,274 2008 44.15 % 2,655,885 54.47 % 3,276,363 48.42 % 2,793,847 50.92 % 2,938,095 2000 46.43 % 2,281,127 50.60 % 2,485,967 39.97 % 1,801,169 49.17 % 2,215,819 36.13 % 1,791,841 45.15 % 2,239,164 50.70 % 2,300,087 48.39 % 2,194,944 1984 53.34 % 2,584,323 45.99 % 2,228,131 1980 49.59 % 2,261,872 42.48 % 1,937,540 1976 47.73 % 2,205,604 50.40 % 2,328,677 1972 59.11 % 2,714,521 39.13 % 1,796,951 1968 44.02 % 2,090,017 47.59 % 2,259,405 1964 34.70 % 1,673,657 64.92 % 3,130,954 1960 48.74 % 2,439,956 51.06 % 2,556,282 Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of November 7 , 2017 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 4,032,442 47.83 % Republican 3,223,524 38.23 % Libertarian 45,142 0.54 % Green 11,954 0.14 % Independent / Other parties 1,117,926 13.26 % Total 8,430,988 100 % Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . For most of the second half of the 20th century and into the 21st century , Pennsylvania has been a powerful swing state . It only supported the losing candidate in a presidential election twice from 1932 to 1988 . Since 1992 , Pennsylvania has been trending Democratic in Presidential elections , voting for Bill Clinton twice by large margins , and slightly closer in 2000 for Al Gore . In the 2004 Presidential Election , Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 ( 50.92 % ) to 2,793,847 ( 48.42 % ) . In the 2008 Presidential Election , Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania , 3,184,778 ( 54 % ) to 2,584,088 ( 44 % ) . Most recently , in the 2016 Presidential Election , Donald Trump became the first Republican candidate to win the state since 1988 , winning the state 48.6 % to 47.8 % . The state holds 20 electoral votes . In recent national elections , Pennsylvania has leaned Democratic . The state voted for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012 . During the 2008 election campaign a recruitment drive saw registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by 1.2 million . However , Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican senators . From 2009 to 2011 , the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947 . In 2010 , Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat as well as a majority of the state 's congressional seats , control of both chambers of the state legislature and the governor 's mansion . Democrats won back the governor 's mansion 4 years later in the 2014 election . It was the first time since a governor became eligible to succeed himself that an incumbent governor had been defeated for reelection . Historically , Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast , the Pittsburgh and Johnstown areas in the southwest , and Scranton / Wilkes - Barre in the northeast . Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs , as well as the more rural areas in the central , northeastern , and western portions . The latter counties have long been among the most conservative areas in the nation . Since 1992 , however , the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic ; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally a moderate one . The Pittsburgh suburbs , historically a Democratic stronghold , have swung more Republican since the turn of the millennium . Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as `` Philadelphia in the east , Pittsburgh in the west and Alabama in the middle '' . Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the `` T '' in statewide elections . Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , and Scranton / Wilkes - Barre generally vote for Democratic candidates , while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican . As a result , maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a `` T '' shape . Taxation ( edit ) Pennsylvania has the 10th - highest tax burden in the United States . Residents pay a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $6,640 annually . Residents share 76 % of the total tax burden . Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out of state sources . Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling . Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways ; specifically Interstate 80 which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs . Sales tax provides 39 % of Commonwealth 's revenue ; personal income tax 34 % ; motor vehicle taxes about 12 % , and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5 % . Personal income tax is a flat 3.07 % . An individual 's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income : compensation ( salary ) ; interest ; dividends ; net profits from the operation of a business , profession or farm ; net gains or income from the dispositions of property ; net gains or income from rents , royalties , patents and copyrights ; income derived through estates or trusts ; and gambling and lottery winnings ( other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings ) . Counties , municipalities , and school districts levy taxes on real estate . In addition , some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income . Generally , the total wage tax rate is capped at 1 % of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1 % . Thirty - two of the Commonwealth 's sixty - seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks , bonds , and similar holdings . With the exception of the city of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32 . Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns . This local return is filed with the local income tax collector , a private collection agency ( e.g. Berkheimer , Keystone Collections , and Jordan Tax Service ) appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax ( the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district ) . The City of Philadelphia has its own local income taxation system . Philadelphia - based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees . Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer . If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax , residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return . Residents of Philadelphia with self - employment income are required to file a Net Profits tax ( NPT ) return , while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License ( CAL ) and pay the Business Income and Receipts tax ( BIRT ) and the NPT . Residents with unearned income ( except for interest from checking and savings accounts ) are required to file and pay the School Income tax ( SIT ) . The complexity of Pennsylvania local tax filing system has been criticized by experts , who note that the outsourcing collections to private entities is akin to tax farming and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing `` failure to file '' penalties even if they did not have any tax due . Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level ( i.e. by having a separate local section on the state income tax return , currently the method used to collect local income taxes in New York , Maryland , Indiana , and Iowa ) have been unsuccessful . Federal representation ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania 's congressional districts Pennsylvania 's two U.S. Senators are Bob Casey , Jr. and Pat Toomey . Pennsylvania currently has 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives , as of the 2010 Census . Health ( edit ) Pennsylvania has a mixed health record , and is ranked as the 29th - overall - healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation 's Health Rankings . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania quadrangle in Philadelphia Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts , thousands of private schools , publicly funded colleges and universities , and over 100 private institutions of higher education . Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) In general , under state law , school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for a child from the age of 8 until the age of 17 , or until graduation from an accredited high school , whichever is earlier . As of 2005 , 83.8 % of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 have completed high school . Among residents age 25 and over , 86.7 % have graduated from high school . The following are the four - year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2016 : Cohort All Students Male Female White Hispanic Black Asian Special Education % graduating 86.09 84.14 88.13 90.48 72.83 73.22 91.21 74.06 Additionally , 27.5 % have gone on to obtain a bachelor 's degree or higher . State students consistently do well in standardized testing . In 2007 , Pennsylvania ranked 14th in mathematics , 12th in reading , and 10th in writing for 8th grade students . In 1988 , the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169 , which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance . This law specifies the requirements and responsibilities of the parents and the school district where the family lives . Higher Education ( edit ) See also : List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) is the public university system of the Commonwealth , with 14 state - owned schools . The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is an organizing body of the 4 state - related schools in Pennsylvania , these schools are independent institutions that receive some state funding . There are also 15 publicly funded two - year community colleges and technical schools that are separate from the PASSHE system . Additionally there are many private two - and four - year technical schools , colleges and universities . Carnegie Mellon University , The Pennsylvania State University , the University of Pennsylvania , and the University of Pittsburgh , are members of the Association of American Universities , an invitation only organization of leading research universities . Lehigh University is also another renowned private research university located in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania State University is the Commonwealth 's Land - grant university , Sea Grant College and , Space Grant College . The University of Pennsylvania , located in Philadelphia , is considered the first university in the United States and established the country 's first medical school . The University of Pennsylvania is also the Commonwealth 's only , and geographically the most southern , Ivy League school . The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States . Philadelphia College of Pharmacy , now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia , was the first pharmacy school in the United States . Recreation ( edit ) Dorney Park and Wildwater Kingdom 's Steel Force and Thunderhawk roller coasters in Allentown Pennsylvania is home to the nation 's first zoo , the Philadelphia Zoo . Other long - accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium . The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZOOAMERICA are other notable zoos . The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country , including the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , and several others . One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton , the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician . Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary , located in Pittsburgh . Play media Ohiopyle State Park timelapse All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission . Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks , including Camel Beach , Conneaut Lake Park , Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom , Dutch Wonderland , DelGrosso Amusement Park , Hersheypark , Idlewild Park , Kennywood , Knoebels , Lakemont Park , Sandcastle Waterpark , Sesame Place , Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park . Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast , Splash Lagoon in Erie . There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania . These include Musikfest and NEARfest in Bethlehem , the Philadelphia Folk Festival , Creation Festival , the Great Allentown Fair , and Purple Door . There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania . Whitetail deer , black bear , cottontail rabbits , squirrel , turkey , and grouse are common game species . Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union , alongside Texas and Alabama . Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the Commonwealth 's economy . A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania ( a Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly ) reported that hunting , fishing , and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide . The Boone and Crockett Club shows that five of the ten largest ( skull size ) black bear entries came from the state . The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at 733 lb ( 332 kg ) and a skull of 23 3 / 16 tied with a bear shot in California in 1993 . The largest bear ever found dead was in Utah in 1975 , and the second - largest was shot by a poacher in the state in 1987 . Pennsylvania holds the second - highest number of Boone & Crockett - recorded record black bears at 183 , second only to Wisconsin 's 299 . Transportation ( edit ) Map of Pennsylvania , showing major cities and roads See also : List of airports in Pennsylvania , List of public transit authorities in Pennsylvania , and List of Pennsylvania railroads Exterior Interior The Allegheny Mountain Tunnel is the longest of the five tunnels on the Pennsylvania Turnpike . The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation , abbreviated as PennDOT , owns 39,861 miles ( 64,150 km ) of the 121,770 miles ( 195,970 km ) of roadway in the state , making it the fifth - largest state highway system in the United States . The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is 535 miles ( 861 km ) long , with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey . It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission . Another major east -- west route is Interstate 80 , which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap . Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County , in the extreme northwestern part of the state . U.S. Route 220 as it passes through Lamar Township . Primary north -- south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia , Interstate 81 from New York through Scranton , Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476 , which begins 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of the Delaware border , in Chester , Delaware County and travels 132 miles ( 212 km ) to Clarks Summit , Lackawanna County , where it joins I - 81 . All but 20 miles ( 32 km ) of I - 476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike , while the highway south of the main line of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the `` Veterans Memorial Highway '' , but is commonly referred to by locals as the `` Blue Route '' . The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) is the sixth - largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter , heavy and light rail transit , and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area . The Port Authority of Allegheny County is the 25th - largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh . Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak , with the majority of traffic occurring on the Keystone Service in the high - speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia 's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City , as well as the Northeast Regional providing frequent high speed service up and down the Northeast Corridor . the Pennsylvanian follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg , but extends out to Pittsburgh . The Capitol Limited also passes through Pittsburgh , as well as Connellsville , on its way from Chicago to Washington , D.C. Traveling between Chicago and New York City , the Lake Shore Limited passes through Erie once in each direction . There are 67 short - line , freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania , the highest number in any U.S. state . In 2018 , OurBus began offering service from West Chester , PA -- Malvern , PA -- King of Prussia , PA -- Fort Washington , PA -- New York , NY . Pennsylvania has seven major airports : Philadelphia International , Pittsburgh International , Lehigh Valley International , Harrisburg International , Erie International , University Park Airport and Wilkes - Barre / Scranton International . A total of 134 public - use airports are located in the state . The port of Pittsburgh is the second - largest inland port in the United States and the 18th - largest port overall ; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th - largest port in the United States . Pennsylvania 's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie . The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most - used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide . The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh . Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Pennsylvania Citizens Bank Park in South Philadelphia , home of the Philadelphia Phillies Pennsylvania is home to many major league professional sports teams ; the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League , the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball , the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association , the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League , and the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer . Among them , these teams have accumulated 7 World Series Championships ( Pirates 5 , Phillies 2 ) , 16 National League Pennants ( Pirates 9 , Phillies 7 ) , 3 pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championships ( Eagles ) , 7 Super Bowl Championships ( Steelers 6 , Eagles 1 ) , 2 NBA Championships ( 76ers ) , and 7 Stanley Cups ( Penguins 5 , Flyers 2 ) . Pennsylvania also has minor league and semi-pro sports teams : the Triple - A baseball Lehigh Valley IronPigs and the Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders of the International League ; the Double - A baseball Altoona Curve , Erie SeaWolves , Harrisburg Senators , and Reading Fightin Phils of the Eastern League ; the Class A-Short Season baseball State College Spikes and Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York -- Penn League ; the independent baseball Lancaster Barnstormers and York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball ; the independent baseball Washington Wild Things of the Frontier League ; the Erie BayHawks of the NBA G League ; the Lehigh Valley Phantoms , Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins , and Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League ; the Reading Royals and of the ECHL ; and the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League . Among them , these teams have accumulated 12 triple and double A baseball league titles ( RailRiders 1 , Senators 6 , Fightin Phils 4 Curve 1 ) , 1 Arena Bowl Championship ( Soul ) , and 11 Calder Cups ( Bears ) . Since 1959 , the Little League World Series is held each summer in South Williamsport , near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport . Also , the first World Series between the Boston Pilgrims ( which became the Boston Red Sox ) and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh in 1903 . Soccer is gaining popularity within the state of Pennsylvania as well . With the addition of the Philadelphia Union in the MLS , the state now boasts three teams that are eligible to compete for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup annually . The other two teams are Penn FC and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds , both of the United Soccer League ( USL ) . Within the American Soccer Pyramid , the MLS takes the first tier , while the USL - 2 claims the third tier . NASCAR racing at Pocono Raceway in Long Pond In motorsports , the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley . Notable racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown , the Lake Erie Speedway in North East , the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton , the Motordome Speedway in Smithton , the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns , the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth ( closed ) ; and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond , which is home to two NASCAR Cup Series races and an IndyCar Series race . The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway , near Reading , which hosts major National Hot Rod Association sanctioned drag racing events each year . There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania . High Point Raceway in located in Mt. Morris , Pennsylvania , and Steel City is located in Delmont , Pennsylvania . Horse racing courses in Pennsylvania consist of The Meadows near Pittsburgh , Pocono Downs in Wilkes - Barre , and Harrah 's Philadelphia in Chester , which offer harness racing , and Penn National Race Course in Grantville , Parx Racing ( formerly Philadelphia Park ) in Bensalem , and Presque Isle Downs near Erie , which offer thoroughbred racing . Smarty Jones , the 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner , had Philadelphia Park as his home course . Arnold Palmer , one of the 20th century 's most notable pro golfers , comes from Latrobe , while Jim Furyk , a current PGA member , grew up near in Lancaster . PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic , played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort , in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic , played at Glenmaura National Golf Club , in Moosic . Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park , once a popular spot for skateboarding , and across from City Hall , host to ESPN 's X Games in 2001 and 2002 . College sports ( edit ) College football is popular in Pennsylvania . There are three colleges in Pennsylvania that play at the highest level of collegiate football competition , the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . Two play in Power Five conferences , the Penn State University Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers of the Atlantic Coast Conference , while the Temple University Owls play in the American Athletic Conference . Penn State , claims two national championships ( 1982 & 1986 ) as well as seven undefeated seasons ( 1887 , 1912 , 1968 , 1969 , 1973 , 1986 and 1994 ) . Penn State plays its home games in the second - largest stadium in the United States , Beaver Stadium , which seats 107,282 , and is currently led by head coach James Franklin . The University of Pittsburgh Panthers claims nine national championships ( 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1934 , 1936 , 1937 and 1976 ) and has played eight undefeated seasons ( 1904 , 1910 , 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , 1920 , 1937 and 1976 ) . Pitt plays its home games at Heinz Field , a facility it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers , and is led by current head football coach Pat Narduzzi . Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include Lafayette College ( 1896 ) , Villanova University ( FCS 2009 ) , the University of Pennsylvania ( 1895 , 1897 , 1904 and 1908 ) and Washington and Jefferson College ( 1921 ) . College basketball is also popular in the state , especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities , collectively termed the Big Five , have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball . National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities : La Salle University ( 1954 ) , Temple University ( 1938 ) , University of Pennsylvania ( 1920 and 1921 ) , University of Pittsburgh ( 1928 and 1930 ) , and Villanova University ( 1985 and 2016 ) . Food ( edit ) Hershey Chocolate Factory Author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world . It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips . The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America , and companies like Anderson Bakery Company , Intercourse Pretzel Factory , and Snyder 's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth . Two of the three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are based in Pennsylvania : Utz Quality Foods , which started making chips in Hanover , Pennsylvania in 1921 , and Wise Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921 ( the third , Lay 's Potato Chips , is a Texas company ) . Other companies such as Herr 's Snacks , Martin 's Potato Chips , Snyder 's of Berlin ( not associated with Snyder 's of Hanover ) and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers . The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey , Pennsylvania , with Mars , Godiva , and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby , and smaller manufacturers such as Asher 's in Souderton , and Gertrude Hawk Chocolates of Dunmore . Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , makers of Hot Tamales , Mike and Ikes , the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps , and Boyer Brothers of Altoona , Pennsylvania , which is well known for its Mallo Cups . Auntie Anne 's Pretzels began as a market - stand in Downingtown , Pennsylvania , and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City . Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie , ham potpie , schnitz un knepp ( dried apples , ham , and dumplings ) , fasnachts ( raised doughnuts ) , scrapple , pretzels , bologna , chow - chow , and Shoofly pie . Martin 's Famous Pastry Shoppe , Inc. , headquartered in Chambersburg , Pennsylvania , specializes in potato bread , another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food . D.G. Yuengling & Son , America 's oldest brewery , has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829 . Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks , hoagie , soft pretzels , Italian water ice , Irish potato candy , scrapple , Tastykake , Wawa , and strombolis . In Pittsburgh , tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century . Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh 's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches , pierogies , and city chicken . Outside of Scranton , in Old Forge there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick , light crust and American cheese . Erie also has its share of unique foods , including Greek sauce and sponge candy . Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year 's Day in Pennsylvania . State Symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of Pennsylvania state symbols Niagara ( 1813 ) in port Motto : `` Virtue , liberty , and independence '' Tree : Eastern hemlock State bird : Ruffed grouse Flower : Mountain laurel Insect : Pennsylvania firefly Animal : White - tailed deer Dog : Great Dane Fish : Brook trout Fossil : Phacops rana Beverage : Milk Song : `` Pennsylvania '' Ship : US Brig Niagara Electric locomotive : GG1 4859 Steam locomotive : K4s 1361 and K4s 3750 Beautification and conservation plant : Penngift crown vetch Nicknames ( edit ) Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802 , based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States , and also in part because of the number of important American documents signed in the state ( such as the Declaration of Independence ) . It was also a keystone state economically , having both the industry common to the North ( making such wares as Conestoga wagons and rifles ) and the agriculture common to the South ( producing feed , fiber , food , and tobacco ) . Another one of Pennsylvania 's nicknames is the Quaker State ; in colonial times , it was known officially as the Quaker Province , in recognition of Quaker William Penn 's First Frame of Government constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience . He knew of the hostility Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual , taking oaths , violence , war and military service , and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery . `` The Coal State '' , `` The Oil State '' , `` The Chocolate State '' , and `` The Steel State '' were adopted when those were the state 's greatest industries . `` The State of Independence '' currently appears on many road signs entering the state . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Pennsylvania Sister regions ( edit ) Matanzas Province , Cuba Rhône - Alpes , France See also ( edit ) Pennsylvania portal Outline of Pennsylvania Index of Pennsylvania - related articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Symbols of Pennsylvania '' . Portal.state.pa.us . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most spoken languages in Pennsylvania in 2010 '' . MLA Data Center . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Accessed December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Cookie Candidates '' . 2016 . 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Boundaries of the United States and the Several States ; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Swindler , William F. , Editor ( 1973 -- 1979 ) . Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 6 . Dobbs Ferry , New York : Oceana Publications . pp. 375 -- 377 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farnham , Mary Frances ; Compiler. ( 1901 -- 1902 ) . Farnham Papers ( 1603 -- 1688 ) . Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine . 7 . Portland , Maine : Collections of the Maine Historical Society , 2nd Series . pp. 311 , 314 . Jump up ^ Parry , Clive ( Editor ) ( 1969 -- 1981 ) . Consolidated Treaty Series ; 231 Volumes. 10 . Dobbs Ferry , New York : Oceana Publications . p. 231 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fernow , B. , Editor ( 1853 -- 1887 ) . Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York ; Volumes 12 -- 15 . 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This charter , granted by Charles II ( England ) to William Penn , constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province , which , in honor of his father , Admiral William Penn , ( whose cash advances and services were thus requited , ) was called Pennsylvania . To perfect his title , William Penn purchased , on 1682 - 08 - 24 , a quit - claim from the Duke of York to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664 Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors , ed. ( 1916 ) . `` Samuel Carpenter '' . Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors , Volume 1 . pp. 180 -- 181 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring Worth '' . Measuring Worth . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quakers and the political process '' . Pym.org . March 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . 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-3955623862374434215	Fifty Shades (film series)	Fifty Shades ( film series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the novel series , see Fifty Shades ( novel series ) . Fifty Shades Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson ( 1 ) James Foley ( 2 -- 3 ) Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Kelly Marcel ( 1 ) Niall Leonard ( 2 -- 3 ) Based on Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan ( See below ) Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey ( 1 ) John Schwartzman ( 2 -- 3 ) Edited by Anne V. Coates ( 1 ) Lisa Gunning ( 1 ) Debra Neil - Fisher ( 1 ) Richard Francis - Bruce ( 2 ) Production company Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions ( 2 ) Distributed by Focus Features ( 1 ) Universal Pictures Release date 1 : February 13 , 2015 2 : February 10 , 2017 3 : February 9 , 2018 Running time 214 minutes Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 2 films ) : $95 million Box office Total ( 2 films ) : $949,833,622 Fifty Shades is an American film series that consists of three erotic romantic drama films , based on the Fifty Shades trilogy by English author E.L. James . It is distributed by Universal Studios and stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as the lead roles Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively . Sam Taylor - Johnson directed the first film and initially she was slated to be the director of the sequels as well , however subsequently the second and third films were directed by James Foley . The first film , Fifty Shades of Grey , was released on February 13 , 2015 , while the second , Fifty Shades Darker , was released on February 10 , 2017 . Fifty Shades Freed will be released on February 9 , 2018 . Worldwide , the series has grossed $949 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production 2.1 Director 2.2 Screenwriter 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 3 Films 3.1 Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) 3.2 Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) 3.3 Future 3.3. 1 Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) 4 Cast 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical and public response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Two years after the trilogy 's first novel was released , several distribution companies had bid for the rights of the trilogy . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount and Universal , as well as Mark Wahlberg 's production company , put in bids for the film rights . The winning bid went to Universal Studios and Focus Features , at $5 million . With James gaining control over the process of the making of the film , she hand - picked Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as the producers . Production ( edit ) Film Release date Producers Director Screenwriter Fifty Shades of Grey February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) Michael De Luca Dana Brunetti E.L. James Sam Taylor - Johnson Kelly Marcel Fifty Shades Darker February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) James Foley Niall Leonard Fifty Shades Freed February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Director ( edit ) On June 19 , 2013 , Sam Taylor - Johnson was chosen to direct the first film . On February 6 , 2015 , Taylor - Johnson announced the sequels , prompting she would return to direct the sequels . It was later revealed that Taylor - Johnson would not return . On August 20 , 2015 , it was revealed by Deadline.com that James Foley was the front - runner to direct the sequel and third film Fifty Shades Freed . Screenwriter ( edit ) Kelly Marcel was chosen as the screenwriter for the first film . On April 22 , 2015 , it was announced that James ' husband , Niall Leonard , would write the script for the sequel . Leonard also went on to write the script for the third film . Casting ( edit ) The casting for the lead roles was considered controversial . Many contenders considered for the film included Ryan Gosling , Garrett Hedlund , Theo James , Alexander Skarsgard , François Arnaud , Charlie Hunnam , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen as Christian Grey . Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones were all considered for the role of Anastasia Steele . On September 2 , 2013 , Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam were cast as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey respectively . As a result , the displeasure of the casting from fans caused controversy . In response , Brunetti stated , `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' On October 12 , it was announced Hunnam had quit the role of Grey and the studio was in the process of searching for a new actor . On October 23 , Jamie Dornan was cast as the replacement for Christian Grey . In October 2013 , Jennifer Ehle was cast as Carla Wilks . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . On January 28 , 2016 , Kim Basinger joined the film to play the role of Elena Lincoln in the sequels , Grey 's business partner and former lover , while Luke Grimes , Eloise Mumford and Max Martini would be returning for the sequels . On February 5 , Bella Heathcote was cast as Leila , one of Grey 's former submissives . In the same month , Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde , Ana 's boss at SIP . On February 18 , 2016 , Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson joined the film 's cast . On February 26 , 2016 , Tyler Hoechlin was cast in the film to play Boyce Fox . On April 7 , 2016 , it was reported that Hugh Dancy had joined the film to play Dr. John Flynn , Grey 's psychiatrist . Filming ( edit ) For Fifty Shades of Grey , principal photography was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , which began on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building . The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . For Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , principal photography was to commence in June in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . This was later to be impossible , due to the script being unwritten at the moment . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9 , 2016 , to July 12 , 2016 , under the working title `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 . '' Filming concluded on April 11 , 2016 . Films ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) When Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele , a literature student , goes to interview the wealthy Christian Grey , as a favor to her roommate Kate Kavanagh , she encounters a handsome , brilliant and intimidating man . The innocent and naive Ana , startled to realize she wants him , despite his enigmatic reserve and advice , finds herself desperate to get close to him . Not able to resist Ana 's beauty and independent spirit , Grey admits he wants her too , but in his own terms . Ana hesitates as she discovers the singular tastes of Grey -- despite the embellishments of success -- his multinational businesses , his vast wealth , his loving family -- Grey is consumed by the need to control everything . As they get close , Steele starts to discover Grey 's secrets and explores her own desires . Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) Following the events of the first film , Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey resume their relationship under Ana 's terms . However , their relationship is tested when Christian 's past threatens the couple . Future ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) On February 8 2017 , during a special fan screening , the director confirmed the second sequel with the cast and crew returning . It was revealed that film would be released on February 9 2018 . Cast ( edit ) Character Film Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Anastasia Steele Dakota Johnson Christian Grey Jamie Dornan Carla May Wilks Jennifer Ehle Jennifer Ehle Unrated Edition only TBA Katherine Kavanagh Eloise Mumford José Rodriguez , Jr . Victor Rasuk Elliot Grey Luke Grimes Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey Marcia Gay Harden Mia Grey Rita Ora Jason Taylor Max Martini Raymond Steele Callum Keith Rennie Callum Keith Rennie Carrick Grey Andrew Airlie Bob Adams Dylan Neal Dylan Neal Unrated Edition only TBA Jack Hyde Eric Johnson Leila Williams Bella Heathcote TBA Jerry Roach Bruce Altman Elena Lincoln ( Mrs. Robinson ) Kim Basinger Ros Bailey Robinne Lee Gail Jones Fay Masterson Elizabeth Morgan Amy Price - Francis Luke Sawyer Brant Daugherty Boyce Fox Tyler Hoechlin Gia Matteo Arielle Kebbel Crew ( edit ) Occupation Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Director Sam Taylor - Johnson James Foley Writer ( s ) Kelly Marcel Niall Leonard Composer Danny Elfman Cinematographer Seamus McGarvey John Schwartzman Editor ( s ) Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Debra Neil - Fisher Richard Francis - Bruce Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) § Reception , Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) § Reception , and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) § Reception . Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Reference Opening weekend ( North America ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Fifty Shades of Grey February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) $85,171,450 $166,167,230 $404,838,898 $571,006,128 258 131 $40 million Fifty Shades Darker February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) $46,607,250 $114,434,010 $264,393,484 $378,827,494 531 265 $55 million Total $ 7008280601240000000 ♠ 280,601,240 $ 7008669232382000000 ♠ 669,232,382 $ 7008949833622000000 ♠ 949,833,622 $95 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Fifty Shades of Grey 25 % ( 251 reviews ) 46 ( 46 reviews ) C+ Fifty Shades Darker 10 % ( 170 reviews ) 33 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Average 17 % 40 Accolades ( edit ) Awards Fifty Shades of Grey Award Recipients and nominees Result Ref Academy Awards Best Original Song Belly , Stephan Moccio , Jason Quenneville , and The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James Won Worst Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Won Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screen Combo Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screenplay Kelly Marcel Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Ahmad Balshe , Stephan Moccio , Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for `` Earned It '' Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated Best Pop Solo Performance Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Best R&B Performance The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Won MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Dakota Johnson Nominated Best Kiss Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Fifty Shades of Grey Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . IBTimes . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie : 6 Things We Know About The ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel So Far '' . International Business Times . 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson Will Not Direct ' Fifty Shades Darker ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels , ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′ , ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Publishers Weekly : British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author '' . BBC News . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Niall Leonard , Husband Of ' Fifty Shades ' Author , Writing Sequel '' . Variety . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back , James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys Kit ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kim Basinger to Play Christian Grey 's Former Lover in ' Fifty Shades Darker ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Bella Heathcote as Christian Grey 's Ex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Knick ' Actor Eric Johnson Joins ' Fifty Shades Darker ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson '' . Variety . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Teen Wolf ' Star Tyler Hoechlin Joins ' Fifty Shades Darker ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Hugh Dancy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise , com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ? , Christine ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey 2 ′ begins filming in Vancouver in June '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhonda Richford ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens ? '' . Fashion & Style . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 15 / 16 : Idris Elba Starts Shooting ' The Dark Tower ' , James Cameron Rolls Cameras on ' Avatar 2 ' , ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Finishes Production '' . SsnInsider.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/17/critics-choice-awards-2016-winners-list Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.razzies.com/history/2016/2016-noms-press-release.html Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' , ' Fifty Shades ' Songs Score Multiple Grammy Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Jamie Lovett @ JamieLovett ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Announced ; ' Avengers : Age of Ultron , ' ' Jurassic World , ' ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Lead Film Nominations '' . Realty Today . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Song - Categories - International Press Academy '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades ( franchise ) . ( hide ) Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L. James Novels Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(film_series)&oldid=802234689 '' Categories : English - language films American film series BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Fifty Shades Films based on British novels Films set in Seattle Focus Features films Universal Pictures films Works based on Twilight series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	50 shades of grey parts of the movie	[]	[]
1543382290130789596	Daubert standard	Daubert standard - wikipedia Daubert standard Jump to : navigation , search In United States federal law , the Daubert standard is a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses ' testimony . A party may raise a Daubert motion , a special motion in limine raised before or during trial , to exclude the presentation of unqualified evidence to the jury . The Daubert trilogy are the three United States Supreme Court cases that articulated the Daubert standard : Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals , which held in 1993 that Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence did not incorporate the Frye `` general acceptance '' test as a basis for assessing the admissibility of scientific expert testimony , but that the rule incorporated a flexible reliability standard instead ; General Electric Co. v. Joiner , which held in 1997 that a district court judge may exclude expert testimony when there are gaps between the evidence relied on by an expert and that person 's conclusion , and that an abuse - of - discretion standard of review is the proper standard for appellate courts to use in reviewing a trial court 's decision of whether it should admit expert testimony ; Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael , which held in 1999 that the judge 's gatekeeping function identified in Daubert applies to all expert testimony , including that which is non-scientific . Important appellate - level opinions that clarify the standard include Judge Kozinski 's opinion in Daubert on remand ( Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals , Inc. , 43 F. 3d 1311 ( 9th Cir. 1995 ) ) , and Judge Becker 's opinion in In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig. , 35 F. 3d 717 ( 3d Cir. 1994 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Use 2.1 Daubert motion : timing 3 History 4 International influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Definition ( edit ) In Daubert , seven members of the Court agreed on the following guidelines for admitting scientific expert testimony : Judge is gatekeeper : Under Rule 702 , the task of `` gatekeeping '' , or assuring that scientific expert testimony truly proceeds from `` scientific knowledge '' , rests on the trial judge . Relevance and reliability : This requires the trial judge to ensure that the expert 's testimony is `` relevant to the task at hand '' and that it rests `` on a reliable foundation '' . Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms. , Inc. , 509 U.S. 579 , 584 - 587 . Concerns about expert testimony can not be simply referred to the jury as a question of weight . Furthermore , the admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Rule 104 ( a ) , not Rule 104 ( b ) ; thus , the Judge must find it more likely than not that the expert 's methods are reliable and reliably applied to the facts at hand . Scientific knowledge = scientific method / methodology : A conclusion will qualify as scientific knowledge if the proponent can demonstrate that it is the product of sound `` scientific methodology '' derived from the scientific method . Illustrative Factors : The Court defined `` scientific methodology '' as the process of formulating hypotheses and then conducting experiments to prove or falsify the hypothesis , and provided a set of illustrative factors ( i.e. , not a `` test '' ) in determining whether these criteria are met : Whether the theory or technique employed by the expert is generally accepted in the scientific community ; Whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication ; Whether it can be and has been tested ; Whether the known or potential rate of error is acceptable ; and Whether the research was conducted independent of the particular litigation or dependent on an intention to provide the proposed testimony . In 2000 , Rule 702 was amended in an attempt to codify and structure elements embodied in the `` Daubert trilogy . '' The rule then read as follows : Rule 702 . Testimony by Experts If scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue , a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge , skill , experience , training , or education , may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise , if ( 1 ) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data , ( 2 ) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods , and ( 3 ) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case . ( As amended Apr. 17 , 2000 , eff . Dec. 1 , 2000 . ) In 2011 , Rule 702 was again amended to make the language clearer . The rule now reads : RULE 702 . TESTIMONY BY EXPERT WITNESSES A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge , skill , experience , training , or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if : ( a ) The expert 's scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue ; ( b ) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data ; ( c ) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods ; and ( d ) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case . ( As amended Apr. 17 , 2000 , eff . Dec. 1 , 2000 ; Apr. 26 , 2011 , eff . Dec. 1 , 2011 ) While some federal courts still rely on pre-2000 opinions in determining the scope of Daubert , as a technical legal matter any earlier judicial rulings that conflict with the language of amended Rule 702 are no longer good precedent . Use ( edit ) Although the Daubert standard is now the law in federal court and over half of the states , the Frye standard remains the law in some jurisdictions including California , Illinois , Maryland , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Washington . Florida passed a bill to adopt the Daubert standard as the law governing expert witness testimony , which took effect on July 1 , 2013 . However , the Florida Supreme Court rejected the Legislature 's `` Daubert Amendment '' to the extent it is procedural in nature . Although trial judges have always had the authority to exclude inappropriate testimony , prior to Daubert , trial courts often preferred to let juries hear evidence proffered by both sides . Once certain evidence has been excluded by a Daubert motion because it fails to meet the relevancy and reliability standard , it will likely be challenged when introduced again in another trial . Even though a Daubert motion is not binding to other courts of law , if something was found untrustworthy by one court , other judges may choose to follow that precedent . Of course , a decision by an appellate court that a piece of evidence is inadmissible under Daubert would be binding on district courts within that court 's jurisdiction . Daubert motion : timing ( edit ) To attack expert testimony as inadmissible , counsel may bring pretrial motions , including motions in limine . The motion in limine may be brought prior to trial , although counsel may bring the motion during trial as well . A motion attacking expert testimony should be brought within a reasonable time after the close of discovery if the grounds for the objection can be reasonably anticipated . The hearing should be made well in advance of the first time a case appears on a trial calendar . In one case where a Daubert hearing was conducted on the day of the trial , in which the district court excluded all plaintiff 's expert testimony , resulting in the dismissal of all claims , the appellate court remanded the case because of multiple irregularities and a defective record of lower court proceedings . The appellate court noted that in cases that rely heavily on expert testimony , a district court should set a discovery and trial schedule that realistically provides both sides with an adequate opportunity to introduce necessary evidence . The application of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to proposed expert testimony can often be an uncertain process , and is best conducted in such a manner that litigants have a reasonable opportunity to locate experts who meet the rule 's requirements . In another case in which the defendant was apparently at fault for filing a motion to exclude expert testimony one week before the trial date , the district court denied the motion on that ground , but it advised the defendant that it might conduct its own voir dire of the expert in question before he testified . The district court preliminarily found that defendant 's motion was predicated on a ruling made almost three months earlier by a district court in another state , and that defendant had shown no good cause for waiting to file the motion . The defendant ultimately lost that case , following the admission of the disputed expert testimony , and ultimately failed in its appeal . An evidentiary hearing on the motion may not be necessary if the court finds that it would not assist the court in ruling on any of the matters in the motion . History ( edit ) Prior to Daubert , relevancy in combination with the Frye test were the dominant standards for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence in Federal courts . Frye is based on a 1923 Federal Court of appeals ruling involving the admissibility of polygraph evidence . Under Frye , the Court based the admissibility of testimony regarding novel scientific evidence on whether it has `` gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs . '' The trial court 's gatekeeper role in this respect is typically described as conservative , thus helping to keep pseudoscience out of the courtroom by deferring to those in the field . In Daubert , the Supreme Court ruled that the 1923 Frye test was superseded by the 1975 Federal Rules of Evidence , specifically Rule 702 governing expert testimony . Rule 702 originally stated ( in its entirety ) , If scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue , a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge , skill , experience , training , or education , may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise . In Daubert , the Court ruled that nothing in the Federal Rules of Evidence governing expert evidence `` gives any indication that ' general acceptance ' is a necessary precondition to the admissibility of scientific evidence . Moreover , such a rigid standard would be at odds with the Rules ' liberal thrust and their general approach of relaxing the traditional barriers to ' opinion ' testimony . '' By requiring experts to provide relevant opinions grounded in reliable methodology , proponents of Daubert were satisfied that these standards would result in a fair and rational resolution of the scientific and technological issues which lie at the heart of product liability adjudication . Ironically , Daubert has not appeared to further the Federal Rules philosophy of admitting generally all relevant testimony , and specifically of relaxing the traditional barriers to ' opinion ' testimony . '' The Daubert decision has instead been heralded by some political commentators as one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in imposing higher barriers for toxic tort and product liability cases , by allegedly reducing the volume of so - called junk science in the court room . According to a 2002 RAND study , post Daubert , the percentage of expert testimony by scientists that was excluded from the courtroom significantly rose . This rise likely contributed to a doubling in successful motions for summary judgment in which 90 % were against plaintiffs . Beyond this study , there is little empirical evidence of the impact of Daubert . However , some critics argue that Daubert has disrupted the balance between plaintiffs and defendants , `` The exclusion of expert testimony affects plaintiffs far more than defendants because plaintiffs may then not be able to meet their required burden of proof . Furthermore , there is little point in plaintiffs going to the expense of Daubert motions to exclude defendant 's experts until they know if their case will proceed . So if more experts are now being excluded , then Daubert has undoubtedly shifted the balance between plaintiffs and defendants and made it more difficult for plaintiffs to litigate successfully . '' Similarly , Daubert hearings can be subject to various abuses by attorneys attempting to bolster a weak case . These tactics can range from simply attempting to delay the case to driving up the costs of the litigation forcing settlement . A different pattern has emerged in criminal cases . In criminal cases , the prosecution has the burden of proof and uses a host of forensic science methods as evidence to prove their case . But , Daubert motions are rarely made by criminal defendants and when they do , they lose a majority of the challenges . Some critics of the use of unreliable science in court argue that Daubert has had beneficial effects in civil litigation , but fails to address the underlying pathologies of the forensic science system that leads to dubious verdicts in criminal cases . Some commentators believe that Daubert caused judges to become -- in the phrase used in former Chief Justice William Rehnquist 's dissent in Daubert -- amateur scientists , many lacking the scientific literacy to effectively fulfill their role as gatekeeper of scientific evidence . Although `` science for judges '' forums have emerged in the wake of Daubert in order to educate judges in a variety of scientific fields , many are still skeptical about the usefulness of the Daubert standard in discerning valid science . The responsibility to assess scientific relevance has shifted from highly trained expert witnesses to judges deficient in science education . The `` Daubert '' ruling furthermore admits the possible introduction of non-peer reviewed data and conclusions . This increasingly shifts the burden of scientific judgement onto judges who have not had an education which would enable them to properly evaluate such data . Pursuant to Rule 104 ( a ) , in Daubert the U.S. Supreme Court suggested that the following factors be considered : Has the technique been tested in actual field conditions ( and not just in a laboratory ) ? Has the technique been subject to peer review and publication ? What is the known or potential rate of error ? Do standards exist for the control of the technique 's operation ? Has the technique been generally accepted within the relevant scientific community ? The Supreme Court explicitly cautioned that the Daubert list should not be regarded by judges as `` a definitive checklist or test ... '' Yet in practice , judges have judged the admissibility of scientific evidence using the `` Daubert factors '' as a checklist ; for example , the trial court judge in Kumho admitted to erroneously treating the factors as mandatory . International influence ( edit ) The Canadian Supreme Court has expressly adopted the Daubert standard in two cases . R. v. Mohan , ; R. v. J.L. - J. , ( 2000 ) . In J.L. - J. , the Court took a look at the development of U.S. law in this regard , noted the U.S. Supreme Court 's rejection of the Frye standard and its replacement with the Daubert Standard . While the Court did note that : `` Daubert must be read in light of the specific text of the Federal Rules of Evidence , which differs from our own procedures , '' the Court also stated in the same sentence that `` the U.S. Supreme Court did list a number of factors that could be helpful in evaluating the soundness of novel science . '' The Court then applied the Daubert standard to a decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal . The Quebec Court had held that greater liberality should be applied by the Court in receiving pro-defense scientific evidence in a criminal case . The Court rejected this decision and reinstated the defendant 's conviction . Additionally , in 2005 , the United Kingdom House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommended the creation of a Forensic Science Advisory Council to regulate forensic evidence in the UK and observed that : The absence of an agreed protocol for the validation of scientific techniques prior to their being admitted in court is entirely unsatisfactory . Judges are not well - placed to determine scientific validity without input from scientists . We recommend that one of the first tasks of the Forensic Science Advisory Council be to develop a `` gate - keeping '' test for expert evidence . This should be done in partnership with judges , scientists and other key players in the criminal justice system , and should build on the US Daubert test . The Law Commission for England and Wales has proposed a consultation paper ( No. 190 ) to adopt a criterion like the Daubert Standard to help reform the law of evidence in regards to the admissibility of scientific evidence . See also ( edit ) Frye standard Objective historian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 522 U.S. 136 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ 526 U.S. 137 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals , Inc. ( 1993 ) 509 U.S. 579 , 589 . Jump up ^ Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals , Inc. 43 F. 3d 1311 ( 9th Cir. 1995 ) Jump up ^ Giannelli & E. Imwinkelried , Scientific Evidence § § 1.06 , 1.16 ( 4th ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Reuters Jump up ^ http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/2017/sc16-181.pdf ^ Jump up to : Berger , Margaret A. ( 2005 ) . `` What Has a Decade of Daubert Wrought '' . American Journal of Public Health . 95 ( S1 ) : S59 -- 65 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2004.044701 . PMID 16030340 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ The third circuit has emphasized the importance of conducting in limine hearings under Fed . R. Evid. 104 ( resolution of preliminary questions ) when making reliability determinations required by Fed . R. Evid. 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals , Inc. , 509 U.S. 579 , 113 S. Ct. 2786 , 125 L. Ed . 2d 469 ( 1993 ) . See Padillas v. Stork - Gamco , Inc. , 186 F. 3d 412 , 417 ( 3d Cir. 1999 ) ; Voilas v. General Motors Corp. , 73 F. Supp . 2d 452 , 455 ( D.N.J. 1999 ) ( not holding hearing in this case , however ) . See also 1 Weinstein 's Federal Evidence , Ch. 104 , Preliminary Questions ( Matthew Bender 2d ed . ) ; Edward J. Imwinkelried & David A. Schlueter , Federal Evidence Tactics , Ch. 1 , Article I : General Provisions , § 1.04 ( Matthew Bender ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Smoot v. Mazda Motors of America , Inc. , 469 F. 3d 675 , 676 ( 7th Cir. 2006 ) ( case dismissed after plaintiff expert 's testimony excluded ) ; Curtis v. M&S Petroleum , Inc. , 174 F. 3d 661 , 667 ( 5th Cir. 1999 ) ; United States v. Nichols , 169 F. 3d 1255 , 1265 - 1266 ( 10th Cir. 1999 ) ; Heller v. Shaw Indus. , Inc. , 167 F. 3d 146 , 155 , 157 - 158 ( 3d Cir. 1999 ) ; Ruiz - Troche v. Pepsi Cola of Puerto Rico , 161 F. 3d 77 , 90 ( 1st Cir. 1998 ) ; Jack v. Glaxo Wellcome Inc. , 239 F. Supp . 2d 1308 , 1319 ( D. Ga . 2002 ) ( rejecting objection of untimeliness of motion in limine to exclude expert testimony on ground that motion in limine is not dispositive ) ; United States v. Lester , 234 F. Supp . 2d 595 , 597 - 598 ( E.D. Va . 2002 ) ( criminal defendant 's motion to allow expert testimony regarding reliability of eyewitness testimony denied ) ; Lentz v. Mason , 32 F. Supp . 2d 733 , 737 ( D.N.J. 1999 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Pineda v. Ford Motor Co. , 520 F. 3d 237 , 241 - 242 ( 3d Cir. 2008 ) ( after deposition of plaintiff 's expert , defendant filed alternative motions to exclude testimony of plaintiff 's expert and for summary judgment , and motion for Daubert hearing ) . Jump up ^ Webster v. Fulton County , Ga. , 85 F. Supp . 2d 1375 , 1377 ( N.D. Ga . 2000 ) ( denying defendant 's Daubert motion as untimely , when brought after court had relied on plaintiff expert 's report in denying defense summary judgment motion , and within days of trial date ) . See also Alfred v. Caterpillar , Inc. , 262 F. 3d 1083 , 1087 ( 10th Cir. 2001 ) ( counsel should not sandbag Daubert concerns until close of opponent 's case ; however , appellate court did not reach issue of late filing of motion because district court chose to address defendant 's Daubert objections on merits , rather than deeming them waived ) ; Pullman v. Land O'Lakes , Inc. , 262 F. 3d 759 , 763 ( 8th Cir. 2001 ) ( appellate court noted with disapproval that defendant failed to bring Daubert motion until shortly before the trial began ; Daubert inapplicable to experimental test evidence not presented by expert witnesses ) . Jump up ^ See Smith v. Ford Motor Co. , 215 F. 3d 713 , 722 ( 7th Cir. 2000 ) . See also Goebel v. Denver and Rio Grande W.R.R. , 215 F. 3d 1083 , 1087 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ( district court orally denied motion to exclude expert testimony on morning of trial ) ; McPike v. Corghi S.p.A. , 87 F. Supp . 2d 890 , 891 n. 1 ( E.D. Ark . 1999 ) ( court telephoned attorneys with ruling denying defendant 's motion to exclude plaintiff 's expert testimony , because closeness of trial did not allow time for formal written memo and order at that time ; court later rendered substituted memorandum and order , fully stating reasons for its decision in writing ) . Jump up ^ See Clay v. Ford Motor Co. , 215 F. 3d 663 , 674 ( 6th Cir. 2000 ) Jump up ^ Frye v. United States , 293 F. 1013 ( DC Cir. 1923 ) Jump up ^ Owen , D.G. ( 2002 ) . `` A Decade of Daubert '' . Denver University Law Review . 80 : 345 . ISSN 0883 - 9409 . Jump up ^ Dixon , L , Gill B. Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Cases Since the Daubert Decision . RAND Institute for Civil Justice . 2002 . Jump up ^ Gutheil , Thomas G. ; Bursztajn , Harold J. ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` Attorney Abuses of Daubert Hearings : Junk Science , Junk Law , or Just Plain Obstruction ? '' . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law . 33 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 152 . PMID 15985655 . Jump up ^ Risinger , D. Michael ( 2000 ) . `` Navigating Expert Reliability : Are Criminal Standards of Certainty Being Left on the Dock ? '' . Albany Law Review . 64 : 99 . ISSN 0002 - 4678 . Jump up ^ Neufeld , P. ( 2005 ) . `` The ( Near ) Irrelevance of Daubert to Criminal Justice and Some Suggestions for Reform '' . American Journal of Public Health . 95 ( S1 ) : S107 -- S113 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2004.056333 . PMID 16030325 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David E. ( 2007 ) . `` Expert Witnesses , Adversarial Bias , and the ( Partial ) Failure of the Daubert Revolution '' . Iowa Law Review . SSRN 963461 . Jump up ^ Gatowski , S.I. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Asking the gatekeepers : A National Survey of Judges on Judging Expert Evidence in a Post-Daubert world '' . Law and Human Behavior . 25 ( 5 ) : 433 -- 458 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1012899030937 . Jump up ^ Rothman , K.J. ; Greenland , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology '' . American Journal of Public Health . 95 ( S1 ) : S144 -- S150 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2004.059204 . PMID 16030331 . Jump up ^ Melnick , R. ( 2005 ) . `` A Daubert Motion : A Legal Strategy to Exclude Essential Scientific Evidence in Toxic Tort Litigation '' . American Journal of Public Health . 95 ( S1 ) : S30 -- S34 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2004.046250 . PMID 16030335 . Jump up ^ Jasanoff , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Law 's Knowledge : Science for Justice in Legal Settings '' . American Journal of Public Health . 95 ( S1 ) : S49 -- S58 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2004.045732 . PMID 16030338 . Jump up ^ Tancredi , Laurence R & Giannini , A. James ( December 1994 ) . `` The admissibility of scientific evidence in psychiatric malpractice : junk science and the Daubert case '' . J Clin Forensic Med. 1 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / 1353 - 1131 ( 94 ) 90082 - 5 . PMID 16371283 . Jump up ^ See ( c ) of the syllabus of the Daubert case . Jump up ^ ( 1994 ) 2 S.C.R. 9 Jump up ^ 2 S.C.R. 600 Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ ( 1998 ) R.J.Q. 2229 , 130 C.C.C. ( 3d ) 541 , ( 1998 ) Q.J. No. 2493 ( QL ) . Jump up ^ House of Commons Science and Technology Committee ( 2005 ) Forensic Science on Trial , London : The Stationery Office Limited , HC96 - I , para. 173 Jump up ^ The Admissiblity of Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales ( PDF ) External links ( edit ) The Daubert Trilogy in the States Daubert on the Web Daubert - The Most Influential Supreme Court Decision You 've Never Heard Of Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy ( SKAPP ) , collection of original documents and commentary on the Daubert standard and the use of science in public policy . Barry Yeoman Putting Science in the Dock , The Nation Bernstein , David ( 1 February 2007 ) . `` Expert Witnesses , Adversarial Bias , and the ( Partial ) Failure of the Daubert Revolution '' . Iowa Law Review ( PDF 38 pages ) format = requires url = ( help ) . George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 07 - 11 , 2008 . George Mason University School of Law . 93 ( 451 ) . SSRN 963461 . Date posted : 15 February 2007 ; Last revised : 28 November 2011 The Daubert Tracker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daubert_standard&oldid=815673471 '' Categories : United States evidence law Science and law Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does daubert put the responsibility of the admissibility of evidence	[ "Some commentators believe that Daubert caused judges to become—in the phrase used in former Chief Justice William Rehnquist’s dissent in Daubert—amateur scientists, many lacking the scientific literacy to effectively fulfill their role as gatekeeper of scientific evidence.[22] Although \"science for judges\" forums have emerged in the wake of Daubert in order to educate judges in a variety of scientific fields, many are still skeptical about the usefulness of the Daubert standard in discerning valid science.[23][24][25] The responsibility to assess scientific relevance has shifted from highly trained expert witnesses to judges deficient in science education. The \"Daubert\" ruling furthermore admits the possible introduction of non-peer reviewed data and conclusions. This increasingly shifts the burden of scientific judgement onto judges who have not had an education which would enable them to properly evaluate such data.[26]" ]	[ "judges" ]
4008421966577239130	The Song That Never Ends	The song That Never Ends - wikipedia The song That Never Ends Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article or section contains close paraphrasing of one or more non-free copyrighted sources . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Song That Never Ends '' ( originally , `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) is a self - referential and infinitely iterative children 's song . The song appears in the album Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along by puppeteer Shari Lewis . It is a single verse long song , written in an infinite - loop motif in a march style , such that it naturally flows in a cyclical fashion , repeating the same verse over and over . It is still a very popular tune , typically sung during long car journeys . The song was written by writer / composer Norman Martin in 1988 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Notable appearances and recordings 3 See also 4 References Lyrics ( edit ) Original version Classical variation This is the song that does n't end Yes , it goes on and on my friend Some people started singing it not knowing what it was And they 'll continue singing it forever just because This is the song that does n't end ... This is the song that never ends It just goes on and on my friends Some people started singing it , not knowing what it was And they 'll continue singing it forever just because This is the song that never ends ... Notable appearances and recordings ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( January 2017 ) The most notable appearance of the song in the US was as the closing theme of Lamb Chop 's Play - Along , a 1992 televised puppet show on PBS , though with slightly different lyrics and a slightly different title ( known as `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) . At the end of each episode , the puppets and children would sing several verses of the song while hostess Shari Lewis would try in vain to stop them . They would eventually leave ( on her urging ) , even while beginning a sixth verse ( which eventually fades out ) . Then , the puppet character Charlie Horse would return and try to get to sing the song again , but Shari successfully stops him by grabbing his mouth and persuading him to `` go away . '' . A short rendition of the song appeared in a skit on the animated TV show Cartoon Planet ( the skit is also featured on the companion album , Space Ghost 's Musical Bar - B - Que ) . Brak sings the song until he is asked to stop by Zorak , who finds it annoying . Brak explains that he is unable to because it 's the `` song that does n't end . '' He attempts to continue until Zorak loses his temper , causing Brak to cease , remarking , `` I guess it just ended . '' The song has been adopted as an unofficial anthem by disparate groups . The Discordian organization ( or disorganization ) known as POEE has listed the song in their material with claims that it was written by a member , while fans of the rock band Styx adopted a variation , `` The Tour That Never Ends '' , to describe Styx 's 400 - plus date tour in the late 1990s in support of their album Brave New World . It was also the subject of a single strip in Dave Kellett 's Sheldon webcomic . A series of Canadian Motrin pain killer ads featured kids singing the song in the back of a car , during a traffic jam , while eating chocolate - covered coffee beans . In the Smart Guy episode `` Love Bug '' , Mo and Yvette ( Omar Gooding and Essence Atkins ) perform `` The Song That Never Ends '' variant in order to annoy a fellow contestant to see if he will exit the car they are supposed to stay in for an entire weekend in order to win it . The two eventually ( and suddenly ) stop singing , driving the man crazy as to whether they will start singing the song once again , leading to him escaping the car and automatically eliminating himself from the contest . YouTube personality Shane Dawson also uses `` The Song That Does n't End '' in some of his videos such as his `` saw '' parody because the puppet he uses is a Lamb Chop puppet . See also ( edit ) `` John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discogs `` Discogs ' Entry for Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AllMusic `` AllMusic 's Entry for Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shari Lewis ( Author ) , Marty Gold ( Author , Editor ) , Debbie Cavalier ( Editor ) Lamb Chop 's Play - Along : Piano / Vocal / Chords . Warner Brothers Publications , 1996 , p. 108 . ISBN 1576233545 ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_That_Never_Ends&oldid=802976530 '' Categories : Children 's songs Playground songs Metasongs 1988 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with close paraphrasing from April 2016 All articles with close paraphrasing Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 17 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the words to the song that never ends	[]	[]
-7941101224103467755	List of football club nicknames in the United Kingdom	List of football club nicknames in the United Kingdom - wikipedia List of football club nicknames in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Main article : Lists of nicknames in association football This is a list of nicknames for United Kingdom football clubs . Nicknames are usually preceded by ' The ' . The origins of some nicknames are unclear with various stories being put forward . The usual basis for nicknames are : Local industry Colour ( s ) of home strip Name of club Name of area or ground Logo Influence by Players or Fans Contents ( hide ) 1 England 1.1 Defunct clubs 2 Northern Ireland 3 Scotland 4 Wales 5 See also 6 References England ( edit ) Main article : Football in England Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Addicks Charlton Athletic A corruption of the word ' haddocks ' , named after a local fish and chip shop Ash Trees Ashford Town The emblem of the town , derived both from the name of the town and from the large tree that stood in the centre of the town for many years Atom Men AFC Aldermaston Named after the local Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Avenue Bradford Park Avenue The club has always been known colloquially as `` Avenue '' Badgers Stalybridge Celtic Baggies West Bromwich Albion Acquired when the players played in long shorts Bantams Bradford City A reference to the claret and amber colours of the club 's strip Beavers Hampton & Richmond Borough From the name of the ground , Beveree , itself named after a mansion in whose former grounds it is situated . Bees Basildon Based on initial letter of club name Barnet Based on initial letter of club name Brentford Based on initial letter of club name Biscuitmen Reading Referred to former Huntley and Palmers biscuit factory in the town ( not used since the 1980s ) Black Cats Sunderland Named after the Black Cat gun battery which stood on the river Wear . Also references the lucky black cat which led to the team winning the FA Cup Blades Sheffield United Local links with steel and cutlery . Bluebirds Cardiff City Based on club crest Blues Birmingham City Colour of home football kit Chelsea Colour of home football kit Everton Colour of home football kit Grays Athletic Colour of home football kit Ipswich Town Colour of home football kit Shrewsbury Town Colour of home football kit Southend United Colour of home football kit Worcester City Wycombe Wanderers Colour of home football kit . Also known as The Chairboys Boro Harrow Borough Based on club 's name Middlesbrough Short version of name Stevenage Short version of original name , Stevenage Borough Brewers Burton Albion Local links to the brewing industry Bucks AFC Telford United Derived from stadium name New Bucks Head ( previously The Bucks Head ) which was named after a pub that was formerly situated in one corner of the ground Bury St Margaretsbury Short version of name Canaries Norwich City Due to popularity of canary breeding in Norfolk in the early days of the club . The home strip became coloured to match the colour of the bird . Since 1922 , is ( part of ) the club 's badge . ( See Norwich_City_F. C. # Colours_and_crest ) . Castle Newcastle Town F.C. Short version of name Cards / Cardinals Woking From the Cardinal red of the red and white shirt halves , cards being a shortening of the nickname Carpetmen Kidderminster Harriers The modern carpet industry was founded in the area Chairboys Wycombe Wanderers Local links to the furniture making industry . Also known as The Blues . Cherries Bournemouth Stadium built on a cherry tree orchard Citizens Manchester City Derived from ' City ' Norwich City Derived from ' City ' . Original nickname for Norwich , now superseded by Canaries ( see above ) Clarets Burnley Colour of home strip Cobblers Northampton Town Local links to the shoe making industry Cod Army Fleetwood Town Local links to the fishing industry Cottagers Fulham From club 's ground , Craven Cottage , which has a cottage in the corner Cumbrians Carlisle United From Cumbria , the county the club are from Daggers Dagenham & Redbridge Based on club name Dale Rochdale Short version of name Diamonds Rushden & Diamonds Short version of name , used by its predecessor club Dolly Blues Lancaster City Derived from the fact that team originally played in the same colour as the ' Dolly Blue ' washing tablets Donny Doncaster Rovers The regional nickname of the town Dons AFC Wimbledon Taken from latter part of ' Wimbledon ' . See also Wimbledon F.C. Hendon F.C. Taken from latter part of ' Hendon ' MK Dons Taken from latter part of ' Wimbledon ' . See Wimbledon F.C. Eagles Bedford Town The emblem of Bedford features an eagle Crystal Palace Introduced during the managership of Malcolm Allison in 1973 . Origin unknown . FCUM FC United of Manchester Abbreviation of the club 's name Filberts Leicester City Seldom used , derives from previous ground being located on Filbert Street Fleet Gravesend and Northfleet Short version of name Fosse Leicester City Original name was Leicester Fosse , which derived from The Fosse Way . Name still in use by commentator Stuart Hall Foxes Leicester City Outline of Leicestershire on a map resembles a fox 's head , Hunting tradition of the county Gas Bristol Rovers Old ground next door to a Gasworks Gills Gillingham Short version of name Glassboys Stourbridge F.C. Stourbridge was a centre of glass making Glaziers Crystal Palace Reference to The Crystal Palace . No longer used Glovers Yeovil Town Local links to the glove making industry Grecians Exeter City Grecians was , for centuries , the nickname for people from the St Sidwells parish of Exeter where the ground is situated Greens Hendon F.C. The club 's home colours Gulls Torquay United Seaside link Gunners Arsenal Local links to military arsenal / due to the founders was in fact workers on a local arms factory Hammers West Ham United Although this may initially appear to be based on a simple shortening of the name , observation of the club 's crest will reveal crossed metalworking / rivetting hammers , indicating the club 's origins as the football team of Thames Ironworks Harriers Kidderminster Harriers Short version of name Hatters Luton Town Local links to hat making industry Stockport County One of Cheshire 's and Britain 's main hatting industry towns Heed Gateshead Based on shortening of Gateshead , and the local pronunciation of Head Hoops Queens Park Rangers Design of home strip Hornets Watford Colour of strip Imps Lincoln City Legend of the imp statue in Lincoln Cathedral ( also `` Red Imps '' ) Ingfielders Ossett Town So nicknamed after the name of the ground , Ingfield ) Iron Scunthorpe United Local links to the iron industry Braintree Town The club was formed as Manor Works , the works team of the Crittall Window Company , from which they gained their nickname Iron . Irons West Ham United The club 's origins as the football team of Thames Ironworks Knitters Hinckley United Local links to the Knitwear and Hosiery industry Lambs Tamworth Team plays at The Lamb Ground , named after a local pub Latics Oldham Athletic Short version of name Wigan Athletic Short version of name Lilywhites Preston North End Colour of home strip Fulham Colour of home strip Cambridge City Colour of home strip Tottenham Hotspur Colour of home strip Linnets Burscough Name of a bird sometimes known as the ' green linnet ' ; nickname used for teams that play in green King 's Lynn Town F.C. Also formerly used by its predecessor club King 's Lynn F.C. Runcorn Linnets Name of a bird sometimes known as the ' green linnet ' ; nickname used for teams that play in green . Also used by related now dissolved Runcorn F.C. Halton Lions Aston Villa Featured on badge Guiseley A.F.C. Millwall Featured on badge Magpies Newcastle United Based on black and white colour of home strip Notts County Based on black and white colour of home strip Maidenhead United Based on black and white colour of home strip . Chorley Based on black and white colour of home strip . Mariners Grimsby Town The club is based on the coast Millers Rotherham United Based on ground name ( Millmoor ) Minstermen York City York Minster is a famous landmark in the city Monkey hangers Hartlepool United During the Napoleonic wars the citizens of Hartlepool allegedly hanged a monkey believing it to be a French spy . Mushrooms Hayes & Yeading United Due to the fact that the club 's Board keep the club 's supporters in the dark . Nailers Belper Town The manufacture of nails was formerly a widespread cottage industry locally O 's Leyton Orient Based on initial letter of club name . Before squad numbers on shirts , Orient players wore large letter Os on their shirt backs Owls Sheffield Wednesday Based on name of local area ( Owlerton ) , after a visitor to the city drew a cartoon depicting Sheffield Wednesday as an owl Peacocks Leeds United ( Virtually obsolete ) . Stems from the former name of the Elland Road stadium , The Old Peacock Ground , which was in turn named after the nearby The Old Peacock pub Pilgrims Boston United Local links to the pilgrims who went to the New World Plymouth Argyle Local links to the pilgrims who went to the New World Pensioners Chelsea A reference to the Chelsea Pensioners Pirates Bristol Rovers Local links to shipping Pompey Portsmouth The nickname for the city of Portsmouth , originating from the nautical abbreviation of `` Portsmouth Point '' to `` Po 'm . P . '' Pool Blackpool Short version of name Liverpool Short version of name Pools Hartlepool United Short version of name when known as Hartlepools United Poppies Kettering Town Stadium built on a former poppy field Posh Peterborough United Believed to derive from former manager Pat Tirrel proclaiming that he was looking for : `` Posh players for a posh team '' Potters Stoke City Local links to the pottery industry Puritans Banbury United Traditionally in the town 's history , many inhabitants were strongly involved in the Puritan movement QPR Queens Park Rangers Abbreviation of club name Quakers Darlington Local links to religious movement R 's Queens Park Rangers Final initial of club abbreviation , QPR Railwaymen Crewe Alexandra Local links to railways Rams Derby County Folk song `` The Derby Ram '' , and by extension an emblem of the city Red Rebels FC United of Manchester The club having been formed by disaffected fans after the takeover of Manchester United by Malcolm Glazer . None of the fans refer to the club by this , it is purely a media name , primarily used by the Manchester Evening News . Red Devils Crawley Town Manchester United Nickname originally belonged to nearby rugby league team Salford Red Imps Lincoln City Colour of home kit and legend of the imp statue in Lincoln Cathedral Reds Liverpool Colour of home kit Nottingham Forest Colour of home kit Manchester United Colour of home kit Riversiders Blackburn Rovers After a side of the ground adjacent to a river Robins Altrincham Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Bracknell Town Bristol City Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Charlton Athletic Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Cheltenham Town Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Evesham United Ilkeston Swindon Town Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Rooks Lewes A common bird of the town Royals Reading The town is in the Royal County of Berkshire Saddlers Walsall Links to the saddle making industry Saints Brackley Town Southampton St. Mary 's Young Men 's Association St Albans City Salop Shrewsbury Town Traditional name for the town of Shrewsbury and also Shropshire as a county ( Latin name Salopia ) Sandgrounders Southport Town is on a stretch of coast known for its expansive sandy beaches School of Science Everton 1928 , comment of Everton 's attractive style of play with the team being called ' scientific ' or ' the school of science ' Seagulls Brighton & Hove Albion Based on coast , also a response to the similar - sounding nickname ' Eagles ' of their rivals Crystal Palace Seals Chester City Old ground named Sealand Road Seasiders Blackpool Based on coast Shakers Bury Club 's first chairman , JT Ingham , said before a Lancashire Cup game with Blackburn , `` We will shake them . In fact , we are the Shakers . '' Shark Team Manchester City During the 2017 / 18 season , speaking to James Ducker as part of an exclusive interview in The Telegraph , Benjamin Mendy explained his reasons for calling Manchester City this . `` We 're the big shark and when teams swim up alongside us we gobble them up , '' he said . Shaymen Halifax Town Originates from the club 's ground , same nickname as its predecessor club Shots Aldershot Town Short version of name Shrews Shrewsbury Town Short version of name Shrimps Morecambe Related to the fishing / shrimping industry in the region and Morecambe Bay 's famous `` potted shrimps '' Shrimpers Southend United A historic local industry ; alliterative Shopmates Raunds Town A reference to the local boot and shoe industry , which was largely workshop - based . Silkmen Macclesfield Town Local links to the silk industry Sky Blues Coventry City Colour of home strip Manchester City Colour of home strip Smoggies Middlesbrough From the industrial pollution , or smog , from the steel and chemical plants surrounding the town Spireites Chesterfield Reference to famous crooked spire in the town Spitfires Eastleigh The first test flight of the Supermarine Spitfire was at the airport in Eastleigh Sports Eastbourne Borough Due to team 's previous name of Langney Sports F.C. Spurs Tottenham Hotspur Based on the spurs that the fighting cockerel wears on its leg , of which comes from Harry Hotspur 's fighting cockerels in Shakespeare 's Henry IV Part1 Spartans Blyth Spartans Stags Mansfield Town Stag head on their crest Stones Maidstone United Based on the club 's name Wealdstone F.C. Based on the club 's name Stripes Stevenage Borough Based on the pattern of the home strip Swans Swansea City Based on abbreviation of city name Super Hoops Queens Park Rangers Based on the pattern of the home strip Tangerines Blackpool Colour of their home kit Tarn Barnsley F.C. ' Town ' spoken in the local accent . Terras Weymouth Club plays in a terracota coloured kit Terriers Huddersfield Town Named after the Yorkshire Terrier breed of dog - based on a vote of their supporters to create a nickname Teyn Northampton Town Town said in a Northampton accent Teyn Northampton Town Town said in a Northampton accent The Throstles West Bromwich Albion Based on the colors of birds . Tigers Gloucester City Colours of home strip Hull City Colours of home strip Toffees / Toffeemen Everton The origin of the Toffee nickname dates back almost to the formation of the club . Ye Ancient Everton Toffee House was a sweet shop owned by Old Ma Bushell , who created Everton Toffee . The toffee was sold to the fans . The team was called ' Toffees ' or ' Toffeemen ' . Toon Newcastle United Local pronunciation of ' Town ' , meaning City Centre where the ground is situated Tractor Boys Ipswich Town Local links to agriculture Tricky Trees Nottingham Forest Crest is a tree Trotters Bolton Wanderers In the 19th century , one of their pitches was adjacent to a piggery and clearances often end up in there . Players had to ' trot ' through the pig - pens to retrieve the balls . Two Blues Bishop Auckland The kit features two shades of blue , originating from the colours of Oxford University and Cambridge University . Tykes Barnsley F.C. Colloquial name for a Yorkshireman . Tynesiders Gateshead Gateshead is located on Tyneside U 's Cambridge United Initial of name Colchester United Initial of name Oxford United Initial of name Sutton United Initial of name Valiants Port Vale Based on official name Vics Northwich Victoria Based on shortening of official name Vikings Doncaster Rovers Based on the club badge , as well as Rovers being a term for Vikings Goole AFC Based on the town 's Viking history . Villans Aston Villa Based on official name and for being traditional rivals of Birmingham City Wednesday Sheffield Wednesday Original name of the club Whites Dover Athletic Fulham Colour of their home strip . Sometimes referred to as the Lillywhites Leeds United Main colour of home strip Preston North End Salisbury F.C. Same nickname as its predecessor club Wolves Wolverhampton Wanderers Based on shortening of name Wombles AFC Wimbledon Reference to the Wombles of Wimbledon Yellows Cambridge United Colour of home kit Mansfield Town Colour of home kit Sutton United Colour of home kit Yeltz Halesowen Town Origin of the name has been lost track of Yids Tottenham Hotspur Based on the high concentration of Jewish fans Defunct clubs ( edit ) Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Current use A 's Walthamstow Avenue F.C. No longer in use Bulls Hereford United After the local breed of cattle Diamonds Rushden & Diamonds Short version of name Used by its successor club Dons Wimbledon F.C. The two clubs that emerged from the surrounding controversy of its relocation , AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons , both retained the nickname . Linnets Runcorn F.C. Name of a bird sometimes known as the ' green linnet ' ; nickname used for teams that play in green Currently used by phoenix club Runcorn Linnets F.C. King 's Lynn F.C. Also formerly used by its successor club King 's Lynn Town F.C. ' Owd Reds Accrington F.C. No longer in use , not associated with current Accrington Stanley Shaymen Halifax Town Originates from the club 's ground Used by its successor club Squirrels Formby Formby 's nature reserve is home to one of England 's largest remaining populations of red squirrels Wombles Wimbledon F.C. Reference to the Wombles Adopted by AFC Wimbledon Whites Salisbury City Nickname retained by successor club Salisbury F.C. Northern Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Association football in Northern Ireland Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Bannsiders Coleraine River Bann is close by Bhoys Lurgan Celtic Named after Celtic F.C. Blues Linfield Original kits were blue in colour Candy Stripes Derry City Kit colour is red and white stripes Eagles Armagh City Gers Carrick Rangers Abbreviation of team name Glens Glentoran Abbreviation of team name Hatchetmen Crusaders Lurgan Blues Glenavon Reference to the club 's hometown and kit colour Mourneview Aces Glenavon Named after Mourneview Park and the nearby estate which shares its name Ports Portadown F.C. Abbreviation of team name Red and Blues Ards Kit colour is blue and red Reds Cliftonville Kit colour is red Seasiders Bangor Bangor , County Down , is a sea - fronted town Sky Blues Ballymena United Colour of team shirt Stute Institute Abbreviation of Institute Wee Hoops Donegal Celtic A reference to the Celtic F.C. - style kit Whites Lisburn Distillery Kit colour is white Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Football in Scotland Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Accies Hamilton Academical Short for Academical Arabs Dundee United The nickname ' the Arabs ' , refers to the fans only and NOT the team ( coined after a Scottish Cup game at Tannadice in 1963 when copious amounts of sand were put on the frozen pitch ) . Bairns Falkirk From the ancient motto of the town parish - `` Better meddle wi the deil than the Bairns o Falkirk '' Bears Rangers Shortening of the rhyming slang Teddy Bears . Fans are also known as Bluenoses and The People Bhoys Celtic From early promotional material . The ' h ' was used to capture the Irish accent of the team 's original fanbase . Binos Stirling Albion Contraction of Albion Black and Whites Elgin City Club colours . Blue Brazil Cowdenbeath An ironic nickname invented by the clubs own supporters in the early 1990s during a particularly bad run of form which has endured since Blues Stranraer Club colours . Blue Toon Peterhead The town of Peterhead is nicknamed the Blue Toon . Borderers Berwick Rangers The town of Berwick lies on the English - Scottish border Buddies St Mirren The club play in Paisley and a person from Paisley is called a Buddie . Bully Wee Clyde Small team who would bully bigger teams - wee bullies Cabbage and Ribs Hibernian Rhyming slang for Hibs Caley / Caley Thistle Inverness Caledonian Thistle Short version of the name City Brechin City Edinburgh City Elgin City Dees Dundee Diamonds Airdrieonians After the distinctive red ' V ' , or diamond , on the home kit which was first worn in 1912 Dons Aberdeen Stadium lies next to the River Don . Doonhamers Queen of the South A term used for people from Dumfries Fifers East Fife Gable Endies Montrose Wealthy merchants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries dominated the town and built their houses in a Dutch style , gable to gable . Hence the town and the football have inherited the sobriquet , `` gable - enders '' Galabankies Annan Athletic Home stadium is called Galabank . Gers Rangers Abbreviation of the club name ' Rangers ' . Harry Wraggs Partick Thistle Rhyming slang for Jags . Harry Wragg was a famous jockey in the 1930s Hedgemen Brechin City A hedge runs along one side of Glebe Park . Hibees Hibernian Short version of the name Honest Men Ayr United From a line in Robert Burns ' poem ' Tam O ' Shanter : ' Auld Ayr , wham ne'er a toun surpasses , for honest men an ' bonnie lasses . ' Hoops Celtic From famous hooped home shirt Jags Partick Thistle In colloquial Scottish a ' jag ' is the sting of a nettle or thistle . Jam Tarts Heart of Midlothian Rhyming slang for Hearts Killie Kilmarnock Short for Kilmarnock . Light Blues Rangers Comes from a newspaper description of a ' light and speedy ' Rangers team of the 1870s . Lions Livingston Club badge has a lion on it . Loons Forfar Athletic Local name for ' lads ' which were given to Angus Athletic 's 2nd XI , composed largely of younger players who broke off to form Forfar Athletic . Morton Greenock Morton Part of the full name Pars Dunfermline Athletic ( rumoured ) It was founded by dockyard workers in Rosyth , which originated from Plymouth Argyle supporters , hence the abbreviation which stands for : Plymouth Argyle Rosyth Supporters . Red Lichties Arbroath Owing to the red light that used to guide fishing boats back from the North Sea to the harbour ( Lichtie being a Scots word for light ) Rovers Raith Rovers Saints St Johnstone St Mirren Shire East Stirlingshire Sons Dumbarton Shortened form of `` Sons of the Rock '' a term used for a person from Dumbarton . Their stadium was for many years , directly under Dumbarton Rock Spiders Queen 's Park The narrow black and white stripes of their kit supposedly resembles a spider 's web Staggies Ross County The stag seen on the club 's crest . * This name refers mainly to supporters . Steelmen Motherwell A reference to the ( former ) steelworks at nearby Ravenscraig Super Js St Johnstone A reference to St Johnstone being the only league club in Scottish ( or English ) football with a J in its name Tangerines Dundee United Colour of their home kit Teddy Bears Rangers Rhyming slang ( when spoken with a Glaswegian accent , ' Bears ' rhymes with ' Gers ' . Terrors Dundee United Coined in the early 1960s as a tribute to their fighting spirit especially at Tannadice ( Before this they were known as the Black and Whites ) . Tic Celtic Short version of the name Tims Celtic Allegedly originates with the `` Tim Malloys '' , a 1900s Irish Catholic street gang from Calton , Glasgow . Used to refer to both the club itself and to its supporters . Ton Greenock Morton Short version of the name Warriors Stenhousemuir Wasps Alloa Athletic Their traditional home strip is black and yellow Waysiders Airdrieonians The Town of Airdries name may be taken from the Gaelic word `` Airdidh '' meaning a sheiling or wayside town . `` The Waysiders '' was the club nickname until the 1950s when the `` Diamonds '' became more popular Wee Gers Berwick Rangers To differentiate between their Rangers and other bigger clubs called Rangers in Scotland . Wee Rovers Albion Rovers A self acknowledgement of the clubs status as one of the smaller clubs in the Scottish league . In use since the 1920s Well Motherwell Short version of the name Wales ( edit ) Main article : Football in Wales Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Ancients Cefn Druids A reference to the druids who were prevalent around 2000 years ago Bluebirds Cardiff City Colour of home football kit and possibly named after 1909 children 's play ' Blue Bird ' Blues Cardiff City Colour of home football kit Canaries Caernarfon Town F.C. Due its yellow and green strip , a nickname that dates from 1895 . Citizens Bangor City The name of the club and Bangor 's city status Exiles Newport County Club were forced to play several seasons in Gloucestershire by the FAW Ironsides Newport County Association with steelworks and other heavy industries Jacks Swansea City Seamen from the town formerly referred to as ' Swansea Jacks ' , also after the dog Swansea Jack Lakesiders Bala Town The town , and the team 's home ground Maes Tegid , are located on the banks of a lake , Llyn Tegid Lilywhites Rhyl F.C. The colour of their home football kit Linnets Barry Town Named after the bird , based on the club 's initial green and red coloured strips Magpies Barmouth & Dyffryn United The colour of their home football kit Martyrs Merthyr Town F.C. Merthyr means `` martyr '' in Welsh , the town 's full name is derived from Tydfil , a martyred Welsh Princess Musselmen Conwy United F.C. From the local mussel ( shellfish ) industry Red Dragons Wrexham Featured on logo Robins Wrexham Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Seasiders Prestatyn Town F.C. The location of the town in the coast Steelmen Port Talbot Town Port Talbot is home to one of the largest steelworks on the continent Swans Swansea City Short version of the name Wingmakers Airbus UK Broughton Refers to being the works team of the Airbus UK factory See also ( edit ) Lists portal Lists of nicknames -- nickname list articles on Wikipedia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History , Bradford City FC '' . theBRADFORDCITYsite . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Black Cat Nickname '' . Sunderland A.F.C. Jump up ^ http://www.wokingfc.co.uk/history/ Jump up ^ `` Remembering former Palace manager Malcolm Allison '' . www.croydonguardian.co.uk. 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City Club Profile '' . ratetheref.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://thebeautifulhistory.wordpress.com/clubs/notts-county/ Jump up ^ `` Monkey Legend '' . Hartlepool United . Jump up ^ `` WAFLL - Elland Road History '' . WAFLL . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Peterborough United , History '' . Peterborough United . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Derby County '' . Extra Football . Jump up ^ Juson , Dave ; Bull , David ( 2001 ) . Full - Time at The Dell . Hagiology Publishing . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 9534474 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bury , History '' . Bury Football Club . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1012335-10-things-you-never-knew-about-everton-fc Jump up ^ `` Tractor boys making noise '' . BBC Sport. 19 December 2000 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative History : Bolton Wanderers '' . My Eyes Have Seen The Glory . ( hide ) Association football terminology Terms Formations Laws Media Positions Tactics and skills Total Football Catenaccio Tiki - taka Zona mista Variants Differences between the rules of futsal and association football Advanced skills Behind the leg flip flap Bicycle kick Cruyff Turn Curl Flip flap Keepie uppie Marseille turn Nutmeg Panenka Pelé runaround move Rabona Rainbow kick Scorpion kick Seal dribble Step over Volley Nicknames Clubs Americas Mainland Europe UK National teams People Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_football_club_nicknames_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=841678160 '' Categories : Nicknames in sports Association football in the United Kingdom lists Sports culture in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 09 : 57 . 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8088883755300563787	Frankenstein	Frankenstein - wikipedia Frankenstein Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a novel by Mary Shelley . For the characters , see Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein 's monster . For the historic German castles and other uses , see Frankenstein ( disambiguation ) . Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus Volume I , first edition Author Mary Shelley Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Gothic novel , Horror fiction , Soft science fiction Published 1 January 1818 ( Lackington , Hughes , Harding , Mavor & Jones ) Pages 280 Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley ( 1797 - 1851 ) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein , a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment . Shelley started writing the story when she was 18 , and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818 , when she was 20 . Her name first appeared on the second edition , published in France in 1823 . Shelley travelled through Europe in 1814 , journeying along the river Rhine in Germany with a stop in Gernsheim which is 17 km ( 10 mi ) away from Frankenstein Castle , where , two centuries before , an alchemist was engaged in experiments . Later , she travelled in the region of Geneva ( Switzerland ) -- where much of the story takes place -- and the topic of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions , particularly her lover and future husband , Percy Shelley . Mary , Percy , Lord Byron and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story . After thinking for days , Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made ; her dream later evolved into the novel 's story . Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement . At the same time , it is an early example of science fiction . Brian Aldiss has argued that it should be considered the first true science fiction story because , in contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction , the central character `` makes a deliberate decision '' and `` turns to modern experiments in the laboratory '' to achieve fantastic results . It has had a considerable influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories , films and plays . Since the novel 's publication , the name `` Frankenstein '' has often been used to refer to the monster itself . This usage is sometimes considered erroneous , but usage commentators regard it as well - established and acceptable . In the novel , the monster is identified by words such as `` creature '' , `` monster '' , `` demon '' , `` wretch , '' `` abortion , '' and `` it '' . Speaking to Victor Frankenstein , the wretch refers to himself as `` the Adam of your labours '' , and elsewhere as someone who `` would have ( been ) your Adam '' , but is instead `` your fallen angel '' ( which ties to Lucifer in Paradise Lost , which the monster reads , and relates to the `` modern '' Prometheus of the book 's subtitle ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Captain Walton 's introductory frame narrative 1.2 Victor Frankenstein 's narrative 1.3 Captain Walton 's concluding frame narrative 2 Characters 3 Composition 4 Publication 5 Frankenstein and the Monster 5.1 The creature 5.2 Victor Frankenstein 's surname 5.3 Victor Frankenstein 's given name 5.4 Modern Prometheus 6 Shelley 's sources 7 Reception 8 Derivative works 9 Films , plays and television 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Editions 13.1. 1 1818 text 13.1. 2 1832 text 14 External links Summary ( edit ) A variety of different editions Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister . It takes place at an unspecified time in the 18th century , as the letters ' dates are given as `` 17 -- '' . Captain Walton 's introductory frame narrative ( edit ) The novel Frankenstein is written in epistolary form , documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister , Margaret Walton Saville . Walton is a failed writer and captain who sets out to explore the North Pole and expand his scientific knowledge in hopes of achieving fame . During the voyage , the crew spots a dog sled driven by a gigantic figure . A few hours later , the crew rescues a nearly frozen and emaciated man named Victor Frankenstein . Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Walton 's crew . Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion ; he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him , and recounts a story of his life 's miseries to Walton as a warning . The recounted story serves as the frame for Frankenstein 's narrative . Victor Frankenstein 's narrative ( edit ) Victor begins by telling of his childhood . Born in Naples , into a wealthy Genevan family , Victor and his brothers , Ernest and William , all three being sons of Alphonse Frankenstein by the former Caroline Beaufort , are encouraged to seek a greater understanding of the world through chemistry . As a young boy , Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders . When Victor is five years old , his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza , the orphaned daughter of an expropriated Italian nobleman , with whom Victor later falls in love . ( During this period , Victor 's parents , Alphonse and Caroline , take in yet another orphan , Justine Moritz , who becomes William 's nanny . ) Weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany , his mother dies of scarlet fever ; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief . At the university , he excels at chemistry and other sciences , soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter . Eventually , he undertakes the creation of a humanoid , but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body , Victor makes the Creature tall , about 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in height and proportionally large . Despite his intentions , the beautiful creation of his dreams is instead hideous , with yellow eyes and skin that barely conceals the muscle tissue and blood vessels underneath . Repulsed by his work , Victor flees and dismisses him when it awakens . While wandering the streets , he meets his childhood friend , Henry Clerval , and takes Henry back to his apartment , fearful of Henry 's reaction if he sees the monster . Victor does not have to deal with that issue , however , because the monster has escaped . Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Henry . After a four - month recovery , he returns home when he learns of the murder of his brother William . Upon arriving in Geneva , Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and climbing a mountain , leading him to believe his creation is responsible . Justine Moritz , William 's nanny , is convicted of the crime after William 's locket , which had contained a miniature portrait of Caroline , is found in her pocket . Victor is helpless to stop her from being hanged , as he knows no one would believe his story . Ravaged by grief and guilt , Victor retreats into the mountains . The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale . Intelligent and articulate , the Creature relates his first days of life , living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of and hated him due to his appearance , which led him to fear and hide from them . While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage , he grew fond of the poor family living there , and discreetly collected firewood for them . Secretly living among the family for months , the Creature learned to speak by listening to them and he taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods . When he saw his reflection in a pool , he realized his physical appearance was hideous , and it terrified him as it terrifies normal humans . Nevertheless , he approached the family in hopes of becoming their friend . Initially he was able to befriend the blind father figure of the family , but the rest of them were frightened and they all fled their home , resulting in the Creature burning the cottage in a fit of rage . He then swore revenge on his creator for bringing him into a world that hated him . He traveled to Victor 's family estate using details from Victor 's journal , murdered William , and framed Justine . The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself . He argues that as a living being , he has a right to happiness . The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness , never to reappear , if Victor grants his request . Should Victor refuse his request , The Creature also threatens to kill Victor 's remaining friends and loved ones and not stop until he completely ruins him . Fearing for his family , Victor reluctantly agrees , with the Creature saying he will secretly watch over Victor 's progress . Clerval accompanies him to England , but they separate at Victor 's insistence at Perth , Scotland . Victor suspects that the Creature is following him . Working on the female creature on the Orkney Islands , he is plagued by premonitions of disaster , such as the female hating the Creature or becoming more evil than him , but more particularly the two creatures might lead to the breeding of a race that could plague mankind . He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature , who had indeed followed Victor , watching through a window . The Creature later confronts and tries to threaten Victor into working again , but Victor is convinced that the Creature is evil and that its mate would be evil as well , and the pair would threaten all humanity . Victor destroys his work and the Creature vows that he will `` be with ( him ) on ( his ) wedding night . '' Victor interprets this as a threat upon his life , believing that the Creature will kill him after finally becoming happy . When Victor lands in Ireland , he is soon imprisoned for Clerval 's murder , as the Creature had strangled Clerval to death and left the corpse to be found where his creator had arrived , causing the latter to suffer another mental breakdown in prison . After being acquitted , Victor returns home with his father , who has restored to Elizabeth some of her father 's fortune . In Geneva , Victor is about to marry Elizabeth and prepares to fight the Creature to the death , arming himself with pistols and a dagger . The night following their wedding , Victor asks Elizabeth to stay in her room while he looks for `` the fiend . '' While Victor searches the house and grounds , the Creature strangles Elizabeth to death . From the window , Victor sees the Creature , who tauntingly points at Elizabeth 's corpse ; Victor tries to shoot him , but the Creature escapes . After getting back to Geneva , Victor 's father , weakened by age and by the death of his precious Elizabeth , dies a few days later . Seeking revenge , Victor pursues the Creature to the North Pole , but collapses from exhaustion and hypothermia before he can find his quarry . Captain Walton 's concluding frame narrative ( edit ) At the end of Victor 's narrative , Captain Walton resumes the telling of the story , closing the frame around Victor 's recounting . A few days after the Creature vanished , the ship becomes trapped in pack ice and multiple crewmen die in the cold , before the rest of Walton 's crew insists on returning south once it is freed . Walton sees Victor 's story as a warning , and decides to turn the ship around . Victor dies shortly thereafter , but not before telling Walton to `` avoid ambition '' . Walton discovers the Creature on his ship , mourning over Victor 's body . The Creature tells Walton that Victor 's death has not brought him peace ; rather , his crimes have left him completely alone . The Creature vows to kill himself so that no others will ever know of his existence . Walton watches as the Creature drifts away on an ice raft that is soon lost in darkness and distance , never to be seen again . Characters ( edit ) Victor Frankenstein - Protagonist and narrator of most of the story . Creates the monster . The creature ( Frankenstein 's monster ) - The hideous creature created by Victor Frankenstein . Mrs. Margaret Saville - Resident of England . Sister of Robert Walton . Addressee of letters written by him . Captain Robert Walton - Captain of the boat which picked up Victor . Brother of Mrs. Margaret Saville , and writer of letters addressed to her . Beaufort - A Merchant . Caroline Beaufort 's father . One of the most intimate friends of Victor 's father . Caroline Beaufort - Beaufort 's daughter , Victor 's mother . Ernest - Victor 's brother . Seven years younger than Victor . Henry Clerval - Victor 's best friend from childhood . The son of a merchant of Geneva . Justine Moritz - Daughter of Madame Moritz . Moved in with the Frankenstein family at age of 12 . Elizabeth Lavenza - Daughter of a Milanese nobleman . Her mother was a German and had died on giving birth to her . Raised as Victor 's `` cousin '' in the Frankenstein home . William - Victor 's youngest brother . M. Krempe - professor of natural philosophy at university of Ingolstadt . He was an uncouth man , but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science . Influenced Victor . M. Waldman - A professor , at Ingolstadt . Influenced Victor . Agatha - Daughter of De Lacey . Felix 's sister . Felix - Son of De Lacey . De Lacey - Blind old man descended from a good family in France . Father of Agatha and Felix . His family was observed by the monster , and unbeknownst to them , taught him to speak and read . Safie - Daughter of a Turkish Merchant and a Christian Arab . Mr. Kirwin - A magistrate . Daniel Nugent - A witness against Victor in his murder trial . Composition ( edit ) Draft of Frankenstein ( `` It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ... '' ) `` How I , then a young girl , came to think of , and to dilate upon , so very hideous an idea ? '' -- Mary Shelley During the rainy summer of 1816 , the `` Year Without a Summer '' , the world was locked in a long cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 . Mary Shelley , aged 18 , and her lover ( and later husband ) Percy Bysshe Shelley , visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland . The weather was consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned , so the group retired indoors until dawn . Sitting around a log fire at Byron 's villa , the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book Fantasmagoriana , then Byron proposed that they `` each write a ghost story '' . Unable to think of a story , young Mary became anxious : `` Have you thought of a story ? I was asked each morning , and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative . '' During one evening in the middle of summer , the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life . `` Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated '' , Mary noted , `` galvanism had given token of such things '' . It was after midnight before they retired , and unable to sleep , she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the grim terrors of her `` waking dream '' . I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together . I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out , and then , on the working of some powerful engine , show signs of life , and stir with an uneasy , half vital motion . Frightful must it be ; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world . In September 2011 , astronomer Donald Olson , after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year , and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars , concluded that her `` waking dream '' took place `` between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. '' on 16 June 1816 , several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story . She began writing what she assumed would be a short story . With Percy Shelley 's encouragement , she expanded the tale into a full - fledged novel . She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment `` when I first stepped out from childhood into life '' . Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half - sister Fanny . Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard while travelling the Balkans , and from this John Polidori created The Vampyre ( 1819 ) , the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre . Thus two legendary horror tales originated from the conclave . The group talked about Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment ideas as well . Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly ; however , she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society ( Bennett 36 -- 42 ) . Mary 's and Percy Bysshe Shelley 's manuscripts for the first three - volume edition in 1818 ( written 1816 -- 1817 ) , as well as Mary Shelley 's fair copy for her publisher , are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford . The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004 , and they belong now to the Abinger Collection . In 2008 , the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein , edited by Charles E. Robinson , that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley 's original text with Percy Shelley 's additions and interventions alongside . Publication ( edit ) Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell ( 1840 -- 41 ) Shelley completed her writing in April / May 1817 , and Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818 by the small London publishing house Lackington , Hughes , Harding , Mavor , & Jones . It was issued anonymously , with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher William Godwin , her father . It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes , the standard `` triple - decker '' format for 19th - century first editions . The second edition of Frankenstein was published on 11 August 1822 in two volumes ( by G. and W.B. Whittaker ) following the success of the stage play Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake . This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book 's author on its title page . On 31 October 1831 , the first `` popular '' edition in one - volume appeared , published by Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley . This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley , partially to make the story less radical . It included a lengthy new preface by the author , presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story . This edition is the one most widely published and read now , although a few editions follow the 1818 text . Some scholars prefer the original version , arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley 's vision ( see Anne K. Mellor 's `` Choosing a Text of Frankenstein to Teach '' in the W.W. Norton Critical edition ) . In 2008 , a new edition of the novel , titled The Original Frankenstein , edited by Charles E. Robinson , was published . Robinson examined the original manuscript by Mary Shelley and noted the edits that Percy Bysshe Shelley made to it . Frankenstein and the monster ( edit ) The Creature ( edit ) Main article : Frankenstein 's monster An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish Fenian movement as akin to Frankenstein 's creature , in the wake of the Phoenix Park murders . Illustration from an 1882 issue of Punch Part of Frankenstein 's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give it a name , which causes a lack of identity . Instead it is referred to by words such as `` wretch '' , `` monster '' , `` creature '' , `` demon '' , `` devil '' , `` fiend '' , and `` it '' . When Frankenstein converses with the creature in Chapter 10 , he addresses it as `` vile insect '' , `` abhorred monster '' , `` fiend '' , `` wretched devil '' , and `` abhorred devil '' . During a telling of Frankenstein , Shelley referred to the creature as `` Adam '' . Shelley was referring to the first man in the Garden of Eden , as in her epigraph : Did I request thee , Maker , from my clay To mould Me man ? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me ? John Milton , Paradise Lost ( X . 743 -- 5 ) Although the creature would be described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and reanimated by the use of electricity , this description is not entirely consistent with Shelley 's work ; both the use of electricity and the cobbled - together image of Frankenstein 's monster were more the result of James Whale 's popular 1931 film adaptation of the story , and other early motion - picture works based upon the creature . In Shelley 's original work , Dr. Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life , and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter , though the exact nature of the process is left largely ambiguous . After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power , the doctor spends two years painstakingly constructing the creature 's body ( one anatomical feature at a time , from raw materials supplied by `` the dissecting room and the slaughter - house '' ) , which he then brings to life using his unspecified process . The creature has often been mistakenly called `` Frankenstein '' . In 1908 one author said `` It is strange to note how well - nigh universally the term `` Frankenstein '' is misused , even by intelligent people , as describing some hideous monster `` . Edith Wharton 's The Reef ( 1916 ) describes an unruly child as an `` infant Frankenstein . '' David Lindsay 's `` The Bridal Ornament '' , published in The Rover , 12 June 1844 , mentioned `` the maker of poor Frankenstein . '' After the release of Whale 's cinematic Frankenstein , the public at large began speaking of the creature itself as `` Frankenstein '' . This also occurs in Frankenstein films , including Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) and several subsequent films , as well as in film titles such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein . Furthermore , future renditions and adaptations of the story include an evil laboratory assistant Igor or Ygor , who does not actually exist within the original narrative . Victor Frankenstein 's surname ( edit ) Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name Frankenstein from a dream - vision . Despite her public claims of originality , however , a number of other sources have been suggested as Shelley 's actual inspiration . The German name Frankenstein means `` stone of the Franks '' , and it is associated with various places in Germany , including Frankenstein Castle ( Burg Frankenstein ) in Darmstadt , Hesse , and Frankenstein Castle in Frankenstein , a town in the Palatinate . There is also a castle called Frankenstein in Bad Salzungen , Thuringia , and a municipality called Frankenstein in Saxony . Until 1945 , Ząbkowice Śląskie , now a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship , Poland , was mainly populated by Germans and named Frankenstein in German , and was the site of a scandal involving gravediggers in 1606 , which has been suggested as an inspiration to the author . Finally , the name is borne by the aristocratic House of Franckenstein from Franconia . Radu Florescu argues that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814 during their return to England from their elopement to Switzerland . It was at this castle that a notorious alchemist , Conrad Dippel , had experimented with human bodies , and Florescu reasons that Mary suppressed mention of her visit in order to maintain her public claim of originality . A literary essay by A. J. Day supports Florescu 's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel . Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle that exists in Mary Shelley 's ' lost ' journals . According to Jörg Heléne , the ' lost journals ' , as well as Florescu 's claims , can not be verified . Victor Frankenstein 's given name ( edit ) Main article : Victor Frankenstein A possible interpretation of the name Victor is derived from Paradise Lost by John Milton , a great influence on Shelley ( a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley even has the monster himself read it ) . Milton frequently refers to God as `` the Victor '' in Paradise Lost , and Shelley sees Victor as playing God by creating life . In addition , Shelley 's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of Satan in Paradise Lost ; indeed , the monster says , after reading the epic poem , that he empathizes with Satan 's role in the story . There are many similarities between Victor and Percy Shelley , Mary 's husband . Victor was a pen name of Percy Shelley 's , as in the collection of poetry he wrote with his sister Elizabeth , Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire . There is speculation that one of Mary Shelley 's models for Victor Frankenstein was Percy , who at Eton had `` experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions '' , and whose rooms at Oxford were filled with scientific equipment . Percy Shelley was the first - born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir Bysshe Shelley , 1st Baronet of Castle Goring , and Richard Fitzalan , 10th Earl of Arundel . Victor 's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counselors and syndics . Percy had a sister named Elizabeth ; Victor had an adopted sister named Elizabeth . On 22 February 1815 , Mary Shelley gave birth to a baby two months prematurely , and the baby died two weeks later . Percy did not care about the condition of this premature infant and left with Claire , Mary 's stepsister , for a lurid affair . When Victor saw the creature come to life he fled the apartment , though the newborn creature approached him , as a child would a parent . The question of Victor 's responsibility to the creature is one of the main themes of the book . Modern Prometheus ( edit ) The Modern Prometheus is the novel 's subtitle ( though some modern editions now drop the subtitle , mentioning it only in an introduction ) . Prometheus , in later versions of Greek mythology , was the Titan who created mankind at the behest of Zeus . He made a being in the image of the gods that could have a spirit breathed into it . Prometheus taught man to hunt , read , and heal their sick , but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor - quality offerings from humans , Zeus kept fire from mankind . Prometheus , being the creator , took back the fire from Zeus to give to man . When Zeus discovered this , he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus , where each day an eagle would peck out his liver , only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god . He was intended to suffer alone for eternity , but eventually Heracles ( Hercules ) released him . Prometheus was also a myth told in Latin , but was a very different story . In this version Prometheus makes man from clay and water , again a very relevant theme to Frankenstein , as Victor rebels against the laws of nature ( how life is naturally made ) and as a result is punished by his creation . In 1910 , Edison Studios released the first motion - picture adaptation of Shelley 's story . The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein . Victor 's work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans . Some have claimed that Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil , and blamed him for bringing fire to man and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat ( fire brought cooking which brought hunting and killing ) . Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus , and Percy Shelley would soon write his own Prometheus Unbound ( 1820 ) . The term `` Modern Prometheus '' was actually coined by Immanuel Kant in reference to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity . Shelley 's sources ( edit ) Shelley incorporated a number of different sources into her work , one of which was the Promethean myth from Ovid . The influence of John Milton 's Paradise Lost , and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , are also clearly evident within the novel . Mary is likely to have acquired some ideas for Frankenstein 's character from Humphry Davy 's book Elements of Chemical Philosophy , in which he had written that `` science has ... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative ; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him ... '' . References to the French Revolution run through the novel ; a possible source may lie in François - Félix Nogaret 's Le Miroir des événemens actuels , ou la Belle au plus offrant ( 1790 ) : a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankénsteïn who creates a life - sized automaton . Within the past thirty years or so , many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then popular natural philosophers ( now called physical scientists ) with Shelley 's work on account of several notable similarities . Two of the most notable natural philosophers among Shelley 's contemporaries were Giovanni Aldini , who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London and Johann Konrad Dippel , who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans . While Shelley was obviously aware of both these men and their activities , she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes . Reception ( edit ) Illustration by Theodor von Holst from the frontispiece of the 1831 edition Frankenstein has been both well received and disregarded since its anonymous publication in 1818 . Critical reviews of that time demonstrate these two views , along with confused speculation as to the identity of the author . The Belle Assemblee described the novel as `` very bold fiction '' ( 139 ) . The Quarterly Review stated that `` the author has the power of both conception and language '' ( 185 ) . Sir Walter Scott , writing in Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine congratulated `` the author 's original genius and happy power of expression '' ( 620 ) , although he is less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language . The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany hoped to see `` more productions from this author '' ( 253 ) . On the other hand , the Quarterly Review described it `` a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity '' . In two other reviews where the author is known as the daughter of William Godwin , the criticism of the novel makes reference to the feminine nature of Mary Shelley . The British Critic attacks the novel 's flaws as the fault of the author : `` The writer of it is , we understand , a female ; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel ; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex , it is no reason why we should ; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment '' ( 438 ) . The Literary Panorama and National Register attacks the novel as a `` feeble imitation of Mr. Godwin 's novels '' produced by the `` daughter of a celebrated living novelist '' ( 414 ) . Despite the reviews , Frankenstein achieved an almost immediate popular success . It became widely known especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations -- Mary Shelley saw a production of Presumption ; or The Fate of Frankenstein , a play by Richard Brinsley Peake , in 1823 . A French translation appeared as early as 1821 ( Frankenstein : ou le Prométhée Moderne , translated by Jules Saladin ) . Critical reception of Frankenstein has been largely positive since the mid-20th century . Major critics such as M.A. Goldberg and Harold Bloom have praised the `` aesthetic and moral '' relevance of the novel , although there are also critics such as Germaine Greer , who criticized the novel as terrible due to technical and narrative defects ( such as it featuring three narrators that speak in the same way ) . In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism : Lawrence Lipking states ' even the Lacanian subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism , for instance , has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel ' The novel today is generally considered to be a landmark work of romantic and gothic literature , as well as science fiction . Derivative works ( edit ) There are numerous novels retelling or continuing the story of Frankenstein and his monster . For more details on derivative works , see Frankenstein in popular culture . Films , plays and television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster A photo of Charles Ogle as the monster in Frankenstein ( 1910 ) A promotional photo of Boris Karloff , as Frankenstein 's monster , using Jack Pierce 's makeup design 1823 : Richard Brinsley Peake 's adaptation , Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein , was seen by Mary Shelley and her father William Godwin at the English Opera House . 1826 : Henry M. Milner 's adaptation , The Man and The Monster ; or The Fate of Frankenstein opened on 3 July at the Royal Coburg Theatre , London . 1910 : Edison Studios produced the first Frankenstein film , directed by J. Searle Dawley . 1915 : Life Without Soul , the second film adaptation of Mary Shelley 's novel , was released . No known print of the film has survived . 1920 : The Monster of Frankenstein , Directed by Eugenio Testa , starring Luciano Albertini and Umberto Guarracino . 1931 : Universal Studios ' Frankenstein , directed by James Whale , starring Colin Clive , Mae Clarke , John Boles , Edward Van Sloan , Dwight Frye , and Boris Karloff as the monster . 1935 : James Whale directed the sequel Bride of Frankenstein , starring Colin Clive as the Doctor , and Boris Karloff as the monster once more . This incorporated the novel 's plot motif of Doctor Frankenstein creating a bride for the monster omitted from Whale 's earlier film . There were two more sequels , prior to the Universal `` monster rally '' films combining multiple monsters from various movie series or film franchises . 1939 : Son of Frankenstein was another Universal monster movie with Boris Karloff as the Creature . Also in the film were Basil Rathbone as the title character and Bela Lugosi as the sinister assistant Ygor . Karloff ended playing the Frankenstein monster with this film . 1942 : The Ghost of Frankenstein featured brain transplanting and a new monster , played by Lon Chaney Jr . The film also starred Evelyn Ankers and Bela Lugosi . 1942 -- 1948 : Universal did `` monster rally '' films featuring Frankenstein 's Monster , Dracula and the Wolf Man . Included would be Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man , House of Frankenstein , House of Dracula and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein . The last three films introduced Glenn Strange as Frankenstein 's monster . 1957 -- 1974 : Hammer Films in England did a string of Frankenstein films starring Peter Cushing , including The Curse of Frankenstein , The Revenge of Frankenstein and Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed . Co-starring in these films were Christopher Lee , Hazel Court , Veronica Carlson and Simon Ward . Another Hammer film , The Horror of Frankenstein , starred Ralph Bates as the main character , Victor Frankenstein . 1965 : Toho Studios created the film Frankenstein Conquers the World or Frankenstein vs. Baragon , followed by The War of the Gargantuas . 1972 : A comedic stage adaptation , Frankenstein 's Monster , was written by Sally Netzel and produced by the Dallas Theater Center . 1973 : The TV film Frankenstein : The True Story appeared on NBC . The movie starred Leonard Whiting , Michael Sarrazin , James Mason , and Jane Seymour . 1981 : A Broadway adaptation by Victor Gialanella played for one performance ( after 29 previews ) and was considered the most expensive flop ever produced to that date . 1984 : The flop Broadway production yielded a TV film starring Robert Powell , Carrie Fisher , David Warner , and John Gielgud . 1992 : Frankenstein became a Turner Network Television film directed by David Wickes , starring Patrick Bergin and Randy Quaid . John Mills played the blind man . 1994 : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein appeared in theatres , directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh , with Robert De Niro and Helena Bonham Carter . Its all - star cast also included John Cleese , Ian Holm , and Tom Hulce . 2004 : Frankenstein A 2 episode mini-series starring Alec Newman , with Luke Goss and Donald Sutherland . This is the only T.V. or movie adaption that is faithful to the novel . 2011 : In March , BBC3 broadcast Colin Teague 's live production from Kirkstall Abbey , Leeds , billed as Frankenstein 's Wedding , Live in Leeds . About the same time , the National Theatre , London presented a stage version of Frankenstein , which ran until 2 May 2011 . The play was written by Nick Dear and directed by Danny Boyle . Jonny Lee Miller and Benedict Cumberbatch alternated the roles of Frankenstein and the Creature . The National Theatre broadcast live performances of the play worldwide ( at 13 : 00 and 19 : 30 ) on 17 March . 2012 : An interactive ebook app created by Inkle and Profile Books that retells the story with added interactive elements . 2014 : Penny Dreadful is a horror TV series that airs on Showtime , that features Doctor Victor Frankenstein as well as his creature . 2015 : Frankenstein , a modern - day adaptation written and directed by Bernard Rose . 2015 : Victor Frankenstein is an American film directed by Paul McGuigan . 2016 : Frankenstein , a full length ballet production by Liam Scarlett . Some performances were also live simulcasts worldwide . 2019 : Bride of Frankenstein , the currently postponed second film in the Dark Universe , a reboot of the Universal series in which Javier Bardem is currently slated to portray Frankenstein 's monster . Loose adaptations 1967 : I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night and its sequel , Frankenstein Unbound ( Another Monster Musical ) , are a pair of musical comedies written by Bobby Pickett and Sheldon Allman . The casts of both feature several classic horror characters including Dr. Frankenstein and his monster . 1973 : The Rocky Horror Show , is a British horror comedy stage musical written by Richard O'Brian in which Dr. Frank N. Furter has created a creature ( Rocky ) , to satisfy his ( pro ) creative drives . Elements are similar to I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night . 1973 : Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein . Usually , the doctor is a man whose dedication to science takes him too far , but here his interest is to rule the world by creating a new species that will obey him and do his bidding . 1974 : Young Frankenstein . Directed by Mel Brooks , this sequel - spoof has been listed as one of the best movie comedies of any comedy genre ever made , even prompting an American film preservation program to include it on its listings . It reuses many props from James Whale 's 1931 Frankenstein and is shot in black - and - white with 1930s - style credits . Gene Wilder portrayed the descendant of Dr. Frankenstein , with Peter Boyle as the Monster . 1975 : The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the 1975 film adaptation of the British rock musical stageplay , The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) , written by Richard O'Brien . 1984 : Frankenweenie is a parody short film directed by Tim Burton , starring Barrett Oliver , Shelley Duvall and Daniel Stern . 1985 : The Bride starring Sting as Baron Charles Frankenstein and Jennifer Beals as Eva , a woman he creates in the same fashion as his infamous monster . 1986 : Gothic , directed by Ken Russell , is the story of the night that Mary Shelley gave birth to Frankenstein . Starring Gabriel Byrne , Julian Sands , Natasha Richardson . 1988 : Frankenstein ( フランケンシュタイン ) is a manga adaptation of Shelley 's novel by Junji Ito . 1989 : Frankenstein the Panto . A pantomime script by David Swan , combining elements of Frankenstein , Dracula , and traditional British panto . 1990 : Frankenstein Unbound . Combines a time - travel story with the story of Shelley 's novel . Scientist Joe Buchanan accidentally creates a time - rift which takes him back to the events of the novel . Filmed as a low - budget independent film in 1990 , based on a novel published in 1973 by Brian Aldiss . This novel bears no relation to the 1967 stage musical with the same name listed above . 1995 : Monster Mash is a film adaptation of I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night starring Bobby Pickett as Dr. Frankenstein . The film also features Candace Cameron Bure , Anthony Crivello and Mink Stole . 1998 : Billy Frankenstein is a very loose adaptation about a boy who moves into a mansion with his family and brings the Frankenstein monster to life . The film was directed by Fred Olen Ray . 2003 : Reading Frankenstein , a new media performance work in which Mary Shelley is a genetic engineer and artificial life scientist and her Creature a hybrid form of computational a-life . It was co-created by director Annie Loui and artist - writer Antoinette LaFarge for UC Irvine . 2004 : Frankenstein made - for - TV film based on Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein . 2005 : Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove , a 90 - minute feature film homage of classic monsters and Atomic Age creature features , shot in black and white , and directed by William Winckler . The Frankenstein Monster design and make - up was based on the character descriptions in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 's novel . 2009 : The Diary of Anne Frankenstein , a short film from Chillerrama . 2009 : Anuman Interactive ( French publisher ) launches Frankestein , a hidden objects game freely inspired by Mary Shelley 's book , on iPhone and iPad . 2011 : Frankenstein : Day of the Beast is an independent horror film based loosely on the original book . 2011 : Victor Frankenstein appears in the ABC show Once Upon a Time , a fantasy series on ABC that features multiple characters from fairy tales and classic literature trapped in the real world . 2012 : Frankenweenie , Tim Burton 's feature film remake of his 1984 short film of the same name . 2012 : In the Adventure Time episode `` Princess Monster Wife '' , the Ice King removes body parts from all the princesses that rejected him and creates a jigsaw wife to love him . 2012 : A Nightmare on Lime Street , Fred Lawless 's comedy play starring David Gest staged at the Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool . 2014 : I , Frankenstein is a 2014 fantasy action film . The film stars Aaron Eckhart as Adam Frankenstein and Bill Nighy . The film is based on the graphic novel . 2014 : Frankenstein , MD , A web show by Pemberly Digital starring Victoria , a female adaptation of Victor . 2015 : The Supernatural season 10 episodes Book of the Damned , Dark Dynasty and The Prisoner feature the Styne Family which member Eldon Styne identifies as the descendants of the house of Frankenstein . According to Eldon , Mary Shelley had learned their secrets while on a visit to Castle Frankenstein and wrote a book based on her experiences , forcing the Frankensteins underground as the Stynes . The Stynes , through bioengineering and surgical enhancements , feature many of the superhuman features of Frankenstein 's monster . 2015 : The Frankenstein Chronicles , is a British television drama series - starring Sean Bean as John Marlott and Anna Maxwell Martin as Mary Shelley 2016 : Second Chance , a TV series known at one point as Frankenstein , was inspired by the classic . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Books portal Frankenstein argument Frankenstein complex Frankenstein in Baghdad Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein 's monster Golem Homunculus Johann Conrad Dippel List of dreams Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 1 January 1818 ) . `` Books Published This Day '' . The Times ( 10342 ) . London , England . p. 4 -- via Newspapers.com . This day is published , in 3 vols. , price 16s . 6d. , a Work of Imagination , to be entitled Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus . Jump up ^ Hobbler , Dorthy and Thomas . The Monsters : Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein . Back Bay Books ; 20 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Martin . Mary Shelley . Oxford University Press , 2002 Jump up ^ Seymour , Miranda . Mary Shelley . Atlanta , GA : Grove Press , 2002 . pg 110 - 111 Jump up ^ The Detached Retina : Aspects of SF and Fantasy by Brian Aldiss ( 1995 ) , page 78 . Jump up ^ Bergen Evans , `` Comfortable Words , '' New York : Random House , 1957 Jump up ^ Bryan Garner , `` A Dictionary of Modern American Usage '' , New York , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of American English '' , Merriam - Webster : 2002 Jump up ^ `` Preface '' , 1831 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ Sunstein , 118 . Jump up ^ Dr. John Polidori , `` The Vampyre '' 1819 , The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register ; London : H. Colburn , 1814 -- 1820 . Vol. 1 , No. 63 . Jump up ^ paragraph 7 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 8 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 10 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary . Paragraphs 11 -- 13 , `` Introduction '' Frankenstein ( 1831 edition ) Gutenberg Jump up ^ Quoted in Spark , 157 , from Mary Shelley 's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein . Jump up ^ Radford , Tim , Frankenstein 's hour of creation identified by astronomers , The Guardian , Sunday 25 September 2011 ( retrieved 5 January 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bennett , An Introduction , 30 -- 31 ; Sunstein , 124 . Jump up ^ Sunstein , 117 . Jump up ^ Hay , 103 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` OX.ac.uk '' . Bodley.ox.ac.uk. 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary Shelley , with Percy Shelley ( 2008 ) . Charles E. Robinson , ed . The Original Frankenstein . Oxford : Bodleian Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 851 - 24396 - 9 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles ( 1996 ) . The Frankenstein Notebooks : A Facsimile Edition . 1 . Garland Publishing , Inc. p. xxv . She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old , she finished it as Mary Shelley in April / May 1817 when she was nineteen ... and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty . Jump up ^ Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft . Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ D.L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf , `` A Note on the Text '' , Frankenstein , 2nd ed. , Peterborough : Broadview Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wollstonecraft Shelley , Mary ( 2000 ) . Frankenstein . Bedford Publishing . p. 3 . Jump up ^ See forward to Barnes and Noble classic edition . Jump up ^ The edition published by Forgotten Books is the original text , as is the `` Ignatius Critical Edition '' . Vintage Books has an edition presenting both versions . Jump up ^ James Grande ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` The Original Frankenstein , By Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley ed Charles E Robinson '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Frankenstein : Celluloid Monster at the National Library of Medicine website of the ( U.S. ) National Institutes of Health Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature / Exhibit Text '' ( PDF ) . National Library of Medicine and ALA Public Programs Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . from the traveling exhibition Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Author 's Digest : The World 's Great Stories in Brief , by Rossiter Johnson , 1908 Jump up ^ The Reef , page 96 . Jump up ^ zapomniana , Historia ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein '' . Jump up ^ Florescu 1996 , pp. 48 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Day , A.J. ( 2005 ) . Fantasmagoriana ( Tales of the Dead ) . Fantasmagoriana Press . pp. 149 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 5291 - 0 . Jump up ^ Helene , Jorge ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , Castle Frankenstein and the alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel '' . Darmstadt . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wade , Phillip . `` Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein . '' Milton and the Romantics , 2 ( December , 1976 ) , 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Jones 1952 , pp. 496 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Sandy , Mark ( 20 September 2002 ) . `` Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire '' . The Literary Encyclopedia . The Literary Dictionary Company . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Bysshe Shelley ( 1792 -- 1822 ) '' . Romantic Natural History . Department of English , Dickinson College . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Percy Shelley # Ancestry Jump up ^ `` Journal 6 December -- Very Unwell . Shelley & Clary walk out , as usual , to heaps of places ... A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir . Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event , which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells , etc. , for it is the son of his wife . '' Quoted in Spark , 39 . Jump up ^ For example , the Longman study edition published in India in 2007 by Pearson Education Jump up ^ In the best - known versions of the Prometheus story , by Hesiod and Aeschylus , Prometheus merely brings fire to mankind . But in other versions , such as several of Aesop 's fables ( See in particular Fable 516 ) , Sappho ( Fragment 207 ) , and Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Prometheus is the actual creator of humanity . Jump up ^ ( Leonard Wolf , p. 20 ) . Jump up ^ RoyalSoc.ac.uk `` Benjamin Franklin in London . '' The Royal Society . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Douthwaite , `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution '' chapter 2 of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France ( Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Ruston , Sharon ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` The Science of Life and Death in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' . The Public Domain Review . Jump up ^ This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the 2008 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ `` Crossref-it.info '' . Crossref-it.info . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Frankenstein , or the Modern Prometheus '' . The Quarterly Review . 18 : 379 -- 385 . January 1818 . Jump up ^ `` Enotes.com '' . Enotes.com . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KCTCS.edu '' . Octc.kctcs.edu . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Germaine Greer ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Yes , Frankenstein really was written by Mary Shelley . It 's obvious - because the book is so bad '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ L Lipking Frankenstein the True Story ; or Rousseau Judges Jean - Jacques . ( Published in the Norton critical edition. 1996 ) Jump up ^ UTM.edu Lynn Alexander , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Shanon ( 11 February 1998 ) . `` A Chronology of the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : 1825 -- 1835 '' . umd.edu . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Blood on the Stage , 1950 -- 1975 : Milestone Plays of Crime , Mystery and Detection , by Amnon Kabatchnik . Scarecrow Press , 2011 , p. 300 Jump up ^ Lawson , Carol ( 7 January 1981 ) . `` '' FRANKENSTEIN '' NEARLY CAME BACK TO LIFE `` . New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickling , Alfred ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` Frankenstein 's Wedding -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing FRANKENSTEIN , a new interactive literary app for iPad and iPhone '' . Profile Books . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hello Igor ... Daniel Radcliffe gets into character on the set of the brand new Frankenstein movie , The Daily Mail Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein 4 -- 27 May 2016 . Main Stage . The world premiere of Liam Scarlett 's new full - length ballet , inspired by Mary Shelley 's Gothic masterpiece '' . roh.org.uk . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Rose ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` Frankenstein to be relayed live to BP Big Screens in the UK and cinemas around the world on 18 May 2016 '' . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Universal Pictures Unveils `` Dark Universe '' With Name , Mark and Musical Theme for its Classic Monsters Series of Films `` . PR Newswire . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` ' Bride Of Frankenstein ' Back To Lab As London Pre-Production Postponed ; Javier Bardem & Angelina Jolie Expected To Wait '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ LaFarge , Antoinette , and Annie Loui . `` Excerpts from Reading Frankenstein : Mary Shelley as 21st Century Artificial Life Scientist '' . Ada : A Journal of Gender , New Media & Technology , Fall 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Communiqués officiels des jeux vidéo '' . AFJV . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare On Lime Street -- Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool '' . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Rob Kazinsky Is Fox 's ' Frankenstein ' Monster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . References ( edit ) Aldiss , Brian W. `` On the Origin of Species : Mary Shelley '' . Speculations on Speculation : Theories of Science Fiction . Eds . James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow , 2005 . Baldick , Chris . In Frankenstein 's Shadow : Myth , Monstrosity , and Nineteenth - Century Writing . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . Bann , Stephen , ed . `` Frankenstein '' : Creation and Monstrosity . London : Reaktion , 1994 . Behrendt , Stephen C. , ed . Approaches to Teaching Shelley 's `` Frankenstein '' . New York : MLA , 1990 . Bennett , Betty T. and Stuart Curran , eds . Mary Shelley in Her Times . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5976 - X . Bohls , Elizabeth A. `` Standards of Taste , Discourses of ' Race ' , and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster : Critique of Empire in Frankenstein '' . Eighteenth - Century Life 18.3 ( 1994 ) : 23 -- 36 . Botting , Fred . Making Monstrous : `` Frankenstein '' , Criticism , Theory . New York : St. Martin 's , 1991 . Chapman , D. That Not Impossible She : A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , UK : Concept , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1480047617 Clery , E.J. Women 's Gothic : From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley . Plymouth : Northcote House , 2000 . Conger , Syndy M. , Frederick S. Frank , and Gregory O'Dea , eds . Iconoclastic Departures : Mary Shelley after `` Frankenstein '' : Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley 's Birth . Madison , New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1997 . Donawerth , Jane . Frankenstein 's Daughters : Women Writing Science Fiction . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1997 . Douthwaite , Julia V . `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution , '' chapter two of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . Dunn , Richard J. `` Narrative Distance in Frankenstein '' . Studies in the Novel 6 ( 1974 ) : 408 -- 17 . Eberle - Sinatra , Michael , ed . Mary Shelley 's Fictions : From `` Frankenstein '' to `` Falkner '' . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2000 . Ellis , Kate Ferguson . The Contested Castle : Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Florescu , Radu ( 1996 ) . In Search of Frankenstein : Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley 's Monster ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 861 - 05033 - 5 . Forry , Steven Earl . Hideous Progenies : Dramatizations of `` Frankenstein '' from Mary Shelley to the Present . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1990 . Freedman , Carl . `` Hail Mary : On the Author of Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction '' . Science Fiction Studies 29.2 ( 2002 ) : 253 -- 64 . Gigante , Denise . `` Facing the Ugly : The Case of Frankenstein '' . ELH 67.2 ( 2000 ) : 565 -- 87 . Gilbert , Sandra and Susan Gubar . The Madwoman in the Attic : The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth - Century Literary Imagination . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1979 . Hay , Daisy `` Young Romantics '' ( 2010 ) : 103 . Heffernan , James A.W. `` Looking at the Monster : Frankenstein and Film '' . Critical Inquiry 24.1 ( 1997 ) : 133 -- 58 . Hodges , Devon . `` Frankenstein and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel '' . Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature 2.2 ( 1983 ) : 155 -- 64 . Hoeveler , Diane Long . Gothic Feminism : The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1998 . Holmes , Richard . Shelley : The Pursuit. 1974 . London : Harper Perennial , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720458 - 2 . Jones , Frederick L. ( 1952 ) . `` Shelley and Milton '' . Studies in Philology. 49 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 519 . JSTOR 4173024 . Knoepflmacher , U.C. and George Levine , eds . The Endurance of `` Frankenstein '' : Essays on Mary Shelley 's Novel . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1979 . Lew , Joseph W . `` The Deceptive Other : Mary Shelley 's Critique of Orientalism in Frankenstein '' . Studies in Romanticism 30.2 ( 1991 ) : 255 -- 83 . Lauritsen , John . `` The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein '' . Pagan Press , 2007 . London , Bette . `` Mary Shelley , Frankenstein , and the Spectacle of Masculinity '' . PMLA 108.2 ( 1993 ) : 256 -- 67 . Mellor , Anne K. Mary Shelley : Her Life , Her Fiction , Her Monsters . New York : Methuen , 1988 . Michaud , Nicolas , Frankenstein and Philosophy : The Shocking Truth , Chicago : Open Court , 2013 . Miles , Robert . Gothic Writing 1750 -- 1820 : A Genealogy . London : Routledge , 1993 . Milner , Andrew . Literature , Culture and Society . London : Routledge , 2005 , ch. 5 . O'Flinn , Paul . `` Production and Reproduction : The Case of Frankenstein '' . Literature and History 9.2 ( 1983 ) : 194 -- 213 . Poovey , Mary . The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer : Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft , Mary Shelley , and Jane Austen . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 . Rauch , Alan . `` The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' . Studies in Romanticism 34.2 ( 1995 ) : 227 -- 53 . Selbanev , Xtopher . `` Natural Philosophy of the Soul '' , Western Press , 1999 . Schor , Esther , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Scott , Grant F. ( 1934 ) . `` Victor 's Secret : Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward 's Illustrations to Frankenstein '' . Word & Image - 28 ( April -- June 2012 ) . pp. 206 -- 232 . Smith , Johanna M. , ed . Frankenstein . Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 1992 . Spark , Muriel . Mary Shelley . London : Cardinal , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7474 - 0318 - X . Stableford , Brian . `` Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction '' . Anticipations : Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors . Ed . David Seed . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1995 . Sunstein , Emily W. Mary Shelley : Romance and Reality. 1989 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4218 - 2 . Tropp , Martin . Mary Shelley 's Monster . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1976 . Veeder , William . Mary Shelley & Frankenstein : The Fate of Androgyny . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1986 . Williams , Anne . The Art of Darkness : A Poetics of Gothic . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . Further reading ( edit ) Richard Holmes , `` Out of Control '' ( review of Mary Shelley , Frankenstein , Or , The Modern Prometheus : Annotated for Scientists , Engineers , and Creators of All Kinds , edited by David H. Guston , Ed Finn , and Jason Scott Robert , MIT Press , 277 pp. ; and Mary Shelley , The New Annotated Frankenstein , edited and with a foreword and notes by Leslie S. Klinger , Liveright , 352 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXIV , no . 20 ( 21 December 2017 ) , pp. 38 , 40 -- 41 . Editions ( edit ) 1818 text ( edit ) Shelley , Mary Frankenstein : 1818 text ( Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Edited with an introduction and notes by Marilyn Butler . 1832 text ( edit ) Fairclough , Peter ( ed . ) Three Gothic Novels : Walpole / Castle of Otranto , Beckford / Vathek , Mary Shelley / Frankenstein ( Penguin English Library , 1968 ) . With an introductory essay by Mario Praz . Shelley , Mary Frankenstein ( Oxford University Press , 2008 ) . Edited with an introduction and notes by M.K. Joseph . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankenstein . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frankenstein Wikisource has original text related to this article : Frankenstein Frankenstein at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein 1818 edition at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein public domain audiobook at LibriVox Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology and Resource Site `` On Frankenstein '' , review by Percy Bysshe Shelley `` 13 Ways of Looking at Frankenstein '' , slideshow by Life `` My Hideous Progeny : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' Frankenstein : a new reality ! Inside look at the `` Frankenstein Phenomenon '' Inside look at the `` Read original Frankenstein by Mary Shelley '' Crash Course Literature - Frankenstein ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films ( expands on the right ) Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Frankenstein - Italian Style ( 1975 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Frankenhooker ( 1990 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Frankenthumb ( 2002 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Others Frankenstein ( 1910 ) Life Without Soul ( 1915 ) The Monster of Frankenstein ( 1920 ) I Was a Teenage Frankenstein ( 1957 ) Frankenstein 1970 ( 1958 ) Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster ( 1965 ) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1966 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Lady Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Frankenstein ' 80 ( 1972 ) Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein ( 1973 ) Blackenstein ( 1973 ) Frankenstein 's Castle of Freaks ( 1974 ) Frankenstein Legend of Terror ( 1981 ) Frankenstein Island ( 1981 ) The Bride ( 1985 ) Frankenstein Unbound ( 1990 ) Frankenstein ( 1992 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove ( 2005 ) Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl ( 2009 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Frankenstein : Day of the Beast ( 2011 ) Frankenstein 's Army ( 2013 ) The Frankenstein Theory ( 2013 ) I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) Army of Frankensteins ( 2014 ) Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Victor Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Television Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 ) Frankenstein : The True Story ( 1973 ) Struck by Lightning ( 1979 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1997 ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , TV film ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , miniseries ) Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole ( 2010 ) Once Upon a Time `` The Doctor '' ( 2012 ) `` In the Name of the Brother '' ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( 2015 ) Second Chance ( 2016 ) Stage Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein ( 1823 ) Frankenstein , or The Vampire 's Victim ( 1887 ) Joined At The Heart ( 2007 ) Frankenstein -- A New Musical ( 2007 ) Young Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Frankenstein ( 2011 play ) Frankenstein 's Wedding ( 2011 play ) Novels Frankenstein 's Aunt ( 1978 ) Frankenstein 's Aunt Returns ( 1989 ) Frankenstein 's Cat ( 2001 ) Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein Prodigal Son ( 2005 ) City of Night ( 2005 ) Dead and Alive ( 2009 ) Lost Souls ( 2010 ) Comics Bernie Wrightson 's Frankenstein Frankenstein ( DC Comics ) Frankenstein ( Dell Comics ) Doc Frankenstein Embalming Frankenstein 's Monster ( Marvel Comics ) Frankenstein ( Prize Comics ) Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein Frankenstein : The Monster Returns Dr. Franken Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Frankenstein : Through the Eyes of the Monster Van Helsing Related Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein Castle Johann Conrad Dippel Frankenstrat ( guitar ) `` Frankenstein '' ( 1973 single ) Frankenstein ( Death Race ) Frankenstein , MD ( 2014 ) Mary Shelley Works History of a Six Weeks ' Tour Frankenstein Mathilda Proserpine Midas Valperga `` Maurice '' The Last Man The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck `` The Mortal Immortal '' Lodore Falkner Rambles in Germany and Italy Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men Family Percy Bysshe Shelley ( husband ) Percy Florence Shelley ( son ) Mary Wollstonecraft ( mother ) William Godwin ( father ) Fanny Imlay ( half - sister ) Claire Clairmont ( stepsister ) Related Mounseer Nongtongpaw Frankenstein in popular culture Rowing with the Wind ( 1988 film ) Lord Byron John Polidori Thomas Jefferson Hogg Organ transplantation in fiction Novels and short stories Frankenstein ( 1818 ) Les Mains d'Orlac ( 1920 ) A Gift from Earth ( 1968 ) Coma ( 1977 ) Pegasus in Flight ( 1990 ) Flatlander ( 1995 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2004 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2005 ) Unwind ( 2007 ) Films The Hands of Orlac ( 1924 ) Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Mad Love ( 1935 ) The Hands of Orlac ( 1960 ) Hands of a Stranger ( 1962 ) Night of the Bloody Apes ( 1969 ) The Amazing Transplant ( 1970 ) Percy ( 1971 ) The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant ( 1971 ) The Resurrection of Zachary Wheeler ( 1971 ) The Thing with Two Heads ( 1972 ) Mansion of the Doomed ( 1976 ) Coma ( 1978 ) Parts : The Clonus Horror ( 1979 ) Fleisch ( 1979 ) The Man with Two Brains ( 1983 ) Body Parts ( 1991 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) The Eye ( 2002 ) Dirty Pretty Things ( 2002 ) 21 Grams ( 2003 ) The Island ( 2005 ) Turistas ( 2006 ) Awake ( 2007 ) Seven Pounds ( 2008 ) Repo ! The Genetic Opera ( 2008 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2009 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) Repo Men ( 2010 ) The Harvest ( 2013 ) Pound of Flesh ( 2015 ) Television `` Spock 's Brain '' ( 1968 ) The Brain of Morbius ( 1976 ) `` Appointment on Route 17 '' ( 1988 ) `` Phage '' ( Vidiians ) ( 1995 ) Three Rivers ( 2009 - 2010 ) Coma ( 2012 ) iZombie ( 2015 ) Music `` Gary Gilmore 's Eyes '' ( 1977 ) Concepts Organ trade Organlegging Brain transplantation Body horror VIAF : 185508590 LCCN : n84007242 GND : 4220200 - 0 SUDOC : 027515354 BNF : cb11953887q ( data ) NLA : 35303735 BNE : XX2187643 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&oldid=815670583 '' Categories : Frankenstein British science fiction novels British novels adapted into films Gothic novels British horror novels Epistolary novels Romanticism Novels set in the Arctic Novels set in Germany Novels set in Switzerland Novels by Mary Shelley Works published anonymously Debut novels Novels about revenge Frame stories 1818 British novels Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1810s science fiction novels 1810s fantasy novels Science fiction horror novels Human and non-human experimentation in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 08 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	to whom does the narrator write in frankenstein	[ "Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister. It takes place at an unspecified time in the 18th century, as the letters' dates are given as \"17—\"." ]	[ "his sister" ]
-794663900788315847	The Polar Express (film)	The Polar Express ( film ) - Wikipedia The Polar Express ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Polar Express Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Steve Starkey Robert Zemeckis Gary Goetzman William Teitler Screenplay by Robert Zemeckis William Broyles , Jr . Based on The Polar Express by Chris Van Allsburg Starring Tom Hanks Daryl Sabara Nona Gaye Jimmy Bennett Eddie Deezen Michael Jeter Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Don Burgess Robert Presley Edited by R. Orlando Duenas Jeremiah O'Driscoll Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Shangri - La Entertainment ImageMovers Playtone Golden Mean Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 21 ) ( Chicago International Film Festival ) November 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $165 million Box office $309.8 million The Polar Express is a 2004 American 3D computer - animated Christmas musical fantasy film based on the 1985 children 's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg , who also served as one of the executive producers on the film . Written , produced , and directed by Robert Zemeckis , the film features human characters animated using live action motion capture animation . The film stars Daryl Sabara , Nona Gaye , Jimmy Bennett , and Eddie Deezen , with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles . The film also included a performance by Tinashe at age 9 , who later gained exposure as a pop singer in the 2010s , as the CGI - model for the female protagonist . Castle Rock Entertainment produced the film in association with Shangri - La Entertainment , ImageMovers , Playtone , and Golden Mean for Warner Bros. Pictures , as Castle Rock 's first animated production . The visual effects and performance capture were done at Sony Pictures Imageworks . The film was made with a budget of $165 million , a record - breaking sum for an animated feature at the time . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX 3D theaters on November 10 , 2004 . It grossed $309 million worldwide , and was later listed in the 2006 Guinness World Book of Records as the first all - digital capture film . The film also marks Michael Jeter 's last acting role before his death , and the film was thus dedicated to his memory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Polar Express Locomotive 4 IMAX 3D version 5 Home media release 6 Soundtrack 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Box office 7.3 Awards and honors 8 The `` Polar Express Experience '' 9 Video game 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) On the night of Christmas Eve , a Grand Rapids , Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus . As he struggles to sleep , he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home , and dons his robe to investigate , tearing the robe 's pocket as he retrieves it . Outside , the train 's conductor ( Tom Hanks ) introduces the train as the Polar Express , bound for the North Pole . The boy initially declines to board , but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away . In a passenger car , he befriends a spirited and amicable girl , and a condescending know - it - all . The train stops to pick up an impoverished child , Billy , who also declines to board ; Billy changes his mind , and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train , much to the conductor 's chagrin . As Billy sits alone in the train 's rear dining car , hot chocolate is served in the passenger car , and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy . As she and the conductor cross to the dining car , the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched , but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it . The ticket reeenters the passenger car , but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car . The know - it - all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train ; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor , climbing onto the roof from the rear platform . He meets a hobo camping on the roof , who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts . The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train 's coal tender , where the hobo disappears . Here , the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train 's headlight . The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou , whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy , girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive . The throttle 's split pin sheers off , causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179 - degree grade and onto a frozen lake , where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks . The boy returns the girl 's ticket , and as the three return to the passenger car , the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette ( controlled by the hobo ) , taunting him and calling him a doubter . The train finally arrives at the North Pole , where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas , from Santa himself . The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car , and she and the boy persuade him to come along ; however , the boy accidentally unhitches the car , sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa 's workshop . The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa 's sack , where they discover that the know - it - all stowed away along with them , hoping to open his Christmas presents early . The elves rescue them as Santa arrives , and the boy grows frustrated , unable to see Santa through the crowd . A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers ' reins ; the boy initially can not hear it ring , until he finds it within himself to believe . He returns the bell to Santa as he passes , and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas . The boy asks to keep the jingle bell , and places it in his robe pocket . The children all board the Polar Express to return home , but the boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out . He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell . He holds it to his ear and shakes it ; his parents , not believing in Santa , lament how the bell is `` broken '' . Cast ( edit ) This film marks the final performance of actor Michael Jeter ; Jeter died the year before the film 's release . Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy ( motion - capture only ) , the Hero Boy 's father , the Conductor , the Hobo , Santa Claus , and the Narrator Daryl Sabara as the Hero Boy ( voice ) Josh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Leslie Zemeckis as Sister Sarah ( motion - capture only ) and the Hero Boy 's mother Isabella Peregrina as Sister Sarah ( voice ) Ashly Holloway as Sister Sarah ( additional motion - capture ) Eddie Deezen as Know - It - All Jimmy ' Jax ' Pinchak as Know - It - All ( additional motion - capture ) Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl ( additional motion - capture ) Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl ( singing voice ) Tinashe as the Hero Girl ( motion - capture modeling ) Peter Scolari as Billy the Lonely Boy ( motion - capture only ) Hayden McFarland as Billy the Lonely Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Jimmy Bennett as Billy the Lonely Boy ( voice ) Matthew Hall as Billy the Lonely Boy ( singing voice ) Dylan Cash as Boy on Train ( voice ) Brendan King and Andy Pellick as the Pastry Chefs Josh Eli , Rolandas Hendricks , Jon Scott , Sean Scott , Mark Mendonca , Mark Goodman , Gregory Gast , and Gordon Hart as the Waiters Andre Sogliuzzo as Smokey and Steamer ( voice ) Michael Jeter as Smokey and Steamer ( motion - capture only ) Chris Coppola as Gus the Toothless Boy and an Elf Connor Matheus as the Toothless Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Julene Renee as the Red Head Girl and an Elf Phil Fondacaro , Debbie Lee Carrington , Mark Povinelli , and Ed Gale as Elves Charles Fleischer as the Elf General Steven Tyler as the Elf Lieutenant and the Elf Singer Dante Pastula as the Little Boy Eric Newton , Aidan O'Shea , Aaron Hendry , Kevin C. Carr , Bee Jay Joyer , Jena Carpenter , Karine Mauffrey , Beth Carpenter , Bill Forchion , Devin Henderson , and Sagiv Ben - Binyamin as Acrobatic Elves Evan Sabara as a Young Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Production ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) Administration building of the Pullman Palace Car Company The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history . The buildings in the square at the city 's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago 's Pullman neighborhood . Polar Express locomotive ( edit ) Pere Marquette locomotive 1225 , the basis for the Polar Express . The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2 - 8 - 4 Berkshire type steam locomotive , with a cowcatcher , modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225 , which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing , Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University , where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child . In July 2002 , Warner Bros. approached the engine 's owner , the Steam Railroading Institute , to study the engine . The engine in the film is modeled from the PM # 1225 's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam . The whistle , however , was taken from Sierra Railway # 3 . IMAX 3D version ( edit ) In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format , a 3 - D version for IMAX was also released , generated from the same 3 - D digital models used for the standard version . Home Media release ( edit ) The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full - screen versions in single and two - disc special editions ( with bonus features ) and on VHS on November 22 , 2005 , one year after the film came out . It was released on Blu - ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30 , 2007 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Polar Express ( soundtrack ) Performer ( s ) Title Length Tom Hanks `` The Polar Express '' 3 : 25 Matthew Hall & Meagan Moore `` When Christmas Comes to Town '' 4 : 07 Steven Tyler `` Rockin ' on the Top of the World '' 2 : 35 Josh Groban `` Believe '' 4 : 18 Tom Hanks `` Hot Chocolate '' 2 : 33 Alan Silvestri `` Spirit of the Season '' 2 : 34 Frank Sinatra `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' 2 : 35 Alan Silvestri `` Seeing Is Believing '' 3 : 47 Bing Crosby `` White Christmas '' 3 : 05 The Andrews Sisters `` Winter Wonderland '' 2 : 43 Perry Como &The Fontane Sisters `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' 2 : 40 Kate Smith `` Silver Bells '' 2 : 39 Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters `` Here Comes Santa Claus ( Right Down Santa Claus Lane ) '' 3 : 04 Alan Silvestri `` Suite from the Polar Express '' 6 : 02 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 202 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though the movie is visually stunning overall , the animation for the human characters is n't lifelike enough , and the story is padded . '' Despite the polarized reception from critics , The Polar Express has been popular among audiences . The Independent reported in 2011 that the film `` is now seen by many as a classic '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars , saying , `` There 's a deeper , shivery tone , instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie . '' And `` It has a haunting , magical quality ... '' Acknowledging comments by other reviewers , Ebert said , `` It 's a little creepy . Not creepy in an unpleasant way , but in that sneaky , teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen . '' Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well , saying that it `` remains true to the book , right down to the bittersweet final image . '' James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5 / 4 , stating that it is `` a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages '' , and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004 . The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars , and called it `` a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said , `` I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it did n't give me the creeps . '' Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated , `` If I were a child , I 'd have nightmares . Come to think of it , I did anyway . '' Paul Clinton from CNN called it `` at best disconcerting , and at worst , a wee bit horrifying '' . Box Office ( edit ) The film opened at # 2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters , for a per - theater average of $6,390 and a per - screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend . It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch . The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters , for an IMAX theater average of $35,593 , and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday . In its second weekend , it grossed another $15,668,101 , averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12 - day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927 , averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19 - day cumulative to $81,479,861 . The film has made $185,618,322 domestically ( including IMAX re-releases ) , and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $309,758,904 . The film had its network TV premiere on ABC , December 1 , 2006 . The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers , winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week , according to TVTango.com . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing ( Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard ) Best Sound Mixing ( Randy Thom , Tom Johnson , Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan ) Best Original Song for `` Believe . '' The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of `` Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture . '' In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list . The `` Polar Express Experience '' ( edit ) In November 2007 , SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience , a Motion Simulator ride based on the film . The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction . The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars . The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve . Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them . The attraction was available until January 1 , 2008 , and is now open annually during the Christmas season . The 4D film , distributed by SimEx - Iwerks , has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden , Dollywood ( during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event ) , Vancouver Aquarium ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Warner Bros. Movie World ( during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011 ) . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Polar Express ( video game ) A video game based on the film was released on November 26 , 2004 for GameCube , Game Boy Advance , PlayStation 2 and Windows , developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ . The plot of the game is more different than the film version . Within this time , the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game , attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop them for reaching the North Pole to meet Santa . See also ( edit ) List of 3D films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Polar Express '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Polar Express '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ( 19 October 2001 ) . `` Can Polar Express Make the Grade ? '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Review : ' The Polar Express ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ridin ' the reels '' . The Chicago Tribune . October 7 , 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press , November 4 , 2004 `` Meet Chris Van Allsburg '' Jump up ^ `` Steam Railroading Institute History '' . Steam Railroading Institute . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . July 2002 : Warner Brothers arranges to use 1225 's image in `` The Polar Express , '' ... Jump up ^ Mills , Rcik ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Iconic steam engine offering rides from Mt . Pleasant '' . The Morning Sun . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . The 1225 's blueprints were used as the prototype for the locomotive image , and its sounds were used to bring the Polar Express to life . Jump up ^ B. , Brian ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` The Polar Express In IMAX 3D Returns to Theaters This Holiday Season '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ amazon.com , `` The Polar Express ( VHS ) '' . Accessed December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Polar Express '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Polar Express ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 175m flop so bad it could end the 3D boom '' . The Independent . 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Roger Ebert Reviews . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Polar Express , The ( United States , 2004 ) '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Page - Kirby , Kristen ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) . `` ' The D Train ' is n't actually about trains . But these 5 movies are '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2004 - 11 - 18 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Salon . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herman , Barbara ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) . `` The 10 Scariest Movies and Why They Creep Us Out '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Review : ' Polar Express ' a creepy ride '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database : 2004 ( 77th ) '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 'S 10 Top 10 - Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Polar Express Experience at SeaWorld Orlando Begins This Friday , November 12th ... '' Visit Tampa Bay . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Polar Express 4 - D Experience '' . November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , David ( May 4 , 2004 ) . `` Pre-E3 2004 : THQ Announces Lineup '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Games & Media - Polar Express '' . PlayStation . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( November 8 , 2004 ) . `` The Polar Express ( GCN , PS2 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` The Polar Express E3 2004 Preshow First Look '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Polar Express Official website The Polar Express on IMDb The Polar Express at the TCM Movie Database The Polar Express at Rotten Tomatoes The Polar Express at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) Works by Chris Van Allsburg Picture books The Garden of Abdul Gasazi ( 1979 ) Jumanji ( 1981 ) The Wreck of the Zephyr ( 1983 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1984 ) The Enchanted World : Ghosts ( 1984 ) The Polar Express ( 1985 ) The Enchanted World : Dwarfs ( 1985 ) The Stranger ( 1986 ) The Z Was Zapped ( 1987 ) Two Bad Ants ( 1988 ) The Wretched Stone ( 1991 ) The Widow 's Broom ( 1992 ) The Sweetest Fig ( 1993 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1994 ) Bad Day at Riverbend ( 1995 ) Zathura ( 2002 ) Probuditi ! ( 2006 ) Queen of the Falls ( 2011 ) Books illustrated A City in Winter ( 1996 ) Film credits Jumanji ( 1995 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) VIAF : 202976160 GND : 4809720 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Polar_Express_(film)&oldid=819344734 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2004 computer - animated films 2000s 3D films 2000s American animated films 2000s adventure films Animated films about trains 2000s fantasy films 2000s musical films American films American 3D films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films American musical fantasy films Animated films based on children 's books Animated musical films Computer - animated films Animated Christmas films Fictional trains IMAX films Performance capture in film Santa Claus in film Castle Rock Entertainment films ImageMovers films Playtone films Shangri - La Entertainment films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in the Arctic Screenplays by Robert Zemeckis Warner Bros. animated films Warner Bros. films Films set in Michigan Films set in Canada Films set in the 1950s Films set on trains Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice for santa in polar express	[ "Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy (motion-capture only), the Hero Boy's father, the Conductor, the Hobo, Santa Claus, and the Narrator\n\nDaryl Sabara as the Hero Boy (voice)\nJosh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy (additional motion-capture)\n\n" ]	[ "Tom Hanks" ]
-3514078303943911085	Alcohol laws of India	Alcohol laws of India - wikipedia Alcohol laws of India The legal drinking age in India and the laws which regulate the sale and consumption of alcohol vary significantly from state to state . In India , consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland as well as the union territory of Lakshadweep . There is a partial ban on alcohol in some districts of Manipur . All other Indian states permit alcohol consumption but fix a legal drinking age , which ranges at different ages per region . In some states , the legal drinking age can be different for different types of alcoholic beverage . In spite of legal restrictions , alcohol consumption in India has risen over 55 % over a period of 20 years ( according to OECD figures ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law 2 Legal drinking age by States / UTs 3 Drunk Driving Law 4 Dry Days 4.1 Dry Days by States / UTs 4.1. 1 Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 4.1. 2 Delhi 4.1. 3 Jammu and Kashmir 4.1. 4 Kerala 4.1. 5 Karnataka 4.1. 6 Maharashtra 4.1. 7 Rajasthan 4.1. 8 Tamil Nadu 4.1. 9 West Bengal 5 See also 6 References Law ( edit ) Alcohol is a subject in the State List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India . Therefore , the laws governing alcohol vary from state to state . Liquor in India is generally sold at liquor stores , restaurants , hotels , bars , pubs , clubs and discos . Some states , like Kerala and Tamil Nadu , prohibit private parties from owning liquor stores making the state government the sole retailer of alcohol in those states . In some states , liquor may be sold at groceries , departmental stores , banquet halls and / or farm houses . Some tourist areas have special laws allowing the sale of alcohol on beaches and houseboats . Home delivery of alcoholic beverages is illegal in Delhi . However , in Delhi home delivery of beer and wine by private vendors and departmental stores is permitted . Legal drinking age by states / uts ( edit ) The following list is incomplete . Please help complete the list by providing references State / UT Drinking Age Remarks Andaman and Nicobar Islands 21 Andhra Pradesh 21 Arunachal Pradesh 21 Assam 21 Bihar Illegal Total ban on all alcohol since April 4 , 2016 Chandigarh 25 Chhattisgarh 21 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 25 Daman and Diu 25 Delhi 25 Goa 18 Gujarat Illegal Non-Residents of Gujarat can apply for limited Liquor Permits . Banned since 1960 . Haryana 25 The Punjab Excise Act , which also extends to Haryana , prohibits establishments from employing `` women in any part of such premises in which such liquor or intoxicating drug is consumed by the public '' . Section 30 of the Punjab Excise Act has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India on December 12 , 2007 , which was responsible for not allowing women to work in such premises . Himachal Pradesh 18 Jammu and Kashmir 18 Jharkhand 21 Only licensed bars and state government licensed shops can sell alcohol . Karnataka 21 Arrack has been banned in Karnataka since 1 July 2007 . Kerala 23 Kerala government has planned to implement prohibition of hard liquor in 10 years . Lakshadweep Illegal Consumption is legal only on the island of Bangaram . Madhya Pradesh 21 Maharashtra 18 ( wine ) 21 ( beer ) 25 others In Maharashtra for drinking , a person should carry a liquor license obtained from Govt. Civil Hospital . Some districts have made a total ban on alcohol . Manipur Illegal Partial prohibition since 2002 Meghalaya 21 Mizoram 21 Seventeen year prohibition lifted in 2014 . Nagaland Illegal Sale and consumption illegal since 1989 . Odisha 21 Puducherry 18 Punjab 25 The Punjab Excise Act prohibits establishments from employing `` women in any part of such premises in which such liquor or intoxicating drug is consumed by the public '' . Section 30 of the Punjab Excise Act has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India on December 12 , 2007 , which was responsible for not allowing women to work in such premises . Rajasthan 18 Sikkim 18 Tamil Nadu 21 Telangana 21 Tripura 21 Uttar Pradesh 21 Section 22 Uttarakhand 21 West Bengal 21 Drunk driving law ( edit ) The blood alcohol content ( BAC ) legal limit is 0.03 % or 30 μl alcohol in 100 ml blood . On 1 March 2012 , the Union Cabinet approved proposed changes to the Motor Vehicle Act . Higher penalties were introduced , including fines from ₹ 2,000 to ₹ 10,000 and imprisonment from 6 months to 4 years . Different penalties are assessed depending on the blood alcohol content at the time of the offence . Dry days ( edit ) Dry Days are specific days when the sale of alcohol is not permitted . Most of the Indian states observe these days on major national festivals / occasions such as Republic Day ( January 26 ) , Independence Day ( August 15 ) and Gandhi Jayanti ( October 2 ) . Dry days are also observed on and around voting days . Dry days by states / uts ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh and telangana ( edit ) Month Date January 26 ( Republic Day ) August 15 ( Independence Day ) October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Delhi ( edit ) Every excise year , the Government of Delhi , notifies the number of Prohibited days in a year . The three national holidays -- January 26 , October 2 and August 15 , are always prohibited days , and additional prohibited days are announced at the start of the excise year ( 1 July ) . Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) February 12 ( Maharishi Dayanand Jayanti ) , 16 ( Guru Ravidas Jayanti , 24 ) ) March Holi , Mahavir Jayanti April Good Friday , Mahavir Jayanti May 29 Buddha Purnima June Buddha Purnima August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) , Dussehra , Maharishi Valmiki Jayanti , Diwali November Diwali , Guru Nanak Jayanti , Guru Tegh Bahadur Martydom Day † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also prohibited days : Ram Navami Maha Shivratri Eid al - Adha Eid ul - Fitr Muharram Milad un Nabi prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Jammu Month Date / Festival August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) November Guru Nanak Jayanti † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also prohibited days : Ram Navmi Maha Shivratri Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Prohibited days can also be declaered on such days not exceeding three days during a year as may be declared by the State Government Kashmir Month Date / Festival August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also Prohibited days : Maha Shivratri Eid ul - Fitr Eid ul - Zuha Eid - e-Milaad Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Prohibited days can also be declared on such days not exceeding three days during a year as may be declared by the State Government . Kerala ( edit ) Month Date January 1 26 30 ( Martyrs ' Day ) February March April May June 1 , 26 July August 1 , 15 Sree Narayana Guru Jayanti September 1 , Sree Narayana Guru Jayanti , Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi October 1 , 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) November December † Date may be in either month . During elections , are observed the day of the vote , the day before the vote , and during vote counting . Sundays are no longer observed as Prohibited days in the state . Karnataka ( edit ) Gandhi Jayanti ( October 2 ) , Independence Day ( August 15 ) and also prohibited days are announced when elections are held in the state . Maharashtra ( edit ) This list may vary depending on the date of festivals as well as specific Prohibited day announcements by the Government of Maharashtra . Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) , 30 ( Martyrs ' Day ) May 1 ( Maharashtra Day ) June Ashadi Ekadashi July Ashadi Ekadashi August 15 ( Independence Day ) September Anant Chaturdashi October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) , 8 ( Vinayak Badagi Birth Day ) November Kartiki Ekadashi † Festival date may be in June or July . Prohibited days are designated on election days , plus the two days before and after the vote , and the day ( s ) of the count , plus one day before and one day after the counting days . The district collector can also designate any day as a Prohibited day by giving seven days notice . Rajasthan ( edit ) Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) , 30 ( Martyrs ' Day ) March Mahavir Jayanti April Mahavir Jayanti August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also Prohibited days : Maha Shivratri Harijan Day Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Month Date Festival January 15 ( 16 Leap year ) Thiruvalluvar Day January 26 Republic Day January ( February ) Vadalur Ramalinga Adikalar Jothi February Maha Shivaratri April Prophet Birthday ( Nabigal Nayagam ) April ( March ) Mahavir Jayanti May May Day August 15 Independence Day October Gandhi Jayanti December Eid al - Mawlid ( Milad - un-Nabi ) Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . West Bengal ( edit ) Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) August 15 ( Independence Day ) October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) In addition to the above the following days are also Prohibited days : On the day of Muharram Dol Jatra only till 14 hours of the day However no dry day rule is applicable for 5 star hotels , clubs and resorts in West Bengal . Drinks may be served and consumed in those places in West Bengal even on `` dry days '' . Private consumption too is allowed on the said `` dry days '' . Only the open sale of liquor at restaurants , liquor shops and other permitted places is disallowed on those days . For Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha elections , Prohibited days are declared for 48 hours prior to the close of voting , plus during the counting day ( s ) . For Municipality , Panchayat , Municipal Corporation , or Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council elections , Prohibited days occur on the polling day , the previous day , and the counting day ( s ) . See also ( edit ) Prohibition in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Age Limits Worldwide '' . Icap.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol prohibition to remain in Nagaland '' . Ucanews.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Kerala High Court upholds alcohol ban '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Indians drinking alcohol up 55 % in 20 years - The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` India toxic alcohol kills 29 in Uttar Pradesh - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 246 . Subject - matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States '' . Constitutionofindia.etal.in. 2013 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` States Subject List '' . Vakilbabu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 3 held for home delivery of liquor -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 22 August 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Laws '' . All About Daru . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar 's decision to go ' dry ' and politics of liquor ban in India '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Drinking Age Minimum Age For Drinking In India '' . Drunkdriving.co.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pandey , Anubhav ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) . `` All you need to know about Alcohol Laws In India - iPleaders '' . iPleaders . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Team , Expertily . `` Why is the legal drinking age 25 years in India ? '' . Expertily . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi justifies gutkha ban in Gujarat '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Punjab Excise Act , 1914 '' , The Punjab Excise Act , 1914 , Government of Haryana , retrieved November 1 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Anuj Garg & Ors vs Hotel Association Of India & Ors on 6 December , 2007 '' . indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Himachal bans selling liquor to minors Himvani News Page 19813 '' . Himvani.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Jammu and Kashmir Excise Act , 1958 ( 1901 A.D ) '' ( PDF ) . Jkexcise.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jammu and Kashmir Liquor License & Sale Rules , 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Jkexcise.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Arrack ban in Karnataka from tomorrow '' . The Times Of India . 30 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Siddu wants cheap , safe liquor for poor '' . Deccanherald.com. 2013 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala High Court upholds govt liquor policy , confines bar licence to five - star hotels '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Lakshadweep Official Website '' . Lakshadweep.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Madhya Pradesh Excise Act '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dried Up Prohibition : Need for lifting Prohibition arises due to state 's inability to enforce ' Dry State Status ' '' . 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drink at 18 in Lucknow , 25 in Mumbai , 16 in Rome '' . IBN Live . 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mizoram to lift total prohibition '' . Thehindu.com. 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` No Drink For You ? India 's Dry States '' . Full Stop India . Jump up ^ `` Cheers ! Orissa raises a toast to 21 '' . The Times of India . 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Underage drinking : Punjab to take action against vendors '' . Indianexpress.com. 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rajasthan Excise Act 1950 , Section 22 Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra 's legal drinking age is highest in world '' . The Times of India . 24 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Drinking Age in India '' . MrLiquor . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Law In India by chockyfoodie '' . iFood.tv . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This New Year , pubs to face police action if patrons drink - drive '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Think 5 times before you drink and drive '' . 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three cheers to dry days ! '' . Hindustantimes.com. 2011 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` official web site of Kerala State Beverages Corporation Limited '' . Ksbc.kerala.gov.in . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Andaman & Nicobar Administration , Excise Department : Excise Policy '' ( PDF ) . And.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120201040753/http://emulate.aponline.gov.in/apbcl/index.html . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Excise , Entertainment & Luxury Tax Department '' . Government of NCT of Delhi . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Delhi : Government Departments : Excise : Excise Department : Delhi Liquor Licence Rules , 1976 '' . Excise.delhigovt.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sundays no more dry days in Kerala '' . Thehindu.com. 2014 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110807233919/http://ksbc.kerala.gov.in/know.htm . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Why must Delhi have Prohibited days ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` List of Dry Days '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 04 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu / Chennai / TASMAC Dry Days 2013 ( Liquor shops closed ) '' . KosuKadi.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Closure of retail excise licensed premises in West Bengal on special occasions '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . hide Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_India&oldid=846096857 '' Categories : Alcohol - related lists Alcohol law in India Alcohol law by country India law - related lists Alcohol in India Indian cuisine - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 08 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	percentage of alcohol allowed while driving in india	[ "The blood alcohol content (BAC) legal limit is 0.03%[35] or 30 µl alcohol in 100 ml blood.[36]" ]	[ "0.03%[35] or 30 µl alcohol in 100 ml blood" ]
3051886791382827179	.22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire	. 22 Winchester Magnum rimfire - wikipedia . 22 Winchester Magnum rimfire Jump to : navigation , search For other . 22 caliber variants , see . 22 ( disambiguation ) . . 22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire . 22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire Type Rimfire Place of origin United States Production history Designed 1959 Manufacturer Winchester Produced 1960 -- present Specifications Parent case . 22 WRF Bullet diameter . 224 in ( 5.7 mm ) Neck diameter . 242 in ( 6.1 mm ) Base diameter . 242 in ( 6.1 mm ) Rim diameter . 294 in ( 7.5 mm ) Rim thickness . 050 in ( 1.3 mm ) Case length 1.055 in ( 26.8 mm ) Overall length 1.350 in ( 34.3 mm ) Rifling twist 1 - 16 '' Primer type Rimfire Ballistic performance Bullet mass / type Velocity Energy 30 gr . ( 1.9 g ) HP 2,300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) 322 ft ⋅ lbf ( 437 J ) 40 gr . ( 2.6 g ) JHP 1,875 ft / s ( 572 m / s ) 324 ft ⋅ lbf ( 439 J ) 50 gr . ( 3.2 g ) JHP 1,530 ft / s ( 470 m / s ) 300 ft ⋅ lbf ( 410 J ) Test barrel length : 24 inches ( 610 mm ) Source ( s ) : Cartridges of the World The . 22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire , also called . 22 WMR , . 22 Magnum , . 22 MRF , or . 22 Mag , is a rimfire cartridge . Originally loaded with a bullet weight of 40 grains ( 2.6 g ) delivering velocities in the 2,000 feet per second ( 610 m / s ) range from a rifle barrel , . 22 WMR is now loaded with bullet weights ranging from 50 grains ( 3.2 g ) at 1,530 feet per second ( 470 m / s ) to 30 grains ( 1.9 g ) at 2,200 feet per second ( 670 m / s ) . Accuracy around 1 MOA is achievable . Compared to the faster but lighter . 17 HMR , the . 22 WMR impacts targets with higher kinetic energy within its effective range , important for clean kills on larger small game such as coyote , albeit with a less flat - shooting bullet arc . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Dimensions and loading 3 Uses 4 Firearms using . 22 WMR 5 Ammunition 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The . 22 WMR was introduced in 1959 by Winchester , but was not used by Winchester until the Winchester Model 61 slide rifle could be chambered for it in 1960 . By that time , Smith & Wesson and Ruger had revolvers for it , and Savage had come out with the Model 24 and since late 2012 , the model 42 , a more modern update than the 24 , a . 22 /. 410 rifle / shotgun combination gun . It was the only successful rimfire cartridge introduced in the 20th Century . Dimensions and loading ( edit ) The . 22 WMR uses a larger case than the more popular . 22 Long Rifle , both in diameter and length . The . 22 WMR case is a lengthened version of the older . 22 WRF . In the most common modern loadings , the combination of more powder and higher sustained pressures gives velocities of 1,875 feet per second ( 572 m / s ) from a rifle using a 40 - grain ( 2.6 g ) bullet , and 1,500 feet per second ( 460 m / s ) from a handgun . Because of its larger size , a . 22 WMR round will not fit into the chamber of a . 22 LR firearm . It is dangerous to chamber . 22 LR rounds in a . 22 WMR firearm . Doing so can result in injury from high pressure hot gas leaking around the LR case , which is too small for a . 22 WMR chamber . Uses ( edit ) The . 22 WMR uses bullets comparable in weight to the . 22 Long Rifle , but is considerably faster , it shoots flatter and farther and hits harder at all ranges . The 40 - grain ( 2.6 g ) . 22 WMR at 100 yards ( 91 m ) still has 50 % more kinetic energy than a 40 - grain ( 2.6 g ) . 22 LR at the muzzle , which provides improved penetration and more reliable expansion at longer ranges with expanding bullets . If sighted in for maximum point blank range on a 3 - inch ( 76 mm ) high target , the 40 - grain ( 2.6 g ) . 22 WMR has an effective range of nearly 125 yards ( 114 m ) . This makes the . 22 WMR an effective short to medium range varmint rifle and hunting rifle cartridge . The . 22 WMR can effectively kill small game such as rabbits , hares , groundhogs , prairie dogs , foxes , racoons , and coyotes . The relatively quiet report and negligible recoil also make it a very pleasant target and plinking round to shoot for extended periods . Firearms using . 22 WMR ( edit ) It first appeared in the Savage Model 24 combination rifle , followed by Winchester 's own Model 61 pump - action rifle and Model 255 lever - action rifle . Chiappa Firearms ' Double Badger offers a similar combination rifle with a . 22 WMR option . A number of single - shot and repeating rifles were offered in . 22 WMR . The . 22 WMR operates at pressures beyond what normal blowback actions typically handle , but the self - loading Jefferson Model 159 was introduced for the cartridge . Until the 1990s , most . 22 WMR firearms were bolt - action rifles . In 1977 - 1985 Harrington & Richardson produced the first American - made semi-automatic . 22 WMR . In the 1990s semi-automatic . 22 WMR rifles were also introduced by Ruger ( 10 / 22 ) and Marlin , and are currently produced by Remington ( Model 597 ) and Tanfoglio Appeal Rifle as well as the Excel Arms Accelerator Rifle and Savage arms A22 magnum . Revolvers in . 22 WMR are made by Smith & Wesson , Taurus , North American Arms , Heritage Arms , and Sturm Ruger . Semi-automatic pistols for this cartridge are ( or were ) produced by Kel - Tec , Grendel and AMT , the latter two now defunct ( AMT has been since resurrected by High Standard ) . The Grendel , AMT and Kel - Tec designs used specially designed chambers with flutes or gas ports , designed to lubricate the long , thin cartridge with gases from the chamber , overcoming the Blish effect and allowing easy extraction of the cartridge . High - Standard produced various models and versions of their classic two - shot over / under derringer in both . 22 WMR and . 22 LR . The Argentine EDDA submachine gun uses the . 22 WMR round . Ammunition ( edit ) . 22 WMR Ratshot The . 22 WMR is an enlarged , more powerful version of the much earlier . 22 WRF . Despite frequent claims to the contrary , it should not be used in any firearm except those specifically chambered for . 22 WMR . Even firearms chambered for the . 22 WRF are not suitable ; for one thing , the case lengths are different , and the fact that the cartridge fits into the chamber does not guarantee that using the wrong cartridge is either safe or effective . The . 22 WMR was for a time the most powerful rimfire round available ; it even outperformed the . 22 WCF . It has since been eclipsed in velocity and overall kinetic energy by the . 17 Winchester Super Magnum . Commonly available in retail stores , the selection and availability of . 22 WMR nevertheless do not match the highly popular . 22 Long Rifle . Furthermore , . 22 WMR is typically much more expensive than . 22 LR per round , though it is comparable to . 17 HMR , which is much more similar in overall performance , and is less expensive than . 22 caliber centerfire ammunition . Because many of the rifles that are chambered for the . 22 WMR have tubular magazines , the bullet noses generally are flat or at least blunt to allow smooth feeding and reduce damage to the bullet . Although a pointed bullet in a rimfire cartridge will not contact the primer of the round in front of it ( which is a hazard with centerfire cartridges in a tubular magazine ) , the manufacturer 's stamp is in the middle of the base of a rimfire cartridge , and this may interfere with pointed metal bullets in a tube . However , Remington , CCI , and Hornady now produce bullet designs with 30 or 33 - grain ( 2.1 g ) polymer plastic ballistic tips that reduce the hazards of pointed ammunition in tubular magazines . From the left , . 22 Short , . 22 LR , . 22 Winchester Magnum , and . 22 Hornet Bullets for the . 22 WMR are generally unlubricated lead with heavy copper plating , in either solid nose or hollow point style designed for small game hunting or pest control ( varmint hunting ) . The limited selection of commercial ammunition for the . 22 WMR has inspired specialist wildcatters to select the . 22 WMR case for handloading high performance rimfire ammunition . Generally they would load the wildcat cartridges with pointed bullets for the aerodynamic advantages , using the same bullets as those in . 22 caliber centerfire cartridges . Though such bullets are generally heavier than standard . 22 WMR bullets , the sharp nose and tapered tail conserve energy better , delivering greater impact at longer ranges . Other wildcatters neck the . 22 WMR down to smaller calibers , such as . 20 ( 5 mm ) and . 17 ( 4.5 mm ) or even smaller , in an attempt to get maximum velocity and the flattest possible trajectory . An example of such an experimental design is the Swedish 4.5 × 26mm MKR . See also ( edit ) 5 mm caliber List of handgun cartridges List of rifle cartridges List of rimfire cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cartridges of the World 11th Edition , Book by Frank C. Barnes , Edited by Stan Skinner , Gun Digest Books , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 297 - 2 pp. 490 , 492 Jump up ^ `` XT 22 Magnum - 22 Magnum - Armscor International , Inc '' . armscor.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Premium Ammunition - Rimfire '' . federalpremium.com . Jump up ^ `` CCI Ammunition - Product Detail '' . www.cci-ammunition.com . Jump up ^ ``. 22WMR accuracy ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Ammunition -- Ballistics Calculator '' . ballisticscalculator.winchester.com . ^ Jump up to : Barnes 1972 , p. 275 , ``. 22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire '' . Jump up ^ Frank C. Barnes , ed . Stan Skinner . Cartridges of the World , 10th Ed . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87349 - 605 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` CCI Ammunition - View All CCI Loads '' . www.cci-ammunition.com . Jump up ^ `` Ruger 10 / 22 Magnum Serial Number History '' . Product History . Sturm , Ruger & Co. , Inc . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Autoloading Rimfire Rifle - Model 597 '' . Remington Guns . Remington Arms Company , LLC . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Slowik , Max ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` EAA 's Latest Appeal : . 22 Long Rifle and . 22 Magnum Bullpup Carbines '' . Blog . Guns.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ CTD Mike ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` EAA to Import New . 22 Tanfoglio `` Appeal '' Bullpup Carbine `` . The Shooters Log . Cheaper Than Dirt . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taurus Revolver Manual '' ( PDF ) . Safety and Operation Manual . Taurus International . 25 February 2003 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ B. Gil Horman ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` North American Arms Mini Revolvers '' . American Rifleman . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . The . 22 Mag . models can be fitted with a second cylinder chambered in . 22 Long Rifle , which makes practice and plinking inexpensive indeed . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Wesson Air Lite 351PD (. 22 Magnum ) '' . Kansas Carry . Custom Digital Services , LLC. 2010 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ NRA Staff ( 22 April 2011 ) . `` Heritage Mfg . Rough Rider Revolvers '' . American Rifleman . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Chambered in . 22 Long Rifle and . 22 WMR , Heritage Mfg. 's nine - shot Rough Rider revolvers are now available in blued , black satin , silver satin and color case - hardened - style finishes . Jump up ^ Quinn , Jeff ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Lightweight , Compact Ruger LCR 22 Magnum Pocket Revolver '' . GUNBlast.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . I am glad that Ruger is including the 22 magnum along with the 22 LR , 38 Special Plus P , and 357 magnum chamberings in this handy little revolver . Jump up ^ B. Gil Horman ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` The Kel - Tec PMR - 30 '' . American Rifleman . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . As a fan of the . 22 Mag . cartridge , I am very pleased that Kel - Tec built a lightweight , high - capacity semi-auto that shows off what this neat little cartridge can do . Jump up ^ Eger , Chris ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` The Grendel Pistols : The forgotten polymers ( and the birth of Kel - tec ) '' . Guns.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . With the use of polymers , the weight of this target pistol was kept down to 26 ounces when loaded with an impressive array of 30 - rounds of rimfire magnums . Jump up ^ Kelly , Paco ( 9 August 2006 ) . `` Still Holding On : AMT 's AutoMag II . 22 Magnum Rimfire Auto '' . GUNBlast.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . It was n't very long ago that some very well - designed little . 22 Magnum handguns were available from AMT ( Arcadia Machine & Tool ) of Irwindale , CA . Jump up ^ Quinn , Jeff ( 27 November 2006 ) . `` High Standard Brings Back the AMT Automag II . 22 Magnum Pistol '' . GUNBlast.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . After being out of production for several years , High Standard Manufacturing is now producing the Automag II pistol that was previously produced by AMT in Irwindale , California and Galena Industries in Sturgis , South Dakota . Jump up ^ `` AMT AutoMag '' . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` High Standard Derringer '' . Guns in Movies , TV and Video Games . Internet Movie Firearms Database . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes 1972 , p. 275 , ``. 22 Winchester Rimfire ( WRF ) '' Jump up ^ Sparano , Vin ( 2000 ) . The Complete Outdoors Encyclopedia . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 26722 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Remington Magnum Rimfire : 22 Win Mag PR22M1 33 - grain AccuTip - V '' . Remington Arms Company , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CCI : Varmint 0073 22 Magnum RF V - MAX 30 - grain poly - tip '' . CCI . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hornady : 22 WMR 30 - grain V - MAX '' . Hornady Manufacturing , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnes , Frank C. , ed. by John T. Amber. ``. 22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire '' , in Cartridges of the World , pp. 275 . Northfield , IL : DBI Books , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 695 - 80326 - 1 . Cartridges of the World 11th Edition , Book by Frank C. Barnes , Edited by Stan Skinner , Gun Digest Books , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 297 - 2 p. 479 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to . 22 WMR . Chuck Hawks ' page on the . 22 WMR Chuck Hawks on . 22 WMR ammunition selection The . 22 WMR TODAY , Guns Magazine , June , 2001 by C. Rodney James Three . 22 WMR Loads From Remington , Handguns Magazine , by Phil W. Johnston Reloading Techniques : . 22 Win . Magnum Rimfire , Performance Shooter , April 1996 ( hide ) Winchester firearms and cartridges Rifles Lever - action Henry rifle Model 1866 Model 1873 Model 1876 Model 1886 Model 1892 Model 1894 Model 1895 Model 53 Model 55 Model 64 Model 65 Model 71 Model 88 Model 150 Model 250 Model 255 Model 9422 Bolt - action Model 1878 Hotchkiss Model 1895 Lee Navy Model 1900 Model 1902 Model 1904 Model 43 Model 47 Model 51 Imperial Model 52 Model 54 Model 56 Model 57 Model 58 Model 59 Model 60 Model 60A Model 67 Model 68 Model 69 Model 70 Model 72 Model 75 Model 121 Model 131 Model 141 Model 320 Model 325 Model 670 Model 770 Pump - action Model 1890 Model 1906 Model 61 Model 62 Model 62A Model 270 Semi-automatic Model 1903 Model 1905 Model 1907 Model 1910 Model 30 Model 63 Model 74 Model 77 Model 100 Model 190 Model 490 Full - automatic Olin / Winchester FAL Model 1917 Falling - block action Model 1885 Shotguns Pump - action Model 1893 Model 1897 Model 1912 Model 25 Model 42 Model 1200 Model 1300 Lever - action Model 1887 Model 1901 Model 9410 Single - shot Model 20 Model 36 Model 37 Model 37A Model 41 Double - barrel Model 21 Model 24 Model 96 Model 101 Semi-automatic Model 1911 SL Model 40 Model 50 Model 59 Model 1400 Model 1500 SX - 1 Cartridges . 17 Winchester Super Magnum . 22 Magnum ( WMR ) . 218 Bee . 219 Zipper . 22 Hornet . 220 Swift . 223 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 225 Winchester . 243 Winchester . 243 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 25 - 20 WCF . 25 - 20 Winchester . 256 Winchester Magnum . 25 - 35 Winchester . 25 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 264 Winchester Magnum . 270 Winchester . 270 Winchester Short Magnum 7mm Winchester Short Magnum . 284 Winchester . 30 - 30 Winchester . 307 Winchester . 308 Winchester . 300 Winchester Short Magnum . 300 Winchester Magnum . 32 Winchester Special . 32 - 20 Winchester . 325 Winchester Short Magnum . 33 Winchester . 338 Winchester Magnum . 345 Winchester Self - Loading . 348 Winchester . 35 Winchester . 35 Winchester Self - Loading . 351 Winchester Self - Loading . 356 Winchester . 358 Winchester . 375 Winchester . 38 - 40 Winchester . 38 - 55 Winchester . 38 - 56 WCF . 38 - 72 Winchester . 40 - 60 Winchester . 40 - 72 Winchester . 401 Winchester Self - Loading . 405 Winchester . 44 Henry . 44 - 40 Winchester . 45 - 60 Winchester . 45 - 75 Winchester . 458 Winchester Magnum . 50 - 110 Winchester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.22_Winchester_Magnum_Rimfire&oldid=836607913 '' Categories : Pistol and rifle cartridges Rimfire cartridges Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1959 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does a 22 magnum bullet look like	[]	[]
-83024691662444545	Payroll	Payroll - wikipedia Payroll Jump to : navigation , search For financial firms , see Payroll service bureau . For the 1961 film , see Payroll ( film ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Handling payroll typically involves sending out payslips to employees . A payroll is a company 's list of its employees , but the term is commonly used to refer to : the total amount of money that a company pays to its employees a company 's records of its employees ' salaries and wages , bonuses , and withheld taxes the company 's department that calculates and pays these . Payroll in the sense of `` money paid to employees '' plays a major role in a company for several reasons . From an accounting perspective , payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and because they are subject to laws and regulations ( e.g. in the US , payroll is subject to federal , state , and local regulations ) . From a human resources viewpoint , the payroll department is critical because employees are sensitive to payroll errors and irregularities : Good employee morale requires payroll to be paid timely and accurately . The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions , and that the withholdings and deductions are remitted in a timely manner . This includes salary payments , tax withholdings , and deductions from paychecks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Payroll taxes 1.1 Payroll taxes in United States 2 Frequency 3 Outsourcing 4 References 5 External links Payroll taxes ( edit ) Government agencies at various levels require employers to withhold income taxes from employees ' wages . In the United States , `` payroll taxes '' are separate from income taxes , although they are levied on employers in proportion to salary ; the programs they fund include Social Security , and Medicare . U.S. income and payroll taxes collected through deductions are considered to be trust fund taxes , because the employer holds the deducted money in trust for later remittance . Payroll taxes in United States ( edit ) Before considering the payroll taxes , it is necessary to talk about the basic formula for the Net Pay . From gross pay ( the salary paid to the employee ) one or more deductions are subtracted , to arrive at Net Pay . Thus the employee 's gross pay ( pay rate times number of hours worked , including any overtime ) minus payroll tax deductions , minus voluntary payroll deductions , is equal to Net Pay . Payroll tax deductions play a critical role and because they are provided by law they are known as Statutory payroll tax deductions . The employer must withhold payroll taxes from an employee 's check and hand them over to several tax agencies by law . Payroll taxes include the following : Federal income tax withholding , based on withholding tables in `` Publication 15 , Employer 's Tax Guide '' by the Internal Revenue Service -- IRS ; Social Security tax withholding . The employee pays 6.2 percent of the salary or wage , up to $118,500 ( as of 2015 -- 2016 ) . ) . The employer also pays 6.2 percent in Social Security taxes . If you are self - employed , you pay the combined employee and employer amount of 12.4 percent in Social Security taxes on your net earnings ; Medicare tax . The employee pays 1.45 percent in Medicare taxes on the entire salary or wage. 0.9 % is added for the salary portion bigger than $200,000 ( only for the employee portion ) . The employer also pays 1.45 percent in Medicare taxes ( regardless if the amount is bigger than $200,000 ) . If you are self - employed , you pay the combined employee and employer amount of 2.9 percent ( 3.8 % for the portion bigger than $200,000 ) in Medicare taxes on your net earnings ; State income tax withholding ; various local tax withholding , such as city taxes , county taxes , school taxes , state disability , and unemployment insurance . References include the following publications : Publication 15 , ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide . This publication explains employer 's tax responsibilities . It explains the requirements for withholding , depositing , reporting , paying , and correcting employment taxes . It explains the forms any employer must give to its employees , those employees must give to the employer , and those employers must send to the IRS and SSA ( Social Security Administration ) . This guide also has tax tables needed to figure the taxes to withhold from each employee ; Publication 15 -- A , Employer 's Supplemental Tax Guide . This publication supplements Publication 15 ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide . It contains specialized and detailed employment tax information supplementing the basic information provided in Publication 15 ( Circular E ) ; Publication 15 - B. Employer 's Tax Guide to Fringe Benefits . This publication supplements Publication 15 ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide , and Publication 15 -- A , Employer 's Supplemental Tax Guide . This publication contains information about the employment tax treatment of various types of noncash compensation . In the earlier part we have considered payroll taxes related to employee 's side . Now it 's the moment to talk about the Employer Payroll Taxes Employers are responsible for paying their portion of payroll taxes . These payroll taxes are an expense over and above the expense of an employee 's gross pay . The employer - portion of payroll taxes include the following : Social Security taxes ( 6.2 % up to the annual maximum ) ; Medicare taxes ( 1.45 % of wages ) ; Federal unemployment taxes ( FUTA ) ; State unemployment taxes ( SUTA ) . Very often you can hear people using FICA in their terminology . FICA stands for the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the FICA tax consists of both Social Security and Medicare taxes . As we explained earlier both parties pay half of these taxes . Employees pay half , and employers pay the other half . Social Security and Medicare taxes are paid both by the employees and the employers . In summary together both halves of the FICA taxes add up to 15.3 percent . Any employer is responsible for paying the employer 's share of payroll taxes , for depositing tax withheld from the employees ' paychecks , preparing various reconciliation reports , accounting for the payroll expense through their financial reporting , and filing payroll tax returns . As you see this suite of employer payroll tax responsibilities is far above issuing paychecks to employees. -- Frequency ( edit ) Companies typically generate their payrolls at regular intervals , for the benefit of regular income to their employees . The regularity of the intervals varies from company to company , and sometimes between job grades within a given company . Common payroll frequencies include : daily , weekly , bi-weekly / fortnightly ( once every two weeks ) , semi-monthly ( twice per month ) , and monthly . Less common payroll frequencies include : 4 - weekly ( 13 times per year ) , bi-monthly ( once every two months ) , quarterly ( once every 13 weeks ) , semi-annually ( twice per year ) , and annually ( yearly ) . Outsourcing ( edit ) Businesses may decide to outsource their payroll functions to an outsourcing service like a Payroll service bureau or a fully managed payroll service . These can normally reduce the costs involved in having payroll trained employees in - house as well as the costs of systems and software needed to process a payroll . Where this may reduce the cost for some companies many will foot a bigger bill to outsource their payroll if they have a special designed payroll program or payouts for their employees . In many countries , business payrolls are complicated in that taxes must be filed consistently and accurately to applicable regulatory agencies . Restaurant payrolls which typically include tip calculations , deductions , garnishments and other variables , can be difficult to manage especially for new or small business owners . In the UK , payroll bureaus will deal with all HM Revenue & Customs inquiries and deal with employee 's queries . Payroll bureaus also produce reports for the businesses ' account department and payslips for the employees and can also make the payments to the employees if required . As of 6 April 2016 , umbrella companies are no longer able to offset travel and subsistence expenses and if they do , they will be deemed liable to reimburse to HMRC any tax relief obtained . Furthermore , recruitment companies and clients may be potentially liable for the unpaid tax . Another reason many businesses outsource is because of the ever - increasing complexity of payroll legislation . Annual changes in tax codes , Pay as you earn ( PAYE ) and National Insurance bands as well as statutory payments and deductions having to go through the payroll often mean there is a lot to keep abreast of in order to maintain compliance with the current legislation . On the other hand , businesses may also decide to utilize payroll software to supplement the efforts of a payroll accountant or office instead of hiring more payroll specialists and outsourcing a payroll company . Payroll software base its calculation on entered rate , approved data obtained from other integrated tools like the electronic Bundy clock , and other essential digital HR tools . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Essentials of Payroll : Management and Accounting . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0471456144 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomerleau , Kyle ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD '' . Tax Foundation . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Taxes and the Trust Fund Recovery Penalty ( TFRP ) '' . IRS . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Publication 15 , ( Circular E ) , Employer 's Tax Guide '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SSA Publication No. 05 - 10003 , Update 2017 '' ( PDF ) . SocialSecurity.gov . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How frequently do private businesses pay workers ? '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Charlie ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Payroll Matters '' . StaffOne.com . Staff One . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All change for Umbrella Companies from April 2016 '' . FCSA . The Freelancer & Contractor Services Association . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Payroll . Look up payroll in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payroll&oldid=808704808 '' Categories : Expense Employment compensation Payroll Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2011 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Ślůnski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 16 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fica is an example of a payroll tax which is a tax on the wages that firms pay their workers	[]	[]
3919131038549964549	AST/ALT ratio	AST / ALT ratio - wikipedia AST / ALT ratio Jump to : navigation , search AST / ALT ratio Medical diagnostics LOINC 16325 - 3 , 1916 - 6 ( edit on Wikidata ) The AST / ALT ratio is the ratio between the concentrations of the enzymes aspartate transaminase ( AST ) and alanine transaminase ( ALT ) in the blood of a human or animal . It is measured with a blood test and is sometimes useful in medical diagnosis to differentiate between causes of liver damage , or hepatotoxicity . Most causes of liver cell injury are associated with a greater increase in ALT than AST ; however , an AST to ALT ratio of 2 : 1 or greater is suggestive of alcoholic liver disease , particularly in the setting of an elevated gamma - glutamyl transferase . The AST to ALT ratio can also occasionally be elevated in a liver disease pattern in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , and it is frequently elevated in an alcoholic liver disease pattern in patients with hepatitis C who have developed cirrhosis . In addition , patients with Wilson 's disease or cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis may have an AST that is greater than the ALT , though the ratio typically is not greater than two . When the AST is higher than ALT , a muscle source of these enzymes should be considered . For example , muscle inflammation due to dermatomyositis may cause AST > ALT . This is a good reminder that AST and ALT are not good measures of liver function because they do not reliably reflect the synthetic ability of the liver and they may come from tissues other than liver ( such as muscle ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Magnitude of AST and ALT elevations 2 History 3 See also 4 References Magnitude of AST and ALT elevations ( edit ) The magnitude of AST and ALT elevations vary depending on the cause of the hepatocellular injury ( 16 - 19 ) . While values may vary between individuals , the following are typical AST and ALT patterns relating to the `` upper limit of normal '' ( ULN ) : Alcoholic fatty liver disease : AST > 8 times the ULN ; ALT > 5 times the ULN Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease : AST and ALT > 4 times the ULN Acute viral hepatitis or toxin - related hepatitis with jaundice : AST and ALT > 25 times the ULN Ischemic hepatopathy ( ischemic hepatitis , shock liver ) : AST and ALT > 50 times the ULN ( in addition the lactate dehydrogenase is often markedly elevated ) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection : Wide variability , typically normal to less than twice the ULN , rarely more than 10 times the ULN Chronic hepatitis B virus infection : Levels fluctuate ; the AST and ALT may be normal , though most patients have mild to moderate elevations ( approximately twice the ULN ) ; with exacerbations , levels are more than 10 times the ULN History ( edit ) Pathophysiology sample values BMP / ELECTROLYTES : Na = 140 Cl = 100 BUN = 20 / Glu = 150 K = 4 CO = 22 PCr = 1.0 \ ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS : HCO = 24 p CO = 40 p O = 95 pH = 7.40 ALVEOLAR GAS : p CO = 36 p O = 105 A-a g = 10 OTHER : Ca = 9.5 Mg = 2.0 PO = 1 CK = 55 BE = − 0.36 AG = 16 SERUM OSMOLARITY / RENAL : PMO = 300 PCO = 295 POG = 5 BUN : Cr = 20 URINALYSIS : UNa = 80 UCl = 100 UAG = 5 FENa = 0.95 UK = 25 USG = 1.01 UCr = 60 UO = 800 PROTEIN / GI / LIVER FUNCTION TESTS : LDH = 100 TP = 7.6 AST = 25 TBIL = 0.7 ALP = 71 Alb = 4.0 ALT = 40 BC = 0.5 AST / ALT = 0.6 BU = 0.2 AF alb = 3.0 SAAG = 1.0 SOG = 60 CSF : CSF alb = 30 CSF glu = 60 CSF / S alb = 7.5 CSF / S glu = 0.4 It is also known as the `` De Ritis Ratio '' , named after Fernando De Ritis , who performed analysis on transaminases in 1957 . See also ( edit ) Aspartate transaminase Alanine transaminase Liver function tests Elevated transaminases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyblom H , Berggren U , Balldin J , Olsson R ( 2004 ) . `` High AST / ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking '' . Alcohol Alcohol . 39 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / alcalc / agh074 . PMID 15208167 . Jump up ^ Nyblom H , Björnsson E , Simrén M , Aldenborg F , Almer S , Olsson R ( September 2006 ) . `` The AST / ALT ratio as an indicator of cirrhosis in patients with PBC '' . Liver Int. 26 ( 7 ) : 840 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 3231.2006. 01304. x . PMID 16911467 . Jump up ^ Gopal DV , Rosen HR ( February 2000 ) . `` Abnormal findings on liver function tests . Interpreting results to narrow the diagnosis and establish a prognosis '' . Postgrad Med. 107 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 2 , 105 -- 9 , 113 -- 4 . doi : 10.3810 / pgm. 2000.02. 869 . PMID 10689411 . Jump up ^ `` Serum gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism . Influence of alcohol ingestion and liver disease '' . Dig Dis Sci. 30 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 4 . Mar 1985 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01347885 . PMID 2857631 . Jump up ^ `` Ischemic hepatitis : widening horizons '' . Am J Gastroenterol. 87 ( 7 ) : 831 -- 6 . Jul 1992 . PMID 1615936 . Jump up ^ `` Ischemic hepatitis : clinical and laboratory observations of 34 patients '' . J Clin Gastroenterol. 26 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 6 . Apr 1998 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004836 - 199804000 - 00007 . PMID 9600366 . Jump up ^ `` Hypoxic hepatitis : clinical and hemodynamic study in 142 consecutive cases '' . Medicine ( Baltimore ) . 82 ( 6 ) : 392 -- 406 . Nov 2003 . doi : 10.1097 / 01.md.0000101573.54295.bd . PMID 14663289 . Jump up ^ Lok AS , McMahon BJ ( February 2007 ) . `` Chronic hepatitis B '' . 45 ( 2 ) : 507 -- 39 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 21513 . PMID 17256718 . Jump up ^ Kenneth D. McClatchey ( 2002 ) . Clinical laboratory medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 288 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 30751 - 1 . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : De Ritis F , Coltorti M , Giusti G ( July 2006 ) . `` An enzymic test for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis : the transaminase serum activities . 1957 '' . Clin. Chim . Acta. 369 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cca. 2006.05. 001 . PMID 16781697 . ( hide ) Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AST/ALT_ratio&oldid=808403893 '' Categories : Liver function tests Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	elevated levels of alt and ast would be suggestive of	[]	[]
-6236469519858692626	The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson	The Tonight show Starring Johnny Carson - wikipedia The Tonight show Starring Johnny Carson Jump to : navigation , search For the entire Tonight Show franchise , see The Tonight Show . For the 1955 -- 56 CBS variety show hosted by Carson , see The Johnny Carson Show . The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Also known as The Tonight Show ( franchise brand ) Johnny Carson ( Antenna TV repeats ) Genre Talk / Variety Created by Steve Allen William O. Harbach Dwight Hemion Sylvester L. Weaver , Jr . Written by Head writer : Walter Kempley ( 1963 -- 67 ) Hank Bradford ( 1969 -- 75 ) Marshall Brickman ( 1969 -- 70 ) Raymond Siller ( 1974 -- 89 ) Andrew Nicholls and Darrell Vickers ( 1989 -- 92 ) Presented by Johnny Carson Narrated by Ed McMahon Theme music composer Paul Anka Country of origin United States No. of seasons 30 No. of episodes 4,531 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Fred de Cordova Peter Lassally Location ( s ) NBC Studios New York City ( 1962 -- 72 ) NBC Studios Burbank , California ( 1972 -- 92 ) Running time 47 -- 105 minutes Release Original network NBC Picture format Color Original release October 1 , 1962 -- May 22 , 1992 Chronology Preceded by Tonight Starring Jack Paar Followed by The Tonight Show with Jay Leno External links Website www.johnnycarson.com The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is a talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under The Tonight Show franchise from October 1 , 1962 through May 22 , 1992 . It originally aired during late - night . For its first decade , Johnny Carson 's The Tonight Show was based at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , New York City , with some episodes recorded at NBC - TV 's West Coast studios in Burbank , California ; on May 1 , 1972 , the show moved to Burbank as its main venue and remained there exclusively after May 1973 until Carson 's retirement . In 2002 , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked No. 12 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and in 2013 it was ranked No. 22 on their list of 60 Best Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Show regulars 2.1 Ed McMahon 2.2 Bandleaders and others 3 Recurring segments and skits 3.1 Characters 3.2 Bits 4 Programming history 4.1 1979 -- 1980 contract battle 4.2 Tape archives 4.3 Rebroadcasts 5 Guest hosts 5.1 Joan Rivers 6 Consequential appearances 7 Carson 's last shows 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show established the modern format of the late - night talk show : a monologue sprinkled with a rapid - fire series of 16 to 22 one - liners ( Carson had a rule of no more than three on the same subject ) was followed by sketch comedy , then moving on to guest interviews and performances by musicians and stand - up comedians . During the early years of Carson 's tenure , his guests included politicians such as former U.S. Vice President ( and future U.S. President ) Richard M. Nixon , former U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Hubert Humphrey , but by 1970 , Carson primarily interviewed as guests people that had a book , movie , television show , or stage performance to promote . Other regulars were selected for their entertainment or information value , in contrast to those who offered more cerebral conversation ; Carson refused to discuss politics on The Tonight Show out of concern it might alienate his audience . Carson 's preference for access to Hollywood stars caused the show 's move to the West Coast on May 1 , 1972 . When asked about intellectual conversation on Tonight , Carson and his staff invariably cited `` Carl Sagan , Paul Ehrlich , Margaret Mead , Gore Vidal , Shana Alexander , Madalyn Murray O'Hair '' as guests ; one television critic stated , however , `` he always presented them as if they were spinach for your diet when he did ( feature such names ) '' . Family therapist Carlfred Broderick appeared on the show ten times , and psychologist Joyce Brothers was one of Carson 's most frequent guests . Carson , in general , did not feature prop comedy acts ( Carson was not averse to using prop comedy himself ) ; such acts , with Gallagher being a prominent example , more commonly appeared when guest hosts helmed the program . Carson almost never socialized with guests before or after the show ; frequent interviewee Orson Welles recalled that Tonight employees were astonished when Carson visited Welles 's dressing room to say hello before a show . Unlike his avuncular counterparts Merv Griffin , Mike Douglas , and Dick Cavett , Carson was a comparatively `` cool '' host who only laughed when genuinely amused and abruptly cut short monotonous or embarrassingly inept interviewees . Mort Sahl recalled , `` The producer crouches just off camera and holds up a card that says , ' Go to commercial . ' So Carson goes to a commercial and the whole team rushes up to his desk to discuss what had gone wrong , like a pit stop at Le Mans . '' Actor Robert Blake once compared being interviewed by Carson to `` facing the death squad '' or `` Broadway on opening night . '' The publicity value of appearing on Tonight was so great , however , that most guests were willing to subject themselves to the risk . Show regulars ( edit ) Ed McMahon ( edit ) The show 's announcer and Carson 's sidekick was Ed McMahon , who from the very first show would introduce Carson with a drawn - out `` Heeeeeeeeere 's Johnny ! '' ( something McMahon was inspired to do by the overemphasized way he had introduced reporter Robert Pierpoint on the NBC Radio Network program Monitor ) . The catchphrase was heard nightly for 30 years , and ranked top of the TV Land poll of U.S. TV catchphrases and quotes in 2006 ; it has been referenced in all media going from The Shining to Johnny Bravo to a `` Weird Al '' Yankovic album cut ; it was even used for the character Johnny Cage in the video game series Mortal Kombat . McMahon , who held the same role in Carson 's ABC game show Who Do You Trust ? for five years previously , would remain standing to the side as Carson did his monologue , laughing ( sometimes obsequiously ) at his jokes , then join him at the guest chair when Carson moved to his desk . The two would usually interact in a comic spot for a short while before the first guest was introduced . McMahon stated in a 1978 profile of Carson in The New Yorker that `` the ' Tonight Show ' is my staple diet , my meat and potatoes -- I 'm realistic enough to know that everything else stems from that '' . After a 1965 incident in which he ruined Carson 's joke on the air McMahon was careful to , as he said , `` never to go where ( Carson ) 's going '' . He wrote in his 1998 autobiography : My role on the show never was strictly defined . I did what had to be done when it had to be done . I was there when he needed me , and when he did n't I moved down the couch and kept quiet ... I did the audience warm - up , I did commercials , for a brief period I co-hosted the first fifteen minutes of the show ... , and I performed in many sketches . On our thirteenth - anniversary show Johnny and I were talking at his desk and he said , `` Thirteen years is a long time . '' He paused long enough for me to recognize my cue , so I asked , `` How long is it ? '' `` That 's why you 're here , '' he said , probably summing up my primary role on the show perfectly ... I had to support him , I had to help him get to the punch line , but while doing it I had to make it look as if I was n't doing anything at all . The better I did it , the less it appeared as if I was doing it ... If I was going to play second fiddle , I wanted to be the Heifetz of second fiddlers ... The most difficult thing for me to learn how to do was just sit there with my mouth closed . Many nights I 'd be listening to Johnny and in my mind I 'd reach the same ad lib just as he said it . I 'd have to bite my tongue not to say it out loud . I had to make sure I was n't too funny -- although critics who saw some of my other performances will claim I need n't have worried . If I got too many laughs , I was n't doing my job ; my job was to be part of a team that generated the laughs . Bandleaders and others ( edit ) The Tonight Show had a live big band for nearly all of its existence . The NBC Orchestra during Carson 's reign was originally led by Skitch Henderson ( who had previously led the band during Tonight Starring Steve Allen ) , followed briefly by Milton DeLugg . Starting in 1967 and continuing until Jay Leno took over , the band was led by Doc Severinsen , with Tommy Newsom filling in for him when he was absent or filling in for McMahon as the announcer ( this usually happened when a guest host substituted for Carson , which generally gave McMahon the night off as well ) . The show 's instrumental theme music , `` Johnny 's Theme '' , was a re-arrangement of the Paul Anka composition `` Toot Sweet '' , which Anka and Annette Funicello had separately recorded , with lyrics , as `` It 's Really Love '' . During shows when Newsom filled in for Severinsen , the band played a slightly truncated version of the theme that transitioned from the bridge to the closing phrase without reprising the first few notes of the main melody . The NBC Orchestra was the last in - house studio orchestra to perform on American television . Behind the scenes , motion picture director / producer Fred de Cordova joined The Tonight Show in 1970 as producer , graduating to executive producer in 1984 . Unlike many people of his position , de Cordova often appeared on the show , bantering with Carson from his chair off - camera ( though occasionally a camera would be pointed in his direction ) . Recurring segments and skits ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) Carnac the Magnificent , in which Carson played a psychic who clairvoyantly divined the answer to a question contained in a sealed envelope . This was to some degree a variation on Steve Allen 's recurring `` The Question Man '' sketch . The answer was always an outrageous pun . `` Carnac '' examples : `` Debate '' ... `` What do you use to catch de fish ? '' `` Baja '' ... `` What sound does a sheep make when it laughs ? '' `` Ben - Gay '' ... `` Why did n't Mrs. Franklin have any kids ? '' `` A loaf of bread , a jug of wine , and thou '' ... `` Name three things that have yeast . '' `` Three Dog Night '' ... `` What 's a bad night for a tree ? '' `` Mount Baldy '' ... `` What did Yul Brynner 's wife do on their wedding night ? '' `` Sis boom bah '' ... `` Describe the sound made when a sheep explodes . '' ( Ed McMahon 's personal favorite ) If the laughter fell short when a line bombed ( as it often did ) , `` Carnac '' would face the audience with mock seriousness and bestow a comic curse : `` May a diseased yak befriend your sister ! '' or `` May a rabid holy man bless your nether regions with a power tool ! '' `` Floyd R. Turbo '' , a dimwitted yokel responding to a TV station editorial . Floyd always spoke haltingly , as though reading from cue cards , and railed against some newsworthy topic , like Secretaries ' Day : `` This raises the question : Kiss my Dictaphone ! '' `` Art Fern '' , the fast - talking host of a `` Tea Time Movie '' program , who advertised inane products , assisted by the attractive Matinee Lady , played by Paula Prentiss ( late 1960s ) , Carol Wayne ( the most familiar Matinee Lady , 1971 -- 82 ) , Danuta Wesley ( 1984 ) , and Teresa Ganzel ( 1985 -- 92 ) . The fake movies Art would introduce usually had eclectic casts ( `` Ben Blue , Red Buttons , Jesse White , and Karen Black '' ) and nonsensical titles ( `` Rin - Tin - Tin Gets Fixed Fixed Fixed '' ) . This would be followed by a four - second stock film clip before coming back for another commercial , usually catching Art and the Matinee Lady in a very compromising position . On giving directions to a fake store he was touting , Fern would show a spaghetti - like road map , sometimes with a literal `` fork in the road '' , other times making the joke , `` Go to the Slauson Cutoff ... '' , and the audience would recite with him , `` ... cut off your Slauson ! '' The character was previously named `` Honest Bernie Schlock '' and then `` Ralph Willie '' when the Tea Time sketches first aired in the mid-to - late 1960s . At least one surviving pre-1972 Art Fern sketch that originated from New York had its movie show title as `` The Big Flick '' , an amalgam of two movie show titles in use at the time by New York station WOR - TV , The Big Preview and The Flick . On that sketch Lee Meredith was the Matinee Lady . Carson 's Comedy Classics features an episode where Juliet Prowse is in the role of Matinee Lady , from 20 August 1971 . `` Aunt Blabby '' , an old woman whose appearance and speech pattern bore more than a passing resemblance to comedian Jonathan Winters ' character `` Maude Frickert '' . A frequent theme would be McMahon happening to mention a word or phrase that could suggest death , as in `` What tourist attractions did you check out ? , '' to which Aunt Blabby would respond , `` Never say check out to an old person ! '' `` El Mouldo '' , mysterious mentalist . He would announce some mind - over-matter feat and always fail , although triumphantly shouting `` El Mouldo has done it again ! '' Ed McMahon would take exception , noting El Mouldo 's failure . `` Did I fail before ? '' asked El Mouldo . `` Yes ! , '' replied McMahon , to which El Mouldo said , `` Well , I 've done it again ! '' El Mouldo was in large part a continuation of Carson 's mentalist character Dillinger , which he had performed on The Johnny Carson Show in 1955 on CBS - TV ; Dillinger was an obvious spoof of Dunninger , leading to complaints and threats of lawsuits against Carson and CBS . `` David Howitzer , Consumer Supporter '' , a thinly veiled satire of consumer reporter David Horowitz . Howitzer 's segments ( in a rare example of prop comedy for the show ) usually featured purported counterfeit consumer goods ( usually gag props ) that unscrupulous mail - order companies had sent his unsuspecting viewers ( for example , a woman who spent thousands of dollars on an oriental rug instead received a cheap toupee made in Taiwan ) . `` Ronald Reagan '' . During President Reagan 's term in office , Carson developed an impersonation of the president that was featured regularly in Mighty Carson Art Players segment . Carson also did a less memorable impersonation of Jimmy Carter during his term as President . Bits ( edit ) `` Stump the Band '' , where studio audience members ask the band to try to play obscure songs given only the title . Unlike when this routine was done during the Jack Paar years with the Jose Melis band , Doc 's band almost never knew the song , but that did not stop them from inventing one on the spot . Example : Guest 's request : My Dead Dog Rover Doc Severinsen , singing : `` My dead dog Rover / lay under the sun / and stayed there all summer / until he was done ! '' David Letterman revived this bit later , along with the CBS Orchestra on his Late Show . `` The Mighty Carson Art Players '' ( depending on one 's point of view , the name was an obvious tribute to or ripoff of radio legend Fred Allen 's Mighty Allen Art Players ) . While Carson 's show was primarily a talk show , with performances by guests , periodically Carson and a group of stock performers would perform skits that spoofed news , movies , television shows , commercials , and past events . A Mighty Carson Art Players appearance would usually be announced along with that night 's guests during McMahon 's introduction . Example : Johnny , dressed as a doctor , starting to talk about some intimate topic ( just as in the real ad ) and then being hit by cream pies from several directions at once . `` The Edge of Wetness '' , in which Johnny would read humorous plot summaries of a fictional soap opera ( such as The Edge of Night ) while the camera randomly chose an unsuspecting audience member whom Carson claimed was , for example , the butler from the soap . `` Headlines '' , developed by Jay Leno , and seen only during nights when he guest - hosted beginning in 1986 , featured humorous stories and typos from newspaper clippings . This carried over when Leno became permanent host in 1992 . `` How ___ was it ? '' , a recurring call - and - response during Carson 's monologues . Carson would set up the joke with a passing comment about , for instance , the weather with the phrase `` It was so hot ... '' prompting the audience to respond `` HOW HOT WAS IT ? '' Carson would then follow with several punch lines ( e.g. `` I heard Burger King singing , ' If you want it made your way , cook it yourself ! ' '' ) . Carson would occasionally throw the audience off with an anti-joke ( such as `` it was worth the trip in , was n't it ? '' ) . Programming History ( edit ) Carson 's first Tonight Show on New Year 's Eve , 1962 ; shown with Skitch Henderson and Ed McMahon October 1 , 1962 -- December 30 , 1966 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 15 p.m. -- 1 : 00 a.m. Jack Paar 's last appearance was on March 29 , 1962 , and due to Carson 's previous contracts , Carson did not take over until October 1 . His first guests were Rudy Vallée , Tony Bennett , Mel Brooks , and Joan Crawford . Carson inherited from Paar a show that was 1 3 / 4 hours ( 105 minutes ) long . The show broadcast two openings , one starting at 11 : 15 p.m. and including the monologue , the other that listed the guests and re-announced the host , starting at 11 : 30 . The two openings gave affiliates the option of screening either a fifteen - minute or thirty - minute local newscast preceding Carson . Since 1959 , the show had been videotaped earlier the same broadcast day . As more affiliates introduced thirty minutes of local news , Carson 's monologue was being seen by fewer people . To rectify this situation , Ed McMahon and Skitch Henderson co-hosted the first fifteen minutes of the show between February 1965 and December 1966 without Carson , who then took over at 11 : 30 . Finally , because he wanted the show to start when he came on , at the beginning of January 1967 Carson insisted the 11 : 15 segment be eliminated ( which , he claimed in a monologue at the time , `` no one actually watched except the Armed Forces and four Native Americans in Gallup , New Mexico '' ) . January 1965 -- September 1966 : Saturday or Sunday 11 : 15 -- 1 : 00 a.m. ( reruns , initially billed as The Saturday Tonight Show ) September 1966 -- September 1975 : Saturday or Sunday 11 : 30 -- 1 : 00 a.m. ( reruns , now identified as The Saturday / Sunday Tonight Show ; The Weekend Tonight Show by 1973 ) January 2 , 1967 -- September 12 , 1980 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 30 p.m. -- 1 : 00 a.m. Doc Severinsen , leader of The NBC Orchestra , known for his flashy outfits By the mid-1970s Tonight was the most profitable show on television , making NBC $50 to $60 million ( $180 to $220 million in 2016 ) each year . Carson influenced the scheduling of reruns ( which typically aired under the title The Best of Carson ) in the mid-1970s and , in 1980 , the length of each evening 's broadcast , by threatening NBC with , in the first case , moving to another network , and in the latter , retiring altogether . In order to work fewer days each week , Carson began to petition network executives in 1974 that reruns on the weekends be discontinued , in favor of showing them on one or more nights during the week . In response to his demands , NBC created a new comedy / variety series to feed to affiliates on Saturday nights that debuted in October 1975 , Saturday Night Live , which is now in its 43rd season . In 1980 , Carson renewed his contract with the stipulation that the show lose its last half - hour . On the last 90 - minute show ( September 12 , 1980 ) , Carson explained that by going to an hour , the show would feel more fast - paced , and have a greater selection of guests . For a year , Tom Snyder 's existing talk show , Tomorrow , was expanded to 90 minutes and forced to change its format , adding gossip reporter Rona Barrett as a co-host and taking on the name Tomorrow Coast to Coast . This was short - lived as a year and a half later , Snyder had quit and Tomorrow Coast to Coast had been canceled . Carson was given authority to fill the vacant time slot and used it to create Late Night with David Letterman ( 1982 -- 1993 ) . Today , The Tonight Show remains one hour in length and is still followed by Late Night , currently under the title Late Night with Seth Meyers ( 2014 - ) . September 15 , 1980 -- August 30 , 1991 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 30 p.m. -- 12 : 30 a.m. September 2 , 1991 -- May 22 , 1992 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 35 p.m. -- 12 : 35 a.m. The show 's start time was delayed by five minutes to allow NBC affiliates to include more commercials during their local newscasts . In an onscreen eulogy to Carson in 2005 , David Letterman said that every talk show host owes his livelihood to Johnny Carson during his Tonight Show run . 1979 -- 1980 contract Battle ( edit ) In 1979 , when Fred Silverman was the head of NBC , Carson took the network to court , claiming that he had been a free - agent since April of that year because his most recent contract had been signed in 1972 . Carson cited a California law barring certain contracts from lasting more than seven years . NBC claimed that it had signed three agreements since then and Carson was bound to the network until April 1981 . While the case was settled out of court , the friction between Carson and the network remained and Carson was actively courted by rival network ABC , which was willing to double Carson 's salary and offer him a lighter work schedule and ownership of the show . Eventually , Carson reached an agreement that paid $25 million a year while reducing his workload from 90 to 60 minutes , with new shows airing only three nights a week 37 weeks a year ( a guest host would appear Monday nights and for most of Carson 's 15 weeks of vacation and `` Best of Carson '' reruns would air Tuesdays ) and also give him ownership of the show , as well as its back catalog , and of the time slot following the Tonight Show which became Late Night with David Letterman produced by Carson Productions . In September 1980 , Carson 's eponymous production company gained ownership of the show . after owning it from 1969 to the early 1970s . Tape archives ( edit ) Some memorable moments . Top left : Carson 's first show with Groucho , 1962 . Top right : Carson practices pitching at Yankee Stadium , 1962 . Bottom left : Tiny Tim 's wedding , 1969 . Bottom right : Carson does a skydiving demonstration , 1968 . Only 33 complete episodes of Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show that had originally aired prior to May 1 , 1972 are known to exist . All other shows during this period , including Carson 's debut as host , are now considered lost because of wiping . Following the standard procedure for most television production companies of that era , NBC reused The Tonight Show videotapes for recording other programs . Carson himself encouraged the erasure of his archives , once humorously quipping that NBC should `` make guitar picks '' out of them , and did not believe they were of any value . It was rumored that many other episodes were lost in a fire , but NBC has denied this . Other surviving material from the era has been found on kinescopes held in the archives of the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service , or in the personal collections of guests of the program , while a few moments such as Tiny Tim 's wedding , were preserved . New York meteorologist Dr. Frank Field , an occasional guest during the years he was weather forecaster for WNBC - TV , showed several clips of his appearances with Carson in a 2002 career retrospective on WWOR - TV ; Field had maintained the clips in his own personal archives . There are also two appearances by Judy Garland in 1968 that still survive . The program archive is virtually complete from 1973 to 1992 . The New York Post reported in May 2011 that 250 of Carson 's monologues and sketches spanning a 20 - year period are on the Memory Lane website . Carson Productions has also made clips available on YouTube and Antenna TV . Although no footage is known to remain of Carson 's very first broadcast as host of The Tonight Show on October 1 , 1962 , photographs taken that night survive , including Carson being introduced by Groucho Marx , as does an audio recording of Marx 's introduction and Carson 's first monologue . One of his first jokes upon starting the show ( after receiving a few words of encouragement from Marx , one of which was , `` Do n't go to Hollywood ! '' ) was to pretend to panic and say , `` I want my nana ! '' ( This recording was played at the start of Carson 's final broadcast on May 22 , 1992 . ) The oldest surviving video recording of the show is dated November 1962 , while the oldest surviving color recording is from April 1964 , when Carson interviewed Jake Ehrlich , Sr. , as his guest . The 30 - minute audio recordings of many of the `` missing '' episodes are contained in the Library of Congress in the Armed Forces Radio collection . Many 1970s - era episodes have been licensed to distributors that advertise mail - order offers on late - night TV . The later shows are stored in an underground salt mine outside Hutchinson , Kansas . Rebroadcasts ( edit ) A large amount of material from Carson 's first two decades of The Tonight Show ( 1962 -- 1982 ) , much of it not seen since it had first aired , appeared in a half hour `` clip / compilation '' syndicated program known as Carson 's Comedy Classics that aired in 1983 . Audio clips from the show were featured nightly on WHO - AM in Des Moines , Iowa in the mid-2000s . In 2014 , Turner Classic Movies would begin rerunning select interviews from the program for a new series called `` Carson on TCM '' presented by Conan O'Brien , who himself hosted The Tonight Show briefly . The digital multicast network Antenna TV acquired rerun rights to whole episodes of the series in August 2015 . Unlike the previous clip shows , Antenna TV 's airings feature full broadcasts as they were originally seen , with the only edits being removal of The Tonight Show name , with the show being renamed simply as Johnny Carson ( the broadcasts air partially opposite the current edition of The Tonight Show in much of the United States , and NBC still owns the trademark on that name ) , and with bumpers , walk - on music and the closing theme being replaced by generic music cues . Most musical guest segments are also removed . Antenna TV began airing the show seven days a week beginning January 1 , 2016 , with the 60 - minute episodes ( from September 1980 - May 1992 ) airing from Sunday - Thursday Nights and ninety - minute episodes ( from 1972 - September 12 , 1980 ) on Fridays and Saturday Nights . Guest hosts ( edit ) Jack Paar had often asked Carson to guest - host Tonight in its earliest years and repeatedly claimed he had been responsible for NBC 's selection of Carson in 1962 as his replacement . Steve Allen also utilized guest hosts , including Carson and Ernie Kovacs , particularly after he began hosting The Steve Allen Show in prime time in 1956 and needed to reduce his workload on Tonight . The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson had guest hosts for entire weeks during Carson 's vacations and other nights he had off . Many guest hosts were already large names in their own right , among them Frank Sinatra , Burt Reynolds and Don Rickles . The following is a list of those who guest - hosted at least fifty times during the first 21 years of the show 's run : Joey Bishop ( 177 times , mostly in the 1960s ) Joan Rivers ( 93 , during the 1970s and 1980s ) John Davidson ( 87 ) Bob Newhart ( 87 ) David Brenner ( 70 ) McLean Stevenson ( 58 ) Jerry Lewis ( 52 , mostly in the 1960s ) David Letterman ( 51 , mostly between 1980 and 1981 ) Sammy Davis Jr. guest hosted in April 1965 , becoming the first African - American to host a talk show . Harry Belafonte guest hosted for a week in February 1968 , and among Belafonte 's guests were Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King , Jr . On April 2 , 1979 , Kermit the Frog was guest host . In addition , many other Muppets appeared for skits and regular segments : Frank Oz voiced Fozzie Bear and Animal , while Jerry Nelson performed Uncle Deadly , a Vincent Price - inspired Muppet during a segment with the real Price . Carson 's contract , that took effect in 1981 , reduced his work schedule to three nights a week , 37 weeks a year . `` Best of Carson '' reruns aired on Tuesdays in the weeks that Carson was hosting new shows . Monday night shows and shows for most of the 15 weeks that Carson had off were hosted by guest hosts . Due to the frequent need for substitutes , starting in 1983 permanent guest hosts were hired in order to give the program more stability . The permanent guest hosts were Joan Rivers ( 1983 -- 86 ) , then , after about a year where a wide range of guest hosts were used , Garry Shandling alternating with Jay Leno ( 1987 - 88 ) and finally Leno alone ( 1988 -- 92 ) after Shandling left to focus on his Showtime series It 's Garry Shandling 's Show . Though the concept of using `` permanent '' guest hosts was fairly strictly adhered to , occasionally illness or some other situation necessitated a substitute guest host , as when David Brenner filled in for Joan Rivers on October 31 and November 1 , 1985 , when Rivers ' husband was briefly hospitalized . Joan Rivers ( edit ) In September 1983 , Joan Rivers was designated Carson 's permanent guest host , a role she had been essentially filling for the previous year . In 1986 , she left the program for her own show on the then - new Fox Network . According to Carson , Rivers never personally informed him of the existence of her show . Rivers , on the other hand , disagreed . Nevertheless , Rivers ' new show was quickly canceled , and she never again appeared on The Tonight Show with Carson . She also never appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , a ban instigated by Leno out of respect for Carson . She also never appeared during Conan O'Brien's seven - month run . After Carson 's death in 2005 , Rivers told CNN that Carson never forgave her for leaving , and never spoke to her again , even after she wrote him a note following the accidental death of Carson 's son Ricky in June 1991 . On February 17 , 2014 , Rivers returned to the Tonight Show as part of a skit in which numerous celebrities paid new host , Jimmy Fallon , after having lost the bet that he would never become the host of the program . Rivers appeared for a full - length interview segment on March 27 , 2014 . The program of July 26 , 1984 , with guest host Joan Rivers , was the first MTS stereo broadcast in U.S. television history , though not the first television broadcast with stereophonic sound . Only NBC 's flagship local station in New York City , WNBC , had stereo broadcast capability at that time . NBC transmitted The Tonight Show in stereo sporadically through 1984 and on a regular basis beginning in 1985 . Consequential appearances ( edit ) Skeptical activist James Randi says that `` Johnny had been a magician himself and was skeptical '' of Geller 's claimed paranormal powers , so prior to the date of taping , Randi was asked `` to help prevent any trickery . '' Per Randi 's advice , the show prepared their own props without informing Geller , and did not let Geller or his staff `` anywhere near them . '' When Geller joined Carson on stage , he appeared surprised that he was not going to be interviewed , but instead was expected to display his abilities using the provided articles . Geller said `` This scares me . '' and `` I 'm surprised because before this program your producer came and he read me at least 40 questions you were going to ask me . '' Geller was unable to display any paranormal abilities , saying `` I do n't feel strong '' and he expressed his displeasure at feeling like he was being `` pressed '' to perform by Carson . According to Adam Higginbotham 's Nov. 7 , 2014 article in the New York Times : The result was a legendary immolation , in which Geller offered up flustered excuses to his host as his abilities failed him again and again . `` I sat there for 22 minutes , humiliated , '' Geller told me , when I spoke to him in September . `` I went back to my hotel , devastated . I was about to pack up the next day and go back to Tel Aviv . I thought , That 's it -- I 'm destroyed . '' However , this appearance on The Tonight Show , which Carson and Randi had orchestrated to debunk Geller 's claimed abilities , backfired . According to Higginbotham , To Geller 's astonishment , he was immediately booked on The Merv Griffin Show . He was on his way to becoming a paranormal superstar . `` That Johnny Carson show made Uri Geller , '' Geller said . To an enthusiastically trusting public , his failure only made his gifts seem more real : If he were performing magic tricks , they would surely work every time . Carson 's last shows ( edit ) As his retirement approached , Carson tried to avoid sentimentality but would periodically show clips of some of his favorite moments and again invited some of his favorite guests . He told his crew , `` Everything comes to an end ; nothing lasts forever . Thirty years is enough . It 's time to get out while you 're still working on top of your game , while you 're still working well . '' Carson hosted his penultimate show , featuring guests Robin Williams and Bette Midler , on May 21 , 1992 . Once underway , the atmosphere was electric and Carson was greeted with a sustained , two - minute intense standing ovation . Williams was especially uninhibited with his trademark manic energy and stream - of - consciousness lunacy . Midler was more emotional . When the conversation turned to Johnny 's favorite songs , `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' and `` Here 's That Rainy Day '' , Midler mentioned that she knew a chorus of the latter . She began singing the song , and after the first line , Carson joined in and turned it into an impromptu duet . Midler finished her appearance from center stage , where she slowly sang the pop standard `` One for My Baby ( and One More for the Road ) '' . Carson became unexpectedly tearful , and a shot of the two of them was captured by a camera angle from across the set that has never been broadcast . The audience became tearful as well and called the three performers out for a second bow after the taping was completed . This show was immediately recognized as a television classic that Midler considered one of the most emotional moments of her life and eventually won an Emmy for her role in it . Carson had no guests on his final episode of The Tonight Show on May 22 , 1992 , which was instead a retrospective show taped before an invitation - only studio audience of family , friends , and crew . More than fifty million people tuned in for this finale , which ended with Carson sitting on a stool alone at center stage , similar to Jack Paar 's last show . He said these final words in conclusion : `` And so it has come to this : I , uh ... am one of the lucky people in the world ; I found something I always wanted to do and I have enjoyed every single minute of it . I want to thank the people who 've shared this stage with me for thirty years . Mr. Ed McMahon , Mr. Doc Severinsen , and you people watching . I can only tell you that it has been an honor and a privilege to come into your homes all these years and entertain you . And I hope when I find something that I want to do and I think you would like and come back , that you 'll be as gracious in inviting me into your home as you have been . I bid you a very heartfelt good night . '' A few weeks after the final show aired , it was announced that NBC and Carson had struck a deal to develop a new series . Ultimately , however , Carson chose not to return to television . He gave only two major interviews after his retirement : one to the Washington Post in 1993 , and the other to Esquire magazine in 2002 . Carson hinted in his 1993 interview that he did not think he could top what he had already accomplished . He rarely appeared elsewhere after retiring , providing only a guest voice on an episode of The Simpsons , which included him performing feats of strength , and a cameo on the May 13 , 1994 , Late Show with David Letterman where he delivered a Top 10 List and sat in Dave 's chair for a minute . In 2005 , after Carson 's death , it was revealed that he had made a habit of sending jokes to Dave Letterman via fax machine which Letterman would then sometimes incorporate into his monologues . The January 31 , 2005 , episode of the Late Show with David Letterman , which featured a tribute to Carson , began with a monologue by Letterman composed entirely of jokes written by Carson himself after his retirement . In 2011 , the last Carson Tonight show was ranked No. 10 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill Zehme ( June 2002 ) . `` The Man Who Retired '' . Esquire . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( Carson , however , brought the show back to Manhattan in November 1972 , and again in May 1973 ) . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fort Lauderdale : Playground of the Stars by Jack Drury . ^ Jump up to : Tynan , Kenneth ( 1978 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Fifteen Years of the Salto Mortale '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` American National Biography Online '' . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( March 20 , 2013 ) . ' Tonight ' Show Expected to Return to New York , With Fallon . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jeff ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) . `` The return of Johnny Carson on TCM '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Carlfred B. Broderick , Noted Sociologist , Dies at 67 '' , USC News , September 6 , 1999 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Episode 145 -- Gallagher , WTF with Marc Maron , wtfpod.com Jump up ^ `` Here 's Johnny '' is top TV quote BBC NEWS Entertainment . Thursday , 7 December , 2006 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Ed . For Laughing Out Loud : My Life and Good Times . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52370 - 4 . Jump up ^ Myers , Marc ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tonight Show Theme : Evolution '' . JazzWax . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Transcripts : Larry King Live '' . CNN . 2006 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Allen 's Mighty Allen Art Players Jump up ^ Harris , Jay S. ( editor ) ( 1978 ) . TV Guide : The First 25 Years . New York : New American Library . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25225 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hill , Doug ; Weingrad , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Saturday Night : A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live . San Francisco : Untreed Reads , LLC . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61187 - 709 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( May 22 , 1991 ) . `` NBC Moves Johnny Carson Starting Time by 5 Minutes '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Letterman delivers Carson - penned monologue '' . CBC.ca . February 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Television : Family Feud '' . Time magazine . 1979 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Law : Rent - a-Judge '' . Time magazine . 1981 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bushkin , Henry ; Lewis , Andy ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` How Johnny Carson Nearly Quit ' Tonight ' and Scored TV 's Richest Deal Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People '' . Time Magazine . 1980 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 1994 ) . The Late Shift : Letterman , Leno , and the Network Battle for the Night . New York , NY : Hyperion . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8907 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson Calls This Man ' Bombastic ' All the Way to Bank . '' The Wall Street Journal , June 8 , 1980 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Download -- Volume 1 '' . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carson on TCM ' shows why Johnny was the king '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnny Carson : The Official Tonight Show Website , Clip Licensing . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Starr report '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson '' . Jump up ^ Watch Jake Ehrlich Sr. on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson on Google Video . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` A Heartfelt Doc Deconstructs The King of Late Night '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Werts , Diane ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carson on TCM ' review : Heeere 's Johnny '' . Newsday . Melville , New York . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Carson Returns : Antenna TV to Air Full ' Tonight Show ' Episodes . '' Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of The Tonight Show '' . JohnnyCarson.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Carson , 79 , Dies '' . Live Event / Special rush transcript . CNN . January 23 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . ( D ) uring our 17 years together , which were wonderful years , and he was the one that discovered me and he was the one that said , `` You 're going to be a star '' the first night I worked . He was an amazing man and an amazing mentor . And then when I left the show to do my own show on Fox , he never forgave me , and that made me terribly sad . We never spoke again . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis , Jr . TV Guest Appearances '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harry Belafonte ; Michael Shnayerson ( 2011 ) . My Song : A Memoir . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27226 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barry Gordemer ( Producer ) ( 2005 - 05 - 09 ) . Happy 50th Birthday , Kermit ! ( audio recording ) . National Public Radio . Event occurs at 1 : 20 -- 1 : 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 ... Kermit hosted The Tonight Show . Jump up ^ `` Joan Rivers on Johnny Carson 's reaction to the start of her late show on Fox '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Two more football seasons for ' Friday Night Lights , ' and other news from the TV Critics Press Tour '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . We did n't feel it was right to invite her while Johnny was alive , '' said Leno . `` It was a respect thing for Johnny . Jump up ^ `` Russell Crowe / Joan Rivers / The National '' . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Season 1 . Episode 29 . 2014 - 03 - 27 . nbc . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lyons , James . Miami Vice . Wiley Publishing , 2010 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Peter W. Kaplan , `` TV Notes '' , New York Times , July 28 , 1984 , sec. 1 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` James Randi - Secrets of the Psychics Documentary ( Full ) '' . Youtube.com . JREF . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , Adam . `` The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bernard Weinraub ( May 23 , 1992 ) . `` Fade Out for Johnny Carson , His Dignity and Privacy Intact '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Season 30 Episode Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Deborah Seibel ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Fans Put Johnny On The Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Matt Roush ( January 30 , 2005 ) . `` Life After Johnny '' . Broadcasting & Cable . ^ Jump up to : Marc Shaiman ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Someone in a Tree : My view of Johnny Carson 's last night '' . The Film Music Society . Jump up ^ `` Carson : He left ' Tonight Show ' with popularity still running high '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . January 24 , 2005 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Hancock , David ( January 18 , 2005 ) . `` Carson Feeds Jokes To Letterman '' . CBS News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ redOrbit ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` Letterman Pays Special Tribute to Carson -- Redorbit '' . 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-1362777027855103213	Legends of the Fall	Legends of the Fall - wikipedia Legends of the Fall Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American film . For the The Weeknd tour , see Starboy : Legend of the Fall Tour . Legends of the Fall Theatrical release poster Directed by Edward Zwick Produced by Marshall Herskovitz William D. Wittliff Edward Zwick Screenplay by Susan Shilliday William D. Wittliff Based on Legends of the Fall by Jim Harrison Starring Brad Pitt Anthony Hopkins Aidan Quinn Julia Ormond Henry Thomas Music by James Horner Cinematography John Toll Edited by Steven Rosenblum Production company Bedford Falls Productions Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date December 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 23 ) ( US ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $160.6 million Legends of the Fall is a 1994 American epic historical drama film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Brad Pitt , Anthony Hopkins , Aidan Quinn , Julia Ormond and Henry Thomas . Based on the 1979 novella of the same title by Jim Harrison , the film is about three brothers and their father living in the wilderness and plains of Montana in the early 20th century and how their lives are affected by nature , history , war , and love . The film 's time frame spans from World War I through the Prohibition era , ending with a brief scene set in 1963 . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and won for Best Cinematography ( John Toll ) . Both the film and book contain occasional Cornish language terms , the Ludlows being a Cornish emigrant family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Sick of betrayals the United States government perpetrated on the Native Americans , Colonel William Ludlow leaves the Army and moves to a remote part of Montana . Along with One Stab , a Cree friend , he builds a ranch and raises his family . Accompanying them are hired hand and former outlaw Decker , Decker 's Cree wife Pet , and daughter Isabel Two . William has three sons : Alfred , the eldest , is responsible and cautious ; Tristan , the Colonel 's favorite son , is wild and well - versed in American Indian traditions ; Samuel , the youngest , is educated but naive and constantly watched over by his brothers . William 's wife Isabel does not adapt to the harsh Montana winters and moves to the East Coast ; Tristan vows never to speak of her again . At age 12 , Tristan touches a sleeping grizzly bear . The bear awakens and injures him , but he stabs at the bear 's paw and cuts off a claw . Years later , Samuel returns from Harvard University with his fiancée , Susannah . Susannah talks with Isabel Two and learns of her fondness for Tristan . Susannah finds Tristan captivating but loves Samuel . Before they can marry , Samuel announces his intention to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force and aid Britain in the fight against Germany . Much to their father 's displeasure , Alfred also joins . Although Tristan does not want to join , he does so to protect his brothers . During World War I , the brothers find themselves in the 10th Battalion , CEF . Alfred , commissioned as an officer , leads a charge into no man 's land . The attack results in heavy casualties and Alfred is wounded . While visiting Alfred in the field hospital , Tristan learns that Samuel has volunteered for a dangerous reconnaissance mission . He rushes off to protect his brother but arrives too late . A devastated Tristan holds Samuel until he dies , then cuts out his brother 's heart and sends it home to be buried at the ranch . Tristan single - handedly raids the German lines . He returns to camp with the scalps of German soldiers hanging around his neck , horrifying his fellow soldiers . He is discharged but does not go home . Alfred returns to Montana and proposes to Susannah , but she declines . Tristan returns home , where Susannah finds him weeping over Samuel 's grave . She comforts him , and they become lovers . A jealous Alfred confronts Tristan and leaves to make his name in Helena . Tristan is plagued with guilt over Samuel 's death and feels responsible for driving Alfred away ; he leaves Montana for several years . Susannah waits for him , only to receive a letter telling her to marry someone else . Alfred comforts Susannah . William finds them together , which leads to a falling out between him and Alfred . William later suffers a stroke . He does not speak for years and the ranch deteriorates . Susannah marries Alfred , now a congressman . Alfred 's business and politics cause him to get involved with the O'Banion brothers , bootleggers and gangsters . Tristan returns during Prohibition , bringing life back to the ranch and his father . He falls in love with Isabel Two and they marry . They have two children , the elder being a boy named Samuel . Tristan becomes involved in small - scale rum - running , finding himself at odds with the O'Banion brothers . Isabel is accidentally killed by a police officer working for the O'Banions . In a fit of grief , Tristan beats the officer nearly to death and is jailed . Susannah visits Tristan , still having feelings for him , but he refuses her advances . After his release , Tristan and Decker kill those responsible for Isabel 's death , including one of the O'Banion brothers . Realizing she can not live without Tristan , Susannah commits suicide . The remaining O'Banion brother , along with the corrupt sheriff and another police officer , comes after Tristan for revenge . At the ranch , William and Alfred kill the attackers . Alfred reconciles with his father and brother . The family realizes that Tristan is likely to be blamed for the deaths , which prompts Tristan to ask Alfred to take care of his children . One Stab 's narration explains that later during the night they bury the bodies and dump the car in the Missouri River . He reflects that rather than dying young as he , the American Indian , had expected , Tristan lived to watch his children and grandchildren grow . One Stab observes that it was the people Tristan loved and wanted to protect most that died young . The last scene takes place in 1963 . Tristan , now an old man living in the North Country , investigates an animal carcass as he is confronted by a grizzly bear . He draws his knife and fights it . As they struggle , the image freeze - frames as One Stab narrates , `` It was a good death '' . Cast ( edit ) Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow Keegan MacIntosh as Young Tristan Ludlow Eric Johnson as Teen Tristan Ludlow Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow Aidan Quinn as Alfred Ludlow Julia Ormond as Susannah Fincannon - Ludlow Henry Thomas as Samuel Ludlow Karina Lombard as Isabel `` Isabel II '' Decker / Isabel Decker Ludlow Sekwan Auger as Young Isabel II Decker Gordon Tootoosis as One Stab Christina Pickles as Isabel Ludlow Paul Desmond as Roscoe Decker Tantoo Cardinal as Pet Decker Robert Wisden as John T. O'Banion John Novak as James O'Banion Kenneth Welsh as Sheriff Tynert Bart the Bear as the Bear Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia , Canada . Principal photography began in mid-September 1993 . The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley , Alberta , with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras . The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch ; additional outdoor scenes , as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes , were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park . A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena , Montana street scenes . Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver . Additional scenes were shot at Maple Leaf Square in Gastown , Vancouver , and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann , Jamaica . Filming wrapped up around January 1994 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened in limited release on December 23 , 1994 , and expanded to a wide release on January 13 , 1995 . During its first weekend in wide release , which was a four - day weekend due to Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , the film reached number one at the domestic box office after grossing $14 million . After its initial run , the film brought in a final box office total of $160,638,883 . Against its $30 million budget , the film was a financial success . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56 % of 54 film critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 45 based on 23 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . IMBD gave the film a score of 7.5 / 10 based on reviews from critics , indicating generally positive reviews . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times described the film as `` pretty good ... with full - blooded performances and heartfelt melodrama '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone particularly praised Pitt 's performance saying , `` Though the admirable Quinn has the toughest role , Pitt carries the picture . The blue - eyed boy who seemed a bit lost in Interview with the Vampire proves himself a bona fide movie star , stealing every scene he 's in . '' Comparatively , Chris Hicks of Deseret News noted , `` Pitt is the hunk of the moment , and Legends of the Fall will only further cement his big - screen , romantic leading - man status . And he is satisfying as the internalized , rebellious Tristan ( look for that name to be given to more than a few babies over the next few years ) . Even if the character seems only a slight twist on the similar role he played in A River Runs Through It . ( He even becomes a bootlegger ! ) '' On the other hand , Rita Kempley of The Washington Post stated that the film 's `` yarn does n't so much sweep as sprawl across the screen in all its panoramic idiocy '' . Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented , `` Before it turns exhaustingly hollow , this film shows the potential for bringing Mr. Harrison 's tough , brooding tale to life . And the actors may have captured the spirit of the story , but that 's impossible to know . '' She concluded , `` These are performances that lost too much in the editing room , smothered by music and overshadowed by a picture - postcard vision of the American West . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography ( John Toll ) , Best Art Direction ( Lilly Kilvert , Dorree Cooper ) , and Best Sound ( Paul Massey , David E. Campbell , Chris David and Douglas Ganton ) , and won the category for Best Cinematography . In addition , the film was nominated for the Golden Globes for Best Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Drama ( Brad Pitt ) , Best Director ( Edward Zwick ) , and Best Original Score ( James Horner ) . Home Media ( edit ) Legends of the Fall was first released on DVD on April 29 , 1997 , and once again on October 17 , 2000 . The film was later released on Blu - ray on February 8 , 2011 , with bonus content that includes two audio commentaries , deleted scenes with optional commentary and two behind - the - scenes featurettes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Chris ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` Legends of the Fall '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tristram , Hildegard L.C. ( 2007 ) . The Celtic Languages in Contact . Potsdam University Library # Potsdam University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 940793 - 07 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hopkins lines up Beethoven role '' . Reading Eagle . 27 August 1993 . p. 51 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Adventures Alberta Movie Maps '' . Alberta SouthWest . pp. 1 -- 9 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 16 January 1994 ) . `` The Flowering Of A Late Bloomer '' . The Daily Beast . p. 2 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 13 - 16 , 1995 '' . IMDB . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) '' . IMDB . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall '' . CBS Interactive . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` Legends of the Fall '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` Legends of the Fall Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( 17 January 1995 ) . `` Film review : Legends of the Fall '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kempley , Rita ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` ' Legends of the Fall ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 23 December 1994 ) . `` Grit vs. Good Looks In the American West '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 67th Academy Awards ( 1995 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes , USA 1995 '' . Lucy Media . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall '' . 9 October 2000 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( 29 November 2010 ) . `` Legends of the Fall Blu - ray Announced , A River Runs through It in Regular Case '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Legends of the Fall Legends of the Fall on IMDb Legends of the Fall at AllMovie Legends of the Fall at the TCM Movie Database Legends of the Fall at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) Films directed by Edward Zwick About Last Night ( 1986 ) Glory ( 1989 ) Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Siege ( 1998 ) The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) Blood Diamond ( 2006 ) Defiance ( 2008 ) Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) Pawn Sacrifice ( 2014 ) Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ( 2016 ) GND : 4684122 - 2 VIAF : 232515313 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legends_of_the_Fall&oldid=834102956 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films American films 1990s drama films Western Front films ( World War I ) American romantic drama films American epic films Films about brothers Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by Edward Zwick Films set in Montana Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1960s Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award TriStar Pictures films Films scored by James Horner Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Кыргызча Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 23 : 19 . 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-3907431323767047300	Upper motor neuron	Upper motor neuron - wikipedia Upper motor neuron Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Upper motor neuron The motor tract Identifiers Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Upper motor neurons ( UMNs ) are motor neurons that originate either in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or in the brain stem and carry motor information down to the lower motor neurons . The main effector of motor neurons ( efferent neurons ) for voluntary movement lie within layer V of the primary motor cortex , and are a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells . The cell bodies of these neurons are the largest in the brain , approaching nearly 0.1 mm in diameter . The primary motor cortex or precentral gyrus , is one of the most important areas in the frontal lobe . The precentral gyrus is the most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobe and it lies anterior to the central sulcus . The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are also called upper motor neurons . The fibers of the upper motor neurons project out of the precentral gyrus ending in the brainstem , where they will decussate ( intersect ) within the lower medulla oblongata to form the lateral corticospinal tract on each side of the spinal cord . The fibers that do not decussate will pass through the medulla and continue on to form the anterior corticospinal tracts . The upper motor neuron descends in the spinal cord to the level of the appropriate spinal nerve root . At this point , the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron , each of whose axons innervate a fiber of skeletal muscle . These neurons connect the brain to the appropriate level in the spinal cord , from which point nerve signals continue to the muscles by means of the lower motor neurons . The neurotransmitter glutamate transmits the nerve impulses from upper to lower motor neurons , where it is detected by glutamatergic receptors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pathways 2 Lesions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Pathways ( edit ) Upper motor neurons travel in several neural pathways through the central nervous system ( CNS ) : Tract Pathway Function corticospinal tract from the motor cortex to lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord The major function of this pathway is fine voluntary motor control of the limbs . The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments . corticobulbar tract from the motor cortex to several nuclei in the pons and medulla oblongata Involved in control of facial and jaw musculature , swallowing and tongue movements . colliculospinal tract ( tectospinal tract ) from the superior colliculus to lower motor neurons Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information . rubrospinal tract from red nucleus to lower motor neurons Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in response to balance information ; support of the body . vestibulospinal tract from vestibular nuclei , which processes stimuli from semicircular canals It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain balance . reticulospinal tract from reticular formation Regulates various involuntary motor activities and assists in balance . Lesions ( edit ) Any upper motor neuron lesion , also known as pyramidal insufficiency , occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn of the spinal cord . Such lesions can arise as a result of stroke , multiple sclerosis , spinal cord injury or other acquired brain injury . The resulting changes in muscle performance that can be wide and varied are described overall as upper motor neuron syndrome . Symptoms can include muscle weakness , decreased motor control including a loss of the ability to perform fine movements , increased vigor ( and decreased threshold ) of spinal reflexes including spasticity , clonus ( involuntary , successive cycles of contraction / relaxation of a muscle ) , and an extensor plantar response known as the Babinski sign . See also ( edit ) Lower motor neuron Upper motor neuron lesion Lower motor neuron lesion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology : the Unity of Form and Function . Dubuque : McGraw - Hill , 2010 . Print. 1 Jump up ^ `` Frontal Lobe . '' Rice University Web Calendar. 26 June 2000 . Web . 06 Dec. 2010 . < http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lngbrain/cglidden/frontal.html > . Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=neurosci&part=A1191 External links ( edit ) `` motoneuron '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ( hide ) Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_motor_neuron&oldid=825197284 '' Categories : Cerebral palsy types Motor system Efferent neurons Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Italiano 日本語 Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 00 : 55 . 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4740025429704547044	A Nightmare on Elm Street	A Nightmare on Elm Street - wikipedia A Nightmare on Elm Street Jump to : navigation , search For other works in the franchise , see A Nightmare on Elm Street ( franchise ) and List of A Nightmare on Elm Street media . For other uses , see A Nightmare on Elm Street ( disambiguation ) . A Nightmare on Elm Street Theatrical release poster Directed by Wes Craven Produced by Robert Shaye Written by Wes Craven Starring John Saxon Ronee Blakley Heather Langenkamp Amanda Wyss Nick Corri Johnny Depp Robert Englund Music by Charles Bernstein Cinematography Jacques Haitkin Edited by Patrick McMahon Rick Shaine Production companies New Line Cinema Media Home Entertainment Smart Egg Pictures Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date November 9 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 09 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $25.5 million ( US ) A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher film written and directed by Wes Craven , and the first film of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . The film stars Heather Langenkamp , John Saxon , Ronee Blakley , Amanda Wyss , Jsu Garcia , Robert Englund , and Johnny Depp in his feature film debut . The plot revolves around four teenagers who are stalked and killed in their dreams ( and thus killed in reality ) by Freddy Krueger . The teenagers are unaware of the cause of this strange phenomenon , but their parents hold a dark secret from long ago . Craven filmed A Nightmare on Elm Street on an estimated budget of $1.8 million , a sum the film earned back during its first week . The film went on to gross over $25 million at the United States box office . A Nightmare on Elm Street was met with rave critical reviews and went on to make a very significant impact on the horror genre , spawning a franchise consisting of a line of sequels , a television series , a crossover with Friday the 13th , beyond various other works of imitation ; a remake of the same name was released in 2010 . The film is credited with carrying on many tropes found in low - budget horror films of the 1970s and 1980s , originating in John Carpenter 's 1978 horror film Halloween , including the morality play that revolves around sexual promiscuity in teenagers resulting in their eventual death , leading to the term `` slasher film '' . Critics and film historians state that the film 's premise is the struggle to define the distinction between dreams and reality , manifested by the lives and dreams of the teens in the film . Critics today praise the film 's ability to transgress `` the boundaries between the imaginary and real '' , toying with audience perceptions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Censorship issues 4 Themes 5 Distribution 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Later reception 6.4 Accolades 7 Remakes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifteen - year - old Tina Gray is stalked through a boiler room and attacked by a disfigured man wearing a blade - fixed glove . She awakens from the nightmare , but her mother points out four mysterious slashes on her nightgown . The following morning , Tina is consoled by her best friend , Nancy Thompson , and Nancy 's boyfriend , Glen Lantz . Later , Nancy and Glen sleep at Tina 's following her mother 's out - of - town departure ; the sleepover is interrupted by Tina 's boyfriend Rod Lane . Falling asleep , Tina sees the man and runs . Awakened by Tina 's thrashing , Rod witnesses her being fatally slashed by an unseen force . He flees as Nancy and Glen find Tina , mistakenly blaming Rod . Nancy tells her father , Lieutenant Don Thompson , of Tina 's death . The next day , Rod is arrested by Don , despite his pleas of innocence . At school , Nancy falls asleep in class and finds a man chasing her in the boiler room . Nancy burns her arm on a pipe and then awakens . She notices the burn mark on her arm and is concerned . At home , Nancy falls asleep in the bathtub and nearly gets drowned by him . Nancy goes to Rod , who tells her what happened to Tina , and Nancy believes the man is responsible for Tina 's death . Nancy has Glen watch over her as she falls asleep . She tries to find the man and sees him preparing to kill Rod . He turns his attention on her ; she runs and wakes up when her alarm clock goes off . Nancy and Glen go to the jail and discover Rod dead in his cell in an apparent suicide . At Rod 's funeral , Nancy 's parents become worried when she describes the man in her dreams . Her mother Marge takes her to a dream clinic . In her dream , Nancy is attacked again and grabs the man 's hat . When the staff wake her up , she has a gash on her arm and Freddy 's hat in her possession . At home , Marge bars the windows and begins drinking heavily . Nancy questions her about the man 's name in the hat , which reads Fred Kruger . She tells Nancy that Fred was a child murderer released on a technicality . In a form of vigilante justice , the parents in the neighborhood burned him alive . Realizing that Fred desires revenge , Nancy convinces Glen to help her . She plans to take Fred into the real world , and sets up booby traps in her house . Concerned over her influence , Glen 's parents prevent the two from meeting . Glen falls asleep at their appointed hour , and Fred kills him and releases his blood in a large fountain in his room , which is witnessed by Glen 's mother . Alone , Nancy puts Marge to bed and asks Don , who is across the street , to break into the house in twenty minutes . In her sleep , she locates Fred at the last second and pulls him out of the dream . In the real world , Nancy runs from Fred , who trips on the booby traps . She lights him on fire , locks him in the basement , and rushes to the door for help . The police arrive , and they realize Freddy has escaped the basement . In Marge 's bedroom , they see a still - burning Fred smother her . After Don puts out the fire , Fred and Marge have vanished . Despite her father 's words , Nancy believes she is still in danger . Fred attacks Nancy once again . Realizing he is powered by his victim 's fear , she calmly turns her back on him , reducing him to nothingness . She steps outside into a bright morning where all of her friends and mother are still alive . She gets into Glen 's car to go to school when the top comes down and suddenly locks them in . As the car is driven uncontrollably down the street , Marge is grabbed through the window of their front door by Fred 's gloved hand and is dragged through it to her apparent death . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of cast members of the Nightmare on Elm Street series The cast of A Nightmare on Elm Street included a crew of veteran actors such as Robert Englund and John Saxon , as well as several aspiring young actors including Johnny Depp and Heather Langenkamp . Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger John Saxon as Lt. Don Thompson Heather Langenkamp as Nancy Thompson Johnny Depp as Glen Lantz Ronee Blakley as Marge Thompson Amanda Wyss as Christina `` Tina '' Gray Nick Corri as Rod Lane Leslie Hoffman as Hall Guard Joe Unger as Sgt . Garcia Charles Fleischer as Dr. King Joseph Whipp as Sgt . Parker Lin Shaye as Teacher Mimi Craven as Nurse Jack Shea as Minister Ed Call as Mr. Lantz Sandy Lipton as Mrs. Lantz David Andrews as Foreman Jeff Levine as Coroner Donna Woodrum as Mrs. Gray Paul Grenier as Mrs. Gray 's Boyfriend Ash Adams and Don Hannah as Surfers Shashawnee Hall , Brian Reise and Carol Pritikin as Cops Kathi Gibbs , John Richard Peterson , Chris Tashima and Antonia Yannouli as Kids ( uncredited ) The task of creating Krueger 's disfigured face fell to makeup man David Miller , who based his creation on photographs of burn victims he obtained from the UCLA Medical Center . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` It was a series of articles in the LA Times , three small articles about men from South East Asia , who were from immigrant families and had died in the middle of nightmares -- and the paper never correlated them , never said , ' Hey , we 've had another story like this . '' -- Wes Craven on the film 's creation A Nightmare on Elm Street contains many biographical elements , taking inspiration from director Wes Craven 's childhood . The basis of the film was inspired by several newspaper articles printed in the Los Angeles Times in the 1970s on a group of Southeast Asian refugees , who , after fleeing to the United States from the results of war and genocide in Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam , were suffering disturbing nightmares , after which they refused to sleep . Some of the men died in their sleep soon after . Medical authorities called the phenomenon Asian Death Syndrome . The condition itself afflicted only men between the ages of 19 and 57 and is believed to be sudden unexplained death syndrome or Brugada syndrome , or both . The 1970s pop song `` Dream Weaver '' by Gary Wright sealed the story for Craven , giving him not only an artistic setting to `` jump off '' from , but a synthesizer riff for the Elm Street soundtrack as well . Craven has also stated that he drew some inspiration for the film from Eastern religions . Other sources also attribute the inspiration for the film to be a 1968 student film project made by students of Craven 's at Clarkson University . The student film parodied contemporary horror films , and was filmed along Elm Street in Potsdam , New York ( the town in the film was named Madstop -- Potsdam spelled backwards ) . The film 's villain , Freddy Krueger , draws heavily from Craven 's early life . One night , a young Craven saw an elderly man walking on the sidepath outside the window of his home . The man stopped to glance at a startled Craven and walked off . This served as the inspiration for Krueger . Initially , Fred Krueger was intended to be a child molester , but Craven eventually characterized him as a child murderer to avoid being accused of exploiting a spate of highly publicized child molestation cases that occurred in California around the time of production of the film . By Craven 's account , his own adolescent experiences led to the naming of Freddy Krueger . He had been bullied at school by a child named Fred Krueger , and he named his villain accordingly . Additionally , Craven had done the same in his earlier film The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , where the villain 's name was shortened to `` Krug '' . The colored sweater he chose for his villain was based on the DC Comics character Plastic Man , and Craven chose to make Krueger 's sweater red and green , after reading an article in Scientific American in 1982 that said the two most clashing colors to the human retina were this particular combination . Craven strove to make Krueger different from other horror - film villains of the era . `` A lot of the killers were wearing masks : Leatherface , Michael Myers , Jason , '' he recalled in 2014 . `` I wanted my villain to have a ' mask , ' but be able to talk and taunt and threaten . So I thought of him being burned and scarred . '' He also felt the killer should use something other than a knife , which was too common . `` So I thought , How about a glove with steak knives ? I gave the idea to our special - effects guy , Jim Doyle . '' Ultimately two models of the glove were built : one called the `` hero glove '' used only whenever anything needs to be cut , and the other a stunt glove less likely to cause injury . Writing ( edit ) Wes Craven began writing A Nightmare on Elm Street 's screenplay around 1981 , after he had finished production on Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) . He pitched it to several studios , but each one of them rejected it for different reasons . The first studio to show interest was Walt Disney Productions , although they wanted Craven to tone down the content to make it suitable for children and pre-teens . Craven declined . Another early suitor was Paramount Pictures ; however the studios passed on the project due to A Nightmare on Elm Street 's similarity to Dreamscape ( 1984 ) , a film they were producing at the time . Universal Studios also passed ; Craven , who was in desperate personal and financial straits during this period , later framed their rejection letter on the wall of his office . Finally , the fledgling and independent New Line Cinema corporation -- which had up to that point only distributed films , rather than making its own -- gave the project the go - ahead . During filming , New Line 's distribution deal for the film fell through and for two weeks it was unable to pay its cast and crew . Although New Line has gone on to make much bigger and more profitable films , Nightmare holds such an important place in the company 's history that the studio is often referred to as `` The House That Freddy Built '' . Casting ( edit ) Actor David Warner was originally slated to play Freddy . Make - up tests were done , but he had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts . Replacing him was difficult at first . `` I could n't find an actor to play Freddy Krueger with the sense of ferocity I was seeking , '' Craven recalled on the film 's 30th anniversary . `` Everyone was too quiet , too compassionate towards children . Then Robert Englund auditioned . ( He ) was n't as tall I 'd hoped , and he had baby fat on his face , but he impressed me with his willingness to go to the dark places in his mind . Robert understood Freddy . '' To get that understanding , Englund had darkened his lower eyelids with cigarette ash on his way to the audition and slicked his hair back . `` I looked strange . I sat there and listened to Wes talk . He was tall and preppy and erudite . I posed a bit , like Klaus Kinski , and that was the audition , '' he said later . He took the part because it was the only project that fit his schedule during the hiatus between the V miniseries and series . Craven said he wanted someone very `` non-Hollywood '' for the role of Nancy , and he believed Langenkamp met this quality . Langenkamp , who had appeared in several commercials and a TV film , took time off from her studies at Stanford to continue acting . Eventually she landed the role of Nancy Thompson after an open audition , beating out more than 200 actresses including Demi Moore , Courteney Cox , Tracey Gold , and Jennifer Grey . Langenkamp returned as Nancy in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) , and also played herself in Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( 1994 ) . Johnny Depp was another unknown when he was cast ; he initially went to accompany a friend ( Jackie Earle Haley , who went on to play Freddy in the 2010 remake ) so he could audition , yet eventually got the part of Glen . Glen Lantz 's epic death in this movie is paid homage to by a flashback in Freddy vs. Jason and Depp gets his own nod in a cameo role in Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare as a guy on TV . Craven 's daughters picked Depp 's headshot from the set he showed them . Other actors such as Charlie Sheen ( who wanted too much money ) , John Cusack , Kiefer Sutherland , Nicolas Cage , and C. Thomas Howell were considered . Filming ( edit ) According to Shaye , all the film 's original investors backed out at one point or another during pre-production . The original budget was merely $700,000 . `` It ended up at $1.1 million ... Half the funding came from a Yugoslavian guy who had a girlfriend he wanted in movies . '' Principal photography began in June 1984 in several locations throughout Los Angeles , California . The fictional address of the house that appears in the film is 1428 Elm Street ; the actual house is a private home located in Los Angeles on 1428 North Genesee Avenue . During production , over 500 gallons of fake blood were used for the special effects production . For the famous blood geyser sequence , the filmmakers used the same revolving room set that was used for Tina 's death . They put the set so that it was upside down and attached the camera so that it looked like the room was right side up , then they poured gallons of red water into the room , because the normal film blood would not make the right effect for the geyser . During the filming of this scene , the blood poured in an unexpected way causing the rotating room to spin . Much of the blood spilled out of the bedroom window covering Craven and Langenkamp . The scene where Nancy is attacked by Krueger in her bathtub was accomplished with a special bottomless tub . The tub was put in a bathroom set that was built over a swimming pool . During the underwater sequence Heather Langenkamp was replaced with a stuntwoman . The `` melting staircase '' as seen in Nancy 's dream was Robert Shaye 's idea ; it was created using pancake mix . Jsu Garcia , who was credited as Rod under the name `` Nick Corri '' , says the production was difficult for him . He had recently come off a period of homelessness , and was still dealing with the depression from that by snorting heroin in the bathroom between takes . In 2014 , he revealed that he was high on that drug during the scene between him and Langenkamp in his jail cell . `` His eyes were watery and they were n't focused , '' Langenkamp said . `` I thought , Wow , he 's giving the best performance of his life . '' A scene from Sam Raimi 's The Evil Dead appears on a television when Nancy is trying to stay awake about halfway through . This was in response to Raimi featuring a Hills Have Eyes poster in the film . Craven was so impressed that he included it on the TV , and in return a Freddy Krueger glove was featured in the tool shed in Evil Dead II : Dead by Dawn . Wes Craven originally planned for the film to have a more evocative ending : Nancy kills Krueger by ceasing to believe in him , then awakes to discover that everything that happened in the film was an elongated nightmare . However , New Line leader Robert Shaye demanded a twist ending , in which Krueger disappears and the film all appears to have been a dream , only for the audience to discover that they are watching a dream - within - a-dream - within - a-dream , where Fred reappears as a car that `` kidnaps '' Nancy and her friends , followed by Fred reaching through a window on the front door to pull Nancy 's mother inside . Both a happy ending and a twist ending were filmed , but the final film used the twist ending . As a result , Craven ( who never wanted the film to be an ongoing franchise ) , dropped out of working on the first sequel , Freddy 's Revenge ( 1985 ) . Production wrapped in July , and was rushed to get it ready for its November release . Censorship issues ( edit ) When the film was submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system ( MPAA ) , two cuts were required to grant it an R rating The theatrical version was released with an R rating and 13 seconds of cuts . In the U.K. the film was released theatrically and on home video uncut . The Australian theatrical release would see the film edited to an M rating , but the uncut version on VHS home video in 1985 with an Australian R rating . The uncut version would not see a U.S. release until the 1996 Elite Entertainment Laserdisc release . However all DVD , digital and Blu - ray releases use the R - rated theatrical version , meaning the uncut version has yet to be released on a digital format . Themes ( edit ) Freddy exclusively attacks teenagers and his actions have been interpreted as symbolic of the often traumatic experiences of adolescence . Nancy , like the archetypal teenager , experiences social anxiety and her relationship with her parents becomes very strained . Sexuality is present in Freudian images and is almost exclusively displayed in a threatening and mysterious context ( e.g. , Tina 's death visually evokes a rape , Freddy 's glove between Nancy 's legs in the bath ) . The original script actually called for Krueger to be a child molester , rather than a child killer , before being murdered . `` In Nightmare , all the adults are damaged : They 're alcoholic , they 're on pills , they 're not around , '' Englund has observed . Blakley says the parents in the film `` verge on being villains . '' Englund adds : `` The adolescents have to wade through that , and Heather is the last girl standing . She lives . She defeats Freddy . '' Langenkamp agrees : `` Nightmare is a feminist movie , but I look at it more as a ' youth power ' film . '' Distribution ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) The film was first introduced to the home video market by Media Home Entertainment in early 1985 and was eventually released on Laserdisc . It has since been released on DVD , first in 1999 in the United States as part of the Nightmare on Elm Street Collection box set ( along with the other six sequels ) , and once again in Restored `` Infinifilm '' Special Edition in 2006 , containing various special features with contributions from Wes Craven , Heather Langenkamp , John Saxon and the director of photography . The Special Edition consisted of two DVDs , one with the film picture and sound restored ( DTS 5.1 , Dolby Digital 5.1 and original mono audio track ) and another DVD with special features . Along with the restored version of the film , DVD 1 also had two commentaries , and other nightmares ( if not all ) from the film 's sequels ( 2 -- 7 and Freddy Vs. Jason ) . It also included additional , extended or alternate scenes of the film , such as one scene where Marge reveals to Nancy that she had another sibling who was killed by Freddy . These unused clips / scenes were not included or added in the film but could be viewed separately from the DVD 's menus . On April 13 , 2010 , the film was released on Blu - ray Disc by Warner Home Video , with all the same extras from the 2006 Special Edition included . A new DVD box set containing all of the films up to that point was released on the same day . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) A Nightmare on Elm Street premiered in the United States with a limited theatrical release on November 9 , 1984 , opening in 165 cinemas across the country . Grossing $1,271,000 during its opening weekend , the film was considered an instant commercial success . The film eventually earned a total of $25,504,513 at the American box office . Additionally , A Nightmare on Elm Street was released in Europe , Canada and Australia . Critical reception ( edit ) In a contemporary review , Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that A Nightmare on Elm Street was closer to a Stephen King adaptation with its small - town setting , and `` invented monster myth '' . Newman concluded that the film found `` Craven emerging from the his recent career slump ( Swamp Thing , The Hills Have Eyes Part 2 , Invitation to Hell ) with a fine , perhaps definitive bogeyman to back him up . '' and that the film was `` a superior example of an over-worked genre '' . Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post praised the film , stating that `` for such a low - budget movie , Nightmare on Elm Street is extraordinarily polished . The script is consistently witty , the camera work ( by cinematographer Jacques Haitkin ) is crisp and expressive . '' The review noted that `` the genre has built - in limitations ( ... ) but Craven faces the challenge admirably ; `` A Nightmare on Elm Street '' is halfway between an exploitation flick and classic surrealism `` . The review also commented on Freddy Krueger , calling him `` the most chilling figure in the genre since `` The Shape '' made his debut in `` Halloween '' . '' Variety commented that the film was `` a highly imaginative horror film '' , praising the special effects while finding that the film `` fails to tie up his thematic threads satisfyingly at the conclusion . '' The review commented negatively on some of the scenes involving Nancy 's family , noting that `` the movie 's worst scenes involve Nancy and her alcoholic mother '' . On the character development , Newman stated that `` the impression that about two hundred pages worth of characterisation has been compressed into cliché details like boozy Ronee Blakley demonstrating her renewed self - respect by throwing away a half - full bottle . '' Newman also said that the nightmares in the film worked against itself , stating that `` while the kissing telephone and bottomless bathtub are disorienting in the ( David ) Cronenberg spirit , they get in the way of the relentless , pursuing - monster aspect that Carpenter manages so well . '' Later reception ( edit ) Author Ian Conrich praised the film 's ability to rupture `` the boundaries between the imaginary and real '' , and critic James Berardinelli said it toys with audience perceptions . Kelly Bulkeley interpreted the overriding theme as a social subtext , `` the struggles of adolescents in American society '' . The film has a 94 % approval rating based on 47 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes with and average rating of 7.7 / 10 and with the site 's consensus saying : `` Wes Craven 's intelligent premise , combined with the horrifying visual appearance of Freddy Krueger , still causes nightmares to this day . '' The film is also considered one of the best of 1984 by Filmsite.org . In 2010 , the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the past 30 years . It ranked at # 17 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) , a five - hour program that selected cinema 's scariest moments . In 2008 , Empire ranked A Nightmare on Elm Street 162nd on their list of `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . It also was selected by The New York Times as one of `` The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made '' . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains -- # 40 , Freddy Krueger , Villain Accolades ( edit ) Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films -- Best Horror Film ( 1985 ) ( nomination ) Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films -- Best Performance by a Young Actor -- Jsu Garcia ( 1985 ) ( nomination ) Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films -- Best DVD Classic Film Release ( 2007 ) ( nomination ) Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival -- Critics Award -- Wes Craven ( 1985 ) ( won ) Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival -- Special Mention for Acting -- Heather Langenkamp ( 1985 ) ( won ) Remakes ( edit ) In 2010 , a remake was released , also titled A Nightmare on Elm Street , starring Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger . The film was produced by Michael Bay , directed by Samuel Bayer and written by the team of Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer . The film was intended as a reboot to the franchise , but plans for a sequel never came to fruition after the film received mostly negative reviews . On August 7 , 2015 , it was reported that New Line Cinema was developing a second remake with Orphan writer David Leslie Johnson . Englund expressed interest in returning to the series in a cameo role . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films List of monster movies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ( 1985 ) . `` A Nightmare on Elm Street '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . British Film Institute . 52 ( 612 ) : 283 -- 284 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 28 , 1985 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : John Kenneth Muir , `` Career Overview '' in Wes Craven : The Art of Horror ( Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland and Company , 1998 ) , p. 18 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1923 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : A Nightmare on Elm Street at Box Office Mojo ; last accessed June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fujishima , Kenji ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Revisiting all 8 of Freddy 's nightmares , the richest of the slasher franchises '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Harper , Legacy of Blood : A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies ( Manchester , Eng. : Headpress , 2004 ) , p. 126 , ISBN 1 - 900486 - 39 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rick Worland , The Horror Film : A Brief Introduction ( Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing , 2007 ) , p. 106 , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3902 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kelly Bulkeley , Visions of the Night : Dreams , Religion , and Psychology ( Albany : State University of New York Press , 1999 ) , p. 108 ; see also chap. 11 : `` Dreamily Deconstructing the Dream Factory : The Wizard of Oz and Nightmare on Elm Street , '' ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4283 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ian Conrich , `` Seducing the Subject : Fred Krueger , Popular Culture and the Nightmare on Elm Street Films '' in Trash Aesthetics : Popular Culture and its Audience , ed . Deborah Cartmell , I.Q. Hunter , Heldi Kaye and Imelda Whelehan ( London : Pluto Press , 2004 ) , p. 119 , ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1202 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : James Berardinelli , review of A Nightmare on Elm Street , at ReelViews ; last accessed August 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rockoff , Adam , Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film , 1978 -- 1986 ( McFarland & Company , 2002 ) , p. 151 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1227 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Biodrowski , Steve ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Wes Craven on Dreaming Up Nightmares '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( Digitally Remastered ) : Heather Langenkamp , Johnny Depp , Robert Englund , John Saxon , Ronee Blakley , Amanda Wyss , Jsu Garcia , Charles Fleischer , Joseph Whipp , Lin Shaye , Joe Unger , Mimi Craven , Jacques Haitkin , Wes Craven , John H. Burrows , Joseph Wolf , Robert Shaye , Sara Risher , Stanley Dudelson '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome Among Southeast Asian Re fugees - United States '' . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Wes Craven . A Nightmare on Elm Street DVD audio commentary . Jump up ^ Dave Canfield ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) . `` WES CRAVEN INTERVIEW - ScreenAnarchy '' . Twitchfilm.net . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mary Konecnik ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` History of Potsdam 's A Nightmare on Elm St '' . Clarksonintegrator.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Trivia for A Nightmare On Elm Street '' . Pitofhorror.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Craig ; Tannenbaum , Rob ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Freddy Lives : An Oral History of A Nightmare on Elm Street '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Nightmare on Elm Street at DVD Revire Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy ( Blu - ray ) : Robert Englund , Heather Langenkamp , Wes Craven , Lisa Wilcox , Alice Cooper , Andrew Kasch , Daniel Farrands , Thommy Hutson '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image of Freddy Krueger '' ( JPG ) . 3.bp.blogpsot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Heather Langenkamp interview at The Arrow ; last accessed November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org . `` Johnny Depp A Nightmare on Elm Street '' . Johnny Depp Movies List . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Wayne . `` The Nightmare on Elm Street House ( photo ) '' . Seeing-stars.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Frightful Facts '' at House of Horrors ; last accessed November 22 , 207 . ^ Jump up to : Never Sleep Again : The Making of A Nightmare on Elm Street , documentary on the Special Edition 2006 DVD of A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2006 , New Line Cinema Entertainment ) , B000GETUDI . ^ Jump up to : Melon Farmers . `` A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 US horror film by Wes Craven '' . melonfarmers.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Australian Classification Board . `` NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET , A ( 35MM ) '' . www.classification.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Australian Classification Board . `` NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET , A ( VIDEOTAPE ) '' . www.classification.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nightmare On Elm Street Films . `` Nightmare On Elm Street Films '' . nightmareonelmstreetfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street '' . Notcoming.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Robb , Brian ( October 31 , 2000 ) . Screams and Nightmares : The Films of Wes Craven . Overlook TP . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 090 - 1 . Jump up ^ High - Def Digest ( Jan 7 , 2010 ) . `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) ' Announced for Blu - ray '' . High Def Digest . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dread Central ( Jan 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Original A Nightmare on Elm Street Coming to Blu - ray ! '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dread Central ( Jan 7 , 2010 ) . `` New Elm Street Box Set Coming ! Wait Until You See the Cover ! '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) : Release Info '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Attanasio , Paul ( January 23 , 1985 ) . `` The Gore of Your Dreams '' . The Washington Post . p . D2 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' A Nightmare on Elm Street ' '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Conrich , `` Seducing the Subject : Freddy Krueger , Popular Culture and the Nightmare on Elm Street Films '' in Trash Aesthetics : Popular Culture and its Audience , ed . Deborah Cartmell , I.Q. Hunter , Heldi Kaye and Imelda Whelehan ( London : Pluto Press , 2004 ) , p. 119 , ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1202 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kelly Bulkeley , Visions of the Night : Dreams , Religion , and Psychology ( Albany : State University of New York Press , 1999 ) , p. 108 ; see also chap. 11 : `` Dreamily Deconstructing the Dream Factory : The Wizard of Oz and A Nightmare on Elm Street , '' ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4283 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1984 '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Picks 30 Most Significant Indie Films '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire magazine . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmare on Elm Street Gets Remake With Writer of Horror Flick Orphan '' . usmagazine.com. 2015 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.inquisitr.com/3165885/robert-englund-wants-to-come-back-for-a-nightmare-on-elm-street-remake/ Further reading ( edit ) Badley , Linda . Film , Horror , and the Body Fantastic . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27523 - 8 . Baird , Robert . `` The Startle Effect : Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory . '' Film Quarterly 53 ( No. 3 , Spring 2000 ) : pp. 12 -- 24 . Carroll , Noël . `` The Nature of Horror . '' Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 46 ( No. 1 , Autumn 1987 ) : pp. 51 -- 59 . Christensen , Kyle . `` The Final Girl versus Wes Craven 's `` A Nightmare on Elm Street '' : Proposing a Stronger Model of Feminism in Slasher Horror Cinema . '' Studies in Popular Culture 34 ( No. 1 , Fall 2011 ) : pp. 23 - 47 . Cumbow , Robert C. Order in the Universe : The Films of John Carpenter . 2nd ed. , Lanham , Md. : Scarcrow Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3719 - 6 . Johnson , Kenneth . `` The Point of View of the Wandering Camera . '' Cinema Journal 32 ( No. 2 , Winter 1993 ) : pp. 49 -- 56 . King , Stephen . Danse Macabre . New York : Berkley Books , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 10433 - 8 . Prince , Stephen , ed . The Horror Film . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3363 - 5 . Schneider , Steven Jay , ed . Horror Film and Psychoanalysis : Freud 's Worst Nightmare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82521 - 0 . Williams , Tony . Hearths of Darkness : The Family in the American Horror Film . Rutherford , N.J. : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3564 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Nightmare on Elm Street A Nightmare on Elm Street on IMDb A Nightmare on Elm Street at AllMovie A Nightmare on Elm Street at Box Office Mojo A Nightmare on Elm Street at Rotten Tomatoes A Nightmare on Elm Street at Metacritic A Nightmare on Elm Street at Nightmare on Elm Street Companion A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Films A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) Freddy 's Revenge Dream Warriors The Dream Master The Dream Child Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare Wes Craven 's New Nightmare Freddy vs. Jason A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) Cast and characters Freddy Krueger Nancy Thompson Tina Gray Jesse Walsh Alice Johnson Cast list Character list Comics Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Music `` Dream Warriors '' `` Are You Ready for Freddy '' `` Nightmare '' `` A Nightmare on My Street '' Freddy 's Favorites : The Best of A Nightmare on Elm Street Freddy vs. Jason ( soundtrack ) Freddy vs. Jason ( score ) Other media List of media A Nightmare on Elm Street NES game Freddy 's Nightmares episodes Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy I Am Nancy Related topics Friday the 13th franchise `` Freddy Kreuger '' ( song ) Book Portal Films directed by Wes Craven The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) The Hills Have Eyes ( 1977 ) Stranger in Our House ( 1978 ) Deadly Blessing ( 1981 ) Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) Invitation to Hell ( 1984 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) Chiller ( 1985 ) The Hills Have Eyes Part II ( 1985 ) Deadly Friend ( 1986 ) The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) Shocker ( 1989 ) Night Visions ( 1990 ) The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( 1994 ) Vampire in Brooklyn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) Scream 2 ( 1997 ) Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) Scream 3 ( 2000 ) Cursed ( 2005 ) Red Eye ( 2005 ) My Soul to Take ( 2010 ) Scream 4 ( 2011 ) 1980s portal A Nightmare on Elm Street portal VIAF : 226714357 GND : 4688870 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street&oldid=836319221 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films A Nightmare on Elm Street 1984 horror films 1980s ghost films 1980s independent films 1980s serial killer films 1980s horror thriller films 1980s teen films American teen films 1980s teen horror films American films American teen horror films American ghost films American independent films American slasher films American supernatural horror films Films about revenge Films about suburbia Films set in 1981 Films shot in Los Angeles New Line Cinema films Films directed by Wes Craven Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 01 : 03 . 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1952744429510109909	Type (biology)	Type ( biology ) - wikipedia Type ( biology ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Type specimen '' redirects here . For the mineralogy term , see type specimen ( mineralogy ) . Type specimen for Marocaster coronatus - Muséum de Toulouse In biology , a type is a particular specimen ( or in some cases a group of specimens ) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached . In other words , a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon . In older usage ( pre-1900 in botany ) , a type was a taxon rather than a specimen . A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms , a set that includes some organisms and excludes others , based on a detailed published description ( for example a species description ) and on the provision of type material , which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection , or similar institution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Type specimen 2 Older terminology 3 In botany 4 In zoology 4.1 Definitions 4.2 Use of type specimens 4.2. 1 Holotype 4.2. 2 Paratype 4.2. 3 Allotype 4.2. 4 Neotype 4.2. 5 Syntype 4.2. 6 Lectotype 4.2. 7 Paralectotype 4.2. 8 Hapantotype 4.2. 9 Ergatotype 4.2. 10 Alternatives to preserved specimens 4.2. 11 Formalisation of the type system 4.3 Type species 4.4 Type genus 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Type specimen ( edit ) According to a precise set of rules laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) , the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular specimen , or in some cases specimens . Types are of great significance to biologists , especially to taxonomists . Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in a museum or herbarium research collection , but failing that , an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type . Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy . When identifying material , a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on his or her understanding of the relevant taxa , based on ( at least ) having read the type description ( s ) , preferably based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant taxa . If there is more than one named type that all appear to be the same taxon , then the oldest name takes precedence , and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand . If on the other hand the taxon appears never to have been named at all , then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description . This process is crucial to the science of biological taxonomy . People 's ideas of how living things should be grouped change and shift over time . How do we know that what we call `` Canis lupus '' is the same thing , or approximately the same thing , as what they will be calling `` Canis lupus '' in 200 years time ? It is possible to check this because there is a particular wolf specimen preserved in Sweden and everyone who uses that name -- no matter what else they may mean by it -- will include that particular specimen . Depending on the nomenclature code applied to the organism in question , a type can be a specimen , a culture , an illustration , or ( under the bacteriological code ) a description . Some codes consider a subordinate taxon to be the type , but under the botanical code the type is always a specimen or illustration . For example , in the research collection of the Natural History Museum in London , there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6. 24.20 . This is a specimen of a kind of bird commonly known as the spotted harrier , which currently bears the scientific name Circus assimilis . This particular specimen is the holotype for that species ; the name Circus assimilis refers , by definition , to the species of that particular specimen . That species was named and described by Jardine and Selby in 1828 , and the holotype was placed in the museum collection so that other scientists might refer to it as necessary . Note that at least for type specimens there is no requirement for a `` typical '' individual to be used . Genera and families , particularly those established by early taxonomists , tend to be named after species that are more `` typical '' for them , but here too this is not always the case and due to changes in systematics can not be . Hence , the term name - bearing type or onomatophore is sometimes used , to denote the fact that biological types do not define `` typical '' individuals or taxa , but rather fix a scientific name to a specific operational taxonomic unit . Type specimens are theoretically even allowed to be aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations , though this is rarely chosen to be the case , as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged . The usage of the term type is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in botany and zoology . In the PhyloCode , type - based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions . Older terminology ( edit ) In some older taxonomic works the word `` type '' has sometimes been used differently . The meaning was similar in the first Laws of Botanical Nomenclature , but has a meaning closer to the term taxon in some other works : Ce seul caractère permet de distinguer ce type de toutes les autres espèces de la section. ... Après avoir étudié ces diverses formes , j'en arrivai à les considérer comme appartenant à un seul et même type spécifique . Translation : This single character permits ( one to ) distinguish this type from all other species of the section ... After studying the diverse forms , I came to consider them as belonging to the one and the same specific type . In botany ( edit ) In botanical nomenclature , a type ( typus , nomenclatural type ) , `` is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached . '' ( article 7.1 ) In botany a type is either a specimen or an illustration . A specimen is a real plant ( or one or more parts of a plant or a lot of small plants ) , dead and kept safe , `` curated '' , in a herbarium ( or the equivalent for fungi ) . Examples of where an illustration may serve as a type include : A detailed drawing , painting , etc. , depicting the plant , from the early days of plant taxonomy . A dried plant was difficult to transport and hard to keep safe for the future ; many specimens from the early days of botany have since been lost or damaged . Highly skilled botanical artists were sometimes employed by a botanist to make a faithful and detailed illustration . Some such illustrations have become the best record and have been chosen to serve as the type of a taxon . A detailed picture of something that can be seen only through a microscope . A tiny `` plant '' on a microscope slide makes for a poor type : the microscope slide may be lost or damaged , or it may be very difficult to find the `` plant '' in question among whatever else is on the microscope slide . An illustration makes for a much more reliable type ( Art 37.5 of the Vienna Code , 2006 ) . Note that a type does not determine the circumscription of the taxon . For example , the common dandelion is a controversial taxon : some botanists consider it to consist of over a hundred species , and others regard it as a single species . The type of the name Taraxacum officinale is the same whether the circumscription of the species includes all those small species ( Taraxacum officinale is a `` big '' species ) or whether the circumscription is limited to only one small species among the other hundred ( Taraxacum officinale is a `` small '' species ) . The name Taraxacum officinale is the same and the type of the name is the same , but the extent of what the name actually applies to varies greatly . Setting the circumscription of a taxon is done by a taxonomist in a publication . Miscellaneous notes : Only a species or an infraspecific taxon can have a type of its own . For most new taxa ( published on or after 1 January 2007 , article 37 ) at these ranks a type should not be an illustration . A genus has the same type as that of one of its species ( article 10 ) . A family has the same type as that of one of its genera ( article 10 ) . The ICN provides a listing of the various kinds of type ( article 9 ) , the most important of which is the holotype . These are holotype lectotype isotype syntype paratype neotype epitype Note that the word `` type '' appears in botanical literature as a part of some older terms that have no status under the ICN : for example a clonotype . In zoology ( edit ) A gossamer - winged butterfly , Jamides elioti : 1 ) dorsal and 2 ) ventral aspect of holotype , 3 ) dorsal and 4 ) ventral aspect of paratype In zoological nomenclature , the type of a species ( or subspecies ) is a specimen ( or series of specimens ) , the type of a genus ( or subgenus ) is a species , and the type of a suprageneric taxon ( e.g. , family , etc . ) is a genus . Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types . A `` name - bearing type '' `` provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined . '' Definitions ( edit ) A type specimen is a vernacular term ( not a formally defined term ) typically used for an individual or fossil that is any of the various name - bearing types for a species . For example , the type specimen for the species Homo neanderthalensis was the specimen `` Neanderthal - 1 '' discovered by Johann Karl Fuhlrott in 1856 at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany , consisting of a skullcap , thigh bones , part of a pelvis , some ribs , and some arm and shoulder bones . There may be more than one type specimen , but there is ( at least in modern times ) only one holotype . A type species is the nominal species that is the name - bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus . A type genus is the nominal genus that is the name - bearing type of a nominal family - group taxon . The type series are all those specimens included by the author in a taxon 's formal description , unless the author explicitly or implicitly excludes them as part of the series . Use of type specimens ( edit ) Type illustration of Mormopterus acetabulosus Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens ( when available ) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description , nonetheless , under the formal rules for naming species ( the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ) , a single type must be designated , as part of the published description . A type description must include a diagnosis ( typically , a discussion of similarities to and differences from closely related species ) , and an indication of where the type specimen or specimens are deposited for examination . The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found is known as its type locality . In the case of parasites , the term type host ( or symbiotype ) is used to indicate the host organism from which the type specimen was obtained . Zoological collections are maintained by universities and museums . Ensuring that types are kept in good condition and made available for examination by taxonomists are two important functions of such collections . And , while there is only one holotype designated , there can be other `` type '' specimens , the following of which are formally defined : Holotype ( edit ) Main article : Holotype When a single specimen is clearly designated in the original description , this specimen is known as the holotype of that species . The holotype is typically placed in a major museum , or similar well - known public collection , so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists . Paratype ( edit ) Main article : Paratype When the original description designated a holotype , there may still be additional specimens listed in the type series and those are termed paratypes . These are not name - bearing types . Allotype ( edit ) An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype , designated from among paratypes . It was also formerly used for a specimen that shows features not seen in the holotype of a fossil . The term is not regulated by the ICZN . Neotype ( edit ) A neotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where the original author never cited a specimen . Syntype ( edit ) Main article : Syntype A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated ; historically , syntypes were often explicitly designated as such , and under the present ICZN this is a requirement , but modern attempts to publish species description based on syntypes are generally frowned upon by practicing taxonomists , and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes . Those that still exist are still considered name - bearing types . Lectotype ( edit ) A lectotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of syntypes . In zoology , a lectotype is a kind of name - bearing type . When a species was originally described on the basis of a name - bearing type consisting of multiple specimens , one of those may be designated as the lectotype . Having a single name - bearing type reduces the potential for confusion , especially considering that it is not uncommon for a series of syntypes to contain specimens of more than one species . A notable example is that Carl Linnaeus is the lectotype for the species Homo sapiens . Paralectotype ( edit ) A paralectotype is any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes , after a lectotype has been designated from among them . These are not name - bearing types . Hapantotype ( edit ) A special case in Protistans where the type consists of two or more specimens of `` directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle '' ; these are collectively treated as a single entity , and lectotypes can not be designated from among them . Ergatotype ( edit ) An ergatotype is a specimen selected to represent a worker member in hymenopterans which have polymorphic castes . Alternatives to preserved specimens ( edit ) Type illustrations have also been used by zoologists , as in the case of the Réunion parakeet , which is known only from historical illustrations and descriptions . Recently , some species have been described where the type specimen was released alive back into the wild , such as the Bulo Burti boubou ( a bushshrike ) , described as Laniarius liberatus , in which the species description included DNA sequences from blood and feather samples . Assuming there is no future question as to the status of such a species , the absence of a type specimen does not invalidate the name , but it may be necessary in the future to designate a neotype for such a taxon , should any questions arise . However , in the case of the bushshrike , ornithologists have argued that the specimen was a rare and hitherto unknown color morph of a long - known species , using only the available blood and feather samples . While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens , it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage , tissue samples can be just as valuable should disputes about the validity of a species arise . Formalisation of the type system ( edit ) The various types listed above are necessary because many species were described one or two centuries ago , when a single type specimen , a holotype , was often not designated . Also , types were not always carefully preserved , and intervening events such as wars and fires have resulted in destruction of original type material . The validity of a species name often rests upon the availability of original type specimens ; or , if the type can not be found , or one has never existed , upon the clarity of the description . The ICZN has existed only since 1961 , when the first edition of the Code was published . The ICZN does not always demand a type specimen for the historical validity of a species , and many `` type-less '' species do exist . The current edition of the Code , Article 75.3 , prohibits the designation of a neotype unless there is `` an exceptional need '' for `` clarifying the taxonomic status '' of a species ( Article 75.2 ) . There are many other permutations and variations on terms using the suffix `` - type '' ( e.g. , allotype , cotype , topotype , generitype , isotype , isoneotype , isolectotype , etc . ) but these are not formally regulated by the Code , and a great many are obsolete and / or idiosyncratic . However , some of these categories can potentially apply to genuine type specimens , such as a neotype ; e.g. , isotypic / topotypic specimens are preferred to other specimens , when they are available at the time a neotype is chosen ( because they are from the same time and / or place as the original type ) . The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name - bearing type , whether by original or subsequent designation . Type species ( edit ) Main article : Type species The common toad , Bufo bufo described by Linnaeus , is the type species for the genus Bufo Each genus must have a designated type species ( the term `` genotype '' was once used for this but has been abandoned because the word has become much better known as the term for a different concept in genetics ) . The description of a genus is usually based primarily on its type species , modified and expanded by the features of other included species . The generic name is permanently associated with the name - bearing type of its type species . Ideally , a type species best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs , but this is subjective and , ultimately , technically irrelevant , as it is not a requirement of the Code . If the type species proves , upon closer examination , to belong to a pre-existing genus ( a common occurrence ) , then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus , or disassociated from the original type species and given a new generic name ; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception ( decided case - by - case , via petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ) . Type genus ( edit ) Main article : Type genus A type genus is that genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed . As with type species , the type genus is not necessarily the most representative , but is usually the earliest described , largest or best known genus . It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy ; the family name does not need to be changed in such a situation . See also ( edit ) Archetype Glossary of scientific naming Nomen dubium ( zoology ) Nomen nudum Genetypes - genetic sequence data from type specimens Pathotype -- a type of an intrasubspecific taxon of pathogenic bacteria Principle of Typification References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hitchcock , A.S. ( 1921 ) , `` The Type Concept in Systematic Botany '' , American Journal of Botany , 8 ( 5 ) : 251 -- 255 , doi : 10.2307 / 2434993 , JSTOR 2434993 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Dan H. `` Botanical nomenclature , types , & standard reference works '' . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History , Department of Botany . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Stephen A. ; Evenhuis , Neal L. ( 2015 ) . `` New species without dead bodies : a case for photo - based descriptions , illustrated by a striking new species of Marleyimyia Hesse ( Diptera , Bombyliidae ) from South Africa '' . ZooKeys. 525 : 117 -- 127 . doi : 10.3897 / zookeys. 525.6143 . ISSN 1313 - 2970 . PMC 4607853 . PMID 26487819 . Jump up ^ http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-037-01-0001.pdf Jump up ^ `` Plant names -- a basic introduction '' . Australian National Botanic Gardens , Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ de Candolle , A.P. ( 1867 ) . Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée à la congrès . Genève et Bale : J. - B. Baillière et fils . Jump up ^ Weddell ( 1868 ) . `` Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867 ; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle , Translated from the French ; Reprinted from the English translation published by L. Reeve and Co. , London , 1868 ( with three - page commentary by Asa Gray ) '' . The American Journal of Science and Arts . Series II , Volume 46 ( 63 -- 74 , 75 -- 77 ) . Jump up ^ Crépin , F. ( 1886 ) . `` Rosa Synstylae : études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés '' . Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 25 ( 2 : Comptes - redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique ) : 163 -- 217 . ^ Jump up to : McNeill , J. ; Barrie , F.R. ; Buck , W.R. ; Demoulin , V. ; Greuter , W. ; Hawksworth , D.L. ; Herendeen , P.S. ; Knapp , S. ; Marhold , K. ; Prado , J. ; Prud'homme Van Reine , W.F. ; Smith , G.F. ; Wiersema , J.H. ; Turland , N.J. ( 2012 ) . International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( Melbourne Code ) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne , Australia , July 2011 . Regnum Vegetabile 154 . A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG . ISBN 978 - 3 - 87429 - 425 - 6 . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer K. ; Yates , Terry L. ; Duszynski , Donald W. ; Gannon , William L. & Gardner , Scott L. ( 1992 ) . `` Designation and Curatorial Management of Type Host Specimens ( Symbiotypes ) for New Parasite Species '' . The Journal of Parasitology. 78 ( 5 ) : 930 -- 993 . doi : 10.2307 / 3283335 . JSTOR 3283335 . ^ Jump up to : Hawksworth , D.L. ( 2010 ) . Terms Used in Bionomenclature . The naming of organisms ( and plant communities ) . Copenhagen : Global Biodiversity Information Facility . p. 216 . ISBN 87 - 92020 - 09 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stearn , W.T. 1959 . `` The background of Linnaeus 's contributions to the nomenclature and methods of systematic biology '' , Systematic Zoology 8 ( 1 ) : 4 - 22 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Hansen , Hans V. ; Seberg , Ole ( 1984 ) . `` Paralectotype , a new type term in botany '' . Taxon. 33 ( 4 ) : 707 -- 711 . doi : 10.2307 / 1220790 . JSTOR 1220790 . Jump up ^ Hume , Julian Pender ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Reappraisal of the parrots ( Aves : Psittacidae ) from the Mascarene Islands , with comments on their ecology , morphology , and affinities '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa ( 1513 ) : 1 -- 76 . ISSN 1175 - 5334 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) ICZN Code : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , the official website Fishbase Glossary section . A compendium of terms Zoological Type Nomenclature ( Evenhuis ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_(biology)&oldid=804022638 '' Categories : Biological concepts Taxonomy ( biology ) Zoological nomenclature Botanical nomenclature Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 05 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the type specimen used by the author in orginal publication is called	[]	[]
-7858993470317576999	Silk Road	Silk Road - wikipedia Silk Road Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of trade routes . For other uses , see Silk Road ( disambiguation ) . Silk Road Main routes of the Silk Road Route information Time period : Around 120 BCE -- 1450s CE UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Silk Roads : the Routes Network of Chang'an - Tianshan Corridor Type Cultural Criteria ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 2014 ( 38th session ) Reference no . 1442 Region Asia - Pacific Silk Road `` Silk Road '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 絲綢之路 Simplified Chinese 丝绸之路 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sīchóu zhī lù IPA ( sɨ́. ʈʂhǒu ʈʂɨ́ lû ) other Mandarin Xiao'erjing صِ چِوْ جِ لُ ‎ Wu Suzhounese Sy - zǿy tsyu lôu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Sī - chàuh jī louh Jyutping Si1 - cau4 zi1 lou6 Southern Min Tâi - lô Si - tiû tsi lōo Persian name Persian ( Jâdeye Abrišam ) جاده‌ی ابریشم Arabic name Arabic ( Tarīq al - Ḥarīr ) طريق الحرير Armenian name Armenian Մետաքսի ճանապարհ ( Metaksi chanaparh ) Greek name Greek Δρόμος του μεταξιού ( Drómos tou metaxioú ) Sanskrit name Sanskrit रेशम सड़क ( Resham sadak ) Latin name Latin Via Serica Hebrew name Hebrew דרך המשי Somali name Somali وادادا وادادا ( Waddada Waddada ) Kawi name Kawi Sutra dalan Tamil name Tamil பட்டு வழி ( Paṭṭu vaḻi ) Turkish name Turkish İpek yolu The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction originally through regions of Eurasia connecting the East and West and stretching from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea . The Silk Road concept refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia with Africa , the Middle East and southern Europe . The overland Steppe route stretching through the Eurasian steppe is considered the ancestor to the Silk Road ( s ) . The term refers to many similar routes taken by traders primarily between Arabia , India and China but also to Tanzania ( Zanzibar ) in the south , Asia Minor and Southern Europe . While the term is of modern coinage , the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk ( and horses ) carried out along its length , beginning during the Han dynasty ( 207 BCE -- 220 CE ) . The Han dynasty expanded Central Asian sections of the trade routes around 114 BCE , largely through missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy , Zhang Qian . The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the Great Wall of China to ensure the protection of the trade route . Trade on the Silk Road played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China , the Goguryeo kingdom ( Korea ) , Japan , the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , opening long - distance political and economic relations between the civilizations . Though silk was certainly the major trade item exported from China , many other goods were traded , as well as religions , syncretic philosophies , and various technologies . Diseases , most notably plague , also spread along the Silk Routes . In addition to economic trade , the Silk Road was a route for cultural trade among the civilizations along its network . The main traders during antiquity included the Chinese , Arabs , Indian , Somalis , Syrians , Jews , Persians , Greeks , Romans , Georgians , Armenians , Bactrians , Turkmens , and ( from the 5th to the 8th century ) the Sogdians . In June 2014 , UNESCO designated the Chang'an - Tianshan corridor of the Silk Road as a World Heritage Site . The Indian portion is on the tentative site list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Precursors 2.1. 1 Chinese and Central Asian contacts 2.1. 2 Persian Royal Road 2.1. 3 Hellenistic era 2.2 Chinese exploration of Central Asia 2.3 Roman Empire 2.4 Byzantine Empire 2.5 Tang dynasty reopens the route 2.6 Medieval 2.7 Islamic era and the Silk Road 2.8 Mongol age 2.9 Decline and disintegration 2.10 New Silk Road 3 Routes 3.1 Northern route 3.2 Southern route 3.3 Southwestern route 3.4 Maritime route 4 Cultural exchanges 4.1 Transmission of Christianity 4.2 Transmission of Buddhism 4.3 Transmission of art 5 Commemoration 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Name ( edit ) Woven silk textile from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan province , China , dated to the Western Han Era , 2nd century BCE The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative Eurasian silk and horse trade , a major reason for the connection of trade routes into an extensive transcontinental network . The German terms Seidenstraße and Seidenstraßen ( `` the Silk Road ( s ) '' ) were coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen , who made seven expeditions to China from 1868 to 1872 . The term Silk Route is also used . Although the term was coined in the 19th century , it did not gain widespread acceptance in academia or popularity among the public until the 20th century . The first book entitled The Silk Road was by Swedish geographer Sven Hedin in 1938 . The fall of the Soviet Union and ' Iron Curtain ' in 1989 led to a surge of public and academic interest in Silk Road sites and studies in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia . Use of the term ' Silk Road ' is not without its detractors . For instance , Warwick Ball contends that the maritime spice trade with India and Arabia was far more consequential for the economy of the Roman Empire than the silk trade with China , which at sea was conducted mostly through India and on land was handled by numerous intermediaries such as the Sogdians . Going as far as to call the whole thing a `` myth '' of modern academia , Ball argues that there was no coherent overland trade system and no free movement of goods from East Asia to the West until the period of the Mongol Empire . He notes that traditional authors discussing East - West trade such as Marco Polo and Edward Gibbon never labelled any route as a silk one in particular . History ( edit ) Precursors ( edit ) Chinese and Central Asian Contacts ( edit ) Central Eurasia has been known from ancient times for its horse riding and horse breeding communities , and the overland Steppe Route across the northern steppes of Central Eurasia was in use long before that of the Silk Road . Archeological sites such as the Berel burial ground in Kazakhstan , confirmed that the nomadic Arimaspians were not only breeding horses for trade but also great craftsmen able to propagate exquisite art pieces along the Silk Road . From the 2nd millennium BCE , nephrite jade was being traded from mines in the region of Yarkand and Khotan to China . Significantly , these mines were not very far from the lapis lazuli and spinel ( `` Balas Ruby '' ) mines in Badakhshan , and , although separated by the formidable Pamir Mountains , routes across them were apparently in use from very early times . Chinese jade and steatite plaques , in the Scythian - style animal art of the steppes . 4th -- 3rd century BCE . British Museum . Some remnants of what was probably Chinese silk dating from 1070 BCE have been found in Ancient Egypt . The Great Oasis cities of Central Asia played a crucial role in the effective functioning of the Silk Road trade . The originating source seems sufficiently reliable , but silk degrades very rapidly , so it can not be verified whether it was cultivated silk ( which would almost certainly have come from China ) or a type of `` wild silk '' , which might have come from the Mediterranean region or the Middle East . Following contacts between Metropolitan China and nomadic western border territories in the 8th century BCE , gold was introduced from Central Asia , and Chinese jade carvers began to make imitation designs of the steppes , adopting the Scythian - style animal art of the steppes ( depictions of animals locked in combat ) . This style is particularly reflected in the rectangular belt plaques made of gold and bronze , with other versions in jade and steatite . The tomb of a Scythian prince near Stuttgart , Germany , dated to the 6th century BCE , was excavated and found to have not only Greek bronzes but also Chinese silks . Similar animal - shaped pieces of art and wrestler motifs on belts have been found in Scythian grave sites stretching from the Black Sea region all the way to Warring States era archaeological sites in Inner Mongolia ( at Aluchaideng ) and Shaanxi ( at Keshengzhuang ) in China . The expansion of Scythian cultures , stretching from the Hungarian plain and the Carpathian Mountains to the Chinese Kansu Corridor , and linking the Middle East with Northern India and the Punjab , undoubtedly played an important role in the development of the Silk Road . Scythians accompanied the Assyrian Esarhaddon on his invasion of Egypt , and their distinctive triangular arrowheads have been found as far south as Aswan . These nomadic peoples were dependent upon neighbouring settled populations for a number of important technologies , and in addition to raiding vulnerable settlements for these commodities , they also encouraged long - distance merchants as a source of income through the enforced payment of tariffs . Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade between China and Central Asia along the Silk Roads as late as the 10th century , their language serving as a lingua franca for Asian trade as far back as the 4th century . Persian Royal Road ( edit ) Achaemenid Persian Empire at its greatest extent , showing the Royal Road . By the time of Herodotus ( c. 475 BCE ) , the Royal Road of the Persian Empire ran some 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) from the city of Susa on the Karun ( 250 km ( 155 mi ) east of the Tigris ) to the port of Smyrna ( modern İzmir in Turkey ) on the Aegean Sea . It was maintained and protected by the Achaemenid Empire ( c. 500 -- 330 BCE ) and had postal stations and relays at regular intervals . By having fresh horses and riders ready at each relay , royal couriers could carry messages and traverse the length of the road in nine days , while normal travellers took about three months . Hellenistic era ( edit ) Probable Greek soldier with a Greek mythological centaur in the Sampul tapestry , woollen wall hanging , 3rd -- 2nd century BCE , Sampul , Urumqi Xinjiang Museum , China . The next major step in the development of the Silk Road was the expansion of the Greek empire of Alexander the Great into Central Asia . In August 329 BCE , at the mouth of the Fergana Valley in Tajikistan across the mountain pass from the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang , Alexander founded the city of Alexandria Eschate or `` Alexandria The Furthest '' . This later became a major staging point on the northern Silk Route . See Dayuan ( Ta - yuan ; Chinese : 大宛 ; literarily `` Great Ionians '' ) . The Greeks remained in Central Asia for the next three centuries , first through the administration of the Seleucid Empire , and then with the establishment of the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom ( 250 -- 125 BCE ) in Bactria ( modern Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and Pakistan ) and the later Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BCE -- 10 CE ) in modern Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan . They continued to expand eastward , especially during the reign of Euthydemus ( 230 -- 200 BCE ) , who extended his control beyond Alexandria Eschate to Sogdiana . There are indications that he may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan , leading to the first known contacts between ( China and the West around 200 BCE . The Greek historian Strabo writes , `` they extended their empire even as far as the Seres ( China ) and the Phryni . '' The Hellenistic world and Classical Greek philosophy mixed with Eastern philosophies , leading to syncretisms such as Greco - Buddhism . Chinese exploration of Central Asia ( edit ) Main articles : Sino - Roman relations , Sino - Indian relations , Han -- Xiongnu War , and History of the Han dynasty With the Mediterranean linked to the Fergana Valley , the next step was to open a route across the Tarim Basin and the Hexi Corridor to China Proper . This extension came around 130 BCE , with the embassies of the Han dynasty to Central Asia following the reports of the ambassador Zhang Qian ( who was originally sent to obtain an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu ) . Zhang Qian visited directly the kingdom of Dayuan in Ferghana , the territories of the Yuezhi in Transoxiana , the Bactrian country of Daxia with its remnants of Greco - Bactrian rule , and Kangju . He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit , such as Anxi ( Parthia ) , Tiaozhi ( Mesopotamia ) , Shendu ( Pakistan ) and the Wusun . Zhang Qian 's report suggested the economic reason for Chinese expansion and wall - building westward , and trailblazed the silk road which is one of the most famous trade routes . After the defeat of the Xiongnu , however , Chinese armies established themselves in Central Asia , initiating the Silk Route as a major avenue of international trade . Some say that the Chinese Emperor Wu became interested in developing commercial relationships with the sophisticated urban civilizations of Ferghana , Bactria , and the Parthian Empire : `` The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus : Ferghana ( Dayuan `` Great Ionians '' ) and the possessions of Bactria ( Ta - Hsia ) and Parthian Empire ( Anxi ) are large countries , full of rare things , with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people , but with weak armies , and placing great value on the rich produce of China '' ( Hou Hanshu , Later Han History ) . Others say that Emperor Wu was mainly interested in fighting the Xiongnu and that major trade began only after the Chinese pacified the Hexi Corridor . `` China snatched control of the Silk Road from the Hsiung - nu '' , when the Chinese general Cheng Ki `` installed himself as protector of the Tarim at Wu - lei , situated between Kara Shahr and Kucha . '' `` China 's control of the Silk Road at the time of the later Han , by ensuring the freedom of transcontinental trade along the double chain of oases north and south of the Tarim , favoured the dissemination of Buddhism in the river basin , and with it Indian literature and Hellenistic art . '' A ceramic horse head and neck ( broken from the body ) , from the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty ( 1st -- 2nd century CE ) Bronze coin of Constantius II ( 337 -- 361 ) , found in Karghalik , Xinjiang , China The Chinese were also strongly attracted by the tall and powerful horses ( named `` Heavenly horses '' ) in the possession of the Dayuan ( literally the `` Great Ionians '' , the Greek kingdoms of Central Asia ) , which were of capital importance in fighting the nomadic Xiongnu . The Chinese subsequently sent numerous embassies , around ten every year , to these countries and as far as Seleucid Syria . `` Thus more embassies were dispatched to Anxi ( Parthia ) , Yancai ( who later joined the Alans ) , Lijian ( Syria under the Greek Seleucids ) , Tiaozhi ( Mesopotamia ) , and Tianzhu ( northwestern India ) ... As a rule , rather more than ten such missions went forward in the course of a year , and at the least five or six . '' ( Hou Hanshu , Later Han History ). These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire . The Chinese campaigned in Central Asia on several occasions , and direct encounters between Han troops and Roman legionaries ( probably captured or recruited as mercenaries by the Xiong Nu ) are recorded , particularly in the 36 BCE battle of Sogdiana ( Joseph Needham , Sidney Shapiro ) . It has been suggested that the Chinese crossbow was transmitted to the Roman world on such occasions , although the Greek gastraphetes provides an alternative origin . R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy suggest that in 36 BCE , a `` Han expedition into central Asia , west of Jaxartes River , apparently encountered and defeated a contingent of Roman legionaries . The Romans may have been part of Antony 's army invading Parthia . Sogdiana ( modern Bukhara ) , east of the Oxus River , on the Polytimetus River , was apparently the most easterly penetration ever made by Roman forces in Asia . The margin of Chinese victory appears to have been their crossbows , whose bolts and darts seem easily to have penetrated Roman shields and armour . '' The Roman historian Florus also describes the visit of numerous envoys , which included Seres ( China ) , to the first Roman Emperor Augustus , who reigned between 27 BCE and 14 CE : Even the rest of the nations of the world which were not subject to the imperial sway were sensible of its grandeur , and looked with reverence to the Roman people , the great conqueror of nations . Thus even Scythians and Sarmatians sent envoys to seek the friendship of Rome . Nay , the Seres came likewise , and the Indians who dwelt beneath the vertical sun , bringing presents of precious stones and pearls and elephants , but thinking all of less moment than the vastness of the journey which they had undertaken , and which they said had occupied four years . In truth it needed but to look at their complexion to see that they were people of another world than ours . -- Henry Yule , Cathay and the Way Thither ( 1866 ) The Han army regularly policed the trade route against nomadic bandit forces generally identified as Xiongnu . Han general Ban Chao led an army of 70,000 mounted infantry and light cavalry troops in the 1st century CE to secure the trade routes , reaching far west to the Tarim basin . Ban Chao expanded his conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea and the borders of Parthia . It was from here that the Han general dispatched envoy Gan Ying to Daqin ( Rome ) . The Silk Road essentially came into being from the 1st century BCE , following these efforts by China to consolidate a road to the Western world and India , both through direct settlements in the area of the Tarim Basin and diplomatic relations with the countries of the Dayuan , Parthians and Bactrians further west . The Silk Roads were a `` complex network of trade routes '' that gave people the chance to exchange goods and culture . A maritime Silk Route opened up between Chinese - controlled Giao Chỉ ( centred in modern Vietnam , near Hanoi ) , probably by the 1st century . It extended , via ports on the coasts of India and Sri Lanka , all the way to Roman - controlled ports in Roman Egypt and the Nabataean territories on the northeastern coast of the Red Sea . The earliest Roman glassware bowl found in China was unearthed from a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BCE , indicating that Roman commercial items were being imported through the South China Sea . According to Chinese dynastic histories , it is from this region that the Roman embassies arrived in China , beginning in 166 CE during the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Emperor Huan of Han . Other Roman glasswares have been found in Eastern - Han - era tombs ( 25 -- 220 CE ) more further inland in Nanjing and Luoyang . P.O. Harper asserts that a 2nd or 3rd - century Roman gilt silver plate found in Jingyuan , Gansu , China with a central image of the Greco - Roman god Dionysus resting on a feline creature , most likely came via Greater Iran ( i.e. Sogdiana ) . Valerie Hansen ( 2012 ) believed that earliest Roman coins found in China date to the 4th century , during Late Antiquity and the Dominate period , and come from the Byzantine Empire . However , Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) highlights the recent discovery of sixteen Principate - era Roman coins found in Xi'an ( formerly Chang'an , one of the two Han capitals ) that were minted during the reigns of Roman emperors spanning from Tiberius to Aurelian ( i.e. 1st to 3rd centuries CE ) . It is true that these coins were found in China , but they were deposited there in the twentieth century , not in ancient times , and therefore they do not shed light on historic contacts between China and Rome . Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and quite possibly his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in southern Vietnam , which was then part of the Kingdom of Funan bordering the Chinese province of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam . Given the archaeological finds of Mediterranean artefacts made by Louis Malleret in the 1940s , Óc Eo may have been the same site as the port city of Kattigara described by Ptolemy in his Geography ( c. 150 CE ) , although Ferdinand von Richthofen had previously believed it was closer to Hanoi . Roman Empire ( edit ) Central Asia during Roman times , with the first Silk Road Soon after the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE , regular communications and trade between China , Southeast Asia , India , the Middle East , Africa , and Europe blossomed on an unprecedented scale . The eastern trade routes from the earlier Hellenistic powers and the Arabs that were part of the Silk Road were inherited by the Roman Empire . With control of these trade routes , citizens of the Roman Empire would receive new luxuries and greater prosperity for the Empire as a whole . The Roman - style glassware discovered in the archeological sites of Gyeongju , capital of the Silla kingdom ( Korea ) showed that Roman artifacts were traded as far as the Korean peninsula . The Greco - Roman trade with India started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE continued to increase , and according to Strabo ( II. 5.12 ) , by the time of Augustus , up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos in Roman Egypt to India . The Roman Empire connected with the Central Asian Silk Road through their ports in Barygaza ( known today as Bharuch ) and Barbaricum ( known today as the cities of Karachi , Sindh , and Pakistan ) and continued along the western coast of India . An ancient `` travel guide '' to this Indian Ocean trade route was the Greek Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written in 60 CE . The travelling party of Maës Titianus penetrated farthest east along the Silk Road from the Mediterranean world , probably with the aim of regularising contacts and reducing the role of middlemen , during one of the lulls in Rome 's intermittent wars with Parthia , which repeatedly obstructed movement along the Silk Road . Intercontinental trade and communication became regular , organised , and protected by the ' Great Powers . ' Intense trade with the Roman Empire soon followed , confirmed by the Roman craze for Chinese silk ( supplied through the Parthians ) , even though the Romans thought silk was obtained from trees . This belief was affirmed by Seneca the Younger in his Phaedra and by Virgil in his Georgics . Notably , Pliny the Elder knew better . Speaking of the bombyx or silk moth , he wrote in his Natural Histories `` They weave webs , like spiders , that become a luxurious clothing material for women , called silk . '' The Romans traded spices , glassware , perfumes , and silk . A Westerner on a camel , Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 534 ) Roman artisans began to replace yarn with valuable plain silk cloths from China and the Silla Kingdom in Gyeongju , Korea . Chinese wealth grew as they delivered silk and other luxury goods to the Roman Empire , whose wealthy Roman women admired their beauty . The Roman Senate issued , in vain , several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk , on economic and moral grounds : the import of Chinese silk caused a huge outflow of gold , and silk clothes were considered to be decadent and immoral . I can see clothes of silk , if materials that do not hide the body , nor even one 's decency , can be called clothes ... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress , so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife 's body . The Roman Empire , and its demand for sophisticated Asian products , crumbled in the West around the 5th century . The unification of Central Asia and Northern India within Kushan Empire in the 1st to 3rd centuries reinforced the role of the powerful merchants from Bactria and Taxila . They fostered multi-cultural interaction as indicated by their 2nd century treasure hoards filled with products from the Greco - Roman world , China , and India , such as in the archeological site of Begram . Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Further information : Byzantine - Mongol alliance Byzantine Greek historian Procopius stated that two Nestorian Christian monks eventually uncovered the way of how silk was made . From this revelation , monks were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian ( ruled 527 -- 565 ) as spies on the Silk Road from Constantinople to China and back to steal the silkworm eggs , resulting in silk production in the Mediterranean , particularly in Thrace in northern Greece , and giving the Byzantine Empire a monopoly on silk production in medieval Europe . In 568 the Byzantine ruler Justin II was greeted by a Sogdian embassy representing Istämi , ruler of the Turkic Khaganate , who formed an alliance with the Byzantines against Khosrow I of the Sasanian Empire that allowed the Byzantines to bypass the Sasanian merchants and trade directly with the Sogdians for purchasing Chinese silk . Although the Byzantines had already procured silkworm eggs from China by this point , the quality of Chinese silk was still far greater than anything produced in the West , a fact that is perhaps emphasized by the discovery of coins minted by Justin II found in a Chinese tomb of Shanxi province dated to the Sui dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) . Coin of Constans II ( r . 641 -- 648 ) , who is named in Chinese sources as the first of several Byzantine emperors to send embassies to the Chinese Tang dynasty Both the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang , covering the history of the Chinese Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , record that a new state called Fu - lin ( 拂菻 ; i.e. Byzantine Empire ) was virtually identical to the previous Daqin ( 大秦 ; i.e. Roman Empire ) . Several Fu - lin embassies were recorded for the Tang period , starting in 643 with an alleged embassy by Constans II ( transliterated as Bo duo li , 波多力 , from his nickname `` Kōnstantinos Pogonatos '' ) to the court of Emperor Taizong of Tang . The History of Song describes the final embassy and its arrival in 1081 , apparently sent by Michael VII Doukas ( transliterated as Mie li sha ling kai sa , 滅力沙靈改撒 , from his name and title Michael VII Parapinakēs Caesar ) to the court of Emperor Shenzong of the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . However , the History of Yuan claims that a Byzantine man became a leading astronomer and physician in Khanbaliq , at the court of Kublai Khan , Mongol founder of the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) and was even granted the noble title ' Prince of Fu lin ' ( Chinese : 拂菻王 ; Fú lǐn wáng ) . The Uyghur Nestorian Christian diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma , who set out from his Chinese home in Khanbaliq ( Beijing ) and acted as a representative for Arghun ( a grandnephew of Kublai Khan ) , traveled throughout Europe and attempted to secure military alliances with Edward I of England , Philip IV of France , Pope Nicholas IV , as well as the Byzantine ruler Andronikos II Palaiologos . Andronikos II had two half - sisters who were married to great - grandsons of Genghis Khan , which made him an in - law with the Yuan - dynasty Mongol ruler in Beijing , Kublai Khan . The History of Ming preserves an account where the Hongwu Emperor , after founding the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , had a supposed Byzantine merchant named Nieh - ku - lun ( 捏古倫 ) deliver his proclamation about the establishment of a new dynasty to the Byzantine court of John V Palaiologos in September 1371 . Friedrich Hirth ( 1885 ) , Emil Bretschneider ( 1888 ) , and more recently Edward Luttwak ( 2009 ) presumed that this was none other than Nicolaus de Bentra , a Roman Catholic bishop of Khanbilaq chosen by Pope John XXII to replace the previous archbishop John of Montecorvino . Tang dynasty reopens the route ( edit ) Further information : Tang campaigns against the Western Turks , Conquest of the Western Turks , Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks , and Tang dynasty § Trade and spread of culture A Chinese sancai statue of a Sogdian man with a wineskin , Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) Although the Silk Road was initially formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han ( 141 -- 87 BCE ) , it was reopened by the Tang Empire in 639 when Hou Junji conquered the Western Regions , and remained open for almost four decades . It was closed after the Tibetans captured it in 678 , but in 699 , during Empress Wu 's period , the Silk Road reopened when the Tang reconquered the Four Garrisons of Anxi originally installed in 640 , once again connecting China directly to the West for land - based trade . The Tang captured the vital route through the Gilgit Valley from Tibet in 722 , lost it to the Tibetans in 737 , and regained it under the command of the Goguryeo - Korean General Gao Xianzhi . While the Turks were settled in the Ordos region ( former territory of the Xiongnu ) , the Tang government took on the military policy of dominating the central steppe . The Tang dynasty ( along with Turkic allies ) conquered and subdued Central Asia during the 640s and 650s . During Emperor Taizong 's reign alone , large campaigns were launched against not only the Göktürks , but also separate campaigns against the Tuyuhun , the oasis states , and the Xueyantuo . Under Emperor Taizong , Tang general Li Jing conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate . Under Emperor Gaozong , Tang general Su Dingfang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate , which was an important ally of Byzantine empire . After these conquests , the Tang dynasty fully controlled the Xiyu , which was the strategic location astride the Silk Road . This led the Tang dynasty to reopen the Silk Road . The Tang dynasty established a second Pax Sinica , and the Silk Road reached its golden age , whereby Persian and Sogdian merchants benefited from the commerce between East and West . At the same time , the Chinese empire welcomed foreign cultures , making it very cosmopolitan in its urban centres . In addition to the land route , the Tang dynasty also developed the maritime Silk Route . Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to India since perhaps the 2nd century BCE , yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea into Persia , Mesopotamia ( sailing up the Euphrates River in modern - day Iraq ) , Arabia , Egypt , Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , and Somalia in the Horn of Africa . Medieval ( edit ) Further information : Europeans in Medieval China Caravan on the Silk Road , 1380 The Silk Road represents an early phenomenon of political and cultural integration due to inter-regional trade . In its heyday , it sustained an international culture that strung together groups as diverse as the Magyars , Armenians , and Chinese . The Silk Road reached its peak in the west during the time of the Byzantine Empire ; in the Nile - Oxus section , from the Sassanid Empire period to the Il Khanate period ; and in the sinitic zone from the Three Kingdoms period to the Yuan dynasty period . Trade between East and West also developed across the Indian Ocean , between Alexandria in Egypt and Guangzhou in China . Persian Sassanid coins emerged as a means of currency , just as valuable as silk yarn and textiles . Under its strong integrating dynamics on the one hand and the impacts of change it transmitted on the other , tribal societies previously living in isolation along the Silk Road , and pastoralists who were of barbarian cultural development , were drawn to the riches and opportunities of the civilisations connected by the routes , taking on the trades of marauders or mercenaries . Many barbarian tribes became skilled warriors able to conquer rich cities and fertile lands and to forge strong military empires . Map of Eurasia and Africa showing trade networks , c. 870 The Sogdians dominated the East - West trade after the 4th century up to the 8th century , with Suyab and Talas ranking among their main centres in the north . They were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia . Their commercial interests were protected by the resurgent military power of the Göktürks , whose empire has been described as `` the joint enterprise of the Ashina clan and the Soghdians '' . A.V. Dybo noted that `` according to historians , the main driving force of the Great Silk Road were not just Sogdians , but the carriers of a mixed Sogdian - Türkic culture that often came from mixed families . '' Their trade , with some interruptions , continued in the 9th century within the framework of the Uighur Empire , which until 840 extended across northern Central Asia and obtained from China enormous deliveries of silk in exchange for horses . At this time caravans of Sogdians travelling to Upper Mongolia are mentioned in Chinese sources . They played an equally important religious and cultural role . Part of the data about eastern Asia provided by Muslim geographers of the 10th century actually goes back to Sogdian data of the period 750 -- 840 and thus shows the survival of links between east and west . However , after the end of the Uighur Empire , Sogdian trade went through a crisis . What mainly issued from Muslim Central Asia was the trade of the Samanids , which resumed the northwestern road leading to the Khazars and the Urals and the northeastern one toward the nearby Turkic tribes . The Silk Road gave rise to the clusters of military states of nomadic origins in North China , ushered the Nestorian , Manichaean , Buddhist , and later Islamic religions into Central Asia and China . Islamic era and the Silk Road ( edit ) Further information : History of Islamic economics The Round city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 was the most important urban node along the Silk Road . A lion motif on Sogdian polychrome silk , 8th century , most likely from Bukhara By the Umayyad era , Damascus had overtaken Ctesiphon as a major trade center until the Abbasid dynasty built the city of Baghdad , which became the most important city along the silk road . At the end of its glory , the routes brought about the largest continental empire ever , the Mongol Empire , with its political centres strung along the Silk Road ( Beijing in North China , Karakorum in central Mongolia , Sarmakhand in Transoxiana , Tabriz in Northern Iran , Sarai and Astrakhan in lower Volga , Solkhat in Crimea , Kazan in Central Russia , Erzurum in eastern Anatolia ) , realising the political unification of zones previously loosely and intermittently connected by material and cultural goods . The Islamic world was expanded into Central Asia during the 8th century , under the Umayyad Caliphate , while its successor the Abbasid Caliphate put a halt to Chinese westward expansion at the Battle of Talas in 751 ( near the Talas River in modern - day Kyrgyzstan ) . However , following the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion ( 755 -- 763 ) and the conquest of the Western Regions by the Tibetan Empire , the Tang Empire was unable to reassert its control over Central Asia . Contemporary Tang authors noted how the dynasty had gone into decline after this point . In 848 the Tang Chinese , led by the commander Zhang Yichao , were only able to reclaim the Hexi Corridor and Dunhuang in Gansu from the Tibetans . The Persian Samanid Empire ( 819 -- 999 ) centered in Bukhara ( Uzbekistan ) continued the trade legacy of the Sogdians . The disruptions of trade were curtailed in that part of the world by the end of the 10th century and conquests of Central Asia by the Turkic Islamic Kara - Khanid Khanate , yet Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , Manichaeism , and Buddhism in Central Asia virtually disappeared . During the early 13th century Khwarezmia was invaded by the early Mongol Empire . The Mongol ruler Genghis Khan had the once vibrant cities of Bukhara and Samarkand burned to the ground after besieging them . However , in 1370 Samarkand saw a revival as the capital of the new Timurid Empire . The Turko - Mongol ruler Timur forcefully moved artisans and intellectuals from across Asia to Samarkand , making it one of the most important trade centers and cultural entrepôts of the Islamic world . Mongol age ( edit ) See also : Mongol Empire , Pax Mongolica , Franco - Mongol alliance , Europeans in Medieval China , and Fonthill Vase Map of Marco Polo 's travels in 1271 -- 1295 The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-established the Silk Road ( via Karakorum ) . It also brought an end to the dominance of the Islamic Caliphate over world trade . Because the Mongols came to control the trade routes , trade circulated throughout the region , though they never abandoned their nomadic lifestyle . The Mongol rulers wanted to establish their capital on the Central Asian steppe , so to accomplish this goal , after every conquest they enlisted local people ( traders , scholars , artisans ) to help them construct and manage their empire . The Mongol diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma visited the courts of Europe in 1287 -- 88 and provided a detailed written report to the Mongols . Around the same time , the Venetian explorer Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China . His tales , documented in The Travels of Marco Polo , opened Western eyes to some of the customs of the Far East . He was not the first to bring back stories , but he was one of the most widely read . He had been preceded by numerous Christian missionaries to the East , such as William of Rubruck , Benedykt Polak , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , and Andrew of Longjumeau . Later envoys included Odoric of Pordenone , Giovanni de ' Marignolli , John of Montecorvino , Niccolò de ' Conti , and Ibn Battuta , a Moroccan Muslim traveller who passed through the present - day Middle East and across the Silk Road from Tabriz between 1325 -- 54 . In the 13th century efforts were made at forming a Franco - Mongol alliance , with an exchange of ambassadors and ( failed ) attempts at military collaboration in the Holy Land during the later Crusades . Eventually the Mongols in the Ilkhanate , after they had destroyed the Abbasid and Ayyubid dynasties , converted to Islam and signed the 1323 Treaty of Aleppo with the surviving Muslim power , the Egyptian Mamluks . Some studies indicate that the Black Death , which devastated Europe starting in the late 1340s , may have reached Europe from Central Asia ( or China ) along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire . One theory holds that Genoese traders coming from the entrepot of Trebizond in northern Turkey carried the disease to Western Europe ; like many other outbreaks of plague , there is strong evidence that it originated in marmots in Central Asia and was carried westwards to the Black Sea by Silk Road traders . Decline and disintegration ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Port cities on the maritime silk route featured on the voyages of Zheng He . The fragmentation of the Mongol Empire loosened the political , cultural , and economic unity of the Silk Road . Turkmeni marching lords seized land around the western part of the Silk Road from the decaying Byzantine Empire . After the fall of the Mongol Empire , the great political powers along the Silk Road became economically and culturally separated . Accompanying the crystallisation of regional states was the decline of nomad power , partly due to the devastation of the Black Death and partly due to the encroachment of sedentary civilisations equipped with gunpowder . The consolidation of the Ottoman and Safavid empires in the Middle East led to a revival of overland trade , interrupted sporadically by warfare between them . The silk trade continued to flourish until it was disrupted by the collapse of the Safavid Empire in the 1720s . New Silk Road ( edit ) A silk banner from Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan province ; it was draped over the coffin of Lady Dai ( d . 168 BCE ) , wife of the Marquess Li Cang ( 利蒼 ) ( d . 186 BCE ) , chancellor for the Kingdom of Changsha . After an earthquake that hit Tashkent in Central Asia in 1966 , the city had to rebuild itself . Although it took a huge toll on their markets , this commenced a revival of modern silk road cities . The Eurasian Land Bridge ( a railway through China , Kazakhstan , Mongolia and Russia ) is sometimes referred to as the `` New Silk Road '' . The last link in one of these two railway routes was completed in 1990 , when the railway systems of China and Kazakhstan connected at Alataw Pass ( Alashan Kou ) . In 2008 the line was used to connect the cities of Ürümqi in China 's Xinjiang Province to Almaty and Astana in Kazakhstan . In October 2008 the first Trans - Eurasia Logistics train reached Hamburg from Xiangtan . Starting in July 2011 the line has been used by a freight service that connects Chongqing , China with Duisburg , Germany , cutting travel time for cargo from about 36 days by container ship to just 13 days by freight train . In 2013 , Hewlett - Packard began moving large freight trains of laptop computers and monitors along this rail route . In September 2013 , during a visit to Kazakhstan , Chinese President Xi Jinping introduced a plan for creating a New Silk Road from China to Europe . The latest iterations of this plan , dubbed `` One Belt , One Road '' ( OBOR ) , includes a land - based Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road , with primary points in Ürümqi , Dostyk , Astana , Gomel , Brest , and the Polish cities of Małaszewicze and Łódź , which would be hubs of logistics and transshipment to other countries of Europe . On 15 February 2016 , with a change in routing , the first train dispatched under the OBOR scheme arrived from eastern Zhejiang Province to Tehran . Though this section does not complete the Silk Road -- style overland connection between China and Europe , plans are underway to extend the route past Tehran , through Istanbul , into Europe . The actual route went through Almaty , Bishkek , Samarkand , and Dushanbe . In January 2017 , the service sent its first train to London . The network additionally connects to Madrid and Milan . Routes ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Cities along the Silk Road . The Silk Road consisted of several routes . As it extended westwards from the ancient commercial centres of China , the overland , intercontinental Silk Road divided into northern and southern routes bypassing the Taklamakan Desert and Lop Nur . Northern route ( edit ) Main article : Northern Silk Road The Silk Road in the 1st century The Silk Road The northern route started at Chang'an ( now called Xi'an ) , an ancient capital of China that was moved further east during the Later Han to Luoyang . The route was defined around the 1st century BCE when Han Wudi put an end to harassment by nomadic tribes . The northern route travelled northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu from Shaanxi Province and split into three further routes , two of them following the mountain ranges to the north and south of the Taklamakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar , and the other going north of the Tian Shan mountains through Turpan , Talgar , and Almaty ( in what is now southeast Kazakhstan ) . The routes split again west of Kashgar , with a southern branch heading down the Alai Valley towards Termez ( in modern Uzbekistan ) and Balkh ( Afghanistan ) , while the other travelled through Kokand in the Fergana Valley ( in present - day eastern Uzbekistan ) and then west across the Karakum Desert . Both routes joined the main southern route before reaching ancient Merv , Turkmenistan . Another branch of the northern route turned northwest past the Aral Sea and north of the Caspian Sea , then and on to the Black Sea . A route for caravans , the northern Silk Road brought to China many goods such as `` dates , saffron powder and pistachio nuts from Persia ; frankincense , aloes and myrrh from Somalia ; sandalwood from India ; glass bottles from Egypt , and other expensive and desirable goods from other parts of the world . '' In exchange , the caravans sent back bolts of silk brocade , lacquer - ware , and porcelain . Southern route ( edit ) The southern route or Karakoram route was mainly a single route running from China through the Karakoram mountains , where it persists in modern times as the international paved road connecting Pakistan and China as the Karakoram Highway . It then set off westwards , but with southward spurs enabling the journey to be completed by sea from various points . Crossing the high mountains , it passed through northern Pakistan , over the Hindu Kush mountains , and into Afghanistan , rejoining the northern route near Merv , Turkmenistan . From Merv , it followed a nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran , Mesopotamia , and the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant , where Mediterranean trading ships plied regular routes to Italy , while land routes went either north through Anatolia or south to North Africa . Another branch road travelled from Herat through Susa to Charax Spasinu at the head of the Persian Gulf and across to Petra and on to Alexandria and other eastern Mediterranean ports from where ships carried the cargoes to Rome . Southwestern route ( edit ) See also : Tea Horse Road Woven silk textiles from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan province , China , Western Han dynasty period , dated 2nd century BCE The southwestern route is believed to be the Ganges / Brahmaputra Delta , which has been the subject of international interest for over two millennia . Strabo , the 1st - century Roman writer , mentions the deltaic lands : `` Regarding merchants who now sail from Egypt ... as far as the Ganges , they are only private citizens ... '' His comments are interesting as Roman beads and other materials are being found at Wari - Bateshwar ruins , the ancient city with roots from much earlier , before the Bronze Age , presently being slowly excavated beside the Old Brahmaputra in Bangladesh . Ptolemy 's map of the Ganges Delta , a remarkably accurate effort , showed that his informants knew all about the course of the Brahmaputra River , crossing through the Himalayas then bending westward to its source in Tibet . It is doubtless that this delta was a major international trading center , almost certainly from much earlier than the Common Era . Gemstones and other merchandise from Thailand and Java were traded in the delta and through it . Chinese archaeological writer Bin Yang and some earlier writers and archaeologists , such as Janice Stargardt , strongly suggest this route of international trade as Sichuan - Yunnan - Burma - Bangladesh route . According to Bin Yang , especially from the 12th century the route was used to ship bullion from Yunnan ( gold and silver are among the minerals in which Yunnan is rich ) , through northern Burma , into modern Bangladesh , making use of the ancient route , known as the ' Ledo ' route . The emerging evidence of the ancient cities of Bangladesh , in particular Wari - Bateshwar ruins , Mahasthangarh , Bhitagarh , Bikrampur , Egarasindhur , and Sonargaon , are believed to be the international trade centers in this route . Maritime route ( edit ) Main article : Maritime Silk Road Maritime Silk Road or Maritime Silk Route refer to the maritime section of historic Silk Road that connects China to Southeast Asia , Indonesian archipelago , Indian subcontinent , Arabian peninsula , all the way to Egypt and finally Europe . The trade route encompassed numbers of bodies of waters ; including South China Sea , Strait of Malacca , Indian Ocean , Gulf of Bengal , Arabian Sea , Persian Gulf and the Red Sea . The maritime route overlaps with historic Southeast Asian maritime trade , Spice trade , Indian Ocean trade and after 8th century -- the Arabian naval trade network . The network also extend eastward to East China Sea and Yellow Sea to connect China with Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago . Cultural Exchanges ( edit ) The Nestorian Stele , created in 781 , describes the introduction of Nestorian Christianity to China Richard Foltz , Xinru Liu , and others have described how trading activities along the Silk Road over many centuries facilitated the transmission not just of goods but also ideas and culture , notably in the area of religions . Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Buddhism , Christianity , Manichaeism , and Islam all spread across Eurasia through trade networks that were tied to specific religious communities and their institutions . Notably , established Buddhist monasteries along the Silk Road offered a haven , as well as a new religion for foreigners . The spread of religions and cultural traditions along the Silk Roads , according to Jerry H. Bentley , also led to syncretism . One example was the encounter with the Chinese and Xiongnu nomads . These unlikely events of cross-cultural contact allowed both cultures to adapt to each other as an alternative . The Xiongnu adopted Chinese agricultural techniques , dress style , and lifestyle , while the Chinese adopted Xiongnu military techniques , some dress style , music , and dance . Perhaps most surprising of the cultural exchanges between China and the Xiongnu , Chinese soldiers would sometimes defect and convert to the Xiongnu way of life and stay in the steppes for fear of punishment . Transmission of Christianity ( edit ) Further information : Nestorian Christianity and Church of the East The transmission of Christianity was primarily known as Nestorianism on the Silk Road . In 781 , an inscribed stele shows Nestorian Christian missionaries arriving on the Silk Road . Christianity had spread both east and west , simultaneously bringing Syriac language and evolving the forms of worship . Transmission of Buddhism ( edit ) Main articles : Silk Road transmission of Buddhism and Greco - Buddhism A blue - eyed Central Asian monk teaching an East - Asian monk , Bezeklik , Turfan , eastern Tarim Basin , China , 9th century ; the monk on the right is possibly Tocharian , although more likely Sogdian . The transmission of Buddhism to China via the Silk Road began in the 1st century CE , according to a semi-legendary account of an ambassador sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor Ming ( 58 -- 75 ) . During this period Buddhism began to spread throughout Southeast , East , and Central Asia . Mahayana , Theravada , and Tibetan Buddhism are the three primary forms of Buddhism that spread across Asia via the Silk Road . The Buddhist movement was the first large - scale missionary movement in the history of world religions . Chinese missionaries were able to assimilate Buddhism , to an extent , to native Chinese Daoists , which would bring the two beliefs together . Buddha 's community of followers , the Sangha , consisted of male and female monks and laity . These people moved through India and beyond to spread the ideas of Buddha . As the number of members within the Sangha increased , it became costly so that only the larger cities were able to afford having the Buddha and his disciples visit . It is believed that under the control of the Kushans , Buddhism was spread to China and other parts of Asia from the middle of the first century to the middle of the third century . Extensive contacts started in the 2nd century , probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin , due to the missionary efforts of a great number of Buddhist monks to Chinese lands . The first missionaries and translators of Buddhists scriptures into Chinese were either Parthian , Kushan , Sogdian , or Kuchean . Bilingual edict ( Greek and Aramaic ) by Indian Buddhist King Ashoka , 3rd century BCE ; see Edicts of Ashoka , from Kandahar . This edict advocates the adoption of `` godliness '' using the Greek term Eusebeia for Dharma . Kabul Museum . One result of the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road was displacement and conflict . The Greek Seleucids were exiled to Iran and Central Asia because of a new Iranian dynasty called the Parthians at the beginning of the 2nd century BCE , and as a result the Parthians became the new middle men for trade in a period when the Romans were major customers for silk . Parthian scholars were involved in one of the first ever Buddhist text translations into the Chinese language . Its main trade centre on the Silk Road , the city of Merv , in due course and with the coming of age of Buddhism in China , became a major Buddhist centre by the middle of the 2nd century . Knowledge among people on the silk roads also increased when Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty ( 268 -- 239 BCE ) converted to Buddhism and raised the religion to official status in his northern Indian empire . From the 4th century CE onward , Chinese pilgrims also started to travel on the Silk Road to India to get improved access to the original Buddhist scriptures , with Fa - hsien 's pilgrimage to India ( 395 -- 414 ) , and later Xuanzang ( 629 -- 644 ) and Hyecho , who traveled from Korea to India . The travels of the priest Xuanzang were fictionalized in the 16th century in a fantasy adventure novel called Journey to the West , which told of trials with demons and the aid given by various disciples on the journey . A statue depicting Buddha giving a sermon , from Sarnath , 3,000 km ( 1,864 mi ) southwest of Urumqi , Xinjiang , 8th century There were many different schools of Buddhism travelling on the Silk Road . The Dharmaguptakas and the Sarvastivadins were two of the major Nikaya schools . These were both eventually displaced by the Mahayana , also known as `` Great Vehicle '' . This movement of Buddhism first gained influence in the Khotan region . The Mahayana , which was more of a `` pan-Buddhist movement '' than a school of Buddhism , appears to have begun in northwestern India or Central Asia . It formed during the 1st century BCE and was small at first , and the origins of this `` Greater Vehicle '' are not fully clear . Some Mahayana scripts were found in northern Pakistan , but the main texts are still believed to have been composed in Central Asia along the Silk Road . These different schools and movements of Buddhism were a result of the diverse and complex influences and beliefs on the Silk Road . With the rise of Mahayana Buddhism , the initial direction of Buddhist development changed . This form of Buddhism highlighted , as stated by Xinru Liu , `` the elusiveness of physical reality , including material wealth . '' It also stressed getting rid of material desire to a certain point ; this was often difficult for followers to understand . During the 5th and 6th centuries CE , merchants played a large role in the spread of religion , in particular Buddhism . Merchants found the moral and ethical teachings of Buddhism to be an appealing alternative to previous religions . As a result , merchants supported Buddhist monasteries along the Silk Road , and in return the Buddhists gave the merchants somewhere to stay as they traveled from city to city . As a result , merchants spread Buddhism to foreign encounters as they traveled . Merchants also helped to establish diaspora within the communities they encountered , and over time their cultures became based on Buddhism . As a result , these communities became centers of literacy and culture with well - organized marketplaces , lodging , and storage . The voluntary conversion of Chinese ruling elites helped the spread of Buddhism in East Asia and led Buddhism to become widespread in Chinese society . The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism essentially ended around the 7th century with the rise of Islam in Central Asia . Transmission of art ( edit ) Main article : Silk Road transmission of art Iconographical evolution of the Wind God . Left : Greek Wind God from Hadda , 2nd century . Middle : Wind God from Kizil , Tarim Basin , 7th century . Right : Japanese Wind God Fujin , 17th century . Many artistic influences were transmitted via the Silk Road , particularly through Central Asia , where Hellenistic , Iranian , Indian and Chinese influences could intermix . Greco - Buddhist art represents one of the most vivid examples of this interaction . Silk was also a representation of art , serving as a religious symbol . Most importantly , silk was used as currency for trade along the silk road . These artistic influences can be seen in the development of Buddhism where , for instance , Buddha was first depicted as human in the Kushan period . Many scholars have attributed this to Greek influence . The mixture of Greek and Indian elements can be found in later Buddhist art in China and throughout countries on the Silk Road . The production of art consisted of many different items that were traded along the Silk Roads from the East to the West . One common product , the lapis lazuli , was a blue stone with golden specks , which was used as paint after it was ground into powder . Commemoration ( edit ) On 22 June 2014 , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) named the Silk Road a World Heritage Site at the 2014 Conference on World Heritage . The United Nations World Tourism Organization has been working since 1993 to develop sustainable international tourism along the route with the stated goal of fostering peace and understanding . Bishkek and Almaty each have a major east - west street named after the Silk Road ( Kyrgyz : Жибек жолу , Jibek Jolu in Bishkek , and Kazakh : Жібек жолы , Jibek Joly in Almaty ) . Gallery ( edit ) Silk Road and artifacts Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Sultanhani caravanserai Sultanhani caravanserai 18th century caravanserai in Sheki , Azerbaijan Orbelian 's Caravanserai , Armenia bridge in Ani , capital of medieval Armenia Taldyk pass Dunhuang Zeinodin Caravanserai Sogdian man on a Bactrian camel , sancai ceramic glaze , Chinese Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) Ancient Chinese customs post on Silk Road near Dunhuang The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang , Gansu province A late Zhou or early Han Chinese bronze mirror inlaid with glass , perhaps incorporated Greco - Roman artistic patterns A Chinese Western Han dynasty ( 202 BCE -- 9 CE ) bronze rhinoceros with gold and silver inlay Han dynasty Granary west of Dunhuang on the Silk Road . Ornamented Trakian sword , 6th century , excavated in Gyerim - ro , South Korea Modern woven carpet illustrating camel caravan on Silk Road , from Kashgar Green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 - 220 CE ) tomb , Guangxi , southern China See also ( edit ) Ancient tea route Dzungarian Gate Godavaya History of silk Hippie trail Incense Route Dvaravati -- Kamboja route Mount Imeon Serica Steppe Route Three hares Pan-American Highway The Silk Roads Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries One Belt , One Road Silk Road Economic Belt Silk Road Numismatics Silk Road Fund Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miho Museum News ( Shiga , Japan ) Volume 23 ( March 2009 ) . `` Eurasian winds toward Silla '' . ^ Jump up to : Gan , Fuxi ( 2009 ) . `` The silk road and ancient Chinese glass '' . Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences ( Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road , World Scientific ed . ) . p. 41 . ISBN 9812833560 . Jump up ^ Elisseeff , Vadime ( 2001 ) . The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . UNESCO Publishing / Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 . Jump up ^ Boulnois , Luce ( 2005 ) . Silk Road : Monks , Warriors & Merchants . Hong Kong : Odyssey Books . p. 66 . ISBN 962 - 217 - 721 - 2 . Jump up ^ Xinru , Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic of Korea Silk Road '' . en.unesco.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 33 . Jump up ^ Compare : Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) . The Silk Road . OUP US . p. 218 . ISBN 9780195159318 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . Jewish merchants have left only a few traces on the Silk Road . Jump up ^ Miha Museum ( Shiga , Japan ) , Sping Special Exhibition ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Eurasian winds toward Silla '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Horses of the Steppe : The Mongolian Horse and the Blood - Sweating Stallions Silk Road in Rare Books '' . dsr.nii.ac.jp . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Waugh ( 2007 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Approaches Old and New to the Silk Roads '' Eliseeff in : The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . Paris ( 1998 ) UNESCO , Reprint : Berghahn Books ( 2009 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 221 - 0 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 222 - 9 ( pbk ) Jump up ^ `` Approaches Old and New to the Silk Roads '' Vadime Eliseeff in : The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . Paris ( 1998 ) UNESCO , Reprint : Berghahn Books ( 2000 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 221 - 0 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 222 - 9 ( pbk ) Jump up ^ Waugh , Daniel . ( 2007 ) . `` Richthofen 's `` Silk Roads '' : Toward the Archaeology of a Concept . '' The Silk Road . Volume 5 , Number 1 , Summer 2007 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , pp. 154 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ `` Treasures of Ancient Altai Nomads Revealed '' . The Astana Times . 2012 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . 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( 2010 ) , Global Security Watch : Central Asia , Santa Barbara , Denver , Oxford : Praeger , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark J. Dresden ( 2003 ) , `` Sogdian Language and Literature '' , in Ehsan Yarshater , The Cambridge History of Iran , Vol III : The Seleucid , Parthian , and Sasanian Periods , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 1219 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24699 - 7 . Jump up ^ Please refer to Royal Road . Jump up ^ Christopoulos , Lucas ( August 2012 ) , `` Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China ( 240 BC -- 1398 AD ) , '' in Victor H. Mair ( ed ) , Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 230 , Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations , pp. 15 -- 16 , ISSN 2157 - 9687 . Jump up ^ Prevas , John . ( 2004 ) . Envy of the Gods : Alexander the Great 's Ill - Fated Journey across Asia , p. 121 . De Capo Press , Cambridge , Mass . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81268 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Strabo XI. XI. I '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . 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( 2002 ) , `` When Glass Was Treasured in China , '' in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner ( eds ) , Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road , 79 -- 94 , Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , ISBN 2503521789 , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Harper , P.O. ( 2002 ) , `` Iranian Luxury Vessels in China From the Late First Millennium B.C.E. to the Second Half of the First Millennium C.E. , '' in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner ( eds ) , Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road , 95 -- 113 , Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , ISBN 2503521789 , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 ) , The Silk Road : A New History , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 97 -- 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993921 - 3 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Helen Wang ( 2004 ) `` Money on the Silk Road : The evidence from Eastern Central Asia to . c . AD 800 , '' London : The British Museum Press , ISBN 0 7141 1806 0 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Gary K. Young ( 2001 ) , Rome 's Eastern Trade : International Commerce and Imperial Policy , 31 BC -- AD 305 , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 24219 - 3 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : For further information on Oc Eo , see Milton Osborne ( 2006 ) , The Mekong : Turbulent Past , Uncertain Future , Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin , revised edition , first published in 2000 , ISBN 1 - 74114 - 893 - 6 , pp. 24 -- 25 . 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Jump up ^ Liu , Xinru , `` The Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia '' , in Michael Adas ( ed ) , Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History , American Historical Association , Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 2001 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bretschneider , Emil ( 1888 ) , Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources : Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century , Vol. 1 , Abingdon : Routledge , reprinted 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Moule , A.C. , Christians in China before 1500 , 94 & 103 ; also Pelliot , Paul in T'oung - pao 15 ( 1914 ) , pp. 630 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson ( 2005 ) , The Mongols and the West , 1221 -- 1410 , Pearson Education , p. 169 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 36896 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Kuiper & editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( Aug 31 , 2006 ) . `` Rabban bar Sauma : Mongol Envoy . '' Encyclopædia Britannica ( online source ) . Accessed 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris Rossabi ( 2014 ) . From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia : The Writings of Morris Rossabi . Leiden & Boston : Brill , pp. 385 -- 86 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 28529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Morris Rossabi ( 2014 ) . From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia : The Writings of Morris Rossabi . Leiden & Boston : Brill , pp. 386 -- 421 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 28529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ E. Bretschneider ( 1871 ) . On the Knowledge Possessed by the Ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian Colonies : And Other Western Countries , Mentioned in Chinese Books . Trübner & Company . pp. 25 -- . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Nishijima , Sadao ( 1986 ) , `` The Economic and Social History of Former Han '' , in Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael , Cambridge History of China : Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 545 -- 607 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24327 - 0 Jump up ^ Eberhard , Wolfram ( 2005 ) , A History of China , New York : Cosimo , ISBN 1 - 59605 - 566 - 9 Jump up ^ Whitfield , Susan ( 2004 ) , The Silk Road : Trade , Travel , War and Faith , Chicago : Serindia , ISBN 1 - 932476 - 12 - 1 Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X Jump up ^ Skaff , Jonathan Karem ( 2009 ) . Nicola Di Cosmo , ed . Military Culture in Imperial China . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03109 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tikhvinskiĭ , Sergeĭ Leonidovich and Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov ( 1981 ) . China and her neighbours , from ancient times to the Middle Ages : a collection of essays . Progress Publishers . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Sun , Guangqi ( 1989 ) , History of Navigation in Ancient China , Beijing : Ocean Press , ISBN 7 - 5027 - 0532 - 5 Jump up ^ Bowman , John S. ( 2000 ) , Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , New York : Columbia University Press Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 68 . Jump up ^ Wink , André . Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World . Brill Academic Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dybo A.V. , `` Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks '' , Moskow , 2007 , p. 786 , ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Hanks , Reuel R. ( 2010 ) , Global Security Watch : Central Asia , Santa Barbara , Denver , Oxford : Praeger , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gascoigne , Bamber ; Gascoigne , Christina ( 2003 ) , The Dynasties of China : A History , New York : Carroll and Graf Publishers , an imprint of Avalon Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1219 - 8 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Taenzer , Gertraud ( 2016 ) , `` Changing Relations between Administration , Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia : a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang , 8th -- 11th Centuries '' , in Carmen Meinert , Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks ( 7th to 13th Centuries ) , 19 -- 56 , Leiden , Boston : Brill , pp. 35 -- 37 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 30741 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Reuel R. ( 2010 ) , Global Security Watch : Central Asia , Santa Barbara , Denver , Oxford : Praeger , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell - Hoare ( 2016 ) , Uzbekistan , 2nd edition , Bradt Travel Guides Ltd , pp. 12 -- 13 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78477 - 017 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell - Hoare ( 2016 ) , Uzbekistan , 2nd edition , Bradt Travel Guides Ltd , pp. 14 -- 15 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78477 - 017 - 4 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 109 . Jump up ^ The Pax Mongolica , by Daniel C. Waugh , University of Washington , Seattle Jump up ^ J.N. Hays ( 2005 ) . `` Epidemics and pandemics : their impacts on human history '' . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 658 - 2 Jump up ^ John Kelly , The Great Mortality : An Intimate History of the Black Death , the Most Devastating Plague of All Time ( Harper : 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 06000 - 693 - 5 Jump up ^ The Silk Roads : Highways of Commerce and Culture . Vadime Elisseeff ( 1998 ). ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 505 -- 07 , 524 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57455 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Valerie ( 2000 ) , The Open Empire : A History of China to 1600 , New York & London : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97374 - 3 , pp , 117 -- 19 Jump up ^ Kathy Ceceri , The Silk Road : Explore the World 's Most Famous Trade Route ( White River Junction , VT : Nomad Press , 2011 ) , 111 . ^ Jump up to : Bradsher , Keith ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Hauling New Treasure Along the Silk Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asia - Pacific Asia takes first step on modern ' Silk Route ' '' . BBC News . 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A Silk Road for the 21st century : Freight rail linking China and Germany officially begins operations '' . Shanghaiist . Jump up ^ Cooley , Alexander ( July 2015 ) . `` New Silk Route or Classic Developmental Cul - de-Sac ? The Prospects and Challenges of China 's OBOR Initiative '' . PONARS Eurasia . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China plans new Silk Route across Ukraine '' . Russian News Agency TASS. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sahoo , Pravakar ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` India should be part of the new Silk Route '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` China 's new silk route : The long and winding road '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First ' Silk Road ' train arrives in Tehran from China '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' China freight train ' in first trip to Barking '' . BBC News . 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Silk Road route back in business as China train rolls into London , Tracy McVeigh , The Observer , 14 January 2017 Jump up ^ Ulric Killion , A Modern Chinese Journey to the West : Economic Globalisation And Dualism , ( Nova Science Publishers : 2006 ) , p. 66 Jump up ^ Yang , Bin. ( 2008 ) . Between Winds and Clouds : The Making of Yunnan . New York : Columbia University Press Jump up ^ `` History and Legend of Sino - Bangla Contacts '' . Fmprc.gov.cn. 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday '' . Weeklyholiday.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Silk Road '' . SEAArch . Jump up ^ Richard Foltz , Religions of the Silk Road , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2nd edition , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 77 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ `` Belief Systems Along the Silk Road , '' Asia Society website , http://asiasociety.org/education/belief-systems-along-silk-road , retrieved on November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ von Le Coq , Albert . ( 1913 ) . Chotscho : Facsimile - Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost - Turkistan . Berlin : Dietrich Reimer ( Ernst Vohsen ) , im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler - Institutes , Tafel 19 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Ethnic Sogdians have been identified as the Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple ( No. 9 ) . See the following source : Gasparini , Mariachiara . `` A Mathematic Expression of Art : Sino - Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin , '' in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja ( eds ) , Transcultural Studies , Ruprecht - Karls Universität Heidelberg , No 1 ( 2014 ) , pp. 134 -- 63 . ISSN 2191 - 6411 . See also endnote # 32 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 . ) Jump up ^ For information on the Sogdians , an Eastern Iranian people , and their inhabitation of Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese ( 7th -- 8th century ) and Uyghur rule ( 9th -- 13th century ) , see Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 ) , The Silk Road : A New History , Oxford University Press , p. 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993921 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 69 , 73 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James A. ( 2009 ) . `` China 's Southwestern Silk Road in World History '' . World History Connected . 6 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 16 . Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New york : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , pp. 51 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , pp. 42 . Jump up ^ Foltz , `` Religions of the Silk Road '' , pp. 37 -- 58 Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Silkroad Foundation ; Adela C.Y. Lee . `` Ancient Silk Road Travellers '' . Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 48 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 50 . Jump up ^ Xinru , Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 21 . Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` The Silk Road and Beyond : Travel , Trade , and Transformation , '' Art Institute of Chicago website , http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/silkroad/themes.html , retrieved on 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Objectives '' . Sources ( edit ) Baines , John and Málek , Jaromir ( 1984 ) : Atlas of Ancient Egypt . Oxford , Time Life Books . Boulnois , Luce. 2004 . Silk Road : Monks , Warriors & Merchants on the Silk Road . Translated by Helen Loveday with additional material by Bradley Mayhew and Angela Sheng . Airphoto International . ISBN 962 - 217 - 720 - 4 hardback , ISBN 962 - 217 - 721 - 2 softback . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley . ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X . Foltz , Richard , Religions of the Silk Road , Palgrave Macmillan , 2nd edition , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 Harmatta , János , ed. , 1994 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume II . The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations : 700 BC to 250 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Herodotus ( 5th century BCE ) : Histories . Translated with notes by George Rawlinson. 1996 edition . Ware , Hertfordshire , Wordsworth Editions Limited . Hopkirk , Peter : Foreign Devils on the Silk Road : The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia . The University of Massachusetts Press , Amherst , 1980 , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 435 - 8 Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd Centuries CE . BookSurge , Charleston , South Carolina . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Hulsewé , A.F.P. and Loewe , M.A.N. 1979 . China in Central Asia : The Early Stage 125 BC -- 23 : an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty . E.J. Brill , Leiden . Huyghe , Edith and Huyghe , François - Bernard : `` La route de la soie ou les empires du mirage '' , Petite bibliothèque Payot , 2006 , ISBN 2 - 228 - 90073 - 7 Juliano , Annette , L. and Lerner , Judith A. , et al. 2002 . Monks and Merchants : Silk Road Treasures from Northwest China : Gansu and Ningxia , 4th -- 7th Century . Harry N. Abrams Inc. , with The Asia Society . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3478 - 7 ; ISBN 0 - 87848 - 089 - 7 softback . Klimkeit , Hans - Joach , im . 1988 . Die Seidenstrasse : Handelsweg and Kulturbruecke zwischen Morgen - and Abendland . Koeln : DuMont Buchverlag . Klimkeit , Hans - Joachim. 1993 . Gnosis on the Silk Road : Gnostic Texts from Central Asia . Trans . & presented by Hans - Joachim Klimkeit . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 064586 - 5 . Knight , E.F. 1893 . Where Three Empires Meet : A Narrative of Recent Travel in : Kashmir , Western Tibet , Gilgit , and the adjoining countries . Longmans , Green , and Co. , London . Reprint : Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company , Taipei . 1971 . Li , Rongxi ( translator ) . 1995 . A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty . Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research . Berkeley , California . ISBN 1 - 886439 - 00 - 1 Li , Rongxi ( translator ) . 1995 . The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions . Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research . Berkeley , California . ISBN 1 - 886439 - 02 - 8 Litvinsky , B.A. , ed. , 1996 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume III . The crossroads of civilizations : 250 to 750 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Liu , Xinru , 2001 . `` Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi - Kushan : Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies . '' Journal of World History , Volume 12 , No. 2 , Fall 2001 . University of Hawaii Press , pp. 261 -- 92 . ( 4 ) . Liu , Li , 2004 , The Chinese Neolithic , Trajectories to Early States , Cambridge UK , Cambridge University Press . Liu , Xinru ( 2010 ) . The Silk Road in World History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516174 - 8 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533810 - 2 ( pbk ) . McDonald , Angus. 1995 . The Five Foot Road : In Search of a Vanished China . HarperCollinsWest , San Francisco . Malkov , Artemy. 2007 . The Silk Road : A mathematical model . History & Mathematics , ed. by Peter Turchin et al. Moscow : KomKniga . ISBN 978 - 5 - 484 - 01002 - 8 Mallory , J.P. and Mair , Victor H. , 2000 . The Tarim Mummies : Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West . Thames & Hudson , London . Ming Pao . `` Hong Kong proposes Silk Road on the Sea as World Heritage '' , 7 August 2005 , p . A2 . Osborne , Milton , 1975 . River Road to China : The Mekong River Expedition , 1866 -- 73 . George Allen & Unwin Lt . Puri , B. N , 1987 Buddhism in Central Asia , Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited , Delhi . ( 2000 reprint ) . Ray , Himanshu Prabha , 2003 . The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80455 - 8 ( hardback ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 01109 - 4 ( paperback ) . Sarianidi , Viktor , 1985 . The Golden Hoard of Bactria : From the Tillya - tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan . Harry N. Abrams , New York . Schafer , Edward H. 1963 . The Golden Peaches of Samarkand : A study of T'ang Exotics . University of California Press . Berkeley and Los Angeles . 1st paperback edition : 1985 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05462 - 8 . Stein , Aurel M. 1907 . Ancient Khotan : Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan , 2 vols . Clarendon Press . Oxford. ( 5 ) Stein , Aurel M. , 1912 . Ruins of Desert Cathay : Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China , 2 vols . Reprint : Delhi . Low Price Publications . 1990 . Stein , Aurel M. , 1921 . Serindia : Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China , 5 vols . London & Oxford . Clarendon Press . Reprint : Delhi . Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. ( 6 ) Stein Aurel M. , 1928 . Innermost Asia : Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia , Kan - su and Eastern Iran , 5 vols . Clarendon Press . Reprint : New Delhi . Cosmo Publications . 1981 . Stein Aurel M. , 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks : Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China . Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky . Book Faith India , Delhi . 1999 . Thorsten , Marie. 2006 `` Silk Road Nostalgia and Imagined Global Community '' . Comparative American Studies 3 , no . 3 : 343 -- 59 . Waugh , Daniel . ( 2007 ) . `` Richthofen `` Silk Roads '' : Toward the Archeology of a Concept . '' The Silk Road . Volume 5 , Number 1 , Summer 2007 , pp. 1 -- 10 . ( 7 ) von Le Coq , Albert , 1928 . Buried Treasures of Turkestan . Reprint with Introduction by Peter Hopkirk , Oxford University Press . 1985 . Whitfield , Susan , 1999 . Life Along the Silk Road . London : John Murray . Wimmel , Kenneth , 1996 . The Alluring Target : In Search of the Secrets of Central Asia . Trackless Sands Press , Palo Alto , CA . ISBN 1 - 879434 - 48 - 2 Yan , Chen , 1986 . `` Earliest Silk Route : The Southwest Route . '' Chen Yan . China Reconstructs , Vol . XXXV , No. 10 . October 1986 , pp. 59 -- 62 . Yule ( translator and editor ) , Sir Henry ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issue 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading ( edit ) Boulnois , Luce . Silk Road : Monks , Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road . Odyssey Publications , 2005 . ISBN 962 - 217 - 720 - 4 Bulliet , Richard W. 1975 . The Camel and the Wheel . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 09130 - 2 . Christian , David ( 2000 ) . `` Silk Roads or Steppe Roads ? The Silk Roads in World History '' . Journal of World History . University of Hawaii Press . 2.1 ( Spring ) : 1 . de la Vaissière , E. , Sogdian Traders . A History , Leiden , Brill , 2005 , Hardback ISBN 90 - 04 - 14252 - 5 Brill Publishers , French version ISBN 2 - 85757 - 064 - 3 on ( 8 ) Elisseeff , Vadime . Editor . 1998 . The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . UNESCO Publishing . Paris . Reprint : 2000 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 softback ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 221 - 0 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 222 - 9 softback . Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2011 ) . China 's Ancient Tea Horse Road . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN : B005DQV7Q2 Hansen , Valerie . The Silk Road : A New History ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 304 pages ; Combines archaeology and history in a study of seven oases Hallikainen , Saana : Connections from Europe to Asia and how the trading was affected by the cultural exchange ( 2002 ) Hill , John E. ( 2004 ) . The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 . Draft annotated English translation . ( 9 ) Hopkirk , Peter : The Great Game : The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia ; Kodansha International , New York , 1990 , 1992 . Kuzmina , E.E. The Prehistory of the Silk Road . ( 2008 ) Edited by Victor H. Mair . University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4041 - 2 Larsen , Jeanne . Silk Road : A Novel of Eighth - Century China . ( 1989 ; reprinted 2009 ) Levy , Scott C. ( 2012 ) . `` Early Modern Central Asia in World History '' . History Compass. 10 ( 11 ) : 866 -- 78 . doi : 10.1111 / hic3. 12004 . Li et al. `` Evidence that a West - East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age '' . BMC Biology 2010 , 8 : 15 . Liu , Xinru , and Shaffer , Lynda Norene. 2007 . Connections Across Eurasia : Transportation , Communication , and Cultural Exchange on the Silk Roads . McGraw Hill , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 284351 - 4 . Miller , Roy Andrew ( 1959 ) : Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty . University of California Press . Omrani , Bijan ; Tredinnick , Jeremy ( 2010 ) . Asia Overland : Tales of Travel on the Trans - Siberian and Silk Road . Hong Kong New York : Odyssey Distribution in the US by W.W. Norton & Co , Odyssey Publications . ISBN 962 - 217 - 811 - 1 . Polo , Marco , Il Milione . Thubron , C. , The Silk Road to China ( Hamlyn , 1989 ) Tuladhar , Kamal Ratna ( 2011 ) . Caravan to Lhasa : A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet . Kathmandu : Lijala & Tisa . ISBN 99946 - 58 - 91 - 3 Watt , James C.Y. ; Wardwell , Anne E. ( 1997 ) . When silk was gold : Central Asian and Chinese textiles . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870998250 . Weber , Olivier , Eternal Afghanistan ( photographs of Reza ) , ( Unesco - Le Chêne , 2002 ) Yap , Joseph P. Wars With the Xiongnu -- A Translation From Zizhi Tongjian . AuthorHouse ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 National Institute of Informatics -- Digital Silk Road Project Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books Digital Silk Road > Toyo Bunko Archive > List of Books External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silk Road . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Silk Road . Silk Road Atlas ( University of Washington ) The Silk Road , a historical overview by Oliver Wild The Silk Road Journal , a freely available scholarly journal run by Daniel Waugh The New Silk Road -- a lecture by Paul Lacourbe at TEDx Danubia 2013 Escobar , Pepe ( February 2015 ) . Year of the Sheep , Century of the Dragon ? New Silk Roads and the Chinese Vision of a Brave New ( Trade ) World , an essay at Tom Dispatch Han dynasty topics History Chu -- Han Contention ( Feast at Hong Gate ) Lü Clan Disturbance Rebellion of the Seven States Han -- Xiongnu War Han conquest of Gojoseon Southward expansion ( Han -- Minyue War Han conquest of Nanyue Han conquest of Dian First Chinese domination of Vietnam Trung sisters ' rebellion Second Chinese domination of Vietnam ) Xin dynasty Red Eyebrows and Lulin Goguryeo -- Han War Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions Way of the Five Pecks of Rice Yellow Turban Rebellion End of the Han dynasty Society and culture Ban Gu Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Book of Han Gansu Flying Horse Huainanzi Eight Immortals of Huainan Mawangdui Silk Texts Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals Yiwu Zhi Old Texts Han poetry Fu Government and military Ma Yuan Emperor List Family tree Three Lords and Nine Ministers Nine Ministers Three Ducal Ministers Kings Four Commanderies Protectorate of the Western Regions ( Chief Official ) List of government titles Economy Ancient Chinese coinage Silk Road Sino - Roman relations Science and technology Cai Lun Ding Huan Du Shi Hua Tuo Ma Jun Wang Chong Zhang Heng Zhang Zhongjing Zhuge Liang Balanced Discourse Book on Numbers and Computation Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art Huangdi Neijing Jin Gui Yao Lue Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders Zhoubi Suanjing Silk General History of silk Magnanery Sericulture Silk Road Silk waste Types Ahimsa silk Assam silk Atlas silk Byzantine silk Eri silk Japanese silk Lao silk Mysore silk Rajshahi silk Thai silk Tussar silk Wild silk Industries Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk industry in China Silk industry of Cheshire Products Saree Tenun Pahang Diraja Part of a series on trade routes Amber Road Hærvejen Incense Route Dvaravati -- Kamboja route King 's Highway Rome - India routes Royal Road Salt road Siberian Route Silk Road Maritime Silk Road Spice Route Tea Horse Road Varangians to the Greeks Via Maris Triangular trade Volga trade route Trans - Saharan trade Old Salt Route Maritime republics Hanseatic League Grand Trunk Road World Heritage Sites in China East Classical Gardens of Suzhou Fujian Tulou Lushan Huangshan Mount Sanqing Mount Tai Wuyi Mountains Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and Kong Family Mansion in Qufu Xidi , and Hongcun West Lake Kulangsu South Central Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains Historic Centre of Macau Shennongjia Kaiping Diaolou and Villages Longmen Grottoes Historic Monuments of Dengfeng , including the Shaolin Monastery and Gaocheng Observatory Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Wulingyuan Yinxu Southwest Chengjiang Fossil Site Dazu Rock Carvings Potala Palace , including the Jokhang and Norbulingka Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Huanglong Jiuzhaigou Old Town of Lijiang Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries Three Parallel Rivers North Mount Wutai Chengde Mountain Resort , including Putuo Zongcheng Temple , Xumi Fushou Temple and Puning Temple Forbidden City Zhoukoudian Pingyao Summer Palace Temple of Heaven Xanadu Yungang Grottoes Northeast Koguryo sites Mukden Palace Northwest Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Xinjiang Tianshan Qinghai Hoh Xil Multiple regions Great Wall China Danxia Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties South China Karst Grand Canal Silk Roads Tusi Sites World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Saryarka -- Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan Tamgaly Petroglyphs Silk Roads : the Routes Network of Chang'an - Tianshan Corridor VIAF : 315127655 LCCN : sh85122554 GND : 4054299 - 3 BNF : cb11970767h ( data ) NDL : 00571235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_Road&oldid=819294510 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan Silk Road Ancient roads and tracks Roads in Asia Medieval Asia Silk Trade routes Eurasian history History of Central Asia History of Imperial China History of foreign trade in China History of international relations Ancient international relations International road networks Ancient history of Afghanistan Ancient history of Iraq Ancient history of Pakistan Han dynasty Persian history Foreign trade of Pakistan Foreign relations of Ancient Rome History of Khorasan World Heritage Sites in China World Heritage Sites in Tajikistan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Infobox road articles without wikidata country Articles containing Chinese - 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-497573048835395950	List of local winds	List of local winds - wikipedia List of local winds Jump to : navigation , search Graphic representation of local winds on world map The list covers regional and local winds and local weather phenomena including seasonal wind Contents : AB CDE FGH IJKL MN OPQR S TUVWXYZ Notes A-B ( edit ) Abrolhos ( Portuguese elisionast of Brazil ) Alisio ( easterly trade wind in the Caribbean ) Alize ( northeasterly across central Africa and the Caribbean ) Alizé Maritime ( wet , fresh northerly wind across west central Africa ) Amihan ( northeasterly wind across the Philippines ) Autan ( warm , föhn - type southeasterly wind in the Mediterranean Languedoc region ) Barguzin wind ( steady , strong wind on Lake Baikal in Russia ) Bayamo ( violent wind on Cuba 's southern coast ) Berg ( South African katabatic wind ) Bise ( cold , northern wind in France and northeastern wind in Switzerland ) Brickfielder ( hot and dry wind in Southern Australia ) Bora ( northeasterly from eastern Europe to northeastern Italy ) Brisote ( the northeast trade wind when it is blowing more strongly than usual , in Cuba ) Brookings Effect ( off - shore wind on the southwestern Oregon coast , USA ) Buran ( a wind which blows across eastern Asia . It is also known as Purga when over the tundra ) C-e ( edit ) Caju ( stormy gale - force north - westerly in the Atlantic coast of Brazil ) Calima ( dust - laden south to southeasterly wind blowing in the Saharan Air Layer across the Canary Islands ) Carpinteiro ( strong southeasterly wind along the southern Atlantic coast of Brazil ) Cape Doctor ( dry south - easterly wind that blows on the South African coast in summer ) Cers ( strong , very dry northeasterly wind in the bas - Languedoc region in southern France ) Chetco Effect ( alternate term for Brookings Effect , off - shore wind on the southwestern Oregon coast , USA ) Chinook ( warm dry westerly off the Rocky Mountains ) Cierzo ( cool north / northwesterly wind on Ebro Valley in Spain ) Cordonazo , also referred to as el cordonazo de San Francisco or the Lash of St Francis ( southerly hurricane winds along the west coast of Mexico ) Coromuel ( south to south - west wind in the La Paz area of the Baja California peninsula and the Gulf of California ) Crivăț ( strong , very cold north - easterly wind in Moldavia , Dobruja , and the Bărăgan Plain parts of Romania . ) Diablo ( hot , dry , offshore wind from the northeast in the San Francisco bay ) Elephanta ( strong southerly or southeasterly wind on the Malabar coast of India ) Etesian ( Greek name ) or Meltem ( Turkish name ) ( northerly across Greece and Turkey ) Euroclydon ( a cyclonic tempestuous northeast wind in the Mediterranean ) F-H ( edit ) Föhn or foehn ( a warm , dry , southerly wind off the northern side of the Alps and North Italy . The name gave rise to the fén - fēng ( 焚風 ' burning wind ' ) of Taiwan ) Fremantle Doctor ( afternoon sea breeze from the Indian Ocean which cools Perth , Western Australia during summer ) Garua , la garúa , or garoa ( dry winds hitting the lower western slopes of the Andes ) Ghibli ( hot dry southeasterly wind of Libya ) Gilavar ( south wind in the Absheron Peninsula of the Azerbaijan Republic ) Gregale ( northeasterly from Greece ) Habagat ( southwesterly wind across the Philippines ) Halny ( in northern Carpathians ) Harmattan ( dry northerly wind across central Africa ) Helm ( north - easterly wind in Cumbria , England ) I-l ( edit ) Kaimai Breeze ( turbulent wind with strong downdrafts in the Kaimai Range ) Kali Andhi or simply Andhi ( the violent dust squalls that occur before monsoon in the northwestern parts of the Indo - Gangetic Plain region of the Indian Subcontinent ) Karaburan ( `` power storm '' ) ( a spring and winter katabatic wind of central Asia ) Karakaze ( strong cold mountain wind from Gunma Prefecture in Japan ) Khamsin ( hot dry southeasterly wind of Egypt ) Khazri ( cold , coastal gale - force wind of north Caspian Sea ) Kona ( southeast wind in Hawaii , replacing trade winds , bringing high humidity and often rain ) Košava ( strong and cold southeasterly season wind in Serbia ) Leste ( hot , dry easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands ) Viento de Levante or Levanter ( easterly through Strait of Gibraltar ) Leveche ( Spanish name for a warm southwest wind in parts of coastal Mediterranean Spain ) Libeccio ( southwesterly towards Italy ) Llevantades ( north - north - east and east - north - east on the east coast of Spain ) Lodos ( southwesterly towards Turkey . Strong `` Lodos '' events occur 6 - 7 times a year bringing 35 kt winds into Marmara Sea . The winds are funnelled SE from the Mediterranean and through the Dardanelles Strait . ) Loo ( hot wind which blows over plains of India and Pakistan . ) M-n ( edit ) Maestro ( cold northerly in the Adriatic sea ) Marin ( south - easterly from Mediterranean to France ) Meltemi μελτέμι ( Greek ) , or meltem ( Turkish ) ( etesian northerly across Greece , Turkey , and Aegean sea ) Minuano ( southern Brazil ) Mistral ( cold northerly from central France and the Alps to Mediterranean ) Monsoon ( mainly south - westerly winds combined with heavy rain in various areas close to the equator ) East Asian Monsoon , known in Korea as jangma ( 장마 ) , and in Japan as tsuyu ( 梅雨 ) when advancing northwards in the spring and shurin ( 秋霖 ) when retreating southwards in autumn . Monsoon of South Asia N'aschi ( northeastern wind on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf , and on the Makran coast ) Nigeq ( a strong wind from the east in Greenland ) Norte ( strong cold northeasterly wind in Mexico ) North wind ( northern cold winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ) Nor'easter ( strong storm with winds from the northeast on the north eastern coast of the United States ( particularly New England states ) and the east coast of Canada ( Atlantic Canada ) ) Nor'wester ( wind that brings rain to the West Coast , and warm dry winds to the East Coast of New Zealand 's South Island , caused by the moist prevailing winds being uplifted over the Southern Alps , often accompanied by a distinctive arched cloud pattern ) O-R ( edit ) Oroshi ( 颪 ) ( strong katabatic wind across the Kanto Plain ) Ostro ( southerly wind in the Mediterranean ) Pampero ( Argentina ) , very strong wind which blows in the Pampa Papagayo ( periodic wind which blows across Nicaragua and Costa Rica and out over the Gulf of Papagayo ) Passat ( medium strong , constant blowing wind at sea in tropical areas ) Piteraq ( cold katabatic wind on the Greenlandic east coast ) Plough Wind ( straight line wind which precedes thunderstorms or thunderstorm clusters ) Poniente ( strong west to east wind formed by the wind tunnel effect of the Gibraltar Strait ; see Levante for the opposite ) Puelche ( on the western slope of the Andes in south - central Chile ) Rashabar ( or Rashaba ) ( `` black wind '' ) ( a strong wind in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq , particularly in Sulaimaniya ) Roaring Forties ( strong westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere ) Santa Ana winds ( southern California ) Santa Lucia winds ( a downslope wind affecting southern San Luis Obispo and northern Santa Barbara Counties , California ) Sarma ( cold strong wind at the western shore of Lake Baikal ) Shamal ( a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states ) Sharqi ( seasonal dry , dusty Middle Eastern wind coming from the south and southeast ) Simoom ( strong , dry , desert wind that blows in Israel , Jordan , Syria , and the desert of Arabia ) Sirocco ( southerly from north Africa to southern Europe ) Solano ( south to south - easterly wind in the southern sector of Spain ) Southerly Buster ( rapidly arriving low pressure cell that dramatically cools Sydney , Australia during summer ) Sou'wester ( strong wind which blows from the southwest , and also a type of waterproof hat designed to protect from wind and rain ) Squamish ( strong , violent wind occurring in many of the fjords of British Columbia ) Sudestada , ( strong offshore wind from the Southeast associated with most of the shipwrecks in Uruguay 's Rio de la Plata coast ) Les Suêtes ( western Cape Breton Highlands ) high speed southeasterly winds Sukhovey ( hot dry wind in the steppes , semi-deserts , and deserts of the Kazakhstan and the Caspian region ) Sundowner , ( strong offshore wind off the California coast ) T-Z ( edit ) Tehuantepecer , or Tehuano wind ( periodic wind which blows across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec ) Tramontane ( cold northwesterly from the Pyrenees or northeasterly from the Alps to the Mediterranean , similar to Mistral ) Vendavel ( westerly through the Strait of Gibraltar ) Warm Braw ( foehn wind in the Schouten Islands , north of New Guinea ) Washoe Zephyr ( seasonal diurnal wind in parts of western Nevada ) Williwaw ( strong , violent wind occurring in the Strait of Magellan , the Aleutian Islands , and the coastal fjords of Southeast Alaska ) Witch of November , or November Witch ( strong winds blowing across the Great Lakes in autumn ) Wreckhouse ( strong downslope winds off the Long Range Mountains in south - western Newfoundland ) Zonda wind ( on the eastern slope of the Andes in Argentina ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lizano , Omar ( 2007 ) . `` Climatología del viento y oleaje frente a las costas de Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . Ciencia y Tecnología . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Le climat du Senegal ( in French ) Jump up ^ English , Fr . Leo James ( 2004 ) . Tagalog - English Dictionary . Manila : Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer . ISBN 971 - 08 - 4357 - 5 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Frank H. ( 1981 ) . 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather . Courier Corporation . p. 135 . ISBN 9780486242187 . Jump up ^ PAGASA Archived 2013 - 07 - 05 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kotliakov , Vladimir Mikhaĭlovich and Komarova , Anna Igorevna ( 2006 ) Elsevier 's dictionary of geography : in English , French , Spanish and German Elsevier , Boston , page 392 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51042 - 6 Jump up ^ Malo , David ( 1903 ) Hawaiian antiquities ( Moolelo Hawaii ) Hawaiian Gazette Company , Honolulu , Hawaii , page 34 OCLC 13734333 Jump up ^ Romanić D. Ćurić M. Jovičić I. Lompar M. 2015 . Long - term trends of the ' Koshava ' wind during the period 1949 -- 2010 . International Journal of Climatology 35 ( 2 ) : 288 - 302 . DOI : 10.1002 / joc. 3981 . Jump up ^ Stephen Pax Leonard , `` Life in Greenland 's polar desert '' , The Observer 2011 - 10 - 30 Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 2003 - 05 - 01 ) , Twister Sisters Environment Canada , archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 24 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 Jump up ^ Miller A. World Survey of Climatology . Volume 12 . Chapter 3 . Climate of Chile . Jump up ^ Rudloff , Willy ( 1981 ) World - climates , with tables of climatic data and practical suggestions '' Wissensdraftliche Verlagsgesellschaft , Stuttgart , Germany , page 242 , ISBN 3 - 8047 - 0509 - X Jump up ^ `` sou'wester '' . Cambridge Dictionaries Online . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowyer , Peter J. and Gray , John M. ( 1995 ) Where the wind blows : a guide to marine weather in Atlantic Canada Breakwater , St. John 's , Newfoundland , Canada , ISBN 1 - 55081 - 119 - 3 Continent Wise Classification and Distribution of Local Winds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_local_winds&oldid=818921242 '' Categories : Winds Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Македонски 日本語 Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 11 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	names of hot winds that blow in the world	[]	[]
-6422526109675724095	History of education in the United States	History of education in the United States - wikipedia History of education in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Well equipped one - room rural school ( with desks , blackboard , books , globe , artwork , stove , piano ) in Oklahoma early 20th century Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The history of education in the United States , or foundations of education covers the trends in educational philosophy , policy , institutions , as well as formal and informal learning in America from the 17th century to the early 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial era 1.1 New England 1.2 The South 1.3 Women and girls 1.4 Non-English schools 1.5 Textbooks 1.6 Colonial colleges 2 Federal era 2.1 Republican motherhood 2.2 Attendance 2.2. 1 Teachers , early 1800s 2.2. 2 One - room schoolhouses 2.2. 3 Mann reforms 2.2. 4 Compulsory laws 2.2. 5 Religion and schools 2.2. 6 Schools for Black students 2.2. 7 Influence of colleges in 19th century 3 20th century 3.1 Progressive Era 3.1. 1 Dewey and progressive education 3.1. 2 Black education 3.1. 3 Atlanta 3.1. 4 Gary plan 3.2 Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 3.3 Secondary schools 3.3. 1 College preparation 3.3. 2 The growth of human capital 3.3. 3 Teachers and administrators 3.4 Higher education 3.4. 1 Land Grant universities 3.4. 2 GI Bill 3.4. 3 Great Society 3.5 Segregation and integration 3.6 Education after 1945 3.6. 1 Inequality 3.6. 2 Special education 3.7 Reform efforts in the 1980s 4 21st century 4.1 Policy since 2000 5 Historiography 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Historiography 8.2 Primary sources 8.3 Journals 9 External links Colonial era ( edit ) See also : Education in the Thirteen Colonies New England ( edit ) The first American schools in the thirteen original colonies opened in the 17th century . Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States . The first free taxpayer - supported public school in North America , the Mather School , was opened in Dorchester , Massachusetts , in 1639 . Cremin ( 1970 ) stresses that colonists tried at first to educate by the traditional English methods of family , church , community , and apprenticeship , with schools later becoming the key agent in `` socialization . '' At first , the rudiments of literacy and arithmetic were taught inside the family , assuming the parents had those skills . Literacy rates were much higher in New England because much of the population had been deeply involved in the Protestant Reformation and learned to read in order to read the Scriptures . Literacy was much lower in the South , where the Anglican Church was the established church . Single working - class people formed a large part of the population in the early years , arriving as indentured servants . The planter class did not support public education but arranged for private tutors for their children , and sent some to England at appropriate ages for further education . By the mid-19th century , the role of the schools in New England had expanded to such an extent that they took over many of the educational tasks traditionally handled by parents . First Boston Latin School House All the New England colonies required towns to set up schools , and many did so . In 1642 the Massachusetts Bay Colony made `` proper '' education compulsory ; other New England colonies followed this example . Similar statutes were adopted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s . The schools were all male and all white , with few facilities for girls . In the 18th century , `` common schools '' were established ; students of all ages were under the control of one teacher in one room . Although they were publicly supplied at the local ( town ) level , they were not free . Students ' families were charged tuition or `` rate bills . '' The larger towns in New England opened grammar schools , the forerunner of the modern high school . The most famous was the Boston Latin School , which is still in operation as a public high school . Hopkins School in New Haven , Connecticut , was another . By the 1780s , most had been replaced by private academies . By the early 19th century New England operated a network of private high schools , now called `` prep schools , '' typified by Phillips Andover Academy ( 1778 ) , Phillips Exeter Academy ( 1781 ) , and Deerfield Academy ( 1797 ) . They became the major feeders for Ivy League colleges in the mid-19th century . These prep schools became coeducational in the 1970s , and remain highly prestigious in the 21st century . The South ( edit ) Residents of the Upper South , centered on the Chesapeake Bay , created some basic schools early in the colonial period . In late 17th century Maryland , the Catholic Jesuits operated some schools for Catholic students . Generally the planter class hired tutors for the education of their children or sent them to private schools . During the colonial years , some sent their sons to England or Scotland for schooling . In March 1620 , George Thorpe sailed from Bristol for Virginia . He became a deputy in charge of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) of land to be set aside for a university and Indian school . The plans for the school for Native Americans ended when George Thorpe was killed in the Indian Massacre of 1622 . In Virginia , rudimentary schooling for the poor and paupers was provided by the local parish . Most elite parents either home schooled their children using peripatetic tutors or sent them to small local private schools . In the deep south ( Georgia and South Carolina ) , schooling was carried on by primarily by private venture teachers and a hodgepodge of publicly funded projects . In the colony of Georgia , at least ten grammar schools were in operation by 1770 , many taught by ministers . The Bethesda Orphan House educated children . Dozens of private tutors and teachers advertised their service in newspapers . A study of women 's signatures indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools . In South Carolina , scores of school projects were advertised in the South Carolina Gazette beginning in 1732 . Although it is difficult to know how many ads yielded successful schools , many of the ventures advertised repeatedly over years , suggesting continuity . After the American Revolution , Georgia and South Carolina tried to start small public universities . Wealthy families sent their sons North to college . In Georgia public county academies for white students became more common , and after 1811 South Carolina opened a few free `` common schools '' to teach reading , writing and arithmetic to whites . Republican governments during the Reconstruction era established the first public school systems to be supported by general taxes . Both whites and blacks would be admitted , but legislators agreed on racially segregated schools . ( The few integrated schools were located in New Orleans ) . Particularly after white Democrats regained control of the state legislatures in former Confederate states , they consistently underfunded public schools for blacks which continued until 1954 when the United States Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . Generally public schooling in rural areas did not extend beyond the elementary grades for either whites or blacks . This was known as `` eighth grade school '' After 1900 , some cities began to establish high schools , primarily for middle class whites . In the 1930s roughly one fourth of the US population still lived and worked on farms and few rural Southerners of either race went beyond the 8th grade until after 1945 . Women and girls ( edit ) The earliest continually operating school for girls in the United States is the Catholic Ursuline Academy in New Orleans . It was founded in 1727 by the Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula . The Academy graduated the first female pharmacist , and the first woman to write a book of literary merit . The first convent established in the United States supported the Academy . This was the first free school and first retreat center for young women . It was the first school to teach free women of color , Native Americans , and female African - American slaves . In the region , Ursuline provided the first center of social welfare in the Mississippi Valley ; and it was the first boarding school for girls in Louisiana , and the first school of music in New Orleans . Tax - supported schooling for girls began as early as 1767 in New England . It was optional and some towns proved reluctant to support this innovation . Northampton , Massachusetts , for example , was a late adopter because it had many rich families who dominated the political and social structures . They did not want to pay taxes to aid poor families . Northampton assessed taxes on all households , rather than only on those with children , and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college . Not until after 1800 did Northampton educate girls with public money . In contrast , the town of Sutton , Massachusetts , was diverse in terms of social leadership and religion at an early point in its history . Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only , thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls . Colonial schoolhouse in Hollis , New Hampshire Historians note that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era . Schools taught both , but in places without schools , writing was taught mainly to boys and a few privileged girls . Men handled worldly affairs and needed to both read and write . It was believed that girls needed only to read ( especially religious materials ) . This educational disparity between reading and writing explains why the colonial women often could read , but could not write and could not sign their names -- they used an `` X '' . The education of elite women in Philadelphia after 1740 followed the British model developed by the gentry classes during the early 18th century . Rather than emphasizing ornamental aspects of women 's roles , this new model encouraged women to engage in more substantive education , reaching into the classical arts and sciences to improve their reasoning skills . Education had the capacity to help colonial women secure their elite status by giving them traits that their ' inferiors ' could not easily mimic . Fatherly ( 2004 ) examines British and American writings that influenced Philadelphia during the 1740s -- 1770s and the ways in which Philadelphia women gained education and demonstrated their status . Non-english schools ( edit ) By 1664 , when the territory was taken over by the English , most towns in the New Netherland colony had already set up elementary schools . The schools were closely related to the Dutch Reformed Church , and emphasized reading for religious instruction and prayer . The English closed the Dutch - language public schools ; in some cases these were converted into private academies . The new English government showed little interest in public schools . German settlements from New York through Pennsylvania , Maryland and down to the Carolinas sponsored elementary schools closely tied to their churches , with each denomination or sect sponsoring its own schools . In the early colonial years , German immigrants were Protestant and the drive for education was related to teaching students to read Scripture . Following waves of German Catholic immigration after the 1848 revolutions , and after the end of the Civil War , both Catholics and Missouri Synod Lutherans began to set up their own German - language parochial schools , especially in cities of heavy German immigration : such as Cincinnati , St. Louis , Chicago and Milwaukee , as well as rural areas heavily settled by Germans . The Amish , a small religious sect speaking German , are opposed to schooling past the elementary level . They see it as unnecessary , as dangerous to preservation of their faith , and as beyond the purview of government . Spain had small settlements in Florida , the Southwest , and also controlled Louisiana . There is little evidence that they schooled any girls . Parish schools were administered by Jesuits or Franciscans and were limited to male students . Excerpt from The New England Primer of 1690 , the most popular American textbook of the 18th century Textbooks ( edit ) In the 17th century , colonists imported schoolbooks from England . By 1690 , Boston publishers were reprinting the English Protestant Tutor under the title of The New England Primer . The Primer was built on rote memorization . By simplifying Calvinist theology , the Primer enabled the Puritan child to define the limits of the self by relating his life to the authority of God and his parents . The Primer included additional material that made it widely popular in colonial schools until it was supplanted by Webster 's work . The `` blue backed speller '' of Noah Webster was by far the most common textbook from the 1790s until 1836 , when the McGuffey Readers appeared . Both series emphasized civic duty and morality , and sold tens of millions of copies nationwide . Webster 's Speller was the pedagogical blueprint for American textbooks ; it was so arranged that it could be easily taught to students , and it progressed by age . Webster believed students learned most readily when complex problems were broken into its component parts . Each pupil could master one part before moving to the next . Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some of the insights associated in the 20th century with Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development . Webster said that children pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master increasingly complex or abstract tasks . He stressed that teachers should not try to teach a three - year - old how to read -- wait until they are ready at age five . He planned the Speller accordingly , starting with the alphabet , then covering the different sounds of vowels and consonants , then syllables ; simple words came next , followed by more complex words , then sentences . Webster 's Speller was entirely secular . It ended with two pages of important dates in American history , beginning with Columbus ' `` discovery '' in 1492 and ending with the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 , by which the United States achieved independence . There was no mention of God , the Bible , or sacred events . As Ellis explains , `` Webster began to construct a secular catechism to the nation - state . Here was the first appearance of ' civics ' in American schoolbooks . In this sense , Webster 's speller was the secular successor to The New England Primer with its explicitly biblical injunctions . '' Bynack ( 1984 ) examines Webster in relation to his commitment to the idea of a unified American national culture that would prevent the decline of republican virtues and national solidarity . Webster acquired his perspective on language from such German theorists as Johann David Michaelis and Johann Gottfried Herder . He believed with them that a nation 's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated with them shaped individuals ' behavior . He intended the etymological clarification and reform of American English to improve citizens ' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and social stability . Webster animated his Speller and Grammar by following these principles . Colonial colleges ( edit ) Higher education was largely oriented toward training men as ministers before 1800 . Doctors and lawyers were trained in local apprentice systems . Religious denominations established most early colleges in order to train ministers . New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible . Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 , and named after an early benefactor . Most of the funding came from the colony , but the college began to build an endowment from its early years . Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry , but many alumni went into law , medicine , government or business . The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies . The College of William & Mary was founded by Virginia government in 1693 , with 20,000 acres ( 8,100 ha ) of land for an endowment , and a penny tax on every pound of tobacco , together with an annual appropriation . It was closely associated with the established Anglican Church . James Blair , the leading Anglican minister in the colony , was president for 50 years . The college won the broad support of the Virginia planter class , most of whom were Anglicans . It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers , politicians , and leading planters . Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition . The first history of Yale was written by President Thomas Clap in 1766 . Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701 , and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven , Connecticut . The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard , and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers . However president Thomas Clap ( 1740 -- 1766 ) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology . New Side Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey , in the town of Princeton ; much later it was renamed as Princeton University . Baptists established Rhode Island College in 1764 , and in 1804 it was renamed Brown University in honor of a benefactor . Brown was especially liberal in welcoming young men from other denominations . In New York City , the Anglicans set up Kings College in 1746 , with its president Samuel Johnson the only teacher . It closed during the American Revolution , and reopened in 1784 as an independent institution under the name of Columbia College ; it is now Columbia University . The Academy of Philadelphia was created in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin and other civic minded leaders in Philadelphia . Unlike colleges in other cities , it was not oriented toward the training of ministers . It was renamed the University of Pennsylvania in 1791 . The Dutch Reform Church in 1766 set up Queens College in New Jersey , which later became known as Rutgers University and gained state support . Dartmouth College , chartered in 1769 as a school for Native Americans , relocated to its present site in Hanover , New Hampshire , in 1770 . All of the schools were small , with a limited undergraduate curriculum oriented on the classical liberal arts . Students were drilled in Greek , Latin , geometry , ancient history , logic , ethics and rhetoric , with few discussions , little homework and no lab sessions . The college president typically tried to enforce strict discipline . The upperclassmen enjoyed hazing the freshmen . Many students were younger than 17 , and most of the colleges also operated a preparatory school . There were no organized sports , or Greek - letter fraternities , but many of the schools had active literary societies . Tuition was very low and scholarships were few . The colonies had no schools of law . A few young American students studied at the prestigious Inns of Court in London . The majority of aspiring lawyers served apprenticeships with established American lawyers , or `` read the law '' to qualify for bar exams . Law became very well established in the colonies , compared to medicine , which was in rudimentary condition . In the 18th century , 117 Americans had graduated in medicine in Edinburgh , Scotland , but most physicians learned as apprentices in the colonies . The trustees of the Academy of Philadelphia ( later the University of Pennsylvania ) established the first medical school in the colonies in 1765 . In New York , the medical department of King 's College was established in 1767 , and in 1770 it awarded the first American M.D. degree . Federal era ( edit ) `` The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and be willing to bear the expenses of it . There should not be a district of one mile square , without a school in it , not founded by a charitable individual , but maintained at the public expense of the people themselves . '' -- John Adams , U.S. President , 1785 After the Revolution , northern states especially emphasized education and rapidly established public schools . By the year 1870 , all states had tax - subsidized elementary schools . The US population had one of the highest literacy rates in the world at the time . Private academies also flourished in the towns across the country , but rural areas ( where most people lived ) had few schools before the 1880s . In 1821 , Boston started the first public high school in the United States . By the close of the 19th century , public secondary schools began to outnumber private ones . Over the years , Americans have been influenced by a number of European reformers ; among them Pestalozzi , Herbart , and Montessori . Republican motherhood ( edit ) By the early 19th century with the rise of the new United States , a new mood was alive in urban areas . Especially influential were the writings of Lydia Maria Child , Catharine Maria Sedgwick , and Lydia Sigourney , who developed the role of republican motherhood as a principle that united state and family by equating a successful republic with virtuous families . Women , as intimate and concerned observers of young children , were best suited to the role of guiding and teaching children . By the 1840s , New England writers such as Child , Sedgwick , and Sigourney became respected models and advocates for improving and expanding education for females . Greater educational access meant formerly male - only subjects , such as mathematics and philosophy , were to be integral to curricula at public and private schools for girls . By the late 19th century , these institutions were extending and reinforcing the tradition of women as educators and supervisors of American moral and ethical values . The ideal of Republican motherhood pervaded the entire nation , greatly enhancing the status of women and supporting girls ' need for education . The relative emphasis on decorative arts and refinement of female instruction which had characterized the colonial era was replaced after 1776 by a program to support women in education for their major role in nation building , in order that they become good republican mothers of good republican youth . Fostered by community spirit and financial donations , private female academies were established in towns across the South as well as the North . Rich planters were particularly insistent on having their daughters schooled , since education often served as a substitute for dowry in marriage arrangements . The academies usually provided a rigorous and broad curriculum that stressed writing , penmanship , arithmetic , and languages , especially French . By 1840 , the female academies succeeded in producing a cultivated , well - read female elite ready for their roles as wives and mothers in southern aristocratic society . Attendance ( edit ) The 1840 census indicated that of the 3.68 million children between the ages of five and fifteen , about 55 % attended primary schools and academies . Many families could not afford to pay for their children to go to school or spare them from farm work . Beginning in the late 1830s , more private academies were established for girls for education past primary school , especially in northern states . Some offered classical education similar to that offered to boys . Data from the indentured servant contracts of German immigrant children in Pennsylvania from 1771 -- 1817 show that the number of children receiving education increased from 33.3 % in 1771 -- 1773 to 69 % in 1787 -- 1804 . Additionally , the same data showed that the ratio of school education versus home education rose from . 25 in 1771 -- 1773 to 1.68 in 1787 -- 1804 . While some African Americans managed to achieve literacy , southern states largely prohibited schooling to blacks . Teachers , early 1800s ( edit ) Teaching young students was not an attractive career for educated people . Adults became teachers without any particular skill . Hiring was handled by the local school board , who were mainly interested in the efficient use of limited taxes and favored young single women from local taxpaying families . This started to change with the introduction of two - year normal schools starting in 1823 . Normal schools increasingly provided career paths for unmarried middle class women . By 1900 most teachers of elementary schools in the northern states had been trained at normal schools . One - room schoolhouses ( edit ) Given the high proportion of population in rural areas , with limited numbers of students , most communities relied on one - room school houses . Teachers would deal with the range of students of various ages and abilities by using the Monitorial System , an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century . This method was also known as `` mutual instruction '' or the `` Bell - Lancaster method '' after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster , who each independently developed it about 1798 . As older children in families would teach younger ones , the abler pupils in these schools became ' helpers ' to the teacher , and taught other students what they had learned . Mann reforms ( edit ) Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837 , Horace Mann ( 1796 -- 1859 ) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers , based on the Prussian model of `` common schools . '' Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes . Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers . The common - school movement quickly gained strength across the North . Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849 , and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852 . Mann 's crusading style attracted wide middle - class support . Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts : No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal , non-sectarian , free , and that its aims should be social efficiency , civic virtue , and character , rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends . An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age . They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them , regardless of differences of aptitude . In addition , he used the lecture method common in European universities , which required students to receive instruction rather than take an active role in instructing one another . Previously , schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years . With the introduction of age grading , multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared . Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer . These were `` graduated , '' and were awarded a certificate of completion . This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals . Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation 's unruly children into disciplined , judicious republican citizens , Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers , especially among fellow Whigs . Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts , especially the program for `` normal schools '' to train professional teachers . This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the factory model school . Free schooling was available through some of the elementary grades . Graduates of these schools could read and write , though not always with great precision . Mary Chesnut , a Southern diarist , mocks the North 's system of free education in her journal entry of June 3 , 1862 , where she derides misspelled words from the captured letters of Union soldiers . Compulsory laws ( edit ) A 1915 class at the Geyer School of Geyer , Ohio By 1900 , 34 states had compulsory schooling laws ; four were in the South . 30 states with compulsory schooling laws required attendance until age 14 ( or higher ) . As a result , by 1910 , 72 percent of American children attended school . Half the nation 's children attended one - room schools . In 1918 , every state required students to complete elementary school . Religion and schools ( edit ) As the nation was majority Protestant in the 19th century , most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools . This was largely directed against Catholics , as the heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s aroused nativist sentiment . There were longstanding tensions between Catholic and Protestant believers , long associated with nation states that had established religions . Many Protestants believed that Catholic children should be educated in public schools in order to become American . By 1890 the Irish , who as the first major Catholic immigrant group controlled the Church hierarchy in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups intended parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language . Catholics and German Lutherans , as well as Dutch Protestants , organized and funded their own elementary schools . Catholic communities also raised money to build colleges and seminaries to train teachers and religious leaders to head their churches . In the 19th century , most Catholics were Irish or German immigrants and their children ; in the 1890s new waves of Catholic immigrants began arriving from Italy and Poland . The parochial schools met some opposition , as in the Bennett Law in Wisconsin in 1890 , but they thrived and grew . Catholic nuns served as teachers in most schools and were paid low salaries in keeping with their vows of poverty . In 1925 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Pierce v. Society of Sisters that students could attend private schools to comply with state compulsory education laws , thus giving parochial schools an official blessing . Schools for black students ( edit ) Further information : Black school and History of education in Missouri In the early days of the Reconstruction era , the Freedmen 's Bureau opened 1000 schools across the South for black children . This was essentially building on schools that had been established in numerous large contraband camps . Freedmen were eager for schooling for both adults and children , and the enrollments were high and enthusiastic . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 freedmen were enrolled as students in these schools . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the North . Many Bureau teachers were well - educated Yankee women motivated by religion and abolitionism . Half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks , and one - sixth were northern whites . Most were women but among African Americans , male teachers slightly outnumbered female teachers . In the South , people were attracted to teaching because of the good salaries , at a time when the societies were disrupted and the economy was poor . Northern teachers were typically funded by northern organizations and were motivated by humanitarian goals to help the freedmen . As a group , only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality ; they were also the ones most likely to continue as teachers . When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867 , they created the first system of taxpayer - funded public schools . Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools . Almost all the new public schools were segregated , apart from a few in New Orleans . After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s , conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding . Almost all private academies and colleges in the South were strictly segregated by race . The American Missionary Association supported the development and establishment of several historically black colleges , such as Fisk University and Shaw University . In this period , a handful of northern colleges accepted black students . Northern denominations and their missionary associations especially established private schools across the South to provide secondary education . They provided a small amount of collegiate work . Tuition was minimal , so churches supported the colleges financially , and also subsidized the pay of some teachers . In 1900 , churches -- mostly based in the North -- operated 247 schools for blacks across the South , with a budget of about $1 million . They employed 1600 teachers and taught 46,000 students . Prominent schools included Howard University , a federal institution based in Washington ; Fisk University in Nashville , Atlanta University , Hampton Institute in Virginia , and many others . Most new colleges in the 19th century were founded in northern states . In 1890 , Congress expanded the land - grant program to include federal support for state - sponsored colleges across the South . It required states to identify colleges for black students as well as white ones in order to get land grant support . Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was of national importance because it set the standards for what was called industrial education . Of even greater influence was Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers , led from 1881 by Hampton alumnus Booker T. Washington . In 1900 few black students were enrolled in college - level work ; their schools had very weak faculties and facilities . The alumni of Keithley became high school teachers . While the colleges and academies were generally coeducational , until the late 20th century , historians had taken little notice of the role of women as students and teachers . Influence of colleges in 19th century ( edit ) Summarizing the research of Burke and Hall , Katz concludes that in the 19th century : The nation 's many small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations . These colleges especially promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers , and thereby provided towns across the country with a core of community leaders . The more elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed relatively little to upward social mobility . By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families , ministers and a few others , the elite Eastern colleges , especially Harvard , played an important role in the formation of a Northeastern elite with great power . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive era ( edit ) The progressive era in education was part of a larger Progressive Movement , extending from the 1890s to the 1930s . The era was notable for a dramatic expansion in the number of schools and students served , especially in the fast - growing metropolitan cities . After 1910 , smaller cities also began building high schools . By 1940 , 50 % of young adults had earned a high school diploma . Radical historians in the 1960s , steeped in the anti-bureaucratic ethos of the New Left , deplored the emergence of bureaucratic school systems . They argue its purpose was to suppress the upward aspirations of the working class . But other historians have emphasized the necessity of building non-politicized standardized systems . The reforms in St. Louis , according to historian Selwyn Troen , were , `` born of necessity as educators first confronted the problems of managing a rapidly expanding and increasingly complex institutions . '' Troen found that the bureaucratic solution removed schools from the bitterness and spite of ward politics . Troen argues : In the space of only a generation , public education had left behind a highly regimented and politicized system dedicated to training children in the basic skills of literacy and the special discipline required of urban citizens , and had replaced it with a largely apolitical , more highly organized and efficient structure specifically designed to teach students the many specialized skills demanded in a modern , industrial society . In terms of programs this entailed the introduction of vocational instruction , a doubling of the period of schooling , and a broader concern for the welfare of urban youth . The social elite in many cities in the 1890s led the reform movement . Their goal was to permanently end political party control of the local schools for the benefit of patronage jobs and construction contracts , which had arisen out of ward politics that absorbed and taught the millions of new immigrants . New York City elite led progressive reforms . Reformers installed a bureaucratic system run by experts , and demanded expertise from prospective teachers . The reforms opened the way for hiring more Irish Catholic and Jewish teachers , who proved adept at handling the civil service tests and gaining the necessary academic credentials . Before the reforms , schools had often been used as a means to provide patronage jobs for party foot soldiers . The new emphasis concentrated on broadening opportunities for the students . New programs were established for the physically handicapped ; evening recreation centers were set up ; vacation schools were opened ; medical inspections became routine ; programs began to teach English as a second language ; and school libraries were opened . Dewey and progressive education ( edit ) The leading educational theorist of the era was John Dewey ( 1859 -- 1952 ) , a philosophy professor at the University of Chicago ( 1894 -- 1904 ) and at Teachers College ( 1904 to 1930 ) , of Columbia University in New York City . Dewey was a leading proponent of `` Progressive Education '' and wrote many books and articles to promote the central role of democracy in education . He believed that schools were not only a place for students to gain content knowledge , but also as a place for them to learn how to live . The purpose of education was thus to realize the student 's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good . Dewey noted that , `` to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself ; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities . '' Dewey insisted that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform . He noted that `` education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness ; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction . '' . Although Dewey 's ideas were very widely discussed , they were implemented chiefly in small experimental schools attached to colleges of education . In the public schools , Dewey and the other progressive theorists encountered a highly bureaucratic system of school administration that was typically not receptive to new methods . Black education ( edit ) Booker T. Washington was the dominant black political and educational leader in the United States from the 1890s until his death in 1915 . Washington not only led his own college , Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , but his advice , political support , and financial connections proved important to many other black colleges and high schools , which were primarily located in the South . This was the center of the black population until after the Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century . Washington was a respected advisor to major philanthropies , such as the Rockefeller , Rosenwald and Jeanes foundations , which provided funding for leading black schools and colleges . The Rosenwald Foundation provided matching funds for the construction of schools for rural black students in the South . Washington explained , `` We need not only the industrial school , but the college and professional school as well , for a people so largely segregated , as we are ... Our teachers , ministers , lawyers and doctors will prosper just in proportion as they have about them an intelligent and skillful producing class . '' Washington was a strong advocate of progressive reforms as advocated by Dewey , emphasizing scientific , industrial and agricultural education that produced a base for lifelong learning , and enabled careers for many black teachers , professionals , and upwardly mobile workers . He tried to adapt to the system and did not support political protests against the segregated Jim Crow system . At the same time , Washington used his network to provide important funding to support numerous legal challenges by the NAACP against the systems of disenfranchisement which southern legislatures had passed at the turn of the century , effectively excluding blacks from politics for decades into the 1960s . Atlanta ( edit ) In most American cities , Progressives in the Efficiency Movement looked for ways to eliminate waste and corruption . They emphasized using experts in schools . For example , in the 1897 reform of the Atlanta schools , the school board was reduced in size , eliminating the power of ward bosses . The members of the school board were elected at - large , reducing the influence of various interest groups . The power of the superintendent was increased . Centralized purchasing allowed for economies of scale , although it also added opportunities for censorship and suppression of dissent . Standards of hiring and tenure in teachers were made uniform . Architects designed school buildings in which the classrooms , offices , workshops and other facilities related together . Curricular innovations were introduced . The reforms were designed to produce a school system for white students according to the best practices of the day . Middle - class professionals instituted these reforms ; they were equally antagonistic to the traditional business elites and to working - class elements . Gary plan ( edit ) The `` Gary plan '' was implemented in the new industrial `` steel '' city of Gary , Indiana , by William Wirt , the superintendent who served from 1907 -- 30 . Although the U.S. Steel Corporation dominated the Gary economy and paid abundant taxes , it did not shape Wirt 's educational reforms . The Gary Plan emphasized highly efficient use of buildings and other facilities . This model was adopted by more than 200 cities around the country , including New York City . Wirt divided students into two platoons -- one platoon used the academic classrooms , while the second platoon was divided among the shops , nature studies , auditorium , gymnasium , and outdoor facilities . Then the platoons rotated position . Wirt set up an elaborate night school program , especially to Americanize new immigrants . The introduction of vocational educational programs , such as wood shop , machine shop , typing , and secretarial skills proved especially popular with parents who wanted their children to become foremen and office workers . By the Great Depression , most cities found the Gary plan too expensive , and abandoned it . Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 ( edit ) Public schools across the country were badly hurt by the Great Depression , as tax revenues fell in local and state governments shifted funding to relief projects . Budgets were slashed , and teachers went unpaid . During the New Deal , 1933 -- 39 , President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers were hostile to the elitism shown by the educational establishment . They refused all pleas for direct federal help to public or private schools or universities . They rejected proposals for federal funding for research at universities . But they did help poor students , and the major New Deal relief programs built many schools buildings As requested by local governments . The New Deal approach to education was a radical departure from educational best practices . _̈ It was specifically designed for the poor and staffed largely by women on relief . It was not based on professionalism , nor was it designed by experts . Instead it was premised on the anti-elitist notion that a good teacher does not need paper credentials , that learning does not need a formal classroom and that the highest priority should go to the bottom tier of society . Leaders in the public schools were shocked : They were shut out as consultants and as recipients of New Deal funding . They desperately needed cash to cover the local and state revenues that it disappeared during the depression , they were well organized , and made repeated concerted efforts in 1934 , 1937 , and 1939 , all to no avail . The conservative Republican establishment headed collaborated with for so long was out of power and Roosevelt himself was the leader in anti-elitism . The federal government had a highly professional Office of Education ; Roosevelt cut its budget and staff , and refused to consult with its leader John Ward Studebaker . The CCC programs were deliberately designed not teach skills that would put them in competition with unemployed union members . The CCC did have its own classes . They were voluntary , took place after work , and focused on teaching basic literacy to young men who had quit school before high school . The relief programs did offer indirect help . The CWA and FERA focused on hiring unemployed people on relief , and putting them to work on public buildings , including public schools . It built or upgraded 40,000 schools , plus thousands of playgrounds and athletic fields . It gave jobs to 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities . It gave a temporary jobs to unemployed teachers in cities like Boston . Although the New Deal refused to give money to impoverished school districts , it did give money to impoverished high school and college students . The CWA used `` work study '' programs to fund students , both male and female . The National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , a semi-autonomous branch of the WPA under Aubrey Williams developed apprenticeship programs and residential camps specializing in teaching vocational skills . It was one of the first agencies to set up a `` Division of Negro Affairs '' and make an explicit effort to enroll black students . Williams believed that the traditional high school curricula had failed to meet the needs of the poorest youth . In opposition , the well - established National Education Association ( NEA ) saw NYA as a dangerous challenge to local control of education NYA expanded Work - study money to reach up to 500,000 students per month in high schools , colleges , and graduate schools . The average pay was $15 a month . However , in line with the anti-elitist policy , the NYA set up its own high schools , entirely separate from the public school system or academic schools of education . Despite appeals from Ickes and Eleanor Roosevelt , Howard University -- the federally operated school for blacks -- saw its budget cut below Hoover administration levels . Secondary schools ( edit ) In 1880 , American high schools were primarily considered to be preparatory academies for students who were going to attend college . But by 1910 they had been transformed into core elements of the common school system and had broader goals of preparing many students for work after high school . The explosive growth brought the number of students from 200,000 in 1890 to 1,000,000 in 1910 , to almost 2,000,000 by 1920 ; 7 % of youths aged 14 to 17 were enrolled in 1890 , rising to 32 % in 1920 . The graduates found jobs especially in the rapidly growing white - collar sector . Cities large and small across the country raced to build new high schools . Few were built in rural areas , so ambitious parents moved close to town to enable their teenagers to attend high school . After 1910 , vocational education was added , as a mechanism to train the technicians and skilled workers needed by the booming industrial sector . In the 1880s the high schools started developing as community centers . They added sports and by the 1920s were building gymnasiums that attracted large local crowds to basketball and other games , especially in small town schools that served nearby rural areas . College preparation ( edit ) In the 1865 -- 1914 era , the number and character of schools changed to meet the demands of new and larger cities and of new immigrants . They had to adjust to the new spirit of reform permeating the country . High schools increased in number , adjusted their curriculum to prepare students for the growing state and private universities ; education at all levels began to offer more utilitarian studies in place of an emphasis on the classics . John Dewey and other Progressives advocated changes from their base in teachers ' colleges . Before 1920 most secondary education , whether private or public , emphasized college entry for a select few headed for college . Proficiency in Greek and Latin was emphasized . Abraham Flexner , under commission from the philanthropic General Education Board ( GEB ) , wrote A Modern School ( 1916 ) , calling for a de-emphasis on the classics . The classics teachers fought back in a losing effort . Prior to World War I , German was preferred as a subject for a second spoken language . Prussian and German educational systems had served as a model for many communities in the United States and its intellectual standing was highly respected . Due to Germany being an enemy of the US during the war , an anti-German attitude arose in the United States . French , the international language of diplomacy , was promoted as the preferred second language instead . French survived as the second language of choice until the 1960s , when Spanish became popular . This reflected a strong increase in the Spanish - speaking population in the United States , which has continued since the late 20th century . The growth of human Capital ( edit ) By 1900 educators argued that the post-literacy schooling of the masses at the secondary and higher levels , would improve citizenship , develop higher - order traits , and produce the managerial and professional leadership needed for rapid economic modernization . The commitment to expanded education past age 14 set the U.S. apart from Europe for much of the 20th century . From 1910 to 1940 , high schools grew in number and size , reaching out to a broader clientele . In 1910 , for example , 9 % of Americans had a high school diploma ; in 1935 , the rate was 40 % . By 1940 , the number had increased to 50 % . This phenomenon was uniquely American ; no other nation attempted such widespread coverage . The fastest growth came in states with greater wealth , more homogeneity of wealth , and less manufacturing activity than others . The high schools provided necessary skill sets for youth planning to teach school , and essential skills for those planning careers in white collar work and some high - paying blue collar jobs . Claudia Goldin argues this rapid growth was facilitated by public funding , openness , gender neutrality , local ( and also state ) control , separation of church and state , and an academic curriculum . The wealthiest European nations , such as Germany and Britain , had far more exclusivity in their education system ; few youth attended past age 14 . Apart from technical training schools , European secondary schooling was dominated by children of the wealthy and the social elites . American post-elementary schooling was designed to be consistent with national needs . It stressed general and widely applicable skills not tied to particular occupations or geographic areas , in order that students would have flexible employment options . As the economy was dynamic , the emphasis was on portable skills that could be used in a variety of occupations , industries , and regions . Public schools were funded and supervised by independent districts that depended on taxpayer support . In dramatic contrast to the centralized systems in Europe , where national agencies made the major decisions , the American districts designed their own rules and curricula . Teachers and administrators ( edit ) Early public school superintendents emphasized discipline and rote learning , and school principals made sure the mandate was imposed on teachers . Disruptive students were expelled . Support for the high school movement occurred at the grass - roots level of local cities and school systems . After 1916 , the federal government began to provide for vocational education funding as part of support for raising readiness to work in industrial and artisan jobs . In these years , states and religious bodies generally funded teacher training colleges , often called `` normal schools '' . Gradually they developed full four - year curriculums and developed as state colleges after 1945 . Teachers organized themselves during the 1920s and 1930s . In 1917 , the National Education Association ( NEA ) was reorganized to better mobilize and represent teachers and educational staff . The rate of increase in membership was constant under the chairmanship of James Crabtree -- from 8,466 members in 1917 to 220,149 in 1931 . The rival American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) was based in large cities and formed alliances with the local labor unions . The NEA identified as an upper - middle - class professional organization , while the AFT identified with the working class and the union movement . Higher education ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century , fewer than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the United States . Explosive growth in the number of colleges occurred at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries , supported in part by Congress ' land grant programs . Philanthropists endowed many of these institutions . For example , wealthy philanthropists established Johns Hopkins University , Stanford University , Carnegie Mellon University , Vanderbilt University and Duke University ; John D. Rockefeller funded the University of Chicago without imposing his name on it . Land grant universities ( edit ) Each state used federal funding from the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up `` land grant colleges '' that specialized in agriculture and engineering . The 1890 act required states that had segregation also to provide all - black land grant colleges , which were dedicated primarily to teacher training . These colleges contributed to rural development , including the establishment of a traveling school program by Tuskegee Institute in 1906 . Rural conferences sponsored by Tuskegee also attempted to improve the life of rural blacks . In the late 20th century , many of the schools established in 1890 have helped train students from less - developed countries to return home with the skills and knowledge to improve agricultural production . Iowa State University was the first existing school whose state legislature officially accepted the provisions of the Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 . Other universities soon followed , such as Purdue University , Michigan State University , Kansas State University , Cornell University ( in New York ) , Texas A&M University , Pennsylvania State University , The Ohio State University , and the University of California . Few alumni became farmers , but they did play an increasingly important role in the larger food industry , especially after the federal extension system was set up in 1916 that put trained agronomists in every agricultural county . Engineering graduates played a major role in rapid technological development . The land - grant college system produced the agricultural scientists and industrial engineers who constituted the critical human resources of the managerial revolution in government and business , 1862 -- 1917 , laying the foundation of the world 's pre-eminent educational infrastructure that supported the world 's foremost technology - based economy . Representative was Pennsylvania State University . The Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania ( later the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania and then Pennsylvania State University ) , chartered in 1855 , was intended to uphold declining agrarian values and show farmers ways to prosper through more productive farming . Students were to build character and meet a part of their expenses by performing agricultural labor . By 1875 the compulsory labor requirement was dropped , but male students were required to have an hour a day of military training in order to meet the requirements of the Morrill Land Grant College Act . In the early years , the agricultural curriculum was not well developed , and politicians in the state capital of Harrisburg often considered the land - grant college a costly and useless experiment . The college was a center of middle - class values that served to help young people on their journey to white - collar occupations . GI Bill ( edit ) Rejecting liberal calls for large - scale aid to education , Congress in 1944 during World War II passed the conservative program of aid limited to veterans who had served in wartime . Daniel Brumberg and Farideh Farhi state , `` The expansive and generous postwar education benefits of the GI Bill were due not to Roosevelt 's progressive vision but to the conservative American Legion . '' The GI Bill made college education possible for millions by paying tuition and living expenses . The government provided between $800 and $1,400 each year to these veterans as a subsidy to attend college , which covered 50 -- 80 % of total costs . This included foregone earnings in addition to tuition , which allowed them to have enough funds for life outside of school . The GI Bill helped create a widespread belief in the necessity of college education . It opened up higher education to ambitious young men who would otherwise have been forced to immediately enter the job market after being discharged from the military . When comparing college attendance rates between veterans and non-veterans during this period , veterans were found to be 10 % more likely to go to college than non-veterans . In the early decades after the bill was passed , most campuses became largely male thanks to the GI Bill , since only 2 % of wartime veterans were women . But by 2000 , female veterans had grown in numbers and began passing men in rates of college and graduate school attendance . Great Society ( edit ) When liberals regained control of Congress in 1964 , they passed numerous Great Society programs supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson to expand federal support for education . The Higher Education Act of 1965 set up federal scholarships and low - interest loans for college students , and subsidized better academic libraries , ten to twenty new graduate centers , several new technical institutes , classrooms for several hundred thousand students , and twenty - five to thirty new community colleges a year . A separate education bill enacted that same year provided similar assistance to dental and medical schools . On an even larger scale , the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 began pumping federal money into local school districts . Segregation and integration ( edit ) Segregation laws in the United States prior to Brown v. Board of Education For much of its history , education in the United States was segregated ( or even only available ) based upon race . Early integrated schools such as the Noyes Academy , founded in 1835 , in Canaan , New Hampshire , were generally met with fierce local opposition . For the most part , African Americans received very little to no formal education before the Civil War . Some free blacks in the North managed to become literate . In the South where slavery was legal , many states had laws prohibiting teaching enslaved African Americans to read or write . A few taught themselves , others learned from white playmates or more generous masters , but most were not able to learn to read and write . Schools for free people of color were privately run and supported , as were most of the limited schools for white children . Poor white children did not attend school . The wealthier planters hired tutors for their children and sent them to private academies and colleges at the appropriate age . During Reconstruction a coalition of freedmen and white Republicans in Southern state legislatures passed laws establishing public education . The Freedmen 's Bureau was created as an agency of the military governments that managed Reconstruction . It set up schools in many areas and tried to help educate and protect freedmen during the transition after the war . With the notable exception of the desegregated public schools in New Orleans , the schools were segregated by race . By 1900 more than 30,000 black teachers had been trained and put to work in the South , and the literacy rate had climbed to more than 50 % , a major achievement in little more than a generation . Many colleges were set up for blacks ; some were state schools like Booker T. Washington 's Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , others were private ones subsidized by Northern missionary societies . Although the African - American community quickly began litigation to challenge such provisions , in the 19th century Supreme Court challenges generally were not decided in their favor . The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld the segregation of races in schools as long as each race enjoyed parity in quality of education ( the `` separate but equal '' principle ) . However , few black students received equal education . They suffered for decades from inadequate funding , outmoded or dilapidated facilities , and deficient textbooks ( often ones previously used in white schools ) . Starting in 1914 and going into the 1930s , Julius Rosenwald , a philanthropist from Chicago , established the Rosenwald Fund to provide seed money for matching local contributions and stimulating the construction of new schools for African American children , mostly in the rural South . He worked in association with Booker T. Washington and architects at Tuskegee University to have model plans created for schools and teacher housing . With the requirement that money had to be raised by both blacks and whites , and schools approved by local school boards ( controlled by whites ) , Rosenwald stimulated construction of more than 5,000 schools built across the South . In addition to Northern philanthrops and state taxes , African Americans went to extraordinary efforts to raise money for such schools . The Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 1960s helped publicize the inequities of segregation . In 1954 , the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education unanimously declared that separate facilities were inherently unequal and unconstitutional . By the 1970s segregated districts had practically vanished in the South . Integration of schools has been a protracted process , however , with results affected by vast population migrations in many areas , and affected by suburban sprawl , the disappearance of industrial jobs , and movement of jobs out of former industrial cities of the North and Midwest and into new areas of the South . Although required by court order , integrating the first black students in the South met with intense opposition . In 1957 the integration of Central High School in Little Rock , Arkansas , had to be enforced by federal troops . President Dwight D. Eisenhower took control of the National Guard , after the governor tried to use them to prevent integration . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , integration continued with varying degrees of difficulty . Some states and cities tried to overcome de facto segregation , a result of housing patterns , by using forced busing . This method of integrating student populations provoked resistance in many places , including northern cities , where parents wanted children educated in neighborhood schools . Although full equality and parity in education has still to be achieved ( many school districts are technically still under the integration mandates of local courts ) , technical equality in education had been achieved by 1970 . Education after 1945 ( edit ) In mid-20th century America , there was intense interest in using institutions to support the innate creativity of children . It helped reshape children 's play , the design of suburban homes , schools , parks , and museums . Producers of children 's television programming worked to spark creativity . Educational toys proliferated that were designed to teach skills or develop abilities . For schools there was a new emphasis on arts as well as science in the curriculum . School buildings no longer were monumental testimonies to urban wealth ; they were redesigned with the students in mind . The emphasis on creativity was reversed in the 1980s , as public policy emphasized test scores , school principal were forced to downplay art , drama , music , history and anything that was not being scored on standardized tests , lest their school be labelled `` failing '' by the quantifiers behind the `` No Child Left Behind Act . In the 21st century teachers report that many students in classrooms seem mesmerized by their personal cell phones or smart phones , often checking their text messages or Facebook page . Inequality ( edit ) The Coleman Report , by University of Chicago sociology professor James Coleman proved especially controversial in 1966 . Based on massive statistical data , the 1966 report titled `` Equality of Educational Opportunity '' fueled debate about `` school effects '' that has continued since . The report was widely seen as evidence that school funding has little effect on student final achievement . A more precise reading of the Coleman Report is that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources ( i.e. per pupil spending ) . Coleman found that , on average , black schools were funded on a nearly equal basis by the 1960s , and that black students benefited from racially mixed classrooms . The comparative quality of education among rich and poor districts is still often the subject of dispute . While middle class African - American children have made good progress ; poor minorities have struggled . With school systems based on property taxes , there are wide disparities in funding between wealthy suburbs or districts , and often poor , inner - city areas or small towns . `` De facto segregation '' has been difficult to overcome as residential neighborhoods have remained more segregated than workplaces or public facilities . Racial segregation has not been the only factor in inequities . Residents in New Hampshire challenged property tax funding because of steep contrasts between education funds in wealthy and poorer areas . They filed lawsuits to seek a system to provide more equal funding of school systems across the state . Some scholars believe that transformation of the Pell Grant program to a loan program in the early 1980s has caused an increase in the gap between the growth rates of white , Asian - American and African - American college graduates since the 1970s . Others believe the issue is increasingly related more to class and family capacity than ethnicity . Some school systems have used economics to create a different way to identify populations in need of supplemental help . Special education ( edit ) In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94 - 142 , Education for All Handicapped Children Act . One of the most comprehensive laws in the history of education in the United States , this Act brought together several pieces of state and federal legislation , making free , appropriate education available to all eligible students with a disability . The law was amended in 1986 to extend its coverage to include younger children . In 1990 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) extended its definitions and changed the label `` handicap '' to `` disabilities '' . Further procedural changes were amended to IDEA in 1997 . Reform efforts in the 1980s ( edit ) In 1983 , the National Commission on Excellence in Education released a report titled A Nation at Risk . Soon afterward , conservatives were calling for an increase in academic rigor including an increase in the number of school days per year , longer school days and higher testing standards . English scholar E.D. Hirsch made an influential attack on progressive education , advocating an emphasis on `` cultural literacy '' -- the facts , phrases , and texts that Hirsch asserted are essential for decoding basic texts and maintaining communication . Hirsch 's ideas remain influential in conservative circles into the 21st century . Hirsch 's ideas have been controversial because as Edwards argues : Opponents from the political left generally accuse Hirsch of elitism . Worse yet in their minds , Hirsch 's assertion might lead to a rejection of toleration , pluralism , and relativism . On the political right , Hirsch has been assailed as totalitarian , for his idea lends itself to turning over curriculum selection to federal authorities and thereby eliminating the time - honored American tradition of locally controlled schools . By 1990 , the United States spent 2 per cent of its budget on education , compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly . 21st century ( edit ) Policy since 2000 ( edit ) Main article : No Child Left Behind Act `` No Child Left Behind '' Was a major national law passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress in 2002 , marked a new direction . In exchange for more federal aid , the states were required to measure progress and punish schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in math and language skills . By 2012 , half the states were given waivers because the original goal that 100 % students by 2014 be deemed `` proficient '' had proven unrealistic . By 2012 , 45 states had dropped the requirement to teach cursive writing from the curriculum . Few schools start the school day by singing the national anthem , as was once done . Few schools have mandatory recess for children . Educators are trying to reinstate recess . Few schools have mandatory arts class . Continuing reports of a student 's progress can be found online , supplementing the former method of periodic report cards . By 2015 , criticisms from a broad range of political ideologies had cumulated so far that a bipartisan Congress stripped away all the national features of No Child Left Behind , turning the remnants over to the states . Main article : 21st century skills Beginning in the 1980s , government , educators , and major employers issued a series of reports identifying key skills and implementation strategies to steer students and workers towards meeting the demands of the changing and increasingly digital workplace and society . 21st century skills are a series of higher - order skills , abilities , and learning dispositions that have been identified as being required for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators , business leaders , academics , and governmental agencies . Many of these skills are also associated with deeper learning , including analytic reasoning , complex problem solving , and teamwork , compared to traditional knowledge - based academic skills . Many schools and school districts are adjusting learning environments , curricula , and learning spaces to include and support more active learning ( such as experiential learning ) to foster deeper learning and the development of 21st century skills . Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Social history § History of education For much of the 20th century , the dominant historiography , as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1868 -- 1941 ) at Stanford , emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy , democracy , and equal opportunity , and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions . It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance , cost - cutting , and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children 's intellectual access to the wider world . Teachers dedicated to the public interest , reformers with a wide vision , and public support from the civic - minded community were the heroes . The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission . The crisis came in the 1960s , when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts , and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America 's weaknesses , failures , and crimes . Michael Katz ( 1939 -- 2014 ) states they : tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War ; the persistence of racism and segregation ; the distribution Of power among gender and classes ; intractable poverty and the decay of cities ; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness , crime , delinquency , and education . The old guard fought back in bitter historiographical contests . The younger scholars largely promoted the proposition that schools were not the solution To America 's ills , they were in part the cause of Americans problems . The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s , but enrollment declined sharply in education history courses and never recovered . Most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers , but a new social history has recently emerged , focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility . Attention has often focused on minority , and ethnic students . The social history of teachers has also been studied in depth . Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation , relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities , linking urbanization with social reform movements , and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young . The most economics - minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor , productivity and economic growth , and rates of return on investment in education . A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz , The Race between Education and Technology ( 2009 ) , on the social and economic history of 20th - century American schooling . 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Human Capital and Institutions : A Long - Run View . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 143 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 2001 ) . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' . Journal of Economic History . 61 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 290 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Education in the United States : Secondary Schools '' . K -- 12 Academics . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2008 ) . The Race between Education and Technology . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02867 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rousmaniere , Kate ( 2013 ) . The Principal 's Office : A Social History of the American School Principal . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4823 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eaton , William ( 1975 ) . The American Federation of Teachers , 1916 -- 1961 : A History of the Movement . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 0708 - 1 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Marjorie ( 1992 ) . Blackboard Unions : The AFT and the NEA , 1900 -- 1980 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Veysey , Laurence R. ( 1965 ) . The Emergence of the American University . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Mayberry , B.D. ( 1991 ) . A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 . New York : Vantage Press . ISBN 0 - 533 - 09510 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Morrill Act of 1862 . '' Morrill Act of 1862 An Iowa Legacy . N.p. , n.d. Web . 07 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Alan I. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Engineering in a Land Grant Context : The Past , Present , and Future of an Idea . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University Press . ISBN 1 - 55753 - 360 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ferleger , Louis ; Lazonick , William ( 1994 ) . `` Higher Education for an Innovative Economy : Land - grant Colleges and the Managerial Revolution in America '' . Business & Economic History . 23 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 128 . JSTOR 23702838 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Jim ( 1995 ) . `` A New Race of Farmers : the Labor Rule , the Farmers ' High School , and the Origins of the Pennsylvania State University '' . Pennsylvania History . 62 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brumberg ; Farideh Farhi ( 2016 ) . Power and Change in Iran : Politics of Contention and Conciliation . Indiana UP . p. 82 . Jump up ^ See also Theda Skocpol ( 2000 ) . The Missing Middle : Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn ; Blumin , Stuart ( 2009 ) . The GI Bill : The New Deal for Veterans . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518228 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Irving ( 1996 ) . Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 202 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 244 -- 245 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 158 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Desegregation Hearing To Be Held Tuesday '' . TheJacksonChannel . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , Designing the Creative Child : Playthings and Places in Midcentury America ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , `` Building for learning in postwar American elementary schools . '' Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians '' 67.4 ( 2008 ) : 562 - 591 . online Jump up ^ Deborah Meier and George Wood , eds. , Many Children Left Behind : How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Leo M. Casey , `` The Will to Quantify : The '' Bottom Line '' in the Market Model of Education Reform . '' Teachers College Record 115.9 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ E. Bun Lee , `` Too much information : Heavy smartphone and Facebook utilization by African American young adults . '' Journal of Black Studies 46.1 ( 2015 ) : 44 - 61 . Jump up ^ See Hanushek , Eric A. ( 1998 ) . `` Conclusions and Controversies about the Effectiveness of School Resources '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Review . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 4 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 27 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Raymond ( 2008 ) . `` Educational Reform in the 1960s '' . Race and Education , 1954 -- 2007 . University of Missouri Press . pp. 155 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1828 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. ; Kain , John F. ; Rivkin , Steve G. ( 2009 ) . `` New Evidence about Brown v. Board of Education : The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement '' . Journal of Labor Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 383 . doi : 10.1086 / 600386 . Jump up ^ Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jay G. ; Hartman , William T. ( 1983 ) . Special Education Policies : Their History , Implementation , and Finance . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 280 - 0 . Jump up ^ Longmore , Paul K. ( 2009 ) . `` Making Disability an Essential Part of American History '' . OAH Magazine of History . 23 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Dr. Jason R. Edwards , `` E.D. Hirsch Jr. : The Twentieth Century 's Liberal Conservative Educator , '' The Center for Vision & Values ( 2009 ) online Jump up ^ `` U.S. spending '' . Rolling Stone . April 19 , 1990 . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Jesse Rhodes ( 2012 ) . An Education in Politics : The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind . Cornell U.P. pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Steven Brill ( 2011 ) . Class Warfare : Inside the Fight to Fix America 's Schools . Simon and Schuster . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Fact Sheet on No Child Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ Resmovits , Joy ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` No Child Left Behind Waivers Granted To More Than Half Of U.S. States '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Te - Erika Patterson . `` 10 School Traditions Your Kids Will Never Experience '' . mom.me . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lyndsey Layton , `` Obama signs new K -- 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' Washington Post Dec 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Chris Dede , Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills , Harvard Graduate School of Education , 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 Jump up ^ Stedman Graham , Preparing for the 21st Century : Soft Skills Matter , Huffington Post , April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Larry Cuban , Content vs. skills in high schools -- 21st century arguments echo 19th century conflicts , November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 Jump up ^ Sol Cohen , `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . online Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Cremin , The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Michael B. Katz ( 2009 ) . Reconstructing American Education . Harvard UP . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) was a major counterattack . Jump up ^ McClellan , B. Edward ; Reese , William J. , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Social History of American Education . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01462 - 6 . Jump up ^ Margo , Robert A. ( 1990 ) . Race and Schooling in the South , 1880 -- 1950 : An Economic History . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50510 - 3 . Jump up ^ Galenson , David W. ( 1998 ) . `` Ethnic difference in neighborhood effects on the school attendance of boys in early Chicago '' . History of Education Quarterly . 38 : 17 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Perlmann , Joel ; Margo , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Work ? American Schoolteachers , 1650 -- 1920 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66039 - 7 . Jump up ^ Reeder , David A. ( 1992 ) . `` Schooling in the City : Educational History and the Urban Variable '' . Urban History . 19 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Jürgen ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Education : State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America '' . Paedagogica Historica. 35 ( 3 ) : 737 -- 747 . doi : 10.1080 / 0030923990350308 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Educational and Economic History : The Good Neighbours '' . History of Education . 36 ( 4 / 5 ) : 429 -- 445 . Further reading ( edit ) For a detailed bibliography , see History of education in the United States : Bibliography . Altenbaugh ; Richard J. Historical Dictionary of American Education ( 1999 ) online edition Best , John Hardin . `` Education in the Forming of the American South . '' History of Education Quarterly 36.1 ( 1996 ) : 39 -- 51 . in JSTOR Button , H. Warren and Provenzo , Eugene F. , Jr . History of Education and Culture in America . ( 1983 ) . 379 pp . Clifford , Geraldine J. Those Good Gertrudes : A social history of women teachers in America ( 2014 ) Clifford , Geraldine Jonçich . `` ' Daughters into Teachers ' : Educational and Demographic Influences on the Transformation of Teaching into ' Women 's Work ' in America , '' in Alison Prentice And Marjorie R. Theobald , eds . Women Who Taught : Perspectives on the History of Women and Teaching ( 1991 ) pp. 115 -- 135 . Cremin , Lawrence A. American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 . ( 1970 ) ; the later two volumes have surprisingly little on schools : American Education : The National Experience , 1783 -- 1876 . ( 1980 ) ; American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 ( 1990 ) Curti , M.E. The social ideas of American educators , with new chapter on the last twenty - five years . ( 1959 ) . Eisenmann , Linda . Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States ( 1998 ) online Geiger , Roger L. The History of American Higher Education : Learning and Culture from the Founding to World War II ( Princeton UP 2014 ) , 584pp ; encyclopedic in scope Goldin , Claudia . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' , Journal of Economic History , ( 2001 ) vol. 61 # 2 pp 263 -- 90 online Herbst , Juergen . The once and future school : Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education . ( 1996 ) . online edition Herbst , Jurgen . `` Nineteenth ‐ Century Normal Schools in the United States : a Fresh Look . '' History of Education 9.3 ( 1980 ) : 219 -- 227 . Hyde , Sarah L. Schooling in the Antebellum South : The Rise of Public and Private Education in Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama ( Louisiana State University Press , 2016 ) , xvi , 212 pp Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly McClellan , B. Edward and Reese , William J. , ed . The Social History of American Education . U. of Illinois Press , 1988 . 370 pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly Mohr , Clarence L. ed . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Education ( 2011 ) online review ; comprehensive coverage in 135 articles Monroe , Paul , ed . A cyclopedia of education ( 5 vol. 1911 ) online vol 1 ; online vol 5 Nasaw , David ; Schooled to Order : A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States ( 1981 ) online version Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . Transitions in American Education : A Social History of Teaching . Routledge , 2001 . 242 pp . Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside . Edwin Mellen , 1998 . 192 pp . Peterson , Paul . Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) , theorists from Mann to the present Rudolph , Frederick . The American College and University : A History ( 1962 ) long the standard history Rury , John L. ; Education and Social Change : Themes in the History of American Schooling . ' ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 2002 . online version Spring , Joel . The American School : From the Puritans to No Child Left Behind . ( 7th ed . McGraw - Hill , 2008 ) . 494 pp . Thelin , John R. A History of American Higher Education ( 2004 ) stress on most important 50 universities Theobald , Paul . Call School : Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 . Southern Illinois U. Press , 1995 . 246 pp . Tyack , David B . The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) , Tyack , David B. , and Elizabeth Hansot . Managers of virtue : Public school leadership in America , 1820 -- 1980 . ( 1982 ) . Urban , Wayne J. , and Jennings L. Wagoner . American education : A history ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2009 ) , A frequently used Universitytextbook Walch , Timothy . Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2003 ) Zeichner , Kenneth M. , and Daniel P. Liston . `` Traditions of reform in US teacher education . '' Journal of teacher Education 41 # 2 ( 1990 ) : 3 -- 20 . Historiography ( edit ) Altenbaugh , Richard J. `` Oral history , American teachers and a social history of schooling : An emerging agenda . '' Cambridge Journal of Education 27 # 3 ( 1997 ) : 313 -- 330 . Best , John Hardin , ed . Historical inquiry in education : A research agenda ( American Educational Research Association , 1983 ) ; The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education , with essays by 13 scholars . Cohen , Sol . `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . Cohen , Sol . Challenging orthodoxies : Toward a new cultural history of education ( Peter Lang , 1999 ) . Dougherty , Jack . `` From anecdote to analysis : Oral interviews and new scholarship in educational history . '' Journal of American History 86 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 712 -- 723 . in JSTOR Finkelstein , Barbara . `` Education historians as mythmakers . '' Review of research in education 18 ( 1992 ) : 255 -- 297 . in JSTOR Katz , Michael ed . Education in American History : Readings on the Social Issues Praeger Publishers , 1973 Perko , F. Michael . `` Religious schooling in America : an historiographic reflection . '' History of Education Quarterly 40 # 3 ( 2000 ) , pp. 320 -- 338 in JSTOR Ramsey , Paul J. `` Histories taking root : the contexts and patterns of educational historiography during the twentieth century . '' American Educational History Journal 34 # 1 / 2 ( 2007 ) : 347 + . Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : Studies in the Historiography of American Education : a Review ( National Academy of Education , 1977 ) pp. 1 -- 84 ; a shorter version Reese , William J. and John J. Rury , eds . Rethinking the History of American Education ( 2008 ) excerpt Santora , Ellen Durrigan . `` Historiographic Perspectives of Context and Progress During a Half Century of Progressive Educational Reform . '' Education and Culture 16 #. 1 ( 2012 ) : 2 + online Sloan , Douglas . `` Historiography and the History of Education , '' in Fred Kerlinger , ed. , Review of Research in Education , 1 ( 1973 ) : 239 -- 269 . Urban , W.J. `` Some historiographical problems in revisionist educational history , '' American Educational Research Journal ( 1975 ) 12 # 3 pp 337 -- 350 . Primary sources ( edit ) Cohen , Sol , ed . Education In the United States : A Documentary History ( 5 vol , 1974 ) , 3600pp of primary sources from origins to 1972 Hofstadter , Richard and Wilson Smith , eds . American Higher Education : A Documentary History ( 2 vol 1967 ) Knight , Edgar W. , ed . A Documentary History of Education in the South Before 1860 ( 5 vol 1952 ) Journals ( edit ) American Educational History Journal External links ( edit ) American Education : Colonial America School : The Story of American Public Education at PBS.org . ( hide ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=810141453 '' Categories : Social history of the United States Cultural history of the United States History of education in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	education in the united states its historical roots	[]	[]
6874095948104471417	Cell (biology)	Cell ( Biology ) - wikipedia Cell ( Biology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term in biology . For other uses , see Cell ( disambiguation ) . Cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle , drawn by E.B. Wilson , 1900 A eukaryotic cell ( left ) and a prokaryotic cell ( right ) Identifiers TH H1. 00.01. 0.00001 FMA 68646 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Structure of an animal cell The cell ( from Latin cella , meaning `` small room '' ) is the basic structural , functional , and biological unit of all known living organisms . A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently , and cells are often called the `` building blocks of life '' . The study of cells is called cell biology . Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane , which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids . Organisms can be classified as unicellular ( consisting of a single cell ; including bacteria ) or multicellular ( including plants and animals ) . While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species , humans contain more than 10 trillion ( 10 ) cells . Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope , with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres . The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 , who named the biological units for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery . Cell theory , first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells , that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms , that all cells come from preexisting cells , and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells . Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Prokaryotic cells 1.2 Eukaryotic cells 2 Subcellular components 2.1 Membrane 2.2 Cytoskeleton 2.3 Genetic material 2.4 Organelles 2.4. 1 Eukaryotic 2.4. 2 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic 3 Structures outside the cell membrane 3.1 Cell wall 3.2 Prokaryotic 3.2. 1 Capsule 3.2. 2 Flagella 3.2. 3 Fimbria 4 Cellular processes 4.1 Growth and metabolism 4.2 Replication 4.3 Protein synthesis 4.4 Motility 5 Multicellularity 5.1 Cell specialization 5.2 Origin of multicellularity 6 Origins 6.1 Origin of the first cell 6.2 Origin of eukaryotic cells 7 History of research 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Textbooks Anatomy Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Typical organisms bacteria , archaea protists , fungi , plants , animals Typical size ~ 1 -- 5 μm ~ 10 -- 100 μm Type of nucleus nucleoid region ; no true nucleus true nucleus with double membrane DNA circular ( usually ) linear molecules ( chromosomes ) with histone proteins RNA / protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the nucleus protein synthesis in the cytoplasm Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S Cytoplasmic structure very few structures highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton Cell movement flagella made of flagellin flagella and cilia containing microtubules ; lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin Mitochondria none one to several thousand Chloroplasts none in algae and plants Organization usually single cells single cells , colonies , higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells Cell division binary fission ( simple division ) mitosis ( fission or budding ) meiosis Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome Membranes cell membrane Cell membrane and membrane - bound organelles Cells are of two types , eukaryotic , which contain a nucleus , and prokaryotic , which do not . Prokaryotes are single - celled organisms , while eukaryotes can be either single - celled or multicellular . Prokaryotic cells Main article : Prokaryote Structure of a typical prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth , characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self - sustaining . They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells , and lack membrane - bound organelles such as the nucleus . Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life , bacteria and archaea . The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm . The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid . Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 μm in diameter . A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions : Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope -- generally consisting of a plasma membrane covered by a cell wall which , for some bacteria , may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule . Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall , there are exceptions such as Mycoplasma ( bacteria ) and Thermoplasma ( archaea ) which only possess the cell membrane layer . The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its environment , serving as a protective filter . The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria , and acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces . It also prevents the cell from expanding and bursting ( cytolysis ) from osmotic pressure due to a hypotonic environment . Some eukaryotic cells ( plant cells and fungal cells ) also have a cell wall . Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome ( DNA ) , ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions . The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm . Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids , which are usually circular . Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria , including members of the genus Borrelia notably Borrelia burgdorferi , which causes Lyme disease . Though not forming a nucleus , the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid . Plasmids encode additional genes , such as antibiotic resistance genes . On the outside , flagella and pili project from the cell 's surface . These are structures ( not present in all prokaryotes ) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells . Eukaryotic cells Main article : Eukaryote Structure of a typical animal cell Structure of a typical plant cell Plants , animals , fungi , slime moulds , protozoa , and algae are all eukaryotic . These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume . The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization : the presence of membrane - bound organelles ( compartments ) in which specific metabolic activities take place . Most important among these is a cell nucleus , an organelle that houses the cell 's DNA . This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name , which means `` true kernel ( nucleus ) '' . Other differences include : The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function , with minor differences in the setup . Cell walls may or may not be present . The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules , called chromosomes , which are associated with histone proteins . All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus , separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane . Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA . Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia . Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation , mechanosensation , and thermosensation . Cilia may thus be `` viewed as a sensory cellular antennae that coordinates a large number of cellular signaling pathways , sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation . '' Motile cells of eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella . Motile cells are absent in conifers and flowering plants . Eukaryotic flagella are less complex than those of prokaryotes . Subcellular components Illustration depicting major structures inside a eukaryotic animal cell All cells , whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic , have a membrane that envelops the cell , regulates what moves in and out ( selectively permeable ) , and maintains the electric potential of the cell . Inside the membrane , the cytoplasm takes up most of the cell 's volume . All cells ( except red blood cells which lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ) possess DNA , the hereditary material of genes , and RNA , containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes , the cell 's primary machinery . There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells . This article lists these primary components of the cell , then briefly describes their function . Membrane Main article : Cell membrane The cell membrane , or plasma membrane , is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell . In animals , the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell , while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall . This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of phospholipids , which are amphiphilic ( partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic ) . Hence , the layer is called a phospholipid bilayer , or sometimes a fluid mosaic membrane . Embedded within this membrane is a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move different molecules into and out of the cell . The membrane is said to be ' semi-permeable ' , in that it can either let a substance ( molecule or ion ) pass through freely , pass through to a limited extent or not pass through at all . Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells to detect external signaling molecules such as hormones . Cytoskeleton Main article : Cytoskeleton A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell . Nuclei are stained blue , mitochondria are stained red , and microfilaments are stained green . The cytoskeleton acts to organize and maintain the cell 's shape ; anchors organelles in place ; helps during endocytosis , the uptake of external materials by a cell , and cytokinesis , the separation of daughter cells after cell division ; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility . The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments , intermediate filaments and microtubules . There are a great number of proteins associated with them , each controlling a cell 's structure by directing , bundling , and aligning filaments . The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is less well - studied but is involved in the maintenance of cell shape , polarity and cytokinesis . The subunit protein of microfilaments is a small , monomeric protein called actin . The subunit of microtubules is a dimeric molecule called tubulin . Intermediate filaments are heteropolymers whose subunits vary among the cell types in different tissues . But some of the subunit protein of intermediate filaments include vimentin , desmin , lamin ( lamins A , B and C ) , keratin ( multiple acidic and basic keratins ) , neurofilament proteins ( NF -- L , NF -- M ) . Genetic material Two different kinds of genetic material exist : deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) . Cells use DNA for their long - term information storage . The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA sequence . RNA is used for information transport ( e.g. , mRNA ) and enzymatic functions ( e.g. , ribosomal RNA ) . Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules are used to add amino acids during protein translation . Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular DNA molecule ( the bacterial chromosome ) in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm . Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different , linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus , usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts ( see endosymbiotic theory ) . A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus ( the nuclear genome ) and in the mitochondria ( the mitochondrial genome ) . In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes , including 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes . The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA . Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes , it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs . Foreign genetic material ( most commonly DNA ) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection . This can be transient , if the DNA is not inserted into the cell 's genome , or stable , if it is . Certain viruses also insert their genetic material into the genome . Organelles Main article : Organelle Organelles are parts of the cell which are adapted and / or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions , analogous to the organs of the human body ( such as the heart , lung , and kidney , with each organ performing a different function ) . Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles , but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not membrane - bound . There are several types of organelles in a cell . Some ( such as the nucleus and golgi apparatus ) are typically solitary , while others ( such as mitochondria , chloroplasts , peroxisomes and lysosomes ) can be numerous ( hundreds to thousands ) . The cytosol is the gelatinous fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles . Eukaryotic Human cancer cells with nuclei ( specifically the DNA ) stained blue . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled . The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell nucleus : A cell 's information center , the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell . It houses the cell 's chromosomes , and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis ( transcription ) occur . The nucleus is spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope . The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell 's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing . During processing , DNA is transcribed , or copied into a special RNA , called messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus , where it is translated into a specific protein molecule . The nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled . In prokaryotes , DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm . Mitochondria and Chloroplasts : generate energy for the cell . Mitochondria are self - replicating organelles that occur in various numbers , shapes , and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells . Respiration occurs in the cell mitochondria , which generate the cell 's energy by oxidative phosphorylation , using oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients ( typically pertaining to glucose ) to generate ATP . Mitochondria multiply by binary fission , like prokaryotes . Chloroplasts can only be found in plants and algae , and they capture the sun 's energy to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis . Diagram of an endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum : The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is a transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations , as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm . The ER has two forms : the rough ER , which has ribosomes on its surface that secrete proteins into the ER , and the smooth ER , which lacks ribosomes . The smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release . Golgi apparatus : The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell . Lysosomes and Peroxisomes : Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes ( acid hydrolases ) . They digest excess or worn - out organelles , food particles , and engulfed viruses or bacteria . Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides . The cell could not house these destructive enzymes if they were not contained in a membrane - bound system . Centrosome : the cytoskeleton organiser : The centrosome produces the microtubules of a cell -- a key component of the cytoskeleton . It directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus . Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles , which separate during cell division and help in the formation of the mitotic spindle . A single centrosome is present in the animal cells . They are also found in some fungi and algae cells . Vacuoles : Vacuoles sequester waste products and in plant cells store water . They are often described as liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane . Some cells , most notably Amoeba , have contractile vacuoles , which can pump water out of the cell if there is too much water . The vacuoles of plant cells and fungal cells are usually larger than those of animal cells . Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Ribosomes : The ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules . They each consist of two subunits , and act as an assembly line where RNA from the nucleus is used to synthesise proteins from amino acids . Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to a membrane ( the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in eukaryotes , or the cell membrane in prokaryotes ) . Structures outside the cell membrane Many cells also have structures which exist wholly or partially outside the cell membrane . These structures are notable because they are not protected from the external environment by the semipermeable cell membrane . In order to assemble these structures , their components must be carried across the cell membrane by export processes . Cell wall Many types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell wall . The cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from its environment , and is an additional layer of protection to the cell membrane . Different types of cell have cell walls made up of different materials ; plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose , fungi cell walls are made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan . Prokaryotic Capsule A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell membrane and cell wall . The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci , meningococci or polypeptide as Bacillus anthracis or hyaluronic acid as in streptococci . Capsules are not marked by normal staining protocols and can be detected by India ink or methyl blue ; which allows for higher contrast between the cells for observation . Flagella Flagella are organelles for cellular mobility . The bacterial flagellum stretches from cytoplasm through the cell membrane ( s ) and extrudes through the cell wall . They are long and thick thread - like appendages , protein in nature . A different type of flagellum is found in archaea and a different type is found in eukaryotes . Fimbria A fimbria also known as a pilus is a short , thin , hair - like filament found on the surface of bacteria . Fimbriae , or pili are formed of a protein called pilin ( antigenic ) and are responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors of human cell ( cell adhesion ) . There are special types of specific pili involved in bacterial conjugation . Cellular processes Growth and metabolism Main articles : Cell growth and Metabolism Between successive cell divisions , cells grow through the functioning of cellular metabolism . Cell metabolism is the process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules . Metabolism has two distinct divisions : catabolism , in which the cell breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power , and anabolism , in which the cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other biological functions . Complex sugars consumed by the organism can be broken down into simpler sugar molecules called monosaccharides such as glucose . Once inside the cell , glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that possesses readily available energy , through two different pathways . Replication Bacteria divide by binary fission , while eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis . Main article : Cell division Cell division involves a single cell ( called a mother cell ) dividing into two daughter cells . This leads to growth in multicellular organisms ( the growth of tissue ) and to procreation ( vegetative reproduction ) in unicellular organisms . Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission , while eukaryotic cells usually undergo a process of nuclear division , called mitosis , followed by division of the cell , called cytokinesis . A diploid cell may also undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells , usually four . Haploid cells serve as gametes in multicellular organisms , fusing to form new diploid cells . DNA replication , or the process of duplicating a cell 's genome , always happens when a cell divides through mitosis or binary fission . This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle . In meiosis , the DNA is replicated only once , while the cell divides twice . DNA replication only occurs before meiosis I. DNA replication does not occur when the cells divide the second time , in meiosis II . Replication , like all cellular activities , requires specialized proteins for carrying out the job . Protein synthesis An overview of protein synthesis . Within the nucleus of the cell ( light blue ) , genes ( DNA , dark blue ) are transcribed into RNA . This RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control , resulting in a mature mRNA ( red ) that is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm ( peach ) , where it undergoes translation into a protein . mRNA is translated by ribosomes ( purple ) that match the three - base codons of the mRNA to the three - base anti-codons of the appropriate tRNA . Newly synthesized proteins ( black ) are often further modified , such as by binding to an effector molecule ( orange ) , to become fully active . Main article : Protein biosynthesis Cells are capable of synthesizing new proteins , which are essential for the modulation and maintenance of cellular activities . This process involves the formation of new protein molecules from amino acid building blocks based on information encoded in DNA / RNA . Protein synthesis generally consists of two major steps : transcription and translation . Transcription is the process where genetic information in DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA strand . This RNA strand is then processed to give messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which is free to migrate through the cell . mRNA molecules bind to protein - RNA complexes called ribosomes located in the cytosol , where they are translated into polypeptide sequences . The ribosome mediates the formation of a polypeptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence . The mRNA sequence directly relates to the polypeptide sequence by binding to transfer RNA ( tRNA ) adapter molecules in binding pockets within the ribosome . The new polypeptide then folds into a functional three - dimensional protein molecule . Motility Main article : Motility Unicellular organisms can move in order to find food or escape predators . Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia . In multicellular organisms , cells can move during processes such as wound healing , the immune response and cancer metastasis . For example , in wound healing in animals , white blood cells move to the wound site to kill the microorganisms that cause infection . Cell motility involves many receptors , crosslinking , bundling , binding , adhesion , motor and other proteins . The process is divided into three steps -- protrusion of the leading edge of the cell , adhesion of the leading edge and de-adhesion at the cell body and rear , and cytoskeletal contraction to pull the cell forward . Each step is driven by physical forces generated by unique segments of the cytoskeleton . Multicellularity Main article : Multicellular organism Cell specialization Staining of a Caenorhabditis elegans which highlights the nuclei of its cells . Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell , in contrast to single - celled organisms . In complex multicellular organisms , cells specialize into different cell types that are adapted to particular functions . In mammals , major cell types include skin cells , muscle cells , neurons , blood cells , fibroblasts , stem cells , and others . Cell types differ both in appearance and function , yet are genetically identical . Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain . Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell , called a zygote , that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development . Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues ( such as cell -- cell interaction ) and intrinsic differences ( such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division ) . Origin of multicellularity Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times , including in some prokaryotes , like cyanobacteria , myxobacteria , actinomycetes , Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina . However , complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups : animals , fungi , brown algae , red algae , green algae , and plants . It evolved repeatedly for plants ( Chloroplastida ) , once or twice for animals , once for brown algae , and perhaps several times for fungi , slime molds , and red algae . Multicellularity may have evolved from colonies of interdependent organisms , from cellularization , or from organisms in symbiotic relationships . The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria - like organisms that lived between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago . Other early fossils of multicellular organisms include the contested Grypania spiralis and the fossils of the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian Group Fossil B Formation in Gabon . The evolution of multicellularity from unicellular ancestors has been replicated in the laboratory , in evolution experiments using predation as the selective pressure . Origins Main article : Evolutionary history of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life , which began the history of life on Earth . Origin of the first cell Stromatolites are left behind by cyanobacteria , also called blue - green algae . They are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth . This one - billion - year - old fossil is from Glacier National Park in the United States . Further information : Abiogenesis and Evolution of cells There are several theories about the origin of small molecules that led to life on the early Earth . They may have been carried to Earth on meteorites ( see Murchison meteorite ) , created at deep - sea vents , or synthesized by lightning in a reducing atmosphere ( see Miller -- Urey experiment ) . There is little experimental data defining what the first self - replicating forms were . RNA is thought to be the earliest self - replicating molecule , as it is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions ( see RNA world hypothesis ) , but some other entity with the potential to self - replicate could have preceded RNA , such as clay or peptide nucleic acid . Cells emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago . The current belief is that these cells were heterotrophs . The early cell membranes were probably more simple and permeable than modern ones , with only a single fatty acid chain per lipid . Lipids are known to spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in water , and could have preceded RNA , but the first cell membranes could also have been produced by catalytic RNA , or even have required structural proteins before they could form . Origin of eukaryotic cells Further information : Evolution of sexual reproduction The eukaryotic cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells . DNA - bearing organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are descended from ancient symbiotic oxygen - breathing proteobacteria and cyanobacteria , respectively , which were endosymbiosed by an ancestral archaean prokaryote . There is still considerable debate about whether organelles like the hydrogenosome predated the origin of mitochondria , or vice versa : see the hydrogen hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells . History of research Main article : Cell theory Hooke 's drawing of cells in cork , 1665 1632 -- 1723 : Antonie van Leeuwenhoek teaches himself to make lenses , constructs basic optical microscopes and draws protozoa , such as Vorticella from rain water , and bacteria from his own mouth . 1665 : Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork , then in living plant tissue using an early compound microscope . He coins the term cell ( from Latin cella , meaning `` small room '' ) in his book Micrographia ( 1665 ) . 1839 : Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden elucidate the principle that plants and animals are made of cells , concluding that cells are a common unit of structure and development , and thus founding the cell theory . 1855 : Rudolf Virchow states that new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division ( omnis cellula ex cellula ) . 1859 : The belief that life forms can occur spontaneously ( generatio spontanea ) is contradicted by Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) ( although Francesco Redi had performed an experiment in 1668 that suggested the same conclusion ) . 1931 : Ernst Ruska builds the first transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) at the University of Berlin . By 1935 , he has built an EM with twice the resolution of a light microscope , revealing previously unresolvable organelles . 1953 : Watson and Crick made their first announcement on the double helix structure of DNA on February 28 . 1981 : Lynn Margulis published Symbiosis in Cell Evolution detailing the endosymbiotic theory . See also Cell cortex Cell culture Cellular component Cellular model Cytorrhysis Cytoneme Cytotoxicity Lipid raft Membrane nanotube Plasmolysis Stem cell Syncytium Topic outline of cell biology Vault ( organelle ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Cell '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition , edited by Bruce Alberts ( 2002 ) published by Garland Science . The Alberts text discusses how the `` cellular building blocks '' move to shape developing embryos . It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as `` molecular building blocks '' . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` What Is a Cell ? '' ( retrieved on 3 May 2013 ) . 30 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Alberts , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 19 October 2009 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology : Concepts and Experiments . John Wiley & Sons . p. 2 . ISBN 9780470483374 . Hooke called the pores cells because they re - minded him of the cells inhabited by monks living in a monastery . Jump up ^ Alan Chong Tero ( 1990 ) . Achiever 's Biology . Allied Publishers . p. 36 . ISBN 9788184243697 . In 1665 , an Englishman , Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of '' cork under a simple microscope . ( A simple microscope is a microscope with only one biconvex lens , rather like a magnifying glass ) . He saw many small box like structures . These reminded him of small rooms called `` cells '' in which Christian monks lived and meditated . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ( 1997 ) . Cells Building Blocks of Life . New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 423476 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Schopf , JW , Kudryavtsev , AB , Czaja , AD , and Tripathi , AB . ( 2007 ) . Evidence of Archean life : Stromatolites and microfossils . Precambrian Research 158 : 141 -- 155 . ^ Jump up to : Schopf , JW ( 2006 ) . Fossil evidence of Archaean life . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29 ; 361 ( 1470 ) : 869 - 85 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Hamilton Raven ; George Brooks Johnson ( 2002 ) . Biology . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 112261 - 0 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell Biology -- Concepts and Connections . Pearson Education . 2009 . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Microbiology : Principles and Explorations By Jacquelyn G. Black Jump up ^ European Bioinformatics Institute , Karyn 's Genomes : Borrelia burgdorferi , part of 2can on the EBI - EMBL database . Retrieved 5 August 2012 Jump up ^ Satir , Peter ; Christensen , ST ; Søren T. Christensen ( 2008 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Structure and function of mammalian cilia '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 129 ( 6 ) : 687 -- 693 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 008 - 0416 - 9 . PMC 2386530 . PMID 18365235 . 1432 - 119X . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ PH Raven , Evert RF , Eichhorm SE ( 1999 ) Biology of Plants , 6th edition . WH Freeman , New York Jump up ^ `` Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014 '' . WikiJournal of Medicine . 1 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.15347 / wjm / 2014.010 . Jump up ^ Michie K , Löwe J ( 2006 ) . `` Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton '' . Annu Rev Biochem. 75 : 467 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 75.103004. 142452 . PMID 16756499 . Jump up ^ Ménétret JF , Schaletzky J , Clemons WM , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Ribosome binding of a single copy of the SecY complex : implications for protein translocation '' . Mol . Cell. 28 ( 6 ) : 1083 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2007.10. 034 . PMID 18158904 . Jump up ^ Prokaryotes . Newnes . Apr 11 , 1996 . ISBN 9780080984735 . Jump up ^ Campbell Biology -- Concepts and Connections . Pearson Education . 2009 . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Revathi Ananthakrishnan ; Allen Ehrlicher . `` The Forces Behind Cell Movement '' . Biolsci.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J. et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell , 4e . Garland Science . 2002 Jump up ^ Ananthakrishnan , R ; Ehrlicher , A ( 2007 ) . `` The Forces Behind Cell Movement '' . Int J Biol Sci. 3 ( 5 ) : 303 -- 317 . doi : 10.7150 / ijbs. 3.303 . PMC 1893118 . PMID 17589565 . Jump up ^ Becker , Wayne M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . The world of the cell . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 55418 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Grosberg RK , Strathmann RR . The evolution of multicellularity : A minor major transition ? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2007 ; 38 : 621 -- 654 . Jump up ^ http://public.wsu.edu/~lange-m/Documnets/Teaching2011/Popper2011.pdf Jump up ^ Bonner , John Tyler ( 1998 ) . `` The Origins of Multicellularity '' ( PDF ) . Integrative Biology : Issues , News , and Reviews . 1 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 36 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6602 ( 1998 ) 1 : 1 < 27 : : AID - INBI4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 6 . ISSN 1093 - 4391 . Archived from the original ( PDF , 0.2 MB ) on March 8 , 2012 . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ El Albani A , Bengtson S , Canfield DE , Bekker A , Macchiarelli R , Mazurier A , Hammarlund EU , Boulvais P , Dupuy JJ , Fontaine C , Fürsich FT , Gauthier - Lafaye F , Janvier P , Javaux E , Ossa FO , Pierson - Wickmann AC , Riboulleau A , Sardini P , Vachard D , Whitehouse M , Meunier A ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago '' . Nature . 466 ( 7302 ) : 100 -- 104 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 100A . doi : 10.1038 / nature09166 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 20596019 . Jump up ^ Orgel LE ( 1998 ) . `` The origin of life -- a review of facts and speculations '' . Trends Biochem Sci. 23 ( 12 ) : 491 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S0968 - 0004 ( 98 ) 01300 - 0 . PMID 9868373 . Jump up ^ Griffiths G ( December 2007 ) . `` Cell evolution and the problem of membrane topology '' . Nature Reviews . Molecular Cell Biology . 8 ( 12 ) : 1018 -- 24 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2287 . PMID 17971839 . Jump up ^ `` ... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous , much like a Honey - comb , but that the pores of it were not regular ( ... ) these pores , or cells , ( ... ) were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw , and perhaps , that were ever seen , for I had not met with any Writer or Person , that had made any mention of them before this ... '' -- Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork . Robert Hooke Bibliography Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Morgan , David ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2015 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0815344322 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell biology . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cell ( biology ) MBInfo - Descriptions on Cellular Functions and Processes MBInfo -- Cellular Organization Inside the Cell -- a science education booklet by National Institutes of Health , in PDF and ePub . Cells Alive ! Cell Biology in `` The Biology Project '' of University of Arizona . Centre of the Cell online The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology , a collection of peer - reviewed still images , video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure , function and biology of the cell . HighMag Blog , still images of cells from recent research articles . New Microscope Produces Dazzling 3D Movies of Live Cells , March 4 , 2011 -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute . WormWeb.org : Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell lineage -- Visualize the entire cell lineage tree of the nematode C. elegans Cell Photomicrographs Textbooks Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2014 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 6th ed . ) . Garland . ISBN 9780815344322 . ; The fourth edition is freely available from National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf . Lodish H , Berk A , Matsudaira P , Kaiser CA , Krieger M , Scott MP , Zipurksy SL , Darnell J ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . WH Freeman : New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 8 . Cooper GM ( 2000 ) . The cell : a molecular approach ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C : ASM Press . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 102 - 3 . Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Hierarchy of life Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule LCCN : sh85021678 GND : 4067537 - 3 NDL : 00569965 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_(biology)&oldid=811337840 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of bacteria preceded the eukaryotic cell	[ "Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self-sustaining. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus. Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life, bacteria and archaea. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter.[13]" ]	[ "Prokaryotic cells" ]
4362500850673955572	Distribution (marketing)	Distribution ( marketing ) - wikipedia Distribution ( marketing ) Jump to : navigation , search Marketing Marketing Marketing Management Key concepts ( show ) Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Corporate identity Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Operations Promotion Research Segmentation Strategy Account - based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Promotional content ( show ) Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On - hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media ( show ) Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Broadcasting Display advertising Drip marketing In - game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out - of - home advertising Point of sale Printing Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Publication Visual merchandising Web banner Word - of - mouth Distribution ( or place ) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix . Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for the consumer or business user that needs it . This can be done directly by the producer or service provider , or using indirect channels with distributors or intermediaries . The other three elements of the marketing mix are product , pricing , and promotion . Decisions about distribution need to be taken in line with a company 's overall strategic vision and mission . Developing a coherent distribution plan is a central component of strategic planning . At the strategic level , there are three broad approaches to distribution , namely mass , selective or exclusive distribution . The number and type of intermediaries selected largely depends on the strategic approach . The overall distribution channel should add value to the consumer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Distribution strategies 2.1 Push vs pull strategy 3 Channels and intermediaries 4 Channel design 5 Channel mix 6 Managing channels 6.1 Channel motivation 6.2 Channel conflict 7 Trends in distribution 7.1 Channel switching 7.2 Customer value 7.3 Disintermediation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) Distribution is fundamentally concerned with ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost efficient manner . In the case of services , distribution is principally concerned with access . Although distribution , as a concept , is relatively simple , in practice distribution management may involve a diverse range of activities and disciplines including : detailed logistics , transportation , warehousing , storage , inventory management as well as channel management including selection of channel members and rewarding distributors . Distribution strategies ( edit ) Prior to designing a distribution system , the planner needs to determine what the distribution channel is to achieve in broad terms . The overall approach to distributing products or services depends on a number of factors including the type of product , especially perishability ; the market served ; the geographic scope of operations and the firm 's overall mission and vision . The process of setting out a broad statement of the aims and objectives of a distribution channel is a strategic level decision . In an intensive distribution approach , the marketer relies on chain stores to reach broad markets in a cost efficient manner Strategically , there are three approaches to distribution : Mass distribution Selective distribution Exclusive distribution Mass distribution : ( also known as Intensive distribution ) When products are destined for a mass market , the marketer will seek out intermediaries that appeal to a broad market base . For example , snack foods and drinks are sold via a wide variety of outlets including supermarkets , convenience stores , vending machines , cafeterias and others . The choice of distribution outlet is skewed towards those than can deliver mass markets in a cost efficient manner . Selective distribution : A manufacturer may choose to restrict the number of outlets handling a product . For example , a manufacturer of premium electrical goods may choose to deal with department stores and independent outlets that can provide added value service level required to support the product . Dr Scholl orthopedic sandals , for example , only sell their product through pharmacies because this type of intermediary supports the desired therapeutic positioning of the product . Some of the prestige brands of cosmetics and skincare , such as Estee Lauder , Jurlique and Clinique , insist that sales staff are trained to use the product range . The manufacturer will only allow trained clinicians to sell their products . Exclusive distribution : In an exclusive distribution approach , a manufacturer chooses to deal with one intermediary or one type of intermediary . The advantage of an exclusive approach is that the manufacturer retains greater control over the distribution process . In exclusive arrangements , the distributor is expected to work closely with the manufacturer and add value to the product through service level , after sales care or client support services . The most common type of exclusive arrangement an agreement between a supplier and a retailer granting the retailer exclusive rights within a specific geographic area to carry the supplier 's product . Summary of strategic approaches to distribution Approach Definition Intensive distribution The producer 's products are stocked in the majority of outlets . This strategy is common for mass produced products such as basic supplies , snack foods , magazines and soft drink beverages . Selective distribution The producer relies on a few intermediaries to carry their product . This strategy is commonly observed for more specialised goods that are carried through specialist dealers , for example , brands of craft tools , or large appliances . Exclusive distribution The producer selects only very few intermediaries . Exclusive distribution occurs where the seller agrees to allow a single retailer the right to sell the manufacturer 's products . This strategy is typical of luxury goods retailers such as Gucci . Push vs pull strategy ( edit ) In consumer markets , another key strategic level decision is whether to use a push or pull strategy . In a push strategy , the marketer uses intensive advertising and incentives aimed at distributors , especially retailers and wholesalers , with the expectation that they will stock the product or brand , and that consumers will purchase it when they see it in stores . In contrast , in a pull strategy , the marketer promotes the product directly to consumers hoping that they will pressure retailers to stock the product or brand , thereby pulling it through the distribution channel . The choice of a push or pull strategy has important implications for advertising and promotion . In a push strategy the promotional mix would consist of trade advertising and sales calls while the advertising media would normally be weighted towards trade magazines , exhibitions and trade shows while a pull strategy would make more extensive use consumer advertising and sales promotions while the media mix would be weighted towards mass - market media such as newspapers , magazines , television and radio . Channels and intermediaries ( edit ) A wholesale fish market at Haikou , New Port Distribution of products takes place by means of channels to become available on markets , in stores or in webshops . Channels are sets of interdependent organizers ( called intermediaries or distributors ) involved in making the product available for consumption to end - user . This is mostly accomplished through merchant retailers or wholesalers , or in international context by importers . In certain specialist markets , agents or brokers may become involved in distribution channel . Typical intermediaries involved in distribution include : Wholesaler : A merchant intermediary who sells chiefly to retailers , other merchants , or industrial , institutional , and commercial users mainly for resale or business use . Wholesalers typically sell in large quantities . ( Wholesalers , by definition , do not deal directly with the public ) . Retailer : A merchant intermediary who sells direct to the public . There are many different types of retail outlet - from hypermarts and supermarkets to small , independent stores . Agent : An intermediary who is authorised to act for a principal in order to facilitate exchange . Unlike merchant wholesalers and retailers , agents do not take title to goods , but simply put buyers and sellers together . Agents are typically paid via commissions by the principal . For example , travel agents are paid a commission of around 15 % for each booking made with an airline or hotel operator . Jobber : A jobber is a special type of wholesaler , typically one who operates on a small scale and sells only to retailers or institutions . For example , rack jobbers are small independent wholesalers who operate from a truck , supplying convenience stores with snack foods and drinks on a regular basis . Channel design ( edit ) Different types of distribution systems A firm can design any number of channels they require to reach customers efficiently and effectively . Channels can be distinguished by the number of intermediaries between producer and consumer . If there are no intermediaries then this is known as a zero - level distribution system or direct marketing . A level one ( sometimes called one - tier ) channel has a single intermediary . A level two ( alternatively a two - tier ) channel has two intermediaries , and so on . This flow is typically represented as being manufacturer to retailer to consumer , but may involve other types of intermediaries . In practice , distribution systems for perishable goods tend to be shorter - direct or single intermediary , because of the need to reduce the time a product spends in transit or in storage . In other cases , distribution systems can become quite complex involving many levels and different types of intermediaries . Channel mix ( edit ) In practice , many organizations use a mix of different channels ; a direct sales - force may call on larger customers may be complemented with agents to cover smaller customers and prospects . When a single organisation uses a variety of different channels to reach its markets , this is known as a multi-channel distribution network . In addition , online retailing or e-commerce is leading to disintermediation , the removal of intermediaries from a supply chain . Retailing via smartphone or m - commerce is also a growth area . Managing channels ( edit ) The firm 's marketing department needs to design the most suitable channels for the firm 's products , then select appropriate channel members or intermediaries . An organisation may need to train staff of intermediaries and motivate the intermediary to sell the firm 's products . The firm should monitor the channel 's performance over time and modify the channel to enhance performance . Channel motivation ( edit ) Harrod 's food hall - a major retailer in London To motivate intermediaries the firm can use positive actions , such as offering higher margins to the intermediary , special deals , premiums and allowances for advertising or display . On the other hand , negative actions may be necessary , such as threatening to cut back on margin , or hold back delivery of product . Care must be exercised when considering negative actions as these may fall foul of regulations and can contribute to a public backlash and a public relations disaster . Channel conflict ( edit ) Channel conflict can arise when one intermediary 's actions prevent another intermediary from achieving their objectives . Vertical channel conflict occurs between the levels within a channel and horizontal channel conflict occurs between intermediaries at the same level within a channel . Channel conflict is a perennial problem . There are risks that a powerful channel member may coordinate the interests of the channel for personal gain . Trends in distribution ( edit ) Channel switching ( edit ) The advent of `` category killers '' , such as Australia 's Officeworks , has contributed to an increase in channel switching behaviour Channel - switching ( not to be confused with zapping or channel surfing on TV ) is the action of consumers switching from one type of channel intermediary to a different type of intermediary for their purchases . Examples include switching from brick - and - mortar stores to online catalogues and e-commerce providers ; switching from grocery stores to convenience stores or switching from top tier department stores to mass market discount outlets . A number of factors have led to an increase in channel switching behaviour ; the growth of e-commerce , the globalization of markets , the advent of Category killers ( such as Officeworks and Kids ' R Us ) as well as changes in the legal / statutory environment . For instance , in Australia and New Zealand , following a relaxation of laws prohibiting supermarkets from selling therapeutic goods , consumers are gradually switching away from pharmacies and towards supermarkets for the purchase of minor analgesics , cough and cold preparations and complementary medicines such as vitamins and herbal remedies . For the consumer , channel switching offers a more diverse shopping experience . However , marketers need to be alert to channel switching because of its potential to erode market share . Evidence of channel switching can suggest that disruptive forces are at play , and that consumer behaviour is undergoing fundamental changes . A consumer may be prompted to switch channels when the product or service can be found at cheaper prices , when superior models become available , when a wider range is offered , or simply because it is more convenient to shop through a different channel ( e.g. online or one - stop shopping ) . As a hedge against market share losses due to switching behaviour , some retailers engage in multi-channel retailing . Customer value ( edit ) The emergence of a service - dominant logic perspective has focussed scholarly attention on how distribution networks serve to create customer value and to consider how value is co-created by all the players within the distribution chain , including the value created by customers themselves . This emphasis on value - creation is contributing to a change in terminology surrounding distribution processes ; `` distribution networks '' are often termed value - chains while `` distribution centres '' are often termed customer fulfillment centres . For example , the retail giant Amazon , which utilises both direct online distribution alongside bricks and mortar stores , now calls its despatch centres `` customer fulfillment centres . '' Although the term , `` customer fulfillment centre '' has been criticised on the grounds that it is a neologism , its use is becoming increasingly mainstream as it slowly makes its way into introductory marketing textbooks . Disintermediation ( edit ) Disintermediation occurs when manufacturers or service providers eliminate intermediaries from the distribution network and deal directly with purchasers . Disintermediation is found in industries where radically new types of channel intermediaries displace traditional distributors . The widespread public acceptance of online shopping has been a major trigger for disintermediation in some industries . Certain types of traditional intermediaries are dropping by the wayside . See also ( edit ) Lists of distribution companies Agricultural marketing All commodity volume Cargo Distribution ( economics ) Distribution resource planning Document automation in supply chain management and logistics Extended Enterprise Good distribution practice ( GDP ) Logistics Liquid logistics Marketing Retail Value chain Value network Value proposition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dent , J. , Distribution Channels : Understanding and Managing Channels to Market , Kogan Page , 2011 , Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Armstrong , G. , Adam , S. , Denize , S. and Kotler , P. , Principles of Marketing , Sydney , Australia , Pearson , 2014 , pp 297 - 394 Jump up ^ Wright , R. , Marketing : Origins , Concepts , Environment , Holborn , London , Thomson Learning , 1999 , pp 250 - 251 Jump up ^ Business Dictionary , http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exclusive-distribution.html ^ Jump up to : Kotler , Keller and Burton , 2009 . Marketing Management , Pearson Education Australia : Frenchs Forest Jump up ^ `` Intensive Distribution : Definition , Strategy & Examples '' . Inevitable Steps . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrison , T.P. , Lee , H.L. and Neale. , J.J. , The Practice of Supply Chain Management , Springer , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 24099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Varey , E. , Marketing Communication : A Critical Introduction , Routledge , 2002 , p. 295 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary , https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wholesaler Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary , https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jobber Jump up ^ Murphy , P.E. , `` George E Brenkert - Marketing Ethics , '' ( Book Review ) , Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews , 24 May , 2009 < Online : http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/marketing-ethics/ Jump up ^ `` Explaining Consumers ' Channel - Switching Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Roy Morgan Research , `` How Vital are Vitamins : , Research Finding No. 5503 , Media Release , 14 March 2014 online : http://roymorgan.com.au/findings/5503-how-vital-are-vitamins-201403252241 Jump up ^ Reardon , J. , McCorkle , D.E. `` A Consumer Model for Channel Switching Behavior '' , International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management , Vol. 30 , no . 4 , pp. 179 - 185 Jump up ^ Dholakia1 , R.R. , Zhao , M. and Dholakia , N. , `` Multichannel retailing : A case study of early experiences. , '' Journal of Interactive Marketing , vol. 19 , March , 2009 , pp 63 -- 74 , DOI : 10.1002 / dir. 20035 Jump up ^ Flint , D.J. , and Mentzer , J.T. , `` Striving for Integrated Value Chain Management Given a Service - dominant Logic for Marketing , '' In R.F. Lusch and S.L. Vargo ( Eds . ) , The Service - dominant Logic of Marketing : Dialog , Debate , and Directions , Armonk , New York , ME Sharpe , 2006 , pp 139 -- 149 ; Tokman , M. , and Beitelspacher , L.S. , `` Supply Chain Networks and Service - dominant Logic : Suggestions for Future Research , '' International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management , Vol. 41 , No. 7 , pp 717 - 726 ; Yazdanparast , A. , Manuj , I. , and Swartz , S.M. , Co-creating Logistics Value : A Service - Dominant Logic Perspective , '' International Journal of Logistics Management , Vol. 21 , no . 3 , 2010 , pp 375 - 403 . Jump up ^ Murphy , J. , `` Amazon is Coming to Australia , and if these Projections are Correct , it 's Arrival is Going to be Massive , '' News.com , 29 April , 2017 ; Pearce , L. , `` Amazon : Everything You Need to Know about its Plans for Australia , '' Huffington Post , 22 August , 2017 Jump up ^ See for example , `` Placement : Customer Value Fulfilment , '' Chapter 10 in Gary Armstrong , Stewart Adam , Sara Denize , and Philip Kotler , Principles of Marketing , Asia - Pacific ed. , Australia , Pearson , 2014 Jump up ^ Armstrong , G. , Adam , S. , Denize , S. and Kotler , P. , Principles of Marketing , Asia - Pacific ed. , Australia , Pearson , 2014 , pp 315 - 316 External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Marketing pierce college.edu PDF , Product Distribution entrepreneur.com Distribution Models Difference between an agent , distributor and franchise GND : 4113325 - 0 NDL : 00572059 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_(marketing)&oldid=829095541 '' Categories : Distribution ( marketing ) Business terms Marketing Service industries Trade Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why companies form a suitable organisation for sales of their products	[ "Distribution is fundamentally concerned with ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost efficient manner. In the case of services, distribution is principally concerned with access.[1] Although distribution, as a concept, is relatively simple, in practice distribution management may involve a diverse range of activities and disciplines including: detailed logistics, transportation, warehousing, storage, inventory management as well as channel management including selection of channel members and rewarding distributors. [2]" ]	[ "ensuring that products reach target customers" ]
-8345281524081081603	Super Bowl LIII halftime show	Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show - wikipedia Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show Super Bowl LIII halftime show Date February 3 , 2019 Location Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. Venue Mercedes - Benz Stadium Headliner TBA Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamiliton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) LIV ( 2020 ) The Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show ) will take place on Sunday February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . Though an official announcement has not been made , several publications including The New York Times , Rolling Stone , and Billboard have reported that Maroon 5 will be the headline act as part of Super Bowl LIII , televised nationally on CBS with Cardi B and Travis Scott being the rumored guests . See also ( edit ) 2019 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halperin , Jem Aswad , Shirley ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Maroon 5 to Perform at Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Maroon 5 to Play Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show in 2019 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Engelman , Nicole ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Behati Prinsloo Addresses Maroon 5 Super Bowl Reports On ' WWHL ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Maroon 5 to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LIII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) Other Counterprogramming Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LIII_halftime_show&oldid=866373462 '' Categories : 2019 in American music 2019 in American television 2019 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) February 2019 events in the United States Super Bowl halftime shows Scheduled events Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 23 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is doing the halftime show at the super bowl 2019	[]	[]
-7488426854263980469	Toyota Highlander	Toyota Highlander - wikipedia Toyota Highlander Jump to : navigation , search Toyota Highlander Overview Manufacturer Toyota Also called Toyota Kluger Production 2000 -- present Model years 2001 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine , front - wheel - drive Front - engine , all - wheel - drive Platform Toyota K platform The Toyota Highlander , also known as the Toyota Kluger , is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by Toyota . It is built on the same platform as used on the Toyota Camry . Announced in April 2000 at the New York Auto Show and arriving in late 2000 in Japan and January 2001 in North America , the Highlander became one of the first car - based mid-size SUV or mid-size crossovers . The Highlander is the crossover counterpart to the more rugged , truck - based midsize 4Runner and became Toyota 's best - selling SUV before being surpassed by the smaller RAV4 in 2006 . In Japan , the Kluger is exclusive to dealership network called Toyota NETZ as a larger alternative to the RAV4 . Unable to use the Highlander name in Japan and Australia because of a trademarked Hyundai Terracan trim line , Toyota calls the vehicle the Toyota Kluger ( トヨタクルーガー , Toyota Kurūgā ) ( pronounced Klu - ger ) there , the name derived from the German word klug , which means clever or wise ( klüger being the comparative form ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( XU20 ; 2000 -- 2007 ) 1.1 2001 update 1.2 2003 update 1.3 2005 update 1.4 Safety 1.5 Hybrid ( MHU28 , 2005 -- 2007 ) 2 Second generation ( XU40 ; 2007 -- 2013 ) 2.1 2010 update 2.2 Safety 2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Highlander FCHV ( 2007 ) 2.5 Chinese version 2.6 Israel 3 Third generation ( XU50 ; 2013 -- present ) 3.1 2016 update 3.2 Safety 4 Sales 5 References 6 External links First generation ( xu20 ; 2000 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production November 2000 -- May 2007 Model years 2001 -- 2007 Assembly Japan : Miyawaka , Fukuoka ( Miyata plant ) Body and chassis Platform Toyota K platform Powertrain Engine 2.4 L 2AZ - FE I4 3.0 L 1MZ - FE V6 3.3 L 3MZ - FE V6 Transmission 4 - speed U140E / 140F / 241E automatic 5 - speed U141E / F automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 106.9 in ( 2,715 mm ) Length 2001 : 184.3 in ( 4,681 mm ) 2002 -- 03 : 184.4 in ( 4,684 mm ) 2004 -- 07 : 184.6 in ( 4,689 mm ) Hybrid : 185.6 in ( 4,714 mm ) Width 71.9 in ( 1,826 mm ) Height 2001 -- 05 4WD : 66.5 in ( 1,689 mm ) 2001 -- 05 Limited 4WD : 68.7 in ( 1,745 mm ) 2003 -- 05 FWD : 66.1 in ( 1,679 mm ) 2003 -- 05 Limited FWD : 68.3 in ( 1,735 mm ) 2006 -- 07 FWD : 67.9 in ( 1,725 mm ) 2006 -- 07 4WD & FWD Hybrid : 68.3 in ( 1,735 mm ) 4WD Hybrid : 68.9 in ( 1,750 mm ) Curb weight 3,784 lb ( 1,716 kg ) Chronology Successor Toyota Vanguard ( XA30 ) ( for Kluger , Japan ) The Highlander ( or Kluger in Japan and Australia ) shared a platform with its Lexus RX / Toyota Harrier cousin . It came in five ( 2001 -- 2007 ) and seven - seat ( 2004 -- 2007 ) configurations and became a sales success for Toyota in a number of markets across the world . The Highlander came standard with front wheel drive and offered all wheel drive ( 50 : 50 front : rear fixed torque split ) . Unlike Toyota 's own 4Runner and other mid-sized competitors such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee , or Chevrolet TrailBlazer , the Highlander aimed for on - road comfort with its unibody construction and independent rear suspension . Although it was longer than the 1996 -- 2002 4Runner available at the time it was launched , the Highlander was surpassed in length by the redesigned 4Runner in 2002 . The Highlander was available in three trim lines in the United States : the base model , the Sport model , and the Limited model . The base and Limited models were present when the Highlander was initially introduced , while the Sport model was introduced in March 2006 . In Japan , it is regarded as a luxury vehicle as the Kluger exceeds Japanese Government regulations regulating engine displacement and exterior dimensions . In 2004 the wheels on the Limited trim changed from a six - spoke , to a five - spoke alloy . The base - model Highlander wheels also changed from steel - rims to the alloy wheels that were on the 2001 -- 2003 model year Highlander Limited and B - Package . The Sport models had a distinctive grille design , differentiating themselves from the non-Sport models . Wheel styling also serves to differentiate the various models -- the hybrid sports a unique twin - spoke design . The Kluger was introduced to Australia in October 2003 . It was available in three guises : CV , CVX , and Grande . A limited edition CV Sport model was also released in 2006 . There was no hybrid model available in Australia . The only engine offered was the 3.3 - liter 3MZ - FE V6 . Typical fuel economy using the Australian standard testing regime is 12.3 L / 100 km ( 23.0 mpg ; 19.1 mpg ) . Engines : 2001 -- 2007 2.4 L 2AZ - FE I4 , 155 hp ( 119 kW ) 2001 -- 2003 3.0 L 1MZ - FE V6 , 220 hp ( 164 kW ) 2004 -- 2007 3.3 L 3MZ - FE V6 , 225 hp ( 172 kW ) The 3.0 - liter engine was able to propel the Kluger from 0 -- 60 mph in approximately 8.8 seconds . In 2004 the Kluger was given a new 3.3 - liter V6 engine to compete with the more powerful V6 offerings from its competitors , mainly the Nissan Murano and the Honda Pilot . The larger engine made it possible for the Kluger to reach 0 to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in 7.8 seconds . 2001 update ( edit ) The Japanese and Australian Kluger was released with a center console integrated with the dashboard , while the North American Highlander initially lacked this integrated center console . The integrated center console was introduced in all U.S. Highlanders and in Canadian Limited Highlanders in 2001 , for the 2002 model year , and in all Canadian Highlanders in 2003 , for the 2004 model year . However , for these early Highlanders without the integrated center console , a smaller non-integrated stand - alone center console was available as an option , which was installed at the factory or could be installed by the dealer . 2003 update ( edit ) 2004 -- 2007 MY Highlander Limited ( US ) 2003 -- 2007 Kluger Grande ( Australia ) In 2003 , for the 2004 model year , in addition to the 3.3 - liter engine , V6 - powered models were equipped with a new five - speed automatic transmission , replacing the four - speed automatic transmission , while the inline - four models continued to use the old four - speed . This year also saw the introduction of the optional third row seat allowing for two additional passengers . The center console , which was previously exclusive to the top trim level , is now standard across all trims . The unibody was slightly modified behind the second row seats to include a depression in the trunk floor able to accommodate the optional third row seating . On models without third row seating , this depression was turned into a storage compartment ( prior to 2004 the spare tire was accessible from inside the vehicle where the third row seating would subsequently be located ; beginning in 2004 the spare tire is accessible from underneath the vehicle ) . Subtle changes to the front grille , front and rear bumpers , headlights and taillights ( LED taillights on later hybrid models ) round - out the major changes for the 2003 mid-cycle refresh . 2005 update ( edit ) In 2005 , for the 2006 model year , Highlanders sold in Canada are offered only in a V6 all - wheel drive configuration . Hybrid models are available with part - time four - wheel drive which Toyota refers to as 4WD - i where the rear wheels are powered by the separate electric motor . This system is intended for use on snow and ice , and is prone to overheating the rear electric motor off - road . Safety ( edit ) Anti-lock brakes , brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution were standard , Vehicle Stability Control w / traction control optional on 2001 -- 03 models became standard for 2004 models ( Hybrids come standard with VDIM ) . Also standard for 2004 was a tire pressure monitor . Front seat - mounted side torso airbags were optional on 2001 -- 06 models , while front and second row side curtain airbags were optional on 2004 -- 06 models . Side airbags became standard on 2007 models and the curtain airbags gained a rollover sensor that year as well . NHTSA crash test ratings , no side airbags ( 2002 ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : NHTSA crash test ratings , no side airbags ( 2004 ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover ( 2005 ) : In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) crash tests the Highlander was rated `` Good '' overall in the frontal offset crash test . The IIHS reported the Highlander had one of the lowest driver fatality rates among all vehicles , and amongst SUVs , only the Toyota 4Runner had a lower driver fatality rate . This report looked at 2001 -- 2005 model year vehicles in the US . Hybrid ( mhu28 , 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Highlander Hybrid Limited Highlander Hybrid Initially , the Kluger was a regular , non-hybrid SUV driven by an internal combustion engine , but later Toyota introduced a hybrid version , the Kluger Hybrid that utilizes the company 's Hybrid Synergy Drive technology combined with the company 's 3MZ - FE 3.3 - liter V6 engine offered in either FWD or AWD trim . The hybrid drivetrain was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show , and was offered to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model . The power steering pump , water pump and AC compressor were changed from belt - drive to electrically powered versions . A modified alternator was incorporated into the hybrid system . In North America , the hybrid version was called the Highlander Hybrid . It was also the first seven - seat hybrid vehicle . With the electric motors providing power including lower speeds overall acceleration is improved particularity at passing speeds . Other additions include Toyota 's Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management ( VDIM ) system and Electronically Controlled Brake ( ECB ) . The California Air Resources Board gave it a SULEV emission rating . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( revised standards ) rated it at 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) City / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) Highway for FWD models and 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ; 32 mpg ) / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) for AWD models . This system is near identical to that of the Lexus RX 400h . All - wheel drive models were rated to tow 3,500 lb ( 1,600 kg ) . Second generation ( XU40 ; 2007 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Also called Toyota Kluger ( Australia ) Production May 2007 -- 2013 October 2009 -- November 2013 ( US ) Model years 2008 -- 2013 Assembly Japan : Miyawaka , Fukuoka ( Miyata plant ) ; China : Guangzhou United States : Princeton , Indiana ( TMMI ) Designer Ian Cartabiano ( 2005 ) Body and chassis Platform Toyota K platform Powertrain Engine 2.7 L 1AR - FE I4 3.5 L 2GR - FE V6 3.3 L 3MZ - FE V6 ( hybrid ) 3.5 L 2GR - FXE V6 ( hybrid ) Transmission 5 - speed U151E automatic 6 - speed U760E automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 109.8 in ( 2,789 mm ) Length 188.4 in ( 4,785 mm ) Width 2008 - 2010 : 75.2 in ( 1,910 mm ) 2011 - 2013 : 75.5 in ( 1,917 mm ) Height 2008 - 2010 : 69.3 in ( 1,760 mm ) 2011 - 2013 : 68.1 in ( 1,729 mm ) Curb weight 4,045 lb ( 1,835 kg ) Interior Toyota revealed the second - generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show , with American sales beginning in July and hybrids in late September . But the second - generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid are not sold in Japan . The five - seat Highlander for the United States and Canada was dropped as the larger Venza replaced it . Initially the sole powertrain for the 2008 Highlander was a 270 horsepower ( 201 kW ) 3.5 - liter 2GR - FE V6 mated to a five - speed automatic . The four - cylinder model had been discontinued but added again in 2009 . While the 3.5 - liter engine has 55 more bhp than the previous 3.3 - liter V6 and dimensional increases along with increased sound proofing added nearly 500 pounds to the vehicle 's curb weight of approximately 4,000 lbs , fuel economy is slightly improved . The EPA estimated fuel economy for front - wheel drive models is at 18 mpg ( 13 L / 100 km ; 22 mpg ) city / 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) highway ( last gen : 17 mpg ( 14 L / 100 km ; 20 mpg ) city / 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) hwy ) . For 2009 , Toyota again offered a 4 - cylinder for 5 - passenger front - wheel drive models with the all - new ULEV - II certified 2.7 - liter 1AR - FE I4 paired to a six - speed automatic . It generates 187 hp ( 139 kW ) at 5,800 rpm and 186 lb ⋅ ft ( 252 N ⋅ m ) of peak torque at 4,100 rpm on regular 87 octane fuel . The four - cylinder delivers an EPA estimated fuel economy of 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) city and 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ; 32 mpg ) highway . This is better than the previous model 's four - cylinder with 19 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 23 mpg ) / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) . The same three trim levels were offered ( Base , Sport , and Limited ) until early 2010 when the SE model replaced the Sport model , buyers are still able to choose between front - drive or all - wheel drive on V6 platforms . Also new is an Electric Power Steering ( EPS ) system . Sport and Limited models get a standard backup camera using a 3.5 - inch LCD display . Major options include leather seats , heated seats , a touch - screen DVD based navigation system , a new Smart Key System , an upgraded JBL Synthesis stereo , a rear - seat DVD entertainment system with 9 - inch screen , and a towing package that increases towing capacity to 5000 pounds . The XU40 was initially produced exclusively at the Miyata plant in Miyawaka , Fukuoka , Japan for all global markets beginning in May 2007 . Production in China for local sales was started on 25 May 2009 by GAC Toyota in Nansha District , Guangzhou , Guangdong . Toyota had intended on building the Highlander in Blue Springs , Mississippi for the North American market in the 2011 model year . However , the Corolla was built there instead , and the Highlander is being built at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana in Princeton , Indiana , from the 2010 model year onward for a majority of North America , replacing Tundra production . TMMI Highlander production began in October 2009 for gasoline engine models only ; hybrids continued to be imported from Japan until the release of the third generation XU50 , where all production except for China was consolidated at TMMI . In Australia , the new generation Kluger was launched in August , 2007 . There are three grades available , KX - R , KX - S and Grande . All grades are available with either 2WD or AWD . The base model KX - R is also available with either five or seven seats , whilst the latter grades are seven seaters only . Specifications are mostly similar to the US Highlander , sharing the same 3.5 - litre V6 2GR - FE engine and five - speed automatic transmission . However , there are no plans at present to introduce a hybrid version of the Kluger into the Australian market . 2010 update ( edit ) In 2010 , for the 2011 model year , Toyota made some changes to the Highlander and Highlander Hybrid . While the general design remains similar to the 2010 model , the Highlander 's front end has been significantly revised , now featuring new headlights , a new black with chrome accent rocker panel , and new front grille . The non-hybrid engines for 2011 remain the same , although now the 2.7 - liter four - cylinder engine may be had on the SE trim level , previously only available on the base model . More standard features are now equipped on all trim levels , with the base model receiving front and rear air conditioning , power locks / windows , cruise control , and a multi-function keyless entry control . Pre-facelift styling Front Rear Post-facelift styling Front ( Kluger KX - S ) Rear ( Kluger KX - R ) Safety ( edit ) NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2008 ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : All models come standard with enhanced Vehicle Stability Control which immediately alters electric powering steering assist w / traction control ( hybrids come standard with VDIM ) , anti-lock brakes , brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution . Also standard is a tire pressure monitor , a driver 's knee airbag , front seat - mounted side torso airbags , side curtain airbags for all three rows which includes a rollover sensor and active front headrests . Hill Start Assist Control ( HAC ) is also standard which prevents rolling backwards on slopes , and Downhill Assist Control ( DAC ) is standard on AWD trims . The IIHS rates the Highlander `` Good '' overall in their frontal offset crash test , and good in all subcategories except for `` Head / neck , '' which is rated as `` Acceptable . '' And `` Good '' overall in the side impact crash test , with `` Good '' rating in all nine measured categories . The Highlander is also rated `` Good '' in the roof strength test , giving it a `` top safety pick '' rating . In Australasian New Car Assessment Program ( ANCAP ) testing the Kluger is given a rating but only a rating for pedestrian protection . The safety and effectiveness of the Highlander / Kluger 's Vehicle Stability Control system has been questioned by some motoring journalists . During testing for Wheels magazine Car of the Year in 2007 , the magazine 's editor rolled the vehicle during high - speed gravel road testing . Noting that it was the first such event in the magazine 's 45 - year history , he criticised the vehicle 's stability system stating that `` Deficiencies in the Kluger 's ESP contributed to the crash '' . Six of the seven other judges also stated that they felt `` the vehicle 's ESP performance was sub-standard '' , and remarked that the vehicle was `` almost dangerous on dirt ( roads ) '' . In a written response , Toyota disputed the circumstances of the accident and criticised the testing procedures as `` unscientific '' . Hybrid ( edit ) Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited ( US ) Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited ( Spain ) Facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited ( US ) The Kluger Hybrid features Toyota 's Hybrid Synergy Drive which continues to allow an electric only powered mode for short distances and speeds . Weight and cost have been improved over the previous hybrid . The expanded size and new features have led to an increase of 500 pounds to its curb weight . All Highlander Hybrids are all - wheel drive , and the EPA has rated the hybrid at 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ; 32 mpg ) for the city and 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) for the highway , same as the previous model . The Highlander 's fuel economy , while better than the Lexus RX 400h 's , lags behind the compact 4cyl Ford Escape Hybrid , which ceased production in 2012 , and the latest RX 450h , but still produces significantly fewer emissions than the non-hybrid version with a CARB SULEV rating . The Highlander Hybrid continues to use the same 3.3 - liter 3MZ - FE V6 ( 208 hp ) offered in AWD from the prior model , net power is 270 hp ( 201 kW ) . VDIM and Electronically Controlled Brake remain new features include a driver selectable electric only EV mode ( when possible ) and another ECON mode which restricts acceleration and minimizes air conditioning during acceleration . The Highlander Hybrid Hybrid uses a 1.9 kWh sealed nickel - metal hydride traction battery . For the 2011 model year the Highlander Hybrid received styling changes and was upgraded with the 3.5 - liter 2GR - FXE V6 ( 245 hp ) , increasing net power by 10 hp ( 7 kW ) , and a powertrain similar to the RX450h . The vehicle is now rated at 28 mpg ( 8 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) for the city , highway and combined cycles . Highlander fchv ( 2007 ) ( edit ) It was a test vehicle using compressed hydrogen gas , with average fuel economy of 68.3 miles / kg ( approximate mpg equivalent ) . The vehicle was unveiled in 2007 LA motor show . Chinese version ( edit ) The Chinese version of the Highlander ( ASU40 / GSU45 ) was unveiled in 2009 at the 13th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition . Israel ( edit ) In mid-2012 , Union Motors ( Toyota 's Israeli - Market Import Company ) announced that it will begin importing the Highlander in late 2012 , however , this was delayed to 2013 . Third generation ( XU50 ; 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Third generation ( XU50 ) Overview Also called Toyota Kluger ( Australia ) Production December 2013 -- present Model years 2014 -- present Assembly China : Guangzhou United States : Princeton , Indiana ( TMMI ) Designer Matt Sperling ( 2009 ) Body and chassis Platform Toyota K platform Related Toyota Harrier ( XU60 ) Powertrain Engine 2.0 L 8AR - FTS I4 turbo ( China ) 2.7 L 1AR - FE I4 3.5 L 2GR - FE V6 3.5 L 2GR - FXE V6 ( hybrid ) 3.5 L 2GR - FKS V6 ( 2016 -- present ) Transmission 6 - speed U660E / 760E automatic 8 - speed UA80E / UA80F automatic ( 2016 -- present ) Dimensions Wheelbase 109.8 in ( 2,789 mm ) Length 191.1 in ( 4,854 mm ) Width 75.8 in ( 1,925 mm ) Height 68.1 in ( 1,730 mm ) Curb weight 4,508 lb ( 2,045 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Toyota Venza Interior On March 27 , 2013 , Toyota unveiled the third - generation XU50 series Highlander at the New York International Auto Show , with plans to have the vehicle reach dealerships in early 2014 . Production began on December 5 . This version is longer and wider than the outgoing generation and its design has changed from its boxy look to one that is similar to other mid-size crossover SUVs . In addition to the changes , this one will feature seating for eight people with a sliding second - row point of entry that gives it 4.3 inches of added width space , soft - touch materials on the instrument panel , lane - departure warning , pre-collision warning and blind spot monitoring systems . HD Radio and Bluetooth will become a standard on all trims for the US version , which will also come equipped with Toyota 's Entune multimedia system along with a 6.1 - inch touchscreen display audio system . An eight - inch touchscreen system and Toyota 's Entune app suite with 12 JBL speakers will be offered as an optional feature . The three powertrain trims that will be offered include a 2.7 - liter , six - speed automatic , front - wheel drive base model , a 3.5 - liter , six - speed automatic model in both front - or all - wheel drive , and the AWD - only Hybrid trim with a 3.5 - liter V6 mated to an eCVT . The newest Highlander is also approved for use as a New York City taxicab . 2016 update ( edit ) A refreshed 2017 model year Highlander appeared at the March 2016 New York Auto Show with sales starting in the fourth quarter of 2016 . In V6 powered models , an eight - speed automatic replaced the six - speeder and the revised V6 engine ( now designated 2GR - FKS ) added Toyota 's D4 - S direct injection fuel system . The new Highlander has a new fascia with restyled headlights and taillights , new SE grade , and XLE and LE Hybrid grades plus new exterior and interior colors . Pre-facelift styling Front ( GXL ) Rear ( Grande ) Post-facelift styling Front ( GX ) Rear ( GX ) Safety ( edit ) 2016 Toyota Highlander on NHTSA Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover AWD : 16.9 % 2015 Toyota Highlander on IIHS : Category Rating Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Acceptable Side impact Good Roof strength Good vehicle structure rated `` Good '' strength - to - weight ratio : 5.40 Sales ( edit ) Toyota set a Highlander sales record in the US in 2016 , selling 191,379 Highlanders . Calendar year US total sales US hybrid sales 2000 n / a n / a 86,700 n / a 2002 113,134 n / a 2003 120,174 n / a 133,077 n / a 2005 137,409 17,989 2006 129,794 31,485 2007 127,878 22,052 2008 104,661 19,441 2009 83,118 11,086 92,121 7,456 2011 101,252 4,549 2012 121,055 5,921 2013 127,572 5,070 2014 146,127 3,621 2015 158,915 4,015 2016 191,379 5,976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siler , Steve ( April 2008 ) . `` 2008 Toyota Highlander '' . Caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Toyota Highlander release date '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2000 - 04 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Butler , Glenn ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Toyota Kluger ( 2003 -- ) '' . Carpoint.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Affiliates ( Toyota wholly - owned subsidiaries ) - Toyota Motor Kyushu , Inc '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Cars Innovation '' . Safercar.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Highlander '' . Iihs.org. 2006 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Status Report '' ( PDF ) . US : Insurance Institure for Highway Safety . 2007 - 04 - 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Toyota Highlander Hybrid '' . Edmunds.com. 2010 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Mathioudakis , Bryon ( 20 January 2009 ) . `` Australian - made Kluger edges closer '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAC Toyota Motor Co. , Ltd '' . GAC Toyota Motor Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent D566 , 620 Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Highlander '' . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Highlander -- Auto Shows '' . Car & Driver . February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Highlander Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER 2WD '' . fueleconomy.gov . Jump up ^ Roth , Dan ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Toyota halts 2008 Highlander sales as part of recall '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliates ( Toyota wholly - owned subsidiaries ) - Affiliates ( other vehicle assembly cos . ) '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Production of Toyota ' Highlander ' Begins in China '' ( Press release ) . Japan : Toyota . 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Will Build Highlander at New Mississippi Plant '' . Cars Innovation . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota To Build Prius in U.S : Highlander to Indiana ; all Tundra to Texas '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Chris ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Toyota Highlander Ascends to New Altitude for 2011 '' . Automoblog.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . 4cars-innovation.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Highlander '' . Iihs.org. 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Highlander '' . Iihs.org. 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Roof strength evaluations : Midsize SUVs '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle Crash Report '' . ANCAP . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bulmer , Ged ; Newton , Bruce ( February 2008 ) . `` Crash Tackled '' ( PDF ) . Wheels . Sydney : 54 -- 55 , 78 -- 79 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Newton , Bruce ( February 2008 ) . `` Wheels COTY 2007 : Stage 1 -- Proving Ground '' . Wheels . Sydney . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Chicago Auto Show : 2008 Toyota Highlander Hybrid , now with EV ONLY mode ! '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Highlander and Hybrid Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Josh Pihl ( January 2014 ) . `` Table 33 . Batteries for Selected Hybrid - Electric Vehicles , Model Years 2013 - 2014 '' . Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Highlander Fuel Cell Hybrid achieves over 68 MPG on Hydrogen '' . Blogs.automotive.com. 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` LA 2007 : Toyota Fuel Cell Highlander runs 2300 miles from Fairbanks to Vancouver '' . Green.autoblog.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` China - made RAV4 , Highlander to Debut in Shanghai '' ( Press release ) . Japan : Toyota . 2009 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Philippe ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) . `` 2014 Toyota Highlander Production Starts , Hybrid Next '' . hybrid Cars . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schuh , Andrew ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Who Designed the 2014 Toyota Tundra ? '' . Four Wheeler . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Toyota Highlander Greets The World With NYC Debut '' From Autoblog ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 Toyota Highlander Review '' . 2015carreviews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Taxicab vehicles in use '' . NYC Taxi & Limousine Commission . The City of New York . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Korzeniewski , Jeremy ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) . `` 2017 Toyota Highlander rolls into New York Auto Show '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lorio , Joe ( March 2016 ) . `` Updated 2017 Toyota Highlander Revealed '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ruhi , Joaquín ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) . `` From FSE to FKS : the evolution of Toyota 's 2GR 3.5 - liter V6 '' . Kaizen Factor . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota 's Debut of 2017 Highlander Mid-Size SUV to Showcase Significant Performance Updates '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A. , Inc. 2016 - 03 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Toyota Highlander SUV AWD '' . US : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Toyota Highlander Midsize SUV '' . US : IIHS . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Energy HEV sales figures '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46 - Year History , Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2005 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2007 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2008 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports December And 2009 Sales '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Berman , Brad ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) . `` December 2010 Dashboard : Year End Tally '' . hybridCARS . US . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) . `` December 2011 Dashboard : Sales Still Climbing '' . hybridCARS . US . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` December 2012 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2013 Dashboard '' . US : HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` December 2013 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` December 2014 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2014 Dashboard '' . US : HybridCars.com . Jump up ^ Bunkley , Nick ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Trucks lift Toyota , Lexus '' . Automotive News . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2015 Dashboard '' . US : HybridCars.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` December 2016 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2017 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) . `` December 2016 Dashboard '' . US : HybridCars.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Highlander . 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size SUV Sequoia Sequoia Minivan Van Previa Sienna Sienna Sienna Pickup Pickup Pickup Pickup Tacoma Tacoma Tacoma T100 Tundra Tundra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Highlander&oldid=815653830 '' Categories : All - wheel - drive vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Hybrid sport utility vehicles Partial zero - emissions vehicles Toyota vehicles Cars introduced in 2000 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2012 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from January 2013 Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 05 : 23 . 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5330435347246926001	U.S. Route 26 in Nebraska	US Route 26 in Nebraska - wikipedia US Route 26 in Nebraska Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the section of U.S. Route 26 in Nebraska . For the entire route , see U.S. Route 26 . U.S. Highway 26 Route information Maintained by NDOT Length : 150.79 mi ( 242.67 km ) Major junctions West end : US 26 at Wyoming border N - 71 at Scottsbluff US 385 at Bridgeport N - 27 at Oshkosh N - 61 at Ogallala US 30 at Ogallala East end : I - 80 / N - 61 at Ogallala Location Counties : Sioux , Scotts Bluff , Morrill , Garden , Keith Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced Nebraska State Highway System Interstate US State Link Spur Recreation ← N - 25 N - 27 → U.S. Highway 26 ( US ‐ 26 ) is an east -- west highway in western Nebraska . It enters the state from Wyoming just west of Henry . The eastern terminus of US ‐ 26 is in Ogallala at an interchange with Interstate 80 ( Nebraska ) ( I - 80 ) . The highway largely parallels the North Platte River for the majority of its route in Nebraska and as such , runs at a northwest - southeast angle . The highway also parallels the original paths of the Oregon Trail , the California Trail and the Mormon Pioneer Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 2 History 3 Major intersections 4 Related route 5 References Route description ( edit ) US ‐ 26 enters Nebraska from Wyoming , and shortly thereafter enters Henry . After passing through Morrill , US ‐ 26 becomes a divided highway . At Mitchell , US ‐ 26 meets Nebraska Highway 29 ( N ‐ 29 ) . Continuing southeast , US ‐ 26 enters Scottsbluff . Through Scottsbluff , US ‐ 26 runs concurrent with N ‐ 71 and N ‐ 92 on a highway which goes through northern Scottsbluff . After N ‐ 71 and N ‐ 92 separate , US ‐ 26 continues to Minatare , Nebraska , where the divided highway ends . The highway runs due east until an intersection with Nebraska Link 62A ( L - 62A ) , when the highway turns south . US ‐ 26 passes through Bayard and , after crossing the North Platte River meets with N ‐ 92 again near Chimney Rock . US ‐ 26 and N ‐ 92 turn southeast towards Bridgeport . At Bridgeport , N ‐ 92 separates and US ‐ 26 meets US ‐ 385 . They cross the North Platte River together , and separate . US ‐ 26 continues southeasterly on the north side of the North Platte River . At Broadwater , US ‐ 26 begins its third concurrency with N ‐ 92 . They run together through Lisco , Oshkosh , and Lewellen . At Oshkosh , US ‐ 26 meets Nebraska Highway 27 . At Lewellen , US ‐ 26 and N ‐ 92 separate for the last time and shortly thereafter , US ‐ 26 crosses the North Platte River again . After passing through Ash Hollow State Historical Park , the highway passes through no communities until meeting N ‐ 61 northwest of Ogallala . US ‐ 26 runs concurrent with N ‐ 61 the rest of its length in Nebraska . The two highways go south to US ‐ 30 , then the three highways run concurrent into Ogallala . They then separate from US ‐ 30 , turn south to cross the South Platte River and US ‐ 26 ends at I ‐ 80 . History ( edit ) From the creation of the highway in 1926 until the 1930s , US - 26 went north of the North Platte River east of Lewellen . This alignment went east to Martin , where US ‐ 26 met N - 61 and the two highways went south from there into Ogallala . When Lake McConaughy was built in the 1930s , the current alignment was constructed . Major intersections ( edit ) County Location mi km Destinations Notes Sioux Henry 0.00 0.00 US 26 west -- Torrington , Casper Wyoming border Scotts Bluff Mitchell 13.68 22.02 N - 29 north ( 19th Avenue ) Scottsbluff 21.64 34.83 N - 92 west West end of N - 92 overlap 22.26 35.82 N - 71 north ( County Road 21 ) West end of N - 71 overlap 25.67 41.31 N - 71 south / N - 92 east East end of N - 71 / N - 92 overlap Minatare 31.91 51.35 L - 79E south ( County Road 29 ) Morrill 41.95 67.51 L - 62A east Former US - 26N Bayard 48.89 78.68 N - 92 west West end of N - 92 overlap Bridgeport 61.42 98.85 US 385 south / N - 92 east ( M Street ) East end of N - 92 overlap ; west end of US 385 overlap 62.42 100.46 US 385 north East end of US 385 overlap Broadwater 76.49 123.10 N - 92 west West end of N - 92 overlap Garden Oshkosh 106.05 170.67 N - 27 south Lewellen 118.89 191.33 N - 92 east East end of N - 92 overlap Keith Ogallala 144.90 233.19 N - 61 north West end of N - 61 overlap 148.02 238.22 US 30 west West end of US 30 overlap 150.01 241.42 US 30 east ( East 1st Street ) South end of US 30 overlap 150.79 242.67 I - 80 ( Exit 126 ) / N - 61 south ( Big Mac Road ) East end of N - 61 overlap 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Related Route ( edit ) U.S. Highway 26N Location : Bayard -- Broadwater Existed : 1936 -- 1959 Between 1936 and 1959 , there was a U.S. Highway 26N . It went east along today 's L - 62A , then south along today 's US - 385 to just north of Bridgeport and east along today 's US ‐ 26 to Broadwater . In those years , the mainline of US ‐ 26 between Bridgeport and Broadwater went on the south side of the North Platte River , along today 's Nebraska Highway 92 . References ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / U.S. Route 26 in Nebraska KML is from Wikidata ^ Jump up to : `` Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Department of Roads. 2015 . pp. 86 -- 90 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Google ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` overview of U.S. Route 26 in Nebraska '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nebraska Roads : US 6 - 38 Jump up ^ The Nebraska Highways Page : Highways 1 to 30 U.S. Route 26 Previous state : Wyoming Nebraska Next state : Terminus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_26_in_Nebraska&oldid=758909897 '' Categories : U.S. Highways in Nebraska Transportation in Sioux County , Nebraska Transportation in Scotts Bluff County , Nebraska Transportation in Morrill County , Nebraska Transportation in Garden County , Nebraska Transportation in Keith County , Nebraska U.S. Route 26 Hidden categories : Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2017 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-113818803653623086	First Amendment to the United States Constitution	First Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia First Amendment to the United States Constitution `` First Amendment '' redirects here . For the first amendments to other constitutions , see First Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , prohibiting the free exercise of religion , or abridging the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st - century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Establishment of religion 3.1 Separationists 3.2 Accommodationists 4 Free exercise of religion 5 Freedom of speech and of the press 5.1 Wording of the clause 5.2 Speech critical of the government 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Extending protections 5.3 Political speech 5.3. 1 Anonymous speech 5.3. 2 Campaign finance 5.3. 3 Flag desecration 5.3. 4 Falsifying military awards 5.4 Compelled speech 5.5 Commercial speech 5.6 School speech 5.7 Internet access 5.8 Obscenity 5.9 Memoirs of convicted criminals 5.10 Defamation 5.11 Private action 5.12 Freedom of the press 6 Petition and assembly 7 Freedom of association 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the First Amendment Background Further information : Anti-Federalism In 1776 , the second year of the American Revolutionary War , the Virginia colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence `` The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty , and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments . '' Eight of the other twelve states made similar pledges . However , these declarations were generally considered `` mere admonitions to state legislatures '' , rather than enforceable provisions . James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . The U.S. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states . In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments , and his proposed draft of the First Amendment read as follows : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions , or remonstrances , for redress of their grievances . This language was greatly condensed by Congress , and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate , complicating future discussion of the Amendment 's intent . The First Amendment , along with the rest of the Bill of Rights , was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , and adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Establishment of religion Main article : Establishment Clause Thomas Jefferson wrote with respect to the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregational church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds : In the preamble of this act ( ... ) religious freedom is defined ; and after a recital ' that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion , and to restrain the profession or propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency , is a dangerous fallacy which at once destroys all religious liberty ' , it is declared ' that it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere ( only ) when ( religious ) principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order . ' In these two sentences is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State . Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) : The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject . Separationists U.S. President Thomas Jefferson wrote in his correspondence of `` a wall of separation between church and State '' . Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' . In Everson , the Court adopted Jefferson 's words . The Court has affirmed it often , with majority , but not unanimous , support . Warren Nord , in Does God Make a Difference ? , characterized the general tendency of the dissents as a weaker reading of the First Amendment ; the dissents tend to be `` less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . '' Beginning with Everson , which permitted New Jersey school boards to pay for transportation to parochial schools , the Court has used various tests to determine when the wall of separation has been breached . Everson laid down the test that establishment existed when aid was given to religion , but that the transportation was justifiable because the benefit to the children was more important . In the school prayer cases of the early 1960s , ( Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , aid seemed irrelevant ; the Court ruled on the basis that a legitimate action both served a secular purpose and did not primarily assist religion . In Walz v. Tax Commission ( 1970 ) , the Court ruled that a legitimate action could not entangle government with religion ; in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , these points were combined into the Lemon test , declaring that an action was an establishment if : the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion . The Lemon test has been criticized by justices and legal scholars , but it remains the predominant means by which the Court enforces the Establishment Clause . In Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) , the entanglement prong of the Lemon test was demoted to simply being a factor in determining the effect of the challenged statute or practice . In Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , the opinion of the Court considered secular purpose and the absence of primary effect ; a concurring opinion saw both cases as having treated entanglement as part of the primary purpose test . Further tests , such as the endorsement test and coercion test , have been developed to determine whether a government action violated the Establishment Clause . In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Accommodationists Accommodationists , in contrast , argue along with Justice William O. Douglas that `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' . This group holds that the Lemon test should be applied selectively . As such , for many conservatives , the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state church , not public acknowledgements of God nor `` developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . '' Free exercise of religion Main article : Free Exercise Clause `` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the now obsolete Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court required states to meet the `` strict scrutiny '' standard when refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . This meant that a government needed to have a `` compelling interest '' regarding such a refusal . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face '' , would be unconstitutional . The need for a compelling governmental interest was narrowed in Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) , which held no such interest was required under the Free Exercise Clause regarding a neutral law of general applicability that happens to affect a religious practice , as opposed to a law that targets a particular religious practice ( which does require a compelling governmental interest ) . In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court ruled Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable '' , the Court ruled that it needed to have a compelling interest , which it failed to have , and so was declared unconstitutional . In 1993 , the Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , seeking to restore the compelling interest requirement applied in Sherbert and Yoder . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , the Court struck down the provisions of RFRA that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment , on the grounds that while the Congress could enforce the Supreme Court 's interpretation of a constitutional right , the Congress could not impose its own interpretation on states and localities . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal laws and so those laws must still have a `` compelling interest '' . Freedom of speech and of the press Inscription of the First Amendment ( December 15 , 1791 ) in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Further information : Freedom of speech in the United States and United States free speech exceptions Wording of the Clause The First Amendment bars Congress from `` abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ... . '' U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article : `` I emphasize the word ' the ' in the term ' the freedom of speech ' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech . '' Stevens said that , otherwise , the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath . Like Stevens , journalist Anthony Lewis wrote : `` The word ' the ' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech . '' But what was understood at the time is not 100 % clear . In the late 1790s , the lead author of the speech and press clauses , James Madison , argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law : The practice in America must be entitled to much more respect . In every state , probably , in the Union , the press has exerted a freedom in canvassing the merits and measures of public men , of every description , which has not been confined to the strict limits of the common law . Madison wrote this in 1799 , when he was in a dispute about the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws , which was legislation enacted in 1798 by President John Adams ' Federalist Party to ban seditious libel . Madison believed that legislation to be unconstitutional , and his adversaries in that dispute , such as John Marshall , advocated the narrow freedom of speech that had existed in the English common law . Speech critical of the government The Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of any federal law regarding the Free Speech Clause until the 20th century . For example , the Supreme Court never ruled on the Alien and Sedition Acts ; three Supreme Court justices riding circuit presided over sedition trials without indicating any reservations . The leading critics of the law , Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment and other Constitutional provisions . Jefferson succeeded Adams as president , in part due to the unpopularity of the latter 's sedition prosecutions ; he and his party quickly overturned the Acts and pardoned those imprisoned by them . In the majority opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Court noted the importance of this public debate as a precedent in First Amendment law and ruled that the Acts had been unconstitutional : `` Although the Sedition Act was never tested in this Court , the attack upon its validity has carried the day in the court of history . '' World War I During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes formulated the clear and present danger test for free speech cases . In the first of these cases , Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft . Schenck appealed , arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . In Schenck v. United States , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Schenck 's appeal and affirmed his conviction . This conviction continued to be debated over whether Schenck went against the right to freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , writing for the Court , explained that `` the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . '' One week later , in Frohwerk v. United States , the court again upheld an Espionage Act conviction , this time that of a journalist who had criticized U.S. involvement in foreign wars . In Debs v. United States , the Court elaborated on the `` clear and present danger '' test established in Schenck . On June 16 , 1918 , Eugene V. Debs , a political activist , delivered a speech in Canton , Ohio , in which he spoke of `` most loyal comrades were paying the penalty to the working class -- these being Wagenknecht , Baker and Ruthenberg , who had been convicted of aiding and abetting another in failing to register for the draft . '' Following his speech , Debs was charged and convicted under the Espionage Act . In upholding his conviction , the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a `` clear and present danger '' , taken in context , the speech had a `` natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services '' . In Abrams v. United States , four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York ; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson 's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution . The majority upheld their conviction , but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented , holding that the government had demonstrated no `` clear and present danger '' in the four 's political advocacy . Extending protections Justice Louis Brandeis wrote several dissents in the 1920s upholding free speech claims . The Supreme Court denied a number of Free Speech Clause claims throughout the 1920s , including the appeal of a labor organizer , Benjamin Gitlow , who had been convicted after distributing a manifesto calling for a `` revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat '' . In Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Court upheld the conviction , but a majority also found that the First Amendment applied to state laws as well as federal laws , via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Holmes and Brandeis dissented in several more cases in this decade , however , advancing the argument that the Free Speech Clause protected a far greater range of political speech than the Court had previously acknowledged . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , in which Communist Party USA organizer Charlotte Anita Whitney had been arrested for `` criminal syndicalism '' , Brandeis wrote a dissent in which he argued for broader protections for political speech : Those who won our independence ... believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth ; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile ; that with them , discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine ; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people ; that public discussion is a political duty ; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government . In Herndon v. Lowry ( 1937 ) , the Court heard the case of African American Communist Party organizer Angelo Herndon , who had been convicted under the Slave Insurrection Statute for advocating black rule in the southern United States . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court reversed Herndon 's conviction , holding that Georgia had failed to demonstrate that there was any `` clear and present danger '' in Herndon 's political advocacy . In 1940 , Congress enacted the Smith Act , making it illegal to advocate `` the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence '' . The statute provided law enforcement a tool to combat Communist leaders . Eugene Dennis was convicted in the Foley Square trial for attempting to organize a Communist Party . In Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) , the Court upheld the law , 6 -- 2 . Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson relied on Holmes ' `` clear and present danger '' test as adapted by Learned Hand : `` In each case ( courts ) must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger . '' Clearly , Vinson suggested , clear and present danger did not intimate `` that before the Government may act , it must wait until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited . '' In a concurring opinion , Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a `` balancing test '' , which soon supplanted the `` clear and present danger '' test : The demands of free speech in a democratic society as well as the interest in national security are better served by candid and informed weighing of the competing interests , within the confines of the judicial process . In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act . During the Vietnam War , the Court 's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically . Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery , mutilation , or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) , fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the `` smooth and efficient functioning '' of the draft system , the next year , the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , expressly overruling Whitney v. California . Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms : ( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action . Brandenburg discarded the `` clear and present danger '' test introduced in Schenck and further eroded Dennis . In Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) , the Court voted 5 -- 4 to reverse the conviction of a man wearing a jacket reading `` Fuck the Draft '' in the corridors of a Los Angeles County courthouse . Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote in the majority opinion that Cohen 's jacket fell in the category of protected political speech despite the use of an expletive : `` one man 's vulgarity is another man 's lyric . '' Political speech Anonymous speech In Talley v. California ( 1960 ) , the Court struck down a Los Angeles city ordinance that made it a crime to distribute anonymous pamphlets . Justice Hugo Black wrote in the majority opinion : `` There can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression ... Anonymous pamphlets , leaflets , brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind . '' In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) , the Court struck down an Ohio statute that made it a crime to distribute anonymous campaign literature . However , in Meese v. Keene ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 , under which several Canadian films were defined as `` political propaganda '' , requiring their sponsors to be identified . Campaign finance See also : Campaign finance reform in the United States U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , plaintiff in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission In Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and related laws , which restricted the monetary contributions that may be made to political campaigns and expenditure by candidates . The Court affirmed the constitutionality of limits on campaign contributions , stating that they `` serve ( d ) the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion . '' However , the Court overturned the spending limits , which it found imposed `` substantial restraints on the quantity of political speech . '' The court again scrutinized campaign finance regulation in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The case centered on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA ) , a federal law that imposed new restrictions on campaign financing . The Supreme Court upheld provisions which barred the raising of soft money by national parties and the use of soft money by private organizations to fund certain advertisements related to elections . However , the Court struck down the `` choice of expenditure '' rule , which required that parties could either make coordinated expenditures for all its candidates , or permit candidates to spend independently , but not both , which the Court agreed `` placed an unconstitutional burden on the parties ' right to make unlimited independent expenditures . '' The Court also ruled that the provision preventing minors from making political contributions was unconstitutional , relying on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) , the Court sustained an `` as applied '' challenge to BCRA , holding that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election . In Davis v. Federal Election Commission ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court declared the `` Millionaire 's Amendment '' provisions of the BCRA to be unconstitutional . The Court held that easing BCRA restrictions for an opponent of a self - financing candidate spending at least $350,000 of his or her own money violated the freedom of speech of the self - financing candidate . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the BCRA 's federal restrictions on electoral advocacy by corporations or unions were unconstitutional for violating the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) , which had upheld a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury funds to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled the portion of McConnell that upheld such restrictions under the BCRA . In other words , the ruling was considered to hold that `` political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment '' . In McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) , the Court ruled that federal aggregate limits on how much a person can donate to candidates , political parties , and political action committees , combined respectively in a two - year period known as an `` election cycle , '' violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . Flag desecration The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed . The ambiguity with regard to flag - burning statutes was eliminated in Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) . In that case , Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag at a demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas . Charged with violating a Texas law prohibiting the vandalizing of venerated objects , Johnson was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . The Supreme Court reversed his conviction in a 5 -- 4 vote . Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote in the decision that `` if there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment , it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable . '' Congress then passed a federal law barring flag burning , but the Supreme Court struck it down as well in United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) . A Flag Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been proposed repeatedly in Congress since 1989 , and in 2006 failed to pass the Senate by a single vote . Falsifying military awards While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it . Compelled speech Main article : Compelled speech The Supreme Court has determined that the First Amendment also protects citizens from being compelled to say or pay for certain speech . In West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) , the Court ruled that school children could not be punished for refusing either to say the pledge of allegiance or salute the American flag . In National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) , the Court ruled that a California law that required crisis pregnancy centers to post notices informing patients that they can obtain free or low - cost abortions and include the number of the state agency that can connect the women with abortion providers violated those centers ' right to free speech . In Janus v. AFSCME ( 2018 ) , the Court ruled that requiring a public sector employee to pay dues to a union to which he is not a member violated the First Amendment . According to the Court , `` the First Amendment does not permit the government to compel a person to pay for another party 's speech just because the government thinks that the speech furthers the interests of the person who does not want to pay . '' Commercial speech Main article : Commercial speech Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia : The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech . Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . '' In Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) , the Court upheld a New York City ordinance forbidding the `` distribution in the streets of commercial and business advertising matter . '' Writing for a unanimous court , Justice Owen Roberts explained : This court has unequivocally held that streets are proper places for the exercise of the freedom of communicating information and disseminating opinion and that , though the states and municipalities may appropriately regulate the privilege in the public interest , they may not unduly burden or proscribe its employment in their public thoroughfares . We are equally clear that the Constitution imposes no such restraint on government as respects purely commercial advertising . In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) , the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection : What is at issue is whether a State may completely suppress the dissemination of concededly truthful information about entirely lawful activity , fearful of that information 's effect upon its disseminators and its recipients ... ( W ) e conclude that the answer to this one is in the negative . In Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association ( 1978 ) , the Court ruled that commercial speech was not protected by the First Amendment as much as other types of speech : We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech . In Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) , the Court clarified what analysis was required before the government could justify regulating commercial speech : Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ? Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices . School speech Main article : School speech In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court extended free speech rights to students in school . The case involved several students who were punished for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War . The Court ruled that the school could not restrict symbolic speech that did not `` materially and substantially '' interrupt school activities . Justice Abe Fortas wrote : First Amendment rights , applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment , are available to teachers and students . It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ... ( S ) chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism . School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students . Students ... are possessed of fundamental rights which the State must respect , just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State . In Healy v. James ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that Central Connecticut State College 's refusal to recognize a campus chapter of Students for a Democratic Society was unconstitutional , reaffirming Tinker . However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' . Internet access In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . '' Obscenity Further information : United States obscenity law Justice Potter Stewart wrote that while he could not precisely define pornography , he `` ( knew ) it when ( he saw ) it . '' The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time . In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work . The Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity . It also ruled that the Hicklin test was inappropriate ; instead , the Roth test for obscenity was `` whether to the average person , applying contemporary community standards , the dominant theme of the material , taken as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest '' . This definition proved hard to apply , however , and in the following decade , members of the Court often reviewed films individually in a court building screening room to determine if they should be considered obscene . Justice Potter Stewart , in Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) , famously stated that , although he could not precisely define pornography , `` I know it when I see it '' . The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . Under the Miller test , a work is obscene if : ( a ) ... ' the average person , applying contemporary community standards ' would find the work , as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest ... ( b ) ... the work depicts or describes , in a patently offensive way , sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law , and ( c ) ... the work , taken as a whole , lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value . Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount . Personal possession of obscene material in the home may not be prohibited by law . In Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( i ) f the First Amendment means anything , it means that a State has no business telling a man , sitting in his own house , what books he may read or what films he may watch . '' However , it is constitutionally permissible for the government to prevent the mailing or sale of obscene items , though they may be viewed only in private . Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) further upheld these rights by invalidating the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 , holding that , because the act `` ( p ) rohibit ( ed ) child pornography that does not depict an actual child '' it was overly broad and unconstitutional under the First Amendment and that : First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end . The right to think is the beginning of freedom , and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought . In United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) , the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003 , ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment , even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography . Memoirs of convicted criminals In some states , there are Son of Sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals from publishing memoirs for profit . These laws were a response to offers to David Berkowitz to write memoirs about the murders he committed . The Supreme Court struck down a law of this type in New York as a violation of the First Amendment in the case Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board ( 1991 ) . That statute did not prohibit publication of a memoir by a convicted criminal . Instead , it provided that all profits from the book were to be put in escrow for a time . The interest from the escrow account was used to fund the New York State Crime Victims Board -- an organization that pays the medical and related bills of victims of crime . Similar laws in other states remain unchallenged . Defamation Further information : United States defamation law Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , requiring the demonstration of `` actual malice '' in libel suits against public figures . American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following : Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice . An action of libel required the same five general points as slander , except that it specifically involved the publication of defamatory statements . For certain criminal charges of libel , such as seditious libel , the truth or falsity of the statements was immaterial , as such laws were intended to maintain public support of the government and true statements could damage this support even more than false ones . Instead , libel placed specific emphasis on the result of the publication . Libelous publications tended to `` degrade and injure another person '' or `` bring him into contempt , hatred or ridicule '' . Concerns that defamation under common law might be incompatible with the new republican form of government caused early American courts to struggle between William Blackstone 's argument that the punishment of `` dangerous or offensive writings ... ( was ) necessary for the preservation of peace and good order , of government and religion , the only solid foundations of civil liberty '' and the argument that the need for a free press guaranteed by the Constitution outweighed the fear of what might be written . Consequently , very few changes were made in the first two centuries after the ratification of the First Amendment . The Supreme Court 's ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) fundamentally changed American defamation law . The case redefined the type of `` malice '' needed to sustain a libel case . Common law malice consisted of `` ill - will '' or `` wickedness '' . Now , a public officials seeking to sustain a civil action against a tortfeasor needed to prove by `` clear and convincing evidence '' that there was actual malice . The case involved an advertisement published in The New York Times indicating that officials in Montgomery , Alabama had acted violently in suppressing the protests of African - Americans during the civil rights movement . The Montgomery Police Commissioner , L.B. Sullivan , sued the Times for libel , stating that the advertisement damaged his reputation . The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the $500,000 judgment against the Times . Justice Brennan suggested that public officials may sue for libel only if the publisher published the statements in question with `` actual malice '' -- `` knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not . '' In sum , the court held that `` the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements , even false ones , about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice ( with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity ) . '' While actual malice standard applies to public officials and public figures , in Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps ( 1988 ) , the Court found that , with regard to private individuals , the First Amendment does `` not necessarily force any change in at least some features of the common - law landscape . '' In Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) the Court ruled that `` actual malice '' need not be shown in cases involving private individuals , holding that `` ( i ) n light of the reduced constitutional value of speech involving no matters of public concern ... the state interest adequately supports awards of presumed and punitive damages -- even absent a showing of ' actual malice . ' '' In Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) , the Court ruled that a private individual had to prove actual malice only to be awarded punitive damages , but not to seek actual damages . In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) , the Court extended the `` actual malice '' standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress in a ruling which protected parody , in this case a fake advertisement in Hustler suggesting that evangelist Jerry Falwell 's first sexual experience had been with his mother in an outhouse . Since Falwell was a public figure , the Court ruled that `` importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern '' was the paramount concern , and reversed the judgement Falwell had won against Hustler for emotional distress . In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment offers no wholesale exception to defamation law for statements labeled `` opinion '' , but instead that a statement must be provably false ( falsifiable ) before it can be the subject of a libel suit . Nonetheless , it has been argued that Milkovich and other cases effectively provide for an opinion privilege . In consequence a significant number of states have enacted state opinion privilege laws . Private action State constitutions provide free speech protections similar to those of the U.S. Constitution . In a few states , such as California , a state constitution has been interpreted as providing more comprehensive protections than the First Amendment . The Supreme Court has permitted states to extend such enhanced protections , most notably in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins . In that case , the Court unanimously ruled that while the First Amendment may allow private property owners to prohibit trespass by political speakers and petition - gatherers , California was permitted to restrict property owners whose property is equivalent to a traditional public forum ( often shopping malls and grocery stores ) from enforcing their private property rights to exclude such individuals . However , the Court did maintain that shopping centers could impose `` reasonable restrictions on expressive activity '' . Subsequently , New Jersey , Colorado , Massachusetts and Puerto Rico courts have adopted the doctrine ; California 's courts have repeatedly reaffirmed it . Freedom of the press Further information : Freedom of the press in the United States The free speech and free press clauses have been interpreted as providing the same protection to speakers as to writers , except for wireless broadcasting which has been given less constitutional protection . The Free Press Clause protects the right of individuals to express themselves through publication and dissemination of information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . This right was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' that is not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined `` press '' as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion '' . This right has been extended to media including newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . While it is an open question whether people who blog or use social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected equally by the Free Speech Clause and the Free Press Clause , because both clauses do not distinguish between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers . This is further shown by the Supreme Court consistently refusing to recognize the First Amendment as providing greater protection to the institutional media than to other speakers . For example , in a case involving campaign finance laws the Court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . A landmark decision for press freedom came in Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) , in which the Supreme Court rejected prior restraint ( pre-publication censorship ) . In this case , the Minnesota legislature passed a statute allowing courts to shut down `` malicious , scandalous and defamatory newspapers '' , allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told `` with good motives and for justifiable ends '' . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states , rejecting the statute as unconstitutional . Hughes quoted Madison in the majority decision , writing , `` The impairment of the fundamental security of life and property by criminal alliances and official neglect emphasizes the primary need of a vigilant and courageous press '' . The leak of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg ( pictured here in 2006 ) led to New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , a landmark press freedom decision . However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified . The courts have rarely treated content - based regulation of journalism with any sympathy . In Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) , the Court unanimously struck down a state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates to publish their responses . The state claimed that the law had been passed to ensure journalistic responsibility . The Supreme Court found that freedom , but not responsibility , is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish . Content - based regulation of television and radio , however , have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases . Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations , the government licenses them to various companies . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue . The government may restrain broadcasters , but only on a content - neutral basis . In Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission 's authority to restrict the use of `` indecent '' material in broadcasting . State governments retain the right to tax newspapers , just as they may tax other commercial products . Generally , however , taxes that focus exclusively on newspapers have been found unconstitutional . In Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) , the Court invalidated a state tax on newspaper advertising revenues , holding that the role of the press in creating `` informed public opinion '' was vital . Similarly , some taxes that give preferential treatment to the press have been struck down . In Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland ( 1987 ) , for instance , the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting `` religious , professional , trade and sports journals '' from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content . In Leathers v. Medlock ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently , such as by taxing cable television , but not newspapers . The Court found that `` differential taxation of speakers , even members of the press , does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at , or presents the danger of suppressing , particular ideas . '' In Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment did not give a journalist the right to refuse a subpoena from a grand jury . The issue decided in the case was whether a journalist could refuse to `` appear and testify before state and Federal grand juries '' basing the refusal on the belief that such appearance and testimony `` abridges the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment '' . The 5 -- 4 decision was that such a protection was not provided by the First Amendment . However , a concurring opinion by Justice Lewis F. Powell , in which he stated that a claim for press privilege `` should be judged on its facts by the striking of a proper balance between freedom of the press and the obligation of all citizens to give relevant testimony with respect to criminal conduct . The balance of these vital constitutional and societal interests on a case - by - case basis accords with the tried and traditional way of adjudicating such questions . '' , has been frequently cited by lower courts since the decision . Petition and assembly Further information : Right to petition in the United States and Freedom of assembly Chief Justice Morrison Waite ruled in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) that the right of assembly was a secondary right to the right to petition . The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue . In California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , the Supreme Court stated that the right to petition encompass `` the approach of citizens or groups of them to administrative agencies ( which are both creatures of the legislature , and arms of the executive ) and to courts , the third branch of Government . Certainly the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government . The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of petition . '' Today thus this right encompasses petitions to all three branches of the federal government -- the Congress , the executive and the judiciary -- and has been extended to the states through incorporation . According to the Supreme Court , `` redress of grievances '' is to be construed broadly : it includes not solely appeals by the public to the government for the redressing of a grievance in the traditional sense , but also , petitions on behalf of private interests seeking personal gain . The right not only protects demands for `` a redress of grievances '' but also demands for government action . The petition clause includes according to the Supreme Court the opportunity to institute non-frivolous lawsuits and mobilize popular support to change existing laws in a peaceful manner . In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) , the Supreme Court stated regarding the Free Speech Clause and the Petition Clause : It is not necessary to say that the two Clauses are identical in their mandate or their purpose and effect to acknowledge that the rights of speech and petition share substantial common ground ... Both speech and petition are integral to the democratic process , although not necessarily in the same way . The right to petition allows citizens to express their ideas , hopes , and concerns to their government and their elected representatives , whereas the right to speak fosters the public exchange of ideas that is integral to deliberative democracy as well as to the whole realm of ideas and human affairs . Beyond the political sphere , both speech and petition advance personal expression , although the right to petition is generally concerned with expression directed to the government seeking redress of a grievance . The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions . In two 1960s decisions collectively known as forming the Noerr - Pennington doctrine , the Court established that the right to petition prohibited the application of antitrust law to statements made by private entities before public bodies : a monopolist may freely go before the city council and encourage the denial of its competitor 's building permit without being subject to Sherman Act liability . Freedom of Association Further information : Freedom of association § United States Constitution Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association , the Supreme Court ruled , in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ( 1958 ) , that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom . The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends '' . In Roberts the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group 's expression , such as gender . However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association . See also Freedom of Speech Censorship in the United States Freedom of thought Free speech zones Government speech List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment Marketplace of ideas Military expression Photography is Not a Crime Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Williamsburg Charter References Notes Jump up ^ Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate because he had ordered the prosecutions when he was Attorney General . Jump up ^ Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc ( 1961 ) and United Mine Workers v. Pennington ( 1965 ) Citations Jump up ^ `` First Amendment '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beeman 2009 , pp. 341 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Charles , et al . The First Amendment in Schools : A Guide from the First Amendment Center , p. 13 ( Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , 2003 ) . Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states , which was completely rejected : `` No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' Madison , James . `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' ( June 8 , 1789 ) via The Founders ' Constitution . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights : December 15 , 1791 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists -- The Final Letter , as Sent on January 1 , 1802 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated . Jump up ^ Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , 512 U.S. 687 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Grumet , 512 U.S. at 703 . Jump up ^ Van Orden v. Perry , 545 U.S. 677 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ McCreary County v. ACLU , 545 U.S. 844 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Salazar v. Buono , 559 U.S. 700 ( 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` In the words of ( Thomas ) Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' from the Everson decision Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 20 June 1785 ) . `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious AssessmentsPapers '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . pp. 8 : 298 -- 304 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Mannino : Shaping America : the Supreme Court and American society , University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ; p. 149 ; Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated ; Chap. 7 . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord , Does God Make a Difference ? , Oxford University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kritzer , H.M. ; Richards , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking : The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases '' . Law & Society Review . 37 : 827 -- 40 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0023 - 9216.2003. 03704005. x . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . www.lincoln.edu . Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ For the coercion test see Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : David Shultz . Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court . Infobase Publishing . p. 144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Accommodationists , on the other hand , read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another , but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional . They apply Lemon only selectively because `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord . Does God Make a Difference ? . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . First Amendment Politics : At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation , I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause , while liberals tend to favor strong readings . That is , conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . Liberals , by contrast , have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities . Jump up ^ Robert Devigne . Recasting Conservatism : Oakeshott , Strauss , and the Response to Postmodernism . Yale University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment . They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education : `` The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . '' The establishment clause , conservatives insist , precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Cases : Reynolds v. United States , 1879 '' . PHSchool.com . Pearson Prentice Hall . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. United States -- 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Jump up ^ `` Cantwell v. Connecticut -- 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ John G. West , Jr . ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Employment Division , Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye , Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Steven A. Engel ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment : City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5 '' . The Yale Law Journal . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. UDV , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . American Law Yearkbook . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul . `` The Freedom of Speech '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 102 , p. 1296 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Dry , Murray . Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth : The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism , pp. 68 -- 70 ( Lexington Books 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , at 276 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Espionage Act , 1917 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2006 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0393058808 . Jump up ^ Schenck , at 52 ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Debs v. United States , 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Debs , at 213 Jump up ^ Debs , at 216 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Whitney v. California , 274 U.S. 357 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2385 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 497 Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dennis , at 510 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 509 Jump up ^ Yates v. United States , 354 U.S. 298 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ 50a U.S.C. § 462 Jump up ^ O'Brien , at 379 Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 447 Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 450 -- 1 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Talley v. California , 362 U.S. 60 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Chiger , Stephen J. ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Cybersmear : telecommunication 's 200 - year - old riddle '' . Communications and the Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 13 , 1994 ) . `` Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meese v. Keene , 481 U.S. 465 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kamen , Al ( April 29 , 1987 ) . `` Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films ` Propaganda ' '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Buckley , at 58 Jump up ^ Buckley , at 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McConnell , at 213 Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , 551 U.S. 449 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davis v. Federal Election Commission , 554 U.S. 724 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Gedge ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wholly foreign to the First Amendment ' : the demise of campaign finance 's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Citizens United v. FEC , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ See Part III of the Opinion of the Court in Citizens United Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , SCOTUSblog , n.d. Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission , 572 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Divided Court strikes down campaign contribution caps : In Plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Street v. New York ) , 394 U.S. 576 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 578 ( quoting the New York Penal Law , § 1425 , subd. 16 ) . Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California , Stromberg v. California , 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 581 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , at 414 Jump up ^ United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Holusha , John ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704 , citing 42 Stat. 1286 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 103 - 322 , The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , § 320109 ( p. 318 of the PDF version ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crewdson , John ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ United States v. Alvarez , 567 U.S. 709 ( 2012 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Amy Howe ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Opinion analysis : Divided court rules for anti-abortion pregnancy centers in challenge to California law '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amy Howe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Opinion analysis : Court strikes down public - sector union fees '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products , 463 U.S. 60 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Bolger , 463 U.S. at 67 . Jump up ^ Valentine v. Chrestensen , 316 U.S. 52 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 53 . Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 54 . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , 425 U.S. 748 ( 1976 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board , 425 U.S. at 773 . Jump up ^ Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association , 436 U.S. 447 ( 1978 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Ohralik , 436 U.S. at 455 . Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission , 447 U.S. 557 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bethel School District v. Fraser , 478 U.S. 675 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier , 484 U.S. 260 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick , 551 U.S. 393 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Dan V. ; Bullard , Melissa E. ; Deets , Kristen ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Uncertain Rights : Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick '' . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court strikes down North Carolina law banning sex offenders from social media '' . Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' . www.oyez.org . Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regina v. Hicklin , ( 1868 ) L.R. 3 Q.B. 360 Jump up ^ Rosen , at 43 ^ Jump up to : `` Obscenity '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth v. United States , 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Roth , at 489 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Jacobellis v. Ohio , 378 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Jacobellis , at 197 Jump up ^ Peter Lattman ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Origins of Justice Stewart 's ' I Know It When I See It ' '' . Wall Street Journal . LawBlog at The Wall Street Journal Online . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Miller , at 39 Jump up ^ New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Osborne v. Ohio , 495 U.S. 103 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Ferber , at 761 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Stanley v. Georgia , 394 U.S. 557 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Stanley , at 565 Jump up ^ Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition , 535 U.S. 234 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 240 Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 253 Jump up ^ United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Opinion of the Court in Williams Jump up ^ Craig King ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Protecting children speech that crosses the line '' . The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Brand ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Julie Hilden discusses laws and ethics surrounding the intellectual property rights of prisoners '' . NPR -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board , 502 U.S. 105 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Simon & Schuster v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newell 1898 , pp. 37 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Newell 1898 , pp. 33 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1994 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sullivan at 280 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times v. Sullivan '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Westmoreland v. CBS , 596 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D.N.Y. 1984 ) Jump up ^ Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps , 475 U.S. 767 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Hepps at 775 Jump up ^ Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Greenmoss at 761 Jump up ^ `` Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. 418 U.S. 323 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hustler Magazine v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. , 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esward M. Sussman , Milkovich revisited : `` Saving '' the Opinion Privilege , Duke Law Journal , pp. 415 -- 48 Jump up ^ Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins , 447 U.S. 74 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Returning to the PruneYard : the unconstitutionality of state - sanctioned trespass in the name of speech '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pruneyard , at 94 Jump up ^ Mulligan , Josh ( 2004 ) . `` Finding A Forum in the Simulated City : Mega Malls , Gated Towns , and the Promise of Pruneyard '' . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 13 : 533 , 557 . ISSN 1069 - 0565 . Jump up ^ Empresas Puertorriqueñas de Desarrollo , Inc. v. Hermandad Independiente de Empleados Telefónicos , 150 D.P.R. 924 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gateway Ctr . v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n , 26 Cal . 4th 1013 ( 2001 ) ; Costco Companies , Inc. v. Gallant , 96 Cal . App . 4th 740 ( 2002 ) ; Fashion Valley Mall , LLC , v. National Labor Relations Board , 42 Cal . 4th 850 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution , p. 409 ( Forte and Spalding , eds. , The Heritage Foundation 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 -- 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundation 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` First Amendment ( United States Constitution ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Schauer ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , 418 U.S. 241 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hevesi ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Paul , 85 , leading lawyer for press freedom '' . The Boston Globe . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , 438 U.S. 726 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U.S. 233 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland , 481 U.S. 221 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Leathers v. Medlock , 499 U.S. 439 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Leathers , at 453 Jump up ^ Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Branzburg , 667 Jump up ^ `` Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rights of Assembly & Petition -- First Amendment U.S. Constitution -- Findlaw '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , 404 U.S. 508 ( 1972 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. , 404 U.S. at 510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Petition '' . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc. , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 ) ^ Jump up to : Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri , 564 U.S. 379 ( 2011 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 Jump up ^ William Cooney ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Competition and the Noerr - Pennington doctrine : When should political activity be barred under European community competition law ? '' . The George Washington International Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc . Change 5 Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Seana Valentine ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Boy Scouts of America v. Dale '' . Gender Issues and Sexuality : Essential Primary Sources . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Bibliography Abrams , Floyd ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Speaking freely . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 726 - 6 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jasper , Margaret C. ( 1999 ) . The Law of Speech and the First Amendment . Oceana Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 11335 - 8 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Nelson , William Edward ( 1994 ) . Americanization of the Common Law : The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society , 1760 - 1830 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1587 - 4 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Newell , Martin L. ( 1898 ) . The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases : As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America . Callaghan . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01819 - 2 . Further reading Curtis , Michael Kent ( 2000 ) . Free Speech , `` The People 's Darling Privilege '' : Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822325292 . Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 . Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 . Thomas I. Emerson , `` Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment '' , Yale Law Journal , vol. 72 , no . 5 ( 1963 ) , pp. 877 -- 956 . In JSTOR . Godwin , Mike ( 2003 ) . Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age . MIT Press . ISBN 0262571684 . P. Irons , A People 's History of the Supreme Court New York : Penguin , 1999 . McLeod , Kembrew ( 2007 ) . Freedom of Expression : Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property . foreword by Lawrence Lessig . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0816650314 . Kabala , James S. , Church - State Relations in the Early American Republic , 1787 - 1846 . London : Pickering and Chatto , 2013 . J. Kilman and G. Costello ( eds . ) , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. ( 2000 ) . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . pp. 173 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03917 - 3 . OCLC 173659591 . Nicholas P. Miller , The Religious Roots of the First Amendment : Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State . New York : Oxford University Press , 2012 . Nelson , Samuel P. ( 2005 ) . Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801881730 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` First Amendment to the United States Constitution '' dated 2006 - 06 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutFirst Amendment to the United States Constitutionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Cornell Law School -- Annotated Constitution First Amendment Center -- The First Amendment Library at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2004 - 10 - 16 ) Cohen , Henry ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom of Speech and Press : Exceptions to the First Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Attorney . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . hide United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( 2018 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. 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-8308249153281215104	A Fever You Can't Sweat Out	A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out - wikipedia A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Studio album by Panic ! at the Disco Released September 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ) Recorded June -- September 2005 at SOMD ! Studios , College Park , Maryland , and Darn ! Studios , Lewisville , Texas Genre Pop punk emo emo pop baroque pop electropunk dance - punk alternative rock Length 39 : 42 Label Decaydance Fueled by Ramen Producer Matt Squire Panic ! at the Disco chronology A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) Pretty . Odd . ( 2008 ) Singles from A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' Released : September 27 , 2005 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Released : February 27 , 2006 `` But It 's Better If You Do '' Released : May 16 , 2006 `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' Released : August 7 , 2006 `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' Released : March 26 , 2007 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out is the debut studio album by American rock band Panic ! at the Disco . Produced by Matt Squire , the album was released on September 27 , 2005 , on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen . The group formed in Las Vegas in 2004 and began posting demos online , which caught the attention of Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz . Wentz signed the group to his own imprint label , Decaydance , without them having ever performed live . The album was recorded on a small budget at SOMD ! Studios in College Park , Maryland over several weeks in June 2005 . The group had only graduated high school one month before . With lyrics written by lead guitarist / backing vocalist Ryan Ross , the record covers social issues and topics such as sanctity of marriage , adultery , mental health , alcoholism and prostitution are woven throughout the album . The album is divided into halves stylistically ; the first half is primarily pop punk with elements of electronic , while the second employs more traditional instrumentation , with influences of baroque pop . Upon its release , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out became a commercial success . Its second single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , was a top 10 hit in the United States . It helped bolster sales to 1.8 million in the US by 2011 , making it the group 's best - selling release . Despite its sales , the album polarized music critics , with many praising the album 's catchiness and others questioning its originality . The band promoted the record with stints on the Nintendo Fusion Tour before its first headlining tour , the Nothing Rhymes With Circus Tour . In late 2015 , its certification was upgraded to RIAA double platinum for 2 million shipments . It is the only album released during original bassist Brent Wilson 's time in the band , but the exact nature of his involvement in the writing and recording process became a source of contention upon his dismissal from the group in mid-2006 . Contents 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Commercial performance 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Controversy 7 Deluxe edition re-issue 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 9.1 Musicians 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Charts 10.2 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) The band was formed in 2004 , at this time named Pet Salamander , in the suburban area of Summerlin , Las Vegas , by childhood friends Ryan Ross on guitar and Spencer Smith on drums . Both teens attended Bishop Gorman High School and they began playing music together in ninth grade . They invited their friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass guitar , and Wilson invited his classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar . They soon began rehearsing in Smith 's grandmother 's living room . Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on skipped rehearsals to go to church . Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group , but on hearing Urie singing backing vocals during an early rehearsal , they unanimously decided to move him to lead . They initially worked purely as a Blink - 182 cover band . The monotonous nature of local Las Vegas bands influenced them to be different and creative , and they soon began recording experimental demos . Ross and Urie soon began to record on their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos ( `` Time to Dance '' , `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' and `` Camisado '' ) on PureVolume . On a whim , they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bass guitarist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account , and around this time they changed the name of the band to Panic at the Disco . Wentz , who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on their first major - label album , From Under the Cork Tree , drove to Las Vegas to meet the band . On hearing `` two to three '' songs during band practice , Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records , which made them the first on the new label , which the group did around December 2004 . Around this time they had put an exclamation point at the end of Panic as a joke , and as they said in an interview years later , it stuck with them and became the official name of the band . As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic ! ( who had yet to perform a single live show ) , fans on the Internet began to criticize the group . Meanwhile , Wentz began to publicize the band wherever possible , from wearing `` Panic ! at the Disco '' T - shirts onstage to mentioning them in interviews . Wentz gave a quick mention to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards : `` I 've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance , one being this band called Panic ! at the Disco , '' Wentz said . `` Their record is going to be your next favorite record . It 's called A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- get it before your little brother does . '' At the time of their signing , all of the band members were still in high school , with the exception of Ross , who was forced to leave the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . Recording and production ( edit ) After completing high school , the group members boarded a van and drove from Las Vegas to College Park , Maryland to record the album . Fueled by Ramen wanted the band to go into the studio earlier in the year , but Ross was attending college at UNLV and the others were still in high school . Urie graduated in May 2005 and the band pushed recording back to June ; Smith and Wilson completed school online during production . They picked producer Matt Squire based on his production on several independent albums the group liked . The label had hoped they would pick Mike Green , who had worked with Paramore on All We Know Is Falling . `` I think Crush Management and Fueled by Ramen were like , ' Who is this dude ? ' '' said Squire . A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out was created in only `` three and a half weeks '' -- including mixing and mastering -- on a budget of $11,000 . The group entered the studio with half of the songs completed ; the others were crafted in pre-production . Recording was stressful . `` We were in the studio for 14 hours a day for five weeks ; we might have started losing our minds a little bit , '' Ross recalled humorously in a 2006 interview . The band lived in a one - bedroom basement studio apartment during the production , with all sleeping in bunk beds . `` Everyone got on everybody 's nerves , '' said Ross . `` Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they did n't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning . '' Urie 's voice was blown after tracking the album . Squire remembered that most of the album 's choruses and high harmonies were recorded in one session . By the end of production , the band had not had a day off and were exhausted . After its completion , `` We had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band , '' Ross said . Composition ( edit ) `` Every song that we wrote for the first album made it . We did n't think about writing a bunch of songs and picking the best ones . We had to just make the best songs we ever wrote . '' -- Urie on the album 's songs `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' has been described as pop punk , emo , emo pop , electropunk , dance - punk , baroque pop , and alternative rock . The album is split in two stylistically , with the first half of the record using electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines while the second employs traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ . They are separated by an intermission as a link between the two halves , beginning with techno - style dance beats before switching to a piano interlude . Squire recalled that the band had an `` identity crisis '' upon writing new songs . The more dance - infused tracks were crafted during the group 's time in Vegas , but the band members found themselves writing more straightforward rock tracks when they entered the studio . The band did not want to include the rock songs , but Squire got them to agree to it one day over lunch . `` I took them out to lunch and said , `` Why do n't we tell the story of that creative evolution as the theme of the album ? ' '' , he later recalled . `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' takes a preliminary aim at webzines ' criticism . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The ambitious quality of the album 's content was representative of the band 's desire to `` do whatever we wanted , '' according to Urie . The band was heavily inspired by music groups Third Eye Blind , Counting Crows , Arcade Fire and the Decemberists during rehearsals , and also by Danny Elfman and Jon Brion film scores . Urie specifically cited the Beatles , Queen , the Smiths , Name Taken , and the Keane song `` Everybody 's Changing '' as influences on the album . He remarked , `` We took all of those biggest influences , listening to them from our parents and mashed them together . '' The album 's writing is strongly influenced by Chuck Palahniuk 's work . The song title `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' is a quote from his book Survivor . `` Time to Dance '' tells the story of Invisible Monsters , and includes quotes such as `` Give me envy , give me malice , give me your attention '' . Other references and quotes can be found throughout the album , such as `` Just for the record , the weather today is ... '' ( Diary ) . Wentz served as an advisor to the group on lyrical content : `` he was always there to help out with a line here , a line there , '' said Urie . The group noticed that bands in the pop punk scene , such as Fall Out Boy and Name Taken , were using long song titles . The band decided to take this a step farther , creating increasingly long titles partially as an inside joke . The song `` I Constantly Thank God for Esteban '' was a reference to an infomercial for Esteban Guitars the group found humorous . Commercial performance ( edit ) Sales of the album began relatively slow . As it debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and later peaked at # 13 . The album sold over two million copies in the United States . It spent 66 weeks on the Billboard 200 . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Drowned in Sound 6 / 10 Entertainment Weekly Mojo MusicOMH Pitchfork 1.5 / 10 PopMatters 4 / 10 Rolling Stone The Skinny Stylus Magazine A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out divided music critics at the time of its release . Billboard , ten years after its release , deemed it `` one of the most polarizing albums of our time . '' Cory D. Byrom of Pitchfork was perhaps the most negative , criticizing the state of contemporary emo and bemoaning the album 's apparent lack of `` sincerity , creativity , or originality . '' Johnny Loftus of AllMusic was similarly negative , writing , `` This is a band in love with making a record -- making a statement -- but there 's nothing unique inside , neither in their formula nor the vaunted and sticky production . '' Lauren Gitlin of Rolling Stone complimented the album 's sound , commenting , `` What makes Panic different ( and excellent ) is their use of dance - floor synths and roboto drums , which redeems the album 's whininess . '' Kerrang ! was positive , awarding the record four out of five stars . Rolling Stone also gave a positive review , with a three and a half stars out of five . Webzines like Gigwise and Sputnikmusic also gave positive reviews . The hit single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , received massive airplay and Panic ! at the Disco won `` Video of the Year '' on the annual MTV Video Music Awards in 2006 , beating fellow nominees Madonna , Christina Aguilera , Shakira and Red Hot Chili Peppers . In September 2011 , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' won MTV 's Best Music Video for the 2000s as well as Best Music Video Of All Time based on online voting . Accolades ( edit ) Rolling Stone listed it among the `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' in 2016 , with James Montgomery dubbing it a `` genre - defying blueprint '' and commenting `` it 's difficult to argue that it 's not a snapshot of where `` emo '' was at in 2005 , right down to the sentence - long song titles . '' Year Publication Country Rank List 2012 Rock Sound United Kingdom 16 101 Modern Classics 2016 Kerrang ! 16 The 50 Best Rock Albums of the 2000s Rolling Stone United States 39 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time Controversy ( edit ) In the fallout of Wilson 's firing from the band in May 2006 due to `` lack of responsibility '' and `` was n't progressing musically with the band , '' the remaining members also alleged that Wilson did not participate in the writing and recording of the album , with Urie and Ross writing bass parts that were simplified so that Wilson could play them live , and Urie recording them in the studio . Wilson denied their statement , insisting that he was present in the studio every day , participated in writing and taught Urie how to play certain parts . He also sued the band for 25 percent of royalties from the album 's sales , as stipulated in the original contract . Deluxe edition re-issue ( edit ) On November 14 , 2006 , the album was re-released in a `` deluxe '' edition ( Limited Edition Collectible Deluxe Box ) , packaged in a cigar box - shaped box set . The box set was limited to 25,000 copies . It included the original album on CD , a live concert titled Live in Denver on DVD , picture cards for each song with lyrics printed on individual cards , 2006 tour program , poster of the band , live photo shots , a phenakistoscope , circus - styled mask , fake newspaper article and a blank notebook . The Live in Denver DVD was filmed in Denver on July 22 , 2006 . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Ryan Ross ; all music composed by Brendon Urie , Ryan Ross , Spencer Smith . show Japanese edition pre-gap hidden tracks No . Title Length 1 . `` Time to Dance '' ( demo ) 4 : 16 2 . `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' ( demo ) 3 : 56 3 . `` Camisado '' ( demo ) 3 : 50 Total length : 11 : 59 No . Title Length 1 . `` Introduction '' ( instrumental ) 0 : 37 2 . `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' 2 : 54 3 . `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' 3 : 23 4 . `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' 3 : 23 5 . `` Camisado '' 3 : 11 6 . `` Time to Dance '' 3 : 22 7 . `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' 3 : 20 8 . `` Intermission '' ( instrumental ) 2 : 35 9 . `` But It 's Better If You Do '' 3 : 25 10 . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 3 : 06 11 . `` I Constantly Thank God for Esteban '' 3 : 30 12 . `` There 's a Good Reason These Tables Are Numbered Honey , You Just Have n't Thought of It Yet '' 3 : 16 13 . `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' 3 : 40 Total length : 39 : 42 show Japanese edition bonus track No . Title Length 14 . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( Live in Denver ) 3 : 11 Total length : 42 : 57 show Japanese edition enhanced material No . Title Length 1 . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( music video ) 3 : 06 2 . `` But It 's Better If You Do '' ( music video ) 3 : 36 3 . `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' ( music video ) 3 : 16 show Deluxe edition bonus DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Live in Denver '' 72 : 10 Personnel ( edit ) Credits for A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out adapted from AllMusic . Musicians ( edit ) Panic ! at the Disco Ryan Ross -- lead guitar , synthesizers , programming , organ , accordion , creative direction Brendon Urie -- vocals , rhythm guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , piano , synthesizers Spencer Smith -- drums , percussion , glockenspiel , tambourine , shaker , cabasa Brent Wilson -- bass guitar ( credited , does not actually play ; conflicting evidence ) Additional musicians Heather Stebbins -- cello , double bass William Brousserd -- trumpet Samantha Bynes -- violin Production Alan Ferguson -- photography John Janick -- A&R UE Nastasi -- mastering Panic ! at the Disco - additional production Matt Squire -- production , engineer , mixing , audio production Pete Wentz -- A&R Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 11 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 37 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 43 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 19 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 41 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 98 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 59 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 37 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 16 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Albums ( OCC ) 17 US Billboard 200 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 402,983 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bazley , John ( 27 September 2015 ) . `` Brendon Urie Reflects on Tenth Anniversary of Panic ! at the Disco 's ' A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ' '' . AltPress.com . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's ' A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ' Goes Double Platinum - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Kalil ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! Attacks '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who are Panic ! at the Disco ? '' . BBC News . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave Simpson ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up is hard to do '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Herbel ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! At the Disco -- Interview '' . AbsolutePunk . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Emily Zemler ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Artist of the Day : Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Fight For Cred , Swear They Have No Beef With The Killers '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Carry Emo - Punk Banner Into VMAs With Five Noms '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Payne ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco 's Debut Turns 10 : Oral History Told by Brendon Urie , Pete Wentz & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cathy McCabe ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Time to hit panic button '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Story , Hannah ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Panic At The Disco Death Of A Bachelor '' . theMusic.com.au . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's Debut Turns 10 : Oral History Told by Brendon Urie , Pete Wentz & More '' . Jump up ^ Defending the Maligned . The Essential . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Death of a Bachelor : Song by Song Review . Strose Chronicle . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://shu-media.co.uk/music/panic-at-the-disco-album-review/ Panic ! at the Disco : Album Review SHUmedia . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Album Review : ' Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ' by Panic ! At The Disco . studlife.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco keeps on innovating '' . Tufts daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maria Sherman ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Reflects : ' A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ' Turns 10 '' . Fuse.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Set for No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Pusha T and Panic at the Disco Aiming for Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- Panic ! At the Disco '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( February 15 , 2006 ) . `` Album Review : Panic ! At the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Endelman , Michael ( November 14 , 2005 ) . `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Mojo : 112 . ( U ) ltra - sharp lyrics and high - velocity mood and tempo switches make listening as exciting as lugeing down an ice chute with blindfolds on . Jump up ^ Mckinlay , Fiona ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Byrom , Cory D. ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernard , David ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . PopMatters . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gitlin , Lauren ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toby , Xavier ( February 15 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . The Skinny . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Passantino , Dom ( March 15 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- Review '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! top albums 2006 '' . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Review '' . sputnikmusic.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out TOLLIE Review '' . gigwise.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poll : Best Video Of The 2000s . MTV . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jonah Bayer ; Aaron Burgess ; Suzy Exposito ; Leor Galil ; James Montgomery ; Brittany Spanos ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Sound 's 101 Modern Classics : The Final Instalment ! '' . Rock Sound Magazine . July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Rock Albums Of The 2000s '' . Kerrang ! . February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Split Gets Nasty : Band Alleges Wilson Did Not Play On LP '' . MTV . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` Ex-Panic ! At The Disco Bassist Initiates Legal Action Against Band '' . MTV . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Panic-At-The-Disco-A-Fever-You-Cant-Sweat-Out/release/4421558 Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Concert Setlist at Fillmore Auditorium , Denver on July 22 , 2006 - setlist.fm '' . setlist.fm . Jump up ^ `` A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- Panic at the Disco '' . AllMusic . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 18 , 2006 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2006 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Greatest Showman set to surpass Adele 's record - breaking run at top '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out at MusicBrainz ( list of releases ) Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Pray for the Wicked Live albums ... Live in Chicago All My Friends We 're Glorious Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` New Perspective '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` High Hopes '' Other songs `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' `` King of the Clouds '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Pray for the Wicked Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Fever_You_Can%27t_Sweat_Out&oldid=854682477 '' Categories : 2005 debut albums Panic ! at the Disco albums Fueled by Ramen albums Rock Sound Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	panic at the disco a fever full album song list	[]	[]
-5260317917589401770	List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes	List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes - Wikipedia List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The Haves and the Have Nots is an American primetime television soap opera created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is loosely based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich and powerful Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2018 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 20 January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 25 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 23 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 5 23 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 6 TBA January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Big Surprise '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.77 The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim , but as he arrives , he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress , Candace , has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities . `` Playing in the Deep End '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.81 Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family 's home , but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda . `` Beautifully Dysfunctional '' June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 1.47 Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim 's career in jeopardy . `` Entering the Race '' June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) 1.31 After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor , Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media . Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door . 5 5 `` A Woman 's Pride '' June 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) 1.32 After her eviction , Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home . 6 6 `` Angry Sex '' June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) 1.82 Jim falls into Candace 's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself . 7 7 `` A True Friend '' July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) 1.54 Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny . 8 8 `` The Criminal '' July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) 1.56 Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car , but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone 's malicious intent . Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade . 9 9 `` The Set Up '' July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) 1.61 Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues . 10 10 `` Number Nine '' July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 1.80 Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair . 11 11 `` Not My Daughter '' July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 1.87 Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation , but that turns out to be false . 12 12 `` In Recovery '' August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 2.02 Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation . 13 13 `` What Are You Doing Here ? '' August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 2.14 Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony . Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny 's case . 14 14 `` My Name Is Veronica '' August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 2.05 Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public . 15 15 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 2.32 After her secret is revealed , Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim 's secret activities . Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt . 16 16 `` No More Hiding '' September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 2.61 Jeffery comes out to his parents ; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father ; Amanda learns about her inheritance ; and Wyatt relapses and has a life - changing accident . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots , `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' was not only a series high episode in ratings , but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night . The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers . Among all OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February - 4 - 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots -- following a hiatus within the season -- set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers . Additionally , the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 2 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` The Black Sedan '' January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 2.77 Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance . Inside , Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt 's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny . 18 `` Wyatt 's Nightmare '' January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2.55 Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit - and - run , and Benny ends up on life support . Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart . Amanda has an emotional breakdown . 19 `` Family Issues '' January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2.84 Hanna disagrees with Tony 's suggestion to take Benny off life support . Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former 's shabby treatment of Hanna . 20 `` Unanswered Calls '' January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2.78 Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who 's at fault for Benny 's condition and Lizzie 's death . 21 5 `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 3.50 Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital . 22 6 `` Protecting Wyatt '' February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 3.01 Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail . Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers . 23 7 `` Amanda 's Revenge '' February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) 3.21 Amanda breaks into her professor 's home while his family is asleep . Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court . 24 8 `` Maggie 's Plan '' February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2.88 As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor , Wyatt 's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle . 25 9 `` March for Justice '' March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 3.04 The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony . Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support . 26 10 `` Starting the Race '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 3.59 Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event . Wyatt finally gets arrested . 27 11 `` You 'll Be Sorry '' May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) 3.11 Wyatt is arrested . Candace is kidnapped by the Malones . Benny shows signs of brain activity . 28 12 `` The Confession '' June 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) 2.62 Jim conspires to save his son . Amanda gets a gun . Benny improves . 29 13 `` Donald '' June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 2.42 Jim proclaims his son 's innocence . Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace . 30 14 `` The Awakening '' June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 2.81 Benny wakes up from his coma . 31 15 `` The Vulnerable '' June 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) 2.92 Benny prepares for his release from the hospital . Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt . Maggie tries to seduce David . 32 16 `` The Sarandon Hotel '' July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) 3.47 After escaping her kidnappers , Candace asks Warlock for help . Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa . 33 17 `` Again and Again '' July 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) 3.32 David is compromised . Jim is plotting . Candace is panicking . 34 18 `` Something 's Wrong With Amanda '' July 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) 3.26 Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy . Candace hides out at Jeffrey 's apartment . Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation . Benny has conversation with Tony and later tries to restore peace between Hanna and Candace . 35 19 `` Norman Hewens '' July 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) 2.86 A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit - and - run saves Wyatt from jail . Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds . Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy , but he wo n't have it and orders her off his property ; however , Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend , and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in . Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else . 36 20 `` Checkmate '' July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 3.49 Jim is confronted by Carlos , his illegitimate son with Celine . Katheryn 's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy , Candace 's ex , shows up as Amanda 's date . David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay . Candace seeks her revenge on Jim . Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` The Power Dance '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 3.22 Hanna hosts a party for Benny upon his homecoming from the hospital . Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace 's orders . 38 `` The War Room '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 2.91 Hanna seeks information about Quincy 's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson . Maggie continues her pursuit of David . 39 `` A Southern Brawl '' January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 2.60 Veronica and Maggie have an outraged fight after Veronica catches David in Maggie 's hotel room . Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos . 40 `` Amanda 's Room '' January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 2.98 Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace 's demands . 41 5 `` The Press Conference '' February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 2.89 Everyone prepares for Jim 's announcement for Governor but he is nowhere to be found other than still being held against his will by Candace . Katheryn gets some devastating news . 42 6 `` A Tragic Day '' February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3.42 Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion during a family tragedy . 43 7 `` April 7 , 1979 '' February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3.22 Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim . 44 8 `` In Crisis '' February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 3.28 Emotions and rage get the best of Jim and Wyatt . Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery . 45 9 `` A Talk with Jim '' March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 2.90 Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways . Hanna comforts Katheryn . 46 10 `` Oscar '' March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 3.02 Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda 's death . Candace meets a new guy . 47 11 `` Unglued '' March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3.02 David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey and Veronica spirals out of control , especially since she thinks that Maggie is trying to steal David away form her . 48 12 `` Enough is Enough '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3.50 Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna 's home . 49 13 `` Two Funerals '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 3.29 Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David 's life . 50 14 `` In Memoriam '' July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) 2.79 The Cryer family prepares for Amanda 's funeral . Wyatt 's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy . 51 15 `` Nine Lives '' July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 3.17 Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage . 52 16 `` The Cougar '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 2.85 Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica . 53 17 `` Candace Young , Esq . '' July 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 28 ) 3.01 Candace shows Benny where she works . 54 18 `` Benny Does Battle '' August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) 3.17 Quincy is hurt from the accident involving Benny . 55 19 `` Quincy Jr . '' August 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) 3.12 Hanna is reunited with Q . 56 20 `` A Home For Q '' August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) 3.06 Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q ; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt 's taped confession is a misunderstanding . 57 21 `` Candace 's Closing '' August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) 3.19 Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim ; and Jim is interviewed on TV . 58 22 `` Dianna Winchill '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 3.23 While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill , a surprise guest arrives . Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt 's attack in prison , leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her , Professor Cannon , and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a `` bloodbath . '' 59 23 `` Vetted '' September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) 3.28 Hanna grows suspicious of Benny 's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house ; Quincy drives a car through Hanna 's home in spite of revenge ; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar . 60 24 `` Sheep 's Clothing '' September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 3.13 Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire ; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor ; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down . 61 25 `` When The Chickens Come Home '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 3.71 Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything . Oscar reveals his true colors to Candace . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 62 `` The Waters Run Deep '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 3.11 Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy 's body when interrupted by a knock on the door . The Cryer and Harrington clan face repercussions . Note : Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season , although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere . 63 `` Paid In Full '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 2.73 Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica . Candace and Jeffery get a visit from the police because of a nosy neighbor . 64 `` The Right Medicine '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.94 Hanna discovers about her grandson 's medical troubles . Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man . Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace 's help . 65 `` An Evil Soul '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.02 Katheryn is unshaken by the DA 's attempt to push . Candace 's lies catch up with her when she receives a visit form Warlock . 66 5 `` Immunity '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 2.90 Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy 's murder . 67 6 `` Making Millions '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 2.81 Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is rushed to the hospital and placed in ICU . Candace finally learns that Wyatt hit Benny and goes up to Benny to talk to him about suing the Cryers . 68 7 `` A Front Row Seat '' February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 2.95 Maggie 's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever ; Katheryn gets out of jail but she ca n't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica ; Candace enlists Erica 's help to plot for revenge . 69 8 `` Unexpected Visitors '' February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3.07 Candace interrogates the social worker ; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer 's mansion waiting for their return ; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance . 70 9 `` I Choose My Son '' March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.80 Quita and Daylon break into Candace 's house but are caught by Pearl , who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them ; Justin continues to harass Jeffery ; Upon Wyatt 's confession on hitting her son , Hanna confronts Katheryn . 71 10 `` Beg For What You Need '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 2.64 Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War 's rage . Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship . Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner . 72 11 `` 48 Hours '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.85 Warlock has pushed up Candace 's due date , so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny 's tow yard . 73 12 `` My Friend Maggie '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2.85 Maggie visit 's Veronica 's home and gets the surprise of her life . 74 13 `` Criminology 101 '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2.63 Veronica treats David with much malice . 75 14 `` Giving Candy To A Baby '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2.70 After talking with Pearl , Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr . 76 15 `` The Apple Tree '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.64 Katheryn tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members . 77 16 `` The Heart of A Man '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2.70 Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit . 78 17 `` An Accident '' July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 3.05 Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help . 79 18 `` A Tragic Assumption '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 3.02 Jennifer arrives at Katheryn 's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive . 80 19 `` I Am Wolf '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2.89 Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace . 81 20 `` Back In Business '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2.93 Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny ; David gets some shocking information about Mitch . 82 21 `` The Fugitive '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2.95 The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny . 83 22 `` The Silk Handkerchief '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2.95 Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property . Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money , and what Mitch did but he does n't believe her . 84 23 `` Promises Kept '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 3.24 Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit . Candace searches for Oscar . Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch , who also reveals to Benny who he really is . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` A Cup of Tea '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 2.99 Veronica tries to escape the Cryer mansion after the murder of D.A. Jennifer Sallison . Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace , who is out on the search for Oscar . Benny is still upset because of how Candace mortgaged his house and the tow yard . 86 `` Waiting for Candace '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 2.16 Veronica and Katheryn have a fight . Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money . 87 `` It 's Ok to Love '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 2.68 Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn 's house . Erica calls Candace to give her an update on things with David . 88 `` A Mother 's Wisdom '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 2.36 Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery . Jim returns home to help Katheryn clean up a mess she has created . 89 5 `` Brilliant Lawyers Lurking '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 2.70 Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament . 90 6 `` A Hurricane Offshore '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 2.75 Veronica pays Erica a visit . Candace encounters Oscar again . Quita finds Wyatt 's place and tells him that she 's going to take his money . 91 7 `` Pieces of The Puzzle '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 2.58 Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him . Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy . 92 8 `` Praying for Light '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2.76 Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica . Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family . 93 9 `` We All Need Forgiveness '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 2.33 Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery . Candace makes Charles her latest Mark . 94 10 `` Forget The Bubble '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 2.41 Veronica is pushing Jeffery 's buttons . Erica is caught sleeping with David by War . 95 11 `` In Pursuit of Prey '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 3.20 Veronica tries to seduce Benny . Warlock looks for Candace and Erica reveals her true colors . Mitch returns from jail . Katheryn leaves Jim . Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition . 96 12 `` The Fallout From War '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.68 In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead . Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed . 97 13 `` My Grandson 's War '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2.44 Veronica and Katheryn came face - to - face . Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort ; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim . 98 14 `` Mad Day '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 2.33 Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny . Jim taunts Veronica . Hanna found herself at Katheryn 's new rental home . 99 15 `` A Woman Under the Stairs '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 2.43 Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin 's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey . David and Jim find their sons . Charles reveals to Candace who he really is . 100 16 `` Railroad '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 2.43 Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital . Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny 's situation . Wyatt gets released from the hospital . Charles beats Candace at her own game . 101 17 `` Elevator Seven '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 2.30 Veronica confronts Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship . Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace . Jeffrey meets up with Landon . 102 18 `` A Broken Mirror '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 2.33 Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey 's hotel room , and records Officer Justin . Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does . 103 19 `` Haunted By The Surname '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 2.40 Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin . Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is . Candace gets some devastating news about her son , Quincy Jr . 104 20 `` The Enemy Called Trust '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 2.52 Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son . Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire . Candace ask Mitch for a favor . Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap . 105 21 `` Kate '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 2.64 Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed . Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion and Jim begs her for retribution . 106 22 `` For The Team '' September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 2.61 Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum . Candace and Benny are at odds with each other . David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica . 107 23 `` The Veronica Show '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 2.58 The Young family are all at odds with each other during a visit to the funeral home . Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage . Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr . Jim confronts her at The Artesian Hotel . Season 6 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) ( ( Episode list No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 108 `` Afraid of Flames '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2.30 In the Season 6 premiere , Hanna is in mourning after the deadly shooting of her grandson ; Candace rejects Benny 's pleas to help her ; and Veronica and Melissa find themselves in a dangerous situation . 109 `` Searching For A Mother 's Love '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2.34 Benny and Mitch risk their lives to save victims of a horrific auto accident ; and Justin professes his love and lust for Jeffery . 110 `` Undercover Vice '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2.25 David learns of Jeffrey 's whereabouts ; Hanna and Benny confront Candace . 111 `` The Lion '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 2.20 Hanna reveals a deep , dark secret ; David calls upon Katheryn for help with Jeffrey . 112 5 `` Errand Boy '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2.17 Justin continues his pursuit of Jeffery ; Candace and Benny fight to keep their strong sibling relationship . 113 6 `` Hanna 's Tea '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 2.24 Veronica returns home after her stay in the hospital ; Candace and Jeffrey 's murder of Quincy catches up with them and are faced with some serious consequences ; Katheryn shows her new home to Hanna , where she meets a new man . 114 7 `` Every Six Months '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 2.24 Candace gets released from jail while David fights to get Jeffrey out . 115 8 `` Wicked '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2.02 Sarah and George make progress in prosecuting the Cryers ; Veronica hatches up a scheme against David . 116 9 `` An Eye For An Eye '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2.03 David confronts Hanna about Benny and Jeffery ; Charles is determined to see Candace ; Veronica learns that Melissa has been drinking while pregnant ; Hanna learns of Benny 's recent encounter with Veronica ; Katheryn confronts Jim about Jennifer Sallison ; Wyatt learns about Jeffery being in jail . 117 10 `` A Lover 's Passions '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2.08 Candace works on a new plan to recoup her money from the Cryers ; Veronica is preoccupied by an all - consuming desire for revenge ; Hanna gets ready for her date with Derrick . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary McNamara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - have and have nots , the on own '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Backyard Oil ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' American Restoration ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Haves & the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night + ' Counting Cars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Twisted ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Counting Cars ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Shark Week ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Suits ' , ' Catfish ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Amish Mafia ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Game ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' The Game ' , & ' Amish Mafia ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Game ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell @ ratesrick . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets OWN Ratings Record With Its Finale '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Justified ' , ' Klondike ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Leads Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Leads Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' True Tori ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Leads Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Coverage Wins Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Finding Carter ' , ' Perception ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . Tv by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Win Night ; ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' and ' Deadliest Catch ' Lead Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Fixer Upper ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Konolojy , Amanda ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Basketball & ' Being Mary Jane ' Win NIght , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Top Night '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Win Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More -- Page 428275 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More -- Page 431285 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 434626 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More -- Page 439163 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Scream : The TV Series ' & More -- Page 443112 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 446955 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaDale . `` '' Haves And Have Nots '' Recap : ' A Home For Q ' `` . Canyon News . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 450198 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More -- Page 453325 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Below Deck ' , ' Tyrant ' & More -- Page 456690 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , US Open Coverage , ' Ink Master ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More -- Page 460485 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Series Premiere of ' The Bastard Executioner ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tie For First , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 467511 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' If Loving You is Wrong ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 470596 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Shannara ' has a so - so premiere for MTV -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls , ' Haves and the Have Nots ' holds strong -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Taboo ' premieres well , ' Curse of Oak Island ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' reigns supreme '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Articles ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' ticks up , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex. `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' holds steady , ' Shooter ' returns down -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_episodes&oldid=835619501 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Use American English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the have and have nots season 4 episode 24	[]	[]
-7561571577706830216	The Originals (season 4)	The Originals ( Season 4 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( Season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Originals ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release March 17 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) -- June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fourth season by The CW on March 17 , 2016 , by The CW 's President , Mark Pedowitz . The 2016 -- 17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason , which saw the fourth - season premiere on March 17 , 2017 . It concluded on June 23 , 2017 , after 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson / The Hollow Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson / The Hollow Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall - Kenner Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard / Josh Rosza Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Recurring ( edit ) Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza Taylor Cole as Sofya Voronova ( herself ; possessed by The Hollow ) Debra Mooney as Mary Dumas Christina Moses as Keelin Summer Fontana as Hope Mikaelson ( herself ; possessed by The Hollow ) Alkoya Brunson as Adam Folsom Karan Kendrick as Maxine Folsom Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Jason Dohring as Detective Will Kinney Darri Ingolfsson as Dominic Blu Hunt as Inadu `` The Hollow '' Madelyn Cline as Jessica Najah Jackson as Amy Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Guest ( edit ) Neil Jackson as Alistair Duquesne Keahu Kahuanui as Eddie Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Eva Sinclair Lyndon Smith as Lara Sebastian Roché as Mikael / The Hollow Aiden Flowers as Klaus Mikaelson ( young ) Alan Heckner as Richard Xavier Dumas Ahmed Lucan as Nathaniel Chase Vasser as Laurent Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Gather Up the Killers '' Lance Anderson Michael Russo & Michael Narducci March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 401 1.05 Picking up five years since the defeat of Klaus and the expulsion of the Mikaelsons from New Orleans , their compound is in a state of disrepair and Marcel is the sole vampire king of the city . He welcomes all the un-sired vampires to New Orleans , only to find they pose an unexpected threat to his rule , leading him to seek counsel from an unlikely source . Meanwhile , Hayley closes in on the cure that will allow her to revive Elijah and the slumbering Mikaelsons , but she faces a final task that will force her to make a ruthless decision to abduct Keelin , a fellow werewolf . Elsewhere , Vincent learns of a potential threat to the coven when he begins investigating the disappearance of the son of a coven member . 68 `` No Quarter '' Bethany Rooney Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 402 0.99 Now awake , the Originals plan a mission to rescue Klaus ; while Rebekah lures Marcel to the cemetery as a distraction , Elijah , Hayley , Freya and Kol track down Joshua and force him to point out where Marcel is keeping Klaus . In the meantime , Klaus is tormented by Camille 's illusion , who is pressing him to find the strength to find a way to escape . Meanwhile , Vincent continues his search for Maxine 's son and the search leads him to an abandoned house where Vincent is beset by a powerful blue light that he recognizes as the new threat to both him and other missing children . 69 `` Haunter of Ruins '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 403 0.93 With the Mikaelsons hiding out at a plantation on the outskirts of the city , Klaus demands one day to try to connect with his seven - year - old daughter Hope , whom they warmly bond over their stories about Klaus ' past . Freya is still keeping the werewolf Keelin captive to make more werewolf antivenom despite Hayley 's protests to let her go . Meanwhile , Vincent informs Marcel about the new evil called the Hollow , which a secret coven is abducting children to be used as a ritual sacrifice to bring upon the Hollow 's pure form . Vincent also flashes back to years earlier with his wife Eva and how she persuaded him to summon the Hollow . 70 `` Keepers of the House '' Joseph Morgan Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 404 1.08 When Hope is overcome by the Hollow 's evil spell , both Klaus and Marcel are forced to ask each other for help to assist Vincent 's search for the missing children before they can be sacrificed and the Hollow 's power will become invulnerable . Meanwhile , Freya re-captures Keelin and imprisons her at the church tower to further use her for other purposes , which include breaking into Marcel 's penthouse to search for a spell instruction to solidify Freya 's power . Hayley searches for a potential werewolf to learn more about the Hollow and of its power over Hope . 71 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' Chris Grismer Kyle Arrington April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 405 0.87 With both Klaus and Marcel under the influence of the Hollow 's power over them , they fight among their personal demons ( Mikael and Elijah , respectively ) to resist a confrontation where they are persuaded to fight to the death . Sofya tries to keep Marcel contained , as Vincent does the same in his search for a way to fight the Hollow 's influence . Meanwhile , both Freya and Keelin continue to bond while working together to help out Klaus before a lethal confrontation begins with him and Marcel . 72 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' Jesse Warn Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 406 0.96 When they discover that The Hollow has employed a mysterious servant to do its bidding , Klaus and Elijah host an elaborate party at the restored Mikaelson compound in order to lure the new threat out and uncover its identity . Feeling a sense of responsibility for The Hollow 's resurgence , Vincent agrees to help Klaus and Elijah in using his magic to help the Mikaelsons root out this latest threat . Meanwhile , after uncovering information about who may have been behind her parents ' death , Hayley turns to Freya to help unlock her memories from that fateful day . Freya continues to keep a close eye on Keelin who shows up at the party , as does Sofya who has a quarrel with words with Klaus . Elsewhere , Marcel appears now confined in the same underground prison where he kept Klaus . 73 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' Charles Michael Davis Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 407 0.93 Freya places a protection spell on the compound when it 's discovered that the Hollow 's latest servant is on the loose , but it forces Klaus , Hayley and Hope to remain trapped inside with nowhere to go , as Marcel plots to befriend Hope in order to try to help him escape form his confinement . Meanwhile , Elijah takes matters into his own hands when he forces a reluctant Vincent to perform a dangerous ritual at the cemetery needed to strengthen their defense against the Hollow . Also , Freya enacts a risky plan by using Josh as bait which brings her face to face with their latest threat , but an unexpected twist involving her growing romantic feelings for Keelin leaves Freya 's life hanging in the balance . 74 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' John Hyams Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 408 0.85 After being summoned by the witch 's ancestors , Hayley and Klaus travel to the ancestral world plane of existence and come face to face with Davina , Klaus ' former foe and the one person who claims that she holds the secrets to The Hollow 's demise . Meanwhile , Elijah and Marcel are forced into an uneasy alliance where they meet up with Alaric ( guest star Matt Davis ) who has tracked down a crucial artifact that could help in their fight against The Hollow . But Sofya is one step ahead of them as she plots to steal the artifact for herself and the Hollow 's minions . 75 9 `` Queen Death '' Nicole Rubio Beau DeMayo May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 409 0.84 When The Hollow sends a terrifying message to Vincent , he must team up with Haley and Freya to embark on a desperate mission to stop the Hollow once and for all ... even if it requires a heartbreaking sacrifice of Elijah whose life is slowly draining from him due to Sofya staking him with white oak thorns . Refusing to allow anyone in his family to pay the high price of defeating their enemy , Klaus makes a surprising alliance with Marcel and enacts a plan to take down Sofya that threatens to change the Mikaelson family forever . 76 10 `` Phantomesque '' Daniel Gillies K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 410 1.03 Klaus requests that his estranged siblings , Rebekah and Kol , return to New Orleans to help him out in his stand against The Hollow which has now re-entered corporeal existence in the form of a young woman . Meanwhile , Freya recruits Hayley for a dangerous task to enter the dead Elijah 's mind to repair the broken amulet containing his soul that will put both their lives at risk ... but may be the sole means of saving someone they love . When the task proves more difficult then thought , Hope decides to help out Freya and Hayley . Elsewhere , tensions rise when Marcel leads a hunt for The Hollow and putting him on a collision course with the person he was least prepared to face . Also , as Kol continues to mourn the loss of Davina , he is forced to consider the lengths he 'd go to see her again when he also comes face to face with the Hollow . 77 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' Hanelle Culpepper Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 411 0.89 When it 's discovered that The Hollow is using a magical totem to fuel her power , Freya enlists Rebekah and Klaus to help locate and destroy it in order to hopefully awaken Elijah . Meanwhile , an ultimatum by The Hollow puts Kol at odds with his own siblings , while an unexpected run - in forces Marcel and Rebekah to confront the growing tension between them . Freya and Hayley manage to track down and arrives at the Hollow 's residence only for both of them to fall victim to her power source which leaves Hayley comatose and fighting for her life and seeing visions of her lost husband Jackson who attempts to kill her , while Freya sees visions of Keelin who taunts her . 78 12 `` Voodoo Child '' Michael Grossman Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 412 1.01 When The Hollow now targets Hope , the most vulnerable Mikaelson , Klaus is forced to rely on Vincent who believes he can use The Hollow 's own dark magic to defeat their enemy for good . Meanwhile , as Marcel worries that Vincent 's plan might backfire , he decides on a deadly backup plan of his own by enlisting Sofya , Rebekah , and Elijah to help him make a stand against the evil entity . Elsewhere , after falling victim to The Hollow 's manipulations , Hayley struggles to figure out Hope 's future in New Orleans , while Freya must confront her own darkest fears ; one of which is being in a romantic relationship with Keelin , and the other in figuring out how to save Hope from the Hollow 's power . 79 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' Bethany Rooney Michael Narducci June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 413 0.80 Not wanting to see her family split up to keep The Hollow from fully possessing Hope , Freya tries to find another way to lock away The Hollow forever . Vincent also warns Hayley that once the ritual is complete , she 'll have to keep Hope as far away from the Mikaelsons , as them being close to her will have their piece of the Hollow hunger to take over Hope again . Still after not getting a response from Kol , has Freya considering turning herself into a vampire so the ritual can be completed , but luckily he shows up in time . The ritual is performed and once completed , the siblings part ways . Some time passes and shows Rebekah in New York City , greeted by Marcel , who confesses that he wants to start a life with her and kisses her as proof ; Kol in San Francisco getting a large diamond cut before meeting up with Davina ; Hayley with Hope in Mystic Falls as she enrolls in the school housed on the Salvatore Mansion grounds , Alaric says that she 'll be happy there and that he 's happy that like his twins , Hope will no longer have to fear about who she is to the rest of the world . The scene ends in Manosque , France with Elijah playing the piano in a bar . He receives a large tip from a patron , who happens to be Klaus . They exchange acknowledging glances before Klaus walks away and Elijah continues playing . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Gather Up the Killers '' March 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.06 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.64 `` No Quarter '' March 24 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Haunter of Ruins '' March 31 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 0.3 0.62 0.6 1.56 `` Keepers of the House '' April 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' April 14 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' April 28 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.96 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' May 5 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' May 12 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Queen Death '' May 19 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Phantomesque '' June 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' June 9 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Voodoo Child '' June 16 , 2017 0.3 / 2 1.01 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' June 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.80 0.3 0.66 0.3 1.47 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Renews 11 Shows '' . spoilertv.com . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Originals ' season 4 premiere spoilers : EP talks about season 3 finale and where it leads '' . ecumenicalnews.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals EP Talks Klaus ' ' Definitive Loss , ' Hayley 's Season 4 Journey '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TVLine ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Interview - TVLine Studio Presented by ZTE - Comic - Con 2016 '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' The Originals ' cast discusses the 5 - year time jump '' . ew.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 : Containment Actress Cast as Bisexual Werewolf '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 : Meet the Actress Playing Grown - Up Hope '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Showfax , Inc. web page '' . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown Services , Ltd. page '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 Promo Features ( Spoiler ) 's Shocking ' Return ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Campbell Is Returning to The Originals For a Visit '' . E ! Online . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries ' Matt Davis to Visit The Originals in Season 4 Crossover '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Adds Teen Wolf Alum as ( Spoiler ) 's Season 4 Love Interest '' . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grimm , ' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads , ' Originals ' finale doubles : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_4)&oldid=803417048 '' Categories : The Originals 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 12 . About Wikipedia	when did season 4 of the originals start	[ "The Originals, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fourth season by The CW on March 17, 2016, by The CW's President, Mark Pedowitz.[1] The 2016–17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason, which saw the fourth-season premiere on March 17, 2017. It concluded on June 23, 2017, after 13 episodes." ]	[ "March 17, 2017" ]
-3966990966098470945	Restricted free agent	Restricted free agent - wikipedia Restricted free agent This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A restricted free agent is a type of free agent in the National Football League ( NFL ) , National Hockey League ( NHL ) , or National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Such players have special restrictions on the terms under which they can retain or change employment status with their athletic club teams . Contents 1 NFL 1.1 Tender amounts 1.2 Examples of possible outcomes 2 NHL 2.1 Qualifying offers 2.2 Possible outcomes 3 NBA 4 KHL 5 Liga ACB 6 References NFL ( edit ) In the National Football League , a restricted free agent ( RFA ) is one with three accrued seasons ( six or more regular season games with a team ) of service , who has received a `` qualifying '' offer ( a salary level predetermined by the NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement between the league and its players , known as a `` tender '' ) from his current club . He can negotiate with any club through a certain date . If the restricted free agent accepts an offer sheet from a new club , his old club has `` right of first refusal , '' a five - day period in which it may match the offer and retain him , or choose not to match the offer , in which case it may receive one or more draft picks for the upcoming draft from the player 's new club . If an offer sheet is not executed , the player 's rights revert to his old club the day after negotiations must end . Tender amounts ( edit ) In 2007 , a second - round tender offer was added , and after the 2011 lockout , the top tender was removed . The three tender amounts for 2013 are as follows : Tender amount Compensation required $2.879 million First - round $2.023 million Second - round $1.323 million Determined by RFA 's original draft status ( see below ) Each player that signs a tender receives a non-guaranteed one - year salary that corresponds to the tender level . Teams which choose not to match an offer on a player with a low tender receive a draft pick corresponding to the round in which the player was originally drafted ( except that the highest pick that can be surrendered for such a tender is a second - round pick ) . For example , a player who was originally drafted in the sixth round of the NFL Draft would force the team signing him to give his former team a sixth - round pick in the upcoming draft as compensation for his service . No compensation is required for an undrafted player on the lowest tender amount , so teams with valued undrafted RFAs are taking a notable risk by offering such tenders . ( The top tender prior to 2011 required first - and third - round picks as compensation . ) Examples of possible outcomes ( edit ) In addition to the following outcomes , if a player does not receive an offer sheet from his original team , he becomes an unrestricted free agent . If a player signs the offer sheet from his original team , he remains with that team . Team declining to match offer sheet . Carolina Panthers cornerback Ricky Manning was a restricted free agent in the 2006 offseason . Based on the tender placed on Manning by the Panthers , the team would receive a third - round pick in the NFL Draft if Manning signed with another team . On April 21 , the Chicago Bears signed Manning to an offer sheet -- a five - year contract worth up to $23 million . Although the Panthers had a full week to decide if they wanted to match the offer sheet , they announced on April 24 that they would not match . At this time , Manning became a member of the Bears and the Panthers received a third - round draft choice in the 2006 draft from Chicago . Team matching offer sheet . Arizona Cardinals offensive guard Reggie Wells was a restricted free agent in the 2006 offseason . On March 17 , the Buffalo Bills signed him to an offer sheet -- a five - year deal worth approximately $18 million . Four days later on March 21 , the Cardinals matched the Bills ' offer sheet for Wells , and he reverted to the Cardinals . Team consummating a trade . The Miami Dolphins offered wide receiver Wes Welker a second - round tender in 2007 . Although it was widely rumored that the New England Patriots would offer Welker a seven - year , $35 million deal , the Patriots ultimately traded their second - and seventh - round draft picks to the Dolphins for Welker , signing Welker to a five - year , $18 million contract . NHL ( edit ) A player who is no longer considered to be entry - level , but does not qualify as an unrestricted free agent , becomes a restricted free agent when his contract expires . A player may only declare himself to be an unrestricted free agent if he is over the age of 27 or has played in the league for a minimum of 7 years . Qualifying offers ( edit ) The current team must extend a `` qualifying offer '' to a restricted free agent to retain negotiating rights to that player . Qualifying offers are for one year contracts . The minimum salary for the qualifying offer depends on the player 's prior year salary . Players who earned less than $660,000 in the previous season must be offered 110 percent of last season 's salary . Players making up to $1 million must be offered 105 percent . Players making over $1 million must be offered 100 percent . If the qualifying offer is not made , the player becomes an unrestricted free agent . If the player rejects a qualifying offer , he remains a restricted free agent . If the player does not sign before December 1 , he is ineligible to play in the NHL for the remainder of the season . Possible outcomes ( edit ) If a player accepts a qualifying offer , he then signs a one - year contract with his current team under the terms of the offer . If the player rejects the qualifying offer , or has not yet accepted it , he is able to negotiate offer sheets with other teams . Qualifying offers are required for a team to retain a player 's rights , but in most cases the player and team will agree to a contract differing from the qualifying offer . Should the player sign an offer sheet with another team , his current team is notified and can no longer negotiate a new contract or trade the player rights to another team . The current team has 7 days to make a decision whether to match the offer sheet , or decline and receive draft pick compensation from the team making the offer sheet . Accept The player remains with his current team on a contract identical to that of the offer sheet , with the exception that the current team does not have to match any clauses restricting their ability to trade or reassign the player like a `` no trade clause '' . The team is not allowed to trade the player for one year . Decline The player becomes a member of the team with whom he signed the offer sheet under all the terms of said offer sheet . His now former team claims draft picks from the player 's new team as compensation . Compensatory draft picks are determined by the player 's new salary on a sliding scale . For example : In 2008 a team that signed a restricted free agent to a salary averaging $2,615,625 to $3,923,437 per season lost a first - round draft pick and a third - round draft pick to the player 's former team . Signing a restricted free agent to a contract worth over $6,539,062 per year costs a team four first - round draft picks . At any point during the negotiation process , if the player has been in the NHL for longer than 4 years ( less if the player signed his first contract after the age of 20 ) , either the player or his current team may file for salary arbitration as a means of settling a contract dispute . At this point the player may no longer sign an offer sheet . The deadline to file for salary arbitration is July 5 with cases being heard between late July and early August . Salary Arbitration . Both the player and his current team submit their expectations for the player 's salary for the coming year . The team can not request a reduction in salary of greater than 15 % . The arbitrator hears the case from both player and team and renders a verdict . The verdict sets the salary the team is required to pay the player . After the arbitrator 's verdict is rendered , the team must make a decision within 48 hours of the verdict being rendered . If the team accepts , the player is signed to a new contract at the salary set in the verdict . Should the team decline , the player then becomes an unrestricted free agent . A team can take a player to arbitration once in his career . Players may request salary arbitration as often as they please . NBA ( edit ) Main article : Restricted free agent ( NBA ) Players in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with four or less years of experience may become restricted free agents under certain conditions . Khl ( edit ) Kontinental Hockey League players under 28 years of age as of July 1 of a given calendar year whose contracts are expired are considered restricted free agents . Just like the NHL and the NBA , the original team of a player who signed an offer sheet tendered by another team has seven days to match the offer sheet . However , unlike its North American counterpart , teams that decide not to match offer sheets collect transfer fees instead . Liga ACB ( edit ) In the Liga ACB , the right of first refusal is a rule that allows clubs to keep players who finish the contract . From 2015 , non-FIBA Europe players have also been included , since they are within the collective agreement and therefore may be subject to the right of first refusal . The players that appear in the list of not subject to the right of first refusal are totally free to sign for the club they wish at the end of their contract . Some of them , however , have already reached a renewal agreement with the club . Analyzing what can happen from the moment a player appears on the list of the right of first refusal when the league publish the list : If a club includes a player in the list of the right of first refusal , it means that they have submitted a renewal offer . In the event that no other club bid for the player , that offer would be effective and , if remaining in the Liga ACB the player would renew his contract with that offer . From this moment and until the next 12 calendar days , each player can accept and sign a single offer and present it in the ACB office . If that happens , the current club has 5 calendar days to match it and remain , in this way , with the player . If the current club does not match the offer , the player becomes a member of the club that has submitted the offer in the conditions reflected therein . The right of first refusal only affects the ACB scope , but it does not expire . If a player subject to the right of first refusal reaches an agreement with a non-ACB club , the current club retains the rights for when it returns to the Liga ACB . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NFL free agency : Frequently asked questions '' . National Football League . 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ACB.COM - ¿ En qué consiste el derecho de tanteo ? '' . www.acb.com ( in Spanish ) . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted_free_agent&oldid=848988218 '' Categories : Sports terminology Sports labor relations Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between ufa and rfa in nba	[]	[]
3226628536005339394	Top Gear (series 3)	Top Gear ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Top Gear ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Top Gear ( series 3 ) Starring Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 9 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 26 October ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) -- 28 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 28 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 List of Top Gear episodes The third series of Top Gear aired during the latter half of 2003 and ran for 9 episodes , beginning on 26 October before concluding on 28 December , with the show being hosted by returning presenters Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May . A new `` Stig '' was introduced after the previous `` Stig '' ( referred to by the presenters as `` Black Stig '' ) was written out of the show in the first episode . A `` Best of Top Gear '' special for the series was aired on 4 January 2004 . This series was first in the relaunched show 's history to acquire more than 10 million viewers for an episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Best - of Episodes 3 Criticism and Controversy 3.1 Hilux Toughness Challenge 4 References Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Top Gear episodes Total No . Title Reviews Features / challenges Guest ( s ) Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 21 Series 3 , Episode 1 Ford GT BMW 5 Series Porsche 911 GT3 Can the diesel Volkswagen Lupo get better mpg than the petrol version ? Martin Kemp 26 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) 3.32 Clarkson heads to Detroit to find out how good the heavily - anticipated Ford GT handles against all its competitors , before finding out how well a diesel Volkswagen Lupo fares against its petrol version by doing a lap of the M25 . Elsewhere , Hammond tests out the Porsche 911 GT3 , May defends the BMW 5 Series , and the Stig drives fast with the trio 's Jaguar XJS onboard the HMS Invincible with disastrous results . Meanwhile , singer and Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp , tries to see is he is better than Ross Kemp when he takes the Liana for a lap of the track . Note : This was the final appearance of the original Stig , Perry McCarthy ; the segment involving him with the XJS and HMS Invincible was his scripted departure from the show . 22 Series 3 , Episode 2 BMW M3 CSL BMW M1 BMW M3 BMW M5 Volvo 240 attempts to jump four caravans Best 2 seater sportscar : ( Porsche Boxster BMW Z4 Honda S2000 ) Stephen Fry 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 3.41 Black Stig is gone , and in his place is brand new , White Stig , who is quick to get to work by seeing how fast the BMW M3 CSL is on the track after Clarkson tests it out . Meanwhile , the trio head to the Isle of Man to find out which old BMW sports car is the best - the 1970s M1 , the original M3 , and the second - gen M5 - before testing out three two seater convertibles on the Isle - the BMW Z4 , the Porsche Boxster and the Honda S2000 . Finally , a Volvo 240 tries to jump five caravans side - by - side , and Stephen Fry discusses the advantages of driving his London Taxi before seeing how he fared in the Liana . Note : This was the first appearance by Ben Collins as the new Stig ; his identity would remain a secret until August 2010 . 23 Series 3 , Episode 3 Bentley Continental GT Subaru Legacy Outback Saab 9 - 5 Aero versus a BAe Sea Harrier How to Escape from a Sinking Car Top Gear Survey Rob Brydon 9 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) 4.02 Clarkson is unimpressed when he manages to secure the rights to test out the Bentley Continental GT , while he compares the hot Saab 9 - 5 Aero to an aeroplane . Meanwhile , May finds out whether the aristocracy will go for the Subaru Legacy Outback , Hammond investigate the dangers of being in a car that is sinking in water and how to quickly escape such a scenario , the Stig races a Saab around the track against a Harrier Jump Jet , and the results of the Top Gear Survey are in . Finally , Rob Brydon becomes the first Welshman to do a lap in the reasonably priced car . 24 Series 3 , Episode 4 Lamborghini Miura Lamborghini Countach Mini Cooper S Works Lamborghini Gallardo Lamborghini Tribute Rich Hall Jay Kay 16 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) 4.59 Top Gear celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Lamborghini by looking back at some of the classics by the company , including the 1967 Lamborghini Miura , an improved 1971 SV , the Lamborghini Countach , while there is a look at the Lamborghini LM002 , Clarkson tests out the Lamborghini Gallardo , and the Murciélago is back to set a time on a dry track . Meanwhile , Hammond tests out several versions of the Mini Cooper S - the BMW - official Works Cooper S , the third - party tuned Hartge Cooper S , the Digi - tec Cooper S and the wild 275 bhp ( 205 kW ) BBR Cooper S - while American comedian Rich Hall improvises a country song about a Rover 25 before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car . 25 5 Series 3 , Episode 5 Mazda RX - 8 Fiat Panda Is the Toyota Hilux really indestructible ? Hammond searches for future classic cars Simon Cowell 23 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 23 ) 4.80 Clarkson sees how tough a Toyota Hilux pick - up truck truly is by putting it through a series of tests , including driving it through Bristol and nearly losing it to the sea , before returning to the test track to see what else it can withstand . Elsewhere , he tests the Mazda RX - 8 on the track , while May drives the Fiat Panda up in Hertfordshire , and Hammond looks at several cars deemed to be good investments as future ' classic ' cars . There 's also the task of finding which is the best wig for a fast drive in an open top convertible , while Simon Cowell stops judging future singers to see if he can be judged the best at driving fast in the Liana . 26 6 Series 3 , Episode 6 Citroën C2 Renault Mégane CC Peugeot 307 CC Aston Martin V8 Vantage ( 1977 ) Holden Monaro Is a Toyota Hilux really indestructible ? -- Part 2 Sanjeev Bhaskar 7 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 07 ) 5.40 May sees what else can be done to prove that a Toyota Hilux is tough by placing the same Hilux from the last episode on top of a tower block due for demolition . He also reviews the Aston Martin V8 Vantage and discusses how British supercars differentiate from those elsewhere in the world , while Hammond sees whether the Renault Mégane CC and the Peugeot 307 CC are good hard - top convertibles , and Clarkson reviews the successor to the old Citroën Saxo , the Citroën C2 , and takes a drive in Australia 's first contribution to the motoring world - the Holden Monaro . Meanwhile , Sanjeev Bhaskar is the latest star to drive in the reasonably priced car . 27 7 Series 3 , Episode 7 MG XPower SV Porsche Cayenne Turbo Mercedes - Benz SLR McLaren Which professor can do the best burn - out What is the best British car : ( Rover 75 Morgan Plus 8 Noble M12 ) Rory Bremner 14 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 14 ) 3.35 The beautiful and powerful MG XPower SV hits the track , but Clarkson is less impressed with it , while he also sees how good the off - road abilities of the Porsche Cayenne Turbo are by taking it to Bovington , Dorset . Meanwhile , Hammond travels to South Africa to review the Mercedes - Benz SLR McLaren , there 's a burn - out contest between Heinz Wolff , Brian Sewell and Colin Pillinger , and the presenters see which car is the best British car - the Noble M12 , the Morgan Plus 8 and the Rover 75 . Elsewhere , Rory Bremner impersonates voices for car adverts before seeing how he fared on the track in the Liana . 28 8 Series 3 , Episode 8 Mercedes - Benz 280SL Nissan Micra Aston Martin Lagonda Audi TT Top Gear Generation Game Johnny Vegas 21 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 21 ) 3.15 Hammond sees how good a Nissan Micra is in comparison to a Boeing 737 ( BBJ - 2 ) , while Clarkson tests out the Audi TT V6 after dressing for it , before seeing if car designs peaked in the ' 60s by testing out a ' 60s Mercedes - Benz 280SL ( W113 ) . Elsewhere , May drives the crazy and bold 1970s Aston Martin Lagonda , there 's a duel - out between 5 of Hammond 's modern cars versus 5 of Clarkson 's older cars in a 1 / 5 mile drag race , and comedian Johnny Vegas proves he can drive fast in the Liana , even when he has no driving licence . 29 9 Series 3 , Episode 9 Chrysler Crossfire Smart Roadster ( Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo ) Jaguar XJ6 Honda Civic Type R Honda NSX Type R Top Gear Awards 2003 Carol Vorderman 28 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 28 ) 4.24 It 's a Cut - Price version of Top Gear this episode , after the budget for the series has been exhausted . The trio shoulder on regardless , with Clarkson driving the Chrysler Crossfire , Hammond handling a Smart Roadster Brabus V6 Biturbo and the Honda Civic Type - R hot hatch as well as the Honda NSX Type R Supercar , and May reviewing the Jaguar XJ6 . The trio also host the Top Gear Awards for 2003 , while Carol Vorderman sees if she can do better than ( the late ) Richard Whitely , when she takes the Liana around the test track . Best - of episodes ( edit ) Total No . Title Feature Original air date S2 CE The Best Of Top Gear : 2003 Best moments from Series 3 4 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) A look back at some of the best moments from Series 3 , including how much was done to the Indestructible Toyota Hilux , and the demise of the Original Stig . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Hilux toughness challenge ( edit ) Following the broadcast of the fifth episode of the 3rd series , the BBC was contacted by the Churchill Parish in Somerset in regards to the tree that featured in the segment where Clarkson was proving the sturdiness and reliability of the Toyota Hilux . Up until the episode had been broadcast , villagers had presumed that the damage had been done accidentally or by vandals , until they watched what had happened on the show . After the BBC was contacted , the director of Top Gear admitted guilt and the broadcaster paid compensation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` BBC stumps up for tree stunt '' . BBC . February 21 , 2004 . Retrieved January 9 , 2006 . ( hide ) Top Gear 1977 -- 2001 format List of episodes 2002 -- present format Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Segments Challenges Power Lap Times Races Specials Winter Olympics US Special Top Gear of the Pops Polar Special Botswana Special Top Ground Gear Force Vietnam Special Race to the North Bolivia Special Middle East Special India Special Patagonia Special Other Home video releases Top Gear controversies Top Gear Test Track BBC v HarperCollins Publishers Ltd The Stig International versions Australia episodes China France Russia United States Top Gear episodes Top Gear America South Korea Italy Spin - offs and related Extra Gear Fifth Gear Rally Report Stars in Fast Cars The Grand Tour Top Gear Magazine Top Gear Motorsport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Gear_(series_3)&oldid=832035076 '' Categories : 2003 British television seasons Top Gear seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Use British English from December 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 12 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	episode of top gear with the toyota hilux	[ "\n\nTotal\nNo.\nTitle\nReviews\nFeatures/challenges\nGuest(s)\nOriginal air date\nUK viewers\n(million)[1]\n\n\n21\n1\nSeries 3, Episode 1\nFord GT • BMW 5 Series • Porsche 911 GT3\nCan the diesel Volkswagen Lupo get better mpg than the petrol version?\nMartin Kemp\n26 October 2003 (2003-10-26)\n3.32\n\n\n\nClarkson heads to Detroit to find out how good the heavily-anticipated Ford GT handles against all its competitors, before finding out how well a diesel Volkswagen Lupo fares against its petrol version by doing a lap of the M25. Elsewhere, Hammond tests out the Porsche 911 GT3, May defends the BMW 5 Series, and the Stig drives fast with the trio's Jaguar XJS onboard the HMS Invincible with disastrous results. Meanwhile, singer and Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp, tries to see is he is better than Ross Kemp when he takes the Liana for a lap of the track.\nNote: This was the final appearance of the original Stig, Perry McCarthy; the segment involving him with the XJS and HMS Invincible was his scripted departure from the show.\n\n\n22\n2\nSeries 3, Episode 2\nBMW M3 CSL • BMW M1 • BMW M3 • BMW M5 •\nVolvo 240 attempts to jump four caravans • Best 2 seater sportscar: (Porsche Boxster • BMW Z4 • Honda S2000)\nStephen Fry\n2 November 2003 (2003-11-02)\n3.41\n\n\n\nBlack Stig is gone, and in his place is brand new, White Stig, who is quick to get to work by seeing how fast the BMW M3 CSL is on the track after Clarkson tests it out. Meanwhile, the trio head to the Isle of Man to find out which old BMW sports car is the best - the 1970s M1, the original M3, and the second-gen M5 - before testing out three two seater convertibles on the Isle - the BMW Z4, the Porsche Boxster and the Honda S2000. Finally, a Volvo 240 tries to jump five caravans side-by-side, and Stephen Fry discusses the advantages of driving his London Taxi before seeing how he fared in the Liana.\nNote: This was the first appearance by Ben Collins as the new Stig; his identity would remain a secret until August 2010.\n\n\n23\n3\nSeries 3, Episode 3\nBentley Continental GT • Subaru Legacy Outback\nSaab 9-5 Aero versus a BAe Sea Harrier • How to Escape from a Sinking Car • Top Gear Survey\nRob Brydon\n9 November 2003 (2003-11-09)\n4.02\n\n\nClarkson is unimpressed when he manages to secure the rights to test out the Bentley Continental GT, while he compares the hot Saab 9-5 Aero to an aeroplane. Meanwhile, May finds out whether the aristocracy will go for the Subaru Legacy Outback, Hammond investigate the dangers of being in a car that is sinking in water and how to quickly escape such a scenario, the Stig races a Saab around the track against a Harrier Jump Jet, and the results of the Top Gear Survey are in. Finally, Rob Brydon becomes the first Welshman to do a lap in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n24\n4\nSeries 3, Episode 4\nLamborghini Miura • Lamborghini Countach • Mini Cooper S Works • Lamborghini Gallardo\nLamborghini Tribute\nRich Hall • Jay Kay\n16 November 2003 (2003-11-16)\n4.59\n\n\nTop Gear celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Lamborghini by looking back at some of the classics by the company, including the 1967 Lamborghini Miura, an improved 1971 SV, the Lamborghini Countach, while there is a look at the Lamborghini LM002, Clarkson tests out the Lamborghini Gallardo, and the Murciélago is back to set a time on a dry track. Meanwhile, Hammond tests out several versions of the Mini Cooper S - the BMW-official Works Cooper S, the third-party tuned Hartge Cooper S, the Digi-tec Cooper S and the wild 275 bhp (205 kW) BBR Cooper S - while American comedian Rich Hall improvises a country song about a Rover 25 before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n25\n5\nSeries 3, Episode 5\nMazda RX-8 • Fiat Panda\nIs the Toyota Hilux really indestructible? • Hammond searches for future classic cars\nSimon Cowell\n23 November 2003 (2003-11-23)\n4.80\n\n\nClarkson sees how tough a Toyota Hilux pick-up truck truly is by putting it through a series of tests, including driving it through Bristol and nearly losing it to the sea, before returning to the test track to see what else it can withstand. Elsewhere, he tests the Mazda RX-8 on the track, while May drives the Fiat Panda up in Hertfordshire, and Hammond looks at several cars deemed to be good investments as future 'classic' cars. There's also the task of finding which is the best wig for a fast drive in an open top convertible, while Simon Cowell stops judging future singers to see if he can be judged the best at driving fast in the Liana.\n\n\n26\n6\nSeries 3, Episode 6\nCitroën C2 • Renault Mégane CC • Peugeot 307 CC • Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977) • Holden Monaro\nIs a Toyota Hilux really indestructible? – Part 2\nSanjeev Bhaskar\n7 December 2003 (2003-12-07)\n5.40\n\n\nMay sees what else can be done to prove that a Toyota Hilux is tough by placing the same Hilux from the last episode on top of a tower block due for demolition. He also reviews the Aston Martin V8 Vantage and discusses how British supercars differentiate from those elsewhere in the world, while Hammond sees whether the Renault Mégane CC and the Peugeot 307 CC are good hard-top convertibles, and Clarkson reviews the successor to the old Citroën Saxo, the Citroën C2, and takes a drive in Australia's first contribution to the motoring world - the Holden Monaro. Meanwhile, Sanjeev Bhaskar is the latest star to drive in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n27\n7\nSeries 3, Episode 7\nMG XPower SV • Porsche Cayenne Turbo • Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren\nWhich professor can do the best burn-out • What is the best British car: (Rover 75 • Morgan Plus 8 • Noble M12)\nRory Bremner\n14 December 2003 (2003-12-14)\n3.35\n\n\nThe beautiful and powerful MG XPower SV hits the track, but Clarkson is less impressed with it, while he also sees how good the off-road abilities of the Porsche Cayenne Turbo are by taking it to Bovington, Dorset. Meanwhile, Hammond travels to South Africa to review the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, there's a burn-out contest between Heinz Wolff, Brian Sewell and Colin Pillinger, and the presenters see which car is the best British car - the Noble M12, the Morgan Plus 8 and the Rover 75. Elsewhere, Rory Bremner impersonates voices for car adverts before seeing how he fared on the track in the Liana.\n\n\n28\n8\nSeries 3, Episode 8\nMercedes-Benz 280SL • Nissan Micra • Aston Martin Lagonda • Audi TT\nTop Gear Generation Game\nJohnny Vegas\n21 December 2003 (2003-12-21)\n3.15\n\n\nHammond sees how good a Nissan Micra is in comparison to a Boeing 737 (BBJ-2), while Clarkson tests out the Audi TT V6 after dressing for it, before seeing if car designs peaked in the '60s by testing out a '60s Mercedes-Benz 280SL (W113). Elsewhere, May drives the crazy and bold 1970s Aston Martin Lagonda, there's a duel-out between 5 of Hammond's modern cars versus 5 of Clarkson's older cars in a 1/5 mile drag race, and comedian Johnny Vegas proves he can drive fast in the Liana, even when he has no driving licence.\n\n\n29\n9\nSeries 3, Episode 9\nChrysler Crossfire • Smart Roadster (Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo) • Jaguar XJ6 • Honda Civic Type R • Honda NSX Type R\nTop Gear Awards 2003\nCarol Vorderman\n28 December 2003 (2003-12-28)\n4.24\n\n\nIt's a Cut-Price version of Top Gear this episode, after the budget for the series has been exhausted. The trio shoulder on regardless, with Clarkson driving the Chrysler Crossfire, Hammond handling a Smart Roadster Brabus V6 Biturbo and the Honda Civic Type-R hot hatch as well as the Honda NSX Type R Supercar, and May reviewing the Jaguar XJ6. The trio also host the Top Gear Awards for 2003, while Carol Vorderman sees if she can do better than (the late) Richard Whitely, when she takes the Liana around the test track.\n\n", "\n\nTotal\nNo.\nTitle\nReviews\nFeatures/challenges\nGuest(s)\nOriginal air date\nUK viewers\n(million)[1]\n\n\n21\n1\nSeries 3, Episode 1\nFord GT • BMW 5 Series • Porsche 911 GT3\nCan the diesel Volkswagen Lupo get better mpg than the petrol version?\nMartin Kemp\n26 October 2003 (2003-10-26)\n3.32\n\n\n\nClarkson heads to Detroit to find out how good the heavily-anticipated Ford GT handles against all its competitors, before finding out how well a diesel Volkswagen Lupo fares against its petrol version by doing a lap of the M25. Elsewhere, Hammond tests out the Porsche 911 GT3, May defends the BMW 5 Series, and the Stig drives fast with the trio's Jaguar XJS onboard the HMS Invincible with disastrous results. Meanwhile, singer and Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp, tries to see is he is better than Ross Kemp when he takes the Liana for a lap of the track.\nNote: This was the final appearance of the original Stig, Perry McCarthy; the segment involving him with the XJS and HMS Invincible was his scripted departure from the show.\n\n\n22\n2\nSeries 3, Episode 2\nBMW M3 CSL • BMW M1 • BMW M3 • BMW M5 •\nVolvo 240 attempts to jump four caravans • Best 2 seater sportscar: (Porsche Boxster • BMW Z4 • Honda S2000)\nStephen Fry\n2 November 2003 (2003-11-02)\n3.41\n\n\n\nBlack Stig is gone, and in his place is brand new, White Stig, who is quick to get to work by seeing how fast the BMW M3 CSL is on the track after Clarkson tests it out. Meanwhile, the trio head to the Isle of Man to find out which old BMW sports car is the best - the 1970s M1, the original M3, and the second-gen M5 - before testing out three two seater convertibles on the Isle - the BMW Z4, the Porsche Boxster and the Honda S2000. Finally, a Volvo 240 tries to jump five caravans side-by-side, and Stephen Fry discusses the advantages of driving his London Taxi before seeing how he fared in the Liana.\nNote: This was the first appearance by Ben Collins as the new Stig; his identity would remain a secret until August 2010.\n\n\n23\n3\nSeries 3, Episode 3\nBentley Continental GT • Subaru Legacy Outback\nSaab 9-5 Aero versus a BAe Sea Harrier • How to Escape from a Sinking Car • Top Gear Survey\nRob Brydon\n9 November 2003 (2003-11-09)\n4.02\n\n\nClarkson is unimpressed when he manages to secure the rights to test out the Bentley Continental GT, while he compares the hot Saab 9-5 Aero to an aeroplane. Meanwhile, May finds out whether the aristocracy will go for the Subaru Legacy Outback, Hammond investigate the dangers of being in a car that is sinking in water and how to quickly escape such a scenario, the Stig races a Saab around the track against a Harrier Jump Jet, and the results of the Top Gear Survey are in. Finally, Rob Brydon becomes the first Welshman to do a lap in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n24\n4\nSeries 3, Episode 4\nLamborghini Miura • Lamborghini Countach • Mini Cooper S Works • Lamborghini Gallardo\nLamborghini Tribute\nRich Hall • Jay Kay\n16 November 2003 (2003-11-16)\n4.59\n\n\nTop Gear celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Lamborghini by looking back at some of the classics by the company, including the 1967 Lamborghini Miura, an improved 1971 SV, the Lamborghini Countach, while there is a look at the Lamborghini LM002, Clarkson tests out the Lamborghini Gallardo, and the Murciélago is back to set a time on a dry track. Meanwhile, Hammond tests out several versions of the Mini Cooper S - the BMW-official Works Cooper S, the third-party tuned Hartge Cooper S, the Digi-tec Cooper S and the wild 275 bhp (205 kW) BBR Cooper S - while American comedian Rich Hall improvises a country song about a Rover 25 before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n25\n5\nSeries 3, Episode 5\nMazda RX-8 • Fiat Panda\nIs the Toyota Hilux really indestructible? • Hammond searches for future classic cars\nSimon Cowell\n23 November 2003 (2003-11-23)\n4.80\n\n\nClarkson sees how tough a Toyota Hilux pick-up truck truly is by putting it through a series of tests, including driving it through Bristol and nearly losing it to the sea, before returning to the test track to see what else it can withstand. Elsewhere, he tests the Mazda RX-8 on the track, while May drives the Fiat Panda up in Hertfordshire, and Hammond looks at several cars deemed to be good investments as future 'classic' cars. There's also the task of finding which is the best wig for a fast drive in an open top convertible, while Simon Cowell stops judging future singers to see if he can be judged the best at driving fast in the Liana.\n\n\n26\n6\nSeries 3, Episode 6\nCitroën C2 • Renault Mégane CC • Peugeot 307 CC • Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977) • Holden Monaro\nIs a Toyota Hilux really indestructible? – Part 2\nSanjeev Bhaskar\n7 December 2003 (2003-12-07)\n5.40\n\n\nMay sees what else can be done to prove that a Toyota Hilux is tough by placing the same Hilux from the last episode on top of a tower block due for demolition. He also reviews the Aston Martin V8 Vantage and discusses how British supercars differentiate from those elsewhere in the world, while Hammond sees whether the Renault Mégane CC and the Peugeot 307 CC are good hard-top convertibles, and Clarkson reviews the successor to the old Citroën Saxo, the Citroën C2, and takes a drive in Australia's first contribution to the motoring world - the Holden Monaro. Meanwhile, Sanjeev Bhaskar is the latest star to drive in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n27\n7\nSeries 3, Episode 7\nMG XPower SV • Porsche Cayenne Turbo • Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren\nWhich professor can do the best burn-out • What is the best British car: (Rover 75 • Morgan Plus 8 • Noble M12)\nRory Bremner\n14 December 2003 (2003-12-14)\n3.35\n\n\nThe beautiful and powerful MG XPower SV hits the track, but Clarkson is less impressed with it, while he also sees how good the off-road abilities of the Porsche Cayenne Turbo are by taking it to Bovington, Dorset. Meanwhile, Hammond travels to South Africa to review the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, there's a burn-out contest between Heinz Wolff, Brian Sewell and Colin Pillinger, and the presenters see which car is the best British car - the Noble M12, the Morgan Plus 8 and the Rover 75. Elsewhere, Rory Bremner impersonates voices for car adverts before seeing how he fared on the track in the Liana.\n\n\n28\n8\nSeries 3, Episode 8\nMercedes-Benz 280SL • Nissan Micra • Aston Martin Lagonda • Audi TT\nTop Gear Generation Game\nJohnny Vegas\n21 December 2003 (2003-12-21)\n3.15\n\n\nHammond sees how good a Nissan Micra is in comparison to a Boeing 737 (BBJ-2), while Clarkson tests out the Audi TT V6 after dressing for it, before seeing if car designs peaked in the '60s by testing out a '60s Mercedes-Benz 280SL (W113). Elsewhere, May drives the crazy and bold 1970s Aston Martin Lagonda, there's a duel-out between 5 of Hammond's modern cars versus 5 of Clarkson's older cars in a 1/5 mile drag race, and comedian Johnny Vegas proves he can drive fast in the Liana, even when he has no driving licence.\n\n\n29\n9\nSeries 3, Episode 9\nChrysler Crossfire • Smart Roadster (Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo) • Jaguar XJ6 • Honda Civic Type R • Honda NSX Type R\nTop Gear Awards 2003\nCarol Vorderman\n28 December 2003 (2003-12-28)\n4.24\n\n\nIt's a Cut-Price version of Top Gear this episode, after the budget for the series has been exhausted. The trio shoulder on regardless, with Clarkson driving the Chrysler Crossfire, Hammond handling a Smart Roadster Brabus V6 Biturbo and the Honda Civic Type-R hot hatch as well as the Honda NSX Type R Supercar, and May reviewing the Jaguar XJ6. The trio also host the Top Gear Awards for 2003, while Carol Vorderman sees if she can do better than (the late) Richard Whitely, when she takes the Liana around the test track.\n\n" ]	[ "25", "26" ]
-6404411362494021174	Selective Service Act of 1917	Selective service Act of 1917 - wikipedia Selective service Act of 1917 Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox U.S. legislation is being considered for merging . '' Selective Service Act of 1917 Other short titles Conscription Act of 1916 Enrollment Act of 1916 Long title An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the military establishment of the United States . Nicknames Selective Draft Act of 1916 Enacted by the 65th United States Congress Effective May 18 , 1917 Citations Public law 69 - 96 Statutes at Large 40 Stat. 76 , Chapter 15 Codification Titles amended 50 U.S.C. : War and National Defense U.S.C. sections created 50 U.S.C. Appendix § § 201 -- 211 , 213 , 214 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3545 by Julius Kahn ( R -- CA ) on April 27 , 1916 Passed the House on April 28 , 1917 ( 398 -- 24 ) Passed the Senate on April 28 , 1917 ( 81 -- 8 , in lieu of S. 1871 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 16 , 1917 ; agreed to by the House on May 16 , 1917 ( 198 -- 179 ) and by the Senate on May 17 , 1917 ( 65 -- 8 ) Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 18 , 1917 Sheet music cover for patriotic song , 1917 The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act ( Pub. L. 65 -- 12 , 40 Stat. 76 , enacted May 18 , 1917 ) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people . It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson 's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917 . The Act itself was drafted by then - Captain ( later Brigadier General ) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany . The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November , 1918 . The Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases in 1918 , a decision based partially on Vattel 's The Law of Nations of 1758 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Effects 1.3 Differences from previous drafts 1.4 National registration days and termination 2 Draft categories 2.1 African - Americans 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) At the time of World War I , the U.S. Army was small compared with the mobilized armies of the European powers . As late as 1914 , the federal army was under 100,000 , while the National Guard ( the organized militias of the states ) numbered around 115,000 . The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the growth of the army to 165,000 and the National Guard to 450,000 by 1921 , but by 1917 the federal army had only expanded to around 121,000 , with the National Guard numbering 181,000 . By 1916 , it had become clear that any participation by the United States in the conflict in Europe would require a far larger army . While President Wilson at first wished to use only volunteers to supply the troops needed to fight , it soon became clear that this would be impossible . When war was declared , Wilson asked for the army to increase to a force of one million . Indeed , six weeks after war was declared , only 73,000 had volunteered for service . Wilson accepted the recommendation by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker for a draft . General Enoch H. Crowder , the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army , when asked for his thoughts on the proposal , at first indicated his displeasure . Later , with the assistance of Captain Hugh Johnson and others , Crowder guided the bill through Congress and administered the draft as the Provost Marshal General . A problem that came up in the writing of the bill and its negotiation through Congress was the desire of former President Theodore Roosevelt to assemble a volunteer force to go to Europe . President Wilson and others , including army officers , were reluctant to permit this for a variety of reasons . The final bill contained a compromise provision permitting the president to raise four volunteer divisions , a power Wilson did not exercise . To sell the idea that the war and draft were right to an uninterested populace , George Creel , a veteran of the newspaper industry , became the United States ' official war propagandist . He set up the Committee on Public Information , which organized 75,000 speakers and conducted 750,000 four - minute speeches in 5,000 cities and towns across America . Creel later helped form the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy , putting Samuel Gompers in charge as president in order to `` unify sentiment in the nation '' in favor of the war . With branches in 164 cities , many labor leaders went along although `` rank - and - file working class support for the war remained lukewarm ... '' and was ultimately unsuccessful . Many prominent Socialist leaders became pro-war , though the majority did not . Effects ( edit ) By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act , all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service . At the request of the War Department , Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45 , and to bar further volunteering . By the end of World War I , some 2 million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services , and some 2.8 million had been drafted . This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted . Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude , the World War I draft had a high success rate , with fewer than 350,000 men '' dodging '' the draft . Differences from previous drafts ( edit ) Young men at the first national registration day held in association with the Selective Service Act of 1917 . The biggest difference between the draft established by the Selective Service Act of 1917 and the Civil War draft was that a substitute could no longer be hired to fight in a man 's place . In the Civil War , men who did not desire to fight could hire a substitute . However , because it was expensive to hire someone , only very affluent people could afford to do so . This resulted in a disproportionately low number of wealthy men fighting in the war . There was not a specific draft order for the draftee to be put into the service . However , Section Three of the Selective Service Act of 1917 stated : No person liable to military service shall hereafter be permitted or allowed to furnish a substitute for such service ; nor shall any substitute be received , enlisted , or enrolled in the military service of the United States ; and no such person shall be permitted to escape such service or to be discharged therefrom prior to the expiration of his term of service by the payment of money or any other valuable thing whatsoever as consideration his release from military service or liability there to . National registration days and termination ( edit ) During World War I there were three registrations . The first , on June 5 , 1917 , was for all men between the ages of 21 and 31 . The second , on June 5 , 1918 , registered those who attained age 21 after June 5 , 1917 . A supplemental registration , included in the second registration , was held on August 24 , 1918 , for those becoming 21 years old after June 5 , 1918 . The third registration was held on September 12 , 1918 , for men age 18 through 45 . The act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases , 245 U.S. 366 ( 1918 ) . The Solicitor General 's argument , and the court 's opinion , were based primarily on Kneedler v. Lane , 45 Pa. 238 , 252 ( 1863 ) , and Vattel 's The Law of Nations ( 1758 ) . After the signing of the armistice of November 11 , 1918 , the activities of the Selective Service System were rapidly curtailed . On March 31 , 1919 , all local , district , and medical advisory boards were closed , and on May 21 , 1919 , the last state headquarters closed operations . The Provost Marshal General was relieved from duty on July 15 , 1919 , thereby finally terminating the activities of the Selective Service System of World War I . Draft categories ( edit ) Conscription was by class . The first candidates were to be drawn from Class I. Members of each class below Class I were available only if the pool of all available and potential candidates in the class above it were exhausted . Class Categories ( May 1917 -- July 1919 ) I . Eligible and liable for military service . Unmarried registrants with no dependents , Married registrants with independent spouse and / or one or more dependent children over 16 with sufficient family income if drafted . II . Temporarily deferred , but available for military service . Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or dependent children under 16 with sufficient family income if drafted . III . Temporarily exempted , but available for military service . Local officials , Registrants who provide sole family income for dependent parents and / or dependent siblings under 16 , Registrants employed in agricultural labor or industrial enterprises essential to the war effort . IV . Exempted due to extreme hardship . Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or dependent children with insufficient family income if drafted , Registrants with deceased spouse who provide sole family income for dependent children under 16 , Registrants with deceased parents who provide sole family income for dependent siblings under 16 . V . Exempted or ineligible for induction into military service . State or Federal officials , Officers and enlisted men in the military or naval service of the United States , Licensed pilots employed in the pursuit of their vocation Members of the clergy , Students who on or before May 18 , 1917 had been preparing for the ministry in a recognized theological or divinity school , Registrants who were deemed either medically disabled ( permanently physically and / or mentally unfit ) or `` morally unfit '' for military service , Registrants shown to have been convicted of any crime designated as treason or felony , or an `` infamous '' crime , Enemy aliens and resident aliens . African - Americans ( edit ) The American military was entirely segregated during World War I . Although the military training of black Americans was staunchly opposed by white supremacist politicians such as Sen. James K. Vardaman ( D - Mississippi ) and Sen. Benjamin Tillman ( D - South Carolina ) , the decision was nevertheless made to include African - Americans in the 1917 draft . A total of 290,527 black Americans were ultimately registered for the draft during the two calls of June 2 and September 12 , 1917 -- 9.6 percent of the total American pool for potential conscription . Draft board officials were given the instruction to tear off the lower left - hand corner of the Selective Service forms filled out by black registrants to tag these for segregated units . The August 1917 Houston Riot of armed African - American soldiers spurred by racist behavior by some Houston police officials additionally shaped the War Department 's decision - making , and the great majority of black soldiers were delegated to the building of roads , unloading of shipping , and other forms of common labor . Only two combat units of African - Americans were ultimately established -- the 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions . Black Americans were entirely excluded from the United States Marine Corps and were consigned to menial labor in the United States Navy for the duration of the world war . See also ( edit ) Conscription in the United States Selective Service System Footnotes ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Selective Service Act of 1917 ^ Jump up to : Leach , Jack Franklin ( 1952 ) . Conscription in the United States : Historical Background . Rutland , Vt. : C.E. Tuttle Pub. Co. p. vi . OCLC 1727243 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Grotelueschen , The AEF Way of War : The American Army and Combat in World War I ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 364 . http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( University Press of Kentucky , 1998 ) : 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , The Corporate Ideal in the United States 1900 -- 1918 . ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 364 - 365 . http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html Jump up ^ Coffman , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History & Records '' . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Swarthmore College Peace Collection , MILITARY CLASSIFICATIONS For Draftees , WORLD WAR I ( 1917 ) ^ Jump up to : Chad L. Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy : African American Soldiers in the World War I Era . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 2010 ; pg. 53 . Jump up ^ Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy , pg. 54 . Jump up ^ Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy , pg. 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy , pg. 6 . External links ( edit ) Wood , Margaret . `` World War I : Conscription Laws . '' Library of Congress Blog . September 13 , 2016 . Last accessed May 9 , 2017 . `` World War I . '' Library of Congress Online . Last accessed May 9 , 2017 . `` An Act To authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States . '' Statutes at Large . May 18 , 1917 , H.R. 3545 . Last accessed May 9 , 2017 . An Act Amending the Act entitled `` An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States , '' approved May eighteenth , nineteen hundred and seventeen . Statutes at Large . Web . August 31 , 1918 , H.R. 12731 . Last accessed May 9 . 2017 . 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About Wikipedia	whom did the selective service act of 1917 authorize the armed forces to conscript	[ "By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act, all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service. At the request of the War Department, Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45, and to bar further volunteering.[7] By the end of World War I, some 2 million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services, and some 2.8 million had been drafted.[8] This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted. Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude, the World War I draft had a high success rate, with fewer than 350,000 men ”dodging” the draft." ]	[ "all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service" ]
8041727634041017521	Anthony the Great	Anthony the Great - wikipedia Anthony the Great Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Saint Anthony ( disambiguation ) . `` Antonious '' redirects here . For Antonius , see Antonius . Saint Anthony the Great A Coptic icon , showing , in the lower left , St. Anthony with St. Paul the First Hermit Venerable and God - bearing Father of Monasticism c. 251 Herakleopolis Magna , Egypt 356 Mount Colzim , Egypt Venerated in Coptic Orthodox Church Assyrian Church of the East Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Roman Catholic Church Anglicanism Lutheranism Major shrine Monastery of St. Anthony , Egypt Saint - Antoine - l'Abbaye , France Feast 17 January ( 22 Tobi ) Attributes bell ; pig ; book ; Tau cross Tau cross with bell pendant Patronage Skin diseases , basket makers , brushmakers , gravediggers , Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy , Rome Saint Anthony or Antony ( Greek : Ἀντώνιος , Antṓnios ; Latin : Antonius , Coptic : Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓ , lit . Avva Antoni ; c. 251 -- 356 ) was a Christian monk from Egypt , revered since his death as a saint . He is distinguished from other saints named Anthony by various epithets : Anthony the Great , Anthony of Egypt , Anthony the Abbot , Anthony of the Desert , Anthony the Anchorite , and Anthony of Thebes . For his importance among the Desert Fathers and to all later Christian monasticism , he is also known as the Father of All Monks . His feast day is celebrated on January 17 among the Orthodox and Catholic churches and on Tobi 22 in the Egyptian calendar used by the Coptic Church . The biography of Anthony 's life by Athanasius of Alexandria helped to spread the concept of Christian monasticism , particularly in Western Europe via its Latin translations . He is often erroneously considered the first Christian monk , but as his biography and other sources make clear , there were many ascetics before him . Anthony was , however , the first to go into the wilderness ( about AD 270 ) , which seems to have contributed to his renown . Accounts of Anthony enduring supernatural temptation during his sojourn in the Eastern Desert of Egypt inspired the often - repeated subject of the temptation of St. Anthony in Western art and literature . Anthony is appealed to against infectious diseases , particularly skin diseases . In the past , many such afflictions , including ergotism , erysipelas , and shingles , were referred to as St. Anthony 's fire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 Hermit 1.3 Father of Monks 1.4 Final days 2 Temptation 2.1 The satyr and the centaur 2.2 Silver and gold 2.3 Demons in the cave 3 Veneration 4 Coptic literature 5 Popular literature 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Anthony was born in Coma in Lower Egypt in AD 251 to wealthy landowner parents . When he was about 18 years old , his parents died and left him with the care of his unmarried sister . Shortly thereafter , he decided to follow the Evangelical counsel of Jesus which reads , `` If you want to be perfect , go , sell what you have and give to the poor , and you will have treasures in heaven . '' Anthony gave away some of his family 's lands to his neighbors , sold the remaining property , and donated the funds thus raised to the poor . He then left to live an ascetic life , placing his sister with a group of Christian virgins , a sort of proto - convent . Hermit ( edit ) Painting of Saint Anthony , a part of The Visitation with Saint Nicholas and Saint Anthony Abbot by Piero di Cosimo , c. 1480 For the next fifteen years , Anthony remained in the area , spending the first years as the disciple of another local hermit . There are various legends associating Anthony with pigs : one is that he worked as a swineherd during this period . Anthony is sometimes considered the first monk , and the first to initiate solitary desertification , but there were others before him . There were already ascetic pagan hermits ( the Therapeutae ) and loosely organized cenobitic communities were described by the Hellenized Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria in the 1st century AD as long established in the harsh environment of Lake Mareotis and in other less accessible regions . Philo opined that `` this class of persons may be met with in many places , for both Greece and barbarian countries want to enjoy whatever is perfectly good . '' Christian ascetics such as Thecla had likewise retreated to isolated locations at the outskirts of cities . Anthony is notable for having decided to surpass this tradition and headed out into the desert proper . He left for the alkaline Nitrian Desert ( later the location of the noted monasteries of Nitria , Kellia , and Scetis ) on the edge of the Western Desert about 95 km ( 59 mi ) west of Alexandria . He remained there for 13 years . According to Athanasius , the devil fought Anthony by afflicting him with boredom , laziness , and the phantoms of women , which he overcame by the power of prayer , providing a theme for Christian art . After that , he moved to a tomb , where he resided and closed the door on himself , depending on some local villagers who brought him food . When the devil perceived his ascetic life and his intense worship , he was envious and beat him mercilessly , leaving him unconscious . When his friends from the local village came to visit him and found him in this condition , they carried him to a church . After he recovered , he made a second effort and went back into the desert to a farther mountain by the Nile called Pispir ( now Der - el - Memun ) , opposite Arsinoe . There he lived strictly enclosed in an old abandoned Roman fort for some 20 years . According to Athanasius , the devil again resumed his war against Anthony , only this time the phantoms were in the form of wild beasts , wolves , lions , snakes , and scorpions . They appeared as if they were about to attack him or cut him into pieces . But the saint would laugh at them scornfully and say , `` If any of you have any authority over me , only one would have been sufficient to fight me . '' At his saying this , they disappeared as though in smoke . While in the fort he only communicated with the outside world by a crevice through which food would be passed and he would say a few words . Anthony would prepare a quantity of bread that would sustain him for six months . He did not allow anyone to enter his cell ; whoever came to him stood outside and listened to his advice . Then one day he emerged from the fort with the help of villagers , who broke down the door . By this time most had expected him to have wasted away or to have gone insane in his solitary confinement . Instead , he emerged healthy , serene , and enlightened . Everyone was amazed that he had been through these trials and emerged spiritually rejuvenated . He was hailed as a hero and from this time forth the legend of Anthony began to spread and grow . Anthony went to Fayyum and confirmed the brethren there in the Christian faith before returning to his fort . Amid the Diocletian Persecutions , Anthony wished to become a martyr and in 311 went to Alexandria . He visited those who were imprisoned for the sake of Christ and comforted them . When the Governor saw that he was confessing his Christianity publicly , not caring what might happen to him , he ordered him not to show up in the city . However , the Saint did not heed his threats . He faced him and argued with him in order that he might arouse his anger so that he might be tortured and martyred , but it did not happen . Father of monks ( edit ) The former main altar of the hermitage church in Warfhuizen in the Netherlands with a mural of Anthony the Abbot and a reliquary with some of his relics . Since then they have been moved to a new golden shrine on a side altar especially made for them Four tales on Anthony the Great by Vitale da Bologna at the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna At the end of the persecutions , Anthony returned to his old Roman fort . By this time , many more had heard of his sanctity and he had many more visitors than before . He saw these visits as interfering with his worship and went further into the Eastern Desert . He traveled for three days before reaching a small oasis with a spring and some palm trees and chose to settle there . Disciples soon found him out and his number of visitors again continued to grow . Anthony had not been the first ascetic or hermit , but he may properly be called the `` Father of Monasticism '' in Christianity , as he organized his disciples into a worshipful community and inspired similar withdrawn communities throughout Egypt and , following the spread of Athanasius 's hagiography , the Greek and Roman world . His follower Macarius the Great was particularly active in continuing his legacy . Anthony anticipated the rule of Benedict by about 200 years , engaging himself and his disciples in manual labor . Anthony himself cultivated a garden and wove rush mats . He and his disciples were regularly sought for words of enlightenment . These statements were later collected into the book of Sayings of the Desert Fathers . Anthony himself is said to have spoken to those of a spiritual disposition personally , leaving the task of addressing the more worldly visitors to Macarius . On occasions , he would go to the monastery on the outskirts of the desert by the Nile to visit the brethren , then return to his inner monastery . A background story of one of the surviving epistles , directed to Constantine I , recounts how the fame of Saint Anthony spread abroad and reached Emperor Constantine . The Emperor wrote to him offering praise and requesting prayers . The brethren were pleased with the Emperor 's letter , but Anthony did not pay any attention to it , and he said to them , `` The books of God , the King of Kings and the Lord of Lords , commands us every day , but we do not heed what they tell us , and we turn our backs on them . '' Under the persistence of the brethren who told him `` Emperor Constantine loves the church '' , he accepted to write him a letter blessing him , and praying for the peace and safety of the empire and the church . According to Athanasius , Saint Anthony heard a voice telling him `` Go out and see . '' He went out and saw an angel who wore a girdle with a cross , one resembling the holy Eskiem ( Tonsure or Schema ) , and on his head was a head cover ( Kolansowa ) . He was sitting while braiding palm leaves , then he stood up to pray , and again he sat to weave . A voice came to him saying , `` Anthony , do this and you will rest . '' Henceforth , he started to wear this tunic that he saw , and began to weave palm leaves , and never was bored again . Saint Anthony prophesied about the persecution that was about to happen to the church and the control of the heretics over it , the church victory and its return to its former glory , and the end of the age . When Saint Macarius visited Anthony , Anthony clothed him with the monk 's garb and foretold him what would happen to him . When the day drew near for the departure of Saint Paul the First Hermit in the desert , Saint Anthony went to him and buried him , after clothing him in a tunic which was a present from St Athanasius the Apostolic , the 20th Patriarch of Alexandria . In 338 , he left the desert temporarily to visit Alexandria to help refute the teachings of Arius . Although not particularly learned , Anthony was able to confound the Arians . Final days ( edit ) When Saint Anthony felt that the day of his departure had approached , he commanded his disciples to give his staff to Saint Macarius , and to give one sheepskin cloak to Saint Athanasius and the other sheepskin cloak to Saint Serapion , his disciple . He further instructed his disciples to bury his body in an unmarked , secret grave . He probably spoke only his native language , Coptic , but his sayings were spread in a Greek translation . He himself left no writings . His biography was written by Saint Athanasius and titled Life of Saint Anthony the Great . Many stories are also told about him in various collections of sayings of the Desert Fathers . A copy by the young Michelangelo after an engraving by Martin Schongauer around 1487 -- 9 , The Torment of Saint Anthony . Oil and tempera on panel . One of many artistic depictions of Saint Anthony 's trials in the desert . Though Anthony himself did not organize or create a monastery , a community grew around him based on his example of living an ascetic and isolated life . Athanasius ' biography helped propagate Anthony 's ideals . Athanasius writes , `` For monks , the life of Anthony is a sufficient example of asceticism . '' Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures , often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals . The biography of Anthony 's life by Athanasius of Alexandria helped to spread the concept of Christian monasticism , particularly in Western Europe via its Latin translations . He is often erroneously considered the first Christian monk , but as his biography and other sources make clear , there were many ascetics before him . Anthony was , however , the first to go into the wilderness ( about ad 270 ) , a geographical move that seems to have contributed to his renown. ( 6 ) Accounts of Anthony enduring supernatural temptation during his sojourn in the Eastern Desert of Egypt inspired the often - repeated subject of the temptation of St. Anthony in Western art and literature . Anthony is appealed to against infectious diseases , particularly skin diseases . In the past , many such afflictions , including ergotism , erysipelas , and shingles , were referred to as St. Anthony 's fire . Temptation ( edit ) See also : Temptation of Saint Anthony in visual arts Famously , Anthony is said to have faced a series of supernatural temptations during his pilgrimage to the desert . The first to report on the temptation was his contemporary Athanasius of Alexandria . It is possible these events , like the paintings , are full of rich metaphor or in the case of the animals of the desert , perhaps a vision or dream . Some of the stories included in Saint Anthony 's biography are perpetuated now mostly in paintings , where they give an opportunity for artists to depict their more lurid or bizarre interpretations . Many artists , including Martin Schongauer , Hieronymus Bosch , Dorothea Tanning , Max Ernst , Leonora Carrington and Salvador Dalí , have depicted these incidents from the life of Anthony ; in prose , the tale was retold and embellished by Gustave Flaubert in The Temptation of Saint Anthony . Emphasis on these stories , however , did not really begin until the Middle Ages , when the psychology of the individual became of greater interest . Below are some of the tales . The satyr and the centaur ( edit ) The Meeting of Saint Anthony and Saint Paul , Master of the Osservanza , 15th century Saint Anthony was on a journey in the desert to find Saint Paul of Thebes , who according to his dream was a better Hermit than he . Saint Anthony had been under the impression that he was the first person to ever dwell in the desert ; however , due to the dream , Saint Anthony was called into the desert to find his `` better '' , Saint Paul . On his way there , he ran into two demons in the forms of a centaur and a satyr , which Western theology considers to have been temptations . At any rate , he was stopped by the two demons and he asked them , `` Who are you ? '' To that the satyr replied , `` I am a corpse , one of those whom the heathen call satyrs , and by whom they are snared into idolatry . '' The satyr then tried to terrify the saint while the centaur acknowledged the overthrow of the gods . In the end , the centaur tried to show Saint Anthony the way to his destination while the satyr ended up asking for Saint Anthony 's blessing . Silver and gold ( edit ) Another time Saint Anthony was travelling in the desert and found a plate of silver coins in his path . Demons in the cave ( edit ) Once , Saint Anthony tried hiding in a cave to escape the demons that plagued him . There were so many little demons in the cave though that Saint Anthony 's servant had to carry him out because they had beaten him to death . When the hermits were gathered to Saint Anthony 's corpse to mourn his death , Saint Anthony was revived . He demanded that his servants take him back to that cave where the demons had beaten him . When he got there he called out to the demons , and they came back as wild beasts to rip him to shreds . All of a sudden a bright light flashed , and the demons ran away . Saint Anthony knew that the light must have come from God , and he asked God where was he before when the demons attacked him . God replied , `` I was here but I would see and abide to see thy battle , and because thou hast mainly fought and well maintained thy battle , I shall make thy name to be spread through all the world . '' Veneration ( edit ) Most of what is known about Saint Anthony comes from the Life of Anthony . Written in Greek around 360 by Athanasius of Alexandria , it depicts Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth , which always is in harmony with that of Athanasius as the biographer . Sometime before 374 it was translated into Latin by Evagrius of Antioch . The Latin translation helped the Life become one of the best known works of literature in the Christian world , a status it would hold through the Middle Ages . In addition to the Life , several surviving homilies and epistles of varying authenticity provide some additional autobiographical detail . Pilgrimage banners from the shrine in Warfhuizen Anthony had been secretly buried on the mountain - top where he had chosen to live . His remains were reportedly discovered in 361 , and transferred to Alexandria . Some time later , they were taken from Alexandria to Constantinople , so that they might escape the destruction being perpetrated by invading Saracens . In the eleventh century , the Byzantine emperor gave them to the French Count Jocelin . Jocelin had them transferred to La - Motte - Saint - Didier , which was then renamed Saint - Antoine - en - Dauphiné . There , Anthony is credited with assisting in a number of miraculous healings , primarily from ergotism , which became known as `` St. Anthony 's Fire '' . He was credited by two local noblemen of assisting them in recovery from the disease . They then founded the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony in honor of him , who specialized in nursing the victims of skin diseases . Veneration of Anthony in the East is more restrained . There are comparatively few icons and paintings of him . He is , however , regarded as the `` first master of the desert and the pinnacle of holy monks '' , and there are monastic communities of the Maronite , Chaldean , and Orthodox churches which state that they follow his monastic rule . During the Middle Ages , Anthony , along with Quirinus of Neuss , Cornelius and Hubertus , was venerated as one of the Four Holy Marshals ( Vier Marschälle Gottes ) in the Rhineland . Coptic literature ( edit ) Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy ( show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Hadewijch Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas , 1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso Examples of purely Coptic literature are the works of Saint Anthony and Saint Pachomius , who only spoke Coptic , and the sermons and preachings of Saint Shenouda the Archmandrite , who chose to only write in Coptic . Saint Shenouda was a popular leader who only spoke to Egyptians in the Egyptian language ( Coptic ) , not in Greek . The earliest original writings in Coptic language were the letters by Saint Anthony . During the 3rd and 4th centuries many ecclesiastics and monks wrote in Coptic . Popular literature ( edit ) The main character in the Hervey Allen novel Anthony Adverse , and the 1936 film of the same name , is an abandoned child who is placed in a foundling wheel on the saint 's feast day , and given the name Anthony in his honor . See also ( edit ) Saints portal Coptic Saints Chariton the Confessor , contemporary monk in the Judaean desert Monastery of Saint Anthony , Egypt Patron saints of ailments , illness and dangers The Temptation of St. Anthony St. Anthony Hall Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jack Tresidder , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Complete Dictionary of Symbols . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4767 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Hilarie ; James Cornwell ( 2009 ) . Saints , Signs , and Symbols ( 3rd ed . ) . Harrisburg : Morehouse Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8192 - 2345 - X . Jump up ^ Liechtenstein , the Princely Collections , catalogue of Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , p. 276 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Walsh , ed. ( 1991 ) . Butler 's Lives of the Saints ( Concise , Revised & Updated , 1st HarperCollins ed . ) . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 069299 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica , Cenni storici ( 1701 - 2001 ) '' . Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica ( in Italian ) . Vatican , Roman Curia . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Endsjø , Dag Øistein ( 2008 ) . Primordial landscapes , Incorruptible Bodies . New York : Peter Lang Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4331 - 0181 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : EB ( 1878 ) . Jump up ^ Athanasius ( 1998 ) . Life of Antony. 3 . Carolinne White , trans . London : Penguin Books . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2377 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : EB ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ Sax , Boria . `` How Saint Anthony Brought Fire to the World '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A few words about the life and writings of St. Anthony the Great '' . orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Philo . De Vita Contemplativa ( English : The Contemplative Life ) ... Jump up ^ `` Britannica , Saint Anthony '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Anthony Father of the Monks '' . www.coptic.net . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia -- St. Anthony '' . New Advent . ^ Jump up to : González , Justo ( 1984 ) , The Story of Christianity , Prince Press , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 522 - 7 , retrieved 18 May 2013 Jump up ^ Vitae Patrum , Book 1a - Collected from Jerome . Ch . VI Jump up ^ Bacchus , Francis . `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Saint Paul the Hermit '' . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Venerable and God - bearing Father Anthony the Great '' . oca.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Legend : The Life of Anthony of Egypt '' . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Essential Writings of Christian Mysticism , Bernhart McGinn ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7421 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Quirinus von Rom '' ( English : Quirinus of Rome ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coptic Literature '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . References ( edit ) Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) , `` Saint Anthony '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 106 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) , `` Anthony , Saint '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 96 -- 97 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthony the Great . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anthony the Great `` Spiritual Considerations on the Life of Saint Antony the Great '' is a manuscript , from 1864 , in Arabic , that is a translation of a Latin work about the life of Saint Anthony `` Saint Anthony Abbot '' at the Christian Iconography website `` Of the Life of Saint Anthony '' from Caxton 's translation of the Golden Legend Colonnade Statue in St Peter 's Square Life of Anthony public domain audiobook at LibriVox Coptic Orthodox Saints Theotokos Our Lady of Assiut Our Lady of Warraq Our Lady of Zeitoun , , , Seven Archangels Michael Gabriel Raphael Suriel Zedekiel Sarathiel Aniel Patriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Prophets Moses Job Samuel David Hosea Amos Micah Joel Obadiah Jonah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Isaiah Jeremiah Baruch Ezekiel Daniel John the Baptist Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James , son of Alphaeus James , son of Zebedee John Jude Matthew Matthias Peter Philip Simon Thomas Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John Disciples Apollos Barnabas Mary Magdalene Philemon Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Martyrs 21 martyrs in Libya Abāmūn Abāmūn Abanoub Abaskhiron Alexandrian Martyrs Apollonia Barbara Bashnouna Basilides Catherine Chiaffredo Theodore Stratelates Chrysanthus Colluthus Cyprian Cyrus Sarah Damian Daria Dasya George Demiana Dorothea Epimachus Faustus , Abibus and Dionysius Felix Gallicanus George el - Mozahem Gereon Theban Legion Varus Theodora and Didymus Hor , Besoy , and Daydara Otimus Memnon Rais Imbaba Martyrs John Moura John of Senhout Elias and four companions Justina Kosheh Martyrs Saint Marina the Martyr Malati Maspero Martyrs Maurice Menas Mohrael Nah Hammadi Philotheos Potamiana Regula Sidhom Bishay Thecla Theoclia Veronica Wanas Wadamoun Popes Mark I Anianus Avilius Kedron Primus Justus Eumenes Markianos Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophanes Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodolos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II ( current ) Bishops Abadiu of Antinoe Abraam of Faiyum Alexander of Jerusalem Amun of Scetes Athanasius of Beni Suef Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Epiphanius of Cyprus Eusebius of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Gregory of Neocaesarea Hadra of Aswan Ignatius of Antioch Isidorus of Hermonpolis Jacob of Nisibis James of Cairo James of Jerusalem John of Nikiu John of Jerusalem Karas of California Macarius of Edkow Mikhaeil of Asyut Narcissus of Jerusalem Nicholas of Myra Paphnutius of Scetes Paphnutius of Thebes Peter Elrahawy of Gaza Pisentius of Qift Pisentius of Hermonthis Pisora of Masil Polycarp of Smyrna Porphyry of Gaza Ptolemy of Minuf Psote of Ebsay Sarapamon of Monufia Sarapamon of Niku Serapion of Thmuis Severian of Gabala Yousab el - Abah of Girga Timothy of Ansena Zacharias of Sakha Anchorites Annasimon Babnuda Balamon Elisa Ezekiel Ghalion Hedra Hermina Karas Keriakos Latsoun Mary Misael Olaghi Onuphrius Paphnutius Paul Pijimi Shenouda Silas Stephanos Stratios Timothy Thomas Yousab Zosimas Monks Ababius Abdel Messih El - Makari Abib and Apollo Abraham of Farshut Abraham of Scetes Amun Anthony the Great Awgin Bashnouna Hilarion Isaac of Nineveh Isidore of Pelusium John Climacus John the Dwarf Macarius of Alexandria Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Mother Irini Hospitius Nilus of Sinai Pachomius the Great Pambo Parsoma Paul of Thebes Paul of Tammah Paul the Simple Patapios of Thebes Pishoy Poemen Samuel the Confessor Saint Patapios of Thebes Tekle Haymanot Clement of Alexandria Sisoes the Great Theodorus of Tabennese Theodora of Alexandria Other Saints Ambrose Didymus the Blind Euphrosyne Freig Candidus Simon the Tanner Verena Oriental Orthodoxy portal VIAF : 107024917 LCCN : n50030399 ISNI : 0000 0001 0930 3858 GND : 118649728 SELIBR : 174793 SUDOC : 026688549 BNF : cb118889671 ( data ) NLA : 36507903 NDL : 00620271 NKC : jn20000700067 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 054278 SNAC : w60p1dp1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_the_Great&oldid=827307339 '' Categories : Anthony the Great 251 births 356 deaths Saints from Roman Egypt Egyptian hermits Egyptian centenarians Egyptian Christian monks 3rd - 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6715349832542785815	Chrissy Metz	Chrissy Metz - wikipedia Chrissy Metz Chrissy Metz Metz in 2017 Christine Michelle Metz ( 1980 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Homestead , Florida , U.S. Occupation Actress singer Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Martyn Eaden ( m . 2008 ; div. 2015 ) Christine Michelle Metz ( born September 29 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She is known for playing Kate Pearson in the NBC drama This Is Us , for which she has earned Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2017 ) and Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 and 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Metz was born to Denise and Mark Metz and raised in Homestead , Florida . She spent her formative years in Japan , where her father , Mark Metz , was stationed with the United States Navy . The family later moved back to Gainesville , Florida , where she attended elementary , middle , and high school . She grew up with her mother , stepfather , two siblings , and two half - siblings . Career ( edit ) Metz is best known for her role as Kate Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us , which earned her Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations . She is also known for her role in FX 's American Horror Story : Freak Show . Metz is a singer in her band Chrissy and The Vapors . In early 2018 , it was announced that Metz would star in The Impossible Movie , working with producer DeVon Franklin . She is cast as Joyce Smith , the mother of John , a 14 - year - old boy who fell through an icy Missouri lake and was proclaimed dead . The movie , based on the book written by Smith herself , tells the true story of how a mother 's devotion and dedication brings her son back to life . Personal life ( edit ) On January 5 , 2008 , Metz married British journalist Martyn Eaden in a Santa Barbara , California beachside ceremony . They separated in January 2013 , and Eaden filed for divorce from Metz in November 2014 , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . On December 11 , 2015 , their divorce was finalized . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Loveless in Los Angeles Bonnie 2008 The Onion Movie Heavy Girl 2018 Sierra Burgess Is a Loser Trish 2019 Breakthrough Joyce Smith Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Entourage Counter Girl Episode : `` The Sundance Kids '' 2005 All Of Us Ruby Episode : `` If You Ca n't Stand the Heat '' 2008 My Name Is Earl Chunk Episode : `` We 've Got Spirit '' 2009 Solving Charlie Maggie Harmon Television movie Huge Shoshanna Episode : `` Talent Night '' 2014 -- 15 American Horror Story : Freak Show Barbara / Ima Wiggles 5 episodes 2016 -- present This Is Us Kate Pearson Main Role 2018 The Last O.G. Pooh Cat Episode : `` Repass '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film This Is Us Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Next Generation Award Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Radloff , Jessica . `` ' This Is Us ' Star Chrissy Metz Talks Plus - Size Labels : `` I 'm So Much More Than the Weight I Carry on My Body . '' `` . Glamour . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ( Metz ) turned 36 on September 29 , days after ( This Is Us ) aired its second episode ... Metz , a native of Homestead , Florida , spent her formative years in Japan ( her dad was in the Navy ) before moving back to Gainesville , Florida . Jump up ^ Watkins , Morgan ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` At 6 months , Chrissy Metz 's niece battles tall odds '' . The Gainesville Sun ( Gainesville , Florida ) . Jump up ^ http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a25696/chrissy-metz-weight-loss-anxiety/ Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/this-is-us-star-chrissy-metzs-estranged-father-fires-back-at-child-abandonment-claims/ar-BBGrjQT Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Before They Were Stars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavassuto , Maria ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' This is Us ' Actress Chrissy Metz on Her Plus - Sized Role : This is a ' Story That Needs to Be Told ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maple , Taylor ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Videos Of Chrissy Metz Singing Before ' This Is Us ' Reveal That Kate 's Musical Future Could n't Be In Better Hands '' . Bustle . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Star Chrissy Metz Set To Topline ' The Impossible ' For Fox 2000 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roca , Teresa ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Car , Cash & Courtroom Snub : Inside ' This Is Us ' Star Chrissy Metz 's Dirty Divorce From Ex '' . Radar Online . Jump up ^ `` How Chrissy Metz 's ' First Real Love ' Broke Her Heart In Secret Divorce '' . Radar Online . February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : See Laura Dern 's Inspiring Acceptance Speech '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rebecca ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Laura Dern Wins Best Supporting Actress for ' Big Little Lies ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Daeve ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' stars Laura Dern , Nicole Kidman condemn abuse in Golden Globes speeches '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrissy Metz . Chrissy Metz on IMDb Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) GND : 1145330460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrissy_Metz&oldid=865978970 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Florida American television actresses Military brats People from Homestead , Florida American film actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actress that plays kate on this is us	[ "Christine Michelle Metz (born September 29, 1980)[1] is an American actress and singer. She is known for playing Kate Pearson in the NBC drama This Is Us, for which she has earned Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards (2017) and Golden Globe Awards (2017 and 2018).\n" ]	[ "Christine Michelle Metz" ]
3018972012774566550	Lent	Lent - wikipedia Lent This article is about Lent in Western Christianity . For Lent in Eastern Christianity , see Great Lent . For other uses , see Lent ( disambiguation ) . Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Lent ( Latin : Quadragesima : Fortieth ) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later , before Easter Sunday . The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer , doing penance , mortifying the flesh , repentance of sins , almsgiving , and self - denial . This event is observed in the Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Lutheran , Methodist , and Catholic Churches . Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season . Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week , marking the death , burial , and resurrection of Jesus , which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday , further climaxing on Jesus ' crucifixion on Good Friday , which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . In Lent , many Christians commit to fasting , as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ 's journey into the desert for 40 days . Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline , such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar , to draw themselves near to God . The Stations of the Cross , a devotional commemoration of Christ 's carrying the Cross and of his execution , are often observed . Many Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches remove flowers from their altars , while crucifixes , religious statues , and other elaborate religious symbols are often veiled in violet fabrics in solemn observance of the event . Throughout Christendom , some adherents mark the season with the traditional abstention from the consumption of meat , most notably among Lutherans , Roman Catholics and Anglicans . Lent is traditionally described as lasting for 40 days , in commemoration of the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert , according to the Gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke , before beginning his public ministry , during which he endured temptation by Satan . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on the Christian denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday , on the morning of Easter Sunday , or at the midnight between them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Duration and traditions 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.2 Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy 2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite 2.4 Oriental Orthodoxy 3 Other related fasting periods 4 Associated customs 5 Omission of Gloria and Alleluia 6 Veiling of religious images 7 Pre-Lenten festivals 8 Fasting and abstinence 9 Media coverage 10 Holy days within the season of Lent 10.1 Easter Triduum 11 Vestments 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Lent celebrants carrying out a street procession during Holy Week , in Granada , Nicaragua . The violet color is often associated with penance and detachment . Similar Christian penitential practice is seen in other Christian countries , sometimes associated with mortification of the flesh . The English word Lent is a shortened form of the Old English word len ( c ) ten , meaning `` spring season '' , as its Dutch language cognate lente ( Old Dutch lentin ) still does today . A dated term in German , Lenz ( Old High German lenzo ) , is also related . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , ' the shorter form ( ? Old Germanic type * laŋgito - , * laŋgiton - ) seems to be a derivative of * laŋgo - long ... and may possibly have reference to the lengthening of the days as characterizing the season of spring ' . The origin of the - en element is less clear : it may simply be a suffix , or lencten may originally have been a compound of * laŋgo - ' long ' and an otherwise little attested word * - tino , meaning ' day ' . In languages spoken where Christianity was earlier established , such as Greek and Latin , the term signifies the period dating from the 40th day before Easter . In modern Greek the term is Σαρακοστή , derived from the earlier Τεσσαρακοστή , meaning `` fortieth '' . The corresponding word in Latin , quadragesima ( `` fortieth '' ) , is the origin of the term used in Latin - derived languages and in some others : for example , Croatian korizma , French carême , Irish carghas , Italian quaresima , Portuguese quaresma , Albanian kreshma , Romanian păresimi , Spanish cuaresma , Basque garizuma and Welsh c ( a ) rawys . In other languages , the name used refers to the activity associated with the season . Thus it is called `` fasting period '' in Czech ( postní doba ) , German ( Fastenzeit ) , and Norwegian ( fasten / fastetid ) , and it is called `` great fast '' in Polish ( wielki post ) and Russian ( великий пост -- veliki post ) . The terms used in Filipino are kuwaresma ( from the Spanish ) and Mahál na Araw ( `` precious / great days '' ) ; the latter term is also used specifically for Holy Week . Duration and traditions ( edit ) Various Christian denominations calculate the 40 days of Lent differently . The way they observe Lent also differs . Roman catholicism ( edit ) In the Roman Rite Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and finishes on Holy Saturday . This comprises a period of 46 days . This includes 6 Sundays which are not considered part of Lent because Sundays are days of celebration for Catholics . In the Ambrosian Rite , Lent begins on the Sunday that follows what is celebrated as Ash Wednesday in the rest of the Latin Catholic Church , and ends as in the Roman Rite , thus being of 40 days , counting the Sundays but not Holy Thursday . The day for beginning the Lenten fast is the following Monday , the first weekday in Lent . The special Ash Wednesday fast is transferred to the first Friday of the Ambrosian Lent . Until this rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated in white vestments with chanting of the Gloria in Excelsis and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . The period of Lent observed in the Eastern Catholic Churches corresponds to that in other churches of Eastern Christianity that have similar traditions . Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy ( edit ) In Protestant and Western Orthodox Churches , the season of Lent lasts from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . This calculation makes Lent last 46 days , if the 6 Sundays are included , but only 40 , if they are excluded , This definition is still that of the Anglican Church , Lutheran Church , Methodist Church , and Western Rite Orthodox Church . Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite ( edit ) Main article : Great Lent In the Byzantine Rite , i.e. , the Eastern Orthodox Great Lent ( Greek : Μεγάλη Τεσσαρακοστή or Μεγάλη Νηστεία , meaning `` Great 40 Days '' and `` Great Fast '' respectively ) is the most important fasting season in the church year . The 40 days of Great Lent includes Sundays , and begins on Clean Monday and are immediately followed by what are considered distinct periods of fasting , Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday , which in turn are followed straightway by Holy Week . Great Lent is broken only after the Paschal ( Easter ) Divine Liturgy . The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the traditional Church 's teaching on fasting . The rules for lenten fasting are the monastic rules . Fasting in the Orthodox Church is more than simply abstaining from certain foods . During the Great Lent Orthodox Faithful intensify their prayers and spiritual exercises , go to church services more often , study the Scriptures and the works of the Church Fathers in depth , limit their entertainment and spendings and focus on charity and good works . Oriental Orthodoxy ( edit ) Among the Oriental Orthodox , there are various local traditions regarding Lent . Those using the Alexandrian Rite , i.e. , the Coptic Orthodox , Coptic Catholic , Ethiopian Orthodox , Ethiopian Catholic , Eritrean Orthodox , and Eritrean Catholic Churches , observe eight weeks of Lent . In Ethiopian Orthodoxy , fasting ( tsome ) lasts for 55 continuous days before Easter ( Fasika ) , although the fast is divided into three separate periods : Tsome Hirkal , eight days commemorating an early Christian figure ; Tsome Arba , 40 days of Lent ; and Tsome Himamat , seven days commemorating Holy Week . Fasting involves abstention from animal products ( meat , dairy , and eggs ) , and refraining from eating or drinking before 3 : 00 pm . Ethiopian devotees may also abstain from sexual activity and the consumption of alcohol . As in the Eastern Orthodox Churches , the date of Easter is reckoned according to the Julian Calendar , and usually occurs later than Easter according to Gregorian Calendar used by Catholic and Protestant Churches . Other related fasting periods ( edit ) The season of Lent begins on Ash Wednesday , most notably by the public imposition of ashes . In this photograph , a woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Anglican church . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes during the Divine Service on Ash Wednesday . The number 40 has many Biblical references : Moses spent 40 days on Mount Sinai with God ( Exodus 24 : 18 ) Elijah spent 40 days and nights walking to Mount Horeb ( 1 Kings 19 : 8 ) God sent 40 days and nights of rain in the great flood of Noah ( Genesis 7 : 4 ) The Hebrew people wandered 40 years in the desert while traveling to the Promised Land ( Numbers 14 : 33 ) Jonah 's prophecy of judgment gave 40 days to the city of Nineveh in which to repent or be destroyed ( Jonah 3 : 4 ) . Jesus retreated into the wilderness , where He fasted for 40 days , and was tempted by the devil ( Matthew 4 : 1 -- 2 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , Luke 4 : 1 -- 2 ) . He overcame all three of Satan 's temptations by citing scripture to the devil , at which point the devil left him , angels ministered to Jesus , and He began His ministry . Jesus further said that His disciples should fast `` when the bridegroom shall be taken from them '' ( Matthew 9 : 15 ) , a reference to his Passion . Since , presumably , the Apostles fasted as they mourned the death of Jesus , Christians have traditionally fasted during the annual commemoration of his burial . It is the traditional belief that Jesus laid for 40 hours in the tomb , which led to the 40 hours of total fasting that preceded the Easter celebration in the early Church ( the biblical reference to ' three days in the tomb ' is understood by them as spanning three days , from Friday afternoon to early Sunday morning , rather than three 24 - hour periods of time ) . Some Christian denominations , such as The Way International and Logos Apostolic Church of God , as well as Anglican scholar E.W. Bullinger in The Companion Bible , believe Christ was in the grave for a total of 72 hours , reflecting the type of Jonah in the belly of the whale . One of the most important ceremonies at Easter is the baptism of the initiates on Easter Eve . The fast was initially undertaken by the catechumens to prepare them for the reception of this sacrament . Later , the period of fasting from Good Friday until Easter Day was extended to six days , to correspond with the six weeks of training necessary to give the final instruction to those converts who were to be baptized . Converts to Christianity followed a strict catechumenate or period of instruction and discipline prior to receiving the sacrament of baptism , sometimes lasting up to three years . In Jerusalem near the close of the fourth century , classes were held throughout Lent for three hours each day . With the legalization of Christianity ( by the Edict of Milan ) and its later imposition as the state religion of the Roman Empire , its character was endangered by the great influx of new members . In response , the Lenten fast and practices of self - renunciation were required annually of all Christians , both to show solidarity with the catechumens , and for their own spiritual benefit . Associated customs ( edit ) Statues and icons veiled in violet shrouds for Passiontide in St Pancras Church , Ipswich , England There are traditionally 40 days in Lent ; these are marked by fasting , both from foods and festivities , and by other acts of penance . The three traditional practices to be taken up with renewed vigour during Lent are prayer ( justice towards God ) , fasting ( justice towards self ) , and almsgiving ( justice towards neighbours ) . However , in modern times , observers give up partaking in vices and often invest the time or money saved in charitable purposes or organizations . In addition , some believers add a regular spiritual discipline , to bring them closer to God , such as reading a Lenten daily devotional . Another practice commonly added is the singing of the Stabat Mater hymn in designated groups . Among Filipino Catholics , the recitation of Jesus Christ ' passion , called Pasiong Mahal , is also observed . In some Christian countries , grand religious processions and cultural customs are observed , and the faithful attempt to visit seven churches during Holy Week in honor of Jesus Christ heading to Mount Calvary . In many liturgical Christian denominations , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , and Easter Sunday form the Easter Triduum . Lent is a season of grief that necessarily ends with a great celebration of Easter . Thus , it is known in Eastern Orthodox circles as the season of `` Bright Sadness '' . It is a season of sorrowful reflection which is punctuated by breaks in the fast on Sundays . Omission of Gloria and Alleluia ( edit ) The Gloria in excelsis Deo , which is usually said or sung on Sundays at Mass of the Roman Rite and Anglican rite , is omitted on the Sundays of Lent , but continues in use on solemnities and feasts and on special celebrations of a more solemn kind . Some mass compositions were written especially for Lent , such as Michael Haydn 's Missa tempore Quadragesimae , without Gloria , in D minor , and for modest forces , only choir and organ . The Gloria is used on Maundy Thursday , to the accompaniment of bells , which then fall silent until the Gloria in excelsis of the Easter Vigil . The Lutheran Divine Service , the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , and the Presbyterian service of worship associate the Alleluia with joy and omits it entirely throughout Lent , not only at Mass but also in the canonical hours as well as outside the liturgy . Before 1970 , the omission began with Septuagesima . The word `` Alleluia '' at the beginning and end of the Acclamation Before the Gospel at Mass is replaced by another phrase . Before 1970 , the whole Acclamation was omitted and was replaced by a Tract . Again , before 1970 , the word `` Alleluia '' normally added to the Gloria Patri at the beginning of each Hour of the Liturgy of the Hours was replaced by the phrase Laus tibi , Domine , rex aeternae gloriae ( Praise to you , O Lord , king of eternal glory ) . Now it is simply omitted . Until the Ambrosian Rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated with chanting of the Gloria and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . In the Byzantine Rite , the Gloria ( Great Doxology ) continues to be used in its normal place in the Matins service , and the Alleluia appears all the more frequently , replacing `` God is the Lord '' at Matins . Veiling of religious images ( edit ) A United Methodist minister prostrates at the start of the Good Friday liturgy at Holy Family Church , in accordance with the rubrics in the Book of Worship . The processional cross is veiled in black , the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in Methodist Churches . A crucifix on the high altar is veiled for Lent . Saint Martin 's parish , Württemberg , Germany In certain pious Christian states , in which liturgical forms of Christianity predominate , religious objects were traditionally veiled for the entire 40 days of Lent . Though perhaps uncommon in the United States of America , this pious practice is consistently observed in Goa , Malta , Peru , the Philippines ( the latter only for the entire duration of Holy Week , with the exception of processional images ) , and in the Spanish cities : Barcelona , Málaga , and Seville . In Ireland , before Vatican II , when impoverished rural Catholic convents and parishes could not afford purple fabrics , they resorted to either removing the statues altogether or , if too heavy or bothersome , turned the statues to face the wall . As is popular custom , the 14 Stations of the Cross plaques on the walls are not veiled . Crucifixes made before the time of Saint Francis of Assisi did not have a corpus ( body of Christ ) and therefore were adorned with jewels and gemstones , which was referred to as Crux Gemmatae . To keep the faithful from adoring the crucifixes elaborated with ornamentation , veiling it in royal purple fabrics came into place . The violet colour later evolved as a color of penance and mourning . Further liturgical changes in modernity reduced such observances to the last week of Passiontide . In parishes that could afford only small quantities of violet fabrics , only the heads of the statues were veiled . If no violet fabrics could be afforded at all , then the religious statues and images were turned around facing the wall . Flowers were always removed as a sign of solemn mourning . In the pre-1992 Methodist liturgy and pre-1970 forms of the Roman Rite , the last two weeks of Lent are known as Passiontide , a period beginning on the Fifth Sunday in Lent , which in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is called the First Sunday in Passiontide and in earlier editions Passion Sunday . All statues ( and in England paintings as well ) in the church were traditionally veiled in violet . This was seen as in keeping with the Gospel of that Sunday ( John 8 : 46 -- 59 ) , in which Jesus `` hid himself '' from the people . Within many churches in the United States of America , after the Second Vatican Council , the need to veil statues or crosses became increasingly irrelevant and was deemed unnecessary by some diocesan bishops . As a result , the veils were removed at the singing of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo during the Easter Vigil . In 1970 , the name `` Passiontide '' was dropped , although the last two weeks are markedly different from the rest of the season , and continuance of the tradition of veiling images is left to the discretion of a country 's conference of bishops or even to individual parishes as pastors may wish . On Good Friday , the Anglican , Lutheran , and Methodist churches traditionally veiled `` all pictures , statutes , and the cross are covered in mourning black '' , while `` the chancel and altar coverings are replaced with black , and altar candles are extinguished '' . The fabrics are then `` replaced with white on sunrise on Easter Sunday '' . Pre-Lenten Festivals ( edit ) Main article : Shrovetide Further information : Carnival , Mardi Gras , Swabian - Alemannic - Fastnacht , Maslenitsa , Pancake Day , and Baklahorani The carnival celebrations which in many cultures traditionally precede Lent are seen as a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins . Some of the most famous are the Carnival of Barranquilla , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the Carnival of Venice , Cologne Carnival , the New Orleans Mardi Gras , the Rio de Janeiro carnival , and the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival . The day immediately preceding Lent is variously called Mardi Gras ( `` Fat Tuesday '' ) , Pancake Tuesday , or Shrove Tuesday . Sometimes , it is the peak of the pre-Lenten festival , while sometimes it is largely occupied with preparations for Lent . The observances vary from culture to culture , and even from town to town . Originally , in Lebanon and Syria , the last Thursday preceding Lent was called `` Khamis el zakara '' . For Catholics , it was meant to be a day of remembrance of the dead ones . However , zakara ( which means `` remembrance '' , in Arabic ) was gradually replaced by sakara ( meaning `` getting drunk '' in Arabic ) , and so the occasion came to be known as Khamis el sakara , wherein celebrants indulge themselves with alcoholic beverages . Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Further information : Christian dietary laws Fasting during Lent was more prominent in ancient times than today . Socrates Scholasticus reports that in some places , all animal products were strictly forbidden , while various others permitted fish , or fish and fowl , others prohibited fruit and eggs , and still others permitted only bread . In many places , the observant abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which was often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . For other Latin Catholics , by the early 20th century the theoretical obligation of the penitential fast throughout Lent except on Sundays was to take only one full meal a day . In addition , a smaller meal , called a collation , was allowed in the evening , and a cup of some beverage , accompanied by a little bread , in the morning . In practice , this obligation , which was a matter of custom rather than of written law , was not observed strictly . The 1917 Code of Canon Law allowed the full meal on a fasting day to be taken at any hour and to be supplemented by two collations , with the quantity and the quality of the food to be determined by local custom . The Lenten fast ended on Holy Saturday at noon . Only those aged 21 to 59 were obliged to fast . As with all merely ecclesiastical laws , particular difficulties , such as strenuous work or illness , excused one from observance , and a dispensation from the law could be granted by a bishop or parish priest . In addition to fasting , abstinence from meat was to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on Fridays and Saturdays in Lent . A rule of thumb is that the two collations should not add up to the equivalent of another full meal . Rather portions were to be : `` sufficient to sustain strength , but not sufficient to satisfy hunger '' . The apostolic constitution Paenitemini of 17 February 1966 reduced the fasting days to two : Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , and allowed episcopal conferences to `` substitute abstinence and fast wholly or in part with other forms of penitence and especially works of charity and the exercises of piety '' . This was made part of the 1983 Code of Canon Law , which made obligatory fasting for those aged between 18 and 59 , and abstinence for those aged 14 and upward . The Irish Catholic Bishops ' Conference decided to allow other forms of Friday penance to replace that of abstinence from meat , whether in Lent or outside Lent , suggesting alternatives such as abstaining from some other food , or from alcohol or smoking ; making a special effort at participating in family prayer or in Mass ; making the Stations of the Cross ; or helping the poor , sick , old , or lonely . The Catholic Bishops ' Conference of England and Wales made a similar ruling in 1985 but decided in 2011 to restore the traditional year - round Friday abstinence from meat . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has maintained the rule of abstention from meat on Friday only during Lent . Many Lutheran Churches advocate fasting during designated times such as Lent , especially on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines : Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat . Refrain from eating meat ( bloody foods ) on all Fridays in Lent , substituting fish for example . Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season . Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter . Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent . Abstain from or limit a favorite activity ( television , movies , etc . ) for the entire season , and spend more time in prayer , Bible study , and reading devotional material . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for Methodists. Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety . The Reformed Church in America describes the first day of Lent , Ash Wednesday , as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance '' and considers fasting a focus of the whole Lenten season , as demonstrated in the `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' , found in the Reformed liturgy for the Ash Wednesday service , which is read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for adherents of the Reformed faith . During the early Middle Ages , eggs , dairy products , and meat were generally forbidden . In favour of the traditional practice , observed both in East and West , Thomas Aquinas argued that `` they afford greater pleasure as food ( than fish ) , and greater nourishment to the human body , so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter , which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust . '' Aquinas also authorized the consumption of candy during Lent , because `` sugared spices '' ( such as comfits ) were , in his opinion , digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food . Jousting against Carnival is represented by a fat man on a beer barrel who wears a huge meat pie as headdress ; Lent is represented by a thin gaunt woman on a cart ( shown here ) bearing Lenten fare : mussels , pretzels , and waffles . Oil painting The Fight Between Carnival and Lent by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( circa 1558 -- 1559 ) . In Spain , the bull of the Holy Crusade ( renewed periodically after 1492 ) allowed the consumption of dairy products and eggs during Lent in exchange for a contribution to the cause of the crusade . Giraldus Cambrensis , in his Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales , reports that `` in Germany and the arctic regions '' , `` great and religious persons '' eat the tail of beavers as `` fish '' because of its superficial resemblance to `` both the taste and colour of fish '' . The animal was very abundant in Wales at the time . In current Western societies the practice is considerably relaxed , though in the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and Eastern Catholic Churches , abstinence from all animal products including eggs , fish , fowl , and milk sourced from animals ( e.g. , cows and goats , as opposed to the milk of coconuts and soy beans ) is still commonly practiced , so that , where this is observed , only vegetarian ( or vegan ) meals are consumed for the whole of Lent , 45 days in the Byzantine Rite . In the Western Catholic Church , the obligation to fast no longer applies to all weekdays of Lent ( 40 days ) , but only to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . In the tradition of this part of the Catholic Church , abstinence from eating some form of food ( generally meat , but not dairy or fish products ) is distinguished from fasting . Fasting involves having during the day only one proper meal with up to two `` collations '' , light meatless meals sufficient to maintain strength but not adding up to the equivalent of a full meal . In principle , abstinence is to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on every Friday of the year that is not a solemnity ( a liturgical feast day of the highest rank ) ; but in each country the episcopal conference can determine the form it is to take , perhaps replacing abstinence with other forms of penance . Present canonical legislation on these matters follows the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI , Paenitemini , in which he recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain . He also allowed replacing fasting and abstinence with prayer and works of charity in countries with a lower standard of living . The law of abstinence binds those age 14 or over , and that of fast binds those who are at least 18 years of age and not yet 60 . The sick and those who have special needs are excused , and dispensations can be granted by episcopal conferences or individual bishops , which can be wider outside of Lent . Even during Lent , the rule about solemnities holds , so that the obligation of Friday abstinence does not apply on 19 and 25 March when , as usually happens , the solemnities of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation are celebrated on those dates . The same applies to Saint Patrick 's Day , which is a solemnity in the whole of Ireland as well as in dioceses that have Saint Patrick as principal patron saint . In some other places , too , where there are strong Irish traditions within the Catholic community , a dispensation is granted for that day . In Hong Kong , where Ash Wednesday often coincides with Chinese New Year celebrations , a dispensation is then granted from the laws of fast and abstinence , and the faithful are exhorted to use some other form of penance . After the Protestant Reformation , in the Lutheran Church , `` Church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . '' In the Anglican Churches , the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion , a companion to the Book of Common Prayer , states that fasting is `` usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent '' . It further states that `` the major Fast Days of Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , as the American Prayer - Book indicates , are stricter in obligation , though not in observance , than the other Fast Days , and therefore should not be neglected except in cases of serious illness or other necessity of an absolute character . '' In many Christian countries , religious processions during the season of Lent are often accompanied by a military escort both for security and parade . Ceuta , Spain Traditionally , on Sunday , and during the hours before sunrise and after sunset , some Churches , such as Episcopalians , allow `` breaks '' in their Lent promises . For Roman Catholics , the Lenten penitential season ends after the Easter Vigil Mass . Orthodox Christians also break their fast after the Paschal Vigil , a service which starts around 11 : 00 pm on Holy Saturday , and which includes the Paschal celebration of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom . At the end of the service , the priest blesses cheese , eggs , flesh meats , and other items that the faithful have been abstaining from for the duration of Great Lent . Lenten traditions and liturgical practices are less common , less binding , and sometimes non-existent among some liberal and progressive Christians , since these generally do not emphasize piety and the mortification of the flesh as a significant virtue . A greater emphasis on anticipation of Easter Sunday is often encouraged more than the penitence of Lent or Holy Week . Some Christians as well as secular groups also interpret the Lenten fast in a positive tone , not as renunciation but as contributing to causes such as environmental stewardship and improvement of health . Even some atheists find value in the Christian tradition and observe Lent . Media coverage ( edit ) During Lent , BBC 's Radio Four normally broadcasts a series of programmes called the Lent Talks . These 15 - minute programmes are normally broadcast on a Wednesday and have featured various speakers , such as John Lennox . Holy days within the season of Lent ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Easter Triduum A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails on Ash Wednesday Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Old Jerusalem on Golgotha , Mount Calvary , where tradition claims Jesus was crucified and died There are several holy days within the season of Lent : Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity , such as the Lutheran Churches , Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , Methodist Churches , Reformed traditions , etc . In the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite , there is no Ash Wednesday : Lent begins on the first Sunday and the fast begins on the first Monday . The Sundays in Lent carry Latin names in German Lutheranism , derived from the beginning of the Sunday 's introit . The first is called Invocabit , the second Reminiscere , the third Oculi , the fourth Laetare , the fifth Judica , the sixth Palm Sunday . The fourth Sunday in Lent , which marks the halfway point between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday , is referred to as Laetare Sunday by Anglicans , Roman Catholics , and many other Christians , because of the traditional Entrance Antiphon of the Mass . Due to the more `` joyful '' character of the day ( since laetare in Latin means `` rejoice '' ) , the priest , deacon , and subdeacon have the option of wearing vestments of a rose colour ( pink ) instead of violet . Additionally , the fourth Lenten Sunday , Mothering Sunday , which has become known as Mother 's Day in the United Kingdom and an occasion for honouring mothers of children , has its origin in a 16th - century celebration of the Mother Church . The fifth Sunday in Lent , also known in some denominations as Passion Sunday ( and in some denominations also applies to Palm Sunday ) marks the beginning of Passiontide . The sixth Sunday in Lent , commonly called Palm Sunday , marks the beginning of Holy Week , the final week of Lent immediately preceding Easter . Wednesday of Holy Week , Holy Wednesday ( also sometimes known as Spy Wednesday ) commemorates Judas Iscariot 's bargain to betray Jesus . Thursday of Holy Week is known as Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday , and is a day Christians commemorate the Last Supper shared by Christ with his disciples . The next day is Good Friday , on which Christians remember Jesus ' crucifixion , death , and burial . Easter Triduum ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Anglican , Lutheran , Old Catholic , Roman Catholic , and many other churches , the Easter Triduum is a three - day event that begins Maundy Thursday evening , with the entrance hymn of the Mass of the Lord 's Supper . After this celebration , the consecrated Hosts are taken solemnly from the altar to a place of reposition , where the faithful are invited to meditate in the presence of the consecrated Hosts. This is the Church 's response to Jesus ' question to the disciples sleeping in the Garden of Gethsemane , `` Could you not watch with me one hour ? '' On the next day , the liturgical commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ is celebrated at 3 pm , unless a later time is chosen due to work schedules . This service consists of readings from the Scriptures , especially John the Evangelist 's account of the Passion of Jesus , followed by prayers , veneration of the cross of Jesus , and a communion service at which the hosts consecrated at the evening Mass of the day before are distributed . The Easter Vigil during the night between Holy Saturday afternoon and Easter Sunday morning starts with the blessing of a fire and a special candle , and with readings from Scripture associated with baptism . Then , the Gloria in Excelsis Deo is sung , water is blessed , baptism and confirmation of adults may take place , the people are invited to renew the promises of their own baptism , and finally , Mass is celebrated in the usual way from the Preparation of the Gifts onwards . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday or on the morning of Easter Sunday . It is custom for some churches to hold sunrise services which include open air celebrations in some places . Vestments ( edit ) The chancel of a Lutheran church decorated with red paraments , the liturgical colour of the last week of Lent , Holy Week , in the Lutheran and Anglican Churches In the Lutheran , Methodist , Reformed , Roman Catholic , and many Anglican churches , the pastor 's vestments are violet during the season of Lent . On the fourth Sunday in Lent , rose - coloured ( pink ) vestments may be worn in lieu of violet . Historically , black had also been used : Pope Innocent III declared black to be the proper color for Lent , though Durandus of Saint - Pourçain claims violet has preference over black . In some Anglican churches , a type of unbleached linen or muslin known as `` Lenten array '' is worn during the first three weeks of Lent , crimson is worn during Passiontide , and on holy days , the colour proper to the day is worn . In certain other Anglican churches , as an alternative to violet for all of Lent except Holy Week and red beginning on Palm Sunday through Holy Saturday , Lenten array , typically made of sackcloth such as burlap and trimmed with crimson cloth , often velvet , is worn , even during Holy Week -- since the sackcloth represents penance and the crimson edges represent the Passion of Christ . Even the veils that cover the altar crosses or crucifixes and statuary ( if any ) are made of the same sackcloth with the crimson trim . See also ( edit ) Christianity : Fasting in the Eastern Orthodox Church Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Fast of Nineveh People 's Sunday Quinquagesima Islam : Ramadan Judaism : Counting of the Omer Tisha B'Av Yom Kippur Modern interpretations Lent Event , asks people to donate the value of what they forego during Lent General : Asceticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoll , Anita K. ; Smith , Dawn L. ( 2000 ) . Gender , Identity , and Representation in Spain 's Golden Age . Bucknell University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 9780838754252 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies. 31 January 2011 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads . The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ( 4 January 2001 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 180 . ISBN 081086620X . Jump up ^ Benedict , Philip ( 3 March 2014 ) . Christ 's Churches Purely Reformed : A Social History of Calvinism . Yale University Press . p. 506 . ISBN 030010507X . Jump up ^ Mennonite Stew -- A Glossary : Lent . Third Way Café . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Traditionally , Lent was not observed by the Mennonite church , and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six - week season preceding Easter . Jump up ^ Brumley , Jeff . `` Lent not just for Catholics , but also for some Baptists and other evangelicals '' . The Florida Times Union . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Margaret ( 5 March 2017 ) . `` Students observe Lent on campus -- The Brown and White '' . The Brown and White . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Crumm , David . Our Lent , 2nd Edition . ISBN 1934879509 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Gill ; Craig - Wild , Peter ; Craven , Diane ; Moger , Peter ( 5 March 2007 ) . Together for a Season . Church House Publishing . p. 34 . ISBN 9780715140635 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ This practice is observed in numerous pious Christian countries , although the form of abstention may vary depending on what is customary . Some abstain from meat for 40 days , some do so only on Fridays , or some only on Good Friday itself . By pontifical decree under Pope Alexander VI , eggs and dairy products may be consumed by penitents in Spain and its colonized territories . Jump up ^ `` What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Year '' . The Anglican Catholic Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Knowlton , MaryLee ( 2004 ) . Macedonia . Marshall Cavendish . p. 125 . ISBN 9780761418542 . Traditionally , as in many Christian countries , the carnival marked the beginning of Lent , which ushered in a six - week period of fasting for Christians . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` lente ( voorjaar ) '' . etymologiebank.nl . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Lent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 427 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices '' . www.usccb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Thurston ( 1910 ) . `` Lent '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 9 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . See paragraph : Duration of the Fast ^ Jump up to : The `` Secret of the Mass '' in the First Sunday of Lent -- `` Sacrificium Quadragesimalis Initii '' , Missale Romanum Ambrosianus Jump up ^ Akin , James . `` All About Lent '' . EWTN . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Roman and the Lutheran Observance of Lent . Luther League of America . 1920 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Lent is a season of forty days , not counting Sundays , which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday . Sundays in Lent are not counted in the forty days because each Sunday represents a `` mini-Easter '' and the reverent spirit of Lent is tempered with joyful anticipation of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 10 January 2003 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 130 . Jump up ^ The Northwestern Lutheran , Volumes 60 -- 61 . Northwestern Publishing House . 1973 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Langford , Andy ( 4 January 1993 ) . Blueprints for worship : a user 's guide for United Methodist congregations . Abingdon Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Fenton , John . `` The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition '' . Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Great Lent - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese '' . Antiochian.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Jeffrey ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Ethiopia : fasting for 55 days '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tsome Nenewe ( The Fast of Nineveh ) '' . Minneapolis : Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . 28 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Robel Arega . `` Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church '' . Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department -- Mahibere Kidusan . Why Fifty - Five Days ? . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lent & Beyond : Dr. Peter Toon -- From Septuagesima to Quadragesima ( web site gone , no alternate source found , originally cited 27 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ Jesus Was Literally Three Days and Three Nights in the Grave , www.logosapostolic.org , retrieved 23 March 2011 Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Just How Long Did Jesus Stay in the Tomb ? '' . www.huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinson , E. Glenn ( 1 January 1981 ) . The Evangelization of the Roman Empire : Identity and Adaptability . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865540149 . Like its parent , Judaism , earliest Christianity had a catechism for its converts , as much recent study has proven ... Hippolytus required up to three years ' instruction before baptism , shortened by a candidate 's progress in developing Christian character . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lent -- disciplines and practices '' . Spirit Home . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar , 19 '' . Catholicliturgy.com . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 53 Jump up ^ Roman Missal , Thursday of the Lord 's Supper , 7 Jump up ^ `` Why do n't we use alleluias during Lent ? '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr. , J. Dudley Weaver , ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780664502188 . The alleluia is traditionally not sung during Lent , and , here at the first service of Easter , it is at last reintroduced to the church 's liturgy . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bratcher , Dennis ( 2015 ) . `` The Days of Holy Week '' . CRI . Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , James David ( 1909 ) . `` Fast '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` CIC 1917 : text -- IntraText CT '' . Intratext.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregson , David . `` Fasting '' . EWTN . Eternal Word Television Network . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paenitemini ( February 17 , 1966 ) - Paul VI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code of Canon Law - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Penance resource from ICBC '' . Catholicbishops.ie . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Abstinence . Statement from the Bishops of England and Wales on Canons 1249 -- 1253 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Catholics asked to abstain from meat for Friday penance '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` EWTN Q & A , Response '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ What is the holiest season of the Church Year ? Archived 2009 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Archived copy at the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 . The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1883 ) . The American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge . D. Appleton and Company . p. 101 . The Protestant Episcopal , Lutheran , and Reformed churches , as well as many Methodists , observe the day by fasting and special services . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica Q147a8 '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim H. ( 2002 ) . Sweets : A History of Candy . Bloomsbury USA . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 229 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez , Universidad Complutense de Madrid . `` Millennium : Fear and Religion '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Baldwin 's Itinerary Through Wales No. 2 by Giraldus Cambrensis '' . Gutenberg.org. 31 December 2001 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` collation '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Penitential Days -- Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong '' . Jump up ^ `` Catholics United for the Faith -- Lent -- Discipline and History -- Teaching the Catholic Faith '' . Catholics United for the Faith -- Catholics United for the Faith is an international lay apostolate founded to help the faithful learn what the Catholic Church teaches . Jump up ^ Colin B. Donovan , Fast and Abstinence . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 15 March 2006 ) . `` Thou Shalt Eat Corned Beef on Friday : Who Sets the Rules on Lent ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Church 's Discipline as to Fasting and Abstinence '' . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : What Is Ash Wednesday ? How Do We Observe It ? Why Should We ? '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent -- USA -- Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe '' . Peterlang.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hebden , Keith ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` This Lent I will eat no food , to highlight the hunger all around us '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ DiLallo , Matt ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Believe it or Not , Catholics Observing Lent Save Our Environment '' . Fool.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellow , Juliette ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Cut out one treat for Lent and your waistline could reap the benefits '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly . `` After giving up religion , atheists try giving up something else for Lent '' . Religion News Service . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programmes : Lent Talks '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Lennox , John ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` John Lennox 's Lent Talk for Radio 4 '' . RZIM . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` spy , n . '' , OED Online , Oxford University Press , December 2013 , Spy Wednesday n . in Irish use , the Wednesday before Easter . Jump up ^ Packer , George Nichols ( 1893 ) . `` Our Calendar : The Julian Calendar and Its Errors , how Corrected by the Gregorian '' . Corning , NY : ( The author ) . p. 112 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Spy Wednesday , so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas , or the day on which he made the bargain to deliver Him into the hands of His enemies for 30 pieces of silver . Jump up ^ McNichol , Hugh ( 2014 ) . `` Spy Wednesday conversion to Holy Wednesday '' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gally , Howard E. ( 25 January 1989 ) . Ceremonies of the Eucharist . Cowley Publications . p. 45 . ISBN 9781461660521 . In recent decades there has been a revival of the ancient use of red ( crimson or scarlet ) for Holy Week among both Episcopalians and Lutherans . The Roman rite has restored the use of red only on Palm Sunday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kellner , K.A.H. ( 1908 ) . Heortology : A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Limited . p. 430 . Jump up ^ The Church of England rubric states : `` The colour for a particular service should reflect the predominant theme . If the Collect , Readings , etc. on a Lesser Festival are those of the saint , then either red ( for a martyr ) or white is used ; otherwise , the colour of the season is retained . '' See page 532 here . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lent ( fasting period ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lent Look up Lent in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Daily Lenten Devotional -- LHM Methodist Church : Lent and Easter Resources Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival hide Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lent&oldid=846222909 '' Categories : Lent Christian terminology Christian fasting March observances Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Bosanski Català Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Nouormand Português Română Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ትግርኛ Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 07 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the forty days of lent end	[ "Lent (Latin: Quadragesima: Fortieth) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday. The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer, doing penance, mortifying the flesh, repentance of sins, almsgiving, and self-denial.[1] This event is observed in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, and Catholic Churches.[2][3][4] Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season.[5][6] Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week, marking the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday, further climaxing on Jesus' crucifixion on Good Friday, which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ." ]	[ "before Easter Sunday" ]
-7927240059841153999	Shoe size	Shoe size - wikipedia Shoe size Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World 's largest pair of shoes , Riverbank Center , Philippines -- 5.29 metres ( 17.4 ft ) long and 2.37 metres ( 7.75 ft ) wide , equivalent to a French shoe size of 753 A shoe size is an indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person . There are a number of different shoe - size systems used worldwide . While all of them use a number to indicate the length of the shoe , they differ in exactly what they measure , what unit of measurement they use , and where the size 0 ( or 1 ) is positioned . Some systems also indicate the shoe width , sometimes also as a number , but in many cases by one or more letters . Some regions use different shoe - size systems for different types of shoes ( e.g. men 's , women 's , children 's , sport , and safety shoes ) . This article sets out several complexities in the definition of shoe sizes . In practice , shoes should be tried on for size and fit before they are purchased . Contents ( hide ) 1 Deriving the shoe size 1.1 Foot versus shoe and last 1.2 Length 1.3 Zero point 1.4 Width 2 Common sizing systems 2.1 Mondopoint 2.2 United Kingdom and Ireland 2.3 Australia / New Zealand 2.4 United States and Canada 2.4. 1 Customary 2.4. 2 Children 's 2.4. 3 Brannock Device 2.4. 4 Foot Scanner 2.5 Europe 2.6 Asia 2.7 Mexico 2.8 USSR ( Russia / CIS ) 3 Difficulties in shoe size comparison 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Deriving the shoe size ( edit ) Foot versus shoe and last ( edit ) The length of a foot is commonly defined as ( a ) the distance between two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the foot and ( b ) in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel . Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed between both feet . The sizes of the left and right feet are often slightly different . In this case , both feet are measured , and purchasers of mass - produced shoes are advised to purchase a shoe size based on the larger foot , as most retailers do not sell pairs of shoes in non-matching sizes . Each size of shoe is considered suitable for a small interval of foot lengths . The inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15 -- 20 mm longer than the foot , but this varies between different types of shoes . A shoe - size system can refer to three characteristic lengths : The median length of feet for which a shoe is suitable . For customers , this measure has the advantage of being directly related to their body measures . It applies equally to any type , form , or material of shoe . However , this measure is less popular with manufacturers , because it requires them to test carefully for each new shoe model , for which range of foot sizes it is recommendable . It puts on the manufacturer the burden of ensuring that the shoe will fit a foot of a given length . The length of the inner cavity of the shoe . This measure has the advantage that it can be measured easily on the finished product . However , it will vary with manufacturing tolerances and only gives the customer very crude information about the range of foot sizes for which the shoe is suitable . The length of the `` last '' , the foot - shaped template over which the shoe is manufactured . This measure is the easiest one for the manufacturer to use , because it identifies only the tool used to produce the shoe . It makes no promise about manufacturing tolerances or for what size of foot the shoe is actually suitable . It leaves all responsibility and risk of choosing the correct size with the customer . Further , the last can be measured in several different ways resulting in different measurements . All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe . Length ( edit ) Sizing systems also differ in what units of measurement they use . This also results in different increments between shoe sizes , because usually only `` full '' or `` half '' sizes are made . The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe - size systems : The Paris point equates to ⁄ centimetre ( about 6.7 mm or 0.26 in ) . That is the increment between whole sizes , and about 3.3 mm or 0.13 in between half sizes . This unit is commonly used in Continental Europe . The barleycorn is an old English unit that equates to ⁄ inch ( 8.47 mm ) . This is the basis for current UK and US shoe sizes , with the largest shoe size taken as twelve inches ( a size 12 ) i.e. 30.5 cm , and then counting backwards in barleycorn units , so a size 11 is 11.67 inches or 29.6 cm . metric measurements in centimetres ( cm ) or millimetres ( mm ) are used in the international Mondopoint system and in the Asian system . Zero point ( edit ) The sizing systems also place size 0 ( or 1 ) at different locations : Size 0 as a foot 's length of 0 . The shoe size is directly proportional to the length of the foot in the chosen unit of measurement . Sizes of children 's , men 's , and women 's shoes , as well as sizes of different types of shoes , can be compared directly . This is used with the Mondopoint and the Asian system . Size 0 as the length of the shoe 's inner cavity of 0 . The shoe size is then directly proportional to the inner length of the shoe . This is used with systems that also take the measurement from the shoe . While sizes of children 's , men 's and women 's shoes can be compared directly , this is not necessarily true for different types of shoes that require a different amount of `` wiggle room '' in the toe box . This is used with the Continental European system . Size 0 ( or 1 ) can just be simply a shoe of a given length . Typically this will be the shortest length deemed practical ; but this can be different for children 's , teenagers ' , men 's , and women 's shoes - making it impossible to compare sizes . For example , a women 's shoe at size 8 is a different length from a men 's shoe at size 8 in the US system , but not the British . Width ( edit ) Some systems also include the width of a foot , but do so in a variety of ways : Measured width in millimetres ( mm ) . This is done with the Mondopoint system . Measured width as a letter ( or combination of letters ) , which is taken from a table ( indexed to length and width ) or just assigned on an ad - hoc basis : Examples are ( each starting with the narrowest width ) : A , B , C , D , E , EE , EEE , EEEE , F , G ( typical North American system , with the unlettered norm being D for men and B for women ) 4A , 3A , 2A , A , B , C , D , E , 2E , 3E , 4E , 5E , 6E ( variant North American ) C , D , E , F , G , H ( common UK ; `` medium '' is usually F , but varies by manufacturer -- makers Edward Green and Crockett & Jones , among others , use E instead , but one maker 's E is not necessarily the same size as another 's ) . N ( narrow ) , M ( medium ) or R ( regular ) , W ( wide ) The width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers . The A -- E width indicators used by most American , Canadian , and some British shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot , and common step sizes are ⁄ inch ( 4.8 mm ) . Common sizing systems ( edit ) Mondopoint ( edit ) The International Standard is ISO 9407 : 1991 , `` Shoe sizes -- Mondopoint system of sizing and marking '' , which recommends a shoe - size system known as Mondopoint . It is based on the mean foot length and width for which the shoe is suitable , measured in millimetres . A shoe size of 280 / 110 indicates a mean foot length of 280 millimetres ( 11.0 in ) and width of 110 millimetres ( 4.3 in ) . Because Mondopoint also takes the foot width into account , it allows for better fitting than most other systems . It is , therefore , used by NATO and other military services . Mondopoint is also used for ski boots . United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Shoe size in the United Kingdom and Ireland is based on the length of the last used to make the shoes , measured in barleycorn ( ⁄ inch ) starting from the smallest size deemed practical , which is called size zero . It is not formally standardised . Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by about ⁄ to ⁄ inch ( 13 to 17 mm ) . A child 's size zero is equivalent to 4 inches ( a hand = 12 barleycorns = 10.16 cm ) , and the sizes go up to size 13 ⁄ ( 8 ⁄ in , 25 ⁄ barleycorns or 21.59 cm ) . Thus , the calculation for a children 's shoe size in the UK is : child shoe size = ( 3 × last length in inches ) − 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( child shoe size ) ) = ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) ) - 12 ) equivalent to child shoe size ≈ ( 3 × heel to toe length in inches ) − 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( child shoe size ) ) \ approx ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( heel to toe length in inches ) ) ) - 10 ) An adult size one is then the next size up ( 8 ⁄ in , 26 barleycorns or 22.01 cm ) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns . The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus : adult shoe size = ( 3 × last length in inches ) − 25 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( adult shoe size ) ) = ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) ) - 25 ) equivalent to adult shoe size ≈ ( 3 × heel to toe length in inches ) − 23 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( adult shoe size ) ) \ approx ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( heel to toe length in inches ) ) ) - 23 ) Note : some manufacturers choose to use a constant other than 25 , so sizes do vary in either direction e.g. A shoe marked as a European size 40 may also be marked as a UK : 6 by Jimmy Choo , Nike ; a 6 ⁄ by Adidas , Clarks , Dr Martens , Fred Perry , Karrimor , Monsoon , New Balance , Reebok , and Slazenger ; a 7 by Converse , Gap , Pavers , and Timberland ; and a 7 ⁄ by Crocs . Some retailers mark a larger size on women 's European compatible which can cause confusion with the UK unisex sizes . A size 8 should be a European 42 in both male and female shoes , but this is often marked as a 9 for women . Australia / new zealand ( edit ) For men and children 's footwear the UK system is followed . Women 's footwear has a slightly different sizing that is unique . It is in between the UK and US 's sizings . United states and Canada ( edit ) In North America , there are different systems that are used concurrently . The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes . The most common is the customary , described in more detail below , which for men 's shoes is one barleycorn shorter than the UK equivalent . ( so a men 's 13 in the US or Canada is the same size as a men 's 12 in the UK ) Customary ( edit ) The traditional system is similar to English sizes but start counting at one rather than zero , so equivalent sizes are one greater . So the calculation for a male shoe size in the USA or Canada is : male shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 24 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( male shoe size ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 24 ) Women 's sizes are almost always determined with the `` common '' scale , in which women 's sizes are equal to men 's sizes plus 1.5 ( for example , a men 's 10.5 is a women 's 12 ) . In other words : female shoe size ( common ) = 3 × last length in inches − 22 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( female shoe size ( common ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 22 ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) In the less popular scale , known as the `` standard '' or `` FIA '' ( Footwear Industries of America ) scale , women 's sizes are men 's sizes plus 1 ( so a men 's 10.5 is a women 's 11.5 ) . female shoe size ( FIA ) = 3 × last length in inches − 23 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( female shoe size ( FIA ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 23 ) Children 's ( edit ) Children 's sizes are equal to men 's sizes plus 12 ⁄ . Children 's sizes do not differ by gender even though adults ' do . Child shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 11 2 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Child shoe size ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 11 ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) Children 's shoe stores in the United States and Canada use a sizing scheme which ends at 13 , after which the adult range starts at 1 : U.S. shoe sizes Size Last length Children 's Women 's Men 's Inches Millimetres ( appr . ) Common FIA 5 5 ⁄ 141 6 5 ⁄ 150 7 6 ⁄ 158 8 6 ⁄ 167 9 6 ⁄ 175 10 7 ⁄ 183 11 7 ⁄ 192 7 ⁄ 199 12 7 ⁄ 200 8 203 8 ⁄ 207 13 8 ⁄ 209 8 ⁄ 212 8 ⁄ 216 8 ⁄ 220 8 ⁄ 224 9 229 5 9 ⁄ 233 5 9 ⁄ 237 6 9 ⁄ 241 6 5 9 ⁄ 246 7 9 ⁄ 250 7 6 10 254 8 7 10 ⁄ 262 Alternatively , a scale running from K4 to K13 and then 1 to 7 is in use . K4 to K9 are toddler sizes , K10 to 3 are pre-school and 1 to 7 are grade school sizes . Brannock Device ( edit ) Drawing of a Brannock Device ( from U.S. Patent 1,725,334 ) A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device , a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores . The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length 2⁄3 inch ( 1.7 cm ) less than the length of the last ; thus , men 's size 1 is equivalent to a foot 's length of 7 2⁄3 inches . Women 's sizes are one size up . male shoe size ( Brannock ) = 3 × foot length in inches − 22 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( male shoe size ( Brannock ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( foot length in inches ) ) - 22 ) female shoe size ( Brannock ) = 3 × foot length in inches − 21 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( female shoe size ( Brannock ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( foot length in inches ) ) - 21 ) The method also measures the length of the distance of the heel and the widest point of the foot . For that purpose , the device has another , shorter scale at the side of the foot . If this scale indicates a larger size , it is taken in place of the foot 's length . For children 's sizes , additional wiggle room is added to allow for growth . The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA , AA , A , B , C , D , E , EE , or EEE . The widths are 3 / 16 in apart and differ by shoe length . Foot Scanner ( edit ) Some shoe stores use optical devices to precisely measure the length and width of both feet and recommend the appropriate shoe model and size . ( 1 ) Europe ( edit ) The Continental European system is used in Portugal , France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and most other continental European countries . It is also used in Middle Eastern countries ( such as Iran ) , Brazil -- which uses the same method but subtracts 2 from the final result -- and , commonly , Hong Kong . In this system , the shoe size is the length of the last , expressed in Paris points , for both sexes and for adults and children alike . Because a Paris point is 2⁄3 of a centimetre , the formula is as follows : s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × l a s t l e n g t h ( c m ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( shoe ~ size ~ ( ( Paris ~ points ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( last ~ length ) \ left ( ( cm ) \ right ) ) ) To compute the size based on actual foot length , one must first add a length of about 1.5 to 2 cm . For instance , for a shoe having an internal length 1.5 cm longer than the foot : s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × ( f o o t l e n g t h ( c m ) + 1.5 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( shoe ~ size ~ ( ( Paris ~ points ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( \ left ( ~ foot ~ length \ left ( ( cm ) \ right ) + 1.5 ~ \ right ) ) ) ) This gives the relationships : European size = 1.27 × UK size + 31.75 UK size = European size / 1.27 - 25 = 0.7874 × European size - 25 Asia ( edit ) The Asian system is based on metric measurements and standardised as JIS S 5037 : 1998 , CNS 4800 , S 1093 , or KS M 6681 . Foot length and girth are taken into account . The foot length is indicated in centimetres ; an increment of 5 mm is used . This system was also used in the GDR . The length is followed by designators for girth ( A , B , C , D , E , EE , EEE , EEEE , F , G ) , which is taken from a table indexed to girth and length . There are different tables for men 's , women 's , and children 's ( less than 12 years of age ) shoes . The tables also include the width as supplemental indications . Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries . For example , the largest girth for women in China is EEEE , whereas in Japan , it is F . Mexico ( edit ) Shoes are sized either according to the foot length they are intended to fit , in cm , or alternatively to another variation of the barleycorn system , with sizes calculated approximately as : adult shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 25.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( adult shoe size ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 25.5 ) USSR ( russia / cis ) ( edit ) Historically the USSR used the European ( Paris point ) system but an alternative metric system ( State Standard 3927 -- 64 ) was devised , with shoe sizes increasing in 1⁄2 rather than the 2⁄3 cm intervals found in the European scheme . This system has been refined by later standards : GOST 9133 - 1978 Determination of linear dimensions of footwear GOST 24382 - 1980 sneakers size GOST R 54592 - 2011 Footwear . Methods for determination of linear dimensions . Where used this system is sometimes described as a Pointe ( ballet shoe ) or Stych size : Pointe / Stych Shoe Sizes Foot Length ( mm ) 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 Children 's 17 18 19 191⁄2 20 21 22 221⁄2 23 24 25 251⁄2 26 27 28 281⁄2 29 30 31 311⁄2 32 33 34 341⁄2 35 36 37 371⁄2 38 39 40 Women 's 34 35 36 37 371⁄2 38 381⁄2 39 40 41 411⁄2 42 421⁄2 Men 's 381⁄2 39 40 41 411⁄2 42 421⁄2 43 44 45 46 47 471⁄2 Difficulties in shoe size comparison ( edit ) Please note that the following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above . Differences between various shoe size tables , makers ' tables or other tables found on the Web are usually due to the following factors : The systems are not fully standardised . Differences between shoes from different makers , which are due to different methods of measuring the shoes , different manufacturing processes , or different allowances are sometimes related to different countries . A `` German '' size may then differ from a `` French '' size , although both countries use the Continental European system . Different widths may have the result that for wide feet , a shoe multiple sizes larger ( and actually too long ) may be required . This may also result in different size indications , especially if different typical widths are attributed to different sizing systems or countries . Some tables for children take future growth into account . The shoe size is then larger than what would correspond to the actual length of the foot . An indication in centimetres or inches can mean the length of the foot or the length of the shoe 's inner cavity . This relation is not constant but varies due to different amounts of wiggle room required for different sizes of shoes . There are several U.S. systems , which differ substantially for sizes far above or below medium sizes . Further , some tables available on the Web simply contain errors . For example , the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account , or tables based on different U.S. systems ( traditional and athletic ) are simply combined although they are incompatible . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal List of shoe styles Shoes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Bendt . `` Recommendations to suppliers and manufacturers of orthopedic footwear concerning sizes of shoes and lasts '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ International Standard ISO 9407 : 1991 , Shoe sizes -- Mondopoint system of sizing and marking Jump up ^ Cairns , Warwick . About the Size of It . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 01628 - 6 . Jump up ^ ASICS Oceania Pty Lyd. , Asics Shoe Sizes , stating `` Shoe sizes on product details pages are in US shoe size '' ; accessed 16 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : Brannock Device Co . `` History '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Brannock Device Co . `` Size Conversion Chart '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Brannock Device Co . `` Instructions '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ German Standard DIN 66074 : 1975 , Shoe sizes Jump up ^ Spanish Standard UNE 59850 : 1998 , Shoes : Size designation Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) Rakuten.co.jp External links ( edit ) Chart of US shoe widths by size ( hide ) ISO standards by standard number List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards 1 -- 9999 5 6 7 9 16 31 - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 269 302 306 428 518 519 639 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 646 690 732 764 843 898 965 1000 1004 1007 1073 - 1 1413 1538 1745 2014 2015 2022 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2709 2711 2788 2848 2852 3029 3103 3166 - 1 - 2 - 3 3297 3307 3602 3864 3901 3977 4031 4157 4217 4909 5218 5428 5775 5776 5800 5964 6166 6344 6346 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 7001 7002 7098 7185 7200 7498 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 8000 8178 8217 8571 8583 8601 8632 8652 8691 8807 8820 - 5 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 8 - I - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 8879 9000 / 9001 9075 9126 9293 9241 9362 9407 9506 9529 9564 9594 9660 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000 -- 19999 10005 10006 10007 10116 10118 - 3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10303 - 11 - 21 - 22 - 28 - 238 10383 10487 10585 10589 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11898 11940 ( - 2 ) 11941 11941 ( TR ) 11992 12006 12182 12207 12234 - 2 13211 - 1 - 2 13216 13250 13399 13406 - 2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 - 2 - 3 - 6 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 14 - 17 - 20 14644 14649 14651 14698 14750 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 - 3 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 - 2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 16023 16262 16612 - 2 16750 16949 ( TS ) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17799 18000 18004 18014 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 ( - 1 - 2 ) 19114 19115 19125 19136 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 : 2014 19752 19757 19770 19775 - 1 19794 - 5 19831 20000 + 20000 20022 20121 20400 21000 21047 21500 21827 : 2002 22000 23270 23271 23360 24517 24613 24617 24707 25178 25964 26000 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 : 2005 27001 : 2013 27002 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199 - 2 29500 30170 31000 32000 38500 40500 42010 55000 80000 - 1 - 2 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe_size&oldid=806733684 '' Categories : Anthropometry Footwear Mechanical standards Sizes in clothing Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is 9.5 uk shoe size in the us	[]	[]
-5025445850371549977	Public Affairs Operations Center	Public affairs operations center - wikipedia Public affairs operations center A public affairs operations center is one of the four types of public affairs ( military ) units in the United States Army . In function and size , the closest equivalent is a battalion headquarters . Informally known as press camp headquarters , PAOC 's are corps - or theater - level public affairs units tasked with providing press camp services and facilities to accredited members of the media in support of combined operations and joint operations . In addition to providing workspace and services , the PAOC provides command and control staff , planning and supervision of operations performed by subordinate public affairs units . The PAOC is also responsible for registering and escorting news media representatives , assisting in deploying media pools and coordinating logistical support for a media operations center . In 2005 , the United States Army stood up its first active duty component PAOC , the 10th Public Affairs Operations Center 10th Press Camp Headquarters , in Atlanta , Georgia . The unit is now stationed at Fort Bragg ( North Carolina ) . There are seven reserve component public affairs operations centers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FM 3 - 61 , Fundamentals of Public Affairs Operations '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Unit Lineage Jump up ^ The Military Yearbook Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Affairs_Operations_Center&oldid=769808571 '' Categories : United States Army doctrine Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 March 2017 , at 19 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of operational public affairs operations	[]	[]
1754374310213906416	Get Outta Dodge	Get Outta Dodge - Wikipedia Get Outta Dodge Jump to : navigation , search For the idiom , see Wiktionary : get out of Dodge . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Get Outta Dodge Studio album by Huevos Rancheros Released September 30 , 1996 Genre Alternative rock instrumental rock Label Mint Records Huevos Rancheros chronology Dig In ! ( 1995 ) Dig In ! 1995 Get Outta Dodge ( 1996 ) The Wedge ( 1999 ) The Wedge1999 Get Outta Dodge is the third studio album by Huevos Rancheros , a Canadian indie rock band . It was released on September 30 , 1996 , on Mint Records . It was licensed out to Konkurrent Records in the Netherlands . The title refers to the expression `` Get out of Dodge '' , an exhortation that was given in the drama series , Gunsmoke , to villains whom the heroes wanted out of Dodge City , Kansas . Get Outta Dodge was the first album with new bassist Tom Kennedy , who replaced Graham Evans . The album was a Juno Award nominee for Best Alternative Album at the Juno Awards of 1998 . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Brent J. Cooper , Tom Kennedy and Richie Lazarowich , except where noted . `` What a Way to Run a Railroad '' `` Interstate Death Toll '' `` Shadow of the Apache '' `` Smartbomb '' ( Cooper / Evans / Lazarowich ) `` Get Outta Dodge '' ( Cooper / Evans / Lazarowich ) `` Night of the Iguana '' `` The Lonely Bull '' ( Sol Lake ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Canadian talent up for Juno awards '' . Vancouver Province , February 12 , 1998 . This 1990s indie rock album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Outta_Dodge&oldid=843050554 '' Categories : 1996 albums Huevos Rancheros ( band ) albums Mint Records albums 1990s indie rock album stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 14 : 36 . About Wikipedia	where does the expression get out of dodge come from	[]	[]
5030045823036778408	Blood sugar level	Blood sugar level - wikipedia Blood sugar level Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The fluctuation of blood sugar ( red ) and the sugar - lowering hormone insulin ( blue ) in humans during the course of a day with three meals . One of the effects of a sugar - rich vs a starch - rich meal is highlighted . The blood sugar level , blood sugar concentration , or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose ( sugar ) present in the blood of humans and other animals . The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis . With some exceptions , glucose is the primary source of energy for the body 's cells , and blood lipids ( in the form of fats and oils ) are primarily a compact energy store . Glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstream ; its uptake by cells is regulated by the hormone insulin , produced by the pancreas . Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning , before the first meal of the day , and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimoles . Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition . A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia ; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia . Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes , and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation . There are different methods of testing and measuring blood sugar levels . The intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar , and later tends to cause levels to fall . Also , certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Units 2 Normal values in humans 3 Animals 4 Regulation 5 Abnormality in blood sugar levels 5.1 High blood sugar 5.2 Low blood sugar 6 Glucose measurement 6.1 Sample source 6.2 Sample type 6.3 Measurement techniques 6.4 Clinical correlation 7 Etymology and use of term 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Units ( edit ) The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels is in terms of a molar concentration , measured in mmol / L ( millimoles per litre ; or millimolar , abbreviated mM ) . In the United States , West - Germany and other countries mass concentration is measured in mg / dL ( milligrams per decilitre ) . Since the molecular weight of glucose C H O is 180 , the difference between the two units is a factor of 18 , so that 1 mmol / L of glucose is equivalent to 18 mg / dL . Normal values in humans ( edit ) Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories . Many factors affect a person 's blood sugar level . The body 's homeostatic mechanism of blood sugar regulation ( known as glucose homeostasis ) , when operating normally , restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol / L ( 79.2 to 110 mg / dL ) ( as measured by a fasting blood glucose test ) . The normal blood glucose level ( tested while fasting ) for non-diabetics , should be between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol / L ( 70 to 100 mg / dL ) . The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol / L ( 100 mg / dL ) ; however , this level fluctuates throughout the day . Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol / L ( 125 mg / dL ) . The blood glucose target range for diabetics , according to the American Diabetes Association , should be 5.0 -- 7.2 mmol / l ( 90 -- 130 mg / dL ) before meals , and less than 10 mmol / L ( 180 mg / dL ) after meals ( as measured by a blood glucose monitor ) . Despite widely variable intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial carbohydrate load , human blood glucose levels tend to remain within the normal range . However , shortly after eating , the blood glucose level may rise , in non-diabetics , temporarily up to 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) or slightly more . For people with diabetes maintaining ' tight diabetes control ' , the American Diabetes Association recommends a post-meal glucose level of less than 10 mmol / L ( 180 mg / dL ) and a fasting plasma glucose of 3.9 to 7.2 mmol / L ( 70 -- 130 mg / dL ) . The actual amount of glucose in the blood and body fluids is very small . In a healthy adult male of 75 kg with a blood volume of 5 liters , a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol / L ( 100 mg / dL ) amounts to 5g , equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar . Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that , to maintain an influx of glucose into cells , enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it . Animals ( edit ) In general , ranges of blood sugar in common domestic ruminants are lower than in many monogastric mammals . However this generalization does not extend to wild ruminants or camelids . For serum glucose in mg / dL , reference ranges of 42 to 75 for cows , 44 to 81 for sheep , and 48 to 76 for goats , but 61 to 124 for cats ; 62 to 108 for dogs , 62 to 114 for horses , 66 to 116 for pigs , 75 to 155 for rabbits , and 90 to 140 for llamas have been reported . A 90 percent reference interval for serum glucose of 26 to 181 mg / dL has been reported for captured mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ) , where no effects of the pursuit and capture on measured levels were evident . For beluga whales , the 25 -- 75 percent range for serum glucose has been estimated to be 94 to 115 mg / dL . For the white rhinoceros , one study has indicated that the 95 percent range is 28 to 140 mg / dL . For harp seals , a serum glucose range of 4.9 to 12.1 mmol / L ( i.e. 88 to 218 mg / dL ) has been reported ; for hooded seals , a range of 7.5 to 15.7 mmol / L ( i.e. about 135 to 283 mg / dL ) has been reported . Regulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Blood sugar regulation The body 's homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range . It is composed of several interacting systems , of which hormone regulation is the most important . There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose levels : catabolic hormones ( such as glucagon , cortisol and catecholamines ) which increase blood glucose ; and one anabolic hormone ( insulin ) , which decreases blood glucose . Abnormality in blood sugar levels ( edit ) High blood sugar ( edit ) Main article : hyperglycemia If blood sugar levels remain too high the body suppresses appetite over the short term . Long - term hyperglycemia causes many of the long - term health problems including heart disease , eye , kidney , and nerve damage . The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes . When diabetes is the cause , physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment . From the perspective the majority of patients , treatment with an old , well - understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest , most effective , least expensive , most comfortable route to managing the condition . Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part of a treatment plan for diabetes . Fasting blood glucose levels may be higher than the post meal blood glucose in many of the healthy subjects . Such individuals may be said to have physiological insulin resistance and may develop diabetes mellitus as long term complication . In clinical and laboratory practices , many of the time a healthy normal subject will present a fasting blood glucose value higher than the post meal blood glucose value . This creates confusion since there is a common perception that in blood , postprandial ( PP ) glucose level should be higher than fasting ( F ) glucose level . The repeated investigation subsequently yields somewhat similar type of result . Low blood sugar ( edit ) Main article : hypoglycemia If blood sugar levels drop too low , a potentially fatal condition called hypoglycemia develops . Symptoms may include lethargy , impaired mental functioning ; irritability ; shaking , twitching , weakness in arm and leg muscles ; pale complexion ; sweating ; loss of consciousness . Mechanisms that restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after extreme hypoglycemia ( below 40 mg / dl ) must be quick and effective to prevent extremely serious consequences of insufficient glucose : confusion or unsteadiness and , in the extreme ( below 15 mg / dl ) loss of consciousness and seizures . Without discounting the potentially quite serious conditions and risks due to or oftentimes accompanying hyperglycemia , especially in the long - term ( diabetes or pre-diabetes , obesity or overweight , hyperlipidemia , hypertension , etc . ) , it is still generally more dangerous to have too little glucose - especially if levels are very low - in the blood than too much , at least temporarily , because glucose is so important for metabolism and nutrition and the proper functioning of the body 's organs . This is especially the case for those organs that are metabolically active or that require a constant , regulated supply of blood sugar ( the liver and brain are examples ) . In healthy individuals , blood glucose - regulating mechanisms are generally quite effective , and symptomatic hypoglycemia is generally found only in diabetics using insulin or other pharmacological treatment , and in starvation or severe malnutrition or malabsorption ( of various causes ) , and conditions such as anorexia . Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time , both in severity and swiftness of onset . For severe cases , prompt medical assistance is essential , as damage to brain and other tissues and even death will result from sufficiently low blood - glucose levels . Glucose measurement ( edit ) Further information : Blood glucose monitoring and Glucose meter Sample source ( edit ) Glucose testing in a fasting individual , show comparable levels of glucose in arterial , venous , and capillary blood . But following meals , capillary and arterial blood glucose levels can be significantly higher than venous levels . This is because tissue cells consume some of the glucose in the blood as it passes from arteries through the capillary bed and into the veins . Although these differences vary widely , one study found that following the consumption of 50 grams of glucose , `` the mean capillary blood glucose concentration is higher than the mean venous blood glucose concentration by 35 % . '' Sample Type ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Glucose is measured in whole blood , plasma or serum . Historically , blood glucose values were given in terms of whole blood , but most laboratories now measure and report plasma or serum glucose levels . Because red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) have a higher concentration of protein ( e.g. , hemoglobin ) than serum , serum has a higher water content and consequently more dissolved glucose than does whole blood . To convert from whole - blood glucose , multiplication by 1.15 has been shown to generally give the serum / plasma level . Collection of blood in clot tubes for serum chemistry analysis permits the metabolism of glucose in the sample by blood cells until separated by centrifugation . Red blood cells , for instance , do not require insulin to intake glucose from the blood . Higher than normal amounts of white or red blood cell counts can lead to excessive glycolysis in the sample , with substantial reduction of glucose level if the sample is not processed quickly . Ambient temperature at which the blood sample is kept prior to centrifuging and separation of plasma / serum also affects glucose levels . At refrigerator temperatures , glucose remains relatively stable for several hours in a blood sample . Loss of glucose can be prevented by using Fluoride tubes ( i.e. , gray - top ) since fluoride inhibits glycolysis . However , these should only be used when blood will be transported from one hospital laboratory to another for glucose measurement . Red - top serum separator tubes also preserve glucose in samples after being centrifuged isolating the serum from cells . To prevent contamination of the sample with intravenous fluids , particular care should be given to drawing blood samples from the arm opposite the one in which an intravenous line is inserted . Alternatively , blood can be drawn from the same arm with an IV line after the IV has been turned off for at least 5 minutes , and the arm has been elevated to drain infused fluids away from the vein . Inattention can lead to large errors , since as little as 10 % contamination with a 5 % glucose solution ( D5W ) will elevate glucose in a sample by 500 mg / dL or more . Remember that the actual concentration of glucose in blood is very low , even in the hyperglycemic . Measurement techniques ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two major methods have been used to measure glucose . The first , still in use in some places , is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced . Since other blood compounds also have reducing properties ( e.g. , urea , which can be abnormally high in uremic patients ) , this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations ( 5 to 15 mg / dL has been reported ) . The more recent technique , using enzymes specific to glucose , is less susceptible to this kind of error . The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and hexokinase . In either case , the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is inserted into a meter , and then has a blood sample applied . Test - strip shapes and their exact chemical composition vary between meter systems and can not be interchanged . Formerly , some test strips were read ( after timing and wiping away the blood sample ) by visual comparison against a color chart printed on the vial label . Strips of this type are still used for urine glucose readings , but for blood glucose levels they are obsolete . Their error rates were , in any case , much higher . More precise blood glucose measurements are performed in a medical laboratory , using hexokinase , glucose oxidase , or glucose dehydrogenase enzymes . Urine glucose readings , however taken , are much less useful . In properly functioning kidneys , glucose does not appear in urine until the renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded . This is substantially above any normal glucose level , and is evidence of an existing severe hyperglycemic condition . However , as urine is stored in the bladder , any glucose in it might have been produced at any time since the last time the bladder was emptied . Since metabolic conditions change rapidly , as a result of any of several factors , this is delayed news and gives no warning of a developing condition . Blood glucose monitoring is far preferable , both clinically and for home monitoring by patients . Healthy urine glucose levels were first standardized and published in 1965 by Hans Renschler . I. CHEMICAL METHODS A. Oxidation - reduction reaction G l u c o s e + A l k a l i n e c o p p e r t a r t a r a t e → R e d u c t i o n C u p r o u s o x i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( Alkaline \ copper \ tartarate ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Reduction ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Cuprous \ oxide ) ) 1 . Alkaline copper reduction Folin - Wu method C u + + + P h o s p h o m o l y b d i c a c i d → O x i d a t i o n P h o s p h o m o l y b d e n u m o x i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) + \ mathrm ( Phosphomolybdic \ acid ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Phosphomolybdenum \ oxide ) ) Blue end - product Benedict 's method Modification of Folin -- Wu method for qualitative urine glucose Nelson -- Somogyi method C u + + + A r s e n o m o l y b d i c a c i d → O x i d a t i o n A r s e n o m o l y b d e n u m o x i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) + \ mathrm ( Arsenomolybdic \ acid ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Arsenomolybdenum \ oxide ) ) Blue end - product Neocuproine method C u + + + N e o c u p r o i n e → O x i d a t i o n C u + + n e o c u p r o i n e c o m p l e x ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) + \ mathrm ( Neocuproine ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) \ mathrm ( neocuproine \ complex ) ) * Yellow - orange color neocuproine Shaeffer -- Hartmann -- Somogyi Uses the principle of iodine reaction with cuprous byproduct . Excess I is then titrated with thiosulfate . 2 . Alkaline Ferricyanide Reduction Hagedorn -- Jensen G l u c o s e + A l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e ⟶ F e r r o c y a n i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( Alkaline \ ferricyanide ) \ longrightarrow \ mathrm ( Ferrocyanide ) ) Colorless end product ; other reducing substances interfere with reaction B. Condensation Ortho - toluidine method Uses aromatic amines and hot acetic acid Forms Glycosylamine and Schiff 's base which is emerald green in color This is the most specific method , but the reagent used is toxic Anthrone ( phenols ) method Forms hydroxymethyl furfural in hot acetic acid II . ENZYMATIC METHODS A. Glucose oxidase G l u c o s e + O 2 → O x i d a t i o n g l u c o s e o x i d a s e D - glucono - 1 , 5 - lactone + H 2 O 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( O ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( glucose \ oxidase ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( D - glucono - 1 , 5 - lactone ) ) + \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O_ ( 2 ) ) ) Saifer -- Gerstenfeld method H 2 O 2 + O - dianisidine → O x i d a t i o n p e r o x i d a s e H 2 O + o x i d i z e d c h r o m o g e n ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O_ ( 2 ) ) + ( \ textit ( O ) ) ( \ text ( - dianisidine ) ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( peroxidase ) ) ) \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) + \ mathrm ( oxidized \ chromogen ) ) Inhibited by reducing substances like BUA , bilirubin , glutathione , ascorbic acid Trinder method uses 4 - aminophenazone oxidatively coupled with phenol Subject to less interference by increases serum levels of creatinine , uric acid or hemoglobin Inhibited by catalase Kodak Ektachem A dry chemistry method Uses spectrophotometry to measure the intensity of color through a lower transparent film Glucometer Home monitoring blood glucose assay method Uses a strip impregnated with a glucose oxidase reagent B. Hexokinase G l u c o s e + A T P → P h o s p h o r y l a t i o n H e x o k i n a s e + M g + + G - 6PO 4 + A D P G - 6PO 4 + N A D P → O x i d a t i o n G - 6PD 6 - Phosphogluconate + N A D P H + H + ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 2 ) & \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( ATP ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Phosphorylation ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( Hexokinase ) + \ mathrm ( Mg ) ^ ( + + ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( G - 6PO ) ) _ ( 4 ) + \ mathrm ( ADP ) \ \ & ( \ textrm ( G - 6PO ) ) _ ( 4 ) + \ mathrm ( NADP ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( G - 6PD ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( 6 - Phosphogluconate ) ) + \ mathrm ( NADPH ) + \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) NADP as cofactor NADPH ( reduced product ) is measured in 340 nm More specific than glucose oxidase method due to G - 6PO , which inhibits interfering substances except when sample is hemolyzed Clinical correlation ( edit ) The fasting blood glucose level , which is measured after a fast of 8 hours , is the most commonly used indication of overall glucose homeostasis , largely because disturbing events such as food intake are avoided . Conditions affecting glucose levels are shown in the table below . Abnormalities in these test results are due to problems in the multiple control mechanism of glucose regulation . The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load . In addition , the glucose tolerance test , consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake , is used to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes . Error rates for blood glucose measurements systems vary , depending on laboratories , and on the methods used . Colorimetry techniques can be biased by color changes in test strips ( from airborne or finger borne contamination , perhaps ) or interference ( e.g. , tinting contaminants ) with light source or the light sensor . Electrical techniques are less susceptible to these errors , though not to others . In home use , the most important issue is not accuracy , but trend . Thus if a meter / test strip system is consistently wrong by 10 % , there will be little consequence , as long as changes ( e.g. , due to exercise or medication adjustments ) are properly tracked . In the US , home use blood test meters must be approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold . Finally , there are several influences on blood glucose level aside from food intake . Infection , for instance , tends to change blood glucose levels , as does stress either physical or psychological . Exercise , especially if prolonged or long after the most recent meal , will have an effect as well . In the typical person , maintenance of blood glucose at near constant levels will nevertheless be quite effective . Causes of abnormal glucose levels Persistent hyperglycemia Transient hyperglycemia Persistent hypoglycemia Transient hypoglycemia Reference range , FBG : 70 -- 110 mg / dL Diabetes mellitus Pheochromocytoma Insulinoma Acute alcohol ingestion Adrenal cortical hyperactivity Cushing 's syndrome Severe liver disease Adrenal cortical insufficiency Addison 's disease Drugs : salicylates , antituberculosis agents Hyperthyroidism Acute stress reaction Hypopituitarism Severe liver disease Acromegaly Shock Galactosemia Several glycogen storage diseases Obesity Convulsions Ectopic insulin production from tumors Hereditary fructose intolerance Etymology and use of term ( edit ) This section has no medical references for verification or relies exclusively on non-medical sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a physiological context , the term is a misnomer because it refers to glucose , yet other sugars besides glucose are always present . Food contains several different types ( e.g. , fructose ( largely from fruits / table sugar / industrial sweeteners ) , galactose ( milk and dairy products ) , as well as several food additives such as sorbitol , xylose , maltose , etc . ) . But because these other sugars are largely inert with regard to the metabolic control system ( i.e. , that controlled by insulin secretion ) , since glucose is the dominant controlling signal for metabolic regulation , the term has gained currency , and is used by medical staff and lay folk alike . The table above reflects some of the more technical and closely defined terms used in the medical field . See also ( edit ) Saccharide recognition by boronic acids Blood glucose monitoring Glucagon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daly , Mark E ; Vale , C ; Walker , M ; Littlefield , A ; Alberti , KG ; Mathers , JC ( 1998 ) . `` Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high - sucrose compared with a high starch diet '' ( PDF ) . Am J Clin Nutr . American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 67 ( 6 ) : 1186 -- 1196 . PMID 9625092 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Van Soest , P.J. ( 1994 ) . Nutritional ecology of the ruminant . 2nd Ed . Cornell Univ . Press , ISBN 080142772X . Jump up ^ Young , J.W. ( 1977 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis in cattle : Significance and methodology '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 60 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . PMID 320235 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 77 ) 83821 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Walker & Jill Rodgers Type 2 Diabetes -- Your Questions Answered , Dorling Kindersley , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 74033 - 550 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diabetes FAQs -- Blood Glucose Measurement Units -- Abbott Diabetes Care ^ Jump up to : What are mg / dl and mmol / l ? How to convert ? Glucose ? Cholesterol ? Advameg , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Screening for Type 2 Diabetes '' . Clinical Diabetes. 18 ( 2 ) . 2000 . Jump up ^ Glucose test -- blood . NIH -- National Institutes of Health . Jump up ^ Davidson , Nancy Klobassa and Moreland , Peggy ( July 26 , 2011 ) Living with diabetes blog . mayoclinic.com . Jump up ^ American Diabetes Association ( 2006 ) . `` January 2006 Diabetes Care '' . Diabetes Care . 29 ( Supplement 1 ) : 51 -- 580 . PMID 16373931 . Standards of Medical Care - Table 6 and Table 7 , Correlation between A1C level and Mean Plasma Glucose Levels on Multiple Testing over 2 -- 3 months Jump up ^ USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference , Release 22 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Eiler , H. ( 2004 ) . `` Endocrine glands '' . In Reese , W.O. Dukes ' Physiology of Domestic Animals ( 12th ed . ) . Ithaca , NY : Comstock . pp. 621 -- 669 . ISBN 0801442389 . Jump up ^ Kahn , C.M. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Merck Veterinary Manual ( 9th ed . ) . Whitehouse Station : Merck & Co . ISBN 0911910506 . Jump up ^ Rice , C.G. ; Hall , B. ( 2007 ) . `` Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ) : effects of capture conditions '' . Northwest Science . 81 ( 3 ) : 206 . doi : 10.3955 / 0029 - 344X - 81.3. 206 . Jump up ^ Cornell , LH ; Duffield , DS ; Joseph , BE ; Stark , B ( 1988 ) . `` Hematology and serum chemistry values in the beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) '' . Journal of wildlife diseases . 24 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 4 . PMID 3373628 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 24.2. 220 . Jump up ^ Seal , U.S. ; Barton , R. ; Mather , L. ; Gray , C.W. ( 1976 ) . `` Baseline Laboratory Data for the White Rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum ) '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine . 7 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 17 . JSTOR 20094341 . Jump up ^ Boily , F ; Beaudoin , S ; Measures , LN ( 2006 ) . `` Hematology and serum chemistry of harp ( Phoca groenlandica ) and hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata ) during the breeding season , in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , Canada '' . Journal of wildlife diseases . 42 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 32 . PMID 16699154 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 42.1. 115 . Jump up ^ Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs . `` The Oral Diabetes Drugs : Treating Type 2 Diabetes '' ( PDF ) . Best Buy Drugs . Consumer Reports : 2 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warade , Jayesh Prabhakar ( 2014 ) . `` Fasting blood glucose level higher than post-meal in healthy subjects : a study of 738 subjects '' ( PDF ) . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research . 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Chiaohsin ( 2012 ) . `` A Comparison between Venous and Finger - Prick Blood Sampling on Values of Blood Glucose '' ( PDF ) . International Proceedings of Chemical , Biological and Environmental Engineering . 39 : 236 . Jump up ^ Somogyi , Michael ( 1948 ) . `` Studies of Arteriovenous Differences in Blood Sugar '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 174 ( 1 ) : 189 -- 200 . PMID 18914074 . Jump up ^ Roe , Jeffrey . `` Glucose Concentration Difference Between Arterial , Capillary , and Venous Blood . '' Jump up ^ Renschler , HE ; Weicker , H ; Von Baeyer , H ( 1965 ) . `` The upper limit of glucose concentration in the urine of healthy subjects '' . Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 90 ( 53 ) : 2349 -- 53 . PMID 5851934 . Jump up ^ Neocuproine MSDS . hazard.com Further reading ( edit ) Henry , John Bernard ( 2001 ) . Clinical diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods ( 20th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0721688640 . Levine R ( 1986 ) . `` Monosaccharides in Health and Disease '' . Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6 : 211 -- 224 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Röder PV , Wu B , Liu Y , Han W ( 2016 ) . `` Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis '' . Exp . Mol . Med. 48 ( 3 , March ) : e219ff . PMC 4892884 . doi : 10.1038 / emm. 2016.6 . External links ( edit ) Glucose at Lab Tests Online Glucose ( blood , serum , plasma ) : analyte monograph -- The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Human homeostasis Blood composition Blood sugar Osmoregulation Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system Acid -- base Fluid balance Hemostasis Other Predictive Thermoregulation Reference ranges for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_sugar_level&oldid=801041507 '' Categories : Human homeostasis Blood tests Diabetes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2010 Articles needing additional medical references from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the normal percentage of sugar level in the body	[ "The normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics, should be between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/dL). The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL);[6] however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).[8] The blood glucose target range for diabetics, according to the American Diabetes Association, should be 5.0–7.2 mmol/l (90–130 mg/dL) before meals, and less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor).[9]" ]	[ "about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)" ]
-3099367635228102358	Special Category Visa	Special Category visa - Wikipedia Special Category visa This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Special Category Visa is a type of Australian visa granted to most New Zealand citizens on arrival in Australia . New Zealand Citizens may then reside in Australia indefinitely under the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement . Contents 1 History 2 Mechanics 3 Permanent Resident status 3.1 Resident Return Visa 3.2 Additional pathway to permanent residence 4 Cancellation of SCV visa 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 8 External links History ( edit ) The Special Category Visa was introduced on 1 September 1994 by the Migration Regulations 1994 . It is known as a subclass 444 visa . Prior to 1 September 1994 , New Zealanders were generally treated as exempt non citizens in Australia . Most New Zealanders are eligible for a Special Category Visa ( SCV ) except : those with significant health problems those with significant criminal records ie . being sentenced to more than 12 months imprisonment combined in total those who hold temporary or permanent Australian visas those who arrive in Australia using another passport ( e.g. if holding dual nationality ) . In this case an SCV can be obtained at a Department of Immigration office in Australia upon production of a valid New Zealand passport those who arrive for specified purposes , such as diplomats and visiting forces , who are normally granted a special purpose visa . Mechanics ( edit ) The SCV is granted upon arrival to Australia . Unlike other non-citizens , New Zealanders do not require a visa before travelling to Australia . New Zealanders arriving in Australia are not told they have a visa and ordinarily their passports are not stamped . The SCV ceases when its holder departs Australia for any reason , but a new SCV is granted on return . The SCV is technically classified as a temporary visa , despite its holders residence in Australia not being subject to any limitation as to time imposed by law . Until 26 February 2001 , SCV holders were generally treated the same as permanent visa holders ; An SCV obtained on or prior to this date is classified as a ' Protected SCV ' meaning the holder is eligible to most social security benefits without restriction . Beginning in 2001 , Australia has introduced a number of laws that have dramatically changed the rights of SCV holders . Now , individuals who enter Australia after 26 February 2001 remain in Australia to live and work indefinitely are classed as a ' non-protected SCV ' holder and have restricted access to social security benefits on this visa ; e.g. A non-protected SCV holder that arrived post 2001 are eligible for a one - off 6 month unemployment benefit after 10 years of residence under the current rules April 2017 , whereas a protected SCV holder retains the same rights as and definition of a permanent resident . The changes in 2001 have resulted in two classes of SCV holders ; those that arrived on or before the 2001 announcement ( classed as protected - SCV ) and those that arrived after ( non-protected SCV ) . Protected SCV holders are still eligible to apply for citizenship ; they are automatically entitled to do so provided they meet character and health requirements ; without first having to apply for permanent residency like a non-protected SCV holder . Permanent resident status ( edit ) SCV holders fit the commonly understood meaning of the term ' permanent resident ' as they are entitled to live in Australia indefinitely , in much the same way as an Australian citizen or a permanent visa holder . However , they are excluded from definitions of this term in some Australian legislation . Even in federal migration and citizenship law , there is no standard definition of the term and SCV holders are treated inconsistently . Section 204 of the Migration Act 1958 includes all SCV holders within the definition of ' permanent resident ' on the basis they ' not subject to any limitation as to time imposed by law ' . The Migration Regulations 1994 exclude all SCV holders from the definition of ' Australian permanent resident ' , including only permanent visa holders within the definition . The Australian Citizenship Act 2007 empowers the relevant minister to declare by legislative instrument whether SCV holders are permanent residents for the purpose of the act . The current legislative instrument includes some SCV holders , while excluding others . Resident return visa ( edit ) New Zealand citizens who entered Australia before 1 September 1994 ( regardless of the purpose of entry ) are considered a former Australian permanent resident , and so eligible to apply for a Resident Return Visa ( RRV ) . An RRV can be issued to a former Australian permanent resident who wishes to restore his / her permanent residence status . Applicants must demonstrate ' substantial ties of benefit to Australia ' and give compelling reasons for any continuous absences of 5 years or more ( since their last stay in Australia as a ' permanent resident ' , i.e. as a New Zealand citizen entering before 1 September 1994 ) . Additional pathway to permanent residence ( edit ) SCV holders can apply for permanent residence through the ' additional pathway ' if they were resident in Australia on or before 19 February 2016 and , at the time of application , have resided in Australia for at least 5 years . They must also submit income tax returns which show assessable income at least equivalent to the Temporary Skilled Migration Income Threshold ( TSMIT ) for the 5 year period ( unless they are ' particularly vulnerable ' ) , and pass mandatory health , character and security checks . The application fee for primary applicants is AUD 3600 plus an additional AUD 1800 ( per partner / dependent aged 18 or above ) / AUD 900 ( per dependent under the age of 18 ) . Applications for permanent residence through the ' additional pathway ' will be accepted starting from 1 July 2017 . Cancellation of SCV visa ( edit ) A SCV visa can be cancelled , normally as the result of criminal behaviour . SCV visa holders sentenced to imprisonment can expect to be liable for immediate deportion at the time of release . See also ( edit ) Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement Australian nationality law New Zealand nationality law Permanent Resident of Norfolk Island visa Temporary protection visa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Life/New - Jump up ^ http://www.ozkiwi2001.org/2013/09/eligibility-for-a-resident-return-visa/ Jump up ^ Department of Immigration and Border Protection : An additional pathway to permanent residence for ' non-protected ' Special Category Visa ( SCV ) holders External links ( edit ) `` Fact Sheet 17 - New Zealanders in Australia '' . Department of Immigration and Citizenship ( Australia ) . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . `` DSS on changes '' . DSS . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . `` Immigration status of New Zealanders in Australia '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade ( New Zealand ) , ( New Zealand High Commission Canberra ) . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) New Zealanders in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_Category_Visa&oldid=781804032 '' Categories : Visa policy of Australia Australia -- New Zealand relations Human rights in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2017 , at 09 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	new zealand special category (subclass 444) visa (scv)	[]	[]
7894502288857559339	Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1	Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 UK theatrical release banner Directed by David Yates Produced by David Heyman David Barron J.K. Rowling Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Helena Bonham Carter Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Ralph Fiennes Michael Gambon Brendan Gleeson Richard Griffiths John Hurt Jason Isaacs Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Timothy Spall Imelda Staunton David Thewlis Julie Walters Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Eduardo Serra Edited by Mark Day Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Heyday Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 11 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom and United States ) Running time 146 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $250 million ( Shared with Part 2 ) Box office $960.3 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the first of two cinematic parts based on J.K. Rowling 's 2007 novel of the same name and features an ensemble cast . The film , which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron , and Rowling . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , respectively , reprising roles as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and is followed by the concluding entry , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The story follows Harry Potter who has been tasked by Dumbledore with finding and destroying Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . Filming began on 19 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) and was completed on 12 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 12 ) . Part 1 was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats worldwide on 19 November 2010 . In the film 's worldwide opening weekend , Part 1 grossed $330 million , the third - highest in the series , and the highest opening of 2010 , as well as the eighth - highest of all time . With a worldwide gross of $960 million , Part 1 is the third highest - grossing film of 2010 , behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland , and the third - highest - grossing Harry Potter film in terms of worldwide totals , behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Philosopher 's Stone . The film at one point became the tenth highest - grossing film of all time , and is the 42nd as of July 2018 . Additionally , it received two nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards : Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Sets 3.2 Costumes 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Theatrical release 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The Minister of Magic Rufus Scrimgeour addresses the wizarding media , stating that the Ministry remains strong despite Lord Voldemort gaining power and the Death Eaters committing mass killings of Muggles and infiltrating the Ministry . Meanwhile , Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger resolve to complete the mission Albus Dumbledore gave Harry by hunting down and destroying Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Severus Snape informs Voldemort of Harry 's impending departure from Privet Drive . Voldemort commandeers Lucius Malfoy 's wand , due to his own wand sharing the same core as Harry 's and therefore being unable to kill him . The Order of the Phoenix escort Harry to safety using Polyjuice Potion . During their flight , they are ambushed by Death Eaters who kill Mad - Eye Moody and Hedwig , injure George Weasley , and incapacitate Rubeus Hagrid . Arriving at The Burrow , Harry has a vision of the wand - maker Ollivander being tortured by Voldemort . The next day , Scrimgeour arrives with Dumbledore 's will . Ron receives Dumbledore 's Deluminator , Hermione receives a copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , and Harry receives the first Golden Snitch that he caught in a Quidditch match . Scrimgeour reveals that Harry was also bequeathed the Sword of Gryffindor , which has gone missing . The Death Eaters kill Scrimgeour and replace him with Pius Thicknesse . The Ministry begins arresting and persecuting Muggle - born witches and wizards . Death Eaters also attack during Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour 's wedding . Kingsley Shacklebolt 's patronus charm forewarns the wedding party , and most escape . Harry , Hermione , and Ron disapparate to London , but are attacked in a diner by Death Eaters . The trio seek refuge at Number 12 , Grimmauld Place . They discover that the `` R.A.B. '' from the fake Horcrux locket is Regulus Arcturus Black , younger brother of Sirius Black . Kreacher , the Blacks ' house elf , tells them that Mundungus Fletcher broke in and stole many items from the house , including the real locket . Kreacher and Dobby apprehend Fletcher , who reveals that the locket is in the possession of Dolores Umbridge . Using Polyjuice Potion , the trio infiltrate the Ministry and find the locket around Umbridge 's neck . Harry stuns Umbridge and Hermione retrieves the locket . The trio escape their pursuers by apparating in the wilderness , but Ron is injured and can not apparate again until he recovers . After unsuccessful attempts to destroy the Horcrux , the trio take turns wearing it to dilute its power . Harry sees a vision of Voldemort interrogating and killing the wand - maker Gregorovitch , who claims a teenage boy stole the legendary Elder Wand from his shop . While Ron is wearing the locket , he is overcome by negative feelings and argues with Harry before abandoning him and Hermione . Hermione deduces that the Sword of Gryffindor can destroy Horcruxes and decides to go with Harry to Godric 's Hollow . They visit Harry 's parents ' graves and the house where they were killed . They encounter Bathilda Bagshot , who they believe may have the sword . Bathilda lets them into her house before revealing herself as Nagini , possessing Bathilda 's reanimated corpse . Hermione and Harry escape into the Forest of Dean , but Hermione accidentally breaks Harry 's wand whilst fighting Nagini . She identifies the mysterious thief in Harry 's vision as Gellert Grindelwald . Harry sees a Patronus in the form of a doe , which leads him to a frozen pond . Gryffindor 's sword lies beneath the pond 's ice , which Harry breaks and jumps into . The locket around his neck strangles Harry , but Ron arrives and rescues him . Harry uses parseltongue to open the Horcrux locket , which Ron eventually decides to destroy . Hermione and Ron reconcile , and the trio decide to visit Xenophilius Lovegood to learn more about a symbol left in the book Dumbledore left Hermione . Lovegood explains to them that the symbol represents the Deathly Hallows , three magical objects that can make a wizard master of Death . Hermione reads the story of the Hallows , after which the trio awkwardly attempt to leave but are stopped by Lovegood . He reveals that Luna Lovegood has been kidnapped before summoning the Death Eaters , intending to hand over Harry in exchange for her . Harry , Ron , and Hermione disapparate as Lovegood 's house is destroyed . Back in the wilderness , the trio set up camp when Snatchers find them . Hermione uses a curse to disguise Harry as the Snatchers take them to Malfoy Manor . Bellatrix Lestrange imprisons Harry and Ron in the cellar with Luna , Ollivander , and Griphook the goblin . Bellatrix tortures Hermione for information on the Sword , which Bellatrix claims was in her vault at Gringott 's . Harry requests help , communicating with a broken mirror in his possession . Dobby apparates into the cellar to save them . Harry and Ron rush to save Hermione , and a battle ensues that sees Harry disarm Draco Malfoy . Dobby drops a chandelier onto Bellatrix , forcing her to release Hermione . Bellatrix throws her knife at them as Dobby grabs everyone and disapparates . They arrive at Shell Cottage to find that Bellatrix 's knife has fatally wounded Dobby . Harry insists that they bury Dobby without any magic . Meanwhile , Voldemort breaks into Dumbledore 's tomb and steals the Elder Wand , revealed to have been in Dumbledore 's possession . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , one of Harry 's best friends . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , one of Harry 's best friends . Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , a Death Eater and Sirius Black 's cousin and murderer . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Harry 's half - giant friend , and gamekeeper at Hogwarts . Warwick Davis as Griphook , a goblin and former employee at Gringotts Bank . Davis replaced Verne Troyer , who portrayed the character physically in the first film , though Davis had dubbed Griphook 's lines . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , a Death Eater and son of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy . Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , an evil , power - hungry wizard , and the leader of the Death Eaters . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , former headmaster of Hogwarts killed by Severus Snape in the previous film . Brendan Gleeson as Alastor ' Mad - Eye ' Moody , a member of the Order of the Phoenix . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle uncle . John Hurt as Garrick Ollivander , a wandmaker abducted by the Death Eaters . Rhys Ifans as Xenophilius Lovegood , the eccentric father of the trio 's friend Luna . Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Draco Malfoy 's father and a disgraced Death Eater . Bill Nighy as Rufus Scrimgeour , the new Minister of Magic . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , a double agent to the Death Eaters and the new headmaster of Hogwarts . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , the Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . Imelda Staunton as Dolores Umbridge , Senior Undersecretary to the Minister and Head of the Muggle - born Registration Commission . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , a member of the Order of the Phoenix and a former teacher at Hogwarts . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry . Bonnie Wright as Ginny Weasley Ron 's sister and Harry 's love interest Production ( edit ) Main article : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Daniel Radcliffe filming Dobby 's death scene in Pembrokeshire , Wales Part 1 was filmed back - to - back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010 . Director David Yates , who shot the film alongside director of photography Eduardo Serra , described Part 1 as `` quite real '' ; a `` road movie '' that 's `` almost like a vérité documentary '' . Originally set for a single theatrical release , the idea to split the book into two parts was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram due to what David Heyman called `` creative imperative '' . Heyman initially responded negatively to the idea , but Wigram asked , `` No , David . How are we going to do it ? '' . After rereading the book and discussing it with screenwriter Steve Kloves , he agreed with the division . The production filmed at Dartford Crossing for the dramatic chase where Hagrid and Harry are being ambushed by Death Eaters . Sets ( edit ) Stuart Craig , set designer for all of the previous Harry Potter films , returned for the final two parts . He said , `` We made a very different kind of film , which was shot a great deal on location . We travelled quite far , we built sets , and they spend a lot of time in a forest , '' he explained . `` We built forest sets and integrated them into the real forests , so there were challenges there , as you might imagine . '' Craig was ultimately nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Part 1 . On the wedding tent for Bill and Fleur 's wedding in Part 1 , Craig commented on his aim to `` rather than make it an extension of the house , which is rather eccentric , homemade , we decided to make it rather elegant ... It 's lined with silk and beautiful , floating candelabra . So it 's a nice contrast with the house . '' For the Ministry of Magic set , he noted , `` This is an underground world ; this is a ministry , so we went to the real ministries , the Muggle ministries -- Whitehall , in London -- and decided that our magical ministry was kind of a parallel universe to these real ministries . '' Craig also commented on his design of Malfoy Manor , saying that it is `` a very strong architectural set . The exterior is based on an Elizabethan house here in this country called Hardwick Hall and it has massive windows , and these windows are kind of blinded out . The shutters are drawn so they are like blind windows and they have a real kind of presence , an ominous presence , so that gave us the basis for a good exterior . There 's an extraordinary magical roof that 's added and surrounded by forest which is n't there in reality , but again is one of the devices to make it more threatening and mysterious . '' Costumes ( edit ) The costumes for Part 1 were designed by Jany Temime , who has been the costume designer on Harry Potter productions since Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) . Temime was involved in a controversy regarding her work on Fleur Delacour 's wedding dress . She was accused of copying the design from a similar dress from Alexander McQueen 's Fall 2008 collection . Temime spoke about the dress , saying that she `` wanted it to be a witch wedding dress but not a Halloween dress . The dress is white but it needed to have something fantastic to it . So there is the phoenix ( motif ) , the bird , which is a symbol of love in a way because there is rebirth , love never dies , it is born again . '' Visual Effects ( edit ) The motorcycle with a sidecar used by Hagrid and Harry in the film After working on every film since Prisoner of Azkaban , Double Negative was asked to provide visual effects for the final instalments of the story , in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 . Working closely with the film 's VFX Supervisor , Tim Burke , the team was led by VFX Supervisor , David Vickery and VFX Producer Charlotte Loughlane . The main team also included 3D Supervisor , Rick Leary and 2D Supervisor , Sean Stranks . Double Negative 's work for Part 1 included the corroding Warner Brothers logo and extensive environment extensions of the Burrows and its surrounds . Additional environment work was completed on Xenophilius Lovegood 's home , extending it in 3D and culminating in the Death Eaters ' attack . Double Negative also advanced the Death Eaters ' smoke effects , with the introduction of the ' flayed man ' stage in between their smokey , fluid , flying state and their live - action presence upon landing . Other work included the Patronus charm that interrupts the wedding party to inform the guests that Voldemort has taken over the Ministry of Magic . The visual effects company Framestore produced most of the creature CGI , as in previous films , as well as the animated Tale of the Three Brothers sequence , which was directed and designed by Ben Hibon . Music ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( soundtrack ) See also : Music of the Harry Potter films Composer Nicholas Hooper , who scored Order of the Phoenix and Half - Blood Prince , did not return for Deathly Hallows . Instead , Alexandre Desplat was hired to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . The film also featured the song `` O Children '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The first official picture from the first film was released on 1 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) , showing Harry , Ron and Hermione in a London street . A clip was officially released on 8 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) with the release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince on Blu - ray and DVD . At the 2010 ShoWest convention , Alan F. Horn premiered unfinished footage from both films . The 2010 MTV Movie Awards premiered more footage from Deathly Hallows . Following this was the release of the official teaser poster , which shows the release date of both Part 1 and Part 2 and a destroyed Hogwarts castle . ABC Family broadcast interviews and additional scenes from both parts during their Harry Potter weekend , which began on 8 July 2010 . A two - minute trailer for the film was released worldwide on 22 September 2010 . On 29 September 2010 , three character posters for Part 1 of Harry , Ron , and Hermione were released by Yahoo ! Movies . The following day , a Part 1 cinema poster was released featuring the trio on the run in a forest . The theatrical poster has the tagline `` Nowhere is safe '' , and another version with no credits has the tagline `` The end begins '' . Various other character posters for Part 1 were released on 6 October 2010 , featuring Harry , Ron , Hermione , Lord Voldemort , Bellatrix Lestrange , Severus Snape and Fenrir Greyback . On 12 October , four new character posters were released . The posters are set to the theme of `` Trust no one '' and `` The hunt begins '' . On 15 October 2010 , tickets began selling on Fandango for the US release of Part 1 , and on 19 October , a 50 - second clip featuring never - before - seen footage was aired at the 2010 Scream Awards . On 16 October , the second TV spot was released on Cartoon Network during a premiere of Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster . On 25 October 2010 , Yahoo ! Movies released an exclusive featurette of the film . On 30 October 2010 , Entertainment Weekly released two new featurettes titled `` Horcruxes '' and `` The Story '' , featuring a large amount of never - before - seen footage . On the same day , the Warner Bros. Harry Potter website was updated to reveal twelve miniature clips from the film . On 3 November 2010 , the Los Angeles Times released an extended clip of Harry leaving the Burrow to find the Horcruxes , titled `` No One Else Is Going to Die for Me '' . On 4 November , a new clip was released from the Harry Potter Facebook page , titled `` The Seven Potters '' . Two more clips were released over the next two days , including a scene depicting a café attack and another taking place in Malfoy Manor . Theatrical release ( edit ) On 26 August 2010 , director David Yates , producers David Heyman and David Barron , and with Warner Bros. president Alan F. Horn attended a test screening for Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 in Chicago . The unfinished film gained rave reviews from test screeners , some of whom labelled it `` amazing and dark '' and `` the most perfect Harry Potter film '' . Others expressed that the film faithfully adapted the novel , which led to an inheritance of the `` book 's own problems '' . Warner Bros. Pictures was originally going to release Part 1 of Deathly Hallows in 2D and 3D formats . On 8 October 2010 , it was announced that plans for a 3D version of Part 1 had been scrapped . `` Warner Bros. Pictures has made the decision to release Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 in 2D , in both conventional and IMAX cinemas ( because ) we will not have a completed 3D version of the film within our release date window . Despite everyone 's best efforts , we were unable to convert the film in its entirety and meet the highest standards of quality . '' Part 1 of Deathly Hallows was released on Blu - ray 3D as a Best Buy Exclusive . Part 2 was still released in 2D , 3D , and IMAX formats . The world premiere for Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was held in Leicester Square in London on 11 November 2010 , with fans from across the world turning up -- some of whom had camped for days in the square . This was followed by the Belgian premiere on 12 November and the US premiere in New York City on 15 November . Just 48 hours prior to the official North American launch of Part 1 , the first 36 minutes of the film were leaked on the internet . Even before the leak , the film was already the fifth - biggest generator of advance ticket sales in history , after selling out 1,000 cinemas across the United States . Despite widely circulating rumours that the leaked footage was a marketing ploy to generate hype for the movie release date , no screener discs had been created by Warner Bros. , and executives called it `` a serious breach of copyright violation and theft of Warner Bros. property '' . In Australia , the film had its premiere on 13 November at Warner Bros. Movie World , located on the Gold Coast , Queensland . Three hundred people attended the viewing , which was the second official showing in the world , behind the UK premiere . The film premiered in Kuwait 's release on 16 November . In Israel , Estonia , and New Zealand , the film was released on 18 November . Home media ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was released on a single and double disc DVD and 3 - disc Blu - ray combo pack on 11 April 2011 in the UK and on 15 April 2011 in the US . On 28 January 2011 , it was announced by Emma Watson on the Harry Potter UK Facebook page that the page 's fans will get to vote for their preferred cover for the Part 1 Blu - ray . The cover with the most votes will be the cover for the disc . Voting started that same day . The DVD and Blu - ray include eight deleted scenes , with the Blu - ray Combo Pack containing an opening scene from Part 2 featuring Harry and Ollivander discussing the Deathly Hallows . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 performed well in DVD sales , selling 7,237,437 DVD units and adding $86,932,256 to the gross revenue of the film , bringing the total to $1,043,331,967 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 grossed $24 million in North America during its midnight showing , beating the record for the highest midnight gross of the series , previously held by Half Blood Prince , at $22.2 million . The film also had the third - highest midnight gross of all time , behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse and The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which grossed $30 million and $26.3 million , respectively . The film broke the record for the highest midnight gross in IMAX , with $1.4 million in box office sales , surpassing Eclipse , which grossed $1 million . All of these records were later topped in 2011 by the film 's sequel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . In North America , the film grossed $61.7 million on its opening day , marking the sixth highest single day gross ever at the time . It became the highest opening day for a Harry Potter film in the series , a record previously held by Half - Blood Prince with $58.2 million , until it was broken by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 with $92.1 million . The film grossed a total of $125 million in its opening weekend , marking the largest opening for the franchise , previously held by Goblet of Fire and later topped by its sequel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . It also was the second biggest November opening ever at the time , behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon 's $142.8 million , the ninth biggest weekend opening for a film of all time at the North American box office , and the second biggest opening weekend for a 2010 film in the United States and Canada behind Iron Man 2 's $128.1 million . The film stayed at the top of the box office for two weeks , grossing $75 million over the five - day Thanksgiving weekend , bringing its total to $219.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Malta , the film broke records for the highest Friday gross ( £ 5.9 million ) , Saturday gross ( £ 6.6 million ) , and Sunday gross ( £ 5.7 million ) . Additionally , the film set the largest single day gross ( £ 6.6 million ) and the largest opening three - day gross ( £ 18,319,721 ) , a record previously held by Quantum of Solace , which grossed £ 15.4 million . As of 13 February 2011 , Part 1 has grossed £ 52,404,464 ( $86,020,929 ) , becoming the second highest - grossing 2010 release in the country , behind Toy Story 3 ( £ 73,405,113 ) . Outside North America , the film grossed an estimated $205 million in its opening weekend , becoming the sixth highest of all time , the highest for a 2010 release , and the second highest for a Harry Potter movie , behind only Half - Blood Prince . Globally , the film grossed $330 million in its opening weekend , ranking seventh on the all - time chart . It was the highest grossing 2010 film in Indonesia ( $6,149,448 ) , Singapore ( $4,546,240 ) , Thailand ( $4,933,136 ) , Belgium and Luxembourg ( $8,944,329 ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $51,104,397 ) , Germany ( $61,430,098 ) , the Netherlands ( $13,790,585 ) , Norway ( $7,144,020 ) , Sweden ( $11,209,387 ) , and Australia ( $41,350,865 ) . In total overseas earnings , it surpassed Philosopher 's Stone ( $657.2 million ) to become the highest grossing Harry Potter film overseas . On 7 April 2011 , Part 1 ended its run with $295,983,305 in the United States and Canada , making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2010 in these regions , and $664,300,000 from other countries around the world , for a worldwide total of $960,283,305 , making it the third highest - grossing film of 2010 worldwide behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland , as well as the 38th highest - grossing film of all time worldwide and the third highest grossing Harry Potter film in the series behind The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and The Philosopher 's Stone . Due to the success of the sequel in Germany , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 could return to No. 9 on the country 's Cinema Charts with 28,000 viewers in July 2011 . Critical response ( edit ) Review - aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 79 % based on 261 reviews , with an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` It ca n't help but feel like the prelude it is , but Deathly Hallows : Part I is a beautifully filmed , emotionally satisfying penultimate installment for the Harry Potter series . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating to reviews , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The UK 's Daily Telegraph also gave the film a positive review , remarking , `` For the most part the action romps along , spurred by some impressive special effects , '' adding , `` It 's just slightly disappointing that , with the momentum having been established so effectively , we now have to wait until next year to enjoy the rest of the ride . '' Roger Ebert awarded the first part three out of four stars , praising the cast and calling it `` a handsome and sometimes harrowing film ... completely unintelligible for anyone coming to the series for the first time '' . Scott Bowles of USA Today called it , `` Menacing and meditative , Hallows is arguably the best instalment of the planned eight - film franchise , though audiences who have n't kept up with previous chapters will be hopelessly lost '' , while Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly likewise praised the film as `` the most cinematically rewarding chapter yet . '' In a review for the Orlando Sentinel , Roger Moore proclaimed Part I as `` Alternately funny and touching , it 's the best film in the series , an Empire Strikes Back for these wizards and their wizarding world . And those effects ? They 're so special you do n't notice them . '' Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek gave a negative review , writing , `` They 've taken one of the most enchanting series in contemporary fiction and sucked out all the magic ... while Rowling 's stories are endlessly inventive , Potter onscreen just gives you a headache . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post found the film to be `` Beautifully shot but a soulless cash machine ... ( that ) delivers no dramatic payoff , no resolution and not much fun . '' Accolades ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects at the 83rd Academy Awards . It is the second film in the Harry Potter film series to be nominated for a Visual Effects Oscar ( the previous one being Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) . The film was long - listed for eight different categories , including Best Cinematography , Production Design , and Original Score , at the 64th BAFTA awards , and ultimately was nominated for Best Special Visual Effects and Make - up . show List of awards and nominations Award Category Result Recipient Source 83rd Academy Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Stuart Craig Stephenie McMillan Best Visual Effects Nominated Tim Burke John Richardson Christian Manz Nicolas Aithadi 64th BAFTA Awards Special Visual Effects Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Nominated Amanda Knight Lisa Tomblin BAFTA Britannia Awards Artistic Excellence in Directing Won David Yates ( for Harry Potter films 5 -- 8 ) 37th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Nominated David Yates Best Special Effects Nominated Tim Burke John Richardson Nicolas Ait'Hadi Christian Manz Best Make - Up Nominated Mark Coulier Nick Dudman Amanda Knight Best Costume Nominated Jany Temime 2011 Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) Nominated David Yates , Steve Kloves 2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated Best Male Performance Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Best Female Performance Nominated Emma Watson Best Villain Won Tom Felton Best Kiss Nominated Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson Best Fight Nominated Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Rupert Grint Satellite Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Eduardo Serra Best Original Score Nominated Alexandre Desplat Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Stuart Craig Art Directors Guild Awards 2010 Best Art Direction in a Fantasy Film Nominated Golden Reel Awards 2011 Best Sound Editing : Music in a Feature Film Nominated Gerard McCann Peter Clarke Stuart Morton Allan Jenkins Kirsty Whalley Rob Houston Best Sound Editing : Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Nominated James Harley Mather Bjorn Ole Schroeder Dan Laurie Jon Olive Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Eduardo Serra San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Stuart Craig Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Eduardo Serra Best Visual Effects Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2011 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual - Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture Nominated Tim Burke Emma Norton John Richardson Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture ( Dobby ) Won Mathieu Vig Ben Lambert Laurie Brugger Marine Poirson Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture ( Kreacher ) Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2010 Best Visual Effects Nominated Best Makeup Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2010 Best Visual Effects Nominated Special Merit ( Obliviate Scene ) Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Best Visual Effects Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Nominated Alexandre Desplat 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Nominated Emma Watson Empire Awards 2011 Best Actress Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Won 2011 National Movie Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Performance of the Year Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Emma Watson Nominated Rupert Grint 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Actor Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Choice Movie : Actress Sci - Fi / Fantasy Won Emma Watson Choice Movie : Villain Won Tom Felton Choice Movie : Liplock Won Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson 2011 British Academy Children 's Awards ( BAFTA ) Favorite Film Nominated BAFTA Kids ' Vote ( Film Category ) Nominated See also ( edit ) List of films split into multiple parts Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal 2010s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS : PART I ( 2010 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Warner officials say shooting parts 1 and 2 of `` Deathly Hallows '' ( the second part comes out in July ) kept cost below the more than $250 million that was spent on 2009 's `` Half - Blood Prince . '' Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Looks to Shatter Box Office Record With $150 M+ Debut '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Parts 1 and 2 of `` Deathly Hallows '' were filmed at a cost of roughly $250 million , essentially giving Warner Bros. a license to print money off the profits it will bank over the upcoming weekend . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Plans Two - Part Film Adaptation of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' to Be Directed by David Yates '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 ... expand the screen adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and release the film in two parts . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Alison ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe Calls Wrapping Up Harry Potter Devastating '' . People . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Release Date Set for Harry Potter 7 : Part I '' . Coming Soon . 25 April 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IFCO : Irish Film Classification Office -- Reviews of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 '' . Ifco.ie . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WB Sets Lots of New Release Dates ! '' . Comingsoon.net. 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Part 1 Not in 3D '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . 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TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 22 September 2010 ) . `` Second Epic Harry Potter & the Deathly Hallows Official Trailer '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Turgis , Chloe ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Yahoo ! Movies Posters '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 Theatrical '' . MSN movies . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 ' Character Banners Debuts '' . 6 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Get Caught ! Exclusive `` Deathly Hallows : Part One '' Banners -- The Leaky Cauldron `` . The Leaky Cauldron. 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows TV Spot '' . YouTube . 16 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Official website Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 on IMDb Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Wizarding World Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them soundtrack Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. 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Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Films by David Yates Feature films The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 ) Television productions The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) State of Play ( 2003 ) Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Short films Rank ( 2002 ) Empire Award for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Wanted ( 2009 ) Star Trek ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) Thor ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) A Monster Calls ( 2017 ) Wonder Woman ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2010185170 VIAF : 176505995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_ -- _Part_1&oldid = 866360729 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films American adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films American road movies American sequel films British adventure films British films British road movies British sequel films Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Empire Award winners Films about shapeshifting Films directed by David Yates Films produced by David Barron Films produced by David Heyman Films produced by J.K. 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-1999109733730779699	The Day After Tomorrow	The Day After Tomorrow - wikipedia The Day After Tomorrow For other uses , see The Day After Tomorrow ( disambiguation ) . The Day After Tomorrow Theatrical release poster Directed by Roland Emmerich Produced by Roland Emmerich Mark Gordon Screenplay by Roland Emmerich Jeffrey Nachmanoff Story by Roland Emmerich Based on The Coming Global Superstorm by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber Starring Dennis Quaid Jake Gyllenhaal Ian Holm Emmy Rossum Sela Ward Music by Harald Kloser Cinematography Ueli Steiger Edited by David Brenner Production company Centropolis Entertainment Lionsgate Films Mark Gordon Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 17 ) ( Mexico City ) May 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $544.3 million The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American science - fiction disaster film co-written , directed , and produced by Roland Emmerich and starring Dennis Quaid , Jake Gyllenhaal , Ian Holm , Emmy Rossum , and Sela Ward . It is based on the book The Coming Global Superstorm by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber . The film depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation in a series of extreme weather events that usher in global cooling and lead to a new ice age . Filmed in Toronto and Montreal , it is the highest - grossing Hollywood film made in Canada ( adjusted for inflation ) . Originally slated for release in the summer of 2003 , The Day After Tomorrow premiered in Mexico City on May 17 , 2004 , and was released in the United States on May 28 , 2004 . A major commercial success , the film became the sixth highest - grossing film of 2004 . It received mixed reviews upon release , with critics highly praising the film 's special effects but criticizing its writing and numerous scientific inaccuracies . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Visual effects 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reaction 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Political and scientific criticism 6 Home media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Hall , an American paleoclimatologist , and his colleagues Frank and Jason , drill for ice - core samples in the Larsen Ice Shelf for the NOAA , when the shelf breaks apart . Jack warns of impending global warming at a UN conference in New Delhi , but US Vice President Raymond Becker dismisses his concerns . Professor Terry Rapson of the Hedland Centre in Scotland shares Jack 's views of an inevitable climate shift and they become friends . Several buoys in the Atlantic Ocean show a severe ocean temperature drop , leading Rapson to conclude Jack 's theories are correct . Jack 's and Rapson 's teams , along with NASA meteorologist Janet Tokada , build a forecast model based on Jack 's research . Eventually , a massive storm system develops in the northern hemisphere , splitting into three superstorms above Canada , Scotland , and Siberia . The gigantic hurricane - like storms pull frozen air from the upper troposphere into their center , flash - freezing anything caught in their eyes with temperatures below − 150 degrees Fahrenheit ( - 101 degrees Celsius ) . Meanwhile , the weather worsens across the world ; Tokyo is struck by a giant hail storm , sea levels in Nova Scotia rise 25 feet ( 7 meters ) in a matter of seconds , and Los Angeles is devastated by a tornado outbreak . Following this , the President issues an executive order for the FAA to ground all air traffic across the country . In New York , Jack 's son Sam , and his friends Brian Parks and Laura Chapman participate in an academic decathlon , where they meet new friend JD . New York is soon caught in the crosshairs of the North American storm and the weather becomes progressively more violent ; following the competition Sam is initially able to contact his father from a school payphone , telling him that they will be staying with one of the students from the host school until the weather clears up . The heavy rain , however , does n't let up at all , and the city begins to flood . Initially able to seek shelter at JD 's apartment , the group finds that in addition to the FAA having suspended all air traffic most of the platforms at Grand Central Station are now flooded , effectively rendering Sam 's group stranded in the city . JD offers to take them as far south as Philadelphia , where his younger brother is at a boarding school , but the true extent of the flooding is revealed when the group leaves the apartment building . With Manhattan now completely submerged in waist - deep water and power now out to much of the city , JD finds that he is unable to get ahold of his driver and so the group instead choose to seek shelter at the New York Public Library . As the North American storm continues to grow and move south , a rising wall of water forms in the vicinity of Ellis Island , swallowing the Statue of Liberty and bound straight for the city ; the several - dozen - foot - high storm surge soon strikes New York , washing through city streets and sweeping away everything in its path . Sam and his friends are able to hold out in the library and barely make it to safety , but not before Laura accidentally cuts her leg on an exposed license plate rim . With most cell services down , Sam is able to once again contact his parents Jack and his mother Lucy , a doctor , this time through a submerged payphone in the library mezzanine ; Jack advises him to stay inside and promises to rescue him . Rapson and his team perish in the European storm , while Lucy remains in a hospital caring for bed - ridden children until saved by the authorities . Upon Jack 's suggestion , President Blake orders the southern states to be evacuated into Mexico , the northern half doomed to be hit by the superstorm . With the storm having now reached Washington , Blake perishes after his motorcade is caught in it , making Becker the new President . Jack , Jason , and Frank make their way to New York against all odds and Frank falls through the skylight of a mall , cutting his rope to prevent his friends from falling in after him . In the library , most survivors decide to head south once the floodwater outside freezes in spite of Sam 's warnings , and are later found frozen solid by Jack and Jason ; only a few survivors end up taking heed of Sam 's advice and burn books to stay warm as the temperatures plunge . Laura 's leg wound becomes infected to the point where she develops blood poisoning from her injury , and Sam , Brian , and J.D. scour a Ukrainian cargo vessel that had drifted into the city for penicillin , fending off a pack of wolves which escaped from Central Park Zoo . The eye of the North American storm arrives , freezing Manhattan solid , but Sam 's group make it to the library just in time . Likewise , Jack and Jason also make it to relative safety , taking shelter in an abandoned fast food restaurant . Days later , the superstorms dissipate . Jack and Jason successfully reach the library , discovering Sam and the others have survived . Becker , in his first address as President , apologises on television for his ignorance , vowing to send helicopters to rescue survivors in the northern states . Jack and Sam 's group are picked up in Manhattan , where many people have survived . On the International Space Station , astronauts look down in awe at the frozen Earth , now free of pollution . Cast ( edit ) Dennis Quaid as Professor Jack Hall Jake Gyllenhaal as Sam Hall Sela Ward as Dr. Lucy Hall Emmy Rossum as Laura Chapman Ian Holm as Professor Terry Rapson Austin Nichols as J.D. Adrian Lester as Simon Christopher Britton as Vorsteen Arjay Smith as Brian Parks Dash Mihok as Jason Evans Jay O. Sanders as Frank Harris Sasha Roiz as Parker Perry King as President Blake Kenneth Welsh as Vice President / President Raymond Becker Tamlyn Tomita as Janet Tokada Glenn Plummer as Luther Amy Sloan as Elsa Sheila McCarthy as Judith Nestor Serrano as Tom Gomez Christian Tessier as Aaron Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Day After Tomorrow was inspired by Coast to Coast AM talk - radio host Art Bell and Whitley Strieber 's book , The Coming Global Superstorm , and Strieber wrote the film 's novelization . Arnold Federbush 's 1978 novel , Ice ! , and Douglas Orgill and John Gribbin 's The Sixth Winter ( published in 1979 ) have similar themes . Before and during the film 's release , members of environmental and political advocacy groups distributed pamphlets to moviegoers describing the possible effects of global warming . Although the film depicts effects of global warming predicted by scientists ( such as rising sea levels , more destructive storms , and disruption of ocean currents and weather patterns ) , it depicts their occurrence more rapidly and severely than what is considered scientifically plausible ; the theory that a superstorm could create rapid worldwide climate change does not appear in the scientific literature . To choose a studio , writer Michael Wimer created an auction . A copy of the script was sent to all major studios along with a term sheet . They had 24 hours to decide whether to produce the movie with Roland Emmerich directing . Fox Studios was the only studio to accept the terms . Visual effects ( edit ) The Day After Tomorrow is widely - known for its special effects and CGI . The movie features 416 visual effects shots , with nine effects houses , notably Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain , and over 1,000 artists working on the film for over a year . Although a miniature set was initially considered according to the behind - the - scenes documentary , for the destruction of New York sequence effects artists instead utilized a 13 block - sized 3D model of Manhattan which was then textured with over 50,000 scanned photographs ; due to its overall complexity and a tight schedule , the storm surge scene required as many as three special effects vendors for certain shots . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film ranked # 2 at the box office ( behind Shrek 2 ) over its four - day Memorial Day opening , grossing $85,807,341 . led the per - theater average , with a four - day average of $25,053 ( compared to Shrek 2 's four - day average of $22,633 ) . At the end of its theatrical run , the film grossed $186,740,799 domestically and $544,272,402 worldwide . It was the second - highest opening - weekend film not to lead at the box office ; Inside Out surpassed it in June 2015 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The Day After Tomorrow received mixed reviews from critics , who praised its visual effects and criticized its writing and scientific inaccuracy . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 44 % of 218 critics reviewed the film positively , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . According to the website , it is `` A ludicrous popcorn flick filled with clunky dialogues , but spectacular visuals save it from being a total disaster . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times described the film as `` profoundly silly '' but nonetheless said the film was effective and praised the special effects . He gave it three stars out of four . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Nominated Best Special Effects Karen E. Goulekas , Neil Corbould , Greg Strause and Remo Balcells Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Visual Effects Won VES Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture Karen Goulekas , Mike Chambers , Greg Strause , Remo Balcells Nominated Best Single Visual Effect Karen Goulekas , Mike Chambers , Chris Horvath , Matthew Butler Won MTV Movie Awards Best Action Sequence `` The destruction of Los Angeles '' Won Best Breakthrough Performance Emmy Rossum Nominated Irish Film & Television Awards Best International Actor Jake Gyllenhaal Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Action Film Nominated Environmental Media Awards Best Film Won BMI Film Awards Best Music Harald Kloser Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Effects & Foley Mark P. Stoeckinger , Larry Kemp , Glenn T. Morgan , Alan Rankin , Michael Kamper , Ann Scibelli , Randy Kelley , Harry Cohen , Bob Beher and Craig S. Jaeger Nominated Political and scientific criticism ( edit ) Emmerich did not deny that his casting of a weak president and the resemblance of vice-president Kenneth Welsh to Dick Cheney were intended to criticize the climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration . Responding to claims of insensitivity in his inclusion of scenes of a devastated New York City less than three years after the September 11 attacks , Emmerich said that it was necessary to showcase the increased unity of people in the face of disaster because of the attacks . Some scientists criticized the film 's scientific aspects . Paleoclimatologist and professor of earth and planetary science at Harvard University Daniel P. Schrag said , `` On the one hand , I 'm glad that there 's a big - budget movie about something as critical as climate change . On the other , I 'm concerned that people will see these over-the - top effects and think the whole thing is a joke ... We are indeed experimenting with the Earth in a way that has n't been done for millions of years . But you 're not going to see another ice age -- at least not like that . '' J. Marshall Shepherd , a research meteorologist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , expressed a similar sentiment : `` I 'm heartened that there 's a movie addressing real climate issues . But as for the science of the movie , I 'd give it a D minus or an F. And I 'd be concerned if the movie was made to advance a political agenda . '' According to University of Victoria climatologist Andrew Weaver , `` It 's The Towering Inferno of climate science movies , but I 'm not losing any sleep over a new ice age , because it 's impossible . '' Patrick J. Michaels , a largely oil - funded climate change skeptic and former research professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia who rejects the scientific consensus on global warming , called the film `` propaganda '' in a USA Today editorial : `` As a scientist , I bristle when lies dressed up as ' science ' are used to influence political discourse . '' College instructor and retired NASA Office of Inspector General senior special agent Joseph Gutheinz called The Day After Tomorrow `` a cheap thrill ride , which many weak - minded people will jump on and stay on for the rest of their lives '' in a Space Daily editorial . When paleoclimatologist William Hyde of Duke University was asked on Usenet if he would see the film , he answered that he would not unless someone offered him $100 . Subscribers to the newsgroup took up the challenge and , despite Hyde 's protests , raised the $100 . Hyde 's review on Google Groups criticized the film 's depiction of weather which stopped at national borders ; it was `` to climate science as Frankenstein is to heart transplant surgery '' . Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , an expert on thermohaline circulation and its effect on climate , said after a talk with scriptwriter Jeffrey Nachmanoff at the film 's Berlin preview : Clearly this is a disaster movie and not a scientific documentary , ( and ) the film makers have taken a lot of artistic license . But the film presents an opportunity to explain that some of the basic background is right : humans are indeed increasingly changing the climate and this is quite a dangerous experiment , including some risk of abrupt and unforeseen changes ... Luckily it is extremely unlikely that we will see major ocean circulation changes in the next couple of decades ( I 'd be just as surprised as Jack Hall if they did occur ) ; at least most scientists think this will only become a more serious risk towards the end of the century . And the consequences would certainly not be as dramatic as the ' superstorm ' depicted in the movie . Nevertheless , a major change in ocean circulation is a risk with serious and partly unpredictable consequences , which we should avoid . And even without events like ocean circulation changes , climate change is serious enough to demand decisive action . Environmental activist and Guardian columnist George Monbiot called The Day After Tomorrow `` a great movie and lousy science '' . In 2008 , Yahoo ! Movies listed The Day After Tomorrow as one of its top - 10 scientifically inaccurate films . It was criticized for depicting meteorological phenomena as occurring over the course of hours , instead of decades or centuries . A 2015 Washington Post article reported on a paper published in Scientific Reports which indicated that global temperatures could drop relatively rapidly ( one degree Fahrenheit over an 11 - year period ) due to a temporary shutdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation caused by global warming . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS and DVD October 12 , 2004 and was released in high - definition video on Blu - ray in North America on October 2 , 2007 and in the United Kingdom on April 28 , 2008 , in 1080p with a lossless DTS - HD Master Audio track and few bonus features . DVD sales were $110 million , bringing the film 's gross to $652,771,772 . See also ( edit ) Film portal Six Degrees : Our Future on a Hotter Planet -- a 2007 non-fiction book The Coming Global Superstorm -- a book on which the movie is based Fifty Degrees Below -- a Kim Stanley Robinson novel in which greenhouse warming similarly disrupts the Gulf Stream Time of the Great Freeze -- a novel by Robert Silverberg about a second Ice Age The World in Winter -- a 1962 book by John Christopher about the beginning of a new ice age Ice -- a 1998 film with a similar premise starring Grant Show , Udo Kier , and Eva La Rue `` Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow '' , an episode of South Park that parodies the film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gillis , Justin ( 22 March 2016 ) . `` Scientists Warn of Perilous Climate Shift Within Decades , Not Centuries '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Emmerich , Roland ; Gordon , Mark . `` Day After Tomorrow Q&A with Roland Emmerich and Mark Gordon '' . Phase9 Entertainment . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jamie ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Why the Halo Movie Failed to Launch '' . WIRED . Conde Nast . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Story Notes for The Day After Tomorrow '' . AMC . July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones '' . AMC filmsite . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Restuccio , Daniel ( 1 June 2004 ) . `` THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW 'S PHOTOREAL EFFECTS '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Day After Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Day After Tomorrow Movie Review ( 2004 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bowles , Scott ( May 26 , 2004 ) . `` ' The Day After Tomorrow ' heats up a political debate Storm of opinion rains down on merits of disaster movie '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( May 2004 ) . `` The Day After Tomorrow : An Interview with Roland Emmerich '' . BlackFilm.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Epstein , Daniel . `` Roland Emmerich of The Day After Tomorrow ( 20th Century Fox ) Interview '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2004 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chau , Thomas ( May 27 , 2004 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Director Roland Emmerich on `` The Day After Tomorrow '' `` . Cinema Confidential . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2004 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Patrick_J._Michaels Jump up ^ `` Scientific consensus : Earth 's climate is warming '' . Climate Change : Vital Signs of the Planet . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Patrick J. ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` ' Day After Tomorrow ' : A lot of hot air '' . USA Today . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Gutheniz Jr. , Joseph ( May 27 , 2004 ) . `` There Will Be A Day After Tomorrow '' . Space Daily . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Day After Tomorrow `` '' . Google Groups . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RASW Charity Marathon reaches Goal ! '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google Groups '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rahmstorf , Stefan . `` The Day After Tomorrow -- Some comments on the movie '' . Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( 14 May 2004 ) . `` A hard rain 's a-gonna fall '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 : Scientifically Inaccurate Movies '' . Yahoo7 Movies . Wayback Machine . 28 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster Flick Exaggerates Speed Of Ice Age '' . Science Daily . May 13 , 2004 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yanan ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Model suggests possibility of a ' Little Ice Age ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales Chart -- 2004 Full Year '' . Lee 's Movie Info . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Day After Tomorrow The Day After Tomorrow on IMDb The Day After Tomorrow at AllMovie The Day After Tomorrow at the TCM Movie Database The Day After Tomorrow at the American Film Institute Catalog The Day After Tomorrow at Box Office Mojo The Day After Tomorrow at Rotten Tomatoes The Day After Tomorrow at Metacritic The Day After Tomorrow : A Scientific Critique Films directed by Roland Emmerich The Noah 's Ark Principle ( 1984 ) Joey ( 1985 ) Hollywood - Monster ( 1987 ) Moon 44 ( 1990 ) Universal Soldier ( 1992 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Godzilla ( 1998 ) The Patriot ( 2000 ) The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) 10,000 BC ( 2008 ) 2012 ( 2009 ) Anonymous ( 2011 ) White House Down ( 2013 ) Stonewall ( 2015 ) Independence Day : Resurgence ( 2016 ) Midway ( 2019 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 4809780 - 9 VIAF : 316752121 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&oldid=866206335 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films 2000s disaster films 2000s science fiction films 2000s thriller films American disaster films American films American science fiction films American thriller films Climate change films Dystopian films Environmental films Films about fictional Presidents of the United States Films about tornadoes Films about tsunamis Films directed by Roland Emmerich Films set in 2004 Films set in Antarctica Films set in Delhi Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Mexico Films set in New York City Films set in Scotland Films set in the White House Films set in Tokyo Films set in Washington , D.C. 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639782364660780089	Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling	Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling - wikipedia Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are two different methods of transmission synchronization . Synchronous transmissions are synchronized by an external clock , while asynchronous transmissions are synchronized by special signals along the transmission medium . Contents ( hide ) 1 The need for synchronization 2 Methods of synchronization 2.1 Synchronous transmission 2.2 Asynchronous transmission 3 Advantages and disadvantages 4 References The need for synchronization ( edit ) Whenever an electronic device transmits digital ( and sometimes analog ) data to another , there must be a certain rhythm established between the two devices , i.e. , the receiving device must have some way of , within the context of the fluctuating signal that it 's receiving , determining where each unit of data begins and where it ends . Methods of synchronization ( edit ) There are two ways to synchronize the two ends of the communication . The synchronous signalling methods use two different signals . A pulse on one signal indicates when another bit of information is ready on the other signal . The asynchronous signalling methods use only one signal . The receiver uses transitions on that signal to figure out the transmitter bit rate ( `` autobaud '' ) and timing , and set a local clock to the proper timing , typically using a phase - locked loop ( PLL ) to synchronize with the transmission rate . A pulse from the local clock indicates when another bit is ready . Synchronous transmission ( edit ) In synchronous communications , the stream of data to be transferred is encoded as fluctuating voltage levels in one wire ( the ' DATA ' ) , and a periodic pulse of voltage on a separate wire ( called the `` CLOCK '' or `` STROBE '' ) which tells the receiver `` the current DATA bit is ' valid ' at this moment in time '' . Practically all parallel communications protocols use synchronous transmission . For example , in a computer , address information is transmitted synchronously -- the address bits over the address bus , and the read or write ' strobe 's of the control bus . Single - wire synchronous signalling A logical one is indicated when there are two transitions in the same time frame as a zero . In the Manchester coding a transition from low to high indicates a one and a transition from high to low indicates a zero . When there are successive ones or zeros , an opposite transition is required on the edge of the time frame to prepare for the next transition and signal . Asynchronous transmission ( edit ) The most common asynchronous signalling , asynchronous start - stop signalling , uses a near - constant ' bit ' timing ( + / - 5 % local oscillator required at both end of the connection ) . Using this , the receiver detects the ' first ' edge transition ... ( the START BIT ) , then waits ' half a bit duration ' then reads A further delay of one ' whole bit duration ' is executed before the next data bit is ' read ' - repeating for length of the whole serial word ( typically 7 / 8 - data bits ) . Finally an optional STOP bit is appended to identify the end of the data word . The word structure used in typical asynchronous serial communications is START - DATA ( 0 : 7 ) - STOP ( 0 : 1 ) ( followed by an optional PARITY bit ) . These formatting variables are specified when configuring the transmit and receive nodes before communications take place . The bit duration is determined from the nominated ' bit rate ' in bps ... 300 , 1200 , 9600 , 19200 , 115200 etc . The use of the word BAUD is not strictly correct in the modern application of serial channels . Special level & timing conditions are detected to identify an open - circuit condition ( BREAK ) The sync token might be a single pulse ( a `` start bit '' as noted above ) , or it may be a more complicated syncword or self - synchronizing code such as HDLC or 8B / 10B encoding . Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages Disadvantages Asynchronous transmission Simple , does n't require synchronization of both communication sides Cheap , because asynchronous transmission requires less hardware Setup is faster than other transmissions , so well suited for applications where messages are generated at irregular intervals , for example data entry from the keyboard , and the speed depends on different applications . Large relative overhead , a high proportion of the transmitted bits are uniquely for control purposes and thus carry no useful information Synchronous transmission Lower overhead and thus , greater throughput Slightly more complex Hardware is more expensive References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Synchronous vs. Asynchronous '' . www.engr.iupui.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . 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4692796139067776701	Dominican Order	Dominican order - wikipedia Dominican order For the Anglican religious order , see Anglican Order of Preachers . For other uses , see Dominican . Order of Preachers Ordo Praedicatorum Coat of arms of the order Abbreviation OP Formation 1216 ; 802 years ago ( 1216 ) Founder Saint Dominic Type Mendicant Catholic religious order Legal status Institute of Consecrated Life Headquarters Santa Sabina , Rome , Italy Membership ( 2013 ) 6,058 ( including 4,470 priests ) Master Bruno Cadoré Affiliations Catholic Church Website op.org The Order of Preachers ( Latin : Ordo Praedicatorum , postnominal abbreviation OP ) , also known as the Dominican Order , is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France , approved by Pope Honorius III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216 . Members of the order , who are referred to as Dominicans , generally carry the letters OP after their names , standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum , meaning of the Order of Preachers . Membership in the order includes friars , nuns , active sisters , and affiliated lay or secular Dominicans ( formerly known as tertiaries , though recently there has been a growing number of associates who are unrelated to the tertiaries ) . Founded to preach the Gospel and to oppose heresy , the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organisation placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages . The order is famed for its intellectual tradition , having produced many leading theologians and philosophers . In the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars , including 4,470 priests . The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order , currently Bruno Cadoré . A number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members . In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as `` Black Friars '' because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits . Dominicans were `` Blackfriars '' , as opposed to `` Whitefriars '' ( i.e. , Carmelites ) or `` Greyfriars '' ( i.e. , Franciscans ) . They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars ( the Austin friars ) who wear a similar habit . In France , the Dominicans were known as `` Jacobins '' because their convent in Paris was attached to the Church of Saint - Jacques , now disappeared , on the way to Saint - Jacques - du - Haut - Pas , which belonged to the Italian Order of Saint James of Altopascio ( St. James ) Sanctus Iacobus in Latin . Saint Dominic ( 1170 -- 1221 ) , portrayed in the Perugia Altarpiece by Fra Angelico . Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria , Perugia . Their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the `` Domini canes '' , or `` Hounds of the Lord '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation 1.1 Saint Dominic 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Dominican convent established 2 History 2.1 Middle Ages 2.1. 1 Women 2.1. 2 English Province 2.2 Reformation to French Revolution 2.3 19th century to present 2.4 Far East 3 Divisions 3.1 Nuns 3.2 Sisters 3.3 Priestly Fraternities of St. Dominic 3.4 Laity 4 Dominican spirituality 4.1 Blessed Humbert 4.2 Mysticism 4.3 Albertus Magnus 4.4 English Dominican mysticism 4.5 Charity and meekness 4.6 Rosary 5 Mottoes 6 Notable members 7 By geography 8 Educational institutions 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Foundation ( edit ) Saint Dominic on the front cover of Doctrina Christiana catechism in Spanish and Tagalog with an eight - pointed star ( a symbol of the Blessed Virgin Mary ) over his head . Woodcut cover . Printed in Manila in 1593 The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister . Instead , they travelled among the people , taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church . Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars : one , the Friars Minor , was led by Francis of Assisi ; the other , the Friars Preachers , by Dominic of Guzman . Like his contemporary , Francis , Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization , and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need . Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order , one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities , but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy . The Order of Preachers was founded in response to a then perceived need for informed preaching . Dominic 's new order was to be trained to preach in the vernacular languages . Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue , a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state , and a highly developed governmental structure . At the same time , Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a `` mixed '' spirituality . They were both active in preaching , and contemplative in study , prayer and meditation . The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned , as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality . While these traits affected the women of the order , the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own . In England , the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart . Saint Dominic ( edit ) Saint Dominic ( 1170 -- 1221 ) , portrait by El Greco , about 1600 Main article : Saint Dominic As an adolescent , he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality . During his studies in Palencia , Spain , he experienced a dreadful famine , prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors . After he completed his studies , Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma . At the age of twenty - four or twenty - five , he was ordained to the priesthood . Albigensians ( edit ) In 1203 , Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain , to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark . At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian movement , named after the Duke of Albi , a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade ( 1209 -- 1229 ) . Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse . The Albigensians , were a heretical gnostic sect , holding that matter was evil and only spirit was good ; this was a fundamental challenge to the notion of incarnation , central to Roman Catholic theology . Dominic saw the need for a response that would attempt to sway members of the Albigensian movement back to mainstream Christian thought . Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement : the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony . On the other hand , the Cathars lived in a state of self - sacrifice that was widely appealing . For these reasons , Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life . The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader . The prior took up the challenge , and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians . Despite this particular mission , in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success , `` for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made , it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for . '' Dominican convent established ( edit ) Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith , and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille , near Toulouse . This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns , thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars . Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs . The monastery in Prouille would later become Dominic 's headquarters for his missionary effort . After two years on the mission field , Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain . History ( edit ) Middle Ages ( edit ) Saint Dominic 's room at Maison Seilhan , in Toulouse , is considered the place where the Order was born . Saint Dominic established a religious community in Toulouse in 1214 , to be governed by the rule of Saint Augustine and statutes to govern the life of the friars , including the Primitive Constitution . ( The statutes borrowed somewhat from the Constitutions of Prémontré ) . The founding documents establish that the order was founded for two purposes : preaching and the salvation of souls . In July 1215 , with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse , Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life . Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church . These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies . Dominic needed a framework -- a rule -- to organize these components . The Rule of Saint Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order , according to Dominic 's successor , Jordan of Saxony , because it lent itself to the `` salvation of souls through preaching '' . By this choice , however , the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks , but canons - regular . They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty . Dominic 's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans . With charity , the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order , study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it , and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world . In Dominic 's thinking , it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand . When the brethren left Prouille , then , to begin their apostolic work , Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris . This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren , some near large universities throughout Europe . The Order of Preachers was approved in December 1216 and January 1217 by Pope Honorius III in the papal bulls Religiosam vitam and Nos attendentes . On January 21 , 1217 Honorious issued the bull Gratiarum omnium recognizing Saint Dominic 's followers as an order dedicated to study and universally authorized to preach , a power formerly reserved to local episcopal authorization . On August 15 , 1217 Dominic dispatched seven of his followers to the great university center of Paris to establish a priory focused on study and preaching . The Convent of St. Jacques , would eventually become the order 's first studium generale . Saint Dominic was to establish similar foundations at other university towns of the day , Bologna in 1218 , Palencia and Montpellier in 1220 , and Oxford just before his death in 1221 . Doctor Angelicus , Saint Thomas Aquinas ( 1225 -- 1274 ) , considered by the Catholic Church to be its greatest medieval theologian , is girded by angels with a mystical belt of purity after his proof of chastity . In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina , which they did by early 1220 . Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic 's guidance . In May 1220 at Bologna the order 's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning . The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5 , 1222 . This studium was transformed into the order 's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265 . Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas ( Latin : Collegium Divi Thomæ ) . In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum . The Dominican friars quickly spread , including to England , where they appeared in Oxford in 1221 . In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society , fought heresy , schism , and paganism by word and book , and by its missions to the north of Europe , to Africa , and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom . Its schools spread throughout the entire Church ; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge , including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas . Its members included popes , cardinals , bishops , legates , inquisitors , confessors of princes , ambassadors , and paciarii ( enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils ) . The order 's origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its later development and reputation . Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate . Indeed , many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars , the first Grand Inquistor of Spain , Tomás de Torquemada , would be drawn from the Dominican Order. The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition . Torture was not regarded as a mode of punishment , but purely as a means of eliciting the truth . In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252 , Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans ' use of torture under prescribed circumstances . The expansion of the order produced changes . A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up , especially in Germany and Italy , the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart , Heinrich Suso , Johannes Tauler , and Saint Catherine of Siena are associated . ( See German mysticism , which has also been called `` Dominican mysticism . '' ) This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken , at the end of the century , by Raymond of Capua , and continued in the following century . At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance . It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism , in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola , in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna ( probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili ) and Matteo Bandello . Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age , the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo . Women ( edit ) Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227 , houses of women attached to the Order became so popular that some of the friars had misgivings about the increasing demands of female religious establishments on their time and resources . Nonetheless , women 's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe . There were seventy - four Dominican female houses in Germany , forty - two in Italy , nine in France , eight in Spain , six in Bohemia , three in Hungary , and three in Poland . Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women , such as Beguines , that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure . A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century . There were one hundred and fifty - seven nunneries in the order by 1358 . After that year , the number lessened considerably due to the Black Death . In places besides Germany , convents were founded as retreats from the world for women of the upper classes . These were original projects funded by wealthy patrons , including other women . Among these was Countess Margaret of Flanders who established the monastery of Lille , while Val - Duchesse at Oudergem near Brussels was built with the wealth of Adelaide of Burgundy , Duchess of Brabant ( 1262 ) . Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in that they were enclosed . The sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances . The nuns lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order . They shared in all the applicable privileges of the order . The friars served as their confessors , priests , teachers and spiritual mentors . Women could be professed to the Dominican religious life at the age of thirteen . The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory ( 1250 ) requires that nuns pledge obedience to God , the Blessed Virgin , their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of Saint Augustine and the institute of the order , until death . The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular , a leather belt , a black mantle , and a black veil . Candidates to profession were questioned to reveal whether they were actually married women who had merely separated from their husbands . Their intellectual abilities were also tested . Nuns were to be silent in places of prayer , the cloister , the dormitory , and refectory . Silence was maintained unless the prioress granted an exception for a specific cause . Speaking was allowed in the common parlor , but it was subordinate to strict rules , and the prioress , subprioress or other senior nun had to be present . As well as sewing , embroidery and other genteel pursuits , the nuns participated in a number of intellectual activities , including reading and discussing pious literature . In the Strassburg monastery of Saint Margaret , some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin . Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious . In fact , Margarette Reglerin , a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family , was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn . English province ( edit ) In England , the Dominican Province began at the second general chapter of the Dominican Order in Bologna during the spring of 1221 . Dominic dispatched twelve friars to England under the guidance of their English prior , Gilbert of Fresney . They landed in Dover on August 5 , 1221 . The province officially came into being at its first provincial chapter in 1230 . The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws , direction , and instructions . It was also , however , a group of Englishmen . Its direct supervisors were from England , and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities , towns , villages , and roadways . English and European ingredients constantly came in contact . The international side of the province 's existence influenced the national , and the national responded to , adapted , and sometimes constrained the international . The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford , in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide . The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265 , the brethren , in keeping with their devotion to study , began erecting a school . Actually , the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival , as priories were legally schools . Information about the schools of the English Province is limited , but a few facts are known . Much of the information available is taken from visitation records . The `` visitation '' was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter . There were four such visits in England and Wales -- Oxford , London , Cambridge and York . All Dominican students were required to learn grammar , old and new logic , natural philosophy and theology . Of all of the curricular areas , however , theology was the most important . This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic 's zeal for it . Dartford Priory was established long after the primary period of monastic foundation in England had ended . It emulated , then , the monasteries found in Europe -- mainly France and German -- as well as the monastic traditions of their English Dominican brothers . The first nuns to inhabit Dartford were sent from Poissy Priory in France . Even on the eve of the Dissolution , Prioress Jane Vane wrote to Cromwell on behalf of a postulant , saying that though she had not actually been professed , she was professed in her heart and in the eyes of God . This is only one such example of dedication . Profession in Dartford Priory seems , then , to have been made based on personal commitment , and one 's personal association with God . As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France , the nuns of Dartford Priory in England were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety . Strict discipline and plain living were characteristic of the monastery throughout its existence . Reformation to French Revolution ( edit ) Bartolomé de Las Casas ( c. 1484 -- 1566 ) Bartolomé de Las Casas , as a settler in the New World , was galvanized by witnessing the brutal torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists . He became famous for his advocacy of the rights of Native Americans , whose cultures , especially in the Caribbean , he describes with care . Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 1570 ) , who worked all over the Portuguese colonial empire in Asia , was probably the first Christian missionary to preach ( unsuccessfully ) in Cambodia . After a ( similarly unsuccessful ) stint , in 1556 , in Guangzhou , China , he eventually returned to Portugal and became the first European to publish a book devoted exclusively to China in 1569 / 1570 . The beginning of the 16th century confronted the order with the upheavals of Revolution . The spread of Protestantism cost it six or seven provinces and several hundreds of convents , but the discovery of the New World opened up a fresh field of activity . In the 18th century , there were numerous attempts at reform , accompanied by a reduction in the number of devotees . The French Revolution ruined the order in France , and crises that more or less rapidly followed considerably lessened or wholly destroyed numerous provinces . 19th century to present ( edit ) During the early 19th century , the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500 . Statistics for 1876 show 3,748 , but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work . Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order . By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars , including 4,470 priests . Portrait of Lacordaire In the revival movement France held a foremost place , owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator , Jean - Baptiste Henri Lacordaire ( 1802 -- 1861 ) . He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome ( 1839 ) , and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850 . From this province were detached the province of Lyon , called Occitania ( 1862 ) , that of Toulouse ( 1869 ) , and that of Canada ( 1909 ) . The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces , to assist in their organization and progress . From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century , Père Vincent Jandel ( 1850 -- 1872 ) . Here should be mentioned the province of Saint Joseph in the United States . Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick , afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1821 -- 1832 ) . In 1905 , it established a large house of studies at Washington , D.C. , called the Dominican House of Studies . The province of France has produced a large number of preachers . The conferences of Notre - Dame - de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire . The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire ( 1835 -- 1836 , 1843 -- 1851 ) , Jacques Monsabré , and Joseph Ollivier . The pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans . Père Henri Didon ( d . 1900 ) was a Dominican . The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine ( founded 1859 ) , La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques ( 1907 ) , and La Revue de la Jeunesse ( 1909 ) . French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Marie - Joseph Lagrange ( 1855 -- 1938 ) , one of the leading international centres for biblical research . It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible ( both editions ) was prepared . Likewise Cardinal Yves Congar was a product of the French province of the Order of Preachers . Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers . Several institutions , besides those already mentioned , played important parts . Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem , open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics , which publishes the Revue Biblique . The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum , the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier , opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences . In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste , founded by Père Thomas Coconnier ( d . 1908 ) , and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum ( 1893 ) . Among numerous writers of the order in this period are : Cardinals Thomas Zigliara ( d . 1893 ) and Zephirin González ( d . 1894 ) , two esteemed philosophers ; Alberto Guillelmotti ( d . 1893 ) , historian of the Pontifical Navy , and historian Heinrich Denifle ( d . 1905 ) . During the Reformation , many of the monasteries of Dominican nuns were forced to close . One which managed to survive , and afterwards founded many new houses , was St Ursula 's in Augsburg . In the seventeenth century , monasteries of Dominican women were often asked by their bishops to undertake apostolic work , particularly educating girls and visiting the sick . St Ursula 's returned to an enclosed life in the eighteenth century , but in the nineteenth century , after Napoleon had closed many European women 's monasteries , King Louis I of Bavaria in 1828 restored the Religious Orders of women in his realm , provided that the nuns undertook some active work useful to the State ( usually teaching or nursing ) . In 1877 , Bishop Ricards in South Africa requested that Augsburg send a group of nuns to start a teaching mission in King Williamstown . From this mission were founded many Third Order Regular congregations of Dominican sisters , with their own constitutions , though still following the Rule of Saint Augustine and affiliated to the Dominican Order . These include the Dominican Sisters of Oakford , KwazuluNatal ( 1881 ) , the Dominican Missionary Sisters , Zimbabwe , ( 1890 ) and the Dominican Sisters of Newcastle , KwazuluNatal ( 1891 ) . Far East ( edit ) By the 1850s , the Dominicans had half a million followers in the Philippines and well - established missions in the Chinese province of Fujian and Tonkin , Vietnam , performing thousands of baptisms each year . Divisions ( edit ) The Friars , Nuns , Sisters , Members of Priestly Fraternities of Saint Dominic and Dominican Laity together form the Order of Preachers . Nuns ( edit ) The Dominican nuns were founded by Saint Dominic even before he had established the friars . They are contemplatives in the cloistered life . Properly speaking , the friars and nuns together form the Order of Preachers . The nuns celebrated their 800th anniversary in 2006 . Sisters ( edit ) Women have been part of the Dominican Order since the beginning , but distinct active congregations of Dominican sisters in their current form are largely a product of the nineteenth century and afterwards . They draw their origins both from the Dominican nuns and the communities of women tertiaries ( lay women ) who lived in their own homes and gathered regularly to pray and study : the most famous of these was the Mantellate attached to Saint Dominic 's church in Siena , to which Saint Catherine of Siena belonged . In the seventeenth century , some European Dominican monasteries ( e.g. St Ursula 's , Augsburg ) temporarily became no longer enclosed , so they could engage in teaching or nursing or other work in response to pressing local need . Any daughter houses they founded , however , became independent . But in the nineteenth century , in response to increasing missionary fervor , monasteries were asked to send groups of women to found schools and medical clinics around the world . Large numbers of Catholic women traveled to Africa , the America , and the East to teach and support new communities of Catholics there , both settlers and converts . Owing to the large distances involved , these groups needed to be self - governing , and they frequently planted new self - governing congregations in neighboring mission areas in order to respond more effectively to the perceived pastoral needs . Following on from this period of growth in the nineteenth century , and another great period of growth in those joining these congregations in the 1950s , there are currently 24,600 Sisters belonging to 150 Dominican Religious Congregations present in 109 countries affiliated to Dominican Sisters International . As well as the friars , Dominican sisters live their lives supported by four common values , often referred to as the Four Pillars of Dominican Life , they are : community life , common prayer , study and service . Saint Dominic called this fourfold pattern of life the `` holy preaching '' . Henri Matisse was so moved by the care that he received from the Dominican Sisters that he collaborated in the design and interior decoration of their Chapelle du Saint - Marie du Rosaire in Vence , France . Priestly Fraternities of St. Dominic ( edit ) The Priestly Fraternities of St. Dominic are diocesan priests who are formally affiliated to the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) through a Rule of life that they profess , and so strive for evangelical perfection under the overall direction of the Dominican friars . The origins of the Dominican fraternities can be traced from the Dominican third Order secular , which then included both priests and lay persons as members . Now existing as a separate association from that of the laity , and with its own distinct rule to follow , the Priestly Fraternities of St. Dominic continues to be guided by the Order in embracing the gift of the spirituality of Saint Dominic in the unique context of the diocesan priests . Along with the special grace of the Sacrament of Holy Orders , which helps them to perform the acts of the sacred ministry worthily , they receive new spiritual help from the profession , which makes them members of the Dominican Family and sharers in the grace and mission of the Order . While the Order provides them with these spiritual aids and directs them to their own sanctification , it leaves them free for the complete service of the local Church , under the jurisdiction of their own Bishop . Laity ( edit ) The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine of Siena ( 1347 -- 1380 ) by Giovanni di Paolo , ca . 1460 ( Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ) Lay Dominicans are governed by their own rule , the Rule of the Lay Fraternities of St. Dominic , promulgated by the Master in 1987 . It is the fifth Rule of the Dominican Laity ; the first was issued in 1285 . Lay Dominicans are also governed by the Fundamental Constitution of the Dominican Laity , and their provinces provide a General Directory and Statutes . According to their Fundamental Constitution of the Dominican Laity , sec. 4 , `` They have a distinctive character in both their spirituality and their service to God and neighbor . As members of the Order , they share in its apostolic mission through prayer , study and preaching according to the state of the laity . '' Pope Pius XII , in Chosen Laymen , an Address to the Third Order of St. Dominic ( 1958 ) , said , `` The true condition of salvation is to meet the divine invitation by accepting the Catholic ' credo ' and by observing the commandments . But the Lord expects more from you ( Lay Dominicans ) , and the Church urges you to continue seeking the intimate knowledge of God and His works , to search for a more complete and valuable expression of this knowledge , a refinement of the Christian attitudes which derive from this knowledge . '' The two greatest saints among them are Saint Catherine of Siena and Saint Rose of Lima , who lived ascetic lives in their family homes , yet both had widespread influence in their societies . Today , there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism . Dominican Associates are Christian women and men ; married , single , divorced , and widowed ; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order -- to praise , to bless , to preach . Associates do not take vows , but rather make a commitment to be partners with vowed members , and to share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family in their own lives , families , churches , neighborhoods , workplaces , and cities . They are most often associated with a particular apostolic work of a congregation of active Dominican sisters . Dominican spirituality ( edit ) The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders . As the order first developed on the European continent , learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ . These religious also struggled for a deeply personal , intimate relationship with God . When the order reached England , many of these attributes were kept , but the English gave the order additional , specialized characteristics . Blessed humbert ( edit ) Humbert of Romans , the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263 , was a great administrator , as well as preacher and writer . It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership . He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching , and this was his most lasting contribution to the order . Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order . He advised his readers , `` ( Young Dominicans ) are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles , since these avail little to salvation , and sometimes we are fooled by them ; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists . Also , they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have ; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these . Again , they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will , which is all that God regards '' . The English Dominicans took this to heart , and made it the focal point of their mysticism . Mysticism ( edit ) By 1300 , the enthusiasm for preaching and conversion within the order lessened . Mysticism , full of the ideas Albertus Magnus expostulated , became the devotion of the greatest minds and hands within the organization . It became a `` powerful instrument of personal and theological transformation both within the Order of Preachers and throughout the wider reaches of Christendom . Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers , it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible . In the tradition of Holy Writ , the impossibility of coming face to face with God is a recurring motif , thus the commandment against graven images ( Exodus 20.4 -- 5 ) . As time passed , Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of ' unknowing , ' where God 's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud . All of these ideas associated with mysticism were at play in the spirituality of the Dominican community , and not only among the men . In Europe , in fact , it was often the female members of the order , such as Catherine of Siena , Mechthild of Magdeburg , Christine of Stommeln , Margaret Ebner , and Elsbet Stagl , that gained reputations for having mystical experiences . Notable male members of the order associated with mysticism include Meister Eckhart and Henry Suso . Albertus Magnus ( edit ) Painting of Albertus Magnus ( 1206 -- 1280 ) by Justus van Gent , ca . 1475 Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus , influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life . One of Albert 's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite , a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period . Magnus ' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism , which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg . Mysticism refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God 's love . This love may manifest itself through brief ecstatic experiences , such that one may be engulfed by God and gain an immediate knowledge of Him , which is unknowable through the intellect alone . Albertus Magnus championed the idea , drawn from Dionysus , that positive knowledge of God is possible , but obscure . Thus , it is easier to state what God is not , than to state what God is : `` ... we affirm things of God only relatively , that is , casually , whereas we deny things of God absolutely , that is , with reference to what He is in Himself . And there is no contradiction between a relative affirmation and an absolute negation . It is not contradictory to say that someone is white - toothed and not white '' . Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one 's faith in God . According to him , these are the tools that God uses to commune with a contemplative . Love in the soul is both the cause and result of true understanding and judgement . It causes not only an intellectual knowledge of God , but a spiritual and emotional knowledge as well . Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding . Things that once seemed static and unchanging become full of possibility and perfection . The contemplative then knows that God is , but she does not know what God is . Thus , contemplation forever produces a mystified , imperfect knowledge of God . The soul is exalted beyond the rest of God 's creation but it can not see God Himself . English Dominican mysticism ( edit ) Concerning humanity as the image of Christ , English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image - bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei . The process of Christ 's life , and the process of image - bearing , amends humanity to God 's image . The idea of the `` image of God '' demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God ( as partakers in Christ 's redeeming sacrifice ) , and that , on some level , man is always an image of God . As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience , the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear . English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that , whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine , English Dominican mysticism 's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one 's personal relationship with God . This was an essential moral imitation of the Savior as an ideal for religious change , and as the means for reformation of humanity 's nature as an image of divinity . This type of mysticism carried with it four elements . First , spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ 's life . Second , there was a connection linking moral emulation of Christ 's life and humanity 's disposition as images of the divine . Third , English Dominican mysticism focused on an embodied spirituality with a structured love of fellow men at its center . Finally , the supreme aspiration of this mysticism was either an ethical or an actual union with God . For English Dominican mystics , the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God , but in the journey of , or process of , faith . This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity . It is important to understand , however , that for these mystics it was possible to pursue mystical life without the visions and voices that are usually associated with such a relationship with God . They experienced a mystical process that allowed them , in the end , to experience what they had already gained knowledge of through their faith only . The center of all mystical experience is , of course , Christ . English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life . English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ 's life exemplified . This led to a `` progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture -- literal , moral , allegorical , and anagogical '' -- that was contained within the mystical journey itself . From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ : an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God . The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ 's life , not the literality of events . They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation . They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission , insofar as they were able . At the center of this environment was love : the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human . Christ 's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation . English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God . Love led to spiritual growth that , in turn , reflected an increase in love for God and humanity . This increase in universal love allowed men 's wills to conform to God 's will , just as Christ 's will submitted to the Father 's will . Charity and meekness ( edit ) As the image of God grows within man , he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness . Thus , man then directs his path to that One , and the love for , and of , Christ guides man 's very nature to become centered on the One , and on his neighbor as well . Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ , both for and by His follower . Although the ultimate attainment for this type of mysticism is union with God , it is not necessarily visionary , nor does it hope only for ecstatic experiences ; instead , mystical life is successful if it is imbued with charity . The goal is just as much to become like Christ as it is to become one with Him . Those who believe in Christ should first have faith in Him without becoming engaged in such overwhelming phenomena . The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences . Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning . The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator . The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well , but were not so focused on ecstatic experiences . Instead , their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely . The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies , and used them to create something unique . Though they are not called mystics , they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to , and in emulation of , Him . Rosary ( edit ) Devotion to the Virgin Mary was another very important aspect of Dominican spirituality . As an order , the Dominicans believed that they were established through the good graces of Christ 's mother , and through prayers she sent missionaries to save the souls of nonbelievers . Dominican brothers and sisters who were unable to participate in the Divine Office sang the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin each day and saluted her as their advocate . Throughout the centuries , the Holy Rosary has been an important element among the Dominicans . Pope Pius XI stated that : `` The Rosary of Mary is the principle and foundation on which the very Order of Saint Dominic rests for making perfect the life of its members and obtaining the salvation of others . '' Histories of the Holy Rosary often attribute its origin to Saint Dominic himself through the Blessed Virgin Mary . Our Lady of the Rosary is the title related to the purported Marian apparition to Saint Dominic in 1208 in the church of Prouille in which the Virgin Mary gave the Rosary to him . For centuries , Dominicans have been instrumental in spreading the rosary and emphasizing the Catholic belief in the power of the rosary . On January 1 , 2008 , the master of the order declared a year of dedication to the Rosary . Mottoes ( edit ) Laudare , Benedicere , Praedicare To praise , to bless and to preach ( from the Dominican Missal , Preface of the Blessed Virgin Mary ) Veritas Truth Contemplare et Contemplata Aliis Tradere To study and to hand on the fruits of study ( or , to contemplate and to hand on the fruits of contemplation ) One in faith , hope , and love Notable members ( edit ) The following people belonging to the order have been proclaimed saints throughout history : Death of Peter of Verona ( 1206 -- 1252 ) by Girolamo Savoldo , ca . 1530 -- 35 Louis Bertrand ( 1526 -- 1581 ) , portrait by Francisco de Zurbarán , 1640 Francisco Coll Guitart ( 1812 -- 1875 ) Saint Dominic ( d . 1221 ) Peter Martyr ( d . 1252 ) Zedislava Berkiana ( d . 1252 ) Hyacinth ( d . 1257 ) Margaret of Hungary ( d . 1271 ) Thomas Aquinas ( d . 1274 ) Raymond of Peñafort ( d . 1275 ) Albert the Great ( d . 1280 ) Agnes of Montepulciano ( d . 1317 ) Catherine of Siena ( d . 1380 ) Vincent Ferrer ( d . 1419 ) Antoninus ( d . 1459 ) Pope Pius V ( d . 1572 ) Louis Bertrand ( d . 1581 ) Catherine de Ricci ( d . 1590 ) John of Cologne ( d . 1600 ) Thomas Khoung ( d . 1600 + ) Rose of Lima ( d . 1617 ) Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia ( d . 1633 ) Lorenzo Ruiz ( d . 1637 ) Martin de Porres ( d . 1639 ) John Macias ( d . 1645 ) Thomasian Martyrs ( Asia and Spain , 17th and 18th centuries ) Louis de Montfort ( d . 1716 ) Francisco Coll Guitart ( d . 1875 ) Numerous Dominicans were included in the canonization of the 117 martyrs of Vietnam and a group of martyrs in Nagasaki , including Saint Lorenzo Ruiz . Numerous Dominicans have been beatified , including : Jordan of Saxony Blessed Mannes de Guzman Alanus dela Rupe Peter González Giles of Santarém Margaret of Castello Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz Ceslaus , Pier Giorgio Frassati Henry Suso Fra Angelico Innocent V Benedict XI Robert Nutter , English Reformation martyr Reginald of Orleans ( also known as Reginald of Saint - Gilles ) Jan Franciszek Czartoryski Gonçalo de Amarante , priest and hermit Joan of Aza , mother of St. Dominic de Guzmán Giuseppe Girotti Joanna , Princess of Portugal Bartolo Longo Imelda Lambertini Catherine of Racconigi Lucy Brocadelli Bartholomew of Braga Jordan of Pisa Adrian Fortescue ( martyr ) Columba of Rieti Stephana de Quinzanis Osanna of Mantua Osanna of Cattaro Anthony Neyrot John of Vercelli Blessed Margaret of Savoy Five Dominican friars have served as Bishop of Rome : Pope Innocent V Pope Benedict XI Pope Nicholas V Pope St. Pius V Pope Benedict XIII There are two Dominicans in the College of Cardinals : Christoph Cardinal Schönborn Austrian Archbishop of Vienna Dominik Duka , Czech Archbishop of Prague Other notable Dominicans include : Gabriel Barletta Matteo Bandello Conradin of Bornada James of Lausanne Vincent of Beauvais ( c. 1184 -- c. 1264 ) author / compiler of the encyclopedic text The Great Mirror ( Speculum Maius ) Meister Eckhart ( c. 1260 -- c. 1328 ) German mystic and preacher Giordano Bruno ( 1548 -- 1600 ) , scientist as a haeretic condemned and burned in Rome Edward Ambrose Burgis ( c. 1673 - 1747 ) , historian and theologian Elias Burneti of Bergerac , 13th century theologian Anne Buttimer , University College Dublin Oliviero Carafa Diego Carranza , ( b. 1559 ) , Mexican missionary Brian Davies ( Distinguished Professor of Philosophy , Fordham University ; former Regent of Blackfriars , Oxford ) Francisco de Vitoria ( one of the founders of International Law ) Nicholas Eymerich Bernard Gui ( 1261 -- 1331 ) French bishop and inquisitor of the Cathars Henrik Kalteisen , the 24th Archbishop of Nidaros Heinrich Kramer ( 1430 -- 1505 ) German author of the Malleus Maleficarum ( Hammer of Witches ) , handbook of witch hunting Girolamo Savonarola ( 1452 -- 1498 ) Italian pre-reformation theologian , dictatorial ruler of Florentine Republic , burned by the Inquisition Bartolomé de las Casas ( 1484 -- 1566 ) Spanish bishop in the West , Protector of the Indians Johann Tetzel Richard Luke Concanen ( 1747 - 1810 ) First Bishop of New York Vincent McNabb ( 1868 -- 1943 ) Irish scholar , apologist and ecumenist Réginald Marie Garrigou - Lagrange ( 1877 - 1964 ) Leading 20th century Thomist Marie - Dominique Chenu ( 1895 -- 1990 ) French theologian of the Nouvelle Théologie Dominique Pire ( George ) ( 1910 -- 1969 ) Nobel Peace Prize Edward Schillebeeckx ( 1914 -- 1998 ) Belgian theologian Jean Jérôme Hamer ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Belgian theologian and Curia official , cardinal Yves Congar ( 1904 -- 1995 ) French theologian of the Nouvelle Théologie , later cardinal Herbert McCabe ( 1926 -- 2001 ) English theologian and scholar Gustavo Gutierrez ( 1928 ) Peruvian liberation theologian Jeanine Deckers , `` The Singing Nun '' ( 1933 -- 1985 ) shortly famous Belgian nun and chanson singer ; left the order , lived with her girlfriend , both committed suicide Frei Betto , ( 1944 ) Brazilian friar , theologian , political activist and former government adviser Timothy Radcliffe ( 1945 ) 85th Master of the Order of Preachers Anthony Fisher ( b. 1960 ) Archbishop of Sydney , Australia Osmund Lewry By geography ( edit ) Dominican Republic Croatian Dominican Province Dominicans in Ireland Dominican Order in the United States Educational institutions ( edit ) Young Dominican in 2012 Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , est. 1538 - First University of the New World Albertus Magnus College , New Haven , Connecticut , United States -- est. 1925 Angelicum School Iloilo , Iloilo City , Philippines -- est. 1978 Aquinas College ( Michigan ) , Grand Rapids , Michigan , United States -- est. 1886 Aquinas Institute of Theology , St. Louis , Missouri , United States -- est. 1939 Aquinas School , San Juan , Metro Manila , Philippines -- est. 1965 Barry University , Miami Shores , Florida , United States -- est. 1940 Blackfriars Hall , Oxford , United Kingdom Blackfriars Priory School , Prospect , South Australia , Australia - est. 1953 Blessed Imelda 's School , Taipei , Taiwan -- est. 1916 Caldwell University , Caldwell , New Jersey , United States -- est. 1939 Catholic Dominican School , Yigo , Guam -- est. 1995 Colegio de San Juan de Letran , Intramuros , Philippines -- est. 1620 Colegio de San Juan de Letran , Calamba , Philippines Colegio de San Juan de Letran , Bataan , Abucay , Bataan , Philippines Colegio de San Juan de Letran , Manaoag ( formerly Our Lady of Manaoag College ) , Manaoag , Pangasinan , Philippines Colegio Lacordaire , Cali , Colombia -- est. 1956 Dominican College of San Juan , San Juan , Metro Manila , Philippines Dominican College of Santa Rosa , Santa Rosa , Laguna , Philippines -- est. 1994 Dominican College of Tarlac , Capas , Tarlac , Philippines -- est. 1947 Dominican Convent High School , Harare , Zimbabwe -- est. 1892 Dominican Convent High School , Bulawayo , Bulawayo , Zimbabwe -- est. 1956 Dominican International School , Kaohsiung , Taiwan -- est. 1953 Dominican International School , Taipei City , Taiwan -- est. 1957 Dominican School Manila , Sampaloc , Manila , Philippines -- est. 1958 Dominican School of Calabanga , Calabanga , Metro Naga , Camarines Sur , Philippines Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology , Berkeley , California , United States -- est. 1861 Dominican University ( Illinois ) , River Forest , Illinois , United States -- est. 1901 Dominican University College , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada -- est. 1900 Dominican University of California , San Rafael , California , United States -- est. 1890 Edgewood College , Madison , Wisconsin , United States -- est. 1927 Emerald Hill School , Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe Fenwick High School , Oak Park , Illinois , United States -- est. 1929 Holy Trinity University , Puerto Princesa City , Philippines -- est. 1940 Marian Catholic High School , Chicago Heights , Illinois , United States -- est. 1958 Molloy College , Rockville Centre , New York , United States -- est. 1955 Mount Saint Mary College , Newburgh , New York , United States Newbridge College , Newbridge , Co . Kildare , Republic of Ireland Ohio Dominican University , Columbus , Ohio , United States Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Providence College , Providence , Rhode Island , United States San Pedro College , Davao City Santa Sabina Dominican College , Dublin Siena College of Quezon City Siena College , Camberwell , Victoria , Australia Siena College of Taytay , Taytay , Rizal St Agnes Academy , Houston , Texas , United States -- est. 1905 St Dominic 's Chishawasha , Zimbabwe St Dominic 's College , Henderson , Auckland , New Zealand St Dominic 's College , Wanganui , New Zealand St. Catharine College , St. Catharine , Kentucky , United States St. John 's High School ( Harare ) , Zimbabwe St. Mary 's Dominican High School , New Orleans , Louisiana , United States St. Rose of Lima School , Bacolod City , Philippines St. Michael Academy , Northern Samar , Philippines Superior Institute of Religious Sciences of St. Thomas Aquinas UST - Angelicum College ( formerly Angelicum College ) , Quezon City , Philippines -- est. 1972 The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , The Catholic University of the Philippines -- est. 1611 University of Santo Tomas - Legazpi ( formerly Aquinas University of Legazpi ) , Legazpi City , Albay - est. 1948 Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino , Bogota , Colombia See also ( edit ) Anglican Order of Preachers Blackfriars ( disambiguation ) , many name places in Britain testifying to former Dominican presence Community of the Lamb , a new branch of the Dominican Order , founded in 1983 Dominican Rite , the Separate Use for Dominicans in the Latin Church Dominican Sisters of Mary , Mother of the Eucharist Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia Master of the Order of Preachers Sainte Marie de La Tourette , modernist Dominican monastery designed by Le Corbusier St Dominic 's Priory Church , the residence of the Provincial of the Dominican friars in England and Scotland Spanish Inquisition The Blackfriars of Shrewsbury Third Order of Saint Dominic Thomistic sacramental theology Thought of Thomas Aquinas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Order of Friars Preachers -- Dominicans '' . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The word friar is etymologically related to the word for brother in Latin . `` friar -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Taylor . `` Scoreboard for the Doctors of the Church '' . Taylor Marshall . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. `` Black friar '' Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. `` Jacobin '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The reference to `` hounds '' draws on the tradition that Saint Dominic 's mother , while pregnant with him , had a vision of a black and white dog with a torch in its mouth ; wherever the dog went , it set fire to the earth . It was explained that the vision was fulfilled when Dominic and his followers went forth , clad in black and white , setting fire to the earth with the Gospel . In English , the word `` hound '' has two further meanings that may be drawn upon . A hound is loyal , and the Dominicans have a reputation as obedient servants of the faith . Jump up ^ Little , Lester K. ( March 1983 ) . Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9247 - 5 . argues the Dominicans and other mendicant orders were an adaptation to the rise of the profit economy in medieval Europe . Jump up ^ `` History of the Dominican Friars '' , Dominican Friars Foundation Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order , 7 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order , 17 . Jump up ^ Tugwell , 53 Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order , 19 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John Bonaventure . `` St. Dominic . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 23 December 2017 Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Butler , Edward Cuthbert ( 1911 ) . `` Dominic , Saint '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 401 -- 402 . Jump up ^ `` St. Dominic '' , Order of Preachers Jump up ^ Tugwell , 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Rule of Saint Augustine ( pdf ) Archived December 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Primitive Constitution '' . Domcentral.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mandonnet , Pierre . `` Order of Preachers . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 23 Dec. 2017 Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order , 44 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order , 44 . See also Tugwell , 55 . Jump up ^ Bennett , 52 . Jump up ^ The women of the order also established schools for the children of the local gentry . Jump up ^ Accessed 7 - 2 - 2011 For the Latin text see Omnia disce : medieval studies in memory of Leonard Boyle , O.P. by Anne Duggan , Joan Greatrex , Brenda Bolton , Leonard E. Boyle , 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ J. - P. Renard , La formation et la désignation des prédicateurs au debut de l'Ordre des Prêcheurs , Freiburg , 1977 . Jump up ^ Weisheipl , James A. , `` The Place of Study In the Ideal of St. Dominic '' , Dominican House of Studies River Forest , Illinois , 30 August 1960 Jump up ^ William Hinnebusch , The Dominicans : A Short History , 1975 , Chapter 1 : `` By requiring that each priory have a professor it laid the foundation for the Order 's schools . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Accessed 6 - 9 - 2011 . See also Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , Volume 10 , p. 701 . `` In each convent there was also a studium particulare . https://books.google.com/books?id=pf4hAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA701#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 6 - 9 - 2011 Jump up ^ Pierre Mandonnet , St. Dominic and His Work , Translated by Sister Mary Benedicta Larkin , B. Herder Book Co. , St. Louis / London , 1948 , Chapt . III , note 50 : `` If the installation at Santa Sabina does not date from 1220 , at least it is from 1221 . The official grant was made only in June , 1222 ( Bullarium O.P. , I , 15 ) . But the terms of the bull show that there had been a concession earlier . Before that concession the Pope said that the friars had no hospitium in Rome . At that time St. Sixtus was no longer theirs ; Conrad of Metz could not have alluded to Saint Sixtus , therefore , when he said in 1221 : `` the Pope has conferred on them a house in Rome '' ( Laurent no . 136 ) . It is possible that the Pope was waiting for the completion of the building that he was having done at Santa Sabina , before giving the title to the property , on June 5 , 1222 , to the new Master of the Order , elected not many days before . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Accessed 2012 - 5 - 20 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth O. ( Ed . ) ( 1993 ) . The Oxford History of Britain . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285202 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Van Helden , Al . `` The Inquisition '' . The Galileo Project . Rice University . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Blötzer , Joseph . `` Inquisition . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 23 December 2017 ^ Jump up to : Lee , Nunneries , Learning , and Spirituality , 13 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nunneries , Learning , and Spirituality , 14 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , History of the Dominican Order , 337 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nunneries , Learning , and Spirituality , 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Hinnebsch , History of the Domiican Order , 382 Jump up ^ Lee , Nunneries , Learning , and Spirituality , 30 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nunneries , Learning , and Spirituality , 31 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , History of the Dominican Order , 384 Jump up ^ William Hinnebusch . The Early English Friars Preachers , 1 . Jump up ^ William Hinnebusch . The Early English Friars Preachers , 2 . Jump up ^ William Hinnebusch . The Early English Friars Preachers , 4 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , Early English Friars Preachers , 6 . There was a dispute over this oratory in 1228 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , Early English Friars Preachers , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Maura O'Carroll , The Educational Organisation of the Dominicans in England and Wales 1221 -- 1348 : A Multidisciplinary Approach , Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 50 ( 1980 ) : 32 . Jump up ^ O'Carroll , 33 Jump up ^ O'Carroll , 57 . Jump up ^ Lee , Monastic and Secular Learning , 61 . Jump up ^ `` Friaries : The Dominican nuns of Dartford . '' A History of the County of Kent Volume 2 . ( William Page , ed . ) . London : Victoria County History , 1926 . 181 - 190 . British History Online Jump up ^ Wagner , Henry Raup ; Parish , Helen Rand ( 1967 ) . The Life and Writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas . University of New Mexico Press . p. 11 Jump up ^ Lach , Donald F. ( 1965 ) , Asia in the making of Europe , Volume I , Book Two , The University of Chicago Press , pp. 742 -- 743 Jump up ^ Scannell , Thomas . `` Jean - Baptiste - Henri Dominique Lacordaire . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 21 November 2015 Jump up ^ Schroeder , Henry Joseph . `` Jacques - Marie - Louis Monsabré . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 23 December 2017 Jump up ^ http://kwtdominicans.co.za/history/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.dominicanmissionarysisters.org/index.php?page=our-story Jump up ^ http://oakforddominicans.org/our-congregation/ Jump up ^ http://dominicansisters.co.uk/our-story/mother-rose-niland/ Jump up ^ Bowring , Sir John ( 1859 ) . A Visit to the Philippine Islands . London . Jump up ^ http://www.dominicanwitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/RULELatinEnglish_2007.pdf Jump up ^ `` Dominican Charism '' . Order of preachers . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OP 800 -- Home '' . 800.op.org. 2006 - 03 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Catherine of Siena . Available Means . Ed . Joy Ritchie and Kate Ronald . Pittsburgh , Pa. : University of Pittsburgh Press , 2001 . Print Jump up ^ Mariette Gouws , All for God 's People , chapter 1 Jump up ^ Columba Cleary , Eleanora Murphy , Flora McGlynn , Being Driven Forward : The Story of Mother Rose Niland and the Foundation of Newcastle Dominican Sisters , Boksburg , 1997 Jump up ^ Dominican Sisters International Jump up ^ Billot , Marcel , ed. ; Henri Matisse : The Vence Chapel , The Archive of a Creation , ( Skira : 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Priestly Fraternities of St. Dominic '' , Order of St. Dominic Jump up ^ `` Information from the Laity Office at Rome '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ See also the Lay Dominican Web Library . Archived August 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lay Fraternities of St. Dominic Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Woods , 37 . Quoted from Benedict Ashley , The Dominicans ( Collegeville , MN , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett , 71 . This was especially true of the Dominicans in Germany and France . Jump up ^ Woods , 44 . Albertus Magnus helped shape English Dominican thought through his idea that God is knowable , but obscure . Additionally , the English friars shared his belief that wisdom and understanding enhance one 's faith in God . The English Dominicans also studied classical writers . This was also part of his legacy . Jump up ^ Woods , 110 . Jump up ^ Woods , 39 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , 162 Jump up ^ Tugwell , 153 . See also , Wood , 41 . Jump up ^ Hinnebusch , History of the Dominican Order , 299 . See also , Tugwell , 40 -- 95 , 134 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Clark , 90 -- 98 . See also , Ross , 165 Jump up ^ Ross , 166 -- 167 Jump up ^ Ross , 160 Jump up ^ Ross , 163 ^ Jump up to : Ross , 164 Jump up ^ The appearance of Saint Francis 's and Catherine of Siena 's stigmata is well known . Jump up ^ Clark , 83 Jump up ^ Ross , 169 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Nunneries , Learning , and Spirituality , 152 . Jump up ^ See Guy Bedouelle , Saint Dominic . The Grace of the Word ( Ignatius 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Feeney , The Rosary : `` The Little Summa '' ISBN 0 - 9622347 - 1 - 0 Jump up ^ Catherine Beebe , St. Dominic and the Rosary ISBN 0 - 89870 - 518 - 5 Jump up ^ History of the Dominicans `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Re-discovering the Rosary as a means of contemplation International Dominican Information Archived May 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Randal , Felix ( 2008 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Dominican Year of the Rosary '' . Felixrandal.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dominican University College This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Order of Preachers '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Sources ( edit ) Tugwell , Simon , ed. ( 1982 ) . Early Dominicans : selected writings . Classics of Western Spirituality . London : SPCK . ISBN 0 - 281 - 04024 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Hinnebusch , William A. ( 1975 ) . The Dominicans : a short history . New York : Society of St Paul . ISBN 0818903015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dominicans . 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